A New Higher-Order Analysis Model For Sandwich Plates With Flexible Core

Journal of Composite Materials
r
Fo
A new higher-order analysis model for sandwich plates with

flexible core
Journal:
Manuscript ID:
Date Submitted by the Author:
Keywords:
Original Manuscript
14-Oct-2014
Tian, Ali; Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Engineering of

Shipbuilding and Ocean
er
Complete List of Authors:
JCM-14-0850
Pe
Manuscript Type:
Higher-order Analysis model, Sandwich plate, Flexible core, Free vibration,

Bending
Re
ew
vi
Abstract:
A new kind of higher-order analysis model is presented for sandwich plates

with flexible core, especially soft core. The governing equations derived
from equilibrium differential equations of motions are analytically solved for
simply supported sandwich plate with a flexible core. The Navier-type
solutions for free vibration analysis and static bending are presented for
sinusoidal and uniformly distributed loads. The accuracy and convergence
of the present theory and solution are ascertained by compared with
various available results, the author considered vary of length width ratios,
Youngs modulus ratios between skins and core, thickness ratios between
skins and core and span-to-thickness of sandwich plates. The results show
that the present model can achieve the great accuracy for sandwich plate
with a flexible core compare with existing classical plate theory, first-order
shear deformation, higher-order shear deformation theory and finite
element software ANSYS.
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jcm
Page 1 of 16
Author Information
No.
First
Second
Name
Name
E-mail
Tel
Nation
Address
Jiangsu Province,
Ali
Tian
tianalijkd@163.com
+8613852944955
China
Zhenjiang City,
Mengxi Road
No.2
Jiangsu Province,
Rechuan
Yiming
Ye
Chen
yrc795@126.com
r
Fo
cymjkd@163.com
+8618362890119
China
Zhenjiang City,
Mengxi Road
No.2
Jiangsu Province,
+8615751012280
China
Zhenjiang City,
Mengxi Road
No.2
er
Pe
ew
vi
Re
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Institutions
Postal
address
Jiangsu University
of Science and
212003
Technology
Jiangsu University
of Science and
212003
Technology
Jiangsu University
of Science and
Technology
212003
A new higher-order analysis model for sandwich plates with flexible core
Ali Tian, Renchuan Ye, Yiming Chen
(Department of Ship and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology,
Zhenjiang 212003, China)
Abstract
A new kind of higher-order analysis model is presented for sandwich plates with flexible core,
especially soft core. The governing equations derived from equilibrium differential equations of motions
are analytically solved for simply supported sandwich plate with a flexible core. The Navier-type solutions
for free vibration analysis and static bending are presented for sinusoidal and uniformly distributed loads.
The accuracy and convergence of the present theory and solution are ascertained by compared with various
available results, the author considered vary of length width ratios, Youngs modulus ratios between skins
and core, thickness ratios between skins and core and span-to-thickness of sandwich plates. The results
show that the present model can achieve the great accuracy for sandwich plate with a flexible core compare
with existing classical plate theory, first-order shear deformation, higher-order shear deformation theory
and finite element software ANSYS.
Keywords: Higher-order Analysis model; Sandwich plate; Flexible core; Free vibration; Bending
r
Fo
Introduction
er
Pe
Sandwich panels are generally made up of two thin but stiff face sheets or skins separated by a
light-weight and thick but low modulus core. Thus, their light-weight, high bending stiffness, promising
high-energy absorption, fire-resistant, sandwich structures have been broadly used in civil, aerospace
engineering and marine engineering [1]. Its advantages, the development of new material and the necessity
of high performance under static, dynamic and thermal loads guarantee that the sandwich structures will be
in demand for many years[2]. With the increased use of sandwich structures, there is a tremendous need to
develop efficient analysis method to predict the short and long-term behavior of sandwich plates under a
variety of loading and environmental conditions.
The analytical papers in the early years mainly focused on free vibration, static/dynamic behavior,
impact response of sandwich structures and laminates. These theories can be classified as equivalent single
layer (ESL), layerwise and zig-zag theories. The ESL theories can be divided into three main categories:
classical plate theory (CPT), first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), and higher-order shear
deformation theories (HSDTs). The CPT[3,4] ignores shear deformation effects; it underestimates deflection
and overestimates bulking load and frequency of moderately thick and thick sandwich plates. The FSDT[5,6]
