Night School 10 Session 5

AISC Night School
March 1, 2016
Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

Session 5: Symmetric, Singly Symmetric
and Unsymmetric Columns
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American Institute of Steel Construction
5.1
AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

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The American Institute of Steel Construction 2016

The information presented herein is based on recognized engineering principles and is for
general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be
applied to any specific application without competent professional examination and verification
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Course Description
Session 5: Symmetric, Singly Symmetric and Unsymmetric
Columns
March 1, 2016
This session examines single and double angle and single and double WT
compression members as well as cruciform and I-shapes that behave in a similar
fashion. Limit states of flexural buckling and torsional or flexural-torsional
buckling are explained for members with and without slender elements. Several
examples will be presented.
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Learning Objectives
Gain an understanding of AISC Specification provisions that
govern design of symmetric, singly symmetric and
unsymmetric columns
Understand and apply the provisions for compression
members with slender elements
Calculate compression strength of members based on the
limit states of flexural buckling and torsional or flexuraltorsional buckling
Analyze the interaction of compression and flexural loads on
a single angle member
Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on AISC 360-10

Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
Lesson 5 Symmetric, Singly Symmetric and Unsymmetric
Columns
Presented by
Louis F. Geschwindner, Ph.D., P.E.
Emeritus Professor at Penn State University
Former Vice-President at AISC
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Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on

AISC 360-10 Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings
Night School 10
Lesson 5
Symmetric, Singly Symmetric and Unsymmetric
Columns
5.9
Lesson 5 Compression
Compression members are covered in
Chapter E
This chapter is organized differently from
Chapter F for flexural members
Single angles are the only shape treated with
their own section, E5
All other shapes are treated through the
same set of provisions
5.10
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Lesson 5 Compression
The limit state of flexural buckling is
covered in E3
The limit states of torsional buckling and
flexural-torsional buckling are covered in
E4
Section E7 addresses compression
members with slender elements and refers
back to E3 and E4 when necessary
5.11
E3. Flexural Buckling

For nonslender element members in
uniform compression
Pn = Fcr Ag
When
KL
E
or y 2.25
4.71
r
Fy
Fe
E3-1
E3-2
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy
5.12
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For nonslender element members in
uniform compression
When
KL
E
> 4.71
or y > 2.25
r
Fy
Fe
Fcr = 0.877 Fe
E3-3
and
Fe =
2 E
KL
E3-4
5.13

Fy = 36 ksi
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy
E3-2
Fcr = 0.877 Fe
E3-3
Eq. E3-2
Eq. E3-3
Inelastic Buckling
Elastic Buckling
Fe =
2 E
KL
E3-4
Flexural buckling is
the same, regardless
of the cross section
shape.
5.14
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E4. Torsional and Flexural-Torsional

Buckling
Applies to singly symmetric, unsymmetric,
and some doubly symmetric members
Double angle and tee-shaped members
Determine Fcr directly through Section E4(a)
All other cases, determine Fe through Section

E4 and go back to Section E3 to determine Fcr
5.15

Buckling
E4.(b)(i) Doubly symmetric members
2 EC
1
w
Fe =
+
GJ
2
( K z L )
I x + I y
E4-4
E4.(b)(ii) Singly symmetric members

F + Fez
Fe = ey
2H
4 Fey Fez H
1 1
2
Fey + Fez )
(
E4-5
5.16
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Buckling
E4.(b)(iii) Unsymmetric members
2
xo
yo
2
Fe ( Fe Fex ) = 0
ro
ro
( Fe Fex ) ( Fe Fey ) ( Fe Fez ) Fe2 ( Fe Fey )
E4-6
Fe is the lowest root of this cubic equation
where
Fex =
2 E
KxL
rx
E4-7
Fey =
2 E
KyL
ry
E4-8
2 EC
1
w
Fez =
GJ
+
2
2
( K z L )
Ag ro
E4-9
5.17

Buckling
and
H = 1
xo2 + yo2
ro2
ro2 = xo2 + yo2 +
E4-10
Ix + I y
Ag
E4-11
ro = polar radius of gyration about the shear center

xo , yo = coordinates of the shear center with respect to the centroid
For a double symmetric member xo = yo = 0.
5.18
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Buckling
E4.(a) Double angle and tee-shaped
members
F + Fcrz
Fcr = cry
2H
4 Fcry Fcrz H
1 1
2
( Fcry + Fcrz )
E4-2
Fcry = Fcr from Eq. E3-2 or E3-3 for flexural buckling about
y-axis of symmetry
GJ
E4-3
Fcrz =
Ag ro2
Note that this is Eq. E4-9 with

Cw taken as zero
5.19
E5. Single Angle Members

This section gives important direction for all
single angles.
The nominal compressive strength of single
angle members shall be determined in
accordance with Section E3 or E7. This means
just consider flexural buckling when b/t 20.
It also addresses the special cases described
where eccentricity can be neglected.
Uses a modified effective slenderness ratio
5.20
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E5. Single Angle Members

