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Chemical Reactions
and Equations
1
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Everything around us changes with time. Some of these changes accompanied with change in
physical propertiesof thesubstances andno newsubstance isformed. Sucha changeis called
physicalchange.e.g.meltingofice,boilingofwaterandtearingofpaper,etc.
Someoftheotherchangesaccompaniedwithchangeincompositionandchemicalpropertiesand
somenewsubstancesareformed.Thechangesarecalled chemicalchange. e.g.burningofcandle,
cookingfood,etc.Thechemicalchangesaretheresultofchemicalreactionsthattakeplace.
Chemical Reactions
l
Achemicalreactioninvolvesbreakingofchemical bondspresentinthereactantmoleculesand
forming new chemical bonds to give the products. A chemical reaction simply involves
rearrangementofatoms.
Inthelanguageofscience,achemicalreactionisaprocessinwhichoneormoresubstancesare
transformedintonewsubstances.Duringchemicalreactions,newsubstanceswithnewproperties
areformed.e.g.Burningofmagnesiumribboninair.
Thesubstancewhichtakepartinachemicalreactionarecalledreactantsandthenewsubstances
formedarecalledproducts.
A
+B
{
Reactants
C
+D
{
Products
Observation:
Magnesium burns with a dazzling
light.
A white powder is collected in the
chinadish.
Magnesiumribbon
Pairoftongs
Whitepowder
(Magnesiumoxide)
Conclusion: Achemicalreactionhas
takenplaceinwhichmagnesiumand
oxygenreacttoformanewproduct
magnesiumoxide.
Magnesium+Oxygen
Reactants
Chinadish
Magnesiumoxide
Product
Chemical Reactions and Equations | 1
l
l
Conclusion:Achemicalreactionhastakenplaceinwhichleadnitrateandpotassiumiodide
are the reactants whileleadiodideand potassium nitrate are the products.
Leadnitrate+Potassiumiodide
(colourlesssolution)
(colourlesssolution)
Leadiodide+Potassiumnitrate
(colourlesssolution)
(yellowsolid)
Reactants
Products
Potassiumiodide
solution
Lead
nitratesolution
Potassiumiodide
solution
Lead
nitratesolution
Initialsolutions
Mixingthesolutions
Finalresult
Leadiodide
(yellowppt.)
+
Potassium
nitrate
(insolution)
Takeaconicalflask.Fititwitha
cork and a glass tube passing
through the cork.
Putafewzincgranulesintheflask.
Add dilute hydrochloric acid or
sulphuric acid to this.
Caution : Handle the acid with
care.
Observations:
Bubbles appear around the
zinc granules.
Theflaskbecomeswarm.
Cork
Glasstube
Hydrogen
gas
Conicalflask
Dilute
sulphuricacid
Zincgranules
Reactionswhichareaccompaniedbyfall
intemperaturearethoseinwhichheatis
absorbed. Such reactions are called
endothermic reactions. For example,
when barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2, is
addedintoammoniumchloride,NH4Cl,
takeninatesttube,andthenmixedwith
aglassrod,thenontouchingthebottom
ofthetesttube,itisfoundtobecooler.
Thisisduetotheendothermicreaction
takingplace.
Beaker
Water
(Hottotouch)
Quicklime
(CaO)
Reactionbetweenquicklimeandwaterformingslakedlime
Chemical Equations
Achemicalequationlinkstogetherthesubstanceswhichreact(reactants)withthenewsubstances
thatareformed(products).
Thechemicalequationscanbewrittenintwoways:
Wordequations
Symbolequations
l
(Product)
Thewordequationforthechemicalreactionbetweengranulatedzincandhydrochloricacidmay
bewrittenas:
Zinc+Hydrochloricacid
Zincchloride+Hydrogen
1444442444443
144444244444
3
(reactants)
(products)
Inawordequationcertainconventionsarefollowedwhichare:
Thereactantsarewrittenonthelefthandsidewithplussign(+)betweenthem.
Theproductsarewrittenontherighthandsidewithplussign(+)betweenthem.
Anarrow()separatesthereactantsfromtheproducts.
The direction of the arrow head points towards the products, i.e., direction of occurring of
reaction.
l
onboththesidesoftheequation.
For example, balanced chemical equation of burning of magnesium in oxygen to form
magnesiumoxideiswrittenas
2Mg+O2
2MgO
Abalancedchemicalequationmustobeythe lawofconservationofmass.Thismeansthatthe
totalmassofthereactantsandproductsparticipatinginanequationmustbethesame.
l
Writethechemicalequationintheformofawordequation.Keepthereactantsonleftsideandthe
productsofrightside.
Convertthewordequationintothesymbolequationbywritingthesymbolsandformulaeofall
thereactantsandproducts.
Maketheatomsofdifferentelementsonbothsidesoftheequationequalbyasuitablemethod.
Thisisknownasbalancingofequation.
Donotchangetheformulaeofthesubstanceswhilebalancingtheequation.
Letusunderstandthebalancingofchemicalequationswiththehelpoffollowingexamples:
Example:Zincreactswithdilutesulphuricacidtogivezincsulphateandhydrogen.
Solution:Thewordequationforthereactionis:
Zinc+Sulphuricacid
Zincsulphate+Hydrogen
Thesymbolequationforthesamereactionis:
Zn+H2SO4
ZnSO4 +H2
Letuscountthenumberofatomsofalltheelementsinthereactantsandproductsonboth
sidesoftheequation.
Element
Zn
S
H
O
No.ofatoms
ofreactants
(L.H.S)
1
1
2
4
No.ofatoms
ofproducts
(R.H.S)
1
1
2
4
Asthenumberofatomsofalltheelementsinvolvedinthereactantsandproductsareequal,the
equationisalreadybalanced.
l
Element
Mg
No.ofatoms
ofreactants
(L.H.S)
1
No.ofatoms
ofproducts
(R.H.S)
1
Cl
AsimplelookattheequationrevealsthatthenumberofMgatomsareequal(1)onbothsides.At
thesametime,thenumberofClandHatomsarenotequal.
StepII: Itisalwaysconvenienttostartwiththecompoundthatcontainsthemaximumnumberof
atoms,whetherofreactantsorofproducts.Thenuseappropriatecoefficientstobalanceitsatoms.
Inthiscase,thecompoundisMgCl2.Here,Mgatomsarealreadybalancedonbothsides.Tobalance
theatomsofCl,putcoefficient2beforeHClonthereactantside.Theequationmaynowbewritten
as:
Mg+2HCl
MgCl2 +H2
StepIII:Now,checkthenumberofatomsofdifferentelementsonbothsidesoftheequation.
Theseareequal.Thismeansthattheequationisbalanced.
l
Example:Ironreactswithwater(steam)toformferricoxideandliberatinghydrogengas.
Solution:Thewordequationforthereactionis:
Iron+Water(steam)
Ferricoxide+Hydrogen
Thesymbolequationforthesamereactionis:
Fe+H2O
Fe2O3 +H2
Thebalancingoftheequationisdoneinthefollowingsteps:
StepI: Letuscountthenumberofatomsofalltheelementsinthereactantsandproductsonboth
sidesoftheequation.
Element
No.ofatoms
ofreactants
(L.H.S.)
No.ofatoms
ofproducts
(R.H.S.)
Fe
AsimplelookattheequationrevealsthatthenumberofHatomsareequal(2)onbothsides.Atthe
sametime,thenumberofFeandOatomsarenotequal.
StepII:Oninspection,thenumberofOatomsinthereactant(H2O)islwhileintheproduct
(Fe2O3),theseare3.Tobalancetheseatoms,putcoefficient3beforeH2Oonthereactantside.The
partiallybalancedequationmaybewrittenas:
Fe+3H2O
Fe2O3 +H2
StepIII: InordertoequateHatoms,putcoefficient3beforeHontheproductside.Asaresult,the
Hatomson bothsidesoftheequationbecome 6andarethusbalanced. Thepartiallybalanced
equationmaynowbewrittenas:
Fe+3H2O
Fe2O3+3H2
StepIV:InordertobalancetheFeatoms,putcoefficient2beforeFeonthereactantside.The
equationformedmaybewrittenas:
2Fe+3H2O
Fe2O3 +3H2
6 | Chemical Reactions and Equations
StepV:Onfinalinspection,thenumberofatomsofalltheelementsonbothsidesoftheequation
areequal.Therefore,theequationisbalanced.
l
Example:Nitrogenandhydrogencombinetoformammonia.
Solution:StepI:Thewordequationforthereactionis
Nitrogen+Hydrogen
Ammonia
StepII:Thesymbolequationforthereactionis:
N2 +H2
NH3
StepIII: LetuscountthenumberofatomsofvariouselementsonbothL.H.SandR.H.S.InL.H.S
therearetwonitrogenatomswhereasonR.H.Sthereisonenitrogenatom.Toresolvethisproblem,
R.H.Sismultipliedby2.Equationnowbecomes
N2 +H2
2NH3
The number of hydrogen atoms on R.H.S is now 6 and on L.H.S it is 2. Hatoms in L.H.S are
multipliedby3.Equationnowbecomes
N2 +3H2
2NH3
StepIV:Asthenumberofatomsofvariouselementsisnowequalinbothsides,theequationis
balancedchemicalequation.
Element
L.H.S
R.H.S
Example:Balancethefollowingskeletalequation:
Mg3N2 +H2O
Mg(OH)2 +NH3
Solution:StepI:SelectingtheformulaMg3N2 andbalancingMgatoms:Balancingisstarted
fromMg3N2 andMg(OH)2 astheycontainmaximumnumberofatoms.NumberofMgatomsin
L.H.Sis3andinR.H.Sis1.Tobalancetheequationweputcoefficient3beforeMg(OH)2 onR.H.S.
Mg3N2 +H2O
3Mg(OH)2 +NH3
StepII:TobalanceNatoms:TobalanceNatoms,coefficient2isaddedbeforeNH3 onR.H.S.
Equationnowbecomes:
Mg3N2 +H2O
3Mg(OH)2 +2NH3
StepIII: TobalanceOatoms: Oatomsarebalancedbyaddingcoefficient6beforeH2OonL.H.S.
Equationnowbecomes:
Mg3N2 +6H2O
3Mg(OH)2 +2NH3
StepIV:TobalanceHatoms.NumberofHatomsarebalancedonbothL.H.SandR.H.S.
StepV:CheckthenumberofatomsonbothL.H.S.andR.H.S.Theequationisnowbalancedas
numberofatomsonbothsidesareequal.
Element
L.H.S
R.H.S
3
2
12
6
3
2
12
6
Mg
N
H
O
(i) (s)forsolidstate
(ii) (l)forliquidstate
(iii)(g)forgaseousstate
(iv) (aq)foraqueoussolutioni.e.solutionpreparedinwater.
