1 Chapter 34:

Resistance of the Body

to Infection. II.
Immunity and Allergy
Innate Immunity
Guyton and Hall,
Textbook of Medical
Physiology, 12 th
edition
2 Innate Immunity
a.Phagocytosis of
bacteria and other
invaders by wbcs and
cells of the tissue
macrophage system
b.Destruction of
swallowed organisms
by stomach acid and
digestive enzymes
c.Resistance of the skin
to invasion d.Presence
of antibacterial
chemicals (i.e.
lysozyme, complement,
NK cells, etc.)
3 Acquired (Adaptive)
Immunity Basic Types
a.Humoral or B-cell
Immunity b.Cellmediated or T-cell
immunity Initiation of
the Responsesantigens a.MW greater
than 8000 b.Epitopes
or antigenic
determinants on
surface c.Generally
protein or large
polysaccharides
4 Lymphocytes T and B
Lymphocytes a.T
lymphocytes migrate
from the bone marrow
to the thymus where

they mature and are

responsible for cell
mediated immunity b.B
lymphocytes are
preprocessed in the
liver, then the bone
marrow and are
responsible for
antibody production
The B designation
originated from the
bursa of Fabricius in the
chicken.
5 Fig. 34.1 Formation
of antibodies and
sensitized lymphocytes
from a lymph node in
response to antigens
6 Lymphocytes (cont.)
Preprocessing of the T
Lymphocytes-occurs
shortly before or just
after birth a.In the
thymus each T cell
develops specificity
against one antigen
b.Continues until there
are thousands of
different T cells with
specific reactivities
against 1000s of
antigens c.T cells then
migrate to the
secondary lymphoid
tissues d.T cells
capable of reacting
against self-antigens
are destroyed instead
of being released
7 Lymphocytes (cont.)
Preprocessing of the
Lymphocytes a.Instead
of the whole cell
developing reactivity

against the antigen,

the B cells actively
secrete antibodies that
are the reactive agents
b.Greater diversity than
T cells: can form
millions of types of
antibodies with
different specific
reactivities T-Cells and
B-Cell Antibodies React
Highly Specifically
Against Specific
Antigens-Role of
Lymphocyte Clones
8 Lymphocyte Clones
Fig. 34.2
9 Lymphocyte Clones
(cont.) a.Millions of
specific types of
lymphocytes are stored
in the lymphoid tissues
b.Origin of the many
clones of lymphocytes
c.Mechanism for
activating a clone of
lymphocytes d.Role of
macrophages e.Role of
the T cell in the
activation of B cells
10 Humoral Immunity
and the Antibodies
Formation of Antibodies
by Plasma Cells
Formation of Memory
Cells Difference
Between Primary and
Secondary Responses
11 Humoral Immunity
and the Antibodies Fig.
34.3 Primary and
secondary antibody
responses

12 Antibodies (cont.)
Nature of Antibodies
a.Gamma globulins
(immunoglobulins
b.MW between 170,000
and 970,000 c.Make up
20% of all the plasma
proteins d.Consist of
heavy and light
polypeptide chains
e.Have variable and
constant regions
13 Antibodies (cont.)
Fig. 34.4 Structure of
the typical IgG antibody
14 Antibodies (cont.)
Specificity of
Antibodies-each
antibody is specific for
a particular antigen K a
is the affinity constant
and a measure of how
tightly the antibody
binds to the antigen
15 Antibodies (cont.)
Classes of Antibodies
ClassStructureLocation
MWHalf-Life In Serum
Function IgG
MonomerBlood, Lymph,
Intestine 170,00023
days Phagocytosis,
neutralization, crosses
placenta IgM
PentamerBlood, Lymph,
B cell surface 970,0005
days Primary response,
phagocytosis,
agglutination IgA
DimerSecretions405,00
06 days Mucosal ab IgD
MonomerB cell surface
175,0003 days Surface
Ig on B cells IgE

MonomerCell bound to
mast cells and
basophils 190,0002
days Allergic
Reactions,para sitic
reactions
16 Antibodies (cont.)
Mechanism of Action of
Antibodies (Direct)
a.Agglutination
b.Precipitation
c.Neutralization d.Lysis
17 Antibodies (cont.)
Mechanism of Action of
Antibodies (Indirect)the Complement
System Fig. 34.6
18 Antibodies (cont.)
Classic Pathway
a.Opsonization and
phagocytosis b.Lysis
c.Agglutination
d.Neutralization of
viruses e.Chemostaxis
f.Activation of mast
cells and basophils
g.Inflammatory effects
19 Activated T Cells
and Cell-Mediated
Immunity Release of
Activated T Cells From
Lymphoid Tissue and
Formation of Memory
Cells APCs, MHC
Proteins, and Antigen
Receptors on T
lymphocytes
20 Activated T Cells
and CMI (cont.) Fig.
34.7 Activation of T
cells requires
interaction of T cell
receptors with an
antigen that is

transported to the
surface of the APC by a
MHC protein.
21 Types of T Cells
Helper T CellsRole in
Overall Regulation of
Immunity a.Production
of lymphokines (i.e.
interleukins 2,3,4,5,6
and gamma interferon)
b.Specific regulatory
functions of the
lymphokines
c.Stimulation of growth
and proliferation of
cytotoxic T cells and
suppressor T cells
d.Stimulation of B cell
growth and
differentiation to form
plasma cells and
antibodies
22 Types of T Cells
(cont.) Helper T Cells
Role in Overall
Regulation of Immunity
(cont.) e. Activation of
the macrophage
system f. Feedback
stimulatory effect on
the helper cells
themselves
23 Types of T Cells
(cont.) Fig. 34.8
Regulation of the
immune system
24 Types of T Cells
(cont.) Cytotoxic T Cells
are Killer Cells Fig.
34.9 Direct destruction
of an invading cell by
sensitize T cytotoxic
cells

25 Types of T Cells
(cont.) Suppressor T
Cells a.Can suppress
the functions of both T
helper and T cytotoxic
cells b.Regulatory cells
prevent excessive
immune reactions that
might be damaging to
the host
26 Tolerance Tolerance
to Ones Own Tissues
Results from Clone
Selection During
Preprocessing Failure

Leads to Autoimmune
Diseases a.Rheumatic
fever
b.Glomerulonephritis
c.Myasthenia gravis
d.Systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE)
27 Immunization
Active Immunity
a.Artificially acquired
b.Naturally acquired
Passive Immunity
a.Artificially acquired
b.Naturally acquired

28 Allergy and
Hypersensitivity Type I
Hypersensitivity (IgE
antibody mediated)
a.Anaphylaxis
b.Urticaria c.Hay fever
d.Mast cell involvement
and histamine Type II
Hypersensitivity
(Cytotoxic reactions)
Type III Hypersensitivity
(Immune complex)
Type IV Hypersensitivity
(Delayed cell mediated)