5 Footings

FOOTINGS
Footings
KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI
INTRODUCTION
Footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and to
transmit and distribute their loads to the soil in such a way that the load
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded, excessive settlement, differential
settlement, or rotation are prevented and adequate safety against overturning
or sliding is maintained
Footings are the last structural elements through which the loads pass,
and are almost always made from reinforced concrete. Footings support columns
and walls and transmit and distribute their loads to the underlying soil. Since
the soil is much weaker than the concrete columns and walls that must be
supported, contact area between soil and footing is much larger than the
supported member.
TYPES OF FOOTINGS:
1) Wall (Strip) Footing

Are used to support structural walls that carry loads for other floors or to
support nonstructural walls.
FALL 2008
CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II
Page 2
Footings
2) Isolated (Spread) Footing:

Are used to support single columns. This is one of the most economical types of
footings and is used when columns are spaced at relatively long distances.
3) Combined Footing:
Usually support two columns, or three columns not in a row. Combined

footings are used when tow columns are so close that single footings cannot be
used or when one column is located at or near a property line.
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Footings
4) Cantilever (or strap) Footing

Consist of two single footings connected with a beam or a strap and
support two single columns. This type replaces a combined footing and is more
economical.
5) Continuous Footing
Support a row of three or more columns. They have limited width and
continue under all columns.
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Footings
6) Raft (or Mat) Foundation

Consists of one footing usually placed under the entire building area.
They are used, when soil bearing capacity is low, column loads are heavy single
footings cannot be used, piles are not used and differential settlement must be
reduced.
7) Pile Cap
Are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit
column loads to the piles.
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Footings
Wall (strip) Footing:

Wall footing is a continuous slab strip along the length of the wall having a
width B larger than the wall thickness t. Wall footings are normally used
around the building perimeters and the walls they support may be either of
reinforced concrete or masonry.
wall direction
At
Sact = actual center-tocenter spacing of
main bars
B
main bars
elevation
wall thickness t
finished
ground line
hs
key for better lock

(used with RC walls)
soil
main steel
temp. & shrin.

steel
hc
width of footing = B
plan
wall
t
wall
direction
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Footings
Under the action of concentric wall load, a uniform soil pressure develops,
which tends to bend the footing in single curvature in the short direction, B,
perpendicular to the direction of the wall. The segment of the wall footing
extending beyond the wall acts like a cantilever beam and bends upward. The
main steel required is placed at the bottom of the footing along the short
direction (i.e. perpendicular to the wall direction).
main steel
crack
uniform soil pressure
Design is identical to that of a one-way slab where a strip of the footing, 1 m

wide, is chosen:
Load per strip = wall load (kN/m) X 1 m
wall direction
bottom
cover
At
end
cover
B
main
steel
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1 m strip on
which design is
based
Page 7
Footings
Design procedure:
Given the following information:
Wall thickness, t (mm)
Service wall dead and live loads, Pd & Pl (kN/m)
Allowable soil bearing pressure, qallow (kN/m2)
Depth of footing below finished ground line, h (m) [Note: h must be
below the zone of soil that is subject to freezing].
Unit weight of soil, ws (kN/m3)
Unit weight of concrete, wo (kN/m3)
Surcharge paving, qs (kN/m2)
It is required to determine:
1. Width of the footing, B

2. Thickness of the footing, hc
3. Main steel and temperature & shrinkage steel.
Knowing the reinforcing steel bar size and the material properties of steel
and concrete, the following is the design procedure based on a strip 1 m wide:
1. Determine the width of the footing, B (obtained from service loads) :
qallow,net,approx = qallow

soil pressure available
to resist wall loads
wo + ws

h + qs
2
wavg
) q(P + P ) 1 m
Arequired = Brequired 1 m =
allow ,net, approx
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Footings
Brequired =
Arequired
(round to next upward 50 mm)
1m
2. Determine the footing thickness, hc (obtained from factored loads):
Pult = (1.2 Pd + 1.6 Pl ) 1 m

A = B1m
qult,net =
Pult
A
Footing thickness, hc, is dictated by one-way shear (to avoid using stirrups).
The critical section for one-way shear is at a distance d from the face
of the wall:
Pult
t
inclined crack
qult,net
tributary area
crack
(plan)
1m
Bt
d
2
Mult
(elevation)
Vult
qult,net
B t
=
d 1000 mm
( tributary aera ) 2
ATrib
B t
Vult = qult,net tributary aera = qult,net

d 1000 mm
2
Vc = 0.75
fc ( 1000 ) d
6
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Page 9
Footings
set Vult = Vc
B t
=
0.75 fc
1+
6 qult,net
dreq
db
hc,req = dreq + concrete
cover
+

