KEMALANGAN

JENIS KEMALANGAN DALAM MAKMAL

JENIS

Kebakara
n
Keracuna
n
Luka

Kejutan

TERBAKAR
MENGURANGKAN KESAN HABA
MENGURANGKAN KESAKITAN
MENGURANGKAN BENGKAK
MEMASTIKAN MANGSA MENDAPAT
CUKUP MINUMAN
MENTENTERAMKAN MANGSA
MENGURANGKAN KEJUTAN

PUNCA

Penunu bunsen
Litar pintas
Unsur-unsur
logam aktif
Bahan kimia
Gas
Spesimen biologi
Alatan kaca
Radas
Alat elektrik
Pendawaian
Punca kuasa
Palam
LUKA
BUANG KOTORAN/ KACA
BASUH DENGAN AIR
BALUT DENGAN PEMBALUT YANG
BERSIH DAN STERIL
DAPATKAN RAWATAN DOKTOR.
SUNTIKAN ANTIBAKTERIA DIBERIKAN
JIKA DIPERLUKAN.

First Aid and Emergencies for All Burns

1. Stop Burning Immediately

Put out fire or stop the person's contact with hot liquid, steam, or other material.
Help the person "stop, drop, and roll" to smother flames.
Remove smoldering material from the person.
Remove hot or burned clothing. If clothing sticks to skin, cut or tear around it.

2. Remove Constrictive Clothing Immediately

Take off jewelry, belts, and tight clothing. Burns can swell quickly.
Then take the following steps:

For First-Degree Burns

(Affecting Top Layer of
Skin)

For Second-Degree Burns

(Affecting Top 2 Layers of
Skin)

For Third-Degree Burns

1. Cool Burn
Hold burned skin

under cool (not cold)

running water or immerse in
cool water until pain
subsides.
Use compresses if

running water isnt

available.

1. Cool Burn
Immerse in cool water
for 10 or 15 minutes.
Use compresses if
running water isnt
available.
Dont apply ice. It can

2. Protect Burn Area

Cover loosely with
sterile, nonstick bandage or,
for large areas, a sheet or
other material that that
wont leave lint in wound.
Separate burned toes
and fingers with dry, sterile
dressings.
Do not soak burn in
water or apply ointments or
butter, which can cause
infection.

2. Protect Burn
Cover with sterile,
non-adhesive bandage or
clean cloth.
Do not apply butter or
ointments, which can cause
infection.
3. Treat Pain
Give over-the-counter
pain reliever such
as ibuprofen (Advil,Motrin),
acetaminophen (Tylenol),
or naproxen (Aleve).

4. When to See a Doctor

Seek medical help if:

You see signs of

infection, like increased

lower body temperature and

cause further damage.
Dont break blisters or
apply butter or ointments,
which can cause infection.
2. Protect Burn
Cover loosely with
sterile, nonstick bandage
and secure in place with
gauze or tape.

3. Prevent Shock
Unless the person has a
head, neck, or leg injury, or
it would cause discomfort:
Lay the person flat.
Elevate feet about 12
inches.

Elevate burn area

above heart level, if
possible.

1. Call 911

3. Prevent Shock
Unless the person has a
head, neck, or leg injury or it
would cause discomfort:
Lay the person flat.
Elevate feet about 12
inches.
Elevate burn area
above heart level, if
possible.
Cover the person with
coat or blanket.
For an airway burn, do
not place pillow under the
person's head when the

pain, redness, swelling,

fever, or oozing.
The person
needs tetanus or booster
shot, depending on date of
last injection. Tetanus
booster should be given
every 10 years.
Redness and pain last
more than a few hours.
Pain worsens.

Cover the person with

coat or blanket.

4. See a Doctor
The doctor can test
burn severity,
prescribe antibiotics and
pain medications, and
administer a tetanus shot, if
needed.

person is lying down. This

can close the airway.
Have a person with a
facial burn sit up.
Check pulse and
breathing to monitor for
shock until emergency help
arrives.

Chemical burns not

rinsed with water

Chemical burns not

rinsed with water

5. Follow Up
The doctor will
examine the burn and may
prescribe antibiotics and
pain medication.

For Chemical Burn

Treatment
1. Protect Yourself
Put on gloves or
apron, if possible.
Avoid exposing
yourself to chemicals.

2. Rinse and Clear Burn

Area
Flood area with cool water
for at least 20 minutes or

until help arrives.

Make sure water doesn't
flow onto another part of
the person's body or onto
you.
Don't use a strong stream
of water, if possible.
As you flush the burn (not
before), remove jewelry or
articles of clothing with
chemical on them, unless
they're stuck to the
person's body.
After flushing the burn,

Among the few chemical

toxins that should NOT be
irrigated immediately with
water are dry lime,
phenols, and elemental
metals (eg, sodium,
potassium, calcium
oxide, magnesium,
phosphorous).
Dry lime should be
brushed off the skin prior
to irrigation. It contains
calcium oxide, which reacts
with water to form calcium
hydroxide, a strong alkali.
Elemental metals and
certain reactive metal
compoundscombust or
release hazardous
byproducts when exposed
to water. Examples include:
sodium, potassium,
magnesium,

phosphorous,lithium,

4. See a Doctor
Doctors will give
oxygen and fluid, if needed,
and treat the burn.

Some acid burns are made

worse if rinsed (flushed)
with water.
Carbolic acid or
phenol does not mix with
water, so use alcohol first to
flush the chemical off
the skin and then flush with
water. If alcohol is not
available, flush with a large
amount of water. Do not
flush theeye with alcohol.
Sulfuric acid is
flushed with a mild, soapy
solution if the burns are not
severe. Sulfuric acid feels
hot when water is added to
the acid, but it is better to
flush the area and not leave
the acid on the skin.
Hydrofluoric acid is

follow instructions on the

label of the chemical
product, if available.
Don't try to neutralize the
burn with acid or alkali.
This could cause a
chemical reaction that
worsens the burn.
Don't put antibiotic
ointment on the burn.
3. Cover a Small Burn
Area
You can wrap a small
burn with dry, sterile gauze
or clean cloth.

cesium, and titanium

tetrachloride.
All fragments of such
materials should be
carefully removed with dry
forceps and placed in a
solution that is non water
related (eg, mineral
oil). Once this is done, the
affected area should be
covered with mineral oil (or
a comparable solution) to
prevent further exposure to

air and moisture. Removal

of phenol requires that it
be wiped off the skin by
sponges soaked in 50
percent polyethylene
glycol (PEG).
Some alkali burns are made
worse if rinsed (flushed)
with water.
Dry powders, such as dry
lime, are brushed away first,
because adding water can
make a liquid that burns.
After the powder is brushed
away, flush with water for
20 minutes.

flushed with
a bicarbonate of soda
(baking soda) solution. (Use
a small amount of water to
make the solution.) Then
flush with a large amount of
water. Burns from this acid
may not show at first, so
flush the area even if a burn
is not seen. Do not flush
the eye with a baking soda
solution.
Metal
compounds are covered
with mineral oil.
The most important first
aid for a chemical in
the eye is to immediately
flush the substance out with
large amounts of water to
reduce the chance of serious
eye damage. For any
chemical burn to the eye,
see the topic Burns to the
Eye.