Cyrillic Script - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

08/03/2015
CyrillicscriptWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Cyrillicscript
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
TheCyrillicscript/srlk/isanalphabetic
writingsystememployedacrossEastern
Europe,NorthandCentralAsiancountries.Itis
basedontheEarlyCyrillic,whichwas
developedintheFirstBulgarianEmpireduring
the9thcenturyADatthePreslavLiterary
School.[2][3][4]Itisthebasisofalphabetsused
invariouslanguages,pastandpresent,inparts
ofSoutheasternEuropeandNorthernEurasia,
especiallythoseofSlavicorigin,andnon
SlaviclanguagesinfluencedbyRussian.Asof
2011,around252millionpeopleinEurasiause
itastheofficialalphabetfortheirnational
languages.AbouthalfofthemareinRussia.[5]
Cyrillicisoneofthemostusedwritingsystems
intheworld.
CyrillicisderivedfromtheGreekuncialscript,
augmentedbylettersfromtheolderGlagolitic
alphabet,includingsomeligatures.These
additionalletterswereusedforOldChurch
SlavonicsoundsnotfoundinGreek.Thescript
isnamedinhonorofthetwoByzantine
brothers,[6]SaintsCyrilandMethodius,who
createdtheGlagoliticalphabetearlieron.
ModernscholarsbelievethatCyrillicwas
developedandformalizedbyearlydisciplesof
CyrilandMethodius.
WiththeaccessionofBulgariatotheEuropean
Unionon1January2007,Cyrillicbecamethe
thirdofficialscriptoftheEuropeanUnion,
followingtheLatinandGreekscripts.[7]
Cyrillic
Type
Languages
2Letterformsandtypography
3Cyrillicalphabets
4Name
5History
6Relationshiptootherwritingsystems
6.1Latinscript
6.2Romanization
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script
Nationalscriptof:
Belarus
BosniaandHerzegovina
Bulgaria
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Macedonia
Mongolia
Montenegro
Russia
Serbia
Tajikistan
Ukraine
(seeLanguagesusingCyrillic)
Time
period
Earliestvariantsexistcirca940
Parent
systems
Egyptianhieroglyphs [1]
ProtoSinaiticscript
Phoenicianalphabet
Greekalphabet
Cyrillic
Sister
systems
Contents
1Letters
Alphabet
Latinalphabet
Copticalphabet
Armenianalphabet
Georgianalphabet
Glagoliticalphabet
ISO15924 Cyrl,220Cyrs(OldChurchSlavonicvariant)
Direction
Lefttoright
Unicode
alias
Cyrillic
Unicode
range
U+0400U+04FF
(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf)
U+0500U+052F
(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0500.pdf)
U+2DE0U+2DFF
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(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2DE0.pdf)
U+A640U+A69F
(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA640.pdf)
6.3Cyrillization
7Computerencoding
7.1Unicode
7.2Other
7.3Keyboardlayouts
8Seealso
9Notes
10References
11Externallinks
Letters
CyrillicscriptspreadthroughouttheEastandSouthSlavicterritories,beingadoptedforwritinglocal
languages,suchastheOldEastSlavic.ItsadaptationtolocallanguagesproducedanumberofCyrillic
alphabets,discussedhereafter.
TheearlyCyrillicalphabet[8][9]
[10]
[12]
[11]
[13]
Capitalandlowercaseletterswerenotdistinguishedinoldmanuscripts.
Yeri()wasoriginallyaligatureofYerandI(+I=).Iotation
wasindicatedbyligaturesformedwiththeletterI: (notancestor
ofmodernYa,,whichisderivedfrom),,(ligatureofIand
),,.Manylettershadvariantformsandcommonlyused
ligatures,forexample==,=,=.
Thelettersalsohadnumericvalues,basednotonCyrillic
alphabeticalorder,butinheritedfromtheletters'Greekancestors.
Cyrillicnumerals
3
4
5
6
7
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
()
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
900
TheearlyCyrillicalphabetisdifficulttorepresentoncomputers.