2
75 mm for concrete cast
against and permanently
exposed to earth
The Code also requires:
hc,req
hc concrete cov er d b 150 mm
db
d req +
+ 75
2
= max
d b + 225
3. Recheck the width of the footing, B :
hs = depth of the soil above the footing = h hc
qallow,net = qallow wo hc + ws hs + qs
Arequired =
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(Pd + Pl ) 1 m
qallow,net
Brequired =
Arequired
1m
and check
B Brequired
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Footings
4. Design the main steel (reinforcement running in the B direction) :

Pult
qult,net
B
1m
Wall made of reinforced concrete

Critical section for moment is at the face of
the wall:
Wall made of masonry

Critical section for moment is halfway between
middle and edge of the wall:
Pult
Pult
t/2
qult,net
t/4
Bt
2
Mult,max
qult,net
CL
2B t
4
Mult,max
qult,net
qult,net
Mult,max =
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1
2
qult,net 1 m (B t )
8
Mult,max =
1
2
qult,net 1 m (2 B t )
32
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Footings
Knowing Mult,max , b = 1000 mm,
d = hc 75
db
2
, use a table format to
calculate the required spacing of main steel:
1 req =
M ult 10 6
1 - 2.36 '
f b d 2
c
fy
1.18 '
f
c
0.002bh
c
A t = 0.0018bhc
0.0018bhc 420 fy
(using = 0.9 )
for fy = 280, 350 MPa

for fy = 420 MPa
for fy > 420 MPa
req bd
As,req = max
At
Sreq
Ab 1000
As,req
= min
450 mm
(round to next downward 10 mm)
The bars will be hooked @ the ends with either 90 or 180 standard
hooks.
5. Design the steel in the wall direction:

At is provided in the direction of the wall to position the main steel and
to provide some bending resistance in the wall direction.
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Footings
Sreq
A b 1000
At
= min
450 mm
Number of bars =
B
Sact
(round to next downward 10 mm)
round to a whole number ( 3)
6. Draw engineering sketches of the design.
Remark: for a proper transfer of force from a RC wall to the footing,

provide reinforcement across the interface by extending the walls
vertical reinforcement into the footing and hooking them for
proper anchorage on top of the temperature and shrinkage steel
running in the wall direction.
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Footings
Design of Wall Footing
Given : Pd , Pl ,
(KN) (KN)
Areq
(P
=
+ Pl ) 1m
(m )

to resist wall loads
Breq =
, q allow , q s , w o , w s , fc' , fy
( wall thick, "mm")

q allow,net,approx
(depth of the footing below G.L."m ")
(KN/m ) (KN/m ) (KN/m ) (KN/m ) (MPa) (MPa)

2
wo + ws

h + qs

wavg
Areq
wo + ws
w avg =
qult,net =
A = B 1m
(KN/m )
2
1m
( m)
Pult = ( 1.2Pd + 1.6Pl ) 1m
Round up Breq to nearest

50 mm and get B
B 1000 t
dreq =
0.75
f
( mm)
c
1+
6qult,net 10 3
db
+ 75
d req +
2
hc,req = max
(mm)
d b + 225
hs = h hc 103
No
Pult
(KN/m )
2
( m)
Round up hc,req to nearest

10 mm and get hc
Brequired =
Breq < B
Areq
Areq =
1m
(P
q allow,net
Yes
Mult,max
Yes
= 0.9
b=1000 mm
2
1
q
1m ( B t )
=
8 ult,net
d = hc 75
No
1 req =
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2
1
q
1m ( 2B t )
32 ult,net
db
( mm )
RC Wall?
Mult,max =
+ Pl ) 1 m
M 10 6
1 - 2.36 ult'
f b d2
c
fy
1.18 '
f
c
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Footings
req bd
As,req = max
At
0.002bh
c
A t = 0.0018bh c
0.0018bh c 420 fy
Sreq
Ab 1000
As,req
= min
450 mm
Round up Nt,req to
nearest integer, get Nt
N t,req =
for fy = 280, 350 MPa

for fy = 420 MPa
for fy > 420 MPa
Round down sreq to

nearest 10 mm, get s
St,req
B 1000
St
Ab 1000
At
= min
450 mm
Round down st,req to

nearest 10 mm, get st
No
Nt = 3
Nt 3
Masonry wall
Yes
Draw an engineering
sketch
RC wall
END
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Footings
Example 1:
A 400-mm thick wall supports a dead load of 205 kN/m and a live load of
146 kN/m as wall loads. Allowable soil bearing pressure is 215 kN/m2 and the
bottom of the footing is 1.2 m below finished ground line. Unit weight of the soil
is 19.2 kN/m3 and concrete is normal weight. f'c = 21 MPa, fy = 280 MPa, and no
surcharge paving exists. Use 25 bars (Ab = 491 mm2). Design the footing
considering both cases where walls are made from masonry and reinforced
concrete. Provide an engineering sketches of your design for both cases.
Solution:
Footing width, B:
w + ws
wavg = o
24 + 19.2
3
=
= 21.6 kN / m
2
qallow,net,approx = qallow [wavg h + qs ]

