Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Confidentiality Level
Total 42 pages
Prepared by
Chen Siyan
Date
2009-12-30
Reviewed by
Date
2009-01-12
Date
Approved by
Date
SECRET
Revision History
Date
20091230
Version
V1.0
Description
Prepared by
Zhang
Congling,
Jiang
V1.3
document
according
to
review
comments.
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Full Spelling
QN
Queue Number
SAR
DTX
Discontinued Transmit
DRX
Discontinued Receive
TIC
PIC
HARQ
RLP
ACK
Acknowledged
NAK
NOT Acknowledged
PN
Pseudorandom Noise
TCA
MRU
PRL
CE
Channel Element
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Reference
(1) White Paper for Huawei DORB Solution V1.1(20091020)
(2) White Paper for Huawei DORB Solution V1.1 (20091020)
(3) Introduction to CDMA2000 1xEVDO Rev.B (20090526)
(4) Introducation to CDMA2000 1x EVDO RevB V1.0 (20090608)
(5) Technical_Rev.B Overview_030606
(6) C.S0002-0_v3.0 Physical Layer Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum
Systems
(7) White Paper for CDMA Neighboring Protection Band Analysis and Interference
Solution 20060906
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Multi-carrier binding brings the forward peak rate up to 9.3 Mbps and the
reverse peak rate up to 5.4 Mbps.
The CSM6850 chip integrates TIC and PIC functions with higher spectrum
efficiency and larger voice over IP (VoIP) capacity.
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Multi-carrier binding creates a resource pool and enables adaptive load balancing.
Compared with a single-carrier system, a multi-carrier system enables joint
scheduling of service requests over multiple carriers with the frequency selectiveness
of radio channels. The system thus obtains a diversity gain from scheduling and
therefore the system capacity is increased. In addition, if a high-rate data flow over
one carrier is decomposed into multiple middle/low-rate data flows over multiple
carriers, a higher HARQ gain will be obtained and the transmit power of the terminal
will be lower and thus the data throughput of the system will be increased.
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As shown in Figure 1.2, to avoid incorrect detection of packet loss, multilink RLP
adopts a link number QN on the basis of the RLP number. The terminal checks for
packet loss on a link according to the QN and recombines packets received on
different links according to the RLP number. The QN is not used when a packet is
retransmitted. The QN must be long enough to avoid cyclic repetition of QNs on one
link.
Figure 1.2 RLP retransmission of DORB
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After multi-carrier binding is adopted in DORB, high-rate data will be transmitted over
multiple carriers in parallel. The RLP function of the BSC will schedule data among
multiple carriers and the retransmission technique of DORA will be inapplicable to
multi-carrier transmission. According to the RLP retransmission technique of DORA,
when the terminal receives packets numbered 2, 3, and 5, the terminal requests
retransmission of the No. 4 packet. But in fact, the No. 4 packet is not transmitted yet,
as shown in Figure 1.2.
For the need of retransmission, DORB adopts QNs on every carrier. If the terminal
detects discontinuous QNs on one carrier, there is loss of packets. As shown in
Figure 1.2, because QNs are continuous on both carriers, the terminal will not request
retransmission of the No.4 packet.
If the terminal finds the QNs of one carrier are discontinuous, the terminal initiates a
Quick NAK, requesting the BSC for retransmission. In this case, the BSC does not
retransmit all packets. Instead, the BSC finds the packets associated with the missing
QNs on the relevant carrier. Some packets are transmitted over other carriers and the
Quick NAK is targeted at only packets lost on the local carrier.
Multilink RLP is necessary only when different chips are used. Because two-carrier
binding can be implemented by one CSM800 chip, multilink RLP is not adopted.
In addition, in the reverse direction, the terminal uses a single chip to schedule
packets. The time sequence of initially sent packets is definite. Therefore, multilink
RLP is not required. Figure 1.3 shows the multi-carrier transmission in the reverse
direction.
Figure 1.3 Multi-carrier binding for reverse channels
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Static load balancing distributes newly accessed terminals to certain carriers. Due to
the change of application layer data flows and burst data sources, static load
balancing is unable to achieve balance of loads in a short time. DORA adopts static
load balancing, which is implemented through hard assignment. Adaptive load
balancing splits all packets to transmit evenly to all carriers through collaboration of
the access network and the AT and thus achieves balance of loads among all carriers.
