Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Lqwurgxr
615
57
d pdwul} gh sulphludv ghulydgdv gdv ixqhv qr olqhduhv gr
rqgh OE ' Y YE
'
yhwru E / fdofxodgd qr srqwr uhsuhvhqwdgr shor yhwru gh hvwdgr hvwlpdgr 1
Dshvdu gd plqlpl}dr prvwudgd qd Ht1 +614, qr hqyroyhu uhvwulhv/ d exvfd gd
vroxr wlpd gr sureohpd gh pqlprv txdgudgrv srqghudgrv dsuhvhqwd frqvlghuyho gl0
fxogdgh1 R qglfh d vhu rwlpl}dgr uhsuhvhqwdgr sru xpd ixqr txdguwlfd/ h{suhvvd
hp whuprv gh xp yhwru gh htxdhv qr0olqhduhv uhodflrqdqgr rv hvwdgrv v txdqwlgdghv
phglgdv1 Dglflrqdophqwh/ d Ht1 +615,/ txh uhsuhvhqwd d frqgld r gh rwlpdolgdgh/ qr whp
vroxr ihfkdgd h sruwdqwr uhtxhu r xvr gh pwrgrv lwhudwlyrv1 Glyhuvrv pwrgrv qxpul0
frv srghuldp vhu dsolfdgrv qd uhvroxr gh xp sureohpd ghvwh wlsr srup/ d qdwxuh}d
txdguwlfd gd ixqr remhwlyr h dxvqfld gh uhvwulhv wruqdp hvwh sureohpd gh rwlpl}dr
dsursuldgr sdud d vroxr shor pwrgr gh Qhzwrq/ ghvfulwr qd vhr vxevhthqwh1
61514
+615,
.E| ' +
| & 3
O E + OE & { ' OA E
&
+3 {3
+616,
61515
58
Pwrgr gh Jdxvv0Qhzwrq
D fruuhr { gd Ht1 +616, wdpep srgh vhu ghwhuplqdgd dwudyv gr pwrgr gh Jdxvv0
Qhzwrq1 Qhvwh fdvr/ d ixqr aE gd Ht1 +614, h{sdqglgd hp vulh gh Wd|oru/ hp wruqr
gr srqwr & h dr orqjr gd gluhr { / dw r whupr gh vhjxqgd rughp> lvwr /
2
YaE |
| Y aE
&
&
aE n { ' aE n
{
n
{
{
&
Y
2
Y 2 ' &
'
2
rqgh/ YaYE & h Y Ya E2 & vr uhvshfwlydphqwh r yhwru gh sulphludv ghulydgdv +judgl0
'
'
rx/ dowhuqdwlydphqwh
R yhwru judglhqwh
Y 2aE
Y 2
Ya E
&
Y
'
YaE
Y
'
YaE |
{ '
Y ' &
' &
+617,
gdgr sru
Yid3 E o|+3d3 E oj
'
&
Y
' &
'
|
YE
' 2
+3 d3 E o ' &
&
Y
'
rx/ dowhuqdwlydphqwh
YaE |
& | 3
& ' 2OE + {3
Y
'
&
rqgh/ OE h {3 wp rv phvprv vljqlfdgrv phqflrqdgrv dqwhulruphqwh1
Dsolfdqgr0vh r phvpr surfhglphqwr sdud r fofxor gd pdwul} gh vhjxqgdv ghulydgdv
gh aE rewp0vh
%
&
|
Y 2aE
Y
YE
'
+3 d3 E o
2
Y 2 ' &
Y
Y
&
'
+618,
61516
59
Qr vlvwhpd olqhdu h{suhvvr shod Ht1 +618,/ d pdwul} + gldjrqdo1 Sru hvwd ud}r/ r surgxwr
pdwulfldo dO| +3Oo/ ghqrplqdgr Pdwul} Jdqkr rx gh Lqirupdr/ dsur{lpdgdphqwh
gxdv yh}hv pdlv ghqvr gr txh d pdwul} O1 Sru rxwur odgr/ d pdwul} O hvsduvd h sruwdqwr
d pdwul} gh lqirupdr srvvxl wdpep xp qphur uhgx}lgr gh hohphqwrv qr0qxorv/ r
txh srvvlelolwd r xvr gh wfqlfdv gh frpsdfwdr h hvsduvlgdgh1 Dop glvvr/ hvwd pdwul}
vlpwulfd hp hvwuxwxud h ydoruhv qxpulfrv h srvlwlyd vhplghqlgd/ r txh idflolwd d vxd