= 215 21.6(1.2) + 0 = 189.1 kN / m2
Arequired =
Brequired =
(P
+ Pl ) 1m
qallow,net,approx
Arequired
1m
351

+
205
146
(
) 1
189.1
1.86
= 1.86 m
1
= 1.86 m2
Use
B = 1.9 m
Footing thickness, hc :
Pult = (1.2 Pd + 1.6 Pl ) 1 m = 1.2 (205 ) + 1.6 (146 ) 1 m = 479.6 kN
A = B 1m = 1.9 m2
qult,net =
Pult
A
479.6
= 252.4 kN / m 2
1.9
B 1000 t
dreq =
0.75 f
( mm)
c
1+
6qult,net 10 3
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1.9 1000 400
=
= 229.4 mm
0.75 21
1+
6 252.4 10 3
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Footings
hc,req
db
25
+ 75 = 229.4 +
+ 75 = 316.9 mm
d req +
2
2
= max
d b + 225 = 25 + 225 = 250 mm

Use
hc = 320 mm
Recheck the footing width:
hs = h hc = 1.2 0.32 = 0.88 m

= 215 24 (0.32) + 19.2(0.88) + 0 = 190.4 kN / m2
(P
Arequired =
Brequired =
+ Pl ) 1 m
q allow,net
Arequired
1m
351 1
= 1.843 m 2
190.4
1.843
= 1.843 m < B O.K.

1
1.9 m
1) Design of the main steel:

R. C. Wall
Masonry Wall
2
1
qult,net 1m ( B t )
8
= 70.99 106
2
1
qult,net 1m ( 2B t )
32
= 91.19 106
1000
1000
232.5
232.5
fc (MPa)
21
21
fy (MPa)
280
280
Mult,max (N-mm)
b (mm)
d = hc 75
( mm)
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db
2
Page 17
Footings
R. C. Wall
Masonry Wall
5.44 10 3
7.09 10 3
1266
1648
640
640
req bd
As,req = max
At
(mm2 )
1266
1648
A b 1000
As,req
Sreq = min
(mm)
450 mm
387.9
297.9
380
290
M
1 - 2.36 ' ult 2
f b d
c
fy
1.18 '
f
c
1 req =
req b d (mm2)
A == 0.002bhc
t
(mm2 )
Sact (mm)
Design of the steel in the wall direction:
Sreq
A b 1000 491 1000
=
= 767.2 mm
At
640
= min
450 mm
S sct = 450 mm
N t,req =
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B 1000 1.9 1000

=
= 4.22
St
450
Use
5 25 @ 450 mm
Page 18
Footings
Engineering sketches:
R. C. wall:
400 mm
finished ground line

R. C. wall reinforcement
1.2 m
standard
90 hook
key (for better lock)

5 25 @
450 mm
25 @ 380 mm
320 mm
75 mm
75 mm
1.9 m
Masonry wall:
finished ground line
400 mm
1.2 m
standard
90 hook
5 25 @
450 mm
25 @ 290 mm
320 mm
75 mm
75 mm
1.9 m
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Footings
Isolated (Spread) Footings Under Axial Loads

For a concentric axial load coming from
a column (i.e., column load is at the
centroid of the area of the footing),
the soil pressure is assumed to be
uniformly distributed over the footing
area. The footing bends in both
directions; thus developing moments in
both directions. Therefore, steel must
be designed for moments in both
directions.
Design procedure:
Given the following information:
Column dimensions, cL & cB (mm)

Service dead and live loads from column, Pd & Pl (kN)
Allowable soil bearing pressure, qallow (kN/m2)
Depth of footing below finished ground line, h (m). h must be below the
zone of soil that is subject to freezing.
Unit weight of soil, ws (kN/m3)
Unit weight of concrete, wo (kN/m3)
qs (kN/m2)
It is required to determine:
1. Dimensions of the footing in the long and short directions, L & B.

2. Thickness of the footing, hc
3. Main steel (in both directions L & B and must be greater than or equal
to the temperature and shrinkage steel reinforcement).
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Footings
Knowing the reinforcing steel bar size and the material properties of steel and
concrete, the following is the design procedure:
1. Determine the size of the footing