ManyoftheletterformsdifferedfrommodernCyrillic,varieda
greatdealinmanuscripts,andchangedovertime.Fewfontsinclude
ApagefromtheChurchSlavonic
GrammarofMeletiusSmotrytsky
(1619)
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adequateglyphstoreproducethealphabet.InaccordancewithUnicodepolicy,thestandarddoesnot
includeletterformvariationsorligaturesfoundinmanuscriptsourcesunlesstheycanbeshowntoconform
totheUnicodedefinitionofacharacter.
TheUnicode5.1standard,releasedon4April2008,greatlyimprovescomputersupportfortheearly
CyrillicandthemodernChurchSlavoniclanguage.InMicrosoftWindows,SegoeUIisnotableforhaving
completesupportforthearchaicCyrillicletterssinceWindows8.
LettersoftheCyrillicalphabet(seealsoCyrillicdigraphs)
Be
Ve
Ge
Ge
upturn
De
Dje
Gje
Ye
Yo
Yest
Zhe
ShortI
Je
Ka
El
Lje
Em
Ze
Zje
Dze
DottedI
Yi
En
Nje
Pe
Er
Es
[]
Te
Tshe
Kje
Short
U
Ef
Kha
Tse
Che
Dzhe
Sha
Shcha
Hardsign
(Yer)
Yery
Softsign
(Yeri)
Yu
Ng
Barred
O
Ksi
Psi
Fita
Izhitsa
Izhitsa
okovy
Koppa
Ya
CyrillicnonSlavicletters
Palochka
Cyrillic
Schwa
Ayn
Bashkir
Dhe
Bashkir
The
Bashkir Kawith
Qa
descender
Straight Straight
U
Uwith
stroke
He
Cyrilliclettersusedinthepast
Aiotified Eiotified Yussmall Yusbig Yussmall Yusbig

iotified iotified
Uk
Omega
Ot
Yat
Letterformsandtypography
ThedevelopmentofCyrillictypographypasseddirectlyfromthemedievalstagetothelateBaroque,
withoutaRenaissancephaseasinWesternEurope.LateMedievalCyrillicletters(stillfoundonmanyicon
inscriptionstoday)showamarkedtendencytobeverytallandnarrow,withstrokesoftensharedbetween
adjacentletters.
PetertheGreat,CzarofRussia,mandatedtheuseofwesternizedletterformsintheearly18thcentury.Over
time,thesewerelargelyadoptedintheotherlanguagesthatusethescript.Thus,unlikethemajorityof
modernGreekfontsthatretainedtheirownsetofdesignprinciplesforlowercaseletters(suchasthe
placementofserifs,theshapesofstrokeends,andstrokethicknessrules,althoughGreekcapitallettersdo
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useLatindesignprinciples),modernCyrillicfontsaremuchthesameasmodernLatinfontsofthesame
fontfamily.ThedevelopmentofsomeCyrilliccomputertypefacesfromLatinoneshasalsocontributedto
thevisualLatinizationofCyrillictype.
CyrillicuppercaseandlowercaseletterformsarenotasdifferentiatedasinLatintypography.Upright
Cyrilliclowercaselettersareessentiallysmallcapitals(withexceptions:Cyrillic , , ,and
adoptedWesternlowercaseshapes,lowercase istypicallydesignedundertheinfluenceofLatin
p ,lowercase isatraditionalhandwrittenform),althoughagoodqualityCyrillictypefacewillstill
includeseparatesmallcapsglyphs.[14]
Cyrillicfonts,aswellasLatinones,haveromanand
italictypes(practicallyallpopularmodernfonts
includeparallelsetsofLatinandCyrillicletters,
wheremanyglyphs,uppercaseaswellaslowercase,
aresimplysharedbyboth).However,thenativefont
terminologyinmostSlaviclanguages(forexample,
inRussian)doesnotusethewords"roman"and
"italic"inthissense.[15]Instead,thenomenclature
followsGermannamingpatterns:
LettersGe,De,I,Ikratkoye,Em,Te,Tse,BeandVe
inupright(printed)andcursive(handwritten)variants.
(TopissetinGeorgiafont,bottominOdessaScript.)
Romantypeiscalledpryamoyshrift("uprighttype")comparewithNormalschrift("regulartype")
inGerman
Italictypeiscalledkursiv("cursive")orkursivniyshrift("cursivetype")fromtheGermanword
Kursive,meaningitalictypefacesandnotcursivewriting
Cursivehandwritingisrukopisniyshrift("handwrittentype")inRussianinGerman:Kurrentschrift
orLaufschrift,bothmeaningliterallyrunningtype
AsinLatintypography,asansseriffacemayhaveamechanically
slopedobliquetype(naklonniyshrift"sloped",or"slantedtype")
insteadofitalic.
