1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Since the development of the principal meta material-based transmission lines diverse
modern methodologies have been examined and exhibited to the scientific group. By and large,
these transmission lines with novel properties have been gotten by utilizing a host transmission
line stacked with resonators . The amalgamation of these powerful media requires electrically
little unit cells utilizing sub wavelength resonators. The resonators can be coupled in various
ways, i.e., inductive or capacitive coupling, offering ascend to numerous different sorts of
transmission lines. In such manner, split-ring resonators (SRRs) coupled to a coplanar waveguide
have been utilized keeping in mind the end goal to acquire lines with symmetric have been
obtained

1.2 ABOUT HFSS:

The term HFSS remains for high recurrence basic reenactment. ANSYS HFSS writing computer
programs is the commercial standards for mirroring 3-D, full-wave, and electromagnetic fields.
Its best quality level precision, pushed solvers and first class handling propels make it a vital
gadget for modelers tasked with executing exact and quick arrangement in high-repeat and fast
electronic gadgets and stages. HFSS offers best in class solver progresses in light of constrained
part, fundamental correlation, asymptotic and moved cream systems to enlighten a broad
assortment of microwave, RF and quick electronic applications. Diagram close down precision
is given by HFSS through its eminent and industry driving adaptable cross segment
development. Its extraordinary cross area and solver advancements grant you to arrange with
conviction, knowing the results gave by HFSS can be relied on upon. Distinctive contraptions
simply give answers with no feedback as to the accuracy of the plan, provoking unsteadiness.
Exactly when united with ANSYS HPC advancements, like territory rot or flowed frequencies,
HFSS can mirror at a rate and scale at no other time thought possible, further allowing you to
more totally explore and streamline your contraption's execution. With HFSS you know your
arrangements will pass on their thing ensure. ANSYS HFSS writing computer programs is the
commercial standard for copying 3-D, full-wave, and electromagnetic fields. ts best quality level
accuracy, impelled solvers and tip top preparing progressions make it a pivotal instrument for
engineers tasked with executing correct and quick blueprint in high-repeat and fast electronic
gadgets and stages. HFSS offers best in class solver developments in light of constrained part,
essential correlation, asymptotic and moved crossbreed strategies to comprehend a broad
assortment of microwave, RF and quick modernized applications.

CHAPTER 2
ANTENNA ELEMENTS

2.1.1 SPLIT RING RESONATORS:

A split ring resonator (SRR) is a delivered structure regular to meta materials. Their aim is to
create the craved attractive powerlessness (attractive reaction) in different sorts of metamaterials
up to 200 terahertz. These media make the essential solid attractive coupling to a connected
electromagnetic field, not generally accessible in routine materials. For instance, an impact, for
example, negative porous ness is created with an occasional exhibit of split ring resonators.

2.1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SPLIT RING RESONATOR:

The split ring resonator and the metamaterial itself are composite materials. Each SRR has an
individual custom-made reaction to the electromagnetic field. Be that as it may, the occasional
development of numerous SRR cells is such that the electromagnetic wave interfaces as though
these were homogeneous materials.This is like how light really communicates with ordinary
materials; materials, for example, glass or lenses are made of particles, an averaging or
perceptible impact is delivered. The SRR is intended to emulate the attractive reaction of
particles, just on a much bigger scale. Additionally, as a feature of intermittent composite
structure these are intended to have a more grounded attractive coupling than is found in nature.
The bigger scale takes into consideration more control over the attractive reaction, while every
unit is littler than the radiated electromagnetic wave. SRRs are a great deal more dynamic than
ferromagnetic materials found in nature. The affirmed attractive reaction in such lightweight
materials shows preference over heavier, normally happening materials. Every unit can be
intended to have its own particular attractive reaction. The reaction can be upgraded or decreased
as coveted. Moreover, the general impact lessens power necessities.