(obtained from service loads) :
Pservice = Pd + Pl
Finished
ground line
qallow,net, = qallow wavg h + qs
approx
Surcharge paving
hs
hc
Arequired =
Pd + Pl
qallow
qallow,net,approx
if footing is to be rectangular:
Lrequired =
(short direction width, B, is set)
Arequired
B
Lrequired = Arequired
if footing is to be square:
2. Determine the thickness of the footing, hc (obtained from factored

loads) :
Pult = 1.2 Pd + 1.6 Pl

A = B L (or L2 )
qult,net =
Pult
A
Footing thickness, hc, is dictated by one-way and two-way shears (to

avoid using shear reinforcement).
a) One-way shear:
An inclined crack forms at a distance d from the face of the column, and
propagates to the compression side across the footing width.
Long direction controls since it gives a larger tributary area and, hence,
a larger Vu :
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Page 21
Footings
L cL
tributary aera =
d B
2
Pult
Vult = qult,net tributary aera
inclined crack
cL
L cL
= qult,net
d B
2
qult,net
Vc = 0.75
fc B d
6
As we did for wall footings, set Vult

equal to Vc to obtain the following
expression for dreq , which is based
on one-way shear:
dreq,1WS
cB
L cL
d
2
tributary
area for
one-way
shear in long
direction
cL
L cL
=
0.75 fc
1+
6 qult,net
b) Two-way shear:
A column may punch out a piece of
the footing slab in the form of a
truncated cone. The critical section
for punching shear is defined by
straight lines drawn parallel to and
Pult
inclined crack
inclined crack
d
2
cL
d
2
qult,net
at a distance d from the faces of

2
cL + d
the column.
tributary
area for twoway shear
tributary aera = B L (cL + d) (cB + d)

B
cB
cL
cB + d
Vult = qult,net tributary aera

= qult,net BL ( c L + d )( c B + d )
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Footings
f' b d
1 + 2 c o
c
6

fc' b o d
Vc = min s d
+ 2
b
12
o
fc' bo d
3
Where:
c =
long side of column

short side of column
bo = perimeter of critical section = 2 ( c L + d ) + 2 ( c b + d )
set Vult = Vc
solve for d req,2WS
Now that we have dreq,1WS and dreq,2WS , the larger of the two values
controls:
dreq,1WS
dreq = max
dreq,2WS
hc,req = dreq + concrete

cover

+ db
75 mm for concrete cast
against and permanently
exposed to earth
The Code also requires hc concrete cov er d b 150 mm
d req + d b + 75
hc,req = max
d b + 225
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Footings
3. Recheck the area of the footing :

hs = depth of the soil above the footing = h hc
Arequired =
Pd + Pl
qallow,net
B L rectangular footing
Aprovided = 2
square footing
L
check
Aprovided Arequired
4. Design the main steel (running in both directions) :

Tension side is in the bottom of the footing
steel is placed in the

bottom all over the
isolated footing area.
Critical section for bending is at the face of the column.
If the footing is rectangular:

We need to calculate moments in both the long (L) and the short (B)
directions.
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Page 24
Footings
II
Pult
cB
cL
L
I
II
qult,net
For moment in the short direction, MB

(requiring steel in the short direction
and placed in width L):
For moment in the long direction, ML

(requiring steel in the long direction
and placed in width B):
II
cB
L cL
2
cL
I
B cB
2
L
II
Section II-II:
II
Steel in the
long direction
Steel in the
short direction
Section I-I
Steel in the
short direction
cL
Steel in the
long direction
cB
qult,net
qult,net
L cL
4
II
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Resultant of soil pressure

on the tributary area
L cL
= qult,net
B
2
B cB
4
Resultant of soil pressure

on the tributary area
B cB
= qult,net
L
2
Page 25
Footings
ML =
1
2
q
B (L cL )
8 ult,net
MB =
Mult,max,L =
Mult,max per unit width

in the long direction
ML
=
B
1
2
q
L (B cB )
8 ult,net
Mult,max,B =
Mult,max per unit width

in the short direction
MB
=
L
For each Mult,max , b = 1000 mm, d = hc-75-db , use a table format to calculate the
required area of main steel:
M
1 - 2.36 ' ult 2
f b d
c
fy
1.18 '
f
c
1 req =
0.002bh
c
At = 0.0018bhc
0.0018bhc 420 fy
(using = 0.9 )
for fy = 280, 350 MPa

for fy = 420 MPa
for fy > 420 MPa
req bd
As,req = max
A
t
S L,req
A b 1000
AsL,req
= min
450 mm
NL,req =
FALL 2008
Sact
AsB,total = total steel in short direction

