Control Vol 2

MOMENT OF MOMENTUM EQUATION OR ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUATION
Torque - moment of a force w.r.t an axis is important in engg problems

Moment of a linear
momentum with each
particle of fluid
Moment of resultant forces acting

on each particle of fluid
Newtons second law of motion to a particle of fluid
D
(Vrd V ) = dF particle
Dt
V particle velocity measured in an inertial reference system
r - density of the fluid particle
dV - infinitesimally small particle volume
dF particle
- resultant external forces acting on the particle

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai
D
r
(Vrd V ) = r dF particle
Dt
r is the position vector from the origin of the inertial coordinate system
D
Dr
D (Vrd V )
[(r V )rdV ] = VrdV + r
Dt
Dt
Dt
Dr
=V
Dt
V V = 0
Dr
\
Vrd V = 0
Dt
D (Vrd V ) D
[(r V )rd V ]
r
=
Dt
Dt
D
[(r V )rd V ] = r dF particle
Dt
Above equation is valid for every particle of a system. For a system (collection of
fluid particles), we need to use the sum of both side
sys
D
[(r V )rdV ] =
Dt
(r F )sys
(r dF particle ) = (r F )sys
where
D
Dt
(r V )rdV =
sys
D
Dt
sys
D
[(r V )rdV ]
Dt
(r V )rdV = (r F )sys
sys
Time rate of change of moment

of momentum of the system
Sum of the external torques

acting on the system
For a control volume that is instantaneously coincident with the system, the torques
acting on the system and on the control volume contents are identical
(r F )sys = (r F )cv
D
Dt
sys
(r V ) r dV =
t
Time rate of change of

moment of momentum of
the system
(r V ) r dV
cv
dA
(
r
V
)
r
V
.
n
cs
Net rate of flow of

Time rate of change of
the moment of
moment of momentum + momentum through
of the contents of CV
the control surface
For a fixed and non-deforming control volume
contents of
(
r
V
)
r
d
V
+
(
r
V
)
r
V
.
n
dA
=
(
r
F
)
cv
the
control volume
cs
APPLICATION OF THE MOMENT OF MOMENTUM EQUATION

1.
Flows are one-dimensional (uniform distributions of average

velocity at any section)
2. Steady flows or steady-in-the-mean cyclical flows
(
)
r
V
r
d
V
=0
cv
dA = (r F )contents of
(
)
r
V
r
V
.
n
the
control volume
cs
w
-90o
Vq
w
r
-90o
r Vq = r Vq sin(-90o) = - r Vq
Vq
-90o
Vq
r
-90o
r Vq = - r Vq
Vq
In both the cases, the right hand rule application makes the thumb point into the
paper plane
(r V ) r V .n dA
cs
r V .n dA
Flow into the control volume is negative
Flow out of the control volume is positive
(r V ) r V .n dA = (- r2Vq 2 )[+ m& out ] + (zero)[- m& in ]
cs
Water enters the control volume axially, at this portion
r V = 0
(r V ) r V .n dA = (- r V )[+ m& ]
2 q2
cs
out
of the = Tshaft
(r F )contents
control volume
We have taken Tshaft as a positive quantity. This is equivalent to assuming that Tshaft is
in the same direction as rotation
- r2Vq 2 m& = Tshaft

Tshaft - being a negative quantity means that the shaft torque opposes the rotation
of the sprinkler arms
Tshaft, - shaft torque opposes rotation in all turbine devices
W& shaft = Tshaft w = - r2Vq 2 m& w
W& shaft = - U 2Vq 2 m&

Negative shaft work is work out of the control volume i.e., work is done by the fluid
on the rotor and thus its shaft
Moment of momentum equation for a more general one dimensional flow through a
rotating machine
Tshaft = (- m& in ) rin Vq in + (m& out ) rout Vq out
U and Vq - same direction; r Vq is POSITIVE

U and Vq - opposite direction; r Vq is NEGATIVE
Tshaft is positive if Tshaft is in the same direction as w
& out ) rout wVq out