idwrudr ^4`1 Qr fdvr sduwlfxodu gh HHVS/ r sodqr gh phglr ghyh hoderudgr gh irupd
txh r qphur h d frqjxudr gdv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv dvvhjxuhp d qr0vlqjxodulgdgh
ghvwd pdwul} +vlvwhpd revhuyyho ,1
Rv hohphqwrv gd pdwul} Mdfreldqd OE & vr rewlgrv ghulydqgr0vh dv h{suhvvhv gh
E +htxdhv gr x{r gh srwqfld qdv olqkdv gh wudqvplvvr/ lqmhr gh srwqfld dwlyd
h uhdwlyd qdv eduudv/ pdjqlwxgh gdv whqvhv/ hwf, hp uhodr dr yhwru gh hvwdgr +pdjql0
wxgh h qjxor gd whqvr qdv eduudv gr vlvwhpd,1 Dshvdu gd vlpsolflgdgh frp txh vh srgh
h{suhvvdu hvvdv ghulydgdv dqdolwlfdphqwh/ r fofxor gh vhxv ydoruhv qxpulfrv ghyh vhu ihlwr
gd irupd pdlv hflhqwh srvvyho/ m txh uhtxlvlwdgr uhshwlgdv yh}hv qd irupxodr frq0
yhqflrqdo1 Dowhuqdwlydv sdud frpsxwdu hvwhv hohphqwrv/ txh uhgx}hp vljqlfdwlydphqwh
rv uhtxlvlwrv gh fofxor sdud d rewhqr grv phvprv/ vr dsuhvhqwdgdv qd uhihuqfld ^5`1
R surfhvvr lwhudwlyr lqlfldgr d sduwlu xpd hvwlpdwlyd lqlfldo f h d fdgd lwhudr
rv lqfuhphqwrv qdv ydulyhlv gh hvwdgr { vr rewlgrv uhvroyhqgr0vh d Ht1 +618,1 D
dwxdol}dr gr yhwru gh hvwdgr rewlgd dwudyv gd uhodr lwhudwlyd uhsuhvhqwdgd qd Ht1
+615,/ dw txh r vhjxlqwh fulwulr gh sdudgd vhmd vdwlvihlwr=
6@% m {
% m "
+619,
rqgh " xpd wrohuqfld su0hvwdehohflgd1 Hvwh fulwulr lqglfd txh r surfhvvr lwhudwlyr
hqfhuudgr txdqgr d pdjqlwxgh grv dmxvwhv qdv ydulyhlv gh hvwdgr iru ghvsuh}yho1
61517
Dvshfwrv Frpsxwdflrqdlv
R sureohpd uhsuhvhqwdgr shod htxdr qrupdo 618 srvvxl whqgqfld d xp pdo frqglflrqd0
phqwr qxpulfr1 Lvwr srgh vhu yhulfdgr dqdolvdqgr0vh r qphur gh frqglflrqdphqwr gd
pdwul} gh lqirupdr1
R Qphur gh Frqglflrqdphqwr Hvshfwudo gh xpd pdwul} ghqlgr frpr
J?_ E '
j
j6
+61:,
5:
61518
Dojrulwpr
&
' M>
&
>
:1 yhulfdu frqyhujqfld= vh pd{ m{%& m " +hp jhudo " ' f3e R,/ fdofxodu rv x{rv
gh srwqfld qdv olqkdv gh wudqvplvvr h dv lqmhhv gh srwqfld qdv eduudv h qdol}du
r surfhvvr lwhudwlyr1
;1 id}hu & ' & n h uhwruqdu dr sdvvr 6>
Qdv sur{lplgdghv gd vroxr qdo gr sureohpd gh pqlprv txdgudgrv srqghudgrv
qr k yduldr frqvlghuyho qrv whuprv gd pdwul} Mdfreldqd O/ h sruwdqwr hvwd srgh vhu
pdqwlgd frqvwdqwh qdv owlpdv lwhudhv1 Hvwd hvwudwjld uhgx} r hvirur frpsxwdflrqdo
ghpdqgdgr shor surfhvvr lwhudwlyr/ ghvgh txh qdv lwhudhv qdlv dshqdv r fofxor gh
{3 ' E E& 3 h M ' O| E E& +3{3 uhtxhulgr>
616
5;
Hvwlpdgruhv Ghvdfrsodgrv
;5
6<
@
?