But, when b/t >20 use Section E4 also
This means we must address flexural-torsional
buckling for those cases when b/t >20
However, all hot rolled angles, although they
may be slender element members, have a leg
slenderness less than or equal to 20.
This is fortunate since using E4 requires that
we solve the cubic equation for unequal-leg
angle compression members, Eq. E4-6
5.21
E7. Slender Element Members

There are 7 categories of slender elements,
4 for unstiffened elements and 3 for
stiffened elements.
E7.1(a) projections from rolled columns (Table B4.1a Case 1)

E7.1(b) projections from built-up columns (Table B4.1a Case 2)
E7.1(c) single angles (Table B4.1a Case 3)
E7.1(d) stems of tees (Table B4.1a Case 4)
E7.2(a) stiffened elements except HSS (Table B4.1a Cases 5 & 8)

E7.2(b) rectangular HSS (Table B4.1a Case 6 & 7)
E7.2(c) round HSS (Table B4.1a Case 9)
5.22
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E7.1(c) For single angles
When
b
E
0.45
t
Fy
when 0.45
Qs = 1.0
when
E7-10
E b
E
< 0.91
Fy t
Fy
b F
Qs = 1.34 0.76 y
t E
b
E
> 0.91
t
Fy
Qs =
Fy = 36 ksi
Eq. E7-10
0.53E
b
Fy
t
E7-11
E7-12
5x the most
slender leg
angle
Eq. E7-12
b t = 12.8
b t = 25.8
5.23

Section E7 provides its own equations for
flexural buckling but they are the same as
those from Section E3 with Fy replaced
with QFy.
KL
E
For
4.71
;
r
QFy
For
QFy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe QFy
KL
E
> 4.71
;
r
QFy
Fcr = 0.877 Fe
E7-2 (E3-2)
E7-3 (E3-3)
5.24
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Example 1
Determine the compressive strength of an
L8x4x7/16 A36 loaded at its centroid
x
w and z represent the

major and minor principal
axes. x and y represent
the major and minor
geometric axes.
Ag = 5.11 in.2
rz = 0.867 in.
A
Although this is an unlikely loading condition,

we will address it first.
5.25
Example 1
Determine the leg slenderness
b
8
E
=
= 18.3 > 0.45
= 12.8
t 7 16
Fy
Therefore the angle is slender and we must

use Section E7.1(c) which specifically
addresses single angles
We already know that we do not need to
address flexural torsional buckling, Eq. E4-6
5.26
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Example 1
Our angle falls in the region of Eq. E7-11
when 0.45
E
b
E
= 12.8 < = 18.3 0.91
= 25.8
Fy
t
Fy
b F
Qs = 1.34 0.76 y
t E
Qs = 1.34 0.76 (18.3)
E7-11
36
= 0.850
29, 000
Q = 0.850 can also

be found in Manual
Table 1-7
The 4 in. leg is not slender. Had it been slender, it would have been
conservative to use Qs for the most slender leg. Therefore Q = Qs
5.27
Example 1
For flexural buckling the division between
29, 000
= 145
inelastic and elastic KLr = 4.71 QFE = 4.71 0.85
( 36 )
y
KL
= 69.2
rz
Determine the critical

stress for this column
with an effective length
KL = 5 ft, buckling about
the z-axis,
Q = 1.0
Q = 0.85
KL
= 133.7
r
KL
= 145
r
KL 5.0 (12 )
=
= 69.2
0.867
rz
5.28
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Example 1
For this 5 ft compression member
With
QFy
Fe
KL 5.0 (12 )
=
= 69.2,
0.867
rz
Fe =
2 E
2 ( 29, 000 )
= 59.8 ksi
E3-4
QFy
0.85( 36 )
Fe
Fcr = 0.658 QFy = 0.658 59.8 0.85 ( 36 ) = 24.7 ksi
E7-2
Pn = Fcr Ag = 24.7 ( 5.11) = 126 kips
E7-1
0.85 ( 36 )
= 0.511 2.25
59.8
KL
rz
( 69.2 )
5.29
Example 2
A more realistic location for loading might
be at the edge of the leg as shown.
x
4.0 in.
z
C
y
This loading arrangement will result in
bending moment about both principal
axes. Thus, we will need to determine
moment strength as we did in Lesson 1
Example 5.
5.30
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Example 2
Section properties for L8x4x7/16
x
4.0 in.
Manual
Table 1-7
d = 4.00 in.
t = 7 in.
16
x = 0.829 in.
y = 2.81 in.
Shapes Database
A
wA = 2.39 in.
z A = 3.33 in.
wB = 1.53 in.
zB = 2.50 in.
I w = 36.4 in.4
b = 8.00 in.
Shapes
Database
A = 5.11 in.
I x = 34.2 in.4
I y = 6.03 in.4
wC = 0.758 in. z = 5.17 in.