Agasifevolvedinareactionisshownbythesymbol( -)i.e.byanarrowpointingupwards.
Similarlytheprecipitateifformedduringthereactionisindicatedbythesymbol( )i.e.byan
arrowpointingdownwards.Theabbreviationpptisalsousedtorepresenttheprecipitateif
formed.
Afewchemicalequationsshowingstatesymbolsaregivenforthebenefitofthestudents.
(i) 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)
(ii) Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g)
(iii)AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)
l
1 Writebalancedchemicalequationsforeach
ofthefollowingreactions:
(i) When solid mercury (II) oxide is heated,
liquidmercuryandoxygengasareproduced.
(ii) Liquid hydrogen peroxide decomposes to
formwaterandoxygengas.
(iii)Acetylene/Ethyne (C2H2) gas burns in
oxygentoformcarbondioxideandwateralong
withevolutionofheat.
D
2Hg(l) +O2(g)
Soln.: (i)2HgO(s)
(ii) 2H2O2(l) 2H2O(l) +O2(g)
(iii)2C2H2(g) +5O2(g) 4CO2(g) +2H2O(l)
2 Expressthefollowingreactionsintheform
ofchemicalequationsandthenbalancethese
equations:
(i) Phosphorus burns in oxygen to form
phosphoruspentoxide.
(ii) Silver is precipitated out when a copper
strip is dipped in silver nitrate solution. The
solution turns blue due to the formation of
copper(II)nitrate.
(iii)Magnesium ribbon is burnt in a jar
containingnitrogengaswhenawhitepowder
ofmagnesiumnitrideisobtained.
8 | Chemical Reactions and Equations
I LLUSTRATION
5 Writethebalancedchemicalequationswith
statesymbolsforthefollowingreactions:
(i) Iron fillings react with steam to produce
iron(III)oxideandhydrogengas.
(ii) Magnesium reacts with nitrogen upon
heatingtoformmagnesiumnitride.
(iii)Ethane burns in oxygen to form carbon
dioxideandwater(gas).
(iv) Sodiumhydroxidesolution(inwater)reacts
withhydrochloricacid(inwater)toformsodium
chloride(inwater)andwater.
Soln.:(i) 2Fe(s) +3H2O(g)
Fe2O3(s) +3H2(g)
heat ( D )
(ii) 3Mg(s)+N2(g)
Mg3N2(s)
(iii)2C2H6(g) +7O2(g)
4CO2(g) +6H2O(g)
(iv) NaOH(aq) +HCl(aq)
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Chemicalequationalsocalledsymbolequation,istheshortenedwayofrepresentingachemical
reaction.Itprovidesusefulinformationaboutthechemicalreaction.Forexample:
A chemical equation tells us about the substances (reactants and products) participating in a
particular reaction.
Achemicalequationinformsusaboutthesymbolsandformulaeofallthesubstancesinvolvedin
aparticularreaction.
Achemicalequationtellsusaboutthenumberofatomsormoleculesofthereactantsandproducts
thatareinvolvedinthereaction.
Achemicalequationgivesinformationabouttheweightsofthereactantsconsumedandofthe
productsformedinachemicalreaction.
Achemicalequationtellsusaboutthenumberofgramatomsorgrammolesofthesubstancesthat
areparticipatinginthereaction.
Insomecases,thechemicalequationtellsusaboutthephysicalstatesofthereactantsandproducts
and also about the heat evolved or absorbed during the reaction provided these are specially
mentioned.
Inachemicalequation,oneofthereactantsisavailableinsmaller
amount as compared to the other reactants, it will limit the
participation of other reactants in the reaction. This reactant
(reagent)isknownasthe limitingreagent.Forexample,liquefied
petroleumgas(L.P.G)mainlycontainsbutane(C4H10).Itburns
inairoroxygentoprovideheatenergy.Whentheentiregasreleasedfromthecylinderis
consumed and the cylinder becomes empty, no more combustion takes place. However,
oxygenisstillavailablebutitisofnouse.Herebutaneisregardedasthelimitingreactant.
Do You
Know
4CO2(g) +5H2O(l)
CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY
I LLUSTRATION
heat
CaO(s) +CO2(g)
CaCO3(s)
(Given:atomicmassofCa=40,C=12,O=16)
uponheatingdecomposestogivecalciumoxide
andcarbondioxide.
(ii) In terms of symbol equation, CaCO3(s)
decomposestogiveCaO(s) andCO2(g).
(iii)1 molecule of CaCO3 decomposes into 1
moleculeofCaOand1moleculeofCO2.
(iv) 1moleofCaCO3 decomposesinto1moleof
CaOand1moleofCO2.
(v) 100gofCaCO3decomposesinto56gofCaO
and44gofCO2.
heat
CaO(s) +CO2(g)
Soln.:CaCO3(s)
Calciumcarbonate
1molecule
1mol
40+12+48=100g
CalciumoxideCarbondioxide
1molecule1molecule
1mol
1mol
40+16=56g12+32=44g
Theinformationgatheredfromthedatagiven
maybesummedupasfollows:
(i) Calcium carbonate, also called limestone
Thermochemical Equations
A balanced chemical equation which gives information about the heat change (evolved or
absorbed,DH)duringthereactioniscalledthethermochemicalequation.
Athermochemicalequationcanbewrittenasfollows:
(a) bywritingtheheatevolvedorabsorbedasatermintheequation,
C(s) +O2(g)
CO2(g) +393.5kJ
C2H5OH(l) +3O2(g)
2CO2(g) +3H2O(l) +1367kJmol1
(b) byusing DHnotation,i.e.,writing DH=veforexothermicand DH=+veforendothermic.
C(s) +O2(g)
CO2(g); DH=393.5kJ
C2H5OH(l) +3O2(g)
2CO2(g) +3H2O(l) ; DH=1367kJmol1
l
Itisessentialbecausethephysicalstatesofthereactantsandtheproductscauseappreciable
differenceinthevalueof DH.Whenonemoleofliquidwaterisformedfromgaseoushydrogen
andgaseousoxygen,theheatevolvedisequalto285.8kJ.
1
2
H2(g) + O2(g)
H2O(l);
DrH=285.8kJ
Ontheotherhand,whenonemoleofwaterinthegaseousstateisformedfromthegaseous
oxygenandhydrogen,theheatevolvedisequalto241.8kJ.
1
2
H2(g) + O2(g)
H2O(g);
DrH=241.8kJ
Thecoefficientsofthesubstancesinathermochemicalequationrepresentthenumberofmoles
ofeachsubstanceinvolvedinthereaction.The DHvaluescorrespondtothesecoefficients.
Whenthecoefficientsinthechemicalequationaremultipliedordividedbythesamefactor.
Forexample,intheequation,
1
2
H2(g) + O2(g)
H2O(g);
DrH=241.8kJ
Ifcoefficientsaremultipliedby2,wewritetheequation,
2H2(g) +O2(g)
2H2O(g);
DrH=483.6kJ
Whenthechemicalequationinreversed,thesignof DHvalueisalsochangedbutthemagnitude
remainsthesame.Forexample,
N2(g) +3H2(g)
2NH3(g);
DrH=91.8kJ
2NH3(g)
N2(g) +3H2(g);
DrH=91.8kJ
Thus,areactionwhichisexothermicinonedirectionwillbeendothermicinreversedirection.
l
2O).
Wehavestudiedthatthechemicalreactionsgenerallyinvolvesimplytheexchangeofatomsinthe
reactantstoformproducts.Neithertheatomsdisappearfromthereactionmixturenornewatoms
appearinthesame.Infact,inchemicalreactions,bondspresentinthereactingspeciesbreakand
(b)Combinationofanelementandacompoundtoformanewcompound:Anelementmay
alsocombinewithacompoundtoformanewcompound.Someexamplesaregivenbelow:
(i) Combinationbetweennitricoxideandoxygen:Both nitricoxideandoxygen arecolourless
gases.Whentheseareallowedtoreactproductformedisnitrogendioxidewhichisareddish
browngas.
2NO( g) + O 2( g )
Nitricoxide
2NO2(g )
Nitrogen dioxide
(Browngas)
(ii) Formationofcalciumsulphate:Calciumoxidereactswithsulphurtrioxidetoformcalcium
sulphate.
CaSO4
CaO+SO3
Calcium sulphate
Takeabout2gto3gofcalciumoxide(alsocalledquick
lime) in aglass beaker. Pour wateroverit veryslowly.
Observation: Thereactionishighlyvigorousaswell
asexothermic. It is accompaniedby hissing noise
andbubbles.Infact,solutioninitiallystartsboiling.
Conclusion: Asaresultofthecombinationreaction,
calcium hydroxide (alsoknown asslaked lime) is
formed.
CaO(s) + H2O(l)
Quick lime
Ca(OH)2(s)
Slakedlime
Beaker
Water
Quicklime
Slakedlime
Do You
Know
Slaked lime or calcium hydroxide formed in the above reaction is in the form of a white
suspension.Itisfilteredandsolutioncontainingsolublecalciumhydroxideisappliedonthe
wallwithabrush.Carbondioxidepresentinairwillcomeintoitscontactandasaresult,athin
layerofcalciumcarbonate(w hite)w illbedepositedonthewall.Thisisknow nas whitewash.
Ca(OH)2(aq) +CO2(g)
CaCO3(s) +H2O(l)
Decomposition Reactions
Decompositionreactionsmaybedefinedas:Thereactionsinwhichasinglesubstancesplits
intotwoormoresimplesubstancesundersuitableconditions.
Thedecompositionreactiontakes placeonlywhentheenergyintheform ofheat,electricityor
lightissupplied.Thustherearethreetypesofdecompositionreactions.
(a) Thermaldecompositionreaction
Whenadecompositionreactioniscarriedoutbyheating,itiscalledthermaldecomposition
reaction.(Thermalmeansrelatingtoheat)
To demonstrate thermal decomposition of
ferrous sulphate
Takeasmallamountofferroussulphatecrystals
inadrytesttube.Holdingthetesttubeinatest
holder,heatthetesttubestronglyoveraflameof
a spirit lamp or aburner.
Observation: Thegreencolouredferroussulphate
crystals(FeSO4.7H2O)onheatingfirstlosewater
andthecolourchangestoformanhydrousFeSO4.