W& shaft = Tshaft w = (- m& in ) rin w Vq in + (m
W& shaft = Tshaft w = (- m& in ) U in Vq in + (m& out ) U out Vq out

W& shaft
is positive, power is into the control volume - PUMP
W& shaft
is negative , power is out of the control volume - TURBINE
m& in = m& out = m&
CONSERVATION OF MASS
Direction of rotation
-90o
Vq
r
-90o
r Vq = r Vq sin(-90o) = - r Vq
Vq
U and Vq - opposite direction; r Vq is NEGATIVE

Direction of rotation
90o
Vq
r
90o
r Vq = r Vq sin(-90o) = + r Vq
Vq
U and Vq - same direction; r Vq is POSITIVE
Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady rate of 60 lpm
as sketched in Fig. The exit area of each of the two nozzles is 30 mm2,and the flow
leaving each nozzle is in the tangential direction. The radius from the axis of rotation
to the centerline of each nozzle is 200 mm.
(a) Determine the frictional torque associated with the sprinkler rotating with a
constant speed of 500 rpm.
(c) Determine the speed of the sprinkler if no frictional torque is applied.
DBsys
Dt
=
rbdV + rbW n dA
d t cv
cs
DM sys
Dt
=
rdV + rW n dA
d t cv
cs
rW n dA
=0
cs
rW n dA
= - m& in + rAW2 = 0
cs
m& in rQ& in
W2 =
=
rA
rA
60 10 -3
= 16.7 m / s
-6
60 2 30 10
W2 = 16.7 m / s
V2 = Vq 2 = W2 - U 2
Vq 2 = 16.7 - 10.5
Vq 2 = 6.2 m / s
Tshaft = - r2Vq 2 m&

&
m
Tshaft = -0.2 6.2 1

Tshaft = -1.24 N .m
U 2 = w r2 =
2pN
2p (500)
(0.2) = 10.5 m / s
r2 =
60
60
-3
10
m& = rQ& in = 1000 60
= 1.0 kg / s
60
When the sprinkler rotates at the

constant speed, the friction torque at
the sprinkler pivot just balances the
torque generated by the angular
momentum of the two jets
The speed of the sprinkler if no frictional torque is applied.
Tshaft = - r2Vq 2 m&

Tshaft = - r2 m& (W2 - U 2 )
0 = - r2 m& (W2 - U 2 )
W2 = U 2
16.7
16.7 = wr2 = w 0.2 w =
= 83.5 rad / s
0.2
2pN
w=
= 8.35 rad / s N = 797 rpm
60
N = 797 rpm
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS THE ENERGY EQN

Time rate of increase of
the total stored energy
of the system
D
Dt
Net time rate of energy

= addition by heat transfer +
into the system
Net time rate of energy

addition by work
transfer into the system
e r dV = Q& net in + W& net in

system
sys
e total energy stored per unit mass for each particle in the system
V2
e=u+
+ gz
2
u internal energy per unit mass for each particle in the system
V2/2 kinetic energy per unit mass
gz potential energy per unit mass
Q& net in
Net rate of heat transfer into the system
W& net in
Net rate of work transfer into the system
Work and heat

+ is into the system
- is coming out
D
Dt
&
&
e
r
dV
=
e
r
d
V
+
e
r
V
n
dA
=
Q
+
W
net
in
net in
sys
cs
t cv
Time rate of increase

of the total stored
energy of the system
cv
time rate of increase of total

Net time rate of
energy of the
energy addition by
= stored
contents of the control + work transfer into the
volume
system
W& net in =
W& in -
W& out
When the control surface cuts through the shaft material, the shaft torque is exerted
by shaft material at the control surface
W& shaft = Tshaft w
Normal stress s = - p
Power transferred due to fluid normal stresses
W& normal = s V .n dA = - p V .n dA
st ress
cs
cs

