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MATHEMATICS
Volume-1
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Preface
Being involved in preparing students for competitive examination since 1993,
we realized that students require books which should be self-sufficient, relevant
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of students. The book in your hand has been prepared to achieve these
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Career Point who have been successfully preparing students for JEE for more
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Career Point Ltd.
CONTENTS
CHAPTERS
PAGES
Definition ........................................................................................................................ 1
To Find the Greatest and least Value of the Expression [a sin + b cos ] ................... 23
Definition ...................................................................................................................... 27
To find the general solutions of trigonometric Equation for a definite number ....... 29
On finding the general solution of the equation Reducible to the forms ................. 30
To find the general solution for square of the Trigonometric equations .................. 32
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 40
m n Theorem ........................................................................................................... 51
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 57
The Centroid Lies on the Line Joining the Circumcentre to the Orthocentre ............ 72
Definition ...................................................................................................................... 80
Polynomial ................................................................................................................... 90
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
Trigonometrical Ratio
1. DEFINITION
Trigonometry is the branch of science in which we study about the angles
and sides of a triangle.
1.1 Angle :
Consider a ray OA . If this ray rotates about its end points O and
takes the position OB, then the angle AOB has been generated.
= +ve
O
Anticlockwise direction A
1.3 Some Useful terms :
1.3.1 Quadrant :
Let XOX and YOY be two lines at right angles in the plane of the
paper. These lines divide the plane of the paper into four equal parts
which are known as quadrants.
Y
II - quadrant
X'
I - quadrant
O
III - quadrant IV - quadrant
Y
Self-Instructional Material
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
The lines XOX and YOY are known as x-axis and y-axis respectively.
These two lines taken together are known as the coordinate axes.
The regions XOY, YOX , XOY and YOX are known as the first, the
second, the third and the fourth quadrant respectively.
1.3.2 Angle In Standard Position : An angle is said to be in standard
position if its vertex coincides with the origin O and the initial side
coincides with OX i.e. the positive direction of x-axis.
1.3.3 Coterminal Angles : Two angles with different measures but
having the same initial sides and the same terminal sides are known
as co-terminal angles.
Y
P'
X'
M'
Y'
1
30 =
30 is equal to
60
1
31
Total minutes 15 + =
2
2
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FG 1 IJ
H 60 K
FG 1 31IJ = FG 31 IJ
H 60 2 K H 120 K
F 31 IJ
Total degrees 45 + G
H 120 K
F 5400 31IJ FG 5431IJ
G
H 120 K H 120 K
31
is equal to
2
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
1
We know that , 50
2
1
61
Total minute 30 + =
2
2
100 is equal to 1g
FG 1 IJ
H 100 K
61
F 1 61IJ
is equal to G
H 100 2 K
2
F 61 IJ
Total grade 50 + G
H 200 K
F 10000 61IJ FG 10061IJ
G
H 200 K H 200 K
1 is equal to
FG 61 IJ
H 200 K
90 100
then we can say,
or,
1 =
FG 100 IJ
H 90 K
FG 9 IJ
H 10 K
1g
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Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
51
51 is equals = = (0.85)
60
(14.85) change into degree.
(14.85) is equals =
FG 14.85 IJ
H 60 K
= (0.2475)
So
63 14 51 = 63.2475
63.2475 change into grade system.
g
10
63.2475 is equals = 63.2475
9
= 70.2750g
70.2750g = 70g 27 50
finally we can say,
63 14 57 = 70g 27 50
FG
H
IJ
K
2
2
3
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FG 180 IJ
HK
Radian = 30
Radian = 45
Radian = 60
Radian = 90
Radian = 120
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
5
3
Trigonometrical Ratio
Radian = 135
NOTES
Radian = 150
Radian = 210
Radian = 225
Radian = 300
90 100
Ex.4
Sol.
FG 2 IJ
H 15 K
15
FG 180 IJ
HK
2 180
= 24
15
FG IJ
H 12K
FG15 IJ
H 180 K
=
r
12
5
5
s=
cm.
12
sin =
H r
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Trigonometrical Ratio
H
P
=
B
B
=
=
P
cos =
NOTES
tan
cot
x
r
y
x
x
P
r
H r
B x
H r
cosec =
P y
sec =
Note:
(1) It should be noted that sin does not mean the product of sin and .
The sin is correctly read sin of angle .