DORB adopts adaptive load balancing. Figure 1.1 shows the adaptive load balancing.
Figure 1.1 Adaptive load balancing
(1) When the session begins, the network negotiates the multi-carrier capability of
the terminal with the terminal.
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(2) During the setup of the connection, the network assigns a carrier to the terminal
through a TCA message according to the flow request and available power
margin of the terminal.
(3) When the connection is kept alive, the network can reassign a carrier or delete
the assigned carrier dynamically.
(4) The network can assign more carriers according to the length of the forward user
queue. The terminal sends a CarrierRequeset to the network and the network
sends a TCA message in response to assign another carrier to the terminal.
(5) On the reverse link, if the available power margin is insufficient, the terminal may
delete a carrier automatically.
Figure 5.1 shows the signaling flow of multi-carrier assignment.
Figure 5.1 Signaling flow of multi-carrier assignment
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(3) When one reverse link is captured, the connection is set up successfully and
step 4 proceeds. If no reverse link is captured, the connection setup fails.
(4) The reverse links of other carriers are captured. If the capture fails, step 5
proceeds.
(5) The reverse links of other carriers are captured unsuccessfully. The AT initiates a
carrier deletion request.
I. Pilot Group
In EV-DO Rev.B, pilots with the same PN offset and the same coverage are
categorized in one pilot group. The terminal does not need to report pilot strength
repeatedly for the multiple pilots in one pilot group but only needs to report the
strength of the primary pilot. The Multi-Carrier Routing Update Protocol (MC RUP) will
add all pilots in one pilot group to the active set.
In the active set, candidate set, and neighbor set, the terminal reports only the
strength of one pilot in one set. The active set may include multiple pilots from one
pilot group but the candidate set or neighbor set includes only one pilot from one pilot
group. Furthermore, a pilot leaving the active set will not necessarily join the
candidate set. The pilot joins the candidate set only when the pilot group of the pilot is
not in the active set. This means, no pilot of a pilot group in the active set will be in
the candidate set or neighbor set. Figure 1.1 shows the division of pilot groups.
Figure 1.1 Pilot groups
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In addition, multi-carrier binding can decompose one high-rate data flow into multiple
low-rate data flows for transmission and thus reduce the required Eb/Nt and AT
transmit power. Therefore, the reverse capacity and reverse high-rate coverage are
increased.
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Scenario 2: DORB only coverage is gradually deployed on the entire network, which
avoids active personality handoff between DORB and DORA and improves the
continuity of real-time services.
Figure 1.3 Mature DORB deployment
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2 Frequency Planning
2.1 Frequency Deployment Strategy
Due to the multi-carrier binding feature of DORB, there must be at least two DO
frequencies to construct a DORB network. Restricted by the terminal chip, DORB
supports binding of at most three carriers. If frequency resources permit, three-carrier
binding is recommended, which can improve the experience of edge users and
increase the high-rate coverage.
Carriers bound by DORB may be discontinuous carriers in one frequency band or
carriers spanning sub-bands. The largest frequency span between the carriers must
not exceed the frequency band width of the terminal chip. At present, the frequency
band width supported by the QSD8650 chip is 5 MHz.
In view of the chip restriction and the difficulty of implementation, the binding of three
continuous carriers in one frequency band is recommended. Furthermore, unlike the
descending order of 1X frequencies, the ascending order of DORB frequencies is
recommended. For example, the order of 1X frequency numbers is 283, 242, and 201
and the order of DO frequency numbers is 37, 78, and 119.
If frequency resources permit, inter-band DORB deployment can be considered and
indoor and outdoor networks can be separate to enhance the user experience.
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3 Coverage Analysis
EV-DO Rev.B phase 1 is in nature the binding of multiple EV-DO Rev.A carriers.
Therefore, the coverage performance of one carrier is the same as that of an EV-DO
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Rev.A carrier. In multi-carrier deployment, EV-DO Rev.B is laid over the existing EVDO Rev.A to enlarge the high-rate coverage area and increase the edge rate. The
edge rate thus achieved is unreachable by EV-DO Rev.A.