FeSO47H2O Heat FeSO4(s)
Sulphurdioxidegas
+
Sulphurtrioxidegas
Testtubeholder
Drytesttube
Ferroussulphatecrystals
+ 7H2O(s)
Burner
Ferrous sulphate
Anhydrous ferrous
crystals sulphate
Thisonfurtherheatinggivesoutacharacteristic
smellofburningsulphurleavingbehindareddish
brown residue of ferric oxide.
l
Fe2O3(s) +SO2(g)-
+SO3(g) -
Takepowderedleadnitrateinadrytesttube.Holditin
the testtube holder. Heat itover the flame.
Observation: Brownfumesofnitrogendioxidearefound
toevolveandayellowresidueofleadoxideisleftbehind
in thetest tube.
Conclusion:Thisisduetothefollowingdecomposition
reaction :
2Pb(NO3)2(s) D 2PbO(s) +4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Lead nitrate
(White)
Testtubeholder
Boilingtube
Leadnitrate
Burner
(b)Electrolyticdecompositionreactions
Whenasubstanceisdecomposedbypassingelectriccurrent,theprocessiscalledelectrolysis
(electro = electric ; lysis = break down). For instance, when an electric current is passed
throughwater(mixedwithfewdropsofacid),itisdecomposedintohydrogenandoxygen
gases.
2H2O(l) electriccurrent 2H2(g) + O2(g)
CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY
Plasticmug
Hydrogen
Water
Water
Rubberstopper
Cathode
6V
Battery
Observation:Asthecurrentflows,bubblescomeoutfromboththeelectrodes.Therateof
bubble formation is, however, different at the two electrodes. It is double at the cathode
(connectedtothenegativeendofthebattery)thanattheanode(connectedtothepositive
end ofthe battery).
Wecantestthesegases byusingaburningcandle.
Iftheburningcandleisbroughtclosetothemouthofthetesttubecontaininglargeramount
ofgas,apopsoundisproducedandthegasstartsburning.Itisapropertyofhydrogengas.
Iftheburningcandleisbroughttothemouthoftheothertesttube,thecandleflameglows
brighter. This is a property of oxygen gas.
Do You
Know
l
Ifcatalystincreasestherateofreactionitiscalledpositivecatalystandsuchcatalysis
iscalledpositivecatalysis.Ifcatalystdecreasestherateofreactionitiscallednegative
catalystandsuchcatalysisiscallednegativecatalysis.
Takeabout2gofsilverchloride(whiteincolour)inaclean
watchglass.
Placethewatchglassinbrightsunlightfor
fewminutes.
Observe anychanges taking placein silver
chloride.
Observation: Silverchlorideslowlychanges
to deep grey colour. It is because, silver
chlorideonabsorbinglightenergyundergoes
photodecomposition,andhence,formssilver
metal and chlorine.
2AgCl(s)
Sunlight
Sun
Sunlight
2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
Watchglass
Silverchloride
turnsgrey
Conclusion:Thechlorinegasescapesinair
andgreysilvermetalisleftinthewatchglass.
Silverchloride
(white)
Iftheactivityisrepeatedwithsilverbromide
orsilveriodide,similarreactionstakeplace.However,rateofreactionisfastestincaseof
silver iodide and slowestin case of silverchloride.
Sunlight
2AgI
Silveriodide
Silver
Bromine
Sunlight
2Ag( s) + I2( g)
Silver
Iodine
Chromium oxide
Atveryhightemperaturegeneratedduringthedecompositionreaction,itimmediatelychanges
togreenvapourswhicharereleasedalongwithsteam.Itseemsasifavolcanohaseruptedand
isquiteoftentermedaschemicalvolcano.
Decompositionofhydrogenperoxide: Itisathicksyrupyliquidcommonlyusedasableaching
agent.Justlikesilversalts,hydrogenperoxideisalsosensitivetolightandreadilydecomposes
as:
sun light
2H2O2(l)
2H2O(l) +O2(g)
CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY
Forthisreasonhydrogenperoxideisgenerallykeptinamberbottlestoavoiddecomposition
bysunlight.
Digestion of food : The digestion of food in our body is accompanied by a number of
decompositionreactions.Thecarbohydrates,fats,proteinsetc.arethemajorconstituentofour
food.Theydecomposetoformanumberofsimplersubstanceswhichfurtherreactreleasing
largeamountofenergywhichkeepsourbodyworking.
I LLUSTRATION
decomposition reactions.
Soln.: (i) Decomposition of limestone on
heating.
CaCO(s)
Heat
CaO(s)
Soln.: (i)Electrolyticdecompositionofmolten
sodium chloride: On passing electric
current through molten sodium chloride, it
decomposestogivesodiummetalandchlorine
gas.
+ CO2(g)
Thisisadecompositionreactionbecausethe
singlecompound,CaCO3,onheatingsplitsto
form simpler compounds, CaO and CO2.
(ii) Decompositionof potassium chlorate on
heatinginthepresenceofmanganesedioxide
as catalyst.
2KClO3
Heat
MnO3
2NaCl
Sodium chloride
(molten)
Heat
2Na(s) + Cl2-
Sodium Chlorine
metal
Thisreactionisusedtoobtainsodiummetal
on alarge scale. Chlorine gasis obtained as
a byproduct.
(ii) Electrolytic decomposition of molten
alumina (aluminium oxide) : On passing
electric current through molten alumina, it
decomposes to give aluminium metal and
oxygen gas.
2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
Electriccurrent
ZnO + CO2-
2Al2O3(l)
Electriccurrent
Alumina
(molten)
4Al(s)
+ 3O2 -
Aluminium Oxygen
metal
ZnO( s) + CO2( s)
Zincoxide
carbondioxide
Electricity
( Decomposition)
4Al + 3O 2
Aluminium Oxygengas
Takeabout10mLofdilutecoppersulphatesolutionin
a test tube.
Tieanironnailwithathreadandimmerseitcarefullyin
the copper sulphate solution for about 2025 minutes.
Observation: Bluecolourofcoppersulphatefadesand
iron nail becomes brownish in colour. This is due to
the following reaction :
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Conclusion: Inthisreaction,ironhasdisplacedorremoved
another element, copper from copper sulphate solution.
Thisreactionisknownas displacementreaction.
Coppersulphate
solution
Ironnail
Cu + 2AgNO 3
Copper Silvernitrate
(colourless)
Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + 2Ag
(ii) Magnesiumdisplacescopperfromcopper
sulphate solution.
Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq)
MgSO4(aq) +Cu(s)
Magnesium Copper
sulphate
Magnesium Copper
sulphate
10 Explainthereactionbetweenmetalsand
acidsasexamplesofdisplacementreactions.
l
Thread
Testtube
Coppernitrate Silver
(blue)
I LLUSTRATION
Soln.: Metals like, iron, aluminium and
magnesiumwilldisplacehydrogenfromdilute
sulphuric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid as
shown bythe equationsbelow :
Fe(s) +H2SO4(aq)
FeSO4(aq) +H2(s)
Iron
dil. sulphuric
acid
2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq)
2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(s)
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)
Magnesium
MgCl2(aq) + H2(s)
Magnesium chloride
(ii) BaCl 2( aq )
Sodiumchloride
Silverchloride Sodiumnitrate
(precipitate)
+ H 2 SO 4(aq )
BaSO4( s) +
Bariumchloride
(iii) CuSO 4( aq ) +
Coppersulphate
Sulphuricacid
H2 S(aq )
Hydrogensulphide
Bariumsulphate
(precipitate)
2HCl
Hydrochloricacid
CuS( s ) +H 2 SO 4( aq)
Coppersulphide Sulphuric acid
(Precipitate)
Do You
Know
Double displacement reactions are generally ionic reactions taking place in aqueous
solutioninwhichionsparticipateandthereisanexchangeofpartners(orions).
l
Precipitation Reactions
Whentheaqueoussolutionoftwoioniccompoundsreactbyexchangingtheirions/radicals,
toformtwo ormorenewcompounds, suchthatoneof theproductsformedis aninsoluble
salt,andhence,formsprecipitate,thedoubledisplacementreactionissaidtobeprecipitation
reaction.
For example : When lead nitrate solution is mixed with potassium iodide solution a yellow
precipitateisformed.Thisreactionisaprecipitationreactionandcanbeexpressedasfollows:
Pb(NO3)2(aq)+2KI(aq)
Leadnitratesolution
Potassiumiodide
(colourless)
solution(colourless)
PbI2()+2KNO3(aq)
Leadiodide
(yellowppt)
Potassiumnitrate
solution
Intheabovereaction,theleadnitratesolutionandpotassiumiodidesolutionexchangetheir
ions to form a precipitateof lead iodide and potassium nitrate solution.
When an aqueous solution of an acid reacts with a base (alkali) by exchanging their ions/
radicalstoformsaltandwaterastheonlyproducts,thereactionwhichtakesplaceiscalled
neutralisationreactions.
Examples:
Acid +Base/Alkali
Salt+Water
H2SO4(aq) +2NaOH(aq)
Na2SO4(aq) +2H2O(l)
2HCl(aq)
+Mg(OH)2(aq)
MgCl2(aq)
Water
+2H2O(l)
Potassium
chloride
Bromine
I LLUSTRATION
(b) Cl2(g) + 2KI(aq)
2KCl(aq) + I2(g)
Chlorine Potassium
iodide
Potassium Iodine
chloride
Inboththeexampleschlorinebeingmorereactive
thanbromineandiodinedisplacesthemfromtheir
salt solutions respectively.
TakeacleantesttubeA andpourinitabout5mLofsodium
sulphate solution.
TakeacleantesttubeBandpourinitabout5mLofbarium
chloride.
Pour the contents of the test tube A in the test tube B as
shown in figureand make your observations.
Observation: Youwillobservethatatonceawhiteprecipitate
isformed.
Conclusion:Thiswhiteprecipitateisduetotheformation
of insoluble barium sulphate. The double displacement
reactioncan beexpressed asfollows:
Na2SO4(aq)+BaCl2(aq)
Sodiumsulphate Bariumchloride
solution
solution
Testtube
containingsolution
ofsodiumsulphate
Testtube
containingsolution
ofbariumchloride
Whiteprecipitateof
bariumsulphate
2NaCl(aq)+BaSO4
Sodiumchloride Bariumsulphate
(whiteppt)
solution
Gainofoxygen
(i) ZnO+C
(Oxidation)
D
Zn+CO
(ii) Fe2O3+2Al
Lossofoxygen
(Reduction)
ZnO
C
Oxidisingagent
Reducingagent
2Fe+Al2O3
Lossofoxygen
(Reduction)
Fe2O3
Al
Oxidisingagent
Reducingagent
Gainofhydrogen
(Reduction)
Lossofoxygen
(Reduction)
(iii) 2H2S+SO2
3S+2H2O
(iv)
H2S+Cl2
Lossofhydrogen
(Oxidation)
SO2
2HCl+S
Lossofhydrogen
Cl2
H2S
Oxidisingagent
Reducingagent
(Oxidation)
Oxidisingagent
Reducingagent
l
l
l
l
Takeahardglasstesttubeandfixthistubeinhorizontal
position in a laboratory iron stand clamp.