(2) These functions depend only on the value of the angle and not on
the position of the point P chosen on the terminal side of the angle .
3.1 Fundamental Trigonometrical Identities :
(a) sin =
1
cos ec
(b) cos =
1
sec
1
cos
tan sin
(d) 1 + tan2 = sec2 or, sec2 tan2 = 1
(c) cot =
(sec tan) =
1
(sec tan )
1+ cot2 = cosec2
(cosec cot) =
1
cos ec cot
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[ sec2 tan2 = 1]
(sec tan ){1 (sec tan )}
=
tan sec 1
(sec tan )(tan sec 1)
=
tan sec 1
= sec + tan =
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
1
sin
1 sin
+
=
= RHS
cos cos
cos
r
x
y
r
> 0, cosec =
> 0, sec =
> 0 and cot =
> 0
y
y
x
x
Thus, in the first quadrant all trigonometry functions are positive.
tan =
y
x
> 0, cos = < 0,
r
r
r
x
y
r
< 0, cosec =
> 0, sec =
< 0 and cot =
< 0
y
y
x
x
Thus, in the second quadrant sin and cosec function are positive
and all others are negative.
tan =
y
x
< 0, cos = < 0,
r
r
r
x
y
r
> 0, cosec =
< 0, sec =
< 0 and cot =
> 0
y
y
x
x
Thus, in the third quadrant all trigonometric functions are negative
except tangent and cotangent.
tan=
y
x
< 0, cos = > 0,
r
r
r
x
y
r
< 0, cosec =
< 0, sec =
> 0 and cot =
< 0
y
y
x
x
Thus, in the fourth quadrant all trigonometric functions are negative
except cos and sec.
tan =
To be Remember :
Y
II - quadrant
S
sin and cosec
are postive
X III - quadrant
T
tan and cot
are positive
I - quadrant
A
all positive
IV - quadrant
C
cos and sec
are positive
Y
A crude aid to memorise the signs of trigonometrical ratio in different
quadrant.
Self-Instructional Material
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
Let XOX and YOY be the coordinate axes. Draw a circle with centre
at origin O and radius unity.
Let M (x, y) be a point on the circle such that AOM = then
x = cos and y = sin 1 cos 1 and 1 sin 1 for all values
of .
I Quadrant A
sin increases from 0 to 1
cos
decreases from 1 to 0
tan
increases from 0 to
cot
decreases from to 0
sec
increases from 1 to
cosec decreases from to 1
II Quadrant
sin
cos
tan
cot
sec
cosec
decreases from 1 to 0
decreases from 0 to 1
increases from to 0
decreases from 0 to
increases from to 1
increases from 1 to
III Quadrant
sin
cos
tan
cot
sec
cosec
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decreases from 0 to 1
increases from 1 to 0
increases from 0 to
decreases from to 0
decreases from 1 to
increases from to 1
IV Quadrant
sin
cos
tan
cot
sec
cosec
Trigonometrical Ratio
increases from 1 to 0
increases from 0 to 1
increases from to 0
decreases from 0 to
decreases from to 1
decreases from 1 to
NOTES
Remark:
+ and are two symbols. These are not real number. When we say
that tan increases from 0 to for as varies from 0 to
tan increases in the interval
as tends to
FG 0, IJ
H 2K
it means that
2
Ex.8 If sec =
Sol.
If sec =
1
1
, sin = 1 cos 2 = 1
=
2
2
2
But lies in the fourth quadrant in which sin is negative.
1
or, cos =
sin =
1
2
, cosec = 2
sin
1
2
tan =
cos
1
2
tan = 1
cot = 1
tan =
then,
1 1 2
1 tan cos ec
=
1
1 cot cos ec
1 1 2
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Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
cosec =
10
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Trigonometrical Ratio
Trig.
Domain
Function
Range
sin
[-1, 1]
cos
[-1, 1]
tan
R - {(2n+1) /2, n z}
() or R
cosec
R - {n, n z}
sec
R - {(2n + 1) /2, n
z}
cot
R - {n, n z}
= R
NOTES
r
P'
(x, y)
sin() =
A'
y
y
sin
r
r
x
cos
r
y
tan
tan() =
cos() =
Self-Instructional Material
11
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
Ans.
2
(b) sin(30) = sin 30
[ sin() = sin]
1
Ans.