2.1.3 ROGERS 4003 SUBSTRATE:

RO4003C gives tight control on dielectric steady and low misfortune while using the same
preparing technique as standard epoxy/glass however at a small amount of the expense of
traditional microwave overlays. Not at all like PTFE based microwave materials, no unique
through-opening medicines or taking care of methods are required. RO4003C materials are nonbrominated and are not UL 94V-0 appraised. For applications or plans requiring a UL 94V-0
firerating, RO4835 and RO4350B.

PROPERTY

ROGERS4003C

Fig 2.1.3 Properties of Rogers 4003C

CHAPTER 3
ESSENTIAL ENTITIES IN ANTENNA THAT IS TO BE DESIGNED
3.1 SUBSTRATE:
In the design of antennas substrate associated may be termed as layer. It refers to the under layer
of the antenna that is to be designed. It is the under layer in the construction of any antenna.
There are different types of substrates. Mostly used substrates are epoxy, FR4, duroid, foam,
benzocyclobutane, duroid 6010, roger4350 etc. These substrates are utilized to achieve good
bandwidth and gain. It is to be designed as per the material & dimensions required for the
antenna design.

Fig 3.1 substrate of a microstrip feed antenna

Pick of substrate is essential, we need to consider the temperature, mankind, and other ecological
scopes of working. Thickness of the substrate h bigly affects the resounding recurrence and
transfer speed BW of the reception apparatus. Transmission capacity of the microstrip receiving
wire will increment with expanding of substrate thickness h however with breaking points,
generally the reception apparatus will stop resonating.

The substrate used in this ROGERS 4003C.

3.1.1

ROGERS 4003C:

RO4003C gives tight control on dielectric steady and low misfortune while using the same
preparing technique as standard epoxy/glass however at a small amount of the expense of
traditional microwave overlays. Not at all like PTFE based microwave materials, no unique
through-opening medicines or taking care of methods are required. RO4003C materials are nonbrominated and are not UL 94V-0 appraised. For applications or plans requiring a UL 94V-0 fire
rating, RO4835 and RO4350B overlays do meet this prerequisite.. Run of the mill
Applications High dependability aviation and resistance An extensive variety of run of the mill
and non-conventional microwave/RF applications

3.2 GROUND PLANE:

In reception apparatus hypothesis, a ground plane is a directing surface substantial in contrast
with the wavelength, for example, the Earth, which is associated with the transmitter's ground
wire and serves as a reflecting surface for radio waves. It will be placed on the other side of the
substrate in the antenna design as per the dimensions of the substrate used in the design.

Fig 3.2 Ground plane of a patch antenna

3.3 PATCH:

A patch is nothing but a covering on a particular part of the substrate on which the required
complementary split ring resonator is designed in this paper. The patch used in the antenna to be
designed is rectangular patch.
Rectangular patch :
The most generally utilized microstrip rceieving wire is a rectangular patch which resembles a
truncated microstrip transmission line. It is around of one-half wavelength long. At the point
when air is utilized as the dielectric substrate, the length of the rectangular microstrip recieving
wire is around one-portion of a free-space wavelength. As the reception apparatus is stacked with
a dielectric as its substrate, the length of the recieving wire diminishes as the relative dielectric
consistent of the substrate increments. The full length of the recieving wire is marginally shorter
in light of the amplified electric "bordering fields" which expand the electrical length of the
reception apparatus somewhat. An early model of the microstrip radio wire is a segment of
microstrip transmission line with proportional burdens on either end to speak to the radiation
misfortune.

Fig 3.3 Patch on a antenna

3.3.1 TYPES OF PATCH:

There are a substantial number of states of microstrip patch recieving wires; they have been
intended to match particular attributes. A portion of the normal sorts are appeared below, for
millimeter wave frequencies, the most well-known sorts are rectangular, square, and round
patches. The mostly used patch is rectangular patch. In this the antenna to be designed uses
rectangular patch. In this antenna design a rectangular patch is used. In this the antenna to be
designed consists of a Y-shaped slot on the patch.
In this the rectangular boxes are to be clubbed forming a Y shaped slot on the patch. The YShaped slot is to be constructed with slot stub acting as isolation between the two rectangles that
formed Y-shaped antennas.