dt
e r dV + e r V n dA = Q& net + W& shaft -
cv
in
cs
net in
pV .n dA
cs
V2
e=u+
+ gz
2
Steady flow
2
p
V
e r dV + u + +
+ gz r V n dA = Q& net + W& shaft
dt
r 2
in
net in
cv
cs
2
2
2
p
V
p
V
p
V
u + +
+ gz r V n dA =
u+ +
+ gz m& u+ +
+ gz m&
r
2
r
2
r
2
flow
flow
cs
out
in
If there is only one stream entering and leaving the control volume
2
2
2
p
V
p
V
p
V
u + +
+ gz r V n dA = u + +
+ gz
m& out - u + +
+ gz m& in
r 2
r 2
r 2
in
cs
out
Substituting this in eqn A
2
2
V
V
p
p
out
in
m& uout - uin +

- +
+ g (z out - z in ) = Q& net + W& net
2
r out r in
in
in
One Dimensional Energy Equation For Steady Flow Applicable for

Compressible And Incompressible Flow
Enthalpy
h=u +
2
2
V
V
out
in
m& hout - hin +
+ g (z out - z in ) = Q& net + W& net
2
in
in
Flow is steady throughout, one dimensional, only one fluid stream is involved, then
the shaft work is zero
2
2
V
V
p
p
out
in
m& uout - uin + - +

+ g (zout - zin ) = Q& net
2
r out r in
in
Steam enters a turbine with a velocity of 30 m/s and enthalpy, of 3348 kJ/kg (see
fig). The steam leaves the turbine as a mixture of vapor and liquid having a velocity
of 60 m/s and an enthalpy of 2550 kJ/kg. If the flow through the turbine is adiabatic
and changes in elevation are negligible, determine the work output involved per unit
mass of steam through-flow.
Adiabatic flow
2
2
V - V1
m& h2 - h1 + 2
+ g (z 2 - z1 ) = Q& net + W& net
2
in
in
W& net
w& shaft =
net in
in
m&
V22 - V12
= h2 - h1 +
2
w& shaft net out = - w& shaft net in

V12 - V22
w& shaft net out = h1 - h2 +
2
30 2 - 60 2
w& shaft net out = 3348 - 2550 +
2 1000
w& shaft net out = 3348 kJ / kg - 2550 kJ / kg - 1.35 kJ / kg

w& shaft net out = 797 kJ / kg
Comparison of the Energy Equation and Bernoulli Equation

One dimensional steady flow energy equation
2
2
V
V
p
p
out
in
m& uout - uin + - +
2
r out r in
in
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
2
2
p
p
V
V
out
in
out
in
m& uout - uin +

+
r
r
2
in
pout
Vout
pin Vin2
+
+ gzout =
+
+ gz in - uout - uin - q& net
2
r
2
in
pout
2
Vout
pin Vin2
+
+ gzout =
+
+ gz in
2
r
2
uout - uin - q& net in = 0
uout - uin - q& net in > 0
Heat transfer per unit

mass
Q&
q& net =
in
net
in
m&
Bernoullis equation
Steady and Incompressible flow is frictionless

Steady,Incompressible flow with friction
V2
2
+ gz
USEFUL OR AVAILABLE ENERGY
uout - uin - q& net in = Loss

pout
Loss of useful or available energy that

occurs in an incompressible fluid flow
because of friction
2
Vout
pin Vin2
+
+ gzout =
+
+ gzin - loss
2
r
2
ONE DIMENSIONAL, INCOMPRESSIBLE, STEADY FLOW