2
(c) cot(60) = cot 60
[ cot() = cot]
Ans.
90
M
OPM = 90 .
[When the angle OPM is consider, the line PM is the base and MO
is the perpendicular ]
MO
= cos AOP = cos
PO
PM
cos (90 ) = cos MPO =
= sin AOP = sin
PO
MO
tan (90 ) = tan MPO =
= cot AOP = cot
PM
PM
cot (90 ) = cot MPO =
= tan AOP = tan
MO
12
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Trigonometrical Ratio
PO
= sec AOP = sec
MO
PO
and sec (90 ) = sec MPO =
= cosec AOP = cosec
PM
Trigo. ratio ( )
90
or
FG IJ
H2 K
90 +
or
FG IJ
H2 K
180
180 +
or ( - )
or ( + ) or
NOTES
270
270 +
FG 3 IJ
H2 K
or
FG 3 IJ
H2 K
360
or (2 - )
sin
sin
cos
cos
sin
sin
cos
cos
sin
cos
cos
sin
sin
cos
cos
sin
sin
cos
tan
tan cot
cot
tan
tan
cot
cot
tan
A
P (y,x)
P (x,y)
cos (90 + ) =
tan (90 + ) =
M P x
= cos
OP r
OM y
= sin
OP r
x
M P
=
= cot
y
OM
similarly,
cot (90 + ) = tan
sec(90 + ) = cosec
cosec (90 + ) = sec
[where /2 < < /2]
s
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13
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
where n I
= cos 30
=
3
1
4
4
F 3I
GH 2 JK
1
4
= 1 = R.H.S
Q
B
(A B)
A
O
Q
B
A
O
(A B)
P
14
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Trigonometrical Ratio
tan A tan B
(e) tan (A + B) =
1 tan A tan B
tan (A B) =
tan A tan B
1 tan A tan B
(g) cot (A + B) =
cot A cot B 1
cot B cot A
(h) cot (A B) =
cot A cot B 1
cot B cot A
(f)
NOTES
(Not : * Important)
and cos B =
, 0 <A<
. 0<B<
, find the
5
41
2
2
values of the following (a) sin (A + B)
(b) cos (A B)
(a)sin (A + B) sin A cos B + cos A sin B
3
sin A =
5
Ex.11 If sin A =
Sol.
cos A =
4
5
A
4
9
and cos B =
41
41
sin B =
40
41
B
9
sin (A + B) =
3 9
4 40
187
=
5 41
5 41
205
Self-Instructional Material
15
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
156
4 9
3 40
=
5 41
5 41
205
1
[2 cos(30 A).cos(30 + A) +2 cos (45 + A).cos(45 A)]
2
1
cos 60 + cos 2A + cos 90 + cos 2A
2
1
1
[ 2cos2A + ]
2
2
= cos 2A +
16
Self-Instructional Material
1
= R.H.S.
4
1
4
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
CD
C D
and B =
2
2
Substituting in (i),
then A =
FG C D IJ .cos FG C D IJ
H 2 K H 2 K
FG C D IJ .sin FG C D IJ
H 2 K H 2 K
F C D IJ .cos FG C D IJ
cos C + cos D = 2 cos GH
H 2 K
2 K
F C D IJ .sin FG D C IJ
cos C cos D = 2 sin G
H 2 K H 2 K
(c)
(d)
FG IJ
H 2 K
L.H.S,
(cos + cos ) 2 + (sin + sin ) 2
2
cos
+ 2 sin
cos
2 cos
2
2
2
2
= 4cos2
.cos2
+ 4sin2
.cos2
2
2
2
2
FG
H
= 4 cos2
IJ
K
IJ
K
FG IJ . LMcos FG IJ sin FG IJ OP
H 2 K N H 2 K H 2 KQ
FG
H
FG
H
IJ
K
FG
H
= 4cos2
IJ
K
FG IJ
H 2 K
2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
(b) cos 2A = cos2 A sin2 A = 2 cos2 A 1
= 1 2 sin2 A =
(c) tan 2A =
1 tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A
2 tan A
1 tan2 A
3 tan A tan 3 A
1 3 tan 2 A
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17
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
1 cos 2 A
(g) tan2 A = 1 cos 2 A
(h) tan A =
(i)
(j)
1 cos 2A
sin 2 A
L.H.S =
FG IJ
H K
1 sin cos
