HowtobeSureYourDustCollector

DesignandInstallationareNFPA
Compliant
Presentedby:
JeffKice
KiceIndustries,Inc.

WhoistheNFPA?

NationalFireProtectionAssociation
Nonprofitinternationalorganization
Morethan81,000members
300codesandstandards
EarnedaccreditationfromtheAmericanNational
StandardsInstitute(ANSI)

NFPA68
OnDecember20,2006,NFPA68changedfromaGuide
(2002Edition)toaStandard(2007Edition)
Should changedtoSHALL toshowmandatory
provisionsforcompliance
Nonmandatory Annexesareincludedforinformational
purposesonly

NFPA68:StandardonExplosionProtectionby
DeflagrationVenting,2007Edition
Thisstandardappliestothedesign,location,
installation,maintenance,anduse ofdevicesand
systemsthatventthecombustiongasesand
pressuresresultingfromadeflagrationwithinan
enclosuresothatstructuralandmechanicaldamage
isminimized.

EnforcementofNFPAStandards
NFPA:
Hasnoenforcementcapabilities
Doesnotpoliceorverifycompliance
DeferstoAuthorityHavingJurisdiction (AHJ)
Firechief,firemarshal,insuranceofficial,
companysafetycomplianceofficer,an
organizationsuchasOSHA

ApplicableNFPAStandards
NFPA61
NFPA61 StandardforthePreventionofFiresandDustExplosionsin
AgriculturalandFoodProcessingFacilities,2008Edition
NFPA68 StandardonExplosionProtectionbyDeflagrationVenting,2007
Edition
NFPA69 StandardonExplosionPreventionSystems,2008Edition
NFPA77 RecommendedPracticeonStaticElectricity,2007Edition
NFPA654 StandardforthePreventionofFireandDustExplosionsfromthe
Manufacturing,Processing,andHandlingofCombustibleParticulateSolids,
2006Edition
NFPA664 StandardforthePreventionofFiresandExplosionsinWood
ProcessingandWoodworkingFacilities,2007Edition

NFPA68
Definitions:
Deflagration Propagationofacombustionzoneatavelocitythatislessthan the
speedofsoundintheunreactedmedium.
explosions
fires
Pmax (MaximumPressure) Themaximumpressuredevelopedinacontained
deflagrationofanoptimummixture.
afunctionofthematerialbeingcombusted
determinedinapproximatelysphericalcalibratedtestvesselsof atleast
20Lcapacity

NFPA68
Definitions (contd):
Kst Thedeflagrationindexofadustcloud.
Kst shallbecomputedfromthemaximumrateofpressureriseattainedby
combustioninaclosedapproximatelysphericalcalibratedtestvesselofat
least20Lcapacity

Publishedlistsofexamplevaluesareavailableforcertainmaterials,
butvariationsincharacteristics,suchasparticlesizeandmoisture
content,ofseeminglyidenticalmaterialscanproducevariedresults.
NOTE:NFPA68stateswheretheactualmaterialisavailable,theKst
shallbeverifiedbytest.

NFPA68
Definitions (contd):
EnclosureLengthtoDiameterratio(L/D)
IfL/D 2,Equation8.2.2isusedtocalculatethe
minimumnecessaryventarea
If2<L/D 6,Equation8.2.3isusedtocalculate
theminimumnecessaryventarea
Forunusualshapes,theeffectivehydraulic
diameterisused

NFPA68
Definitions (contd):
Pred (ReducedPressure) Themaximumpressuredevelopedinaventedenclosure
duringaventeddeflagration.

shallnotexceedtwothirdsoftheultimatestrengthforthevented
enclosure,provideddeformationoftheequipmentcanbetolerated.
2/3Ultimatestrengthofthevessel
Lessrequiredventarea(lowercosts)
Potentialforpermanentdeformationofequipment
red

Wheredeformationcannotbetolerated,Pred shallnotexceedtwothirdsofthe
yieldstrengthfortheventedenclosure.
2/3Yieldstrengthofthevessel
Moreventarearequired(highercosts)
Permanentdeformationofequipmentfromdeflagrationunlikely

DeterminingPred
Decideiftheenclosuredesignpressureselectionwillbe
basedon2/3oftheultimatestrengthor2/3ofthe
yieldstrength
Identifyweakestpointofdesignbyeither:
Performingactualtestexplosions,or
FiniteElementAnalysis(FEA)

DeterminingPred UtilizingFEA

DeterminingPred UtilizingFEA

DeterminingPred UtilizingFEA

ValidatingFEAResultsbyPerformingActualTest
Deflagrations

DustCollectorVentingAlternatives
AlternativeArrangement1

Condition1
Spacingbetweenthebags< radiusofthebag
and
alloftheventingislocatedbelow thebottomofthebags
theventareashallbepermittedtobecalculatedonthebasisofthe
volumebelowthelowerendofthebags (lowerhousingandhopper)
yieldsthesmallestvolumeandtherebyreducestherequiredvent area
filterhousingmustbetallerorthebaglengthshortertoprovidethespace
beneaththebagsrequiredforthevent(s)