Placeabout2gofcopperpowder(reddishbrownincolour)inasmallwatchglassandthen
introduce it in the glass tube.
Closebothendsoftheglasstubewithrubberstoppersinwhichglasstubingsareinserted.
Heatthewatchglass stronglyforfewminutes.
Slowly blow in air and record your observations for10 minutes.
Observation:Thereddishbrowncolouredcopperslowlychangestoblackcolour.Thisblack
substanceis copperoxide whichisformed whenoxygen isaddedtocopper.
2Cu( s) + O 2( g )
2CuO( s)
Copper
Oxygen
Copperoxide
Copperpowder Watchglass
Glasstubing
Cork
B
Airin
(a)Oxidationofcoppertocopperoxide.
Blackcopper(II)
Glasstubing
Watchglass
oxide
Cork
A
Hydrogenin
(b)Reductionofcopperoxide(black)tocopper.
l
l
Inthisreactionasoxygenisaddedtocopper,therefore,copperisoxidisedtocopperoxide.
Now,goonheatingtheglasstubeandpassslowlyhydrogengasovertheblackcopperoxide
for 10 minutes. Black copper oxide slowly regains its original reddish brown colour.
During this reaction, copper oxide is slowly losing its oxygen.
CuO( s)
Copperoxide
(Black)
H 2( g )
Cu( s)
Copper
Hydrogen
(Reddishbrown)
+ H 2O( l)
Water
Conclusion:Intheabovereaction,copperfirstoxidisedtocopperoxidebygainofoxygen
and copperoxide is reducedto copper on accountof the lossof oxygen.
areducing agent.
(iii)(a) Sodium loses electron to form Na+.
Hence,sodiumhasbeenoxidized.
(b) ChlorinegainselectronstoformCl.Hence
chlorinehas beenreduced.
(c) Sodiumis thereducing agent.
(d) Chlorine isthe oxidising agent.
(iv)(a)CopperhaslostelectronstoformCu2+.
Hence,copperhasbeenoxidisedand,therefore,
isareducing agent.
(b) AgNO3 (Ag+ ion)gainselectronstoform
Ag. Hence, AgNO3 has been reduced and
therefore, is an oxidising agent.
Respiration
Respirationisthemostimportantbiochemicalreactionwhichreleasesenergyinthecells.When
webreatheinair,oxygenentersourlungsandpassesintothousandsofsmallairsacs(alveoli).
Theseairsacsoccupyalargeareaofmembranesandoxygendiffusesfromthemembranesinto
blood.Itbindsitselftohaemoglobinpresentinredbloodcellsandiscarriedtomillionsofcellsin
the body. Respiration occurs in these cells and is accompanied by the combustion of glucose
producingcarbondioxideandwater.Sincethereactionisofexothermicnature,theenergyreleased
duringrespirationcarriesmanycellreactionsandkeepsourheartandmusclesworking.Italso
providesthedesiredwarmthtothebody.Bothcarbondioxideandwaterpassbackintotheblood
andweultimatelybreathethemout.Pleasenotethatrespirationtakesplaceinthecellsofallliving
beings.
Combustion Reactions
Achemicalreactioninwhichasubstanceburnsorgetsconvertedtocarbondioxideinthepresence
of airor oxygenis calledcombustion reaction. Forexample, kerosene,coal, charcoal,wood etc.
burn in air and thus, undergo combustion. Methane (CH4), a major constituent of natural gas,
undergoescombustioninexcessofoxygenuponheating.
CH4(g) +2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Methane
Similarly,butane(C4H10),themainconstituentofL.P.G.alsoundergoescombustion.
C4H10(g) +13/2O2(g) 4CO2(g) +5H2O
(l)
Butane
26 | Chemical Reactions and Equations
slowlyoxidisedtocertainbadsmellingcompounds.Theseareofvolatilenatureandreleasefoul
smell.Thisisknownas rancidity.
Itmaybedefinedas:theslowoxidationofoilsandfatspresentinfoodmaterialsresultingin
somebadsmellingcompounds.
Methodstocheckrancidity: Followingmeasurescanbeadoptedtopreventorslowdownrancidity:
Food materials are often packed in air tight containers. Oxygen has no access to them and
oxidationresultinginrancidityisprevented.Thesedays,preferenceisgivenvacuumpacking.
Refrigerationoffoodalsoslowsdownranciditybecausethetemperatureinsiderefrigeratoris
verylowanddirectcontactwithairoroxygenisavoided.
Inbagscontainingpotatochipsandothersimilarstuff,theairisquiteoftenreplacedbynitrogen.
Thischeckstheiroxidationaswellasrancidity.
Itisalwaysadvisabletoplacefoodmaterialsandcookedfoodinplacesawayfromdirectsun
light.Thiswillslowdowntheprocessofrancidity.
Foodindustryhaspickedupveryfastthroughouttheworld
and also in India. The manufactures are adding certain
substances called antioxidants to the food materials.As the
namesuggests,thesechecktheiroxidation,whenantioxidants
areaddedtofoods,thefatsandoilspresentinthemdonotget
oxidisedeasilyandthus,donotgetrancid.Thismeansthattheroleofantioxidantsisto
act as reducing agents. Two commonly used antioxidants are BHA (Butylated
hydroxyanisole)andBHT(Butylatedhydroxytoluene).
Do You
Know
CONCEPT MAP
CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY
ESSENTIAL POINTS
Ignition Temperature
l
Theminimumtemperaturetowhichasubstancehastobeheatedbeforeitcanburnisknown
as theignition temperature ofthe substance.
Ignitiontemperaturediffersfromsubstancetosubstance.Differentformsofthesamesubstance
havedifferentignitiontemperature.Forexample,woodshavingshavealowerignitiontemperature
thanthatofalargerpieceofwood.Soamatchstickcanlightwoodshavingsbutitcannotlight
alargepieceofwood.Thisisbecauseheatproducedbytheburningmatchstickissufficient
toreachtheignitiontemperatureofwoodshaving,butinsufficienttoreachtheignitiontemperature
of a block of wood.
Whenwaterispouredoveraburningsubstance,waterabsorbsheatfromthesubstance.This
makesthetemperatureofthesubstancetogobelowitsignitiontemperature.So,theburning
ofthe substancestops.
Whenawaterfilledpapercupisplacedoveraflame,thewatergetsheatedbutthecupdoes
notburn.Thisisduetothefactthatthewatertakesawaytheheatfromthecup.So,thecup
is not allowed to attain its ignition temperature.
Aburningsoliddoesnotproduceflameunlessvapourisproduced.Onlythosesolidorliquid
fuelswhichproducevapouronheating,burnwithaflame.Forexample,keroseneisaliquid
fuel.It vaporizeson heating.So,it burnswith aflame.
Whenthesupplyofoxygenissufficient,thefuelburnscompletely,producingablueflame.
Ablueflamedoes notproducemuchlight,henceit isanonluminousflame.
When the supply of oxygen is inadequate, the fuel burns incompletely, producing a yellow
flame.
Inachemicalreaction,thebondspresentinthereactantsarebrokenandsimilarlynewbonds
areformedtogivetheproducts.Thespeedofbondformationandbondbreakingindifferent
reactions is different.Reactions are classified into three typesbased on their speed.
(a) Fastreactions:Thosereactionsinwhichthereactantsreadilychangeintoproductswithin
fewseconds.
For example : Neutralisation of sodium hydroxide by hydrochloric acid.
NaOH(aq)
+ HCl(aq)
NaCl(aq) +H2O(l)
Sodium hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid
Sodium chloride
Water
55C
C12H22O11+H2O
Sucrose
2NO2+O
2 2
C6H12O6+C6H12O6
Glucose
Fructose
(c) Slow reactions: Those reactions which take very long time to complete are called slow
reactions.
Example : Rusting of iron,formationof coal, weathering of rocks, etc.
30 | Chemical Reactions and Equations
It is difficult to measure the rate of very fast and very slow reactions and so moderate
reactionsareuseful in regard ofmeasuring therates ofdifferentreactions.
Chemicalreactionsproceedwithdifferentrates.Somereactions takeplaceinstantaneously
Example:
(i) Whensodiumpieceisplacedinwatertheinstantaneousreactiontakesplaceasaresultof
the reaction causticsoda is formed and hydrogengas is liberated.
2Na+2H2O 2NaOH+H2
(ii) Detonation of an explosive takes place instantaneously.
(iii)Acidbase reactions, precipitation ofAgCl (on mixing solutionofAgNO3 and HCl) also
go to completion ina fraction of second.
Some reactions areslow. For example, reaction between potassiumpermaganate and oxalic
acidorhydrogenperoxidesolutionproceedwithslowrate.Thereareseveralreactionswhich
are veryslow and take very long time for completion.
Examples:
(i) Rustingforiron takesplace indays or months.
2Fe+ 3/2O2 + xH2O Fe2O3xH2O
(ii) Weatheringof rocks andthe reactionsin earthscrust continue forseveral years.
Thebranchofchemistrywhichdealswiththestudyoftherateofachemicalreactionsisknown
aschemicalkinetics.Rateofreactioncanbedefinedastherateofchangeofconcentrationof
aparticular reactantorproductin unittime.Rateof decreaseofconcentrationofareactant
or therate of increaseof concentration ofa product inunit time.
Rate of reaction =
Reversible Reaction
Thechemicalreactionwhichcanproceedbothintheforwardandreversedirectionsarecalled
reversible reactions.
It isindicated bya doublehalf headedarrow ( ).
Thereactantsneverget exhaustedinthesereactions.
Change in temperature, pressure orconcentration changes the direction ofreaction.
Such reactions shouldbe carried out ina closedcontainer.
Such reactions never go to completion.
e.g. H2(g) + I2(g)
2HI(g)
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
3Fe(s)
+ 4H2O(g)
Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
Red hot iron
Steam
Irreversible Reaction
The reactions in which complete conversion of the reactants into products occur are called
irreversible reactions.
Theyare indicatedbya singleheaded arrow().
Changeinconcentration,temperatureandpressuredoesntchangethedirectionofreaction.
They can proceed onlyin the forward direction.
e.g. 2KClO3(s)
Potassium
chlorate
Heat
2KCl(s)+3O2(g)
Potassium
chloride
Zn(s)+H2SO4(aq)
2ZnSO4(aq)+H2(g)
Zincsulphate
2Na(s)+2H2O(l)
2NaOH(aq)+H2(g)
Zinc
Sulphuricacid
Examples
1. H2S:Theoxidationnumberofhydrogenis+1.Lettheoxidationnumberofsulphurbex.
2(+1)+x=0.So x=2.