C
S wA = 11.0 in.3
S wB = 14.6 in.3
S wC = 7.04 in.3
S zA = 1.61 in.3
S zB = 2.51 in.3
S zC = 5.09 in.3
I z = 3.84 in.4
rz = 0.867 in.
tan = 0.268
5.31
Example 2
The determination of flexural strength of
the angle follows the procedure discussed
in Lesson 1.
F10.1 Yielding
M nw = 1.5 ( 36 )( 7.04 ) = 380 in.-kips
M nz = 1.5 ( 36 )(1.61) = 86.9 in.-kips
F10-1
F10.3 Leg local buckling (different than for compression)

0.54
E
29, 000
b
8
E
29, 000
= 0.54
= 15.3 < =
= 18.3 > 0.91
= 0.91
= 25.8
Fy
36
t 7
Fy
36
16
Therefore noncompact
5.32
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Example 2
F10.3 Leg local buckling point C is in
compression for bending about the w-axis
b Fy
M nw = Fy S wC 2.43 1.72
t
E
F10-7
8
36
= 36 ( 7.04 ) 2.43 1.72
7 29, 000
16
= 335 in.-kips
5.33
Example 2
F10.2 Lateral-torsional buckling
Does not apply to z-axis bending
F10.2(ii) for bending about the major

principal axis of an unequal-leg angle
Me =
Lb t
4.9 EI z Cb 2
+
+ w
0.052
w
2
Lb
rz
4.9 ( 29, 000 )( 3.84 )(1.0 )

=
( 5.0 (12 ) )
F10-5
5.0 (12 ) 7
16
+ ( 5.48 ) = 505 in.-kips

( 5.48) + 0.052
( 0.867 )
w is negative for shear center in tension

for bending about major principal axis, w
2
( )
5.34
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Example 2
F10.2 Lateral-torsional buckling
M y = 36 ( 7.04 ) = 253 in.-kips < M e = 505 in.-kips
M yw
M nw = 1.92 1.17
M yw 1.5M yw
M
ew
253
= 1.92 1.17
( 253)
505
= 276 in.-kips < 1.5 ( 253) = 380 in.-kips

F10-3
5.35
Example 2
Thus, for each flexural limit state and each
axis, the nominal moment strength, Mn, is
Limit State
w-axis bending
(in.-kips)
z-axis bending
(in.-kips)
Yielding
380
86.9
Leg local buckling
335
NA
Lateral-torsional
Buckling
276
NA
For compression, from Example 1

Pn = 126 kips
5.36
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Example 2
Determine applied moments
w
1.19 in.
P
ew
x = 0.829
4.0 in.
ez
A
y = 2.81
M w = Pew
Principal axes
M z = Pez
Geometric axes
We need the principal axis

moments so either determine
the eccentricities or convert
the geometric axis moments
to principal axis moments
w
x
M x = P (1.19 )
M y = P ( 0.829 )
5.37
Example 2
Determine applied moments
w
B
Resultant Moments
Mx
My
M w = 1.36 P
M z = 0.492 P
M w = M x cos + M y sin
= 1.19 P cos (15.03) + 0.829 P sin (15.03) = 1.36 P
w
x
M z = M x sin + M y cos
= 1.19 P sin (15.03) + 0.829 P cos (15.03) = 0.492 P
5.38
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Example 2
Chapter C requires that we consider all
second-order effects.
We are permitted to use the approximate
approach in Appendix 8
Since this single angle column is very
flexible about the z-axis in particular, we
can not ignore these second-order effects.
5.39
Example 2
Appendix 8 approximate second-order
effects
with no sidesway
M rw = B1w M w
M rz = B1z M z
where
B1w =
Cm
P
1 r
Pe1w
Cm
B1z =
P
1 r
Pe1z
and
A-8-3
A-8-1
Pe1w =
Pe1z =
2 EI w
( KL )
2 EI z
( KL )
A-8-5
5.40
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Example 2
Second-order effects
Cm = 1 for uniform moment along length
= 1.0 for LRFD = 1.6 for ASD
Pe1w =
2 EI w
( KL )
2 ( 29, 000 )( 36.4 )
= 2890 kips
( 60 )
2
2 EI z ( 29, 000 )( 3.84 )
Pe1z =
=
= 305 kips
2
2
( 60 )
( KL )
2
5.41
Example 2
Second-order effects for LRFD
If the applied load is
Pu = 75 kips
B1w =
B1z =
Cm
1.0
=
= 1.03
Pr
75
1
1
2890
Pe1w
Cm
1.0
=
= 1.33
Pr
75
1
1
305
Pe1z
5.42
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Example 2
Required moment strength for LRFD
M uw = 1.03 (1.36 ( 75 ) ) = 105 in.-kips
M uz = 1.33 ( 0.492 ( 75 ) ) = 49.1 in.-kips
H2. Interaction equation

f ra f rbw f rbz
+
+
1.0
Fca Fcbw Fcbz
H2-1
Remember from Lesson 1 that we do not need to use stresses as

long as we properly address signs.
5.43
Example 2
Interaction at points A, B, and C for LRFD
Pra M rbw M rbz
Pca M cbw M cbz
=
A
75.0
105
49.1
0.9 (126 ) 0.9 ( 276 ) 0.9 ( 86.9 )
= +0.661 0.423 0.628 A = 0.390 1.0