Fig3.3.1: Types of Patch

3.4 TYPES OF FEED:

3.4.1 Microstrip Line Feed:

Microstrip line feed is one of the less demanding techniques to manufacture as it is a simply
directing strip interfacing with the patch and hence can be consider as augmentation of patch. It
is easy to model and simple to coordinate by controlling the inset position. However the
weakness of this strategy is that as substrate thickness expands, surface wave and spurious food
radiation increments which restrict the data transfer capacity.

3.4.2 COAXIAL FEED:

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Microstrip receiving wires can likewise be nourished from underneath by means of a test as
appeared in below figure. The external conductor of the coaxial link is associated with the
ground plane, and the inside conductor is reached out up to the patch reception apparatus.
The position of the feed can be adjusted as before (similarly as the inset bolster, above) to control
the input impedance.
The coaxial feed brings an inductance into the feed that may be considered if the tallness h gets
vast (a calculable division of a wavelength). What's more, the test will likewise transmit, which
can prompt radiation in undesirable headings.

Fig 3.6.2 Coaxial feed for patch antenna

3.4.3 COUPLED FEED:
The coupled feed is also called as indirect feed. The sustains above can be modified such that
they don't straightforwardly touch the radio wire. Case in point, the test sustain in above figure
can be trimmed such that it doesn't extend as far as possible up to the receiving wire. The inset
food can likewise be halted just before the patch reception apparatus, as appeared in underneath
figure.

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The benefit of the coupled food is that it includes an additional level of opportunity to the
outline. The crevice brings a capacitance into the food that can counteract the inductance
included by the test sustain.

Fig 3.6.3.coupled or indirect feed for patch antenna

3.4.4 INSET FEED:

The feed instrument assumes a vital part in the outline of microstrip patch reception apparatuses.
A microstrip patch radio wire can be encouraged either by coaxial test or by an inset microstrip
line. Coaxial test nourishing is once in a while beneficial for applications like dynamic radio
wires, while microstrip line sustaining is suitable for growing high-pick up microstrip cluster

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receiving wires. In both cases, the test position or the inset length decides the info impedence.
The inset feed for a patch antenna is shown in the fig:

.
Fig 3.6.4 Inset Feed for a patch antenna

3.4.5 APERTURE FEED:

Another strategy for sustaining microstrip radio wires is the opening food. In this strategy, the
food hardware (transmission line) is protected from the receiving wire by a leading plane with a
gap (opening) to transmit vitality to the radio wire, as appeared in fig. The upper substrate can be
made with a lower permittivity to create approximately bound bordering fields, yielding better
radiation. The lower substrate can be freely made with a high estimation of permittivity for

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firmly coupled fields that don't deliver spurious radiation. The burden of this strategy is
expanded trouble in creation.

Fig 3.6.5 Aperture feed given to a patch antenna

In the design of balanced CRLH microstrip line with CSRRS we used microstrip line feed

3. 5 MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION LINE:

Microstrip line is utilized to convey Electro-Attractive Waves (EM waves) or microwave
recurrence signals. It comprises of 3 layers, leading strip, dielectric and Ground plane. It is
utilized to outline and manufacture RF and microwave parts, for example, directional coupler,
power divider/combiner, channel, reception apparatus, MMIC and so forth.
Microstrip line will have low to high radiation, will bolster 20 to 120 ohm impedance,supports Q
component of around 250. Hard to mount chip in shunt mode however simple in arrangement
mode. The RF/microwave item made utilizing microstrip line is less costly and lighter in weight

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contrast with its waveguide partner. Typically FR-4 dielectric substrate is utilized as PCB for
microstrip based scratching because of its minimal effort.

Distinctive sorts of discontinuities exist in RF/microwave format outline. These incorporate

curves, T-intersection, cross-intersection, venture in width, coupling and open closures. Parasitic
impact presented by these discontinuities will be decreased by utilization of steady impedance
decreases for instance; bended twists are utilized as a part of spot of sharp twists. Sharp edges are
changed to bended edges in RF format. In certain cases outspread stubs of various sorts
(arrangement and shunt) are utilized.