VentingAlternativeArrangement1

DustCollectorVentingAlternatives
AlternativeArrangement1
Condition2
Spacingbetweenthebags>radiusofthebag
and
alloftheventingislocatedbelow thebottomof
thebags

VentingAlternative
Arrangement1
Condition2
theventareashallbepermittedtobe
calculatedonthebasisofthedirtysideonly;that
is,calculatethevolumebelowthetubesheet,and
subtractoutthevolumeoccupiedbythebags.
filterhousingmustbetallerorthebaglength
shortertoprovidethespacebeneaththebags
requiredforthevent(s)

DustCollectorVenting
Alternatives
AlternativeArrangement2:
Bottomofvent(s)abovebottomofbags
Lossoffilterbagarea
Restrainremainingbags,orverifybytestthat
bagsarerigidenoughtoremaininplaceduring
venting
Operationalconcernsaboutbagwearfrom
restraint
Increasedventarearequired;volumebetween
bagsincludedincalculation,volumeofbags
excluded

DustCollectorVentingAlternatives
AlternativeArrangement3:
Bottomofvent(s)belowbottomofbags

Increasedventarearequired;volumebetweenandinsidebags
includedincalculation

RisksAssociatedwithFireball
Measuresshallbetakentoreducetherisktopersonneland
equipmentfromtheeffectsoffireballtemperatureandpressure.
NFPA68providesequationstocalculateboththeaxialdistanceofthe
fireballandtheexternalpressure
Ablastdeflectorplatecanbeusedtoreducetheaxialhazarddistance
to50%ofthecalculatedvalue

EffectsofPanelInertia
Themassoftheventpanelcan
resultinanincremental
increaseintheminimum
necessaryventarea.

EffectsofVentDischargeDucts
Ifitisnecessarytolocateadustcollectorwithdeflagrationventsinsideofabuilding,avent
ductshall beusedtodirectventedmaterialfromthedustcollectortotheoutdoors.
Aventductshallhaveacrosssectionalareaatleastasgreatasthatoftheventitself,but
shallbelimitedtonomorethan150%oftheventitselfatanypointintheventduct.
Ventareacalculationsshallincludetheeffectsofventducts.
Theequationtocalculatetheeffectofventductshasasolutionthatisiterative,requiringa
trialanderrorprocess(orthegoalseekbuttoninExcel).
Ventductsshallbeofnoncombustibleconstructionandshallbestrongenoughto
withstandtheexpectedPred.
Bendsintheventductarenowallowed,butsupportcalculationsshallincludereaction
forcesbasedontheexpectedPred.

Flamearrestingand
ParticulateretentionVentSystems
Analternativeapproach
thateliminatestheneed
forventductsandsatisfies
themandatetoreducethe
riskfromtheeffectsofa
fireballinvolvestheuseof
flamearrestingand
particulateretentionvent
systems.

ReactionForces
NFPA68providesequationsto
determinethereactionforce,the
durationofthereactionforce,and
thetotalimpulsethatastructure
supportingaventedenclosure
experiencesduringdeflagration
venting.
Thesupportingstructureofthe
dustcollectormustbestrong
enoughtowithstandanyreaction
forcesthatdevelopasaresultof
operationofthevent.

SuppressionConcept(NFPA69)
Theheatofcombustiondevelopspressure.
Uponpressuredetection,sufficientsuppressantagentis
dispersedintotheprotectedvolume.
Flameisquenchedwhichpreventsanyfurtherpressure
increase.
Flame,pressureandunburnedmixturearecontainedinside
thevessel.

ExplosionIsolation(NFPA69and654)
Preventexplosionpropagationthroughductwork
Explosionisolationdevices:
Chokes
Rotaryvalves
Automaticfastactingvalvesystems
Flamefrontdiverters
Chemicalisolation(suppression)systems

MaintainingNFPACompliance
Documentation
Inspection
Maintenance
RecordKeepingandTraining

NFPA68
RequiredDocumentation:
(1)Manufacturersdatasheetsandinstructionmanuals
(2)Designcalculations
(3)Generalspecifications
(4)Ventclosurespecifications
(5)Enduserinspection/maintenanceforms
(6)Userdocumentationofconformitywithapplicablestandards
(7)Ventclosureidentification
(8)Combustiblematerialpropertiestestreport
(9)Copyofventidentificationlabel
(10)Processplanview
(11)Processelevationview
(12)Ventrelief(pressureandfireball)path
(13)Proximityofpersonneltoventreliefpath
(14)Mechanicalinstallationdetails
(15)Electricalsupervision(ifprovided)installationdetails
(16)Ventrestraintinstallationanddesigndocumentation(ifrequired)
(17)Processinterlocks(ifprovided)
(18)Eventdeflagrationisolationrequirements(ifrequired)
(19)Employeetrainingrequirements

MaintainingNFPACompliance
Documentation
Inspection
Maintenance
RecordKeepingandTraining