Pra M rbw M rbz
+
Pca M cbw M cbz
=
B
75.0
105
49.1
+
0.9 (126 ) 0.9 ( 276 ) 0.9 ( 86.9 ) B
The heel, point B, is

the critical location
= +0.661 0.423 + 0.628 B = 0.866 1.0
Pra M rbw M rbz

+
Pca M cbw M cbz
=
C
75.0
105
49.1
+
0.9 (126 ) 0.9 ( 276 ) 0.9 ( 86.9 ) C
= +0.661 + 0.423 0.628 C = 0.456 1.0
5.44
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Example 2
Second-order effects for ASD
If the applied load is
Pa = 50 kips
B1w =
B1z =
Cm
1.0
=
= 1.03
Pr
1.6 ( 50.0 )
1
1
Pe1w
2890
Cm
1.0
=
= 1.36
P
1.6 50.0 )
1 r 1 (
Pe1z
305
5.45
Example 2
Required moment strength for ASD
M aw = 1.03 (1.36 ( 50 ) ) = 70.0 in.-kips
M az = 1.36 ( 0.492 ( 50 ) ) = 33.5 in.-kips
H2. Interaction equation

f ra f rbw f rbz
+
+
1.0
Fca Fcbw Fcbz
H2-1
Remember from Lesson 1 that we do not need to use stresses as

long as we properly address signs.
5.46
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Example 2
Interaction at points A, B, and C for ASD
Pra M rbw M rbz
Pca M cbw M cbz
=
A
50.0
70.0
33.5
(126 1.67 ) ( 276 1.67 ) ( 86.9 1.67 ) A
= +0.663 0.424 0.644 A = 0.405 1.0

Pra M rbw M rbz
+
Pca M cbw M cbz
=
B
50.0
70.0
33.5
(126 1.67 ) ( 276 1.67 ) ( 86.9 1.67 ) B
The heel, point B,

is the critical
location
= +0.663 0.424 + 0.644 B = 0.883 1.0

Pra M rbw M rbz
+
Pca M cbw M cbz
=
C
50.0
70.0
33.5
(126 1.67 ) ( 276 1.67 ) ( 86.9 1.67 ) C
= +0.663 + 0.424 0.644 C = 0.443 1.0
5.47

Buckling
This section applies to certain doubly
symmetric members
Cruciform
All doubly symmetric members when the
torsional unbraced length exceeds the lateral
unbraced length
5.48
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Example 3
Determine the compressive strength of the
cruciform column shown when the effective
length for lateral buckling and torsional
buckling are each 10.0 ft, Fy = 50 ksi
Section properties
A = 7.75 in.2
0.5 in.
8 in.
I x = I y = 21.4 in.4
rx = ry = 1.66 in.
J =
8 in.
The cruciform has

essentially no
warping strength,
thus ignore Cw.
bt 3 8 ( 0.5 ) 7.5 ( 0.5 )

=
+
= 0.646 in.4
3
3
3
3
5.49
Example 3
Check element slenderness
Table B4.1a, Case 3
b 3.75
E
29, 000
=
= 7.5 < 0.45
= 0.45
= 10.8
t
0.5
Fy
50
0.5 in.
8 in.
So the member does not

have slender elements
8 in.
5.50
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Example 3
E3. Flexural buckling
29, 000
KL 10.0 (12 )
E
=
= 72.3 < 4.71
= 4.71
= 113
1.66
50
ry
Fy
Fe =
2 E
KL
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe
2 ( 29, 000 )
( 72.3)
= 54.8
E3-4
50
Fy = 0.658 54.8 ( 50 ) = 34.1 ksi
E3-2
5.51
Example 3
E4. Torsional buckling
E4.(b)(i) for doubly symmetric members
Use Eq. E3-2 or E3-3 with Fe determined
through Eq. E4-4
2 EC
1
1
w
Fe =
+ GJ
= [GJ ]
2
I
I
I
Iy
+
+
( K z L )
x y
x
(11, 200 )( 0.646 )
=
( 21.4 + 21.4 )
E4-4
= 169 ksi
5.52
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Example 3
For torsional buckling we dont have KL/r,
therefore it requires that we use the Fy/Fe limit
Fy
Fe
So use
50
= 0.296 < 2.25
169
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy
50
= 0.658169 ( 50 ) = 44.2 ksi
E3-2
5.53
Example 3
The controlling limit state is flexural
buckling so
Pn = 7.75 ( 34.1) = 264 kips
Note that for a cruciform, the torsional

strength is independent of the torsional
effective length since we ignore warping
For torsional buckling to control, this
column must be shorter than 5.7 ft
5.54
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Example 4
Determine the strength of a T-shaped
column using the same plates as used in
Example 3.
Section properties
The user note says

for tees omit Cw
when computing Fez
and take xo as 0.
A = 7.75 in.2
8 in.
I x = 48.6 in.4
I y = 21.4 in.4
5.81 in.
0.5 in.
8 in.
rx = 2.50 in.
ry = 1.66 in.
J =
bt 3 8 ( 0.5 ) 7.5 ( 0.5 )