OxidationnumberofSinH2Sis2.
2. H2SO3 : Oxidationnumberofhydrogenis+1andthatofoxygenis2.Lettheoxidationnumber
ofSbex.
2(+1)+x+3(2)=0or2+x6=0 x=+4
OxidationnumberofSinH2SO3 is+4.
-
3. SO2
4 :Theoxidationnumberofoxygenis2andlettheoxidationnumberofSbex.
16. OxidationnumberofPinMg2P2O7 :
Mg2
P2
O7
2(2)
2(x)
7(2)
or 4+2x14=0
\ x=+5(O.N.ofphosphorus)
17. OxidationnumberofFeinK3[Fe(CN)6]:
LetO.N.ofFe=x, O.N.ofCN =1,O.N.ofK=+1
3(+1)+x+6(1)=0 \
x=+3(O.N.ofFe)
18. OxidationnumberofFeinFe(NO)SO4 :
Nitric oxide (NO) may be +ve, ve or zero. But now it has been proved that in the nitroso
compoundsofiron,NOhasoneunit+vecharge.
O.N.ofFe=x, O.N.ofNO=+1, O.N.ofSO42 =2
\ x+12=0, x=+1
Therefore,O.N.ofFeinFe(NO)SO4 =+1
19. OxidationnumberofFeinNa2[Fe(CN)5NO]:
O.N.ofsodium=+1,O.N.ofiron=x,O.N.ofCN =1, O.N.ofNO=+1
2(+1)+x+5(1)+(+1)=0 \ x=+2(O.N.ofFe)
20. OxidationnumberofPtin[PtCl6] :
Suppose,O.N.ofPt=x,
x+6(1)=2(Ionhastwounitvecharge)
\ x=+4(O.N.ofPt)
21. OxidationnumberofNiin[Ni(CO)4]:
O.N.ofNi=x, O.N.ofCO=zero(COisaneutralmolecule)
\ x+4(0)=0 x=0
SimilarlyoxidationnumberofFeinFe(CO)5 iszero.
22. OxidationnumberofBainBaO2 :
O.N.ofBa=x, O.N.ofO=1(Itisaperoxide)
x+2(1)=0 \ x=+2(O.N.ofBa)
23. OxidationnumberofCrin(NH4)2Cr2O7 :
O.N.ofCr=x, O.N.of NH+
4 =+1, O.N.ofO=2
(NH4)2
2(+1)
Cr2
2(x)
O7
7(2)
or 2+2x14=0 \ x=+6(O.N.ofCr)
OxidationandreductionintermsofO.N.aredefinedasgivenbelow:
Oxidation: Areactioninwhichoxidationnumberoftheelementincreases.
Reduction: Areactioninwhichoxidationnumberoftheelementdecreases.
Oxidisingagent(Oxidant): Asubstanceinwhichtheoxidationnumberofatomdecreases.
Reducingagent(Reductant): Asubstanceinwhichtheoxidationnumberofatomincreases.
Example
Identifytheoxidisingandreducingagentandtheatomsundergoingoxidationandreductioninthefollowing
reactions:
(a) 3H2S+2HNO3 2NO+3S+4H2O
(b) Zn+CuSO4 Cu+ZnSO4
(c) I2(g) +H2S(g) 2HI(g) +S(s)
34 | Chemical Reactions and Equations
Solution:
Reduction
+12
+1+52
+22
+12
(a) 3H2S+2HNO32NO+3S+4H2O
Oxidation
WeobservethatoxidationnumberofSincreasesfrom2(inH2S)to0(inS)whichmeansthatH2S
isbeingoxidisedorH2Sisactingasareductant.Theoxidationnumberofnitrogendecreasesfrom
+5(inHNO3)to+2in(NO)indicatingthatHNO3 isbeingreducedorHNO3 isactingasanoxidant.
Reduction
0
+2+62
+2+62
(b) Zn+CuSO4Cu+ZnSO4
Oxidation
Weobservethatoxidationnumberofzincincreasesfrom0(inZn)to+2(inZnSO4)whichmeans
thatZnisbeingoxidisedorzincisactingasareductant.Ontheotherhand,theoxidationnumber
ofcopperdecreasesfrom+2(inCuSO4)to0(inCu),indicatingthatcopperisbeingreducedor
CuSO4 isactingasanoxidant.
Reduction
0
Oxidationnumberofiodinedecreasesfrom0to1.Therefore,itisreducedandactsasanoxidant.
TheoxidationnumberofSincreasesfrom2(inH2S)to0(inS).Therefore,itisoxidisedandhence
actsasareductant.
Example
Justifythatthereaction:2Cu2O(s) +Cu2S(s) 6Cu(s) +SO2(g)
isaredoxreaction.Identifythespeciesoxidised,reduced,actsasanoxidantorareductant.
Solution:Letuswritetheoxidationnumberofeachelement:
Reduction
+12
+12
+42
2Cu2O(s)+Cu2S(s) 6Cu(s)+SO2(g)
Oxidation
Inthisreactioncopperisreducedfrom+1state(inCu2OorCu2S)to0(inCu)whereassulphuris
oxidisedfrom2state(inCu2S)to+4(inSO2).Therefore,theabovereactionisaredoxreaction.
Inthereaction,Cu2OhelpssulphurinCu2Stoincreaseitsoxidationnumberfrom2to+4and
therefore,Cu2Oisoxidant.
Example
Oxidation
1
+4
+2
O.N.ofClinHCl=1,
O.N.ofClinCl2 =0
O.N.ofMninMnO2 =+4,
O.N.ofMninMnCl2 =+2
Therefore,HClisoxidisedandMnO2isreduced.Thus,HClisreducingagentandMnO2isoxidising
agent.
Example
Reduction
1
+5
3Cl2+6NaOH 5NaCl+NaClO3+3H2O
Oxidation
Example
Reduction
0
+1
I2+2NaOHNaI+NaOI+H 2O
Oxidation
Zincrodis
eatenaway
Precipitationof
copper
CuSOsolution
4
(a)
(b)
Potassiumpermanganateisastrongoxidisingagentinthepresenceofdil.H2SO4.Inthepresence
ofdil.H2SO4,itgivesnascentoxygenwhichoxidisesferrousammoniumsulphate[FeSO4(NH4)2SO4]
to ferricsulphate as :
2KMnO4 +3H2SO4 K2SO4 +2MnSO4 +3H2O+5O
[2FeSO4(NH4)2SO4 +H2SO4 +O Fe2(SO4)3 +2(NH4)2SO4+H2O]5
2KMnO4 +10FeSO4(NH4)2SO4 +8H2SO4 K2SO4 +5Fe2(SO4)3 +2MnSO4 +10(NH4)2SO4
+8H2O.
Theionic reactionfor thereaction maybe writtenas :
MnO4 +8H+ +5e Mn2+ +4H2O
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e]5
5Fe2+ +MnO4 + 8H+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ +4H2O.
Combination Reactions
These are the reactions in which two atoms or molecules combine together to form a third
molecule. In these reactions at least one of the reactant must be in the elemental form.
e.g.,
+1 -1
H 2 + Cl2 2 HCl
0
+1 -2
2 H 2 + O 2 2 H 2O
0
-3 +1
N2 + 3H 2 2 N H3
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Decomposition Reactions
Thesearethereactionsinwhichamoleculebreaksdowntoformtwoormoreatomsormolecules.
Thesearesimplyreverseofcombinationreactions.Forthesereactionstoberedoxreactionsone
of the products must be in the elemental form.
e.g.,
+1
-2
2 H2 O
+1 +5 -2
2 H 2 + O 2
+4
4 Li N O 3
2 Li 2 O + 4 NO 2 + O 2
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Displacement Reactions
Thesearethereactionsinwhichanatomoranioninacompoundisreplacedbyanotheratom
or ion. These reactions are represented as : AB + C AC + B
If a metal atom/ion is displaced in the reaction, it is called metal displacement reaction. e.g.,
+4
+2
+2
TiCl 4 + 2 Mg Ti + 2 MgCl 2
+2
CuSO4 + Zn Cu + Zn SO4
Ifanonmetalatom/ionisdisplacedinthereaction,thereactioniscallednonmetaldisplacement
reaction. For e.g.,
0
+1
+2
Zn + H 2 SO 4 ZnSO 4 + H 2
0
+1
+3
2 Al + 3 H 2 O Al 2 O 3 + 3 H 2
0
+1
+2
M g + 2 HC l M g C l 2 + H 2
Spectator Ions
Thechemicalspecieswhicharepresentinthesolutionbutdonotparticipateinchemicalreactions
CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY
are called spectator ions. These are also omitted while writing the net ionic reaction e.g.,
Total ionic equation :
2Ag+ + 2NO3 + Cu Cu2+ + 2NO3 + 2Ag
Here NO3 ions are spectator ions and after removing it from both sides we get
Net ionic equation : 2Ag+ + Cu Cu2+ + 2Ag
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process which to converts carbon dioxide and water by chlorophyll of
green plantsin the presenceofsunlight to carbohydrates.
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
Chlorophyll
Sunlight
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)
Inthiscase,CO2 isreducedtocarbohydratesandwaterisoxidisedtooxygen.Thelightprovides
theenergyrequiredforthereaction.Thisreactionisasourceoffoodforplantsandanimals.
l
In metallurgy
Many metal oxides are reduced to metals by using suitable reducing agents. For example,
Al2O3 isreducedtoaluminiumbycathodicreductioninelectrolyticcell.Fe2O3 isreducedto
ironinablastfurnaceusingcoke.Othermetalssuchasmagnesium,calcium,strontium,barium,
sodium, potassium, etc. areproduced commercially by electrolysis methods.
Production of Chemicals
Manychemicalcompoundsofourcommonneedarecommerciallypreparedbyredoxreactions.
Forexample,sodiumhydroxide,Cl2,F2,KOH,etc.areproducedbyelectrolysiswhichisbased
on redox reactions.
Oxidation of Fuels
Oxidationoffuelsisanimportantsourceofenergywhichsatisfiesourdailyneedoflife.These
are used for obtaining energy for domestic, transport or industrial purposes. They are also
used for digestionof food in animals.
Fuels+O2 CO2 +H2O+ Energy
Inlivingcells,glucose(C6H12O6)isoxidisedtoCO2 andH2Ointhepresence ofoxygenand
energy is released.
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + Energy
1.
