Integrals

Definitions
Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative of f ( x )
Definite Integral: Suppose f ( x ) is continuous
on [ a, b] . Divide [ a, b ] into n subintervals of

is a function, F ( x ) , such that F ( x ) = f ( x ) .

width D x and choose x from each interval.

Indefinite Integral : f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c

*
i

where F ( x ) is an anti-derivative of f ( x ) .

f (x )D x .
a f ( x ) dx = nlim
i
b

*
i

=1

om

Then

ce

.c

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Variants of Part I :
Part I : If f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] then
d u( x)
x
f ( t ) dt = u ( x ) f u ( x )
g ( x ) = f ( t ) dt is also continuous on [ a, b ]
dx a
a
d b
d x
f ( t ) dt = -v ( x ) f v ( x )
and g ( x ) =
f
t
dt
=
f
x
.
()
( )

v( x )

dx
a
dx
d u( x)
Part II : f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] , F ( x ) is
f ( t ) d = u ( ) f [ u ( x ) ] - v ( x ) f [ v ( x ) ]
dx v( x )
an anti-derivative of f ( x ) (i.e. F ( x ) = f ( x ) dx )
then f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) - F ( a ) .
a

a f ( x ) dx = -b f ( x ) dx
a

.e

xa

f ( x ) dx = 0

Properties

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
b
b
b
f
x

g
x
dx
=
f
x
dx

(
)
(
)
(
)
a
a
a g ( x ) dx

ra

If f ( x ) g ( x ) on a x b then

w
w

If f ( x ) 0 on a b then

cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
b
b
cf
x
dx
=
c
(
)
a
a f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
b

f ( x ) dx = f ( t ) dt
b

f ( x ) dx
b

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
b

f ( x ) dx 0
b

If m f ( x ) M on a x b then m ( b - a ) f ( x ) dx M ( b - a )

k dx = k x + c
n
n
1
x dx = n+1 x + c, n -1
x dx = x dx = ln x + c
a x + b dx = a ln ax + b + c
ln u du = u ln ( u ) - u + c
e du = e + c
+1

-1

Common Integrals
cos u du = sin u + c

sin u du = - cos u + c
sec u du = tan u + c
sec u tan u du = sec u + c
csc u cot udu = - csc u + c
csc u du = - cot u + c
2

tan u du = ln sec u + c
sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c
u
a + u du = a tan ( a ) + c
u
1
a - u du = sin ( a ) + c
1

-1

-1

Standard Integration Techniques

Note that at many schools all but the Substitution Rule tend to be taught in a Calculus II class.
( )
a f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) dx = g (a ) f ( u ) du

u Substitution : The substitution u = g ( x ) will convert

g b

using

du = g ( x ) dx . For indefinite integrals drop the limits of integration.

2

1 5x

cos ( x3 ) dx

1 5x

cos ( x3 ) dx =

u = x 3 du = 3x 2 dx x 2 dx = 13 du

5
cos
1 3

= 53 sin ( u ) 1 =
8

x = 1 u = 1 = 1 :: x = 2 u = 2 = 8
3

Integration by Parts : u dv = uv - v du and

a u dv = uv

b
a

u=x

xe

-x

dx

Ex.

dv = e- x

du = dx v = -e - x

dx = - xe + e dx = - xe - e
-x

-x

-x

-x

.c

-x

3 ln x dx

ce

xe

u = ln x

+c

( sin (8) - sin (1) )

- v du . Choos u and dv from

integral and compute du by differentiating u and compute v using v = dv .

Ex.

5
3

( u ) du

om

Ex.

dv = dx du = 1x dx v = x

ln x dx = x ln x 3 - dx = ( x ln ( x ) - x )
5

ra

= 5ln ( 5) - 3ln ( 3) - 2

Products and (some) Quotients of Trig Functions

For sin n x cos m x dx we have the following
For tan n x sec m x dx we have the following :

w
w

.e

xa

1. n odd. Strip 1 sine out and convert rest to

1.
2
2
cosines using sin x = 1 - cos x , then use
the substitution u = cos x .
2. m odd. Strip 1 cosine out and co vert rest
2.
to sines using cos 2 x = 1 - sin 2 x , then use
the substitution u = sin x .
3. n and m both odd. Use either 1. or 2.
4. n and m both e n. Use double angle
3.
and/or half angle formulas to reduce the
4.
integral into a form that can be integrated.
Trig Formulas : sin ( 2 x ) = 2sin ( x ) cos ( x ) , cos 2 ( x ) =

tan

Ex.