=
+
= 0.646 in.4
3
3
3
3
5.55
Example 4
Additional properties
xo = 0
yo = 8.0 5.81 0.5 2 = 1.94 in. (distance from centroid to shear center)
ro2 = xo2 + yo2 +
Ix + I y
Ag
= 0 + (1.94 ) +
2
48.6 + 21.4
= 12.8
7.75
E4-11
ro = 3.58 (polar radius of gyration)

H = 1
xo2 + yo2
0 + 1.942
= 1
= 0.706
2
ro
12.8
E4-10
5.56
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March 1, 2016

Example 4
Check flange and stem slenderness,
Table B4.1a
Flange: Case 1
bf
2t f
8.0
E
= 8.0 < 0.56
= 13.5
2 ( 0.50 )
Fy
Nonslender
Stem: Case 4
d 8.0
E
=
= 16 < 0.75
= 18.1
t 0.5
Fy
Nonslender
5.57
Example 4
29, 000
KL 10.0 (12 )
E
=
= 72.3 < 4.71
= 4.71
= 113
1.66
50
ry
Fy
Fe =
2 E
KL
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe
2 ( 29, 000 )
( 72.3)
= 54.8
E3-4
50
54.8
E3-2
Fy = 0.658 ( 50 ) = 34.1 ksi
y-axis controls so no change
here from the cruciform

5.58
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March 1, 2016

Example 4
E4. Flexural-torsional buckling
E4.(a) for double angle and tee shaped
compression members
Calculate Fcr directly with
F + Fcrz
Fcr = cry
2H
4 Fcry Fcrz H
1 1
2
Fcry + Fcrz )
(
E4-2
5.59
Example 4
where
Fcry = Fcr (already determined) = 34.1 ksi
Fcrz =
11, 200 ( 0.646 )

GJ
=
= 72.8 ksi
2
2
Ag ro
7.75 ( 3.58 )
E4-3
5.60
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Example 4
Therefore, the critical stress is
4 Fcry Fcrz H
1
1
( Fcry + Fcrz )
34.1 + 72.8
4 ( 34.1)( 72.8 )( 0.706 )
=
1 1
2
( 34.1 + 72.8)
2 ( 0.706 )
= 28.6 ksi < Fcr = 34.1 ksi
F + Fcrz
Fcr = cry
2H
so
Pn = 28.6 ( 7.75 ) = 222 kips
E4-2
E4-1
5.61
Example 4
E4. Flexural -torsional buckling
We could also use the general provisions
E4.(b)(ii) for singly symmetric members
through Eq. E4-5
F + Fez
Fe = ey
2H
4 Fey Fez H
1 1
2
Fey + Fez )
(
E4-5
5.62
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Example 4
thus
Fey =
2 E
KyL
ry
2 ( 29, 000 )
( 72.3)
= 54.8
User note said to ignore Cw which

makes this equation the same as
E4-3
2 EC
1
GJ
w
Fez =
GJ
+
=
2
2
Ag ro2
( K z L )
Ag ro
=
11, 200 ( 0.646 )

7.75 ( 3.58 )
The same as we had

already determined
E4-9
= 72.8 ksi
5.63
Example 4
Therefore, the elastic buckling stress is
4 Fey Fez H
E4-5
1 1
2
Fey + Fez )
(
54.8 + 72.8
4 ( 54.8 )( 72.8 )( 0.706 )
=
1 1
2
( 54.8 + 72.8)
2 ( 0.706 )
= 40.2 ksi
F + Fez
Fe = ey
2H
5.64
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March 1, 2016

Example 4
For flexural-torsional buckling we again use
the Fy/Fe limit
Fy
Fe
50
= 1.24 < 2.25
40.2
So use
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy
50
= 0.658 40.2 ( 50 ) = 29.7 ksi < Fcr = 34.1 ksi
E3-2
5.65
Example 4
The controlling limit state is flexuraltorsional buckling so
Pn = 7.75 ( 29.7 ) = 230 kips
It is seen that determining the strength according
to E4.(a), the special provisions for double
angles and tees, is a bit conservative and not all
that simpler.
E4.(a): Pn = 222 kips and E4.(b)(ii): Pn = 230 kips
5.66
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March 1, 2016

Example 5
Using the same area, make an I-shape
and determine its strength.
ho = 7.75 in.
8 in.
User note indicates

that for I-shapes
Section properties
A = 7.75 in.2
0.25 in.
8 in.
0.5 in.
Cw =
I x = 77.7 in.4
I y = 21.4 in.4
rx = 3.17 in.
I y ho2
4
21.4 ( 7.75 )
4
= 321 in.6
ry = 1.66 in.
Note that J has decreased

but we now have a Cw.
J =
bt 3 2 ( 8 )( 0.25 ) 7.5 ( 0.5 )

