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Scattering theory.
David Kazhdan
4.1 Introduction.
This important branch of functional analysis is not so popular as it should be; one of
the reasons is that the phenomena studied in scattering theory has no nite-dimensional
analog.
The situation is roughly as follows.
Let A0 be a self-adjoint operator in a Hilbert space H (the function space). Let be a
point in the continuous spectrum of A0 and let f0 be the corresponding \eigenfunction"
(quotation marks are put to remind that f0 lies not in the Hilbert space H , but rather in
an appropriate larger function space, i.e. f is a linear functional on a dense subspace in
H .)
We consider a \small" perturbation A = A0 + B of our self-adjoint operator A0, where
p
B is a self-adjoint operator such that ( 1 + A20 ) 1 B is compact, and we look for a -
eigenfunction f of the operator A.
Remark. This problem makes sense only if lies in the continuous spectrum of A0 ; in
particular it never makes sense in nite dimensions. Indeed, the spectrum of an operator
moves as we perturb the operator; so an isolated point of the spectrum in general does not
lie in the spectrum of perturbed operator.
We look for an eigenfunction of the form f = f0 + g. We have:
@f t
@t t
= kiAeit Ae
0
0 it0 A0 f
ieit A A0 e it A f k
0 0 0
= keit A Be it A f k = kBe t A f k :
0 0 0 0 0
lim keitA Be
k(AW WA0 )(f )k = t!1 itA0 (f )k = 0 ;
a slightly weaker statement in the case d = 2. Our argument will work for d 4.
We now turn to construction of imbeddings W . We try to imitate the construction of
the previous section (potential scattering).
Let V be a G-invariant neighborhood of Om , such that \ Spec U H ? = ;. For
+ +
any function f on V such that supp F(f ) and t 2 R let f t 2 S(V ) be the function
such that: p
F(f )(p0 ; ~p) = e
t it p m
0 p
~ F(f )(p0 ; ~p ) :
2 2
not depend on t.
Remark. Let L be the space of functions satisfying the conditions of Lemma 1. Fourier
transform identies L with the space of Schwartz functions on Om . Let be a Schwartz
+
function of one variable such that F() is supported in a small neighborhood of 0. For
f 2 L let us put f (x) = (x0 ) f (x) where x = (x0 ; ~x ). Then f 2 S(V ), and the Fourier
transform of f is concentrated in a neighborhood of Om being the convolution of the
+
Thus the situation is quite analogous to the potential scattering considered in the pre-
vious section.
Proof of the Theorem. We start with two auxiliary estimates needed in the proof. The
rst is a standard fact from analysis.
Lemma 1 (locality for free elds). Let f 2 C 1(V ) be a solution of the Klein-Gordon
@f (x ; ~x)
equation, i.e. supp F(f ) Om . Assume that f (0; ~x ) and @x 0 x =0 are Schwartz
+
0 0
We omit the proof; it is an exercise in stationary phase method (see lecture 1, x1.6,
Claim 1b) for a similar argument).
The second ingredient is the following estimate on truncated Wightman functions (see
lecture 3, x3.5 for the denition).
Proposition 1. There exist a dierential operator with constant coecients D, a C 0
function of tempered growth F , and a polynomial function P on Vn such that Wtrn = D(F )
and the following estimate holds.
Let [1::n] = I [ J be a partition of [1::n] into union of 2 disjoint subsets; let a1 ; : : : ; an 2
Rd 1 V be such that ai 6= aj for i 2 I; j 2 J . Then for all t1 ; :::; tn 2 R V we have:
m mini2I;j2J (
p ai aj )2 jti tj j) :
jF (t1 + a1 ; : : : ; tn + an)j < jP (t1 + a1 ; : : : ; tn + an)je (
Remark. The particular case n = 2 of the Proposition is implied by lecture 1, x1.6, Claim
1b). Also part a) of the same Claim guarantees that at least Wtrn (v1 ; ::; vi ; vi+1 + a; ::; vn +
a) ! 0 for any v1 ; : : : ; vn provided a2 < 0, which obviously follows from the Proposition.