accounts for shear deformation effects by the way of linear variation of in-plane displacements over the
thickness. On the other hand, the FSDT violates stress free boundary conditions at the top and bottom skins
of the plate. The HSDTs[7-9] account for shear deformation effects by quadratic, cubic or higher variations
of surface-parallel displacements over the entire thickness. In fact, there are some higher order shear
deformation theories contains non-polynomial shape strain functions were developed. Vidal P[10-12] and J.L.
Mantari et al.[13-15] mentioned that a series of trigonometric shape functions. Huu-Tai Thai et al.[16-19] simple
some shear deformation theories by deviding the transverse displacements into the bending and shear parts
and simple governing equation of shear deformation theories. However, one important issue that needs to
ew
vi
Re
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 2 of 16
Page 3 of 16
be mentioned in the context of the aforementioned theories that while in-plane strains is continuous through
the plate thickness, the corresponding stresses have jumps at the layer interfaces, and this type of behavior
can only be captured by the Zig-zag type theories[20-22]. Furthermore, a layer wise shear deformation
theory[23,24] may provide a better representation of interlaminar stresses, but they may be computationally
too expensive. Most of the aforementioned theories and numerical approaches assume that the height of the
core remains unchanged. However, modern sandwiches are made of compressible core (i.e. foam,
polyurethane) that are usually associated with localized and through the thickness displacements, which
aforementioned theories and models are difficult to implement. Softer core may result in larger errors in
these theories.
Many researchers have studied sandwich plate with a soft compressible core (i.e. foam,
polyurethane). Y. Frosting and his coworkers already have used an enhanced high-order theory successfully
analysis the bulking[25] and free vibration[26,27], bending[28-30] and piezoelectric problem[31] of sandwich
beams and plates with a flexible core. A.K. Nayak and R.A. Shenoi[32-34] have extensive research about
sandwich plate, especially transient response of composite sandwich plates. Banerjee[35] studied the free
vibration of sandwich beam based on dynamic stiffness method and experiment. Yang M et al.[36,37]
proposed a semi-analytical model for an anti-plane sandwich plate sitting on a solid half space, and the
transferred force distributions as well as impact response were studied and next year present a higher-order
impact model to simulate the response of a soft-core sandwich beam subjected to a foreign object impact;
the higher-order impact was derived by equilibrium differential equation of motion of sandwich beam.
In this paper, a new higher-order analysis model of sandwich plate with a flexible core is presented for
free vibration and bending analysis. The governing equations derived from equilibrium differential
equations of motions are analytically solved for simply supported sandwich plate with a flexible core. We
made some assumptions for sandwich plates with a flexible core, the assumptions are:
The shear stress is constant over the thickness of the core;
In-plane stress of the core is relatively small (in this study, it is assumed to be zero);
The horizontal and vertical accelerations of the core can be approximate by a linear interpolation[26].
The closed-form solutions of simply supported of sandwich plates with a flexible core are obtained. A
large number of numerical results are presented to verify the accuracy of the present theory. The free
vibration and bending which variation of length width ratios, Youngs modulus ratios between skins and
core, thickness ratios between skins and core and span-to-thickness are analyzed. It can be seen that the
present theory can be extended to cover sandwich plates with laminates skins. In addition, the results of
CPT, FSDT and TSDT as given in Appendix A, B and C[38] are also calculated independently in this study
using analytical solutions to compare.
r
Fo
er
Pe
ew
vi
Re
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Formulation with the framework of an elasticity theory
First, the coordinate system given in Fig. 1, the equilibrium differential equations of motions of skin
plies are governed by the following equations:
Qtyy
N tyy
M tyy
N txy
Qtxx
M txx
zydxdy
qdxdy
N txy
N txx
M txx+M txx,xdx
N txy +N txy,xdx
zx dxdy
tzzdxdy
N txx+N txx,xdx
Qtxx+Qtxx,xdx
N txy+N txy,ydy
x
x
ht
hb
y z
M tyy+M tyy,ydy
N tyy+N tyy,ydy
Qtyy+Qtyy,ydy
yxcdx
yzcdx
tzz dxdy
zx dxdy
xz cdy
( xy+xy,x )cdy
zxdxdy
( xz + xz,x )cdy
bzz dxdy
( yz+ yz,y )cdx
Top skin
Core
zydxdy
zydxdy
xycdy
( yx+ yx,y )cdx
r
Fo
Bottom skin
Qbyy
N byy
M byy
N bxy
Qbxx
M bxx
bzz dxdy
N bxy
M bxx+M bxx,xdx
zydxdy
N bxx
N bxy+N bxy,xdx
Pe
N bxx+N bxx,x dx
zxdxdy
Qbxx+Qbxx,xdx
N bxy+N bxy,ydy
M byy+M byy,ydy Qbyy+Qbyy,ydy