=
+
= 0.396 in.4
3
3
3
3
5.67
Example 5
Check flange and web slenderness,
Table B4.1a
Flange: Case 2
bf
2t f
0.76 ( 29, 000 )

kE
8.0
= 16 > 0.64 c = 0.64
= 13.4
2 ( 0.25 )
50
Fy
kc = 4
h tw = 4
Slender
7.75 0.5 = 1.02 > 0.76
Web: Case 5
h 7.5
E
=
= 15 < 1.49
= 35.9
tw 0.5
Fy
Nonslender
5.68
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March 1, 2016

Example 5
For the slender unstiffened flange of a
built-up member use E7.1(b)
0.64
bf
0.76 ( 29, 000 )
0.76 ( 29, 000 )
kE
= 13.4 <
= 16 < 1.17 c = 1.17
= 24.6
Fy
50
2t f
50
therefore
b Fy
Qs = 1.415 0.65
t Ekc
= 1.415 0.65 (16 )
E7-8
50
= 0.920
0.76 ( 29, 000 )
5.69
Example 5
KL 10.0 (12 )
E
29, 000
=
= 72.3 < 4.71
= 4.71
= 118
ry
QFy
1.66
0.92 ( 50 )
Fe =
2 E
KL
2 ( 29, 000 )
QFy
Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe
( 72.3)
= 54.8
0.92( 50 )
Fy = 0.92 0.658 54.8 ( 50 ) = 32.4 ksi
E3-4
E7-2
5.70
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Example 5
through Eq. E4-4
2 EC
1
w
Fe =
+ GJ
E4-4
2
( K z L )
I x + I y
2 ( 29000 )( 321)
11200
0.396
=
+
(
)
2
(10 (12 ) )
( 77.7 + 21.4 )
= 64.4 + 44.8 = 109 ksi

5.71
Example 5
QFy 0.92 ( 50 )
Fe
109
= 0.422 < 2.25
So use
QFy
E7-2
Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe Fy
0.92( 50 )
= 0.92 0.658 109 ( 50 ) = 38.9 ksi > Fcr = 32.4 ksi
5.72
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March 1, 2016

Example 5
The controlling limit state is flexural buckling so
Pn = 7.75 ( 32.4 ) = 251 kips

Comparison of results
Limit State
Flexural
buckling
Flexuraltorsional
buckling
Strength
Ex. 3
Ex. 4
Ex. 5
Fe
54.8
54.8
54.8
Fcr
34.1
34.1
32.4
Fe
169
40.2
109
Fcr
44.2
29.7
38.9
Pn
264
230
251
5.73
Example 6
To better understand when torsional
buckling can control for doubly symmetric
I-shapes, consider this column at L= 30 ft,
braced at the third points for flexural
buckling about the x- and y-axes but not
braced torsionally at these points
0.92( 50 )
2 ( 29, 000 )
KL 10 (12 )
54.8
F
54.8,
0.92
0.658
=
= 72.3, Fe =
=
=
50 = 32.4 ksi
cr
2
ry
1.66
( 72.3)
Flexural buckling is unchanged from Example 5

5.74
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AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

Example 6
For torsional buckling, with the unbraced
length KzL = 30 ft
2 EC
1
w
Fe =
+ GJ
E4-4
2
( K z L )
I x + I y
2 ( 29000 )( 321)
11200
0.396
=
+
(
)
2
( 30 (12 ) )
( 77.7 + 21.4 )
= 51.9 ksi
5.75
Example 6
Since Fe for torsional buckling is less than
Fe for flexural buckling, torsional buckling
controls and
QFy
Fe
0.92 ( 50 )
= 0.886 < 2.25
51.9
QFy
Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe Fy
Which results in
E7-2
Pn = 7.75 ( 31.8 ) = 246 kips
0.92( 50 )
= 0.92 0.658 51.9 ( 50 ) = 31.8 ksi
5.76
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March 1, 2016

Compression
In the 6 examples we have considered so far,
we have treated, single angle, cruciform, tee,
and I-shape
For flexural buckling, all shapes are treated the
same
For torsional or flexural-torsional buckling,
shapes are broken into 4 classifications
For slender elements, there are 7 categories
5.77
Compression
To consider some additional possibilities, we will
look at a double angle and a double WT
We will find that we are using the same
provisions already considered
For the built-up members, we will assume, for
this Lesson, that they are sufficiently attached to
each other so that they do work together as one
Requirements for that connection will be
discussed in Lesson 6
5.78
Copyright 2016
5.39
AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

Example 7
Determine the nominal compressive
strength of 2-L5 x 3 x LLBB A36 angles
used as the top chord of a truss. The
angles are attached with welds as needed
to insure they work as one.
10 ft
5.79
Example 7
strength of 2-L5 x 3 x LLBB A36 angles
used as the top chord of a truss.
Single Angle Table 1-7
2
3/8 in.
4
Ag = 1.94 in.
I x = 5.09 in.
rx = 1.62 in.
I y = 1.41 in.4
ry = 0.853 in.
rz = 0.652 in.
J = 0.0438 in.4
Q = 0.804
x
x = 0.648 in.
Shape has a slender leg
y
5.80
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AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