= AsB,req L
(round to next
downward 10 mm)
As1 =
round to a
2
AsB,total
L B+1

f
whole number
is concentrated in
a band width B
(spacing = S1 )
Page 26
Footings
S1,req
Ab B
As1
= min
450 mm
N1,req =
B
S1
(round to next
downward 10 mm)
round to a
whole number
The remaining steel AsB,total As1 is divided

to the two outer bands (each of width L B )
2
As2 =
AsB,total As1
2
is placed in outer
bands of width
S2,req
N2,req
L B
Ab
= min
As2
450 mm
L B
=
S2,act
L-B
2
(round to
next downward
10 mm)
round to a
whole number

must be 2
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Page 27
Footings
All the bars will be hooked @ the ends with

either 90 or 180 standard hooks.
The bars will be hooked @ the ends with

either 90 or 180 standard hooks.
side c.c. =
B 1000-(NL -1) SL
2
L-B
2 1000-(N2 -1) S2 d
side c.c. =
b
2
2
db
2
should be in the range of 100mm 150mm
As1 @ S1
As2 @ S2
Steel @ SL
(in the long
direction)
As2 @ S2
L B
2
L B
2
B
L
a) If the footing is square (B = L)
Moments in both directions are the

same (provided the column is also
square, which is typically the case)
steel design is the same in both
directions.
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Page 28
Footings
5. Transfer of load from column to footing :
The column applies a concentrated load at its base ( = Pult) that must be
satisfactorily transferred to the footing. This load will be transferred
by bearing on concrete and by dowels that cross the column footing
joint. The design bearing strength on concrete (force carried by
concrete through bearing) is given by the ACI code by the following
equation:
[ 0.85 f ' A ]

c 1
0.65
column
Pni = min
0.65
footing
'
[0.85 fc A1 ] cf
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Page 29
Footings
Where:
A1 = column area = cL cB
CF
A A
2 1
= min
2.0
A2 = area of footing obtained by propagating from the

four corners of the the column @ 45 till an edge of
the footing is reached
A2 = B ( B cB + cL )
B cB
2
cL
B cB
2
A2
B cB
2
45
cB
B cB
2
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Page 30
Footings
Pult > Pnb
Ad,req
Theoretically, load may be
transferred by bearing on
concrete alone
transferred entirely
through bearing on concrete
Dowels (bars extending in

footing and projecting
upward to splice with column
steel bars) are needed
Practically, need to design

for a minimum dowel area
across the interface
Pult Pnb
= max fy
0.005 A
1
Number
=
of bars
Ad,req
Ab

must be 36
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Pult Pnb
Column load cannot be
Ad,req = 0.005A1
round to a
whole number

must be even
must be 4
must be # of bars in column
Page 31
Footings
Extension of Dowel Bars from Column-Footing Joint:
Into Footing:
a distance not less than the development length, in compression,

of the dowels.
dowel
dowel
db fy
Ad,req
0.24
Ad, prov
fc'

footing
Extension needed
= max
Ad, req
into footing
0.043 d f
b y Ad, prov
dowel
dowel
200 mm
Available Embedment = hc 75 2db ddb
Require:
FALL 2008
Available embedment Extension needed
Page 32
Footings
If this condition
is not satisfied
increase footing thickness, hc , so as

to increase the available embedment
Into column:
A distance not less than the development length, in
compression, of the column bars and the splice length, in compression, of the
dowel bars.
column
db fy
4 fc'

column
0.04 db fy
Dowel extension into column =max

column
( round upward to next 50 mm )
f sp
b y
0.07 d

dowel
300 sp
sp
1.0
=
4
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fc

20 MPa
column
fc

< 20 MPa
column
Page 33
Footings
column
steel
Column-Footing joint
(bearing surface)
dowels here are stressed @ fy
Extension of
dowels into column
Footing steel
dowels
Length available
for embedment
of dowels into
footing
Length not
available for
embedment
hc
75 mm
Column-Footing Joint
6. Draw engineering sketches of the design.
Final note:
FALL 2008
If the column is circular
Replace it by an equivalent square

of the same cross-sectional area.
Page 34
Footings
Design of Isolated Footing
Given : c L , c B , Pd , Pl ,
( mm ) ( mm)
Areq =
(m )
2
(KN) (KN)
Pd + Pl
, q allow , q s , w o , w s , fc' , fy
(depth of the footing below G.L."m")

q allow,net,approx

to resist column loads
Select B (m)
(multiples of 0.25 m)
L req =
(m)
(KN/m ) (KN/m ) (KN/m ) (KN/m ) (MPa) (MPa)

2
( N)
Round up Lreq to
nearest 0.25 m
and get L
c =
w avg =
qult,net =
A = BL
Vult,2W = qult,net BL cL + dult,2W
w + ws
o
h
+
q
2
wavg
Pult = 1.2Pd + 1.6Pl
Areq
)(c
( MPa )
( mm )
No
dreq
dreq,1WS
= max
d
req,2WS
set Vult = Vc
10 3
dreq,1WS
+ dult,2W
long side of column

short side of column
bo = 2 c L + dult,2W + 2 c b + dult,2W
Pult
wo + ws
L 103 cL
=
0.75 f
c
1+
6qult,net
2
1 +
'
6
Vc = fc b o dult,2W min
solve for: dult,2W