(1) Multilink RLP and multi-carrier best-effort assignment: For a same application
rate R, EV-DO Rev.B requires only R/N from one carrier in comparison with EVDO Rev.A. Accordingly, the demodulation threshold and power are much lower
than when the entire R rate is carried over a single EV-DO Rev.A carrier. The
coverage radius is thus larger. As for the user, the coverage of high-rate R is
greatly enlarged.
(2) The cell edge rate of EV-DO Rev.A is R. When EV-DO Rev.B is deployed at the
same site, because N carriers are bound, the edge rate is N x R. For example, if
the edge rate of EV-DO Rev.A is 200 kbps, the edge rate of three-carrier EV-DO
Rev.B is 3 x 200 = 600 kbps. The overall rate of network coverage is improved.
Cell Edge
Cell Edge
Cell Edge
Information
service
service rate
service rate
remark
(kbps) for
DoB 3X/ per
carrier
150.00
100.00
Rate (kbps)
BS
Max
cell
edge
data
rate
Traffic
Channel 43.00
43.00
43.00
1.27
1.27
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.50
15.00
15.00
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Cell Edge
Cell Edge
Cell Edge
Information
service
service rate
service rate
remark
(kbps) for
DoB 3X/ per
carrier
Thermal
56.10
Noise -174.00
56.10
56.10
f=a-b-c-d+e
-174.00
-174.00
8.00
8.00
-6.11
-7.61
0.00
0.00
j=10*log(W/R)
-111.21
-112.72
k=10*LOG(10^(g
Density (dBm/Hz)
AT Noise Figure (dB)
Required
C/I
For
8.00
Forward -3.37
0.00
/10)*W)+h+i-j
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-111.21
-112.72
o=k-(l-m-n)
Loss (dB)
AT Body Loss (dB)
0.00
4.10
4.10
4.10
10.72
10.72
10.72
2.49
1.60
18.00
18.00
140.21
142.59
t=f-o+(p-q-r-s)
Allowed
18.00
Propagation 132.52
Urban
Urban
Urban
Propagation Model
Okumura
Okumura Hata
Okumura Hata v
Hata
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Cell Edge
Cell Edge
Cell Edge
Information
service
service rate
service rate
remark
(kbps) for
DoB 3X/ per
carrier
System
Carrier
Center 875.00
875.00
875.00
Frequency (MHz)
BS Effective Height (m)
25.00
25.00
25.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
2.32
2.70
z=function(t,u,v,w
(km)
,x,y)
Table 1.1 compares the forward link budge of DORB 2X (two-carrier binding), DORB
3X (three-carrier binding) and DORA. When the cell edge data rate is the same (300
kbps), the forward cell radius of DORB 2X or DORB 3X is larger than that of DORA.
Figure 1.2 gives a bar chart comparing the forward cell radiuses.
Figure 1.2 Comparison of forward cell radiuses
From the above forward link budget and cell radius comparison, it is known that under
a same edge rate (300 kbps), the forward cell radius of DORB 2X or DORB 3X is
larger than that of DORA.
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Cell Edge
Cell Edge
Cell Edge
Information
service
service rate
service rate
remark
(kbps) for
DoB 3X/ per
carrier
38.4
25.60
(kbps)
20
18.23
(dBm)
10
log(200mw/N),
where N is the
number of bound
carriers
0.00
0.00
Loss (dB)
AT Antenna Gain (dBi)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
AT EIRP (dBm)
23.00
20
18.23
e=a-b+c-d
-174.00
-174.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
2.36
3.00
Background
Thermal
Noise -174.00
Density (dBm/Hz)
BS Noise Figure (dB)
12.04
15.05
16.81
i=10*log(W/R)
-119.43
-121.79
-122.92
j=10*LOG(10^(f/
10)*W)+g+h-i
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Cell Edge
Cell Edge
Cell Edge
Information
service
service rate
service rate
remark
(kbps) for
DoB 3X/ per
carrier
15.00
15.00
15.00
1.27
1.27
(dB)
BS System Jumper Loss (dB)
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.50
0.50
0.50
-134.89
-136.02
o=j-(k-l-m-n)
4.66
4.66
10.72
10.72
10.72
6.02
6.02
6.02
18.00
18.00
18.00
124.82
124.17
t=e-o+(p-q-r-s)
Max
Allowed
Propagation 125.45
Urban
Urban
Urban
Propagation Model
Okumura
Okumura Hata
Okumura Hata v
825.00
825.00
Hata
System
Carrier
Center 825.00
Frequency (MHz)
BS Effective Height (m)
25.00
25.00
25.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
0.90
0.86
z=function(t,u,v,w
(km)
,x,y)
As shown in Table 1.1, when the cell edge service rate is the same (76.8 kbps), the
reverse cell radius of DORB 2X or DORB 3X is smaller than that of DORA. The
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DORB terminal reduces the number of carriers from three to two or one automatically
when its power is insufficient. Therefore, in fact, the reverse coverage of DORB may
be considered to be the same as that of DORA.