N byy+N byy,ydy
er
Fig. 1.The coordinate system of sandwich plate: geometry and coordinate, internal resultants and stresses
xxk yxk zxk
2u
+
+
= k 2k
z
t
k
k
k
2 vk
xy yy zy
+
+
= k 2
y
z
t
x
k k k
2
wk
yz
xz +
+ zz = k
y
z
t 2
x
(1)
vi
Re
where, the superscripts/subscripts k = t , b refer to quantities affiliated to top and bottom, respectively.
( u k , vk , wk ) are the unknown displacement components along the (x,y,z) coordinate directions of the top,
core and bottom skin plies, and xx , yy , zz are the components of a normal stress and xy , xz , yz are the shear
stresses.
The partial differential equations describing the equilibrium of the skin plies in equation (1) can be
integrated to formulate as
ew
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 4 of 16
k
hk
N xxk N xy
h
h
2u
+
+ zxk ( x, y, z = k ) zxk ( x, y , z = k ) = 2hk k 2k dz
x
y
2
2
t
2
N xyk
x
N yyk
y
+ zyk ( x, y , z =
hk
hk
h
2v
) zyk ( x, y, z = k ) = 2hk k 2k dz
2
2
t
2
2
k
k
hk
2 M xxk xzk hk M yy yz hk
h
h
2w
+
+
+
+ zzk ( x, y, z = k ) zzk ( x, y , z = k ) = 2hk k 2 k dz
2
2
x
x 2
y
y 2
2
2
t
2
(2)
(3)
(4)
where N xx , N yy M xx , M yy are the axial force and moment, hk are the thickness of the skin plies, respectively.
The transversely flexible core is treated as a three-dimensional elastic medium with small
deformations, where the core height may change under loading, and the core cross-section does not remain
planar (nonlinear displacement field in the core). By using the equilibrium condition given in Eq. (6) and
assuming that the in-plane stress of the core is relatively small (in this study, it is assumed to be zero) and
Page 5 of 16
that the shear stress is constant over the thickness of the core, the horizontal and vertical accelerations of
the core can be approximated by a linear interpolation[25] as
(u&&b u&&t )
z + u&&t
u&&c ( x, y , z , t ) =
c
(v&&b &&
vt )
z + &&
vt
v&&c ( x, y , z , t ) =
c
&& w
&&t )
(w
&&c ( x, y , z, t ) = b
&&t
z+w
w
c
(5)
xxc yxc zxc