SimilarlytoLatinfonts,italicandcursivetypesofmanyCyrillic
letters(typicallylowercaseuppercaseonlyforhandwrittenor
stylishtypes)areverydifferentfromtheiruprightromantypes.In
certaincases,thecorrespondencebetweenuppercaseandlowercase
glyphsdoesnotcoincideinLatinandCyrillicfonts:forexample,
italicCyrillic isthelowercasecounterpartof notof
.
Aboldfacedtypeiscalledpoluzhirniyshrift("semiboldtype"),
becausethereexistedfullyboldfacedshapesthathavebeenoutof
usesincethebeginningofthe20thcentury.
Abolditaliccombination(boldslanted)doesnotexistforallfont
families.
Cyrilliclettersinromantype(left)
comparedtotheitalictypeofRussian
(center)andthatofSerbianand
Macedonian(right)
InStandardSerbian,aswellasinMacedonian,[16]someitalicand
cursivelettersaredifferentfromthoseusedinotherlanguages.
Theselettershapesareoftenusedinuprightfontsaswell,especiallyforadvertisements,roadsigns,
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inscriptions,postersandthelike,lesssoinnewspapersorbooks.TheCyrilliclowercase hasaslightly
differentdesignbothintheromananditalictypes,whichissimilartothelowercaseGreekletterdelta,
.
ThefollowingtableshowsthedifferencesbetweentheuprightanditalicCyrilliclettersoftheRussian
alphabet.Italicformssignificantlydifferentfromtheiruprightanalogues,orespeciallyconfusingtousersof
aLatinalphabet,arehighlighted.

Alsoavailableasagraphicalimage.
Note:insomefontsorstyles,lowercaseitalicCyrillic ( )
maylooklikeLatin g andlowercaseitalicCyrillic ( )
maylookexactlylikeacapitalitalic T ( T ),onlysmall.
Cyrillicalphabets
Amongothers,Cyrillicisthestandardscriptforwritingthe
followinglanguages:
Slaviclanguages:Belarusian,Bulgarian,Macedonian,
Russian,Rusyn,SerboCroatian(forStandardSerbian,
Bosnian,andMontenegrin),Ukrainian
NonSlaviclanguages:Abkhaz,Aleut(nowmostlyinchurch
SpecificRussian(top)andproper
Serbian/Macedonian(bottom)letters
texts),Bashkir,Chuvash,
Erzya,Kazakh,Kildin
Sami,Komi,Kyrgyz,
Mari,Moksha,
Mongolian,Ossetic,
Romani(somedialects),
Sakha/Yakut,Tajik,Tatar,
Tlingit(nowonlyin
churchtexts),Tuvan,
Udmurt,Yuit(Siberian
Yupik),andYupik(in
Alaska).
TheCyrillicscripthasalsobeen
usedforlanguagesofAlaska,[17]
SlavicEurope(exceptfor
WesternSlavicandsome
SouthernSlavic),theCaucasus,
Siberia,andtheRussianFarEast.
DistributionoftheCyrillicscriptworldwide.
Cyrillicisthesoleofficialscript.
Cyrilliciscoofficialwithanotheralphabet.InthecasesofMoldovaand
Georgia,thisisinbreakawayregionsnotrecognizedbythecentral
government.
Cyrillicisnotofficial,butisincommonuseasalegacyscript.
ThefirstalphabetderivedfromCyrillicwasAbur,usedfortheKomilanguage.OtherCyrillicalphabets
includetheMolodtsovalphabetfortheKomilanguageandvariousalphabetsforCaucasianlanguages.