Note: The reduction of carriers is decided by the terminal. The transmit power of the
terminal is unknown to the system. All DORB terminals have the function, which is
implemented by Qualcomm chips.
The following Traffic and Service Table will be updated. When the number of
carriers is N, the edge rate changes to N times the rate of DORA.
Figure 1.2 Change of DORB edge rate
The DORB terminal reduces the number of carriers from three to two or one
automatically when its transmit power is insufficient. Therefore, in fact, the
reverse coverage of DORB may be considered to be the same as that of DORA.
Therefore, one carrier can be selected for the calculation of DORB reverse
coverage.
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(3) Other settings are the same as those in the coverage estimation of DORA.
3.4 Summary
Considering the balance of forward and reverse links, under the same user
experience, DORB is better than DORA in terms of forward coverage.
Owing to the forward interference, the cell edge C/I of DORA is subject to an upper
limit. Accordingly, the forward edge rate also has an upper limit Redge. After the multicarrier DORB system is deployed, the forward edge service rate perceived by the
user is up to N x Redge. The inherent edge rate limit of the single-carrier DORA is
thus broken. The reverse rate is restricted by the power of the terminal. The edge
service rate perceived by a user is equivalent to that of DORA. Within a cell where
power restriction is not present, however, the service rate perceived by a user is N
times that of DORA.
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4 Capacity Planning
4.1 Throughput per Sector
Because of the multi-carrier binding of DORB, the forward peak rate of 2X will rise to
6.2 Mbps and that of 3X will rise to 9.3 Mbps. The distribution of forward rates of
DORA, DORB 2X and DORB 3X is shown in Figure 1.1, according to the emulation of
Qualcomm.
Figure 1.1 Throughput per sector
As shown in Figure 1.1, the throughput per sector of DORB 2X and DORB 3X is
respectively increased to 2.5 Mbps and 3.8 Mbps relative to DORA.
N max
W
R
E
b (1 )
Nt
Where:
Nmax is the maximum number of users simultaneously accessed to a cell;
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W/R is the spreading gain, where W = 1.2288 MHz and R = 9.6 kpbs;
is the voice activity factor which equals 0.45;
Eb/Nt is the required signal to noise ratio which equals 4.955 dB;
is the cell interference factor which equals 0.5.
The calculation result is Nmax=60.69. Allowing for a 5 dB margin (68.37% load), the
allowed number of users is 60.69 x 68.37% = 41.5.
is obtained through calculation. According to the MSO model, there are 29% full
rate channels, 4% 1/2 rate channels, 7% 1/4 rate channels, 6% 1/8 rate channels,
and 54% idle channels. Considering a 22-byte voice payload and an 8-byte overhead,
the equivalent voice activity factor is 0.45.
Therefore, in the case of 5 dB rise, the number of VoIP users is 42, close to the
emulation result of Qualcomm.
For DORB, the supported number of VoIP users is two times (2X binding) or three
times (3X binding) that of DORA, in particular, 84 and 126.
4.1.2 BE Throughput
I. Forward BE Throughput
Forward BE services are relevant to the terminal type, user distribution, terminal
movement, HARQ, radio channel environment and scheduling algorithm. Figure 1.1
shows the emulation result of forward BE throughput of DORA. Huawei's emulation
result is close to that of Qualcomm.
Figure 1.1 Forward BE throughput
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DORB 3X, considering the scheduler gain of BE services, the forward BE throughputs
are respectively 2.5 Mbps and 3.8 Mbps.