Example 7
Combined properties Table 1-15
Ag = 3.88 in.2
H = 0.638 in.
I x = 2 ( 5.09 ) = 10.2 in.
ro = 2.52 in.
rx = 1.62 in.
3/8 in.
2
= 5.53 in.4
I y = 2 1.41 + 1.94 0.648 + 3
16
5.53
= 1.19 in.
3.88
J = 2 ( 0.0438 ) = 0.0876 in.4
ry =
x = 0.648 in.
y
5.81
Example 7
29, 000
KL 10.0 (12 )
E
=
= 101 < 4.71
= 4.71
= 149
ry
QFy
1.19
0.804 ( 36 )
Fe =
QFy
Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe
2 E
KL
2 ( 29, 000 )
(101)
= 28.1
0.804( 36 )
Fy = 0.804 0.658 28.1 ( 36 ) = 18.8 ksi
E3-4
E7-2
5.82
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AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

Example 7
E4.(a) for double angle and tee shaped
compression members
Calculate Fcr directly with
F + Fcrz
Fcr = cry
2H
4 Fcry Fcrz H
1 1
2
Fcry + Fcrz )
(
E4-2
5.83
Example 7
where
Fcry = Fcr (already determined) = 18.8 ksi
Fcrz =
11, 200 ( 0.0876 )

GJ
=
= 39.8 ksi
2
2
Ag ro
3.88 ( 2.52 )
E4-3
Note that there is no impact from the slender element in Fcrz
5.84
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March 1, 2016

Example 7
Therefore , the critical stress is
4 Fcry Fcrz H
1
1
( Fcry + Fcrz )
18.8 + 39.8
4 (18.8 ) 39.8 ( 0.638 )
=
1 1
2
(18.8 + 39.8)
2 ( 0.638 )
= 15.3 ksi < Fcr = 18.8 ksi
F + Fcrz
Fcr = cry
2H
so
E4-2
Pn = 15.3 ( 3.88 ) = 59.4 kips
E4-1
5.85
Double Angles
Leg slenderness for double angles is a
function of spacing, gap (3) or no gap (1).
Fy = 36 ksi
Case 1, Qs = 0.894
Double angles in
contact, E7.1(a)
Single angles and

double angles with
a gap, E7.1(c)
Case 3, Qs = 0.804
5x
5.86
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AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

Double WT
Since WTs are made form W-shapes, the
flange will not be slender since the Wshape flange is not slender (Same Table B4.1a Case 1)
The stem is often slender according to
Case 4 in Table B4.1a
Unlike for double angles, combining WTs
does not alter the element slenderness
check
5.87
Double WT
Stem slenderness, E7.1(d)
Fy = 50 ksi
Eq. E7-13
Eq. E7-15
0.75
E
Fy
1.03
E
Fy
5.88
Copyright 2016
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AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

Double WT
For torsional buckling use the provisions for a
doubly symmetric member, E4(b)(i)
As for the cruciform, ignore the warping
contribution, Cw
The controlling axis for flexural buckling is not
always the y-axis.
As we did with double angles, we will assume
that they are connected sufficiently to be
considered a single member
5.89
Example 8
strength of a member composed of 2-WT6
x 29 A992 shapes with an effective length
Single WT,
of 20 ft.
Manual Table 1-8 2-WT calculated
y
y = 1.03 in.
A = 8.52 in.2
I x = 19.1 in.4
Gap = 3/8 in.
I y = 53.5 in.
rx = 1.50 in.
ry = 2.51 in.
J = 1.05 in.4
Qs = 1.00
A = 2 ( 8.52 ) = 17.0 in.2

2
I x = 2 19.1 + 8.52 (1.03 + 3 16 )
= 63.5 in.4
63.5
= 1.93 in.
17.0
I y = 2 ( 53.5 ) = 107 in.4
rx =
J = 2 (1.05 ) = 2.10 in.4

5.90
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AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

Example 8
KL 20.0 (12 )
E
29, 000
=
= 124 > 4.71
= 4.71
= 113
rx
Fy
1.93
50
Fe =
2 E
KL
2 ( 29, 000 )
(124 )
= 18.6 ksi
E3-4
Fcr = 0.877 Fe = 0.877 (18.6 ) = 16.3 ksi
E3-3
5.91
Example 8
through Eq. E4-4
2 EC
1
1
w
+ GJ
= [GJ ]
Fe =
2
I
+
I
I
+
Iy
( K z L )
x y
x
(11, 200 )( 2.10 )
=
( 63.5 + 107 )
E4-4
= 138 ksi
5.92
Copyright 2016
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AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

Example 8
Fy
Fe
So use
50
= 0.362 < 2.25
138
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy
E3-2
50
= 0.658138 ( 50 ) = 43.0 ksi
5.93
Example 8
The controlling limit state is flexural
buckling so
Pn = 17.0 (16.3) = 277 kips
Since flexural buckling about the x-axis is

critical, the connectors will be in shear and
will be critical. We have assumed that this
connection is adequate.
5.94
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5.47
AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