WITH FRICTION AND SHAFT WORK
2
2
p
p
V
V
out
in
out
in
m& uout - uin +

+
+ g (zout - zin ) = Q& net + W& net
r
r
2
in
in
pout
Vout
pin Vin2
+
+ gzout =
+
+ gzin + w shaft - uout - uin - q&net
2
r
2
net in
in
pout
2
Vout
pin Vin2
+
+ gzout =
+
+ gzin + w shaft - loss
2
r
2
net in
Pump when the shaft work is into the control volume large amount of loss will
result in more shaft work being required for the same rise in available energy
Turbine when the shaft work is out of the control volume larger loss will result in
less shaft work out for the same drop in available energy
2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2
+
+ zout =
+
+ gzin +
rg
2g
rg
2g
W& shaft
Loss
m& g
net in
m& g
2
p
p
Vout
V in2
out
in
+
+ z out -
+
+ gz in
r
g
2
g
r
g
2
g
net in
m& g
PUMP
Loss
m& g
2
2
p
p
V
V
out + out + z
in
in
+
+ gz in
out -
rg
h=
W& shaft
2g
rg
2g
W& shaft
net in
m& g
W& shaft
net in
m& g
W& shaft
net in
m& g
Loss
m& g
2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2
+
+ zout =
+
+ gzin +
rg
2g
rg
2g
W& shaft
net in
m& g
Loss
m& g
W& shaft
net OUT
2
2
p

in + Vin + gz - pout + Vout + z
in
out
2g
2g
rg
rg
m& g
TURBINE
W& shaft
net OUT
Loss
m& g
W& shaft
net OUT
m& g
m& g
h=
= &
2
W shaft
pin Vin2
pout
Vout
LOSS
+
+ gz in -
+
+ zout
net OUT
+
2g
2g
rg
rg
m& g
m& g
A pump delivers water at a steady rate of 1135 lpm as shown in Fig. Just upstream of
the pump [section (1)] where the pipe diameter is 90 mm, the pressure is 1.24 bar.
Just downstream of the pump [section (2)] where the pipe diameter is 25 mm, the
pressure is 4 bar . The change in water elevation across the pump is zero. The rise in
internal energy of water, associated with a temperature rise across the pump is 280
J/kg. If the pumping process is considered to be adiabatic, determine the power (hp)
required by the pump.
D2 = 25 mm
Q = 1135
lpm
D1 =
90
mm
P2 = 4.0 bar
P1 = 1.24 bar
280 J/kg
D2 = 25 mm
Q = 1135
lpm
D1 =
90
mm
P2 = 4.0 bar
P1 = 1.24 bar
280 J/kg
p
p
out
in
+
+ z out -
+
+ gz in
r
g
2
g
r
g
2
g
h=
=
&
W shaft
2
Vout
Vin2
net in
m& g
W& shaft
net in
m& g
W& shaft
net in
m& g
Loss
m& g
-3
3
1135
10
m
3
Q& = 1135lpm =
= 18.92 10
60
s
Q&
Q&
18.92 10 -3
m
V1 =
=
=
= 2.974
2
A1 p 2 p
s
D1
90 10- 3
4
4
Q&
Q&
18.92 10 -3
m
V2 =
=
=
= 38.54
2
A2 p 2 p
s
D2
25 10- 3
4
4
W& shaft
38.54
2.974
4 10
1.24 10
280
net in
+
+ zout =
+
+ z in +
1000 9.81
2 9.81
1000 9.81
2 9.81
m& g
m& g
5
40.78 + 75.71 = 12.64 + 0.451 +

W& shaft
net in
m& g
280
m& g
103.4 =
W& shaft - 280

net in
m& g
W& shaft = 103.4 m& g + 280

net in
W& shaft = 103.4 18.91 9.81 + 280

net in
W& shaft = 19181.25 + 280

net in
W& shaft = 19461.25 W

net in
W& shaft = 26.1 HP

net in
1 HP = 745.7 W
An axial-flow ventilating fan driven by a motor that delivers 0.4 kW of power to the
fan blades produces a 0.6-m-diameter axial stream of air having a speed of 12 m/s.
The flow upstream of the fan involves negligible speed. Determine how much of the
work to the air actually produces a useful effect, that is, a rise in available energy
and estimate the fluid mechanical efficiency of this fan.
2
2
p
p
V
V
2
2
1
1
w shaft - loss =
+
+ gz 2 +
+ gz1
r
r
2
2
net in
Atmospheric pressure
2
2
p
p
V
V
2
2
1
1
w shaft - loss =
+
+ gz2 +
+ gz1
r
r
2
2
net in
zero
V22 12 2
w shaft - loss =
=
= 72 N .m / kg
2
2
net in
w shaft - loss
h=
net in
w shaft
net in
w shaft - loss
net in
w shaft - loss
net in
= &
= &
=
W shaft net in
W shaft net in
m&
rAV
h=
72
= 0.752
95.8
72
0.4 1000
1.225
p (0.6 )2
4
12
pout
2
Vout
pin Vin2
+
+ gzout =
+
2
r
2
net in
pout +
2
rVout
+ r g zout = pin +
rVin2
2
+ r g zin + r w shaft - r (loss )