In Figure 1.1, the reverse throughput per sector is obtained by averaging the
throughputs of 57 sectors. It is the largest throughput among all sectors where the
probability of ROT larger than 7 dB is below 1%. The emulation result of Huawei is
consistent with that of Qualcomm.
In capacity planning, to ensure the Internet experience of broadband users, the
recommended reverse BE throughput of DORA is 600700 kbps, depending on the
number of ongoing connections. For DORB 2X and DORB 3X, because the service
rate is two or three times that of DORA, the reverse BE throughputs are respectively
1.21.4 Mbps and 1.82.1 Mbps.
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As shown in Figure 1.1, when 30 VoIP users are on the forward link, 50% of the
forward load is occupied and the forward throughput of BE will be 50% down.
Therefore, for DORB 3X, in the case of 10 VoIP users, the forward BE throughput is
3.8 Mbps x 0.75 = 2.8 Mbps; in the case of 20 VoIP users, the forward BE throughput
is 3.8 Mbps x 0.69 = 2.6 Mbps; in the case of 42 VoIP users, the forward BE
throughput is 3.8 Mbps x 0.4 = 1.5 Mbps.
Voice subscriber
Proportion
100%
Hierarchy
Lower
Medium Higher -
Sub-proportion
60%
25%
15%
Traffic type
Data rate -
0%
(kbps)
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VOIP (erl)
9.6
VT (erl)
76.8
BCMCS (second)
204.8
300
600
900
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Items
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Voice subscriber
10%
15%
20%
115.2 kbps
115.2
20%
15%
10%
230.4 kbps
230.4
30%
25%
20%
460.8 kbps
460.8
25%
30%
35%
921.6 kbps
921.6
25%
27%
30%
3000
0%
3%
2%
4500
0%
0%
3%
Voice subscriber
Proportion
100%
0%
Hierarchy
Lower
Medium Higher
Sub-proportion
60%
25%
15%
Traffic type
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VOIP (erl)
9.6
VT (erl)
76.8
300
600
900
10%
15%
20%
28.8 kbps
28.8
20%
15%
10%
57.6 kbps
57.6
30%
25%
20%
115.2 kbps
115.2
25%
30%
35%
230.4 kbps
230.4
25%
27%
30%
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Items
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Voice subscriber
460.8 kbps
460.8
0%
3%
2%
921.6 kbps
921.6
0%
0%
2%
1382.4kbps
1382.4
0%
0%
1%
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(3) Set the number of VoIP users and the number of VT users and select the forward
air interface scheduling algorithm.
Figure 3.1 Setting the number of VoIP users and the number of VT users
(4) Open the Traffic_Service_Conversion table and adjust the proportions according
to the traffic model.
Figure 4.1 Adjusting the traffic model
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(5) Other settings are the same as those in the capacity estimation of DORA.
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total
number
of
chips
required
by
sector
carrier
is:
roundup (( S S ,C / 6),0) .
(2) The number of chips required by each sector carrier on the reverse link is:
roundup (( S S ,C * CE RL / 192),0) .
(3) Obtain the maximum number of chips from the above two calculations:
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6 Emulation
The existing U-Net emulation tool does not support DORB emulation. The DORB
emulation support is planned to be implemented in the first quarter of 2010.
7 Comparison of Technologies
7.1 DORA and DORB
Table 1.1 lists the differences between DORA and DORB.
Table 1.1 Differences between DORA and DORB
Key feature
Forward
Attribute
data In DORA, data flows from the PCF to the FMR and Improvement
transmission
the
FMR
sends
data
to
the
AT
data In
DORB,
reverse
data
must
be
received Improvement
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Key feature
FMR
processing
AT's
Attribute
retransmission
requests
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retransmission
of data
Virtual
handoff
Forward
and DORB
reverse
restriction
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supports
QoS-based
rate
restriction. Improvement
grades.
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Key feature
SECRET
Attribute
Session
negotiation
personalities.
Personality
is
DO0,
of
personalities
and
the
specific
DOA
(personality
0)
and
DOB
(personality 1).
Setup
release
multi-carrier
carriers.
The
calls
associated
changes.
resource
DORB
allocation,
services
are
addition
deletion
carriers
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Key feature
Soft handoff
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Attribute
and
neighbor
list
combination
Active
personality
handoff
is
required,
personality
handoff
is
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