= 0.75
d req + d b + 75
hc,req = max
d + 225
( mm)
b
Areq < A
FALL 2008
Round up hc,req to
nearest 10 mm and
get hc
Areq =
Pd + Pl
q allow,net
hs = h hc 10 3
( m)
(KN/m )
Page 35
Footings
Design reinforcement
in L direction
= 0.9
0.002bhc
At = 0.0018bhc
0.0018bh 420
c
fy
L,req b d
AsL,req = max
At
Mult,max,B =
MB
B
ML =
2
1
qult,net B ( L cL )
8
fy = 280, 350 MPa
Mult,max,L =
d = hc 75 db
1 L,req =
fy > 420 MPa
S L,req
MB =
A b 1000
AsL,req
= min
450 mm
b=1000 mm
( mm)
fy = 420 MPa
ML
M
10 6
1 - 2.36 ult,max,L
f' b d 2
c
fy
1.18 '
f
c
Round down sL,req to

nearest 10 mm, get sL
N L,req =
B 1000
SL
Round up NL,req to
nearest integer, get:
NL
2
1
q
L (B cB )
8 ult,net
side c.c. =
Design reinforcement
in B direction
B 1000-(NL -1) SL
2
db
2
1 B,req =
M
10 6
1 - 2.36 ult,max,B
f' b d 2
c
fy
1.18 '
f
c
Round down s1,req to

nearest 10 mm, get s1
N1,req =
B,req bd
AsB,req = max
A
t
S1,req
As1 =
2
AsB,total
L
+1
B
B 1000
S1
Round up N1,req to
N1
Round up N2,req to
N2
FALL 2008
Ab B
As1
= min
450 mm
AsB,total = AsB,req L
N 2,req
L-B
2 1000
=
S2
As2 =
AsB,total As1
2
S2,req
L B
Ab
= min
As2
450 mm
Round down s2,req to

nearest 10 mm, get s2
Page 36
Footings
L-B
2 1000-(N2 -1) S2 d
side c.c. =
b
2
2
Load transfer at ColumnFooting Interface:

1) Number of dowel bars
[ 0.85 f ' A ]
c 1
column
Pni = min
footing
'
[0.85 fc A1 ] cf
CF
Ad,req
A1 = cL cB
A A
2 1
= min
2.0
Pnb Pult
Pult Pnb
= max fy
0.005 A
1
= 0.65
A2 = B ( B cB + cL )
Ad,req = 0.005A1
Yes
No
Nd,req =
Ad,req
Ab

must be 36
Load transfer at Column-Footing Interface:
4 Nd
2) Dowel extension in Footing.
Ad,provided = Nd Ab
( dowel)
Nc
( column bars )
Round up Nd,req to the next

even integr, Get: Nd
dowel
dowel
db fy Ad,req
0.24
Ad, prov
f'
c
footing
Extension needed
= max
A
into footing
0.043 db fy d,req
Ad, prov
dowel dowel
200 mm
Yes
Available embedment Extension needed

No
increase footing thickness, hc
FALL 2008

3) Dowel extension in Column.
Page 37
Footings
column
db fy
4 fc'

column
0.04 d f
b y
Dowel extension into column =max

column
round
upward
to
next
50
mm
(
)
f sp
b y
0.07 d

dowel
300 sp
1.0
sp =
4
fc

20 MPa
column
fc

< 20 MPa
column
Draw an engineering
sketch
END
FALL 2008
Page 38
Footings
Example 2:
A rectangular footing supports a 450-mm square column. Axial dead and live
loads from the column are Pd = 1780 kN and Pl = 1200 kN. f'c = 35 MPa for
column concrete and f'c = 21 MPa for footing concrete. All reinforcement is to
have fy = 420 MPa. The column is reinforced with 8 28 longitudinal bars. The
bottom of the footing is 1.2 m below finished ground line. Surcharge paving of
4.8 kN/m2 exists. Allowable soil bearing pressure is 290 kN/m2. Unit weight of
the soil is 19.2 kN/m3 and concrete is normal weight. The footing width, B, is
limited to 2.75 m. Use 28 bars (Ab = 616 mm2) for main steel in the footing
and 18 bars (Ab = 254 mm2) for dowels. Design the isolated footing and draw an
engineering sketch of your design
Solution:
Footing length, L:
w + ws
w avg = o
2
24 + 19.2
3
= 21.6 kN / m
=
2

qallow,net,approx = qallow [wavg h + surcharge paving]

= 290 [21.6 (1.2) + 4.8] = 259.3 kN / m2
Arequired =
Lrequired =
Pd + Pl
qallow,net,approx
Arequired
B

2980

1780 + 1200
=
= 11.49 m2
259.3
11.49
= 4.179 m
2.75
Use
L = 4.25 m
Footing thickness, hc :
Pult = 1.2 Pd + 1.6 Pl = 1.2 (1780 ) + 1.6 (1200 ) = 4056 kN