tan

x sec5 x dx

= ( sec2 x - 1) sec 4 x tan x sec xdx

= 17 sec7 x - 15 sec5 x + c

cos x dx
(sin x ) sin x
sin x
sin x sin x
cos x dx = cos x dx = cos x dx
(1- cos x ) sin x
=
dx
( u = cos x )
cos x
= - (1-u ) du = - 1-2u +u du
u
u
sin5 x

Ex.

x sec5 xdx = tan 2 x sec 4 x tan x sec xdx

= ( u 2 - 1) u 4 du

n odd. Strip 1 tangent and 1 secant out and

convert the rest to secants using
tan 2 x = sec 2 x - 1 , then use the substitution
u = sec x .
m even. Strip 2 secants out and convert rest
to tangents using sec2 x = 1 + tan 2 x , then
use the substitution u = tan x .
n odd and m even. Use either 1. or 2.
n even and m odd. Each integral will be
dealt with differently.
2
1
1
2 (1 + cos ( 2 x ) ) , sin ( x ) = 2 (1 - cos ( 2 x ) )

( u = sec x )

2 2

= 12 sec2 x + 2 ln cos x - 12 cos 2 x + c

Trig Substitutions : If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and
formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions.
a 2 - b 2 x 2 x = ab sin q

b 2 x 2 - a 2 x = ba sec q

cos 2 q = 1 - sin 2 q
Ex.

16
2

4 -9 x 2

tan 2 q = sec 2 q - 1

dx

x = 23 sin q dx = 23 cos q dq

( 23 cos q ) dq = sin122 q dq

16
4 sin 2 q ( 2cosq )
9

om

.c

Use Right Triangle Trig to go back to xs. From

substitution we have sin q = 32x so,

From this we see hat cot q =

ce

Recall x 2 = x . Because we have an indefinite

integral well assume positive and drop absolute
value bars. If we had a definite integral wed
need to compute q s and remove absolute value
bars based on that and,
x if x 0
x =
- x if x < 0

4 - 9x = 2 cos q .

16

4 -9 x 2

dx = - 4

4 -9 x 2
3x

4 -9 x 2
x

. So,

+c

ra

Partial Fractions : If integrating

sec2 q = 1 + tan 2 q

= 12 csc 2 dq = -12 cot q + c

2
2
4 - 9x 2 = 4 - 4sin q = 4 cos q = 2 cos q

In this case we have

a 2 + b 2 x 2 x = ab tan q

P( x )

Q( x) dx where the degree of P ( x ) is smaller than the degree of

Factor in Q ( x )

xa

Q ( x ) . Factor denominator as completely as possible nd find the partial fraction decomposition of

the rational expression. Integrate the partial f action decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the
denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table.
Term in P.F D Factor in Q ( x )
A
ax + b

.e

ax + b

Ax + B
ax + bx + c

w
w

ax 2 + bx + c

Ex.

( ax

7 x2 +13 x

( x -1)( x

7 x2 +13 x

( x -1)( x2 4 )

( ax + b )

Ak
A1
A2
+
+L +
2
k
ax + b ( ax + b )
( ax + b )

+ bx + c )

Ak x + Bk
A1 x + B1
+L +
k
2
ax + bx + c
( ax 2 + bx + c )

7 x2 +13 x

dx
+4)

( x -1)( x + 4 )
2

dx = x4-1 + 3xx2++164 dx

x4-1 + x3+x 4 + x16+4 dx

2

Term in P.F.D

= 4 ln x - 1 + 32 ln ( x 2 + 4 ) + 8 tan -1 ( x2 )

Here is partial fraction form and recombined.

x -1

+C
+ Bx
=
x2 + 4

A( x2 + 4) + ( Bx + C ) ( x -1)
( x -1)( x 2 + 4 )

Set numerators equal and collect like terms.

7 x 2 + 13x = ( A + B ) x 2 + ( C - B ) x + 4 A - C
Set coefficients equal to get a system and solve
to get constants.
A+ B = 7
C - B = 13
4A - C = 0
A=4
B=3
C = 16

An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in
previous example : 7 x 2 + 13x = A ( x 2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x - 1) . Chose nice values of x and plug in.
For example if x = 1 we get 20 = 5A which gives A = 4 . This wont always work easily.