net in
rg is the specific weight of the fluid. Each term involves the energy per unit volume
2
Vout
pin Vin2
+
+ zout =
+
+ zin + hs - hL
g
2g
g
2g
W& shaft
Loss
w shaft net in
hL =
net in
=
g
g
m& g
pout
hs =
Turbine head; hT = - (hs+ hL)T;

Actual head drop across the turbine = work head out of the turbine + head loss in
the turbine
Pump; hP = (hs- hL)P;
Actual head rise across the pump = shaft work head into the pump head loss within
the pump
APPLICATION OF ENERGY EQUATION TO NON-UNIFORM FLOWS
2
Vout
pin Vin2
+
+ gzout =
+
2
r
2
net in
pout
If the velocity profile is not uniform

2
a V 2
a
V
V2
out
out
in
in
r V .n dA = m&
2
2
2
CS
m& a V
2
V2
=
r V .n dA
2
a=
2
a outVout
+ gzout =
m& V 2
2
a - KINETIC ENERGY COEFFICIENT
pout
V2
r V .n dA
2
pin
a inVin2
2

net in

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MOMENT OF MOMENTUM EQUATION OR ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

Torque - moment of a force w.r.t an axis is important in engg problems

Moment of resultant forces acting

Newtons second law of motion to a particle of fluid

dV - infinitesimally small particle volume

- resultant external forces acting on the particle

Time rate of change of moment

Sum of the external torques

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

Time rate of change of

Net rate of flow of

For a fixed and non-deforming control volume

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

APPLICATION OF THE MOMENT OF MOMENTUM EQUATION

Flows are one-dimensional (uniform distributions of average

2. Steady flows or steady-in-the-mean cyclical flows

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

(r V ) r V .n dA = (- r2Vq 2 )[+ m& out ] + (zero)[- m& in ]

Water enters the control volume axially, at this portion

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

- r2Vq 2 m& = Tshaft

W& shaft = Tshaft w = - r2Vq 2 m& w

W& shaft = - U 2Vq 2 m&

Tshaft = (- m& in ) rin Vq in + (m& out ) rout Vq out

U and Vq - same direction; r Vq is POSITIVE

& out ) rout wVq out

W& shaft = Tshaft w = (- m& in ) U in Vq in + (m& out ) U out Vq out

is positive, power is into the control volume - PUMP

is negative , power is out of the control volume - TURBINE

m& in = m& out = m&

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

U and Vq - opposite direction; r Vq is NEGATIVE

U and Vq - same direction; r Vq is POSITIVE

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

Tshaft = - r2Vq 2 m&

Tshaft = -0.2 6.2 1

When the sprinkler rotates at the

The speed of the sprinkler if no frictional torque is applied.

Tshaft = - r2Vq 2 m&

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS THE ENERGY EQN

Net time rate of energy

Net time rate of energy

e r dV = Q& net in + W& net in

Net rate of heat transfer into the system

Net rate of work transfer into the system

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

Work and heat

Time rate of increase

time rate of increase of total

W& shaft = Tshaft w

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

e r dV + e r V n dA = Q& net + W& shaft -

Substituting this in eqn A

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

m& uout - uin +

One Dimensional Energy Equation For Steady Flow Applicable for

m& uout - uin + - +

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

Prof S V Prabhu, IITB, Mumbai

w& shaft net out = - w& shaft net in