= tan
2
1 sin cos
(1 cos ) sin
1 sin cos
=
(1 cos ) sin
1 sin cos
FG IJ 2 sinFG IJ cosFG IJ
H 2K
H 2K H 2 K
I
F
F I F I
2 cos G J 2 sinG J cosG J
H 2K
H 2K H 2 K
2 sin 2
2 sin sin cos
2
2 2
=
= tan
2 cos sin cos
2
2 2
FG IJ
H 2K
= R.H.S
2 2 2 2 cos 8 2 cos where ,
16 16
L.H.S.,
=
=
2 2 2 2 cos 8
2 2 2( 2 cos 2 4)
2 2 2 cos 4 =
2 2(1 cos 4 )
2 2(2 cos 2 2) =
2 2 cos 2
2(1 cos 2) =
2(2 cos 2 )
= 2cos = R.H.S
18
Self-Instructional Material
A B
C
=
2
2 2
and
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
BC A
2
2 2
C A B
2
2 2
A B
C
C
sin
sin
cos
2
2 2
2
and
FG IJ FG IJ FG IJ
H K H K H K
F A B IJ cosFG C IJ sinFG C IJ
cosG
H 2 K H 2 2K H 2K
F A B IJ tanFG C IJ cotFG C IJ
tanG
H 2 K H 2 2K H 2K
All problems on conditional identities are broadly divided into the
following four types :
(I)
19
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
FG A IJ .sin FG B IJ .sin FG C IJ
H 2 K H 2K H 2 K
FG A B IJ.cosFG A B IJ cos C
H 2 K H 2 K
F CI F A BI
= 2 cos G J .cosG J cos C
H 2 2 K H 2 2K
F CI F A BI
F CI
= 2 sinG J .cosG J 1 2 sin G J
H 2 K H 2 2K
H 2K
F CI F A BI
F CI
= 2 sinG J .cosG J 2 sin G J 1
H 2 K H 2 2K
H 2K
F CI L F A BI F CI O
= 2 sinG J McosG J sinG J P 1
H 2 K N H 2 2K H 2 KQ
F C I L F A B I F A B IJ OP 1
= 2 sinG J McosG J sinG
H 2 K N H 2 2K H 2 2 KQ
F CI L F A BI F A BI O
= 2 sinG J McosG J cos G J P 1
H 2K N H 2 2K H 2 2KQ
L
O
= 2 sinFG C IJ M2 sinFG A IJ .sinFG B IJ P 1
H 2 K N H 2 K H 2KQ
F A I F B I F C I = R.H.S.
= 1 4 sinG J .sinG J .sinG J
H 2 K H 2K H 2 K
= 2 cos
FG A IJ sinFG B IJ sinFG C IJ
H 2 K H 2K H 2 K
F A IJ.sinFG B IJ.sinFG C IJ
= 1 4 sinG
H 4 K H 4 K H 4 K
F B C IJ.sinFG C A IJ.sinFG A B IJ
= 1 4 sinG
H 4 K H 4 K H 4 K
F A I F BI F CI
L.H.S.= sinG J sinG J sinG J
H 2 K H 2K H 2 K
F A B IJ .cosFG A B IJ cosFG C IJ
= 2 sinG
H 4 K H 4 K H 2 2K
F C IJ.cosFG A B IJ 1 2 sin FG C IJ
= 2 sinG
H 4 K H 4 K
H 4 K
F C IJ LMcosFG A B IJ sinFG C IJ OP 1
= 2 sinG
H 4 KN H 4 K H 4 KQ
sin
Sol.
20
Self-Instructional Material
Trigonometrical Ratio
= 2 sin
NOTES
C
2 sin
A B C
C A B
sin
1
2 sin
8
8
C
2 sin
A C B
C A B
sin
1
2 sin
8
8
C
2 sin
B B
A A
sin
1
2 sin
8
8
21
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
II Method
cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C
=
1
[2 cos2 A + 2 cos2 B + 2 cos2 C] [ cos 2A = 2cos2 A 1]
2
1
[(1 + cos 2A) + (1 + cos 2B) + (1 + cos 2C)]
2
1
[3 + cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C]
2
3
1
+
[ cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C]
2
2
3 1
+ [2 cos(A + B).cos(A B) + 2cos2 C 1]
2 2
3
1
+
[ 2 cosC cos(A B) + 2cos2 C 1]
2
2
2
= 1
= 1
1
1
+
[2cosC {cos (A B) cos C}]
2
2
cosC[cos (A B) cosC]
cos C [cos (A B) + cos (A + B)]
[cosC = cos(A + B)]
= 1 cosC[2 cosA . cosB]
= 1 2 cosA . cosB cosC
10.3 Type III : Identities for tan and cot of the angles
Working step :
(I) Express the sum of the two angles in terms of third angle
by using the given relation.
