11E402 AC MACHINES ANSWER KEY

PART A (20 1=20

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

MARKS)

C
C
C
D
D
C
B
D
D
C
A
A
C
B
C
B
A
A
D
D
Part B

21.

SLIP

(1 Marks)

Slip is define as the difference between the synchronous speed ( N s) and actual speed of
rotor i.e. motor (N) expressed as a fraction of the synchronous speed ( N s ). This is also called
absolute slip or fractional slip and is denoted ass.
Thus

N N
s= S
NS

Slip Frequency is defined as the product of slip and supply frequency f r = sf

22.

Crawling

(1 Marks)
(2 Marks)

Squirrel cage type, sometimes exhibit a tendency to run stably at speeds as low as 1/7 the
of their synchronous speed, because of the harmonics this phenomenon is known as crawling.

23.

Condition for maximum torque in induction motor

(2 Marks)

The rotor resistance and rotor reactance should be equal for developing maximum torque
i.e. R2 = s X2 where s is the slip under running conditions.
R2 = X2 under starting conditions
24.

Slip Ring Induction motor having high torque

(2 Marks)

In slip ring induction motor has we can add external resistance to the rotor through slip
ring and brush arrangement. Hence resistance of the rotor increases. Thus torque is directly
proportional to R2 (rotor resistance) , so the starting torque of slip ring induction motor is high.
25.

The advantages of field rotating systems

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

(2 Marks)

Form Stationary connection between external circuit and system of conditions enable the
machine to handle large amount of volt - ampere as high as 500 MVA.
The relatively small amount of power required for field system can be easily supplied to
the rotating field system via slip rings and brushes.
More space is available in the stator part of the machine for providing more insulation to
the system of conductors.
Insulation to stationary system of conductors is not subjected to mechanical stresses due
to centrifugal action
Stationary system of conductors can easily be braced to prevent deformation.
It is easy to provide cooling arrangement

26. Here

(2 Marks)
The coil span falls = (2/9)*180o = 40o
i.e.

=40

Kc = cos 40o/2 = cos 20o = 0.94

= (3/12)*180o = 45o

Kc = cos 45o/2 = cos 22.5o = 0.924

= (5/16)*180o = 56o16
Kc = cos 56o/2 = cos 28o 8 = 0.0.882

27.

The Phasor diagram of an alternator for lagging power factor load

28.

Reduction of Hunting in Synchronous Motor

(2 Marks)

(2 Marks)

1. Use of Damper Winding

2. Use of Flywheels
3. Designing synchronous machine with suitable synchronizing power coefficients.
29.

Single phase induction motor is not self starting

30.

(2 Marks)

Single phase induction motor has distributed stator winding and a squirrel-cage rotor.
When fed from a single-phase supply, its stator winding produces a flux (or field) which is only
alternating i.e. one which alternates along one space axis only.
It is not a synchronously revolving (or rotating) flux as in the case of a two or a three phase stator
winding fed from a 2 of 3 phase supply.
Now, alternating or pulsating flux acting on a stationary squirrel-cage rotor cannot produce
rotation (only a revolving flux can produce rotation).
Application of BLDC
1. Home Appliances,
2. Automotive,
3. Aerospace,
4. Consumer, medical,
5. Automated industrial equipment and instrumentation

(2 Marks)

PART C
31.

STEP BY STEP DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF INDUCTION

MOTOR

(for each step 2 marks)

Step: 1 Represent the winding by their electrical equivalent:

Step: 2 Represent the stator core by its electrical equipment:
Xm = V/Im
R1 = V/I1 -

- Representing flux setup

Representing the no load losses

Step: 3 Convert the actual rotating rotor circuit into an equivalent stationary rotor circuit:

|I 2|=

SE
|Er|
= 2 2 2
|Z r| R2 +(S X 2)

|I 2|=

E2

R2 2
( ) +(X 2 )2
S

R 2 R2
1
= R2 + R2=R 2 1 + R2
S
S
S

( )

R L=R 2

Po=P dW m

( 1S 1)

Pd =3 I 22 R L =3 I 22 R2

( 1S 1)

Step: 4 Convert original stationary rotor circuit into its equivalent stationary rotor circuit:

Step: 5 Exact Equivalent circuit:

Step: 6 Approximate Equivalent circuit

'

Rt 1=R 1+ R 2=R1 +(

X t 1=X 1 + X '2 =X 1 +(

R2
K2

X2
K2

Z t 1=( Rt 1 + j X t 1 )=( ( R1 + R'2 ) + j X 1+ X '2) =Z 1 +Z '2

31. b)
Solution
NO-LOAD TEST:

cos o=

(2 Marks)