Microstrip based format outline is done by different RF and Microwave reproduction

programming's from different organizations, for example, Agilent, Eagleware, Microwave office,
connected computational sciences, CST, Ampsa Multimatch and so on.

Fig 3.7 Microstrip transmission line

TYPES OF MICROSTRIP LINES:
1.STRIP LINE
2.SUSPENDED LINE
3.SLOT LINE

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4.COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE
5.FINLINE

STRIP LINE:
This kind of microstrip line low radiation, Q variable of around 400 and will bolster 35 to 250
ohm impedance range. This write is poor for chip mounting

SUSPENDED LINE:
This kind of microstrip or transmission line will have low radiation, Q component of around
500 , impedance from 40 and 150 territory. It is reasonable to mount chip on suspended stripline.

SLOT LINE:
This kind of microstrip line will have medium radiation, bolster Q element of around 100,
impedance from 60 to 200. It is anything but difficult to mount chip in shunt mode and hard to
mount in arrangement mode.

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COPLANAR WAVE GUIDE:

This kind of microstrip line will have medium radiation, bolster Q component of 150, impedance
from 20 to 250. It is anything but difficult to mount chip in both arrangement and shunt mode.

FINLINE FEED:
This kind of microstrip line has no radiation and Q component of 500. It is reasonable to mount
chip utilizing this kind of transmission line.

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CHAPTER 4
ANTENNA PROPERTIES AND SPECIFICATIONS
4.1 ANTENNA SPECIFICATIONS:
1.Operating frequency
2.Scattering parameters
3.Return loss

4.1.1 OPERATING FREQUENCY:

The frequency at which an antenna or a device or circuit operates is known as operating
frequency. The operating frequency of the antenna to be designed is 3GHZ.
4.1.2 SCATTERING PARAMETERS:
S-parameters are perplexing numbers, having genuine and nonexistent parts or extent and stage
parts, in light of the fact that both the greatness and period of the occurrence sign are changed by
the system. Regularly we allude to the extent of the sign just, as it is often of generally hobby.
Who minds how the sign stage is changed by a speaker or attenuator? You for the most part think
about the amount of increase (or misfortune) you get. S-parameters are characterized for a given
recurrence and framework impedance, and differ as a component of recurrence for any nonperfect system.

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4.1.3 RETURN LOSS:

In information transfers, return misfortune is the loss of influence in the sign
returned/reflected by an intermittence in a transmission line or optical fiber. This intermittence
can be a crisscross with the ending load or with a gadget embedded in the line. It is generally
communicated as a proportion in decibels (dB)
RETURN LOSS=10log(Pi/Pr)

where RL(dB) is the return loss in dB, Pi is the incident power and Pr is the reflected power.
Return misfortune is identified with both standing wave proportion (SWR) and reflection
coefficient (). Expanding return misfortune relates to bring down SWR. Return misfortune is a
measure of how well gadgets or lines are coordinated. A match is great if the arrival misfortune is
high. An exceptional yield misfortune is alluring and brings about a lower insertion misfortune.
Return misfortune is utilized as a part of present day rehearse in inclination to SWR in light of
the fact that it has better determination for little estimations of reflected wave.

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CHAPTER-5
ANTENNA CONFIGURATION
5.1.1 MODIFIED BASIC CELL:
The basic cell consists of substrate whose thickness is 1.524 mm and the name of the material
used for the substrate is rogers 4003 substrate .on the top of the substrate right and left handed
line is doped and the lumped ports are applied at both the ends to get improved frequency
response and bandwidth enhancement .And the bottom layer of the substrate split ring resonator
is doped.

Fig 5.1.1: Layout of microstrip cell

Table 5.1.2 Physical dimensions of equivalent circuit

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5.2 ANTENNA DESIGN:

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Fig. 5.2.1 Fabricated modified CSRR loaded microstrip cell. Dimensions after
Wms=3.37,gms=0.5,rr=3.68,cr=2,wr=0.4,gr=0.4,grc=0.8,l=11. considering
overmilling are and Dimensions are in millimeters.(a) Top. (b) Bottom.

