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July 2016
1Z
ci =
2kt
x(t) exp j
dt
T
(1)
x(t) =
2kt
ci exp j
(2)
(a) Begin by calculating the Fourier series for a square wave voltage signal that goes
from 0 to 1 V and has a period of T seconds and duty cycle of 50%. In other
words, x(t) is the periodic repetition of the following function:
1 |t| < T /4
xp (t) =
(b) Notice that the Fourier Series coefficient are symmetric. Additionally, the even
terms are zero. This is expected from the symmetry of the signal. Now consider
another square wave voltage, c(t), which has a zero average and a peak to peak
value of 2 V. What is its Fourier Series coefficients?
(c) Now that you have the Fourier Series coefficients of c(t), write down the Fourier
Transform. Plot the spectrum.
3. Consider the schematic shown in Figure 1.
VLO(t)
VRF(t)
VO(t)
RL
The schematic models a mixer, a circuit used in RF transceivers. As you can see, it
consists of a switch controlled by a voltage VLO (t) which turns the switch on and off
at a frequency of LO (assume a 50% duty cycle).
4. The input to the system is a high frequency RF signal. It has the following spectrum:
1
-RF
RF
Were using the circuit as a receiver. With this information and the exercises done in
the previous sections,
2
sin t
t .
j
4
, < <
obtain the output of the system, y[n], for the input x[n] = cos( 3n
2 ).
7. Given an LTI system difference equation y[n] + 0.5y[n 1] = x[n], with x[n] = (1)n ,
the maximum value of the output y[n] is. (Hint: Think if you can make x[n] look like
an eigenfunction of an LTI system.)
8. Find the Fourier Transform of e|t| .
9. Determine whether each of the following statement is true or false. Justify tour answer.
(i) An odd and imaginary always hs and odd and real spectrum.
(ii) An even and real signal always has an even and real spectrum.
(iii) An odd and real signal always has odd and imaginary spectrum.
(iv) An even and imaginary signal always has even and real spectrum.
10. The continuous time real signal x(t) is defined as
x(t) = x1 (t){x2 (t) x3 (t)} + x4 (t)
The Fourier transforms of the signals are such that
X1 (j) = 0, || > 1
X2 (j) = 0, || > 2
X3 (j) = 0, || > 3
X4 (j) = 0, || > 4
Given that |1 | > |4 | , |1 | < |2 | + |3 | , |2 | < |3 |. If signal x(t) is sampled to
obtain s[n]. what is the minimum sampling frequency required to recover x(t) from
s[n]?
3
11. The signal x(t) = cos(2f1 t)+cos(2f2 t) is subjected to ideal uniform sampling at the
rate of 18 kHz. All frequencies, including f1 and f2 are expressed in kiloHertz(kHz)
and time t is measured in milliseconds. The sampled signal is subjected to the
action of an adjustable ideal bandpass filter, with a real valued impulse response,
having a frequency response of 1 in its passband and 0 on the rest of the frequency
axis (stopband). The phase response of the bandpass filter can be taken to be zero
for all frequencies.
(a) In the first experiment, f1 = 3, f2 = 5; the passband is from 4 to 16 kHz. Obtain
the output of the bandpass filter, expressing it as a sum of sinuoids, specifying
the frequencies.
(b) In the second experiment, f1 = 7, f2 = 10; the passband is from 4 to 12 kHz.
Obtain the output of the bandpass filter and express it as a product of two terms,
the first term being a pure sinusoid of an appropriate frequency, the second, a
sum of two sinusoids in which the frequency of one sinusoid is twice that of the
other.
12. For each of the pole-zero plots given below, plot the magnitude response of the spectrum. Do this graphically (i.e, without writing any math).
Pole-Zero Map
3
-1
-1
-2
-3
-3
-2
-1
1
-1
Pole-Zero Map
3
-1
-1
-2
-3
-3
-2
-1
1
-1
Pole-Zero Map
3
-1
-1
-2
-3
-3
-2
-1
1
-1
Pole-Zero Map
3
-1
-1
-2
-3
-3
-2
-1
1
-1
Pole-Zero Map
3
-1
-1
-2
-3
-3
-2
-1
1
-1
Pole-Zero Map
3
-1
-1
-2
-3
-3
-2
-1
-1
Brain Teasers
1. Three systems A,B and C have the inputs and outputs indicated in Table. Determine
whether each system could be LTI. If your answer is yes, specify whether there could
be more than one LTI system with the given input-output pair. Explain your answer.
System
System A
Input
1 n
Output
1 n
System B
ejn/7 u[n]
3ejn/7 u[n]
System C
ejn/7
2ejn/7
is shown in Figure 3
N atoms/unit area
x
Figure 3: Initial concentration profile
2c
c
t
=D
(3)
x2
2
x
exp
c(x, t) =
4Dt
Dt
N
(4)
where N is the initial number of atoms per unit area and is quite large. The concentration profile is shown in Figure 4
Time Dependent Diffusion
1.0
t1>0
t2>t1
Concentration
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
10
0
Position
10
What will the concentration profile look like at some time t > 0 if the initial concentration profile is as shown in Figure 5
x
Figure 5: Initial concentration profile