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INTRODUCTION
All the elements can be classified as metals or non-metals depending on their properties. If we call one
element as metal then it will show some definite set of properties and if we call it non-metal then it will
show some other definite set of properties. So, first we will discuss general characteristics of metals and
non metals so that we can distinguish them easily and then we will discuss some of their physical
properties and chemical properties in detail along with their uses.
Exercise 1:
Fill in the blanks
(i)
Metals produce..sound when struck to hard surface.
(ii)
Non-metals areconductors of heat.
(iii)
Iron is example of ..and chlorine is of
OCCURRENCE
Non-metals are found in free state as well as in the form of compounds. Helium, neon, krypton and xenon
are known as noble gases, occur in elemental form in air. Nitrogen and oxygen can be found in air in
elemental form as well as in compound form. But in general, one can say that most of them occur in
compound form. Non-metals can also be obtained from various sources like mines. For example nitrogen
and oxygen gases are obtained by fractional distillation of liquefied air.
Metals are normally very reactive in nature, so it is tough to find them in free state in nature. Normally
metals are found in the form of their oxides and sulphides. Very few metals like gold, silver and copper
can be excepted to occur in free state in nature. Metals like manganese, aluminium and iron occur as
oxides and copper, zinc, nickel, antimony and cadmium occur in the form of sulphides. Silicate minerals
are also another form which is available in abundance. Many technologies has been developed to get
metal from their ores. Different ores are required to get different metal and for all this we also require
different technologies to extract metal from their respective ores.
Ores
An ore is a naturally occurring mineral from which one or more metal can be profitably extracted.
Gangue/Matrix
Impurities present in the ore are known as gangue or matrix.
Metallurgy
Metallurgy is the science of extracting metal from their ores and purifying them.
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Concentration of Ore
In this stage the impurities are removed and the concentration level of ore is increased. This mainly
involves the physical processes.
(i)
Gravity separation or hydraulic washing.
(ii)
Froth-floatation method
(iii)
Magnetic separation
Reduction
The compounds of metals like metal oxides are reduced to get free metal.
Refining of Metal
It is done to get 100% pure metal. For example by electrolytic refining.
Illustration 1:
Solution:
An ore is a naturally occurring mineral from which one or more metal can be profitably
extracted.
Exercise 2:
Name the metals and non-metals which occur in free state?
Physical State
Metals have a definite shape in normal conditions. Metals are solids at room temperature and have high
melting points. Mercury is the only exception as this is the only metal which exists as liquid at room
temperature.
Non-metals can be solids, liquids or gas at room temperature. Sulphur is gas at room temperature. The
boiling point and melting point of non-metals are less as compared to metals. Majority of non-metals are
gases at room temperature.
Lusture
Metals are very shiny and have metallic Lusture, which make them useful for jewellery purpose. On the
other hand non-metals have wide variety of colour range but have very dull Lusture.
Malleability
The property of beating a metal into thin sheets is called malleability. Non-metals are not malleable.
Ductility
Ductility is the property that allows the substance to be drawn into wires. Metals have this property. This is
the reason why we are able to see the wires of copper, aluminium and iron.
Non-metals are not ductile in nature. We can not get wires from non-metals.
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Conductivity
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Gold is best conductor followed by silver, copper and
aluminum. Many of non-metals are insulators and in general they are supposed to be bad conductors of
electricity.
Hardness
It is difficult to cut metal and they are also able to bear a heavy load over them. Metals are hard
substances. On the other hand, non-metals are brittle. Although sodium and potassium are so soft that
they can be cut with knife while diamond is hardest substance (a form of carbon).
So In general we can say that an element can be easily identified as being metal or non-metal by
comparing its properties with the general properties of metals and non-metals. But some times some
elements do not fall in any categories then these are known as semi metals or metalloids.
Example Silicon, germanium
Exercise 3:
Name, whether this property is shown by metal or non-metal.
(a)
Hardness
(b)
Bad conductance of heat
(c)
Ductility
(d)
Malleability
(e)
Lusture
SO2 H2 O H2SO3
The solution of H2SO3, changes blue litmus paper into red. This change indicates that the solution is
acidic in nature.
So for differentiating metals from non-metals we can say that oxides of metals are basic in nature and
oxides of non-metals are acidic in nature.
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Illustration 2:
Write the balance chemical reaction for the following: Burning of sulphur.
Solution:
S O2 SO2
Exercise 4:
Write the reaction between sulphur and hot conc. nitric acid.