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Name
BecausethescriptwasconceivedandpopularisedbythefollowersofCyrilandMethodius,ratherthanby
CyrilandMethodiusthemselves,itsnamedenoteshomageratherthanauthorship.Thename"Cyrillic"
oftenconfusespeoplewhoarenotfamiliarwiththescript'shistory,becauseitdoesnotidentifyacountryof
origin(incontrasttothe"Greekalphabet").Somecallitthe"Russianalphabet"becauseRussianisthemost
popularandinfluentialalphabetbasedonthescript.SomeBulgarianintellectuals,notablyStefanTsanev,
haveexpressedconcernoverthis,andhavesuggestedthattheCyrillicscriptbecalledthe"Bulgarian
alphabet"instead,forthesakeofhistoricalaccuracy.[18]
InBulgarian,Macedonian,Russian,andSerbian,theCyrillicscriptisalsoknownasazbuka,derivedfrom
theoldnamesofthefirsttwolettersofmostCyrillicalphabets(justasthetermalphabetcamefromthefirst
twoGreeklettersalphaandbeta).
History
TheCyrillicscriptwascreatedintheFirstBulgarianEmpire[19]and
isderivedfromtheGreekuncialscriptletters,augmentedby
ligaturesandconsonantsfromtheolderGlagoliticalphabetfor
soundsnotfoundinGreek.TraditionholdsthatCyrillicand
GlagoliticwereformalizedeitherbySaintsCyrilandMethodius
whobroughtChristianitytothesouthernSlavs,orbytheir
disciples.[20][21][22][23]PaulCubberleypositsthatalthoughCyrilmay
havecodifiedandexpandedGlagolitic,itwashisstudentsinthe
FirstBulgarianEmpirethatdevelopedCyrillicfromtheGreek
lettersinthe890sasamoresuitablescriptforchurchbooks.[19]
LaterCyrillicspreadamongotherSlavicpeoples:Russians,Serbs
andothers,aswellasamongnonSlavicVlachsandMoldavians.
ApagefromAzbuka,thefirst
Russiantextbook,printedbyIvan
Fyodorovin1574.Thispagefeatures
theCyrillicalphabet.
CyrillicandGlagoliticwereusedfortheChurchSlavoniclanguage,
especiallytheOldChurchSlavonicvariant.Henceexpressionssuch
as"isthetenthCyrillicletter"typicallyrefertotheorderofthe
ChurchSlavonicalphabetnoteveryCyrillicalphabetusesevery
letteravailableinthescript.
TheCyrillicscriptcametodominateGlagoliticinthe12thcentury.
TheliteratureproducedintheOldBulgarianlanguagesoonspread
northandbecamethelinguafrancaoftheBalkansandEastern
Europe,whereitcametoalsobeknownasOldChurchSlavonic.[24][25][26][27][28]Thealphabetusedforthe
modernChurchSlavoniclanguageinEasternOrthodoxandEasternCatholicritesstillresemblesearly
Cyrillic.However,overthecourseofthefollowingmillennium,Cyrillicadaptedtochangesinspoken
language,developedregionalvariationstosuitthefeaturesofnationallanguages,andwassubjectedto
academicreformandpoliticaldecrees.Today,manylanguagesintheBalkans,EasternEurope,andnorthern
EurasiaarewritteninCyrillicalphabets.
Relationshiptootherwritingsystems
Latinscript
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AnumberoflanguageswritteninaCyrillicalphabethavealsobeenwritteninaLatinalphabet,suchas
Azerbaijani,UzbekandRomanian(inRepublicofMoldovauntil
1989,inRomaniathroughoutthe19thcentury).Afterthe
disintegrationoftheSovietUnionin1991,someoftheformer
republicsofficiallyshiftedfromCyrillictoLatin.Thetransitionis
completeinmostofMoldova(exceptbreakawayregionof
Transnistria,whereMoldovanCyrillicisofficial),Turkmenistan,
andAzerbaijan,butUzbekistanstillusesbothsystems.TheRussian
governmenthasmandatedthatCyrillicmustbeusedforallpublic
communicationsinallfederalsubjectsofRussia,topromotecloser
Mapshowingtheexpansionofthe
tiesacrossthefederation.Thisactwascontroversialforspeakersof
useofLatinalphabetinareasof
manySlaviclanguagesforothers,suchasChechenandIngush
formerYugoslavia.
speakers,thelawhadpoliticalramifications.Forexample,the
separatistChechengovernmentmandatedaLatinscriptwhichisstill
usedbymanyChechens.ThoseinthediasporaespeciallyrefusetousetheChechenCyrillicalphabet,which
theyassociatewithRussianimperialism.