Whenyoumixsolutionsoflead(II)nitrateandpotassiumiodide,
(i) Whatisthecolouroftheprecipitateformed?Namethecompoundinvolved.
(ii)Writeabalancedchemicalequationforthereaction.
(iii)Isthisadoubledisplacementreaction?
Soln.:(i)Theprecipitateisyellowincolour.Thecompoundislead(II)iodide.
(ii)Pb(NO3)2(aq) +2KI(aq)
PbI2(s) +2KNO3(aq)
(iii)Yes,itisdoubledisplacementreaction.
2.
Withthehelpofanactivityshowthatironismorereactivethancopper.
Soln.: 1.Inatesttube,takeanaqueoussolutionofcoppersulphate.Itis
blueincolour.
2. Diptwonailsofironinthesolution.Tiethenailstotheironstand
withthehelpofthreadsasshowninthefigure.
3. Allowthetubetoremainundisturbedforabouthalfanhour.
4. Onexamination,thebluecolourofthesolutionisfoundtochange
intolightgreen.Atthesametime,abrowndepositappearsonthenails.
Explanation : Iron is placed above copper in the reactivity series.
Therefore,ithasdisplacedcopperfromcoppersulphatesolution.Thebrowndepositonthe
ironnailsisofcopper.
FeSO4(aq)+Cu(s)
Fe s +CuSO aq
( )
(Ironnail)
4( )
(Blue)
(Lightgreen)
(Brown)
3.
Asilverspooniskeptimmersedinanaqueouscoppersulphatesolution.Whatchangewill
takeplace?
Soln.:Nochangewilltakeplaceandthesilverspoonwillremainunaffected.Moreover,blue
colourofcopper sulphatewillalsonotfade.This isbecauseofthereason thatnochemical
reaction takes place between silver and copper sulphate solution as silver is placed below
copperintheactivityseries.
4.
Twotesttubescontainsolutionsofpotassiumiodide(KI)andpotassiumbromide(KBr).
Howwillyoufindwhichsolutioncontainswhichsalt?
Soln.:Inboththetubesinitiallyaddafewdropsofcarbontetrachloride(CCl4).Itisaheavy
oilyliquidandwillformaseparatelayeratthebottom.Nowaddabout5mLoffreshlyprepared
chlorinewater.Holdthetubeswithyourthumbandshakeeachoneofthemvigorouslyfor
onetotwominutes.Nowallowthemtoremainundisturbedforsometimeandobservethe
oily layer.
l ThetubeinwhichoilylayerbecomesorangecontainsKBr.
l ThetubeinwhichoilylayerbecomesvioletcontainsKI.
Explanation:Chlorine(Cl2)ismorereactivethanbothbromineandiodine.Therefore,ithas
displaced them from potassium bromide and potassium iodide solutions respectively. On
shaking, bromine has passed from aqueous solution to the carbon tetrachloride layer. It
hasimpartedorange colourtothelayer.Similarly, iodinehasimparted violetcolourto the
layer.
Writecombinationreactionsthatoccurwhenthemetalbariumreactswiththefollowing
nonmetals.
(a) Hydrogen
(b)Sulphur
(c)Bromine
(d)Nitrogen
Soln.: (a) Ba(s) +H2(g)
BaH2(s)
(b) 8Ba(s) +S8(g)
8BaS(s)
(c) Ba(s) +Br2(l)
BaBr2 (s)
(d) 3Ba(s) +N2(g)
Ba3N2(s).
9.
Whydoesbluecolourofcoppersulphatesolutionstartfadingwhenazincrodisdippedin
it?
Soln.:Zincismorereactivethatcopper.Itdisplacescopperfromcoppersulphatesolutionto
form zinc sulphate, whichis colourless. Hence, the blue colourof copper sulphate solution
startfading.
Zn(s) +CuSO4(aq)
ZnSO4(aq) +Cu
ZincCoppersulphateZincsulphateCopper
(blue)
(colourless)
10. Inthefollowingreaction,namethesubstanceoxidizedandthesubstancereduced:
PbS(s) +4H2O2(aq)
PbSO4(s) +4H2O(l)
Whichsubstanceactsasoxidizingagentandwhichoneasreducingagent?
Soln.:PbSisgettingoxygentoformPbSO4 thereforePbSisoxidised.H2O2 losesoxygento
formH2Oandtherefore,H2O2 isreduced.H2O2 hasgivenoxygen.HenceH2O2 istheoxidising
agent.PbShasgainedoxygen.HencePbSisthereducingagent.
11. Canadisplacementreactionbearedoxreaction?Explainwiththehelpofanexample.
Soln.:Considerthefollowingdisplacementreaction:
Zn(s)+CuSO4(aq)
ZnSO4(aq) +Cu(s)
2+
Here, Zn has changed into ZnSO4 (i.e., Zn ions) by loss of electrons. Hence, Zn has been
oxidized.CuSO4 (i.e.,Cu2+)haschangedintoCubygainofelectrons.Hence,CuSO4 hasbeen
reduced.Thus,theabovereactionisadisplacementreactionaswellasredoxreaction.
12. A green salt on heating decomposes to produce a colourless suffocating gas and leaves
behindareddishbrownresidue.Namethesaltandwritethedecompositionreaction.
Soln.:Thesaltisferroussulphate(FeSO4.7H2O)
2FeSO4.7H2O(s)
Hydratedferrous
sulphate
Heat
14H2O
2FeSO4(s)
Heat
Fe2O3+SO2(g)+SO3(g)
Ferricoxide
Anhydrous
ferroussulphate (Reddishbrown)
Sulphur
Sulphur
trioxide
dioxide
(Colourless
suffocatinggas)
13. Giveanexamplewherecorrosionisanadvantageratherthanadisadvantage.
Soln.:Duetocorrosion,aluminiumobjectslosetheirlustreandbecomedullaftersometime.
Thisisduetothereasonthatwhenaluminiumisexposedtomoistair,itssurfaceiscovered
withathinimperviouslayerofaluminiumoxide(Al2O3).Thislayerdoesnotallowmoistairto
comeincontactwiththemetalandhenceprotectsthemetalunderneathfromfurtherdamage.
ZincdoesnotreactwithNaClsolution.
Zn+NaCl(aq) Noreaction
ZincreactswithhotNaOHsolutiontoformsodiumzincateandhydrogengas.
heat
Zn(s) +2NaOH(aq)
Na2ZnO2(aq) +H2(g)
sodiumzincate
Hydrochloric
acid
Zincchloride
20. Asilverarticlegenerallyturnsblackwhenkeptintheopenforfewdays.Thearticlewhenrubbed
withtoothpasteitregainitsshining.
(a) Whydosilverarticleturnblack?
(b)Nametheblacksubstanceformedwithitsmolecularformula.
(c) Whyitagainstartsshiningbyrubbingwithtoothpaste?
Soln.: (a) Silver reacts with air, mixture, acids, gases, etc. present in air and form undesirable
compoundsontheirsurfacesandthusittarnishesandgetsblackcoating.
(b) Silversulphide(Ag2S)
(c) ToothpastecontainstracesofhydrogenperoxidewhichreactswithAg2Sformedonthesurface
andrestorewhiteness.
1. Whyshouldmagnesiumribbonbecleanedbeforeburninginair?
Ans.: Magnesiumribboniscleanedbeforeburningsothatcoatingofimpurity(suchasoxide)formed
onitssurfaceisremovedanditbecomespuremagnesium.
2.
Writethebalancedequationsforthefollowingchemicalreactions.
(a) Hydrogen+chlorine hydrogenchloride
(b)Bariumchloride+aluminiumsulphate bariumsulphate+aluminiumchloride
(c) Sodium+water sodiumhydroxide+hydrogen
Ans..:(a)H2(g) +Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)
(b)3BaCl2(aq) +Al2(SO4)3(aq) 3BaSO4(s) +2AlCl3(aq)
(c)2Na(s) +2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) +H2(g)
3.
Writeabalancedchemicalequationwithstatesymbolsforthefollowingreactions:
(a) Solutionsofbariumchlorideandsodiumsulphateinwaterreacttogiveinsolublebarium
sulphateandthesolutionofsodiumchloride.
(b)Sodiumhydroxidesolution(inwater)reactswithhydrochloricacidsolution(inwater)to
producesodiumchloridesolutionandwater.
Ans.:(a) BaCl2(aq) +Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) +2NaCl(aq)
(b)NaOH(aq) +HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) +H2O(l)
4.
AsolutionofthesubstanceXisusedforwhitewashing.
(i) NamethesubstanceXandwriteitsformula.
(ii)WritethereactionofthesubstanceXwithwater.
Ans.:(i)Thesubstance Xiscalciumoxide(alsocalledquicklime).ItsformulaisCaO.
(ii)CaO(s) +H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s)
(X)
calciumhydroxide
5.
Whyisdoubletheamountofgascollectedinoneofthetesttubesinelectrolysisofwaterthan
theamountcollectedintheother?Namethegas.
Ans.:Onelectrolysis,waterdecomposesaccordingtothereaction,
2H2O(l) Onpassingelectriccurrent 2H2(g) +O2(g)
Thus,waterdecomposestogivehydrogenandoxygenintheratio2:1byvolume.Thedouble
volumeofthegascollectedishydrogen.
6. Whydoesthecolourofcoppersulphatesolutionchangewhenanironnailisdippedinit?
Ans.:Thereactionbetweencopper(II)sulphateandironisrepresentedas
CuSO4(aq) +Fe(s) FeSO4(aq) +Cu(s)
Blue
LightgreenBrown
Inthisdisplacementreaction,amoreactiveelementirondisplacesanotherlessreactiveelement
fromitscompoundcopper(II)sulphate.Thebrowncoppermetalgetsdepositedontheiron
nails.ThecolourofthesolutionchangesfrombluetolightgreenduetotheformationofFe2+ions.
7. Giveanexampleofadoubledisplacementreaction.
Ans.:Inthereactionofsilvernitrateandsodiumchloride,thesilverexchangesitsnitrateionswith
chlorideionsofsodiumchlorideandformsaprecipitateofsilverchloride.Thechemicalreaction
is
AgNO3(aq) +NaCl(aq)
AgCl(s)+NaNO3(aq)
46 | Chemical Reactions and Equations
13. Translatethefollowingstatementsintochemicalequationsandthenbalancethem:
(a) Hydrogengascombineswithnitrogentoformammonia.
(b)Hydrogensulphidegasburnsinairtogivewaterandsulphurdioxide.
(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride and a
precipitateofbariumsulphate.
(d)Potassiummetalreactswithwatertogivepotassiumhydroxideandhydrogengas.