Mg CuSO 4 MgSO 4 Cu
Zn CuSO4 ZnSO 4 Cu
Noble Metals
Metals which have very less tendency to react and can be found in free state in nature like gold, silver
and platinum are known as noble metals. They have the property to maintain their metallic Lusture for a
long time. Gold remains unaffected by air, water and also acidic and basic substances.
Gold is soft, extremely ductile and malleable. It dissolves in aqua regia. (A mixture of conc. HNO3 acid
HCl in the ratio 1:3 by volume)
Exercise 5:
State True and False:
(a)
Iron is a noble metal.
(b)
Gold content is expressed in terms of carat.
(c)
Gold is very less ductile.
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Ability to conduct heat and electricity make metals very useful. Metals like copper, iron and aluminium is
used for these purposes. Aluminium wires are widely used. Gold and silver is used for making jewellery.
Good reflecting property of silver is used for making mirrors. Silver foils are widely used for wrapping of
food items, medicines and other materials.
Sodium is a constituent of common salt, main constituent of cement is calcium oxide and aluminium
oxide.
Oxygen, a non-metal is essential for life. Oxygen is also a constituent of water. Oxygen also support
combustion reaction while nitrogen provides nutrition to plants. Chlorine is used for killing the germs.
Sulphur is major constituents of important industrial chemical. Tincture of iodine is used as an antiseptic.
Illustration 3:
Solution:
Illustration 4:
Solution:
Exercise 6:
(i)
(ii)
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ANSWERS TO EXERCISE
Exercise1:
(i) Ringing
(ii) bad
(iii) metal, non-metal
Exercise 2:
Exercise 3:
(a) Metal
(b) non metal
(c) metal
(d) metal
(e) Metal
Exercise 4:
S 4HNO3
SO2 4NO2 2H2O
Exercise 5:
(a) False
(b) True
(c) False
Exercise 6:
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SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE
1.
Sol.
2.
Sol.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
3.
List the different uses of metals that you come across in everyday life.
Sol.
4.
Sol.
Sodium
Sodium
Hydrogen
Zinc, magnesium
Silver
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OBJECTIVE
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (SINGLE OPTION CORRECT)
1.
Sol.
(B). Oxygen being more reactive than phosphorous has the tendency to oxidize it. So to prevent it
is kept in water.
2.
Metals shows
(A) malleability
(C) conductance
(B) ductility
(D) all of them
Sol.
(D). Malleability, ductility and conductivity are the characteristic property of metals.
3.
Sol.
(A). Gold is known to be the best conductor of heat and electricity among silver and aluminium.
4.
Sol.
(A). Ductility is the characteristic property of metals which tells the ability of the metals to be
drawn into wires.
5.
(B) non-metals
(D) non of these
Sol.
(A). The intermolecular force of attraction is higher in comparison to metalloids and non-metal. As
a result, more energy is required to break the bonds. Hence, metals posses higher melting point.
6.
(B) basic
(D) none of these
Sol.
(B). Metals oxides and hydroxides have the tendency to produce hydroxyl ion in aqueous
solution, hence basic in nature.
7.
(B) basic
(D) none of these
Sol.
(A). Oxides of non-metals are generally acidic in nature as they are deficient in electrons and
whenever these oxides comes in contact with an electron rich species, starts acting as a very
good Lewis acid.
8.
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Sol.
(D). The reactivity of copper is less than hydrogen, so it does not react with water to replace
hydrogen from it.
9.
Sol.
(C). Whenever a metal reacts with water, an hydroxide is formed with the liberation of hydrogen
gas.
Sol.
Metals
11.
Sol.
sodium, iron
12.
.display Lusture.
Sol.
metals
TRUE OR FALSE
13.
Sol.
True
14.
Metals are used for making the body of automobiles, Aeroplanes, trains etc.
Sol.
True
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ASSIGNMENT
SUBJECTIVE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Taking example of magnesium and sulphur, explain how non metals produce oxides with different
characteristics.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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OBJECTIVE
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (SINGLE OPTION CORRECT)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
TRUE OR FALSE
9.
10.
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ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT
SUBJECTIVE
1.
Metallurgy is the science of extracting metal from their ores and purifying them.
2.
Gold, silver
6.
7.
Lead
10.
Silver
OBJECTIVE
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (SINGLE OPTION CORRECT)
1.
5.
2.
3.
4.
More
8.
noble
7.
TRUE OR FALSE
9.
True
10.
True
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