StandardSerbianusesboththeCyrillicandLatin
scripts.Cyrillicisnominallytheofficialscriptof
Serbia'sadministrationaccordingtotheSerbian
constitution[29]however,thelawdoesnotregulate
scriptsinstandardlanguage,orstandardlanguageitself
byanymeans.Inpracticethescriptsareequal,with
Latinbeingusedmoreofteninlessofficialcapacity.[30]
TheZhuangalphabet,usedbetweenthe1950sand
1980sinportionsofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,
usedamixtureofLatin,phonetic,numeralbased,and
Cyrillicletters.ThenonLatinletters,includingCyrillic,
wereremovedfromthealphabetin1982andreplaced
withLatinlettersthatcloselyresembledthelettersthey
replaced.
Romanization
TherearevarioussystemsforRomanizationofCyrillic
text,includingtransliterationtoconveyCyrillicspelling
inLatinletters,andtranscriptiontoconvey
pronunciation.
StandardCyrillictoLatintransliterationsystems
include:
MapofEuropeancountriesbyscriptofnational
language.
AlphabetsinEurope
Greek
Greek&Latin
Latin
LatinandCyrillic
Cyrillic
Georgian
Armenian
Scientifictransliteration,usedinlinguistics,is
basedontheLatinCzechalphabet.
TheWorkingGrouponRomanizationSystems[31]oftheUnitedNationsrecommendsdifferent
systemsforspecificlanguages.Thesearethemostcommonlyusedaroundtheworld.
ISO9:1995,fromtheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization.
AmericanLibraryAssociationandLibraryofCongressRomanizationtablesforSlavicalphabets
(ALALCRomanization),usedinNorthAmericanlibraries.
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BGN/PCGNRomanization(1947),UnitedStatesBoardonGeographicNames&Permanent
CommitteeonGeographicalNamesforBritishOfficialUse).
GOST16876,anowdefunctSoviettransliterationstandard.ReplacedbyGOST7.79,whichisISO9
equivalent.
Volapukencoding,aninformalrenderingofCyrillictextoverLatinalphabetASCII.
SeealsoRomanizationofBelarusian,Bulgarian,Kyrgyz,Russian,MacedonianandUkrainian.
Cyrillization
RepresentingotherwritingsystemswithCyrilliclettersiscalledCyrillization.
Computerencoding
Unicode
InUnicode6.0,lettersofCyrillic,includingnationalandhistoricalalphabets,arerepresentedbyfour
blocks:
CyrillicU+0400U+04FF(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf)
CyrillicSupplementU+0500U+052F(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0500.pdf)
CyrillicExtendedAU+2DE0U+2DFF(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2DE0.pdf)
CyrillicExtendedBU+A640U+A69F(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA640.pdf)
TwomoreCyrillic(derived)charactersareU+1D2BandU+1D78
(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1D00.pdf).
ThecharactersintherangeU+0400toU+045FarebasicallythecharactersfromISO88595movedupward
by864positions.ThecharactersintherangeU+0460toU+0489arehistoricletters,notusednow.The
charactersintherangeU+048AtoU+052Fareadditionallettersforvariouslanguagesthatarewrittenwith
Cyrillicscript.
UnicodeasageneralruledoesnotincludeaccentedCyrillicletters.Afewexceptionsare:
combinationsthatareconsideredasseparatelettersofrespectivealphabets,like,,,,,(as
wellasmanylettersofnonSlavicalphabets)
twomostfrequentcombinationsorthographicallyrequiredtodistinguishhomonymsinBulgarianand
Macedonian:,
afewOldandNewChurchSlavoniccombinations:,,.
Toindicatestressedorlongvowels,combiningdiacriticalmarkscanbeusedaftertherespectiveletter(for
example,U+0301
COMBININGACUTEACCENT:
etc.).
Somelanguages,includingChurchSlavonic,arestillnotfullysupported.
Unicode5.1,releasedon4April2008,introducesmajorchangestotheCyrillicblocks.Revisionstothe
existingCyrillicblocks,andtheadditionofCyrillicExtendedA(2DE0...2DFF)andCyrillicExtendedB
(A640...A69F),significantlyimprovesupportfortheearlyCyrillicalphabet,Abkhaz,Aleut,Chuvash,
Kurdish,andMordvin.[32]
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Other
PunctuationforCyrillictextissimilartothatusedinEuropeanLatinalphabetlanguages.