A = B L = 2.75 ( 4.25) = 11.69 m2
qult,net =
FALL 2008
Pult
A
4056
= 347.0 kN / m2 = 0.3470 MPa
11.69
Page 39
Footings
One-way shear:
d req,1WS = d req,1WS
( mm)
L 10 3 c
4250 450
L
2
2
=
= 716.8 mm
=
0.75 f
0.75 21
c
1+
1+
6(0.3470)
6qult,net
Two-way shear:
Vult,2W = qult,net BL cL + dult,2W cB + dult,2W
(N )
= 0.3470 2750 (4250) ( 450 + d )( 450 + d )
= 3.986 10 6 312.3d 0.3470 d 2
c =
)(
long side of column

450
=
= 1.0
short side of column 450
bo = 2 (cL + d) + 2 (cB + d) = 2 (450 + d) + 2 (450 + d) = 1800 + 4 d
Vc = fc' b o dult,2W
2
2
1 + 1 +
c
1.0
=
= 0.5
6
6
min
Vc =
fc' b o d = 0.75
21 (1800 + 4 d ) d = 2062 d + 4.583 d 2
3
now, set: Vult = Vc

3.986 10 6 312.3d 0.3470 d 2 = 2062 d + 4.583 d 2
4.930 d 2 + 2374.3d 3.986 10 6 = 0
dreq,2WS = 690.0 mm
dreq
FALL 2008
dreq,1WS = 716.8 mm
= max
d
req,2WS = 690 mm
Page 40
Footings
hc,req
d req + d b + 75 = 716.8 + 28 + 75 = 819.8 mm
= max
d + 225 = 28 + 225 = 253 mm
b
Use
hc = 820 mm
Recheck the footing area:
hs = h hc 10 3 = 1.2 0.82 = 0.38 m

( m)
q allow,net = q allow w o hc + w s hs + q s
(KN/m )
2
= 290 24 ( 0.82) + 19.2 ( 0.38) + 4.8 = 258.2 kN / m 2
Areq =
Pd + Pl
2980
=
= 11.54 m 2 < Aprovided = 11.69 m 2 O.K.
q allow,net 258.2
Design of the main steel:
Long direction steel:
1
1
2
2
qult,net B (L cL ) = (0.3470) (2750) (4250 450 ) = 1723 10 6 N mm
8
8
ML =
Mult,max,L =
ML 1723 10 6
=
= 626.4 10 6 N mm
B
2.75
b = 1000 mm; fc = 21 MPa ; fy = 420 MPa

d = hc 75 db = 820 75 28 = 717 mm
AsL,req
S Lreq
FALL 2008
per meter of width
L,req = 3.356 10 3
L,req b d = 0.003356 (1000 )( 717 ) = 2406 mm 2
= max
A = 0.0018 b h = 0.0018 1000 820 = 1476 mm 2
( )( )
c
t
A b 1000 616 1000

=
= 256 mm
2406
AsL,req
= min
450 mm
Use
S L = 250 mm
Page 41
Footings
N L,req =
B 1000 2750
=
= 11
SL
250
B 1000-(NL -1) SL
side c.c. =
db
2
==
2750 10 (250 )
should be in the range of 100mm150mm
28
= 111 mm
2
which is good enough for me!!

In summary:
Use 11 28 @250 mm in the long direction with 90 standard

hooks (leave 75 mm at each end as concrete cover).
Short direction steel:
1
1
2
2
qult,net L (B cB ) = (0.3470) ( 4250) (2750 450 ) = 975.3 10 6 N mm
8
8
MB =
Mult,max,B =
MB 975.3 10 6
=
= 229.5 10 6 N mm
L
4.25
per meter of width
b = 1000 mm; fc = 21 MPa ; fy = 420 MPa; d = 717 mm
AsB,req
B,req = 0.001198
B,req b d = 0.001198 (1000 )( 717 ) = 858.8 mm 2
= max
A = 1476 mm 2
t
AsB,total = AsB,req L = 1476(4.25) = 6273 mm 2
As1 =
S1,req
2
2
AsB,total =
(6273) = 4929 mm 2
L
4.25
+1
+1
B
2.75
A b B 616(2750)
=
= 343.7 mm
4929
As1
= min
450 mm
Use
N 1,req =
FALL 2008
S1 = 340 mm
B 1000 2750
=
= 8.1 Use N 1 = 9 bars
S1
340
Page 42
Footings
In summary:
As2 =
Use 9 28 @340 mm in a central band of width 2.75 m, with

