Chapter 7

DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

dc-dc converters for switch-mode dc power

supplies and dc-motor drives
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-1

Block Diagram of DC-DC Converters

Functional block diagram

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-2

Stepping Down a DC Voltage

A simple approach that shows the evolution

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-3

Pulse-Width Modulation in
DC-DC Converters

Role of PWM
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-4

Step-Down DC-DC Converter

Pulsating input to
the low-pass filter

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-5

Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Waveforms

Steady state; inductor current flows continuously

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-6

Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Waveforms at

the boundary of Cont./Discont. Conduction

Critical current below which inductor current

becomes discontinuous
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-7

Step-Down DC-DC Converter:

Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Steady state; inductor current discontinuous

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-8

Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Limits of

Cont./Discont. Conduction

The duty-ratio of 0.5 has the highest value of the

critical current
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-9

Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Limits of

Cont./Discont. Conduction

Output voltage is kept constant

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-10

Step-Down Conv.: Output Voltage Ripple

ESR is assumed to be zero

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-11

Step-Up DC-DC Converter

Output voltage must be greater than the input

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-12

Step-Up DC-DC Converter Waveforms

Continuous current conduction mode

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-13

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of

Cont./Discont. Conduction

The output voltage is held constant

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-14

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Discont.

Conduction

Occurs at light loads

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-15

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of

Cont./Discont. Conduction

The output voltage is held constant

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-16

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Effect of

Parasitics

The duty-ratio is generally limited before the

parasitic effects become significant
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-17

Step-Up DC-DC Converter Output Ripple

ESR is assumed to be zero

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-18

Step-Down/Up DC-DC Converter

The output voltage can be higher or lower than

the input voltage
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-19

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Waveforms

Continuation conduction mode

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-20

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of

Cont./Discont. Conduction

The output voltage is held constant

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-21

Step-Up DC-DC Converter:

Discontinuous Conduction Mode

This occurs at light loads

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-22

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of

Cont./Discont. Conduction

The output voltage is held constant

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-23

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Effect of

Parasitics

The duty-ratio is limited to avoid these parasitic

effects from becoming significant
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-24

Step-Up DC-DC Converter:

Output Voltage Ripple

ESR is assumed to be zero

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-25

Cuk DC-DC Converter

The output voltage can be higher or lower than

the input voltage

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-26

Cuk DC-DC Converter: Waveforms

The capacitor
voltage is assumed
constant

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-27

Converter for DC-Motor Drives

Four quadrant operation is possible

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-28

Converter Waveforms

Bi-polar voltage switching

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-29

Converter Waveforms

Uni-polar voltage switching

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-30

Output Ripple in Converters for DC-Motor

Drives

bi-polar and uni-polar voltage switching

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-31

Switch Utilization in DC-DC Converters

It varies significantly in various converters

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-32

Equivalent Circuits in DC-DC Converters

replacing inductors and capacitors by current

and voltage sources, respectively
Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-33

Reversing the Power Flow in DC-DC Conv.

For power flow from right to left, the input

current direction should also reverse

Copyright 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode

Converters

7-34