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1 History
3GPP release 8 added support for LTE / SAE, multimedia session continuity, enhanced emergency sessions and IMS centralized services.
3GPP release 9 added support for IMS emergency calls over GPRS and EPS, enhancements to
multimedia telephony, IMS media plane security,
1
2 ARCHITECTURE
enhancements to services centralization and conti- is free to combine two functions in one node, or to split
nuity.
a single function into two or more nodes. Each node can
also be present multiple times in a single network, for di 3GPP release 10 added support for inter device mensioning, load balancing or organizational issues.
transfer, enhancements to the single radio voice call
continuity (SRVCC), enhancements to IMS emergency sessions.
2.1 Access network
2.2
Core network
3
with the IMS terminal. This prevents spoong
attacks and replay attacks and protects the privacy of the subscriber.
It inspects the signaling and ensures that the
IMS terminals do not misbehave (e.g. change
normal signaling routes, do not obey home networks routing policy).
It can compress and decompress SIP messages
using SigComp, which reduces the round-trip
over slow radio links.
It may include a Policy Decision Function
(PDF), which authorizes media plane resources e.g., quality of service (QoS) over the
media plane. It is used for policy control,
bandwidth management, etc. The PDF can
also be a separate function.
It also generates charging records.
An Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF) is another SIP
function located at the edge of an administrative domain. Its IP address is published in the Domain
Name System (DNS) of the domain (using NAPTR
and SRV type of DNS records), so that remote
servers can nd it, and use it as a forwarding point
(e.g., registering) for SIP packets to this domain.
it queries the HSS to retrieve the address of the
S-CSCF and assign it to a user performing SIP
registration
it also forwards SIP request or response to the
S-CSCF
Up to Release 6 it can also be used to hide
the internal network from the outside world
(encrypting parts of the SIP message), in
which case its called a Topology Hiding Internetwork Gateway (THIG). From Release 7 onwards this entry point function is removed
from the I-CSCF and is now part of the Interconnection Border Control Function (IBCF).
The IBCF is used as gateway to external networks, and provides NAT and rewall functions (pinholing). The IBCF is practically a
Session Border Controller specialized for the
NNI.
A Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF) is the central node of the
signalling plane. It is a SIP server, but performs session control too. It is always located in the home
network. It uses Diameter Cx and Dx interfaces
to the HSS to download user proles and upload
user-to-S-CSCF associations (the user prole is only
cached locally for processing reasons only and is not
changed). All necessary subscriber prole information is loaded from the HSS.
it handles SIP registrations, which allows it to
bind the user location (e.g., the IP address of
the terminal) and the SIP address
2 ARCHITECTURE
it sits on the path of all signaling messages of
the locally registered users, and can inspect every message
Application servers
The Media Resource Broker (MRB) is a functional entity that is responsible for both collection of appropriate
published MRF information and supplying of appropriate
SIP Application servers (AS) host and execute services,
MRF information to consuming entities such as the AS.
and interface with the S-CSCF using SIP. An example
MRB can be used in two modes:
of an application server that is being developed in 3GPP
is the Voice call continuity Function (VCC Server). De Query mode: AS queries the MRB for media and
pending on the actual service, the AS can operate in SIP
sets up the call using the response of MRB
proxy mode, SIP UA (user agent) mode or SIP B2BUA
mode. An AS can be located in the home network or in
In-Line Mode: AS sends a SIP INVITE to the MRB.
an external third-party network. If located in the home
The MRB sets up the call
network, it can query the HSS with the Diameter Sh or
Si interfaces (for a SIP-AS).
2.2.4 Breakout gateway
See also: Next generation network services
2.4
Charging
A media gateway (MGW) interfaces with the media plane of the CS network, by converting between RTP and PCM. It can also transcode when
the codecs don't match (e.g., IMS might use AMR,
PSTN might use G.711).
Oine charging is applied to users who pay for their services periodically (e.g., at the end of the month). Online
charging, also known as credit-based charging, is used for
prepaid services, or real-time credit control of postpaid
services. Both may be applied to the same session.
2.4 Charging
Media resources
An NGN interconnection mode can be direct or indirect. Direct interconnection refers to the interconnection
between two network domains without any intermediate
network domain. Indirect interconnection at one layer
refers to the interconnection between two network domains with one or more intermediate network domain(s)
acting as transit networks. The intermediate network domain(s) provide(s) transit functionality to the two other
3 SESSION HANDLING
2.5
2.6
Interfaces description
Session handling
One of the most important features of IMS, that of allowing for a SIP application to be dynamically and differentially (based on the users prole) triggered, is implemented as a lter-and-redirect signalling mechanism
in the S-CSCF.
The S-CSCF might apply lter criteria to determine the
need to forward SIP requests to AS. It is important to note
See also
6 References
[1] Technical Specication Group Services and System Aspects (2006), IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), Stage 2, TS
23.228, 3rd Generation Partnership Project
[2] Alexander Harrowell, Sta Writer (October 2006), A
Pointless Multimedia Subsystem?, Mobile Communications International, archived from the original on September 2010
[3] 3GPP Release Descriptions. 3GPP.
[4] 3GPP, 23.228. 3GPP Stage 2 Specications.
[5] 3GPP, 29.228. 3GPP Stage 2 Specications.
7 External links
A decent IMS tutorial
IMS multi-page tutorial
IMS Call Flows
4G
LTE
UMB
Mobile broadband
Softswitch
Voice over IP
Mobile VoIP
SIMPLE
Peer-to-peer video sharing
Video share
Image share
IP connectivity access network
Text over IP
Multimedia telephony (MMTel)
8 Books
Camarillo, Gonzalo; Garca-Martn, Miguel A.
(2007). The 3G IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) :
Merging the Internet and the Cellular Worlds (2 ed.).
Chichester [u.a.]: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-01818-6.
Poikselk, Miikka (2007). The IMS : IP multimedia
concepts and services (2 ed.). Chichester [u.a.]: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-01906-9.
Syed A. Ahson, Mohammed Ilyas, ed. (2009). IP
multimedia subsystem (IMS) handbook. Boca Raton:
CRC Press. ISBN 1-4200-6459-2.
Wuthnow, Mark; Staord, Matthew; Shih, Jerry
(2010). IMS : A New Model for Blending Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 1-4200-92855.
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