OthercharacterencodingsystemsforCyrillic:
CP8668bitCyrilliccharacterencodingestablishedbyMicrosoftforuseinMSDOSalsoknownas
GOSTalternative.Cyrilliccharactersgointheirnativeorder,witha"window"forpseudographic
characters.
ISO/IEC885958bitCyrilliccharacterencodingestablishedbyInternationalOrganizationfor
Standardization
KOI8R8bitnativeRussiancharacterencoding.InventedintheUSSRforuseonSovietclonesof
AmericanIBMandDECcomputers.TheCyrilliccharactersgointheorderoftheirLatin
counterparts,whichallowedthetexttoremainreadableaftertransmissionviaa7bitlinethat
removedthemostsignificantbitfromeachbytetheresultbecameaveryrough,butreadable,Latin
transliterationofCyrillic.Standardencodingofearly1990sforUnixsystemsandthefirstRussian
Internetencoding.
KOI8UKOI8RwithadditionofUkrainianletters.
MIK8bitnativeBulgariancharacterencodingforuseinMicrosoftDOS.
Windows12518bitCyrilliccharacterencodingestablishedbyMicrosoftforuseinMicrosoft
Windows.Thesimplest8bitCyrillicencoding32capitalcharsinnativeorderat0xc00xdf,32
usualcharsat0xe00xff,withrarelyused"YO"characterssomewhereelse.Nopseudographics.
FormerstandardencodinginsomeGNU/LinuxdistributionsforBelarusianandBulgarian,but
currentlydisplacedbyUTF8.
GOSTmain.
GB2312PrincipallysimplifiedChineseencodings,buttherearealsothebasic33RussianCyrillic
letters(inupperandlowercase).
JISandShiftJISPrincipallyJapaneseencodings,buttherearealsothebasic33RussianCyrillic
letters(inupperandlowercase).
Keyboardlayouts
Eachlanguagehasitsownstandardkeyboardlayout,adoptedfromtypewriters.Withtheflexibilityof
computerinputmethods,therearealsotransliteratingorphonetic/homophonickeyboardlayoutsmadefor
typistswhoaremorefamiliarwithotherlayouts,likethecommonEnglishqwertykeyboard.Whenpractical
Cyrillickeyboardlayoutsorfontsarenotavailable,computeruserssometimesusetransliterationorlook
alike"volapuk"encodingtotypelanguagesthatarenormallywrittenwiththeCyrillicalphabet.
Seealso
.
.
.
WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoCyrillic
script.
.
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.
AppendixofCyrillicalphabets
Cyrillic(Unicodeblock)
CyrillicAlphabetDay
Cyrillicdigraphs
FauxCyrillic,realorfakeCyrilliclettersusedtogiveLatinalphabettextaSovietorRussianfeel
LanguagesusingCyrillic
ListofCyrillicdigraphs
ListofCyrillicletters
Russiancursive
Russianmanualalphabet
Yugoslavmanualalphabet
Russianbraille
Yugoslavbraille
VladislavtheGrammarian
Notes
1. ÔldestalphabetfoundinEgypt(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/521235.stm).BBC.19991115.
Retrieved20150114.
2. ^Dvornik,Francis(1956).TheSlavs:TheirEarlyHistoryandCivilization.Boston:AmericanAcademyofArts
andSciences.p.179."ThePsalterandtheBookofProphetswereadaptedor"modernized"withspecialregardto
theiruseinBulgarianchurches,anditwasinthisschoolthatglagoliticwritingwasreplacedbythesocalled
Cyrillicwriting,whichwasmoreakintotheGreekuncial,simplifiedmattersconsiderablyandisstillusedbythe
OrthodoxSlavs."