Example 8
What would have changed if we had
included the contribution of warping?
Single WT Cw = 2.08 in.4 Manual Table 1-8
2-WT
Cw = 2 ( 2.08 ) = 4.16 in.4

2 EC
1
w
Fe =
+ GJ
2
( K z L )
I x + I y
E4-4
2 ( 29, 000 )( 4.16 )
=
+
11,
200
2.10
(
)(
)
2
( 63.5 + 107 )
( 20 (12 ) )
20.6 + 23,520
No change
=
= 138 ksi
( 63.5 + 107 )
5.95
Example 9
Now consider 2-WT8 x 33.5 A992 shapes
with an effective length of 10 ft.
y
y = 1.56 in.
Single WT,
Manual Table 1-8
A = 9.81 in.2
I x = 48.6 in.4
Gap = 3/8 in.
I y = 59.5 in.
rx = 2.22 in.
ry = 2.46 in.
J = 1.19 in.4
Qs = 0.859
2-WT calculated
A = 2 ( 9.81) = 19.6 in.2
2
I x = 2 48.6 + 9.81(1.56 + 3 16 )
= 157 in.4
157
= 2.83 in.
19.6
I y = 2 ( 59.5 ) = 119 in.4
rx =
J = 2 (1.19 ) = 2.38 in.4
5.96
Copyright 2016
5.48
AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

Example 9
KL 10.0 (12 )
E
29, 000
=
= 48.8 < 4.71
= 4.71
= 113
ry
Fy
2.46
50
Fe =
2 E
KL
2 ( 29, 000 )
( 48.8)
QFy
Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe
= 120 ksi
E3-4
0.859( 50 )
Fy = 0.859 0.658 120 ( 50 ) = 37.0 ksi
E3-2
5.97
Example 9
through Eq. E4-4
2 EC
1
1
w
+ GJ
= [GJ ]
Fe =
2
I
+
I
I
+
Iy
( K z L )
x y
x
(11, 200 )( 2.38)
=
(157 + 119 )
E4-4
= 96.6 ksi
5.98
Copyright 2016
5.49
AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

Example 9
QFy 0.859 ( 50 )
Fe
96.6
= 0.445 < 2.25
So use
QFy
Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe Fy
E3-2
0.859( 50 )
= 0.859 0.658 96.6 ( 50 ) = 35.7 ksi
5.99
Example 9
The controlling limit state is torsional
buckling so
Pn = 19.6 ( 35.7 ) = 670 kips
Note: There are 273 different WT-shapes. Of these
the x-axis will control for 72 and the y-axis will
control for 201 when the gap is 3/8 in.
5.100
Copyright 2016
5.50
AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

Summary
We have considered 6 different shape
compression members, single angle, double
angle, WT, double WT, cruciform, and I-shape
Four different slender elements were addressed
Flexural buckling and torsional or flexuraltorsional buckling were addressed
Combined axial and bending for an unsymmetric
single angle was treated.
All built up members were assumed to act as a
single member
5.101
Lesson 6
The built-up members treated in this lesson
will again be looked at to assess the
assumption of action as a single member
Additional built-up shapes will be considered
such as multiple angles and double channels
Connections between elements will be
addressed as lacing, battens, and tie plates
5.102
Copyright 2016
5.51
AISC Night School

March 1, 2016

Thank You

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5.103
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Copyright 2016
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Night School 10 Session 5

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AISC Night School

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

Thank you for joining our live webinar today.

Theres always a solution in steel!

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Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

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Theres always a solution in steel!

AISC is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects

AISC Night School

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

The American Institute of Steel Construction 2016

Theres always a solution in steel!

Theres always a solution in steel!

AISC Night School

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on AISC 360-10

Theres always a solution in steel!

AISC Night School

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics based on

Theres always a solution in steel!

AISC Night School

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

E3. Flexural Buckling

Theres always a solution in steel!

AISC Night School

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

E3. Flexural Buckling

Theres always a solution in steel!

E3. Flexural Buckling

AISC Night School

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

E4. Torsional and Flexural-Torsional

All other cases, determine Fe through Section

Theres always a solution in steel!

E4. Torsional and Flexural-Torsional

E4.(b)(ii) Singly symmetric members

Theres always a solution in steel!

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Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

E4. Torsional and Flexural-Torsional

( Fe Fex ) ( Fe Fey ) ( Fe Fez ) Fe2 ( Fe Fey )

Fe is the lowest root of this cubic equation

Theres always a solution in steel!

E4. Torsional and Flexural-Torsional

ro2 = xo2 + yo2 +

ro = polar radius of gyration about the shear center

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Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

E4. Torsional and Flexural-Torsional

Note that this is Eq. E4-9 with

Theres always a solution in steel!

E5. Single Angle Members

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Steel Design 2: Selected Topics

E5. Single Angle Members

E7. Slender Element Members

E7.1(a) projections from rolled columns (Table B4.1a Case 1)

E7.2(a) stiffened elements except HSS (Table B4.1a Cases 5 & 8)

AISC Night School

Steel Design 2: Selected Topics