PO
1000
=
=0.1804
V I O 3 400 8 3

o =cos1 ( 0.1804 )=79.60

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:
Short- circuit current with normal voltage,

I sc=I s

V
400
=25
=100 A
Vs
100

Short circuit input power with normal voltage,

(2 Marks)

I SC
Is

100
25

Psc =Ps
Short circuit power factor,

cos sc =

P SC
1750
=
=0.404
V SC I SC 3 100 25 3

1
0
SC =cos ( 0.404 )=66.2

Assume that current scale 1cm = 10 A Draw the circle diagram

(4 Marks)

To determine the power scale a perpendicular line LN through the point L is drawn
LN represents the total input on short circuit with normal voltage applied i.e. = 28000 W.
But (LN) = 4 cm
Power scale : 1cm = 28000/4 = 7000 w.
Full load motor output = 11 kW or 11000 W
According to above power scale, motor output will be represented by 11000/7000 = 1.57 cm on the
circle diagram.
Line NL is extended to point T so that LT = 1.57 cm.
From point T line TA is drawn parallel to output line OL intersecting the circle at point A.
Point A is joined with orgin O and perpendicular AB is drawn.
From the circle diagram:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

32. a)

Full load current = OA = 2 cm = 2 10 = 20 A

Full load power factor, cos = BA/ OA = 1.62/2 = 0.81
Full load efficiency = (1.34/1.62)*100 = 82.71%

CONSTRUCTION OF TURBO ALTERNATOR

(1 Marks)
(2 Marks)
(1 Marks)

Basically the turbo alternator consists of two parts

a. Stator
b. Rotor
Stator:

(4 Marks)

The outer cylindrical frame is called as yoke.

It is used for holding the armature stampings and windings in position.
The magnetic path, which comprises a set of slotted steel laminations called stator core pressed
into the cylindrical space inside the frame.
The stator core provides the space (slots) for housing the three phase stator windings.
CRGO laminations of 0.5 mm thickness are used to reduce the iron losses.
To provide ventilation laminations are stacked in packets of about 10cm thickness and a
spacing of about 1 cm is provided between adjacent packets.
Rotor:

(5 Marks)

The cylindrical or non salient pole rotor is adopted for Turbo alternator. (i.e. The poles does not
project out from the surface of the rotor)
The field winding being distributed in the slots, instead of being wound as in salient poles.
The rotor is generally made up of chromium nickel steel or chromium molybdenum steel.
The rotor consists of core and shaft generally forged (to shape metal by heating in the fire) in
one piece except in very large sizes.
Numbers of slots are milled out at the intervals along the outer periphery of the field winding.
Rotors are distinguished as
(i) radial slot rotor
(ii) parallel slot rotor because rectangular conductors are used.

Normally two third of the rotor periphery is slotted to accommodate the winding and the
remaining one third unslotted portion acts as the pole is called as tooth.

The field winding consists of copper strips laid flat in the slots and insulated with moulded
micanite or asbestos thus obtaining a solid winding which will not shrink under the effects of
centrifugal stresses and temperature rise.

 A manganese bronze or steel wedge is driven into the mouth of each slot for the purpose of
keeping the winding in place.
The end connectors (overhang) of the field winding must be rigidly supported by end bells to
with stand large centrifugal forces to which it is subjected under short circuit conditions.

(3 Marks)

32. b)
EL = 11 KV
Load = 1000/0.8 = 1250 KVA
Ra = 2 ohm
Xs = 30 ohm
Eph (= V) = 11000/

= 6350.852 V

(2

Marks)
Now load current at a load of 1000 kw, 0.8 p.f.
=

1000 1000
=65.60 A
0.8 3 11000

(2

Marks)
(i)

When power factor is 0.8 lagging

cos =0.8sin =0.6

Open circuit voltage per phase

E0= ( V cos + I Ra ) +(V sin + I X s )

(2 Marks)

Eo =

(6350.852 0.8+65.60 2)2 +(6350.852 0.6+65.60 30)2

Eo =

27163709.80+ 33391191.69

Eo = 7781.702 V
% REGULATION =

7781.7026350.852
100=22.53
6350.852

(3

Marks)
(ii) For unity power factor
Eo =

(6350.852+65.60 2)2 +(65.60 30)2

EO = 6774.217 V
% REGULATION =

6774.2176350.852
100=6.66
6350.852

(3

Marks)

33. a)

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

The synchronous motor is inherently not self starting.