Applications of Integrals
Net Area :

a f ( x ) dx represents the net area between f ( x ) and the

b

x-axis with area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative.

Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are,
b
a

upper function

- lower

function dx

& x = f ( y) A =

d
c

right function

- left

functio dy

om

y = f ( x) A =

A = f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx
b

a f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx + c g ( x ) - f ( x ) dx
c

ra

A = f ( y ) - g ( y ) dy

ce

.c

If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be found individually. Here are som
sketches of a couple possible situations and formulas for a couple of possible cases.

Volumes of Revolution : The two main formulas are V = A ( x ) dx and V = A ( y ) dy . Here is

some general information about each method of omputing and some examples.
Rings
Cylinders
2
2
A = 2p ( radius ) ( width / height )
A = p ( outer radius ) - ( inner radius)

xa

Limits: x/y of right/bot ring to x/y of left/top ring

Limits : x/y of inner cyl. to x/y of outer cyl.
Horz. Axis use f ( x ) ,
Vert. Axis use f ( y ) ,
Horz. Axis use f ( y ) ,
Vert. Axis use f ( x ) ,
g ( y ) , A ( y and dy.

g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy.

g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx.

Ex. Axis : y = a 0

Ex. Axis : y = a > 0

Ex. Axis : y = a 0

outer radius : a - f ( x )

outer radius: a + g ( x )

radius : a - y

radius : a + y

inner radius : a - g ( x )

inner radius: a + f ( x )

.e

g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx.

w
w

Ex. Axis : y = a > 0

width : f ( y ) - g ( y )

width : f ( y ) - g ( y )

These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the
y = a 0 case with a = 0 . For vertical axis of rotation ( x = a > 0 and x = a 0 ) interchange x and
y to get appropriate formulas.

Work : If a force of F ( x ) moves an object

Average Function Value : The average value

of f ( x ) on a x b is f avg =

in a x b , the work done is W = F ( x ) dx

b

f ( x ) dx

b
1
b-a a

Arc Length Surface Area : Note that this is often a Calc II topic. The three basic formulas are,
b

L = ds

SA = 2p y ds (rotate about x-axis)

SA = 2p x ds (rotate about y-axis)

where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows.
dy
dx

ds =

dx
dy

( dxdt )

( )

dx if y = f ( x ) , a x b

ds =

dy if x = f ( y ) , a y b

ds = r 2 + ( ddrq ) dq if r = f (q ) , a q b

dy
dt

dt if x = f ( t ) , y = g ( t ) , a t b

om

( )
1+ ( )

ds = 1 +

.c

With surface area you may have to substitute in for the x or y depending on your choice of ds to
match the differential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute.

ce

Improper Integral
An improper integral is an integral with one or more infinite limits and/or d scontinuous integrands.
Integral is called convergent if the limit exists and has a finite value and divergent if the limit
doesnt exist or has infinite value. This is typically a Calc II topic.

3.

f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
t

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx +

Discontinuous Integrand

1. Discont. at a: f ( x ) dx = lim+ f ( x ) dx
b

xa

t a

t -

f ( x ) dx
b

2. Discont. at b : f ( x ) dx = lim- f ( x ) dx
b

t b

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx provided both are convergent.

c

.e

3. Discontinuity at a < c < b :

f ( x ) dx = lim

f ( x ) dx provided BOTH integrals are convergent.

1.

ra

Infinite Limit

Comparison Test for Improper Integrals : If f ( x ) g ( x ) 0 on [ a, ) then,

w
w

1. If f ( x ) dx conv then g ( x ) dx conv.

a

Useful fact : If a > 0 then

F r given integral

xp

2. If g ( x ) dx divg. then f ( x ) dx divg.

dx converges if p > 1 and diverges for p 1 .

Approximating Definite Integrals

a f ( x ) dx and a n (must be even for Simpsons Rule) define Dx = b-na

b

and

divide [ a, b] into n subintervals [ x0 , x1 ] , [ x1 , x2 ] , , [ xn -1 , xn ] with x0 = a and xn = b then,

Midpoint Rule :

Trapezoid Rule :
Simpsons Rule :

f ( x ) dx Dx f ( x ) + f ( x ) + L + f ( x ) , xi
b

*
1

*
2

*
n

is midpoint [ xi -1 , xi ]

Dx
f ( x ) dx 2 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + +2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + f ( x )
b

n -1

Dx
f ( x ) dx 3 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + f ( x )
b

n-2

n -1