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Mechanics Index
Thick Walled Cylinders
Introduction..... Symbols..... Assumptions..... Basic derivations..... General Equations..... Interference Fit.....
Introduction
These notes relate to the stresses and strains existing in thick w alled cylinders w hen subject to internal and external pressures. The notes
include the analysis of tw o or more cylindrical parts, assembled by press fitting or shrinking, resulting in an interference fit betw een the
parts. The equations resulting enable estimates of the forces need to assemble and separate the parts and the maximum torque w hich can
be transmitted by the assembly
Members of excelcalcs.com can upload a spreadsheet including all of the derived equations below at ExcelCalcs.com calculation Thick
cylinders

Sym bols / Units

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Tensile stresses are considered positive and compressive stresses are negative.
The pressures p, p 1, p 2 & p f are negative
p = radial stress (compressive) (N/m2)
p 1 = Internal pressure (N/m2)
p 2 = External pressure (N/m2)
p f = Interface pressure (press fit)(N/m2)

r = radial (normally compressive)(N/m2)

t = tangential stress (normally tensile)(N/m2)
a = axial/longitudonal stress (normally tensile)(N/m2)
E = Young's moudulus of elasticity (N/m2)
= Poissan's ratio
h = Poissan's ratio hub
s = Poissan's ratio shaft
d = diameter at point or analysis (m).
d 1= inside diameter of cylinder (m).
d 2= outside diameter of cylinder (m).
d f = interfacediameter of cylinder (press fit)(m).

r
r
r
r

= radius at point or analysis (m).

1= inside radius of cylinder (m).
2= outside radius of cylinder (m).
f = interface radius of cylinder (press fit)(m).

r = radial strain
t = tangential strain
a = axial /longitudinal strain
u = radial deflection (m)
us = radial deflection of shaft (m)
uh = radial deflection of hub(m)
ut = radial deflection of hub and shaft(m)
r h = Radial increase in hole (m)

r s = Radial decrease in hole (m)

Initial Assum ptions

The follow ing relationships are assumed for the strains 1,2, 3 associated w ith the stress 1, 2 and 3.
= Poisson's ratio.
Reference Notes on stress and strain

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1 = 1 /E - 2 /E - 3 /E
2 = 2 /E - 1 /E - 3 /E
3 = 3 /E - 1 /E - 2 /E
Thick Cylinder basics
Consider a thick cylinder subject to internal pressure p 1 and an external pressure p2.

Under the action of radial pressures on the surfaces

the three principal stress w ill be r compressive radial stress, t tensile tangential stress and a axial stress w hich is generally also
tensile. The stress conditions occur throughout the section and vary primarily relative to the radius r. It is assumed that the axial stress a
is constant along the length of the section...This condition generally applies aw ay from the ends of the cylinder and aw ay from discontinuities.

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Consider a microscopically small area under stress as show n. u is the radial displacement at radius r . The circumferential (Hoop) strain due
to the internal pressure is

At the outer radius of the small section area (r + r ) the radius w ill increase to (u + ). The resulting radial strain as r -> 0 is

Referring to the stress/strain relationships as stated above. The follow ing equations are derived.
Basis of equations...
r is equivalent to 1...

t is equivalent to 2...
a is equivalent to 3...
derived equations
Eq. 1)......E a = a - t - r
Eq. 2)......E. t = E.u/r = t - a - r
Eq. 3)......E.r = E.du/dr = r - t - a

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Multiplying 2) x r
Eu = r ( t - a - r )
differentiating
Edu/dr = t - a - r + r. [ d t /dr - .( d a / dr ) - .( d r / dr ) ] = r - t - a ..( from 3 above )
Simplifying by collecting terms.
Eq. 4)........( t - r ). ( 1 + ) + r.(d t/ dr ) - .r.(d a / dr ) - .r.(d r / dr) = 0
Now from 1) above since a is constant
d a / dr = .(d t / dr + d r / dr )
Substituting this into equation 4)
( t - r )( 1 + ) + r ( 1 - 2 ).( d t/dr ) - .r.( 1 + )( d r / dr ) = 0
This reduces to..
Eq. 5)..... t - r + r( 1 - ).(d t / dr ) - .r.(d r / dr ) = 0
Now considering the radial equilibrium of the element of the section. Forces based on unit length of cylinder

( r + r )(r + r) - r r - 2 t r.sin [(1/2) ] = 0

In the limit .sin [(1/2) ] - > [(1/2) ] and neglecting small products the equation reduces to..