Ans.:(a) H2(g) +N2(g)
NH3(g)
Balancedequation:3H2(g) +N2(g)
2NH3(g)
(b)H2S(g) +O2(g)
H2O(l) +SO2(g)
Balancedequation:2H2S(g) +3O2(g)
(c) BaCl2(aq) +Al2(SO4)3(aq)
2H2O(l) +2SO2(g)
AlCl3(aq) +BaSO4(s)
Balancedequation:3BaCl2(aq) +Al2(SO4)3(aq)
(d)K(s) +H2O(l)
KOH(aq) +H2(g)
Balancedequation:2K(s) +2H2O(l)
2AlCl3(aq) +3BaSO4(s)
2KOH(aq) +H2(g)
14. Balancethefollowingchemicalequations:
(a) HNO3 +Ca(OH)2
Ca(NO3)2 +H2O
(b)NaOH+H2SO4
Na2SO4 +H2O
(c) NaCl+AgNO3
AgCl+NaNO3
(d)BaCl2 +H2SO4
BaSO4 +HCl
Ans.:(a)2HNO3 +Ca(OH)2
Ca(NO3)2 +2H2O
(b)2NaOH+H2SO4
Na2SO4 +2H2O
(c) NaCl+AgNO3
AgCl+NaNO3
(d)BaCl2 +H2SO4
BaSO4 +2HCl
15. Writethebalancedchemicalequationsforthefollowingreactions:
(a) Calciumhydroxide+Carbondioxide Calciumcarbonate+Water
(b)Zinc+Silvernitrate Zincnitrate+Silver
(c) Aluminium+Copperchloride Aluminiumchloride+Copper
(d)Bariumchloride+Potassiumsulphate Bariumsulphate+Potassiumchloride
Ans:.(a)Ca(OH)2+CO2
CaCO3 +H2O
(b)Zn+2AgNO3
Zn(NO3)2 +2Ag
(c) 2Al+3CuCl2
2AlCl3 +3Cu
(d)BaCl2 +K2SO4
BaSO4 +2KCl
16. Writethebalancedchemicalequationsforthefollowingandidentifythetypeofreactionin
eachcase.
(a) Potassiumbromide(aq) +Bariumiodide (aq)
Potassiumiodide(aq) +Bariumbromide(s)
(b)Zinccarbonate(s) Zincoxide(s) +Carbondioxide(g)
(c) Hydrogen(g) +Chlorine(g) Hydrogenchloride (g)
(d)Magnesium(s) +Hydrochloricacid(aq)
Magnesiumchloride(aq) +Hydrogen(g)
Ans.:(a)2KBr(aq)+BaI2(aq)
(b)ZnCO3(s)
ZnO(s) +CO2(g)
2KI(aq) +BaBr2(s)
2HCl(g)
MgCl2(aq) +H2(g)
Doubledisplacementreaction
Decomposition reaction
Combination reaction
Displacementreaction
CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY
(b) formsabluecolouredcomplexwithAgNO3
(c) is oxidised to Cu2+
(d)is reduced to Cu2+
1. Whenleadnitratereactswithpotassiumiodide,
yellow precipitate of
8. Whichof thefollowing reactionsinvolves the
(a) PbI2 is formed (b) KNO3 is formed
combination of two elements ?
(c) Pb(NO3)2 is formed
(a) CaO + CO2 CaCO3
(d)PbIO3 is formed
(b) 4Na + O2 2Na2O
2. Formation of carbon disulphide from carbon
1
(c) SO 2 + O 2 SO3
and sulphur takes place by
2
(a) absorption of heat
(d)NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
(b) evolution of heat
9. Whenhydrogensulphidegasispassedthrough
(c) no change in heat content
a blue solution of copper sulphate, a black
(d)none of the above
precipitateofcoppersulphideisobtainedand
3. The reaction between an acid and a base is
the sulphuric acid so formed remains in the
known as
solution. The reaction is an example of
(a) condensation reaction
(a) a combination reaction
(b) addition reaction
(b) a displacement reaction
(c) neutralisation reaction
(c) a decomposition reaction
(d)elimination reaction
(d)a double displacement reaction
4. Bariumchlorideonreactingwithammonium
10. Which of the following is a displacement
sulphate forms barium sulphate and
reaction?
ammonium chloride. Which of the following
(a) CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
correctly represents the type of the reaction
(b) MgCO3 MgO + CO2
involved?
(c) 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
(i) Displacement reaction
(d)H2 + Cl2 2HCl
(ii)Precipitation reaction
(iii)Combination reaction
11. The formula of sulphur trioxide is
(iv)Double displacement reaction
(a) S2O3
(b) SO3
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) only
(c) SO2
(d)H2S
(c) (iv) only
(d)(ii) and (iv)
12. In the balanced equation a, b, c and d
5. When ferrous hydroxide reacts with
respectively are
hydrochloricacid,........andH2Oareproduced.
aFe2O3 + bH2 cFe + dH2O
(a) FeCl3
(b) FeCl2
(a) 1, 1, 2, 3
(b) 1, 1, 1, 1
(c) FeCl4
(d)FeCl
(c) 1, 3, 2, 3
(d)1, 2, 2, 3
6. Oxidation involves
(a) loss of electrons
(b) gain of electrons
(c) increase in the valence of negative part
(d)decrease in the valence of positive part
7. When copper turnings are added to silver
nitrate solution, a blue coloured solution is
formedaftersometime.Itisbecause,copper:
(a) oxidises silver from the solution
CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY
16. Combinationofphosphorusandoxygenisan
example of
24. Which of the following equations is not
(a) oxidation
(b) reduction
correctly balanced ?
(c) rancidity
(d)none of these
(a) Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag
(b) Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
17. A redox reaction is one in which
(c) Al + 2H+ Al3+ + H2
(a) both the substance are reduced
(d)Br2 + 2I 2Br + I2
(b) both the substance are oxidised
(c) an acid is neutralised by the base
25. Which of the following reactions will occur?
(d)one substance is oxidised while the other
(a) 2Ag + Cu(NO3)2 2AgNO3 + Cu
is reduced
(b) Cu + ZnSO4 CuSO4 + Zn
(c) 2Ag + H2SO4 Ag2SO4 + H2
18. In the following equations :
(d)2Al + 3FeSO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3Fe
Na2CO3 + xHCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O, the
value of x is
26. In the reaction, Br2 + 2I 2Br + I2, the
(a) 1
(b) 2
oxidizing agent is
(c) 3
(d)4
(a) Br2
(b) I
(c) Br
(d)I2
19. Whichofthefollowingdoesnotcorrodewhen
exposed to the atmosphere?
27. In the reaction, 2H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O
(a) Iron
(b) Copper
(a) H2S has been oxidized
(c) Gold
(d)Silver
(b) SO2 has been oxidized
(c) H2S is the oxidizing agent
20. AgNO3 (aq) +NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) +NaNO3 (aq).
(d)SO2 is the reducing agent
Above reaction is
(a) precipitation reaction
28. The correct formula of rust is
(b) double displacement reaction
(a) Fe2O3
(b) Fe3O4
(c) combination reaction
(c) Fe2O3.xH2O
(d)Fe3O4.xH2O
(d)(a) and (b) both
29. Whichofthefollowingmetalsisprotectedby
21. A dilute solution of sodium carbonate was
a layer of its oxide ?
added to two test tubes one containing dil.
(a) Copper
(b) Silver
HCl(A)andtheothercontainingdiluteNaOH
(c) Iron
(d)Aluminium
(B). The correct observation was
30. Heat is evolved during
(a) a brown coloured gas liberated in test
(a) endothermic reaction
tube A
(b) displacement reaction
(b) a brown coloured gas liberated in test
(c) combustion reaction
tube B
(d)combination reaction
(c) a colourless gas liberated in test tube A
31. In an electrolytic cell where electrolysis is
(d)a colourless gas liberated in test tube B
carried, anode has
22. Which of the following statement is true?
(a) positive charge
(a) The total mass of the substance remains
(b) negative charge
same in chemical change.
(c) connected to negative terminal of battery
(b) Chemical change in permanent and
(d)none of these is correct
irreversible.
52 | Chemical Reactions and Equations
14. The order of metals listed according to their 13. Rancidity can be retarded by storing food in
light.
abilitytoreplaceothermetalsisknownasthe
.......... series.
14. Itispossibletostirsilvernitratesolutionwith
a copper spoon.
15. Areactionthatproduceswaterfromtwoions
is known as .......... reaction.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
15. Goldandsilverlieverylowintheactivityseries
of metals. Thus they have very low reactivity
Precipitations reactions produce ........... salts.
and hence to not corrode much in moist air.
Twodifferentatomsorgroupsofatomsorions
16. Hydrogen gas is tested by bringing a lighted
are exchanged in ........... reactions.
candle near the gas evolved. It burns with a
Calciumcarbidereactswithwatertogive.......
popping sound.
and slaked lime.
17. Oxidationandreductiontakeplacesidebyside.
KOH+HNO3 KNO3 +H2O,isanexample
18. Reduction is a process which involves loss of
of ........... reaction.
electronsandoxidationisdefinedasaprocess
A+B2+ A2+ +B,representsa.........reaction.
which involves gain of electrons.
True or False
19. Rustingisaseriousproblembecausethereddish
browncrustofrustisnotconfinedtothesurface
1. Ammoniaandhydrogenchloridereacttoform
only.
ammonium hydroxide.
20. A common metal which is highly resistant to
2. Digestionoffoodinourbodyisanexampleof
corrosion is aluminium.
reduction reaction.
3. Copper is less reactive than iron.
p q r s
4. When a strip of copper is introduced in a Inthissection,eachquestion
p q r s
A
solution of zinc sulphate, zinc is precipitated. containsstatementsgivenin
twocolumnswhichhaveto B p q r s
5. Inthereaction4Fe+3O2 2Fe2O3,Feactsas bematched.Statements(A,
C p q r s
an oxidising agent.
B,C,D)inColumnIhaveto D p q r s
6. Combustioncantakeplaceeveninabsenceof be matched with statements
oxygen.
(p,q,r,s)inColumnII.Theanswerstothese
7. Formation of vapour from the burning questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
substanceisnotnecessarytoproduceaflame. illustratedinthefollowingexample.Ifthecorrect
matchesare Aq,Ar, Bp,Bs, Cr,Cs andDq,
8. The minimum temperature required for a
thenthecorrectlybubbledmatrixwilllooklikeas
substancetoburniscalledignitiontemperature
shown.
of the substance.
1. Column I
Column II
9. The formation of NaH from sodium and
(A) A + B AB
(p) Double
hydrogen is a redox reaction.
decomposition
10. Acombustionofmagnesiuminairtoformwhite (B) AB A + B
(q) Combination
powder isan exampleof combinationas well (C) AB + XY AX + BY (r) Displacement
as redox reaction.