3. ^SoutheasternEuropeintheMiddleAges,5001250,CambridgeMedievalTextbooks,FlorinCurta,Cambridge
UniversityPress,2006,ISBN0521815398,pp.221222.(http://books.google.bg/books?
id=YIAYMNOOe0YC&pg=PR1&dq=Curta,+Florin,+Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages,+5001250+
(Cambridge+Medieval+Textbooks),+Cambridge+University+Press&hl=bg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cyrillic
%20preslav&f=false)
4. ^TheOrthodoxChurchintheByzantineEmpire,OxfordHistoryoftheChristianChurch,J.M.Hussey,Andrew
Louth,OxfordUniversityPress,2010,ISBN0191614882,p.100.(http://books.google.bg/books?id=J
H9BTVHKRMC&pg=PR3IA34&lpg=PR3
IA34&dq=The+Orthodox+Church+in+the+Byzantine+Empire+Cyrillic+preslav+eastern&source=bl&ots=5wJtmS
zw6i&sig=bZyTZcISR7rKVzdTre9TsNxLvXM&hl=bg#v=onepage&q=%20preslav%20eastern&f=false)
5. êsky."ListofcountriesbypopulationWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia"
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population).En.wikipedia.org.Retrieved20120613.
6. ^ColumbiaEncyclopedia,SixthEdition.200105,s.v."CyrilandMethodius,Saints"EncyclopdiaBritannica,
EncyclopdiaBritannicaIncorporated,WarrenE.Preece1972,p.846,s.v.,"CyrilandMethodius,Saints"and
"EasternOrthodoxy,Missionsancientandmodern"EncyclopediaofWorldCultures,DavidH.Levinson,1991,
p.239,s.v.,"SocialScience"EricM.Meyers,TheOxfordEncyclopediaofArchaeologyintheNearEast,p.
151,1997Lunt,SlavicReview,June1964,p.216RomanJakobson,CrucialproblemsofCyrilloMethodian
StudiesLeonidIvanStrakhovsky,AHandbookofSlavicStudies,p.98V.Bogdanovich,Historyoftheancient
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Serbianliterature,Belgrade,1980,p.119
7. ^LeonardOrban(24May2007)."Cyrillic,thethirdofficialalphabetoftheEU,wascreatedbyatruly
multilingualEuropean"(http://europa.eu/rapid/pressrelease_SPEECH07330_en.pdf).europe.eu.Retrieved
3August2014.
8. ^...,1984.
9. ^Cubberley,Paul.TheSlavicAlphabets,1996.
10. ^Variantform
11. ^Variantform
12. ^Variantform
13. ^Lunt,HoraceG.OldChurchSlavonicGrammar,SeventhEdition,2001.
14. ^Bringhurst(2002)writes"inCyrillic,thedifferencebetweennormallowercaseandsmallcapsismoresubtle
thanitisintheLatinorGreekalphabets,..."(p32)and"inmostCyrillicfaces,thelowercaseiscloseincolor
andshapetoLatinsmallcaps"(p107).
15. ^Nameital'yanskiyshrift(Italianfont)inRussianreferstoaparticularfontfamilyJPG
(http://citforum.univ.kiev.ua/open_source/fonts/theory/thumbs/ris320.jpg),whereasrimskiyshrift(romanfont)is
justasynonymforLatinfont,Latinalphabet.
16. ^SerbianCyrillicLettersBE,GHE,DE,PE,TE(http://jankojs.tripod.com/SerbianCyr.htm),JankoStamenovic
(collectionofselectedcommentedanswersreceivedinUnicodemailinglist(unicode@unicode.org)between
29.12.1999and17.01.2000).
17. ^"OrthodoxLanguageTexts"(http://www.asna.ca/alaska/),Retrieved20110620
18. ^Tsanev,Stefan.,4(BulgarianChronicles,Volume4),Sofia,2009,p.165
19. âbPaulCubberley(1996)"TheSlavicAlphabets".InDanielsandBright,eds.TheWorld'sWritingSystems.
OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN0195079930.