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r r + r.r - t r = 0... and as r --> 0 then r. d r + dr.r - td r = 0...as and this results in..
Eq.6)....r + r. (d r /dr ) = t
Now eliminating t by substituting eq 6 into eq 5)

r + r. (d r/dr ) - r + r( 1 - ).(d t / dr ) - .r.(d r / dr ) = 0

r( 1 - )(d r /dr ) + r( 1 - ).(d t / dr ) = 0
simpifying to
(d r /dr ) + (d t / dr ) = 0
Integration of this equation results in
Eq.7).... r + t = 2.A (constant of integration.)
substituting this into equation 6 to eliminatet

r + r. (d r/dr ) = 2.A - r
Therefore
2.A = 2. r + r. (d r /dr )

w hich is equivalent to

2.A = (1 /r ). d ([ r 2. r ]/dr )

therefore 2.A.r = (d[r 2.r ]/dr )

Which on integrating gives r .r 2 = A..r 2 + B
w ith resulting
Eq 8) r = A + B / r 2

and substituting this into Eq. 7)

Eq 9) t = A - B / r 2

General Equation for Thick Walled Cylinder

The general equation for a thick w alled cylinder subject to internal and external pressure can be easily obtained from eq)8 and eq) 9 as
follow s.
Consider a cylinder w ith and internal diameter d 1, subject to an internal pressure p 1. The external diameter is d 2 w hich is subject to an
external pressure p 2. The radial pressures at the surfaces are the same as the applied pressures therefore

r=A+B/r2
=A-B/r2
t

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The radial pressures at the surfaces are the same as the applied pressures therefore

- p1 = A + B / r 12
-p = A + B / r 2
2

The resulting general equations are know n as Lam e's Equations and are show n as follow s

If the external pressure is zero this reduces to

If the internal pressure is zero this reduces to

Longitudonal Stress
The longitudonal stress a for a thick w alled cylinder w ith closed ends is simply obtained from the equilibrium equation for a traverse section

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Interference Fit
Consider a press fit of a shaft inside a hole. The compression of the shaft and the expansion of the hub result in a compressive pressure at
the interface. The conditions are show n in the figures below

The radial interference r 1 = the sum of the shaft deflection r s and the hole deflection r h
The longitundonal pressure and hence a are assumed to be zero and the internal pressure in the shaft hole and the external pressure
outside the hub are also assumed to be zero. (ref. to equation 2)
Eq. 2)......E. t

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E.u/r

t - a - r

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t - r
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Radial Increase in Hole diameter = u. h = ( r f / E h ) ( t - h. r ) ... The condition is equivalent to a thick cylinder w ith zero
external pressure
Radial decrease in shaft diameter = u s = - ( r f / E s ) ( t - s . r ) ... The condition is equivalent to a thick cylinder w ith
zero internal pressure
Total interference u t = u h + u s
The displacement of the hole u h and the shaft u s are as follow s.
( (Hole r 1 = r f p f = p 1 ) ( Shaft r 2 = r f p f = p 2 )

The total interference is therefore equal to

If the hub and the shaft are the same material w ith the same E and the equation simplifies to

The normal engineering application is w hen the shaft is solid i.e. r 1 = zero therefore the equation further simplifies to

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It is often required to determine the interface pressure w hen the radial interference u t is know n (This is half the shaft interference) i.e to
determine the torque w hich can be transmitted or the force require to make or separate the interference joint.

Exam ple calculation of torque transm itted by an interference fit

Consider a steel shaft 100mm dia. pressed into a ring w hich has and OD of 200mm. The length of the hole is 50mm . The interference =
0,1mm The assumed coefficient of friction = 0,15. The hub and shaft are both steel w ith E = 210.109 N/m2. Poissens ratio = 0,3.

Notes to be added

Relevant Links
1. Dan Notes Thick Walled Cylinders Excellent source of information on this topic
2. Tribology-ABC Interference Fits.. Useful calculator
3. Thick Walled Cylinders.. Dow nload - Detailed notes and clear pictures

Calculation
Equation
Plate Thick

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Send Comments to Roy Beardmore
Last Updated 13/09/2011

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