NFPA68
Ventclosuresshallbeinspectedatleastannually:
(1)Theopeningisfreeandclearofanyobstructionsonbothsides.
(2)Thedischargedmaterialandfireballpathwaydoesnotextend intoanareanormally
occupiedbypersonnelorcriticalprocessequipment.
(3)Theclosurehasbeenproperlyinstalledaccordingtomanufacturersinstructions.
(4)Theclosureisnotcorrodedormechanicallydamaged.
(5)Theclosureisclearlyidentifiedwithmanufacturersinformation.
(6)Theclosureisclearlylabeledasanexplosionreliefdevice.
(7)Theclosurehasnodamageandisprotectedfromtheaccumulationofwater,snow,ice,or
debrisafteranyactofnature.
(8)Theclosurehasnotbeenpaintedorcoatedotherthanbymanufacturer.
(9)Theclosurehasnobuildupofdepositsontheinsidesurfacesorbetweenlayersofthe
vent.
(10)Theclosurehasnotbeentamperedwith.
(11)Theclosureshowsnofatigueandhasnotreleased.
(12)Theclosurehinges(ifprovided)arelubricatedandoperate freely.
(13)Theclosurerestraints(ifprovided)areinplaceandoperational.
(14)Theclosureseals,tamperindicators,orventruptureindicators(e.g.,breakwireswitches),
ifprovided,areinplace.
(15)Theflamearrestingandparticulateretentiondeviceisbeingmaintained,isclean,andis
unobstructedinaccordancewiththemanufacturerslisting.
(16)Theclosurehasnoconditionsthatwouldhinderitsoperation.

MaintainingNFPACompliance
Documentation
Inspection
Maintenance
RecordKeepingandTraining

NFPA68
Maintenance

Ventclosuremaintenanceshallbeperformedaftereveryactofnatureorprocessupset
conditiontoensurethattheclosurehasnotbeenphysicallydamagedandthereareno
obstructionsincludingbutnotlimitedtosnow,ice,water,mud, orprocessmaterialthatcould
lessenorimpairtheefficiencyoftheventclosure.
Aninspectionshallbeperformedaftereveryprocessmaintenance turnaround.
Ifprocessmaterialhasatendencytoadheretotheventclosure,theventclosureshallbe
cleanedperiodicallytomaintainventefficiency.
Processinterlocks,ifprovided,shallbeverified.
Knownpotentialignitionsourcesshallbeinspectedandmaintained.
Recordsshallbekeptofanymaintenanceandrepairsperformed.

MaintainingNFPACompliance
Documentation
Inspection
Maintenance
RecordKeepingandTraining

NFPA68
RecordKeepingandTraining
1. Therecordsofinspectionsandanymaintenanceand
repairsperformedshallberetainedforaminimumof3
years.
2. Initialandrefreshertrainingshallbeprovidedand
trainingrecordsmaintainedforemployeeswhoare
involvedinoperating,maintaining,andsupervising
facilitiesthatutilizedevicesforventingofdeflagrations.

OSHAsCombustibleDustNationalEmphasisProgram
(Reissued)
ThepurposeofthisNEPistoinspectfacilitiesthatcreateor
handlecombustibledustswhichcancauseintenseburningor
otherfirehazardswhensuspendedinair,andcanleadto
explosions.
Asaresultofarecentcatastrophicaccidentinvolving
combustibledustatasugarrefineryplant,OSHAis
intensifyingitsenforcementactivitiesatfacilitieswhere
combustibledusthazardsareknowntoexist.
FoundonOSHAsnewcombustibledustsafetyandhealthwebsite:
http://www.osha.gov/dsg/combustibledust/index.html

Imperial Sugar Refinery Explosion on 2/7/2008

PetitionfromWorkerOrganizations
WewantOSHAtoissuecomprehensive
combustibleduststandardsandwefullyback
theCommitteeonEducationandLabor in
theirrequesttoSecretaryofLaborElaine
ChaoforanswersandactionbasedontheCSB
investigationsandrecommendations.

SugarPlantBlastPutsHeatonOSHA's
Rulemaking
"I see such an incredible lack of urgency on the part of your agency to
protect workers that it is astounding," Rep. George Miller (D-Calif.),
who heads the House Education and Labor Committee, told OSHA
director Edwin G. Foulke Jr.

- Cindy Skrzycki, Business Columnist for The Washington Post

RetroactivityofNFPAStandards
NFPA68:
Section1.5.1.1 theprovisionsofthisstandardshallnot applytofacilities,
equipment,structures,orinstallationsthatexistedorwereapprovedfor
constructionorinstallationpriortotheeffectivedateofthestandard.
(December20,2006)
Exceptions:
Inthosecaseswheretheauthorityhavingjurisdictiondeterminesthat
theexistingsituationpresentsanunacceptabledegreeofrisk,the
authorityhavingjurisdictionshallbepermittedtoapplyretroactivelyany
portionsofthisstandarddeemedappropriate.
(Section1.5.1.2)
or
Whenmajorreplacementorrenovationofexistingfacilitiesisplanned,
provisionsofthisstandardshallapply. (Section1.5.3)

Thankyoufortheopportunitytospeak
withyoutoday

Shouldyouhaveanyquestions
pleasevisitourwebsiteat
www.kice.com
orcontactme
jeffkice@kice.com