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Placeinradiodevelopment

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Bose'workinradiomicrowaveopticswasspecificallydirectedtowardsstudyingthenatureofthephenomenon
andwasnotanattempttodevelopradiointoacommunicationmedium.[21]Hisexperimentstookplaceduringthis
sameperiod(fromlate1894on)whenGuglielmoMarconiwasmakingbreakthroughsonaradiosystem
specificallydesignedforwirelesstelegraphy[22]andotherswerefindingpracticalapplicationsforradiowaves,such
asRussianphysicistAlexanderStepanovichPopovradiowavebaselightningdetector,alsoinspiredbyLodge's
experiment.[23]AlthoughBose'sworkwasnotrelatedtocommunicationhe,likeLodgeandotherlaboratory
experimenters,probablyhadaninfluenceonotherinventorstryingtodevelopradioascommunications
medium.[23][24][25]
Bosewasthefirsttouseasemiconductorjunctiontodetectradiowaves,andheinventedvariousnow
commonplacemicrowavecomponents.[23]In1954,PearsonandBrattaingaveprioritytoBosefortheuseofa
semiconductingcrystalasadetectorofradiowaves.[23]Infact,furtherworkatmillimetrewavelengthswasalmost
nonexistentforthefollowing50years.In1897,BosedescribedtotheRoyalInstitutioninLondonhisresearch
carriedoutinKolkataatmillimetrewavelengths.Heusedwaveguides,hornantennas,dielectriclenses,various
polarisersandevensemiconductorsatfrequenciesashighas60GHz.[23]Muchofhisoriginalequipmentisstillin
existence,especiallyattheBoseInstituteinKolkata.A1.3mmmultibeamreceivernowinuseontheNRAO
12MetreTelescope,Arizona,US,incorporatesconceptsfromhisoriginal1897papers.[23]
SirNevillMott,NobelLaureatein1977forhisowncontributionstosolidstateelectronics,remarkedthat"J.C.
Bosewasatleast60yearsaheadofhistime.Infact,hehadanticipatedtheexistenceofPtypeandNtype
semiconductors."[23]

Plantresearch

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Hismajorcontributioninthefieldofbiophysicswasthedemonstrationof
theelectricalnatureoftheconductionofvariousstimuli(e.g.,wounds,
chemicalagents)inplants,whichwereearlierthoughttobeofachemical
nature.Theseclaimswerelaterprovenexperimentally.[26]Hewasalsothe
firsttostudytheactionofmicrowavesinplanttissuesandcorresponding
changesinthecellmembranepotential.Heresearchedthemechanismof
theseasonaleffectonplants,theeffectofchemicalinhibitorsonplant
stimuliandtheeffectoftemperature.Fromtheanalysisofthevariationof
thecellmembranepotentialofplantsunderdifferentcircumstances,he
hypothesisedthatplantscan"feelpain,understandaffectionetc."

Studyofmetalfatigueandcellresponse

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Boseperformedacomparativestudyofthefatigueresponseofvarious

JagadishChandraBose

metalsandorganictissueinplants.Hesubjectedmetalstoacombination
ofmechanical,thermal,chemical,andelectricalstimuliandnotedthesimilaritiesbetweenmetalsandcells.Bose's
experimentsdemonstratedacyclicalfatigueresponseinbothstimulatedcellsandmetals,aswellasadistinctive
cyclicalfatigueandrecoveryresponseacrossmultipletypesofstimuliinbothlivingcellsandmetals.
Bosedocumentedacharacteristicelectricalresponsecurveofplantcellstoelectricalstimulus,aswellasthe
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decreaseandeventualabsenceofthisresponseinplantstreatedwithanaestheticsorpoison.Theresponsewas
alsoabsentinzinctreatedwithoxalicacid.Henotedasimilarityinreductionofelasticitybetweencooledmetal
wiresandorganiccells,aswellasanimpactontherecoverycycleperiodofthemetal.[27][28]

Sciencefiction

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In1896,BosewroteNiruddesherKahini(TheStoryoftheMissingOne),ashortstorythatwaslaterexpandedand
addedtoAbyakta(

)collectionin1921withthenewtitlePalatakTuphan(RunawayCyclone).Itwasoneof

thefirstworksofBengalisciencefiction.[29][30]IthasbeentranslatedintoEnglishbyBodhisattva
Chattopadhyay.[31]

Boseandpatents

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Theinventorof"WirelessTelecommunications",Bosewasnotinterestedinpatentinghisinvention.InhisFriday
EveningDiscourseattheRoyalInstitution,London,hemadepublichisconstructionofthecoherer.ThusThe
ElectricEngineerexpressed"surprisethatnosecretwasatanytimemadeastoitsconstruction,sothatithas
beenopentoalltheworldtoadoptitforpracticalandpossiblymoneymakingpurposes."[11]Bosedeclinedanoffer
fromawirelessapparatusmanufacturerforsigningaremunerativeagreement.Bosealsorecordedhisattitude
towardspatentsinhisinaugurallectureatthefoundationoftheBoseInstituteon30November1917.[citationneeded]

