Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1864 - Siegfried Marcus, Austrian engineer, built a onecylinder engine with a crude carburetor, and attached his engine
to a cart for a rocky 500-foot drive. Several years later, Marcus
designed a vehicle that briefly ran at 10 mph.
stroke engine.
1886 - Karl Benz received the first patent (DRP No. 37435) for a gasfueled car.
Christiaan Huygens
Nikolaus Otto
Karl Benz
Gottlieb Daimler
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Atmospheric Engine
1-2: Fuel air mixture introduced into cylinder at atmospheric pressure
2-3: Constant pressure combustion (cylinder open to atmosphere)
3-4: Constant volume cooling (produces vacuum)
4-5: Isentropic compression (vacuum pulls piston)
5-1: Exhaust process
VALVE
Patm
Po
2
1
P
4
V
18
4
Po
5
V
19
Disengaged
output shaft
Engaged
output shaft
20
Ignition
I
R
Fuel/Air
Mixture
Intake
Stroke
Compression
Stroke
Combustion
Products
Power
Stroke
Exhaust
Stroke
21
TC
0o
Bottom
Center
(BC)
Cylinder
wall
Piston
Crank shaft
270o
Clearance
volume
90o
180o
BC
22
Spark-Ignition Engines
Actual and Ideal Cycles in Spark-Ignition
P
-V Diagram
P-V
23
Pressure
Spark
Exhaust valve
opens
Exhaust
valve
closes
Intake valve
closes
1 atm
TC
BC
Cylinder volume
24
25
Process:
(1-2) Isentropic Compression
Compression from 1 => v2
BDC (=180)
TDC (=0)
26
Four-Stroke SI Engine
Exhaust gas
residual
27
Air cleaner
Carburetor
Camshaft
Rocker arm
Hydraulic adjuster
Intake valve
Cam sprocket
Exhaust valve
Intake valve
Piston
Connecting rod
Timing belt
Timing belt
tensor
Crankshaft
Oil pump
Crank sprocket
Oil pickup
28
Camshaft
Spring
Spark
plug
Guide
Stem
Air manifold
Valve head
Valve seat
Piston
29
30
Exhaust
port
Fuel-air-oil
mixture
compressed
Check
valve
Crank
shaft
Expansion
Exhaust
Intake
Fuel-air-oil
mixture
Compression
Ignition
31
32
NUMBER OF CYLINDERS
Single-cylinder engine gives one power stroke per crank revolution (2
stroke) or two revolutions (4 stroke). The torque pulses are widely spaced,
and engine vibration and smoothness are significant problems. It is used in
small engine applications where engine size is more important
Multi-cylinder engines spread out the displacement volume amongst
multiple smaller cylinders. Increased frequency of power strokes produces
smoother torque characteristics. Engine balance (inertia forces associated
with accelerating and decelerating piston) better than single cylinder.
Most common cylinder arrangements are:
In-line 4-cylinder
In-line 6-cylinder
V-6 and V-8
33
Patm
Fuel
Idle
Intake manifold
WOT
34
Carburetor
Air Flow
Venturi
Fuel
Throttle
Mixture to manifold
36
Throttle
Fuel tank
During start-up the components are cold so fuel evaporation is very slow, therefore
additional fuel is added through a second injecting valve
37
38
39
40
41
Turbochargers couple a compressor with a turbine driven by the exhaust gas. The
compressor pressure is proportional to the engine speed.
Compressor raises the gas temperature -- aftercoolers are used after the compressor
to drop the temperature and thus increase the air density.
42
The peak pressure in the exhaust system is only slightly greater than atmospheric
small DP across turbine
In order to produce enough power to run compressor the turbine speed must be
very large (about 10.000rev/min). It takes time for turbine to get up to speed so
when the throttle is opened suddenly, which causes a delay in achieving peak
power - Turbo lag
Exhaust
Flow
Intake
AIR
43
1938
1962
44
Main problem with supercharging is the parasitic loss of having to drive the compressor
from the engine output shaft. This loss can be up to 15% of engine output.
45
Turbochargers
Majority of turbochargers consist of a centrifugal compressor and centripetal
turbine mounted on a common shaft
Turbine
Compressor
46
Pulse Turbocharger
Turbochargers Compressor
Consists of three elements: Compressor wheel, Diffuser, Housing.
51
Turbochargers Turbine
Turbines consist of turbine wheel and housing
52
Turbochargers Intercooler
Intercooler
Turbocharger
Temperatures after the compressor can reach 180 C.
Cooling the air can offer a significant performance increase.
Simultaneous improvement in output, fuel economy, and emissions
53