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Fig 5.2.2 HFSS Design with CSRSS on bottom layer

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Fig 5.2.3 HFSS design with Radiation Box

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CHAPTER 6
PROCEDURE TO DESIGN REQUIRED ANTENNA IN HFSS:
1. Initially take a box from hfss design window and draw a box with desired dimensions namely
L=11mm,w=11mm,thickness=1.524mm
2. Name the box as substrate and assign rogers 40003 c material whose relative
permittivity=3.55mm.
3. Draw the ground plane on the substrate.
4. To design an ring take four circles of radius r1=3.94mm, r2=3.74mm, r3=3.54mm,
r4=3.34mm in the ground plane and name the circles as circle 1,circle 2,circle 3,circle 4
respectively.
5. Using subtract command subtract circle 1 from circle 2 and name it as circle 5.
6. Using subtract command subtract circle 3 from circle 4 and name it as circle 6.
7. Two rings are formed and the rectangular strip is inserted at center of ring 2.
8. Using unite function add circle 5 and circle 6 and rectangular strip
9. Finally a ring is formed at the bottom layer of the substrate and name it as patch.
10. Assign E arm boundaries to the patch .
11. Now draw the rectangular box on the top of the substrate and dimensions of the box along
length=11mm and width =3.37mm.
12. The rectangular box is split into two boxes which are seperated by a distance of gms=0.5mm
13. Name it as patch1 and assign perfect E arm boundary to it.
14. Apply lumped ports to both the ends of the rectangular boxes and name the ports as port 1
and port 2 respectively.
15. Draw an radiation box of the dimensions l=13mm w=13mm covering the whole substrate
16. Assign boundary to the radiation box
17. Apply analysis set up for given hfss design and add frequency sweep
18. Go for validation check present in the status bar of hfss tool.
19. If it is ok run the simulation
20. Finally plot the graph between the frequency and scattering parameters namely S11,S21,
S22,S12, respectively.

CHAPTER 7
RESULTS

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Fig 7.1 return loss measurement (S11)

Fig 7.2 return loss measurement (S12)

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Fig 7.3 return loss measuement (S21)

Fig 7.4 return loss measuement (S22)

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Fig 7.5 Gain measurement

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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE:

Balanced Dual composite right /left handed microstrip line with modified complementary split
ring resonator is designed This antenna designed in HFSS works at an operating frequency of
3 GHZ. It has return loss less than -10dB. The gain of the antenna is also observed. Further we
are going to find out bandwidth enhancement is due to the balanced behavior of the devices,
which has been established by the interpretation of the dispersion characteristics and retrieved
effective and of the modified basic cells.and work on its applications .

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CHAPTER 9

REFERENCES:
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2 F. Falcone, T. Lopetegi, J. Baena, R. Marques, F. Martin, and M.Sorolla, Effective negative-o
stopband microstrip lines based on complementary split ring resonators, IEEE Microw. Wireless
Compon.Lett., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 280282, Jun. 2004.
3 R. Marques, F. Mesa, J. Martel, and F. Medina, Comparative analysisof edge- and broadside
coupled split ring resonators for metamaterial designTheory and experiments, IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propagvol. 51, no. 10, pp. 25722581, Oct. 2003
4 A. L. Borja, J. Carbonell, V. E. Boria, and D. Lippens, Symmetrical frequency response in a
split ring resonator based transmission line,Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 93, no. 20, p. 203 505-1, Nov.
2008.
5 A. L. Borja, J. Carbonell, V. E. Boria, and D. Lippens, Highly selective left-handed
transmission line loaded with split ring resonators and wires, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 94, no. 14,
2009.
6 J. Carbonell, A. L. Borja, V. E. Boria, and D. Lippens, Duality and superposition in split-ringresonator-loaded planar transmission lines,IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 8, pp.
886889, 2009.