Legacy

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Bose'splaceinhistoryhasnowbeenreevaluated.Heisnowcreditedwith
inventingthefirstwirelessdetectiondevice,discoveringmillimetrelength
electromagneticwaves,andbeingapioneerinthefieldofbiophysics.[20]
Manyofhisinstrumentsarestillondisplayandremainlargelyusablenow,
over100yearslater.Theyincludevariousantennas,polarisers,and
waveguides,whichremaininuseinmodernformstoday.
Tocommemoratehisbirthcentenaryin1958,theJBNSTSscholarship
programmewasstartedinWestBengal.Inthesameyear,Indiaissueda
postagestampbearinghisportrait.[33]
On14September2012,Bose'sexperimentalworkinmillimetrebandradio
wasrecognisedasanIEEEMilestoneinElectricalandComputerEngineering,
thefirstsuchrecognitionofadiscoveryinIndia.[34]

Publications

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Journals

AcharyaBhavan,theresidence
ofJCBosebuiltin1902,hasbeen
turnedtomuseum.[32]

Naturepublishedabout27papers.
BoseJ.C.(1902)."OnElektromotiveWaveaccompanyingMechanical
DisturbanceinMetalsinContactwithElectrolyte".Proc.Roy.
Soc.70(459466):273294.doi:10.1098/rspl.1902.0029 .

Wikisourcehasoriginaltext
relatedtothisarticle:
JagadishChandraBose

BoseJ.C.(1902)."Surlaresponseelectriquedelamatierevivanteetanimeesoumiseuneexcitation.
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Deuxproceedsd'observationdelareponsedelamatiere
vivante".JournaldePhysique4(1):481491.
Books
ResponseintheLivingandNonliving,1902
Plantresponseasameansofphysiologicalinvestigation,1906
ComparativeElectrophysiology:APhysicophysiologicalStudy,1907
ResearchesonIrritabilityofPlants,1913
LifeMovementsinPlants(vol.1),FirstPublished1918,Reprinted
1985
LifeMovementsinPlants,VolumeII,1919
PhysiologyoftheAscentofSap,1923
Thephysiologyofphotosynthesis,1924
TheNervousMechanismsofPlants,1926
PlantAutographsandTheirRevelations,1927
Growthandtropicmovementsofplants,1929
Motormechanismofplants,1928

BustofAcharyaJagadishChandra
Bosewhichisplacedinthegarden
ofBirlaIndustrial&Technological
Museum.

Other
J.C.Bose,CollectedPhysicalPapers.NewYork,N.Y.:Longmans,GreenandCo.,1927
Abyakta(Bengali),1922

Honours

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CompanionoftheOrderoftheIndianEmpire(CIE,1903)
CompanionoftheOrderoftheStarofIndia(CSI,1912)
KnightBachelor(1917)
FellowoftheRoyalSociety(FRS,1920)[4]
MemberoftheViennaAcademyofSciences,1928
Presidentofthe14thsessionoftheIndianScienceCongressin1927.
MemberofFinnishSocietyofSciencesandLettersin1929.
MemberoftheLeagueofNations'CommitteeforIntellectualCooperation
FoundingfellowoftheNationalInstituteofSciencesofIndia(nowtheIndianNationalScienceAcademy)
TheIndianBotanicGardenwasrenamedastheAcharyaJagadishChandraBoseIndianBotanicGardenon
25June2009inhonourofJagadishChandraBose.[35]