The statement we will actually need is the following immediate
Corollary. Let it denote the embedding of (Rd 1)n to Vn, Q ~vi ! Q(t;~vi ), and let :
(Rd 1)n ! (Rd 1)n 1 = (Rd 1)n = be the projection to quotient modulo diagonal. For a
Schwartz function h on Vn the restriction it (h Wtrn ) is a smooth function invariant under
diagonal translations, hence it (h Wtrn ) = (Fth ) for some function Fht on (Rd 1)n 1 .
Then Fht 2 L1 (Rd 1)n 1 for any t, and Fth L is bounded by a constant independent of
1
t.
Proof of the Proposition. We start with an auxiliary result. Recall from the rst lecture
that the Fourier transform of Wightman functions has the property: F(Wn(p1 ; : : : ; pn)) = 0
if p1 + + pk 2= V for some k. One can easily show:
+
6
Lemma 2. Let V (m) be fp 2 V jp2 > mg. Then we have F(Wtrn (p1 ; : : : ; pn )) = 0
+ +
provided p1 + + pk 2= V (m) for some k where m is the mass of the theory. Also
F(Wtrn (p1 ; : : : ; pn )) is concentrated on the hyperplane P pi = 0.
+
n
i=1
We are ready to prove the Proposition.
Let us denote: W0 (v1 ; : : : ; vn) = Wtr(vi ; : : : ; vik ; vj ; vj ; : : : ; vjn k )
1 1 2
and W00 (v1 ; : : : ; vn) = Wtr(vj ; : : : ; vjn k ; vi ; : : : ; vik ) where i1 < i2 < : : : < ik are the
1 1
elements of I , and j1 < : : : < jn k are the elements of J . From the Lemma it follows that
F(W0)(p1 ; : : : ; pn) = 0 if pi + + pik 2= V (m);
1 +
Let e be a smooth function of one variable, such that e(x) = 1 for x > m, e(x) = 1
for x < m, and its Fourier transform has asymptotics 'e = F(e(t)) e mjtj as t ! 1.
[It is a standard fact from calculus that such a function exists].
Let us put (p1 ; : : : ; pn) = e(p(0) (0) (0) (0)
i pik ), where pi = (pi ; ~pi ) for pi 2 R; p~i 2 R
1
+ +
d 1
is the usual decomposition. Then we see that F(W0 ) = F(W0), F(W00 ) = F(W00 ). Let
' be Fourier transform of ; so ' is concentrated on a 1-dimensional subspace. Then we
have ' W0 = W0 , ' W00 = W00 , where stands for convolution.
Since Wn is a tempered distribution it can be represented as Wn = D(F ) where F is a
continuous function of polynomial growth and D is a dierential operator with constant
coecients. We can assume that D is invariant under the action of symmetric group n+1.
Then the functions F 0 = F (vi ; ::; vik ; vj ; ::; vjn k ) and F 00 = F (vj ; ::; vjn k ; vi ; ::; vik )
1 1 1 1
satisfy: D(F 0 ) = W0 and D(F 00 ) = W00 . Then obviously: ' F 0 = F 0 and ' F 00 = F 00
The space-locality property implies that: F 0 (v1 ; : : : ; vn) = F 00 (v1 ; : : : ; vn) = F (v1 ; : : : ; vn )
provided (vi vj )2 < 0 for i 2 I , j 2 J .
So for j(ai aj )2j > (ti tj )2 we have:
F (t1 + a1 ; : : : ; tn + an) = 21 (F 0 (t1 + a1; : : : ; tn + an) + F 00 (t1 + a1; : : : ; tn + an))
Z1
= 12 ' (F 0 F 00 ) = 21 (F 0 F 00 )((t1 + a1 )t; (t2 + a2 )t ; : : : ; (tn + an)t )'e(t)dt
1
7
where we used the notation: (ti + ai)t = ti + ai t if i 2 I , and (tj + ai )t = tj + aj for
p
j 2 J . The expression in the integral vanishes if t < min( (ai aj )2 jti tj j). So
since F is of polynomial growth we get the desired upper bound for the integral.
