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INTRODUCTION
Portland Cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the
world, used as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and most nonspeciality grout. It was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in
the mid 19th century and usually originates from limestone. It is a fine powder
produced by heating materials in a kiln to form what is called clinker, grinding the
clinker, and adding small amounts of other materials. Several types of Portland
cement are available with the most common being called ordinary Portland cement
(OPC) which is grey in color, but a white Portland cement is also available.
II.
Limestone
Marl
Chalk
Cement rock
Clayey limestone
Clayey marl
Clayey chalk
Clays
Shales
Slates
Portland cement is made by mixing substances containing CaCO 3 with
substances containing SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and heating them to a clinker which is
subsequently ground to powder and mixed with 2-6 % gypsum.
III.
Description
1.
Fineness (m2/kg)
2.
Soundness
3.
4.
Properties
Not less than 225
m2/kg
IV.
V.
Oxide
Common Name
Abbreviation
CaO
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
Na2O
K2O
SO3
Lime
Silica
Alumina
Iron-oxide
Magnesia
Soda
Potassa
Sulfuric
Anhydride
C
S
A
F
M
N
K
Approx.
Amount (%)
60-67
17-25
3-8
0.5-6
0.1-4
0.2-1.3
1-3
CaOlimestone
SiO2-Al2O3Clay
Fe2O3Impurity in Clays
SO3from gypsumnot from the clinker
VI.
Chemical Formula
3CaO.SiO2
2CaO.SiO2
3CaO.Al2O3
4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3
Abbreviations
C3S
C2S
C3A
C4AF
1) Standard Types: these cements comply with the definition of P.C., and are
produced by adjusting the proportions of four major compounds.
2) Special Types: these do not necessarily couply with the definiton of P.C. & are
produced by using additional raw materials.
SPECIAL CEMENTS
ages.
The early strength of PPC is less.
Both P.P.C.&P.B.F.S.C.
Are called blended cements. Their heat of hydration & strength
development are low in early days. Because upon adding water C3S
compounds start to produce C-S-Hgels & CH. The Ch & the pozzolanic
material react together to produce new C-S-H gels. Thats why the early
strength is low but the ultimate strength is the same when compared to
O.P.C.
manganese oxide.
Fe2O3 + MnO 0.8%
To avoid contamination by coal ash, oil is used as fuel.
To avoid contamination by iron during grinding, instead of steel
balls nickel-molybdenum alloys are used.
The raw materials for H.A.C. s limestone and Bauxite (Al2O3 &
Fe2O3)
These raw materials are interground & introduced in the kiln
clinkered at 1600C. Then the obtained material is ground to a
VII.
USES
Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars
Modern uses
plaster)
Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts, tunnels,
parking, etc.)
Water (pipes, drains, canals, dams, tanks, pools, etc.)
Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing, poles, pylons,
fencing)
Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, irrigation)