20. ^ColumbiaEncyclopedia,SixthEdition.200105,s.v."CyrilandMethodius,Saints"EncyclopdiaBritannica,
EncyclopdiaBritannicaIncorporated,WarrenE.Preece1972,p.846,s.v.,"CyrilandMethodius,Saints"and
"EasternOrthodoxy,Missionsancientandmodern"EncyclopediaofWorldCultures,DavidH.Levinson,1991,
p.239,s.v.,"SocialScience"EricM.Meyers,TheOxfordEncyclopediaofArchaeologyintheNearEast,p.151,
1997Lunt,SlavicReview,June,1964,p.216RomanJakobson,CrucialproblemsofCyrilloMethodianStudies
LeonidIvanStrakhovsky,AHandbookofSlavicStudies,p.98V.Bogdanovich,HistoryoftheancientSerbian
literature,Belgrade,1980,p.119
21. ^TheColumbiaEncyclopaedia,SixthEdition.200105,O.Ed.SaintsCyrilandMethodius"Cyriland
Methodius,Saints)869and884,respectively,Greekmissionaries,brothers,calledApostlestotheSlavsand
fathersofSlavonicliterature."
22. ÊncyclopdiaBritannica,Majoralphabetsoftheworld,CyrillicandGlagoliticalphabets,2008,O.Ed."The
twoearlySlavicalphabets,theCyrillicandtheGlagolitic,wereinventedbySt.Cyril,orConstantine(c.827
869),andSt.Methodii(c.825884).ThesemenfromThessalonikiwhobecameapostlestothesouthernSlavs,
whomtheyconvertedtoChristianity."
23. ^Kazhdan,AlexanderP.(1991).TheOxforddictionaryofByzantium.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress.
p.507.ISBN0195046528."Constantine(Cyril)andhisbrotherMethodiuswerethesonsofthedroungarios
LeoandMaria,whomayhavebeenaSlav."
24. ^"OntherelationshipofoldChurchSlavonictothewrittenlanguageofearlyRus'"HoraceG.LuntRussian
Linguistics,Volume11,Numbers23/January,1987
25. ^Schenker,Alexander(1995).TheDawnofSlavic.YaleUniversityPress.pp.185186,189190.
26. ^Lunt,Horace.OldChurchSlavonicGrammar.MoutondeGruyter.pp.34.
27. ^Wien,Lysaght(1983).OldChurchSlavonic(OldBulgarian)MiddleGreekModernEnglishdictionary.Verlag
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BruderHollinek.
28. ^BenjaminW.Fortson.IndoEuropeanLanguageandCulture:AnIntroduction,p.374
29. ^Serbianconstitution(http://www.ustavni.sud.rs/page/view/enGB/235100028/constitution)
30. ^http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0529/p20s01woeu.html
31. ÛNGEGNWorkingGrouponRomanizationSystems(http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/)
32. ^"IOSUniversalMultipleOctetCodedCharacterSet"(http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3194.pdf)(PDF).
Retrieved20120613.
References
IvanG.Iliev.ShortHistoryoftheCyrillicAlphabet.Plovdiv.2012.ShortHistoryoftheCyrillic
Alphabet(http://ivanilievlogosmaster.blogspot.com/2012/07/scripturamundicyrillicalphabet.html)
Bringhurst,Robert(2002).TheElementsofTypographicStyle(version2.5),pp.262264.Vancouver,
Hartley&Marks.ISBN0881791334.
Nezirovi,M.(1992).Jevrejskopanjolskaknjievnost.Sarajevo:Svjetlost.[citedinmid,2002]
mid,Katja(2002)."Losproblemasdelestudiodelalenguasefard
(http://hispanismo.cervantes.es/documentos/smidX.pdf)PDF(603KiB)",inVerbaHispanica,volX.
Liubliana:FacultaddeFilosofayLetrasdelaUniversidaddeLiubliana.ISSN03539660.
'TheLivesofSt.TsurhoandSt.Strahota',Bohemia,1495,VaticanLibrary
Externallinks
UnicodeCodeCharts"Cyrillic"(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf)PDF(174KB)
UnicodeCodeCharts"CyrillicSupplement"
(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0500.pdf)PDF(69.8KB)
TheCyrillicCharsetSoup(http://czyborra.com/charsets/cyrillic.html)overviewandhistoryof
Cyrilliccharsets.
TransliterationofNonRomanScripts(http://transliteration.eki.ee/),acollectionofwritingsystems
andtransliterationtables
HistoryanddevelopmentoftheCyrillicalphabet(http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cyrillic.htm)
dataentryinOldCyrillic/(http://andregarzia.on
rev.com/richmond/LANGTOOLS.html)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_script&oldid=648466562"
Categories: Cyrillicscript Alphabets ScriptsencodedinUnicode1.0
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TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
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