(4 Marks)

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Consider a 3-phase synchronous motor having two rotor poles NR and SR.
Then the stator will also be wound for two poles NS and SS.
The motor has direct voltage applied to the rotor winding and a 3-phase voltage applied to the

(iv)

stator winding.
The stator winding produces a rotating field which revolves round the stator at synchronous

(v)

speed Ns (= 120 f/P).

The direct (or zero frequency) current sets up a two-pole field which is stationary so long as
the rotor is not turning.

(vi)

Thus, there exists a pair of revolving stator poles (i.e., N S - SS) and a pair of stationary rotor

(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)

poles (i.e., NR - SR).

Suppose at any instant, the stator poles are at positions A and B.
It is clear that poles NS and NR repel each other and so do the poles SS and SR.
Therefore, the rotor tends to move in the anticlockwise direction.
After a period of half-cycle (or f = 1/100 second), the polarities of the stator poles are

(xi)

reversed but the polarities of the rotor poles remain the same as shown in Fig. (1(ii)).
Now SS and NR attract each other and so do N S and SR. Therefore, the rotor tends to move in

(xii)

the clockwise direction.

Since the stator poles change their polarities rapidly, they tend to pull the rotor first in one

(xiii)

direction and then after a period of half-cycle in the other.

Due to high inertia of the rotor, the motor fails to start.

(3 Marks)
Fig (1)

If the rotor poles are rotated by some external means at such a speed that they interchange their
positions along with the stator poles, then the rotor will experience a continuous unidirectional

torque.
A synchronous motor cannot start by itself. In order to make the motor self-starting, a squirrel

cage winding (also called damper winding) is provided on the rotor.

The damper winding consists of copper bars embedded in the pole faces of the salient poles of the

rotor as shown in Fig. (2).

The bars are short-circuited at the ends to form in effect a partial squirrel cage winding.
The damper winding serves to start the motor.
(5 Marks)
(i) To start with, 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding while the rotor field winding is left
unenergized. The rotating stator field induces currents in the damper or squirrel cage winding
and the motor starts as an induction motor.
(ii) As the motor approaches the synchronous speed, the rotor is excited with direct current. Now
the resulting poles on the rotor face poles of opposite polarity on the stator and a strong
magnetic attraction is set up between them.

The rotor poles lock in with the poles of rotating flux. Consequently, the rotor revolves at the
same speed as the stator field i.e., at synchronous speed.
(iii) Because the bars of squirrel cage portion of the rotor now rotate at the same speed as the
rotating stator field, these bars do not cut any flux and, therefore, have no induced currents in
them. Hence squirrel cage portion of the rotor is, in effect, removed from the operation of the
motor.

It may be emphasized here that due to magnetic interlocking between the stator and rotor poles, a
synchronous motor can only run at synchronous speed. At any other speed, this magnetic
interlocking (i.e., rotor poles facing opposite polarity stator poles) ceases and the average torque
becomes zero. Consequently, the motor comes to a halt with a severe disturbance on the line.

Fig (2)

33. b)
Rating of power plant = 1200 kVA.
Power factor, cos1 = 0.7
New Power factor, cos2 = 0.9
Load supplied at 0.7 p.f. = 1200 0.7 = 840 kW
Load supplied at 0.9 p.f. = 1200 0.9 =1080 kW

(2

Increase in load supplied = 1080 840 = 240 kW

(2 Marks)

Additional load supplied at 0.7 p.f. lagging = 240/0.7 = 342.86 kVA.

(2 Marks)

Marks)

Reactive power drawn by the load = new load in kW tan 1 = 1080 tan (cos -1 0.7) = 1080
1.0202 = 1101.8 kVAR

(2 Marks)
-1

Reactive power supplied by the plant = P sin 2 = 1200 sin (cos 0.9) = 523 kVAR (2 Marks)
Rating of ideal synchronous condenser = reactive power drawn by load reactive power supplied
by the plant = 1101.8 523 = 578.8 kVAR
34. a)

(2 Marks)

SPEED CONTROL OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

A 3-phase induction motor is practically a constant-speed machine.

The speed regulation of an induction motor (having low resistance) is usually less than 5% at fullload.

Different methods by which speed control of induction motors is achieved, may be grouped under
two main headings :

1. Control from stator side

(3 Marks)

(a) by changing the applied voltage

(b) by changing the applied frequency
(c) by changing the number of stator poles
2. Control from rotor side
(d) rotor rheostat control
(e) by operating two motors in concatenation or cascade
(f) by injecting an e.m.f. in the rotor circuit.
(i) Speed control by changing the applied voltage

(3 Marks)

Slip can be varied by changing the applied stator voltage.