By Corollary to the Proposition it (Wn h) = (Fth ), for some function Fth 2 L1 ((Rd 1)n 1),
and jFht jL < C where C does not depend on t.
1
8
Thus we have:
Z Z
jpr it (Wn h) pr1 i t(1 )j C jjt(1 )j C (1 + jtj)(d 1)=2
(R d 1 )n Rd 1
by Lemma 1b), where jt is the imbedding Rd 1 ,! V , ~v ! (t;~v )), and pri : (Rd 1)n !
Rd 1 is the projection to the i-th component. Hence
Z Y
i (Wn h)i
t t i C (1 + jtj)(d 1)=2
(R d 1 )n
Yn
(Rmax
d )n
1
prk j t(j ) C (1 + jtj) (n 2)(d 1)=2
k=2
where the last inequality follows from Lemma 1a). Lemma 3 is proved.
We are now ready to prove the Theorem. Denote vt = (f1t ) : : : (fnt )
. To show that
t exists it suces to check that the integral R @vt dt converges. We have:
1
the limit tlim
!1 v @t 0
@vt 2 X X
@t = (f1t ) : : : (f_it ) : : : (fn )
; (f1t ) : : : (f_jt ) : : : (fn)
i j
X t t
= W2n f n; f n 1; : : : ; f_ti; : : : ; f t1; f1t ; f_jt ; : : : ; fn
i;j
Let us decompose W2n as sum of products of truncated Wightman functions, and con-
sider the corresponding decomposition of each summand in the last sum.
Each factor containing Wtr1 obviously vanishes. By the previous lemma each factor
containing Wtri is bounded by const(1+jtj)(i 2)(1 d)=2; in particular each factor is bounded.
Let us look at a factor of the form Wtrk (g1t ; :::; gkt ) where at least one of git is a time
derivative of f`t (or complex conjugate). If k =D 2 then such a Efactor vanishes. Indeed,
if say g1t = fit and g2t = f_jt then Wtr2(g1t ; g2t ) = (fit )
; (f_jt )
= 0 since (fjt )
does
not depend on t. (Here we use that supp F(fj ) \ supp U V = Om .) The other cases are +
absolutely parallel.
We now see that each non-zero summand contains a factor of the form
Wtrk (g1t ; : : : ; gkt ) with k 3. Furthermore, it either contains at least 2 factors Wtrk with
9
k 3 or at least one factor Wk with k 4, because the term has the form Wtrk : : : Wtrk` 1
x 2 H.
P
For x 2 H let us choose functions fi such that x = 0(fi ) : : : 0(fis )
, and consider
the limit t!lim
P (f t ) : : : (f t )
. We proved already that for any y 2 H, and functions
1
1 P i 1 is
gj such that y = 0(gj ) : : : 0(gjr )
we have
1
X X t
lim
t! 1
(fit1 ) : : : (fits )
; t!lim
1
(gj1 ) : : : (gjtr )
= (x; y):
Hence the limits do not depend on the choice of fi , gj , and give correctly dened isometric
imbedding. The Theorem is proved.
4.4 Scattering matrix.
Proposition 2. We have: Im(W ) = Im(W ). +
where WTn is the time-ordered Wightman function (see lecture 2, x2.4 for the denition).
b) Assume fi 2 S and the set of velocities of fi and fj does not intersect for i =
6 j.
Then:
* ! 0 1+
X Y Y
( 1)jI j W 0(fi )
; W @ 0(fj )
A =
+
I (1;:::;n) i 2I j 2= I
= Res(F(WT )); F(f ) : : : F(f ) :
n 1 n
References
M. Reed, B. Simon,spaceMethods of Modern Mathematical Physics, vol. 4. Analysis of
operators; xXI.16,spaceAcademic Press,space1978.
J. Glimm, A. Jae,spaceQuantum Physics. (A functional integral point of view); xx13.5{
14.2,spaceSpringer-Verlag,space1987.
11