90 standard hooks (leave 75 mm at each end as a concrete
cover).
AsB,total As1
2
6273 4929
= 672.1 mm 2
2
L B
4.25 2.75
to be placed in two outer bands of width of
=
= 0.75 m
2
2
S2,req
N 2,req
L B
Ab
2 = 616(750) = 687.4 mm
As2
672.1
= min
450 mm
Use
S2 = 450 mm
L-B
1000
2
750
=
=
= 1.67
S2
450
Use N 2 = 2 bars
L-B
1000-(N2 -1) S2 d
750 1 ( 450 )
2
clear side c.c. =
b =
= 150 mm
2
2
2
In summary: Use 2 28 @450 mm, in each of the two outer bands (each of width
0.75 m) with 90 standard hooks.
(leave 75mm at each end as a concrete cover).
Load transfer at the column-joint interface:
= 0.65
2
A1 = cL cB = ( 450 ) = 202500 mm 2
A2 = B (B cB + cL ) = 2750 (2750 450 + 450) = 7.563 10 6 mm 2
FALL 2008
Page 43
Footings
CF
A
2
=
1
= min
2.0
7.563 10 6
= 6.111
202 500
[ 0.85 fc' A1 ] = 0.65 [0.85 (35) (202 500)] = 3916 103 N
Pnb = min
[0.85 f' A ] = 0.65 [0.85 (21) (202 500)] (2.0) = 4699 103 N
c 1
cf
Pult = 4056 KN > Pnb = 3916 KN
Ad,req
Nd,req =
P Pnb 4056 10 3 3916 10 3

=
= 513.4 mm 2
ult
fy
0.65(420)
= max
0.005A = 0.005(202500) = 1013 mm 2

1
Ad,req
Ab

1013
= 3.988
254
must be 36
Use 4 18 dowels
(one in each corner of the column)

2) Dowel extension in Footing.
Ad,provided = N d Ab = 4 254 = 1016 mm 2

( dowel)
d b fy Ad, req 18(420)

1016
=
= 412.4 mm
'
4(254)
4 21
4 fc Ad, prov
Extension needed
= max
Ad, req
1016
into footing
= 0.04(18)(420)
= 302.4
0.04 d b fy
Ad, prov
4(254)
200 mm
FALL 2008
Extension needed
= 412.4 mm
into footing
Page 44
Footings

Available Embedment = 820 75 2(28) 18 = 671 mm > extension needed ok

412.4 mm

3) Dowel extension in Column:
sp = 1.0 since fc =35 MPa > 20 MPa

column
d b fy 28(420)
=
= 497.0 mm
4 f'
4 35
c
0.04 d f = 0.04(28)(420) = 470.4 mm
b y
extension = max
needed
0.07 d f = 0.07 (18)(420) (1.0) = 529.2 mm
b y
sp
into column
300 sp = 300 (1.0) = 300 mm
extension = 550 mm
needed
into column
FALL 2008
Extend 4 18 dowels a distance of 550 mm into the column. Over this

length, the dowels and the four column bars are fully tightened together.
Page 45
Footings
Engineering sketches:
8 28 column
steel
4 18 dowels
550 mm
2 28 @ 450 mm
2 28 @ 450 mm
9 28 @ 340 mm
11 28 @ 250 mm
75 mm
380 mm
75 mm
820 mm
75 mm
0.75 m
2.75 m
0.75 m
2 28
@ 450 mm
9 28 @ 340 mm
2 28 @ 450 mm
11 28
@ 250 mm
75 mm
2.75 m
75 mm
0.75 m
FALL 2008
2.75 m
75 mm
0.75 m
Page 46

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FOOTINGS

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

1) Wall (Strip) Footing

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

2) Isolated (Spread) Footing:

Usually support two columns, or three columns not in a row. Combined

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

4) Cantilever (or strap) Footing

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

6) Raft (or Mat) Foundation

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

Wall (strip) Footing:

key for better lock

temp. & shrin.

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

uniform soil pressure

Design is identical to that of a one-way slab where a strip of the footing, 1 m

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

1. Width of the footing, B

allow ,net, approx

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

(round to next upward 50 mm)

2. Determine the footing thickness, hc (obtained from factored loads):

Pult = (1.2 Pd + 1.6 Pl ) 1 m

Vult = qult,net tributary aera = qult,net

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

The Code also requires:

hc concrete cov er d b 150 mm

(round to next upward 10 mm)

3. Recheck the width of the footing, B :

hs = depth of the soil above the footing = h hc

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

4. Design the main steel (reinforcement running in the B direction) :

Wall made of reinforced concrete

Wall made of masonry

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

Knowing Mult,max , b = 1000 mm,

, use a table format to

calculate the required spacing of main steel:

for fy = 280, 350 MPa

for fy > 420 MPa

(round to next downward 10 mm)

5. Design the steel in the wall direction:

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

(round to next downward 10 mm)

round to a whole number ( 3)

6. Draw engineering sketches of the design.

Remark: for a proper transfer of force from a RC wall to the footing,

CE 473: REINFORCED CONCRETE II

KHUDADAH & BEN-NAKHI

Design of Wall Footing

soil pressure available

( wall thick, "mm")