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Unit 29
Physical Optics
- Thin Film Interference
- Two Slit Interference
- Single Slit Interference
- Resolution
- Diffraction Gratings
- X-Ray Diffraction
Physical Optics, Unit 29 - Slide 1
Interference
Constructive
In-phase or shifted by m*2p
just some integer (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
Destructive
Difference in phase (m+1/2)*2p
(In terms of distance. In terms of radians is m*2p or in terms of degrees is m*360o)
Physical Optics, Unit 29 - Slide 2
In-phase
Out of phase
DEMO
l/2 phase shift going from fast to slow (ni < nt)
No phase shift going from slow to fast (ni > nt)
Physical Optics, Unit 29 - Slide 3
Air
Air
Phase shift due to difference
in distance traveled
Colors in
gas spills
Colors in
soap
bubbles
Physics at work!
Air (n=1.0)
MgF2 Coating (n=1.38)
Glass Lens (n=1.5)
f = 2p*(R1-R2)/l
R1
R2
Puts a series of
bright and dark
fringes on the
screen
Glass Lens (n=1.5)
Constructive
m*2p = 2p (d sinq)/l
Destructive
(m+1/2)*2p = 2p (d sinq)/l
(R1-R2) = d sinq
Dy = ?
E2 = Emax*sin(wt+f)
f = 2p*DL/l = 2p*d*sin(q)/l = f
Recall: sin(a)+sin(b) = 2sin(0.5(a+b))*cos(0.5(a-b))
E1 + E2 = sin(wt + f/2)*cos(f/2)
Itot = 4Iocos2(f/2)
Physical Optics, Unit 29 - Slide 12
Diffractive interference
ml = a sinq
Physical Optics, Unit 29 - Slide 14
5o
+
From two slits
Resolution
Can you tell if there is one peak
C
or two
peaks here?
q
Rayleighs criterion says
you can resolve the two
different peaks of the max of
one falls on the min of the
other.
l/a = sin q
Slit width
Angle between
peaks
Physical Optics, Unit 29 - Slide 17
1.22*l/D = sin q
Pointillism
Diffraction Gratings
Like a large number of double slits
For constructive interference, bright lines
d*sinq = ml
In this case
d = w/N
width of entire
grating
Number of
rulings on
entire grating
sin q = l/a
angle between
lines
total width of
grating
Dq = l/Nd
rulings
number of rulings
Diffraction Gratings
Summary on gratings
Wider grating narrower lines better resolution
Narrower spacing bigger bend angle
X-Ray Diffraction
Note that for constructive interference:
m*l/d = sinq
To study structure of diffraction grating:
l and d roughly same size
e.g. What kind of wave would you use to determine
the spacing btwn rulings?
X-rays
X-Ray Diffraction
X-rays scatter off planes of
atoms in structure with
spacing d
Note: not reflection. Rays scatter in all
directions.
2d sinq = ml
Braggs Law
Physical Optics, Unit 29 - Slide 28
Summary