If the voltage is reduced, torque is reduced as the square of the voltage.

For example, if the applied voltage is reduced from V to 0.9 V, the torque will reduced from T to
0.81 T.

The torque speed characteristics at reduced stator voltage say 0.9V.

Since the torque is reduced to 81 per cent, the rotor cannot continue to rotate at speed N 1, its
speed will be reduced, i.e., its slip will increase until the increased rotor current will make up for
the reduced sartor voltage and produce the required load torque at a lower speed N 2.

This method of speed control is rarely the required used for industrial three-phase motors because
of the requirement of additional costly voltage changing auxiliary equipment.

For small induction motors used in home appliance, voltage control method of speed changing is
often used.

(ii) Control of speed by changing supply frequency

(3 Marks)

The speed of an induction motor is directly proportional to supply frequency.

By gradually changing supply frequency, speed can be increased or decreased smoothly.

There are however, several drawbacks in this system. Electricity supply authorities supply power
at a fixed frequency of 50 Hz.

Provision for supply at variable frequency can be made by the consumers by having separate
arrangements.

Frequency conversion equipments are, therefore, to be installed by the industries at additional

costs.

Variable frequency supply can be obtained from solid-state equipment, or rotary converters, i.e.
motor generator sets.

If speed control is to be achieved by changing frequency, the supply voltage should also
simultaneously by changed.

This is because if the supply frequency is reduced keeping the applied voltage constant, the flux
is increased (E = 4.44mf T).

If flux is increased, core-losses will reduce the efficiency.

On the other hand if the frequency is increased, flux will decrease, thereby reducing the torque
developed.

It is important, therefore, that the frequency changing device should change frequency and
voltage simultaneously as a direct ratio

That is, frequency is increased, the supply voltage must also increase and if the frequency is
decreased the supply voltage must also decrease proportionately.

Limited applications because of cost involved in arranging a variable frequency power supply.

With the recent developments in semi conductor devices, frequency control method of speed
variation of induction motors is becoming popular.

(iii) Speed control by pole changing method:

(3 Marks)

34. b)

STAR DELTA STARTER

(5 Marks)

(4 Marks)
If full voltage VIL is applied to each winding as in DOL starting for a delta connected motor, the starting
current in the motor per phase Isd is given by Isd = Ibn
The current drawn from the supply with DOL starting will be ILd = IbnL =

3 I bn

When the stator winding is connected in star by the star delta starter , the voltage available across each
phase winding is only

same proportion,

I SS=

I bn

V IL
3

and the starting current in the motor per phase

I SS is reduced in the

1
3

I sd

3 3

For star connection, since the line current is the same as the phase current, the supply line current I LS

I LS =

I bn I bnL I sd
=
=
3 3 3

Thus , although the motor current per phase is reduced by 1/

supply is reduced by (1/

)2 = 1/3 times.

times, the current drawn from the

Thus

(3 Marks)

I bn 2
T dss 3
=(
) S fL
T fL
I fL
T dss 1 I bn 2
= ( ) S fL
T fL 3 I fL
1
T dss= T fL
3

35. a)

DOUBLE REVOLVING FIELD THEORY

(4 Marks)

This theory states that the alternating field produced by the stator winding can be represented as
the sum of two oppositely rotating field of identical strength.
The magnitude of each of these fields will be equal to one half of the maximum field strength of
the stator alternating field.

(4 Marks)

Torque developed by the two rotating fields are acting in opposite directions, each field develops
a torque that tends to rotate the rotor in the direction in which the field rotates.
The resultant torque developed on the rotor is the summation of the torques produced by the two
rotating fields.

(4 Marks)

35. b)

CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF CAPACITOR START

CAPACITOR RUN MOTOR

(6 Marks)

The current flowing through the capacitor leads the voltage.

(6 Marks)
So in capacitor start capacitor run induction motor there are using two winding, the main winding

and the starting winding.

With starting winding a capacitor was connected so the current flowing in the capacitor i.e Ist

leads the applied voltage by some angle, st.

The running winding is inductive in nature so, the current flowing in running winding lags behind

applied voltage by an angle, m.

Now there occur large phase angle differences between these two currents which produce an

resultant current, I and this will produce a rotating magnetic field.

Since the torque produced by these motors depends upon the phase angle difference, which is

almost 90.
So, these motors produce very high starting torque.