Notes

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1.^Page3597ofIssue30022 .TheLondonGazette.(17April1917).Retrieved1September2010.
2.^Page9359ofIssue28559 .TheLondonGazette.(8December1911).Retrieved1September2010.
3.^Page4ofIssue27511 .TheLondonGazette.(30December1902).Retrieved1September2010.
4.^ a bSaha,M.N.(1940)."SirJagadisChunderBose.18581937".ObituaryNoticesofFellowsoftheRoyal
Society3(8):20.doi:10.1098/rsbm.1940.0001 .
5.^"Bose" .RandomHouseWebster'sUnabridgedDictionary.
6.^"Aversatilegenius" .Frontline(TheHindu)21(24).20November2004.
7.^Chatterjee,SantimayandChatterjee,Enakshi,SatyendranathBose,2002reprint,p.5,NationalBookTrust,ISBN81
23704925
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8.^Sen,A.K.(1997)."SirJ.C.Boseandradioscience".MicrowaveSymposiumDigest2(813):557
560.doi:10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602854 .ISBN0780338146.
9.^Bose(crater)
10.^ a bEditorialBoard(2013).SirJagadishChandraBose .Edinburgh,Scotland:EncyclopdiaBritannica,
Inc.ISBN9781593392925.
11.^ a b c d e Mahanti,Subodh."AcharyaJagadisChandraBose" .BiographiesofScientists.VigyanPrasar,Departmentof
ScienceandTechnology,GovernmentofIndia.Retrieved12March2007.
12.^ a b c dMukherji,pp.310.
13.^Murshed,MdMahbub(2012)."Bose,SirJagadishChandra" .InIslam,SirajulJamal,AhmedA.Banglapedia:
NationalEncyclopediaofBangladesh(Seconded.).AsiaticSocietyofBangladesh.
14.^"PursuitandPromotionofScience:TheIndianExperience" (PDF) .IndianNationalScienceAcademy.
Retrieved1October2013.
15.^"JagadishChandraBose" .calcuttaweb.com.Archivedfromtheoriginal on3February2007.
Retrieved10March2007.
16.^"Bose,JagadisChandra(BS881JC)" .ACambridgeAlumniDatabase.UniversityofCambridge.
17.^Sengupta,SubodhChandraandBose,Anjali(editors),1976/1998,SansadBangaliCharitabhidhan(Biographical
dictionary)VolI, (Bengali),p23,ISBN8185626650
18.^ a b c d e Mukherji,pp.1425
19.^"JagadishChandraBose" (PDF) .PursuitandPromotionofScience:TheIndianExperience(Chapter2).Indian
NationalScienceAcademy.2001.pp.2225.Retrieved12March2007.
20.^ a bBondyopadhyay,P.K.(January1998)."SirJ.C.Bose'sDiodeDetectorReceivedMarconi'sFirstTransatlantic
WirelessSignalofDecember1901(The"ItalianNavyCoherer"ScandalRevisited)".ProceedingsoftheIEEE86(1):
259285.doi:10.1109/5.658778 .
21.^SungookHong,Wireless:FromMarconi'sBlackboxtotheAudion,MITPress2001,page199
22.^SungookHong,Wireless:FromMarconi'sBlackboxtotheAudion,MITPress2001,page21
23.^ a b c d e f gEmerson,D.T.(1997)."TheworkofJagadisChandraBose:100yearsofMMwaveresearch" .IEEE
TransactionsonMicrowaveTheoryandResearch45(12):2267
2273.Bibcode:1997imsd.conf..553E .doi:10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602853 .ISBN9780986488511.reprintedinIgor
Grigorov,Ed.,Antentop ,Vol.2,No.3,pp.8796.
24.^SungookHong,Wireless:FromMarconi'sBlackboxtotheAudion,MITPress2001,page22
25.^JagadishChandraBose:TheRealInventorofMarconisWirelessReceiver VarunAggarwal,NSIT,Delhi,India
26.^Wildon,D.C.Thain,J.F.Minchin,P.E.H.Gubb,I.R.Reilly,A.J.Skipper,Y.D.Doherty,H.M.O'Donnell,P.J.
Bowles,D.J.(1992)."Electricalsignallingandsystemicproteinaseinhibitorinductioninthewounded
plant".Nature360(6399):625.Bibcode:1992Natur.360...62W .doi:10.1038/360062a0 .
27.^ResponseintheLivingandNonLivingbySirJagadisChandraBoseProjectGutenberg .Gutenberg.org(3August
2006).Retrieved7July2012.
28.^JagadisBose(2009).ResponseintheLivingandNonLiving .Plasticine.ISBN9780980297690.
29.^"Bengal".TheEncyclopediaofScienceFiction .Retrieved5September2014.
30.^"SymposiumatChrist'sCollegetocelebrateagenius" .UniversityofCambridge.27November2008.
Retrieved26January2009.
31.^JagadishChandraBose."RunawayCyclone" .BodhisattvaChattopadhyay.StrangeHorizons.
Retrieved5September2014.
32.^AcharyaBhavanOpensItsDoorstoVisitors .TheTimesofIndia.3July2011.
33.^"JCBose:TheScientistWhoProvedThatPlantsTooCanFeel" .PhilaMirror:TheIndianPhilatelyJournal.30
November2010.Retrieved3August2012.
34.^"FirstIEEEMilestonesinIndia:TheworkofJ.C.BoseandC.V.Ramantoberecognized" .theInstitute.7
September2012.Retrieved14September2012.
35.^"AnewnamenowforgrandoldIndianBotanicalGardens" .TheHindu.26June2009.Retrieved26June2009.

References

[ edit ]

Mukherji,Visvapriya,JagadishChandraBose,secondedition,1994,BuildersofModernIndiaseries,
PublicationsDivision,MinistryofInformationandBroadcasting,GovernmentofIndia,ISBN8123000472.

Furtherreading

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Geddes,Patrick(1920).TheLifeandWorkofSirJagadisC.Bose .London:Longmans.
Retrieved14February2014.
PearsonG.L.,BrattainW.H.(1955)."HistoryofSemiconductorResearch".Proc.IRE43(12):1794
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1806.doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042 .
J.M.Payne&P.R.Jewell,"TheUpgradeoftheNRAO8beamReceiver,"inMultifeedSystemsforRadio
Telescopes,D.T.Emerson&J.M.Payne,Eds.SanFrancisco:ASPConferenceSeries,1995,vol.75,p.144
Fleming,J.A.(1908).Theprinciplesofelectricwavetelegraphy .London:NewYorkand.
Yogananda,Paramhansa(1946)."India'sGreatScientist,J.C.Bose".AutobiographyofaYogi(1sted.).New
York:PhilosophicalLibrary.pp.6574.

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