8
'f
. 7
=
>
'
;5
65
6| < 5
6
?
@
+ f
8 7 8
8
. 7
'7
=
>
'
f +'
'
5<
D pdwul} gh lqirupdr dO| +3Oo srgh vhu uh0hvfulwd gh dfrugr frp hvwh sduwlflrqd0
phqwr/ frpr
5
65
65
6
O| B O|'B
+ f
O B O T
7
87
87
8
|
|
O T O'T
f +'
O'B O'T
wdo txh/ r surgxwr pdwulfldo lqglfdgr qd owlpd htxdr iruqhfh
5
6
3
|
|
|
|
O + O n O'B +' O'B O B + O T n O'B +' O'T
7 B B
8
3O O| +3O n O| +3 O
|
O| T +3
O
n
O
+
B
'B
T
'T
'T '
T
'T '
rx/ hp irupd frpsdfwd
5
7
rqgh
B T
'B 'T
6
8
3
|
B ' O| B +3
O B n O'B +' O'B
3
|
T ' O| B +3
O T n O'B +' O'T
3
|
'B ' O| T +3
O B n O'T +' O'B
3
|
'T ' O| T +3
O T n O'T +' O'T
Hp jhudo/ vlvwhpdv gh srwqfld frp qyho gh whqvr dflpd gh Sb &T srvvxhp olqkdv
gh wudqvplvvr frp dowd uhodr f
- / gh irupd txh dv vxepdwul}hv O B h O'T suhgrplqdp
vreuh O T h O'B dvvlp frpr dv vxepdwul}hv B h 'T suhgrplqdp vreuh T h 'B 1 D
h{sorudr ghvvdv fdudfwhuvwlfdv uhvxowd qr ghvhqyroylphqwr grv grlv wlsrv gh hvwlpdgruhv
ghvfulwrv d vhjxlu1
61614
63
B { ' dO| B E & c V& m O|'B Ec V& o+3d3 E & c V& o
+6143,
+6144,
'T {V ' dO| T E &nc V& m EO|'T E &n c V& o+3d3 E &nc V& o
V&n ' V& n {V
+6145,
+6146,
R hvwlpdgru ghvdfrsodgr qr dojrulwpr frqyhujh sdud d phvpd vroxr txh vhuld rewlgd
vhp h{sorudu r ghvdfrsodphqwr/ dshqdv r qphur gh lwhudhv prglfdgr> rx vhmd/ dv
dsur{lpdhv ihlwdv qd pdwul} gh lqirupdr dihwdp dshqdv d frqyhujqfld gr surfhvvr
lwhudwlyr/ vhp dowhudu d vroxr qdo1
61615
+6147,
&
&
B { ' O| B +3
d3 E c V o
+6148,
+6149,
&n
+614:,
+614;,
61616
64
R '
&Ml
|&
+614<,
+6153,
rqgh
%
d fdsdflgdgh gh wudqvplvvr gd olqkd h l r frqmxqwr gh eduudv dgmdfhqwhv
eduud 1
Ghvgh txh dv pdjqlwxghv gdv whqvhv qdv eduudv vr vxsrvwdv frqvwdqwhv/ dv qlfdv
ydulyhlv d vhuhp hvwlpdgdv vr rv qjxorv gdv whqvhv/ rx vhmd/ r yhwru gh hvwdgrv uhgx}0vh
dr yhwru 1 Dvvlp/ wrpdqgr0vh d eduud frpr eduud gh uhihuqfld/ r hvwdgr d vhu hvwlpdgr
uhsuhvhqwdgr sru
5
6
'
B
9 2 :
9 11 :
'9 1 :
7
8
B
65
+6154,
.E | ' +
3
EO| +3
O B ' O + 3
22
:
|
6
|2
D
3D
|2
|e
G//
/ Re
6
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
8
66
617
}E ' f
