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OUTLINE
Crystal binding
Crystal structures
Miller indices
Crystal binding
Crystal structures
Miller indices
Crystal binding
Ionic bond: one electron is transfered from one atom to the other
Covalent bond: Valence electrons are in common between
neighboring atoms
Na+
ClNa+
ClCl-
ClNa+
C
C
Na+
Cl-
Diamond (covalent)
Most electrons involved in the bonds are trapped in the bonds, and
are not available for conduction.
Pure silicon is a poor conductor
But free carriers can be easily created by doping.
Ga
As
Ga
As
As
Ga
As
Ga
Ga
As
Ga
As
Heteropolar bonds
In semiconductor crystals the bonds are often a mixture of covalent and
ionic bonds
Fractional ionic
character
IV-IV
III-V
Si
0.00
SiC
0.18
Ge
0.00
Fractional ionic
character
II-VI
ZnO
0.62
ZnS
0.62
ZnSe
0.63
ZnTe
0.61
CdO
0.79
InP
0.42
InAs
0.36
InSb
0.32
CdS
0.69
GaAs
0.31
CdSe
0.70
GaSb
0.26
CdTe
0.67
Crystal binding
Crystal structures
Miller indices
Polycrystals
Consist of several single crystals ordered
randomly
Polycrystals are crystalline only locally
Amorphous
unordered atoms
No repeating crystal structure can be
found in the material
Quasicrystal pattern
Amorphous SiO2
ELEC-E3140 Semiconductor physics
Square lattice
Hexagonal lattice
Areas of crystal that can be repeated to form the full crystal are
called (conventional) unit cells.
The unit cell with the smallest area is called the primitive unit cell.
The vectors defining (spanning) the unit cell are called primitive
vectors.
Examples of 2D crystals
Yksiatominen
One
atom basis kanta
Kaksiatominen
Two atom basis kanta
Primitive vectors
Primitive vectors are not unambiguous there can be several options (see
red areas above).
All the points in the lattice can be expressed by
R = na 2 + mb 2 ;
n, m = 0, 1, 2,..
Parallelopided indicating
The basis vectors and
angles.
Primitive unit cell = smallest unit cell in volume that can be defined
for a given lattice, i.e. smallest periodically repeated pattern in the
crystal. Most often the primitive vectors are defined as the sides of the
primitive cell
Simple Cubic
Body-Centered Cubic
Face-Centered Cubic
Primitive vectors:
a = di
b = dj
c = dk
Volume of the
primitive cell:
V = abc = d3
Primitive vectors:
a=
d
(i + j - k )
2
b=
d
2
c=
( -i + j + k )
d
(i - j + k )
2
Volume of the
primitive cell:
V = abc = d / 2
3
Primitive vectors:
1
a = d ( i + j)
2
1
b = d (j+k)
2
1
c = d (k + i )
2
Volume of the
primitive cell:
1
V = a b c = d3
4
ELEC-E3140 Semiconductor physics
Diamond structure
Diamond structure = FCC lattice + 2 identical atoms in the primitive
cell: (0,0,0) and (a/4, a/4, a/4)
Examples: Si, Ge and diamond
Zinc-blende structure
Zinc-blende lattice = FCC lattice + 2 different atoms in the primitive
cell
Examples: GaAs, InP, GaP, GaSb, InSb, ZnS, ZnSe,
Hexagonal lattice
Simple hexagonal lattice (the blue atoms):
Primitive vectors:
a = a i
b=
a
i+
2
3 j )
c = c k
a 3+b 3+c 2
Wurtzite structure
Two HCP lattices translated by a
vector (in orange) with different atoms
in each lattice.
Lattice constants
Crystal binding
Crystal structures
Miller indices (next week)