(II) Taking tan from both the sides.
(III) Expand the L.H.S in step II by using the formula for the
tangent of the compound angles.
(IV) Use cross multiplication in the expression obtained in the
step III.
(V) Arrange the terms as per the requirement in the sum.
Prove that,
Sol.
22
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1 x2
2y
1 y2
2z
1 z2
8 xyz
(1 x 2 )(1 y 2 )(1 z2 )
then x + y + z = xyz
tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA.tanB.tanC
tanA + tanB + tanC tanA tanB tanC = 0
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
Dividing by [1 tanA tanB tanB tanC tanC tanA] both the sides
tan A tan B tan C tan A tanB tan C
0
1 tan A tanB tanB tan C tan C tan A
tan(A + B + C) = 0
A + B + C = n
[n z]
Now, A + B + C = n
2A + 2B + 2C = 2n
tan(2A + 2B + 2C) = tan 2n
tan 2A tan 2B tan 2C tan 2 A tan 2B tan 2C
0
1 tan 2A tan 2B tan 2B tan 2C tan 2C tan 2A
1 tan A
1 tan B
2 tan C
1 tan 2 C
2 tan A
2 tan B
2 tan C
2 tan B
1 x
2y
1 y
2z
1 z 2
2x
2y
2z
8 xyz
.
.
1 x 2 1 y 2 1 z 2 (1 x 2 ) (1 y 2 ) (1 z 2 )
23
Trigonometrical Ratio
NOTES
FG
H
IJ
K
FG
H
5 cos+ 3 cos
IJ
K
+ 3
1
cos
2
3
sin] + 3
2
1
[13 cos 3 3 sin ] + 3
2
169 27 = 14
1
[r cos( + )] + 3
2
14
[cos( + )] + 3
2
7 cos( + ) + 3
Hence maximum and minimum values of expression are (7+ 3)
and (7 +3)
i.e., 10 and 4 respectively.
1
cos 3 = cos.cos(60 ).cos(60 + )
4
24
Self-Instructional Material
Trigonometrical Ratio
LM FG n 1IJ OPLMsinFG n IJ OP
N H 2 K QN H 2 K Q
F I
sinG J
H 2K
NOTES
sin
; 2n
LM FG n 1IJ OP LMsinFG n IJ OP
N H 2 K QN H 2 K Q
F I
sinG J
H 2K
cos
; 2n
Here
FG IJ
H 14 K
2
,
14
14
+ cos
FG 3 IJ
H 14 K
+ cos
FG 5 IJ
H 14 K
FG IJ
H K
cot
2
14
and n = 3.
LM FG 3 1IJ FG 2 IJ OP sinFG 2 3 IJ
N14 H 2 K H 14 K Q H 14 2 K
S
F 2 1IJ
sinG
H 14 2 K
F 3 I F 3 I
2 cosG J sinG J
H 14 K H 14 K
S
F I
2 sinG J
H 14 K
F 6 I 1 sinFG IJ
sinG J
H 14 K = 2 H 2 14 K
S
F I
FI
2 sinG J
sinG J
H 14 K
H 14 K
1
FI
S cotG J
H 14 K
2
cos
Self-Instructional Material
25
Trigonometrical Ratio
(5) sine, cosine and tangent of some angle less than 90.
15
NOTES
sin
cos
tan
3 1
2 2
3 1
2 2
2 3
18
22
36
5 1
4
1
2 2
2
10 2 5
4
10 2 5
4
1
2 2
2
5 1
4
25 10 5
5
2 1
52 5
and 1 =
3, 4, 5; 5, 12, 13; 7, 24, 25; 8, 15, 17; 9, 40, 41; 11, 60, 61;
12, 35, 37; 20, 21, 29 etc.
(8) Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides
=
26
Self-Instructional Material
n2
180 degrees
n