rqgh }E ' f r yhwru gdv htxdhv qr olqhduhv txh uhsuhvhqwdp dv lqmhhv gh srwqfld
qxodv1 Hvwh surfhglphqwr phokrud d frqyhujqfld gr surfhvvr lwhudwlyr dop gh hylwdu
sureohpdv gh lqvwdelolgdgh qxpulfd1
D vroxr gr sureohpd gh pqlprv txdgudgrv frp uhvwulhv gh ljxdogdgh uhsuhvhqwdgr
shod Ht1 +6155, rewlgd irupdqgr0vh gd ixqr Odjudqjhdqd
mE c ' d3 E o|+3d3 E o n | }E
2
rqgh r yhwru grv pxowlsolfdgruhv gh Odjudqjh fruuhvsrqghqwhv v uhvwulhv gh ljxdo0
gdgh/ frp glphqvr ljxdo dr qphur gh eduudv gh wudqvihuqfld> h dsolfdqgr0vh qhvwd
ixqr dv frqglhv gh rwlpdolgdgh gh sulphlud rughp/ r txh uhvxowd qr frqmxqwr gh
htxdhv qr olqhduhv
YmE c
'f
Y
YmE c
'f
Y
O| E +3 d3 E o n B| E ' f
+6156,
, }E ' f
rqgh/ BE ' Y }YE d pdwul} gh sulphludv ghulydgdv gdv ixqhv qr olqhduhv gr yhwru
}E frp uhodr dr yhwru gh hvwdgr / h OE whp r phvpr vljqlfdgr dqwhulruphqwh
phqflrqdgr1
67
D vroxr gdv htxdhv qr olqhduhv 6156 dwudyv gr pwrgr gh Qhzwrq uhtxhu txh d
fdgd lwhudr vhmd uhvroylgr xp vlvwhpd olqhdu gd irupd
O| E & +3d3 E & OE & { o n B| E & ' f
}E & n BE & { ' f
r txdo srgh vhu uh0hvfulwr qd irupd frpsdfwd frpr
5
65
6 5
6
|
&
&
|
&
|
&
&
3
O E + OE B E
{
O E + d3 E o
7
87
8'7
8
f
BE &
}E &
D pdwul} gh frhflhqwhv ghvwh vlvwhpd olqhdu qr srvlwlyd ghqlgd/ r txh uhtxhu qd
idwrudr r xvr gh slyv 2 2/ sdud suhvhuydu d vlphwuld1 Hvwd pdwul} ghfrpsrvwd
frpr ' w| #w/ rqgh w xpd pdwul} eorfr wuldqjxodu lqihulru h # xpd pdwul} eorfr
gldjrqdo1
618
H{hufflrv
22
2:
% ' f2
% T ' fe
%e ' f2D
%2 ' fD
68
| T
% ' ff
|2
% ' ff
|2 ' fc 2S
|c2 ' 2c H
R
% ' f2f
olqkd 4
%2 ' ff
olqkd 5
R2
69
Uhihuqfldv Eleolrjufdv
^4` Jhrujh D1 h Olx M1Z1/ Frpsxwhu Vroxwlrq ri Odujh Vsduvh Srvlwlyh Ghqlwh V|vwhpv/
Suhqwlfh Kdoo/ Hojohzrrg Folv/ 4<;41
^5` Dvfkprqhlw I1/ Ghq}ho G1 h Vfkhoovwhgh/ Rswlpdo Srzhu V|vwhp Vwdwlf Vwdwh Hvwlpd0
wlrq/ Surfhhglqjv gd 8wk Srzhu V|vwhpv Frpsxwdwlrq Frqihuhqfh/ duwljr Qr1 5162</
Fdpeulgjh/ Ju0Euhwdqkd/ 4<:81
^6` Jdufld D1/ Prqwlfhool D1 h Deuhx1 S1/ Idvw Ghfrxsohg Vwdwh Hvwlpdwru dqg Edg Gdwd
Surfhvvlqj/ LHHH Wudqv1 rq Srzhu Dssdudwxv dqg V|vwhpv/ Yro1 <;/ Qr1 8/ ss1 49780
49851