(D) AB + C AC + B
(s) Decomposition
11. In the refining ofsilver, the recovery of silver
2. Column I
Column II
from silver nitrate solution involves
(A) 2Ca + O2
(p) 2HCl
displacement by copper metal.
(B) 4Fe + 3O2
(q) 2CaO
12. Rustingofironmetalisthemostcommonform (C) H2 + Cl2
(r) 2Fe2O3
of corrosion.
(D) 2Fe + 3Cl2
(s) 2FeCl3
CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE | CHEMISTRY
3. Column I
(A) C + O2 CO2
(B) 2AgBr 2Ag + Br2
(C) Zn + CuSO4
ZnSO4 + Cu
(D) NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O
Column II
(p) Displacement
(q) Combination
(r) Decomposition
(s) Neutralisation
4. Column I
Column II
(A) CuO + H2
(p) Photodecomposition
Cu + H2O
reaction
(B) 2AgBr 2Ag + Br2 (q) Redox reaction
(C) 2H2O 2H2 + O2 (r) Thermal
decomposition
reaction
(D) ZnCO3
(s) Electrolytic
ZnO + CO2
decomposition
reaction
5. Column I
Column II
(A) Methane + oxygen (p) Neutralisation
Carbon dioxide
reaction
+ Water
(B) Calcium carbonate (q) Combustion reaction
calcium oxide
+ carbon dioxide
(C) Magnesium + copper(r) Decomposition
oxide Copper +
reaction
Magnesium oxide
(D) Hydrochloric acid (s) Oxidation reduction
+ Sodium hydroxide
reaction
Sodium chloride
+ Water
7. Assertion: Balancingofchemicalequationsis
based on law of conservation of
Assertion and Reason Type
mass.
Directions:Ineachofthefollowingquestions,a
Reason : Totalmassofreactantsisequalto
statementofAssertion(A)isgivenfollowedbya
total mass of products.
correspondingstatementofReason(R)justbelow
it.Ofthestatements,markthecorrectansweras 8. Assertion: SO2 and Cl2 both are bleaching
agents.
(a) Ifbothassertionandreasonaretrueandreason
Reason : Both are reducing agents.
is thecorrectexplanationof assertion
(b) Ifbothassertionandreasonaretruebutreason 9. Assertion: Intheprimarybatteries,thereaction
occurs again and again.
isnotthecorrectexplanationof assertion
Reason : Drycellisanexampleofprimary
(c) Ifassertionistruebutreasonisfalse
battery.
(d) Ifassertionisfalsebutreasonistrue.
1. Assertion: CuO(s) +H2(g) Cu(s) +H2O(l).Itis 10. Assertion: Corrosion of iron is commonly
known as rusting.
a redox reaction.
58 | Chemical Reactions and Equations
(a) CH4
(c) CCl4
(b) CH3Cl
(d)CHCl3
3. Whichofthefollowingcompoundsofcarbon
has highest oxidation state?
(a) CH4
(b) CH3OH
(c) CH2O
(d)HCOOH
4. Oxidation state of carbon in diamond is
(a) zero
(b) + 1
(c) 1
(d)+ 2
(c) CH3OH
(d)CH4
9. Whydoeszincreactwithdilutesulphuricacid
to give hydrogen gas but copper does not ?
2. Whichofthefollowingoxidesofcarbonhas+4
oxidation state?
60 | Chemical Reactions and Equations
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Z
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
W
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
OxidationnumberofPinMg2P2O7 is
OxidationnumberofNiin[Ni(CO)4]is
Amongthefollowing,thenumberofunderlined
elements having +5oxidation stateare
Fe3O4,K2Cr2O7,HClO3,P2O74,SO42
4. Thevalue of xinbalancedequation is
Thissectioncontains5questions.Theanswertoeachof C6H12O6(aq) +6O2(g) xCO2(g) +6H2O(l) +energy
thequestionsisasingledigitinteger,rangingfrom0to
9.IfthecorrectanswerstoquestionnumbersX,Y,Zand
W(say)are6,0,9 and2respectively,thenthe correct
darkeningofbubbleswilllooklikethefollowing.
5. Electrolysisofwaterisadecompositionreaction.
Thesumofmoleratioofhydrogenandoxygen
gasesliberatedduringelectrolysisofwateris
whileotherreactantisoxidised.
18. (b):Na2CO3 +2HCl 2NaCl+CO2 +H2O.
19. (c): Goldisanoblemetalanditisnotattacked
bywaterorair.
2. (a):C+2S CS2
20. (d):AgNO3 +NaCl AgCl+NaNO3.
It is an endothermic reaction, resulting in
In this reaction both AgNO3 and NaCl
absorptionofheat.
dissociatetoformnewcompoundAgClwhich
3. (c):Itisaneutralisationreaction.
is a precipitate, hence it shows both double
decomposition and precipitation.
4. (d):BaCl2 +(NH4)2SO4 BaSO4 +2NH4Cl
(ppt.)
21. (c):Na2CO3 +2HCl 2NaCl+CO2 +H2O.
Itisaprecipitationreactionaswellasdouble
CO2 isacolourlessodourlessgas.
displacementreaction.
22. (d): Allstatementsaretrueregardingphysical
5. (b):Fe(OH)2 +2HCl FeCl2 +2H2O
andchemicalchanges.
6. (a) : It is the process in which electrons are 23. (b):Mg N +6H O 3Mg(OH) +2NH .
3 2
2
2
3
lost.
24. (c)
7. (c) : Cu is above of Ag in electrochemical
25. (d): AluminiumismorereactivethanFehence
seriesandthusCu+2Ag+ Cu2++2Agreaction
itcandisplaceFefromitssaltsolution.
occurs.
2Br+I2
8. (b) : Both sodium and oxygen are elements 26. (a): Br+2I
2
Gainofelectrons
whichcombinetogivesodiumoxide.
Reduction
Thesubstancewhichundergoesreductionis
oxidisingagent.
Removalofoxygen
11. (b)
12. (c):Fe2O3 +3H2 2Fe+3H2O.
13. (a): 3MnO+4Al
2
Lossofoxygen
Reduction
14.
15.
16.
17.
3Mn+2AlO
23
28.
3
(c): 2Fe+O
2 2+H2O
Fe2O3.xH2O
Hydratedferric
oxide(rust)
Frommoistair
2 3
4 3
solutionswhichmeansthesolutionsaremade
inwater.
71. (b):H2O2 isreducedtowaterbyremovalof
oxygen.
In
x -1
C Cl4
In
x -1
C F4
In
C O2
x -2
x+4(1)=0
x=+4
x+4(1)=0
x=+4
x+2(2)=0
x=+4.
72. (a)
73.
74.
75.
76.
thanoxygenandhencegivenoxidationnumber
of 1.
x +1
True or False
3. True.
1
x= - .
3
4. False.Znismorereactivethancopper,soCu
cannot replace zinc from its solution.
x -2
5. False.Feisoxidized,henceitactsasreducing
agent.
x +1
CH4
x+4(+1)=0
x=4
8. True.
9. True.
10. True.
11. True.
7. (b)
12. True.
13. False.Rancidityincreasesinpresenceoflight.
14.
15.
16.
17.
15. (a):Hydrogenandchlorinecombinetogive
hydrogen chloride.
1. (c):Reductantisoxidisedbylosingelectrons
16. (d) : A chemical equation does not give any
andoxidantisreducedbyacceptingelectrons.
ideawhether areaction isslow orfast.
Ina redoxreaction,oxidation andreduction
occur simultaneously.
Passage Comprehension
(aq)
(aq)
Reduction
(s)
2AgCl
Light
2Ag+ Cl2
2(g)
(s)
Decomposition reaction :
Heat
2HgO(s)
2Hg(l) +O2(g).
3. Oxidationorreductioncannottakeplacealone.
Thisisbecauseifonesubstancelosesoxygen,
i.e., undergoesreduction,theremustbeanother
substancetotakeupthisoxygen, i.e.,undergo
oxidation. Similarly, if one substance loses
hydrogen, i.e.,undergoesoxidation,theremust
beanothersubstancetotakeupthishydrogen,
i.e.,undergoreduction.Hence,oxidationand
reductionalwaystakeplacetogether.Thatis
why,thesereactionsarecalledredoxreactions.
4. The salt is lead nitrate. The decomposition
reaction is
Pb(NO3)2(s) Heat 2PbO(s)+4NO2(g)+O2(g)
Leadnitrate
(White)
(Rust)
\ x=+5
That iswhy theyevolve differentamountof
heat.
2. (0):[Ni(CO)4] x+4(0)=0
C(Diamond)+O2(g) CO2(g) +393.5kJ
[QCOisaneutralmolecule]
C(Graphite)+O2(g) CO2(g) +395.4kJ.
x=0.
(d)Themilkinessinlimewaterisduetothe 3. (2):Fe O x3+(2)4=0
3 4
formationofcalciumcarbonatewhichisinthe
8
3x8=0 x= +
formofsuspendedparticles.Whencarbongas
3
ispassedinexcess,themilkinessdisappears
K2Cr2O7 2(+1)+2x+(2)7=0
due to the formation of soluble calcium
2+2x14=0 x=+6
hydrogen carbonate.
HClO3 1+x+3(2)=0
CaCO3(g) +CO2(g) +H2O(aq) Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)
1+x6=0 x=+5
(White ppt.)
Soluble
P2O74 2x+7(2)=4
(e) No, rusting of iron can not take place in
2x14=4 x=+5
distilled water because it neither contains
SO42 x+4(2)=2
dissolvedoxygennorcarbondioxide.Bothare
x8=2 x=+6.
essentialfor the rusting of iron.
4. (6):C6H12O6(aq) +6O2(g)
15. We all know that vapours of poisonous gas
6CO2(g) +6H2O(l) +energy
sulphur trioxide (SO3) are being constantly
1
releasedintotheatmosphereasaresultofthe 5. (3):H2O
H2 + O2
2
combustionofsulphurwhichistakingplace.
1
Thesearedissolvedbyrainwaterandsulphuric
RatioofH:O=1: =2:1
2
acidresults.Therainwatercontainingtheacid
Thesumofratio=2+1=3.
isoftenknownasacidrain.Theacidpresent
1 2 3 4 5
slowly reacts with the compound CaCO3
0 0 0 0 0
present in marble statue and the latter gets
1 1 1 1 1
corroded.
2 2 2 2 2
SO3 +H2O H2SO4
3 3 3 3 3
CaCO3 +H2SO4 CaSO4 +CO2 +H2O
4 4 4 4 4
(Marble)
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
vvv