2u
+
+
= c 2c
t
x
y
z
c
c
c
2 vc
xy yy zy
+
+
= c 2
y
z
t
x
c c c
2
w
yz
xz +
+ zz = c 2 c
y
z
t
x
(6)
r
Fo
Integrating the first and second equation of Eq. (6) and considering that the in-plane stresses do not
exist in the core and the shear stress xz , yz does not change through the height, we have
c u&& ( x, y, z )dz = 0
0 c c
c
c v&&c ( x, y, z )dz = 0
0
Pe
(7)
Substituting u&&c ( x, y, z, t ) = (uc uc ) z + u&&ct and &&vc ( x, y, z, t ) = (vc vc ) z + &&vct into Eq. (7), we derive:
&&b
&&t
&&b
&&t
t
u&& = u&&c
b
t
v&&c = v&&c
b
c
(8)
er
b hb
u&&ob + 2
h
b
v&&ob
+ b
2
From the third equation of Eq. (6), then
(9)
yz
&&b w
&&t c z 2
w
&&t z xz z
+ c zw
+ zzc ( x, y, z = 0)
c
2
x
y
vi
c zz =
&&b
&&t
w
h w
= u&&tot + t
x
2 x
&&b
&&t
w
h w
= &&
v ott + t
2 y
y
Re
(10)
Using the constitutive law of the core material zzc = Ecc zzc and satisfying the continuity conditions for
the bottom interface, we have:
wc = wt +
ew
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
&&b w
&&t c z 3 c z 2
w
z 2 xz
z 2 yz zzc ( x, y, z = 0)
&&t
+
w
+
z
cEc
6
2 Ec
2 Ec x
2 Ec y
Ec
zzc ( x, y, z = 0) =
&& w
&&t )
( wb wt ) Ec ( w
1
c xz c yz
&&t +
b
+
c c c cw
c
6
2
2 x
2 y
(11)
(12)
where zzc ( x, y, z = 0) is the stress on the interface of the core that contact with the upper skin. It can be
determined by the interface continuity conditions. Because the core ply and the skin are adhesive-bonded
together, the solution should satisfy continuity conditions of interface stress and displacements distributed
at the glued surfaces.
Based on the shear compatibility equation,
xz =
uc wc xz
+
=
z
x
Gc
(13a)
yz =
vc wc yz
+
=
Gc
z
y
(13b)
Integration of equation (13), then simplify to get
uob uot +
2
&& w
&&
wt ht + c wb hb + c
c 3 2 xz
c 3 yz xz c c c3 w
( t + b)
+
+
+
=
2
x 2
x 2
12 Ec x
12 Ec yx Gc 24 Ec x
x
(14a)
vob vot +
2
&& w
&&
c 3 2 xz
c 3 yz yz c c c 3 w
wt ht + c wb hb + c
+
+
+
=
( t + b)
y 2
y 2
12 Ec xy 12 Ec y 2
Gc 24 Ec y
y
(14b)
The stress resultants of the skins (including the bending stretching coupling effects) in terms of
displacement (u, v, w) as:
N xx A11

N yy = A12
N A
xy 16
A12
A22
A26
A16 ux B11
A26 yv + B12
A66 u + v B16
M xx B11

M yy = B12
M B
xy 16
B12
B22
B26
B16 ux D11
B26 yv + D12
B66 u + v D16
r
Fo
y x
y x
B12
B22
B26
2w
B16 x 2
2
B26 yw2
B66 2 w
(15a)
xy
2w
D16 x 2
2
D26 yw2
D66 2 w
D12
D22
D26
(15b)
xy
where A11 , B11 and D11 are the extensional, extensional-bending coupling and bending stiffness of the skin
laminate, respectively.
Further, consider the stress boundary and continuity conditions of top and bottom skins as follow,
ht
ht
ht
ht
t
t
t
t
xz ( x, y , z = 2 ) = 0, yz ( x, y, z = 2 ) = 0, xz ( x, y , z = 2 ) = xz , yz ( x, y , z = 2 ) = yz
t ( x, y , z = ht ) = q , t ( x, y, z = ht ) = c ( x, y , z = 0)
zz
zz
zz
2
2
Pe
hb
hb
hb
hb
b
b
b
b
xz ( x, y , z = 2 ) = xz , yz ( x, y , z = 2 ) = yz , xz ( x, y , z = 2 ) = 0, yz ( x, y, z = 2 ) = 0
b ( x, y , z = hb ) = c ( x, y , z = 0), b ( x, y , z = hb ) = 0
zz
zz
zz
2
2
er
(16a)
(16b)
For top and bottom skins are isotropic materials, we have Bij = 0 (i, j = 1, 2, 6) , A16 = A26 = 0 and D16 = D26 = 0 ,
by using the stress resultants from Eq. (15) and boundary conditions from Eq. (16), the governing equations
Eq. (2-4,14) can be expressed in terms of displacements and shear stress ( uot , uob , vot , vob , wt , wb , xz , yz ) as
Re
2uot
2 vot
2u
2 vot
+ A12 t
+ A66 t ( 2ot +
) + xz = t ht u&&ot
2
x
xy
y
xy
(17a)
A11b
2uob
2 vob
2u
2 vob
+ A12 b
+ A66b ( 2ob +
) xz = b hb u&&ob
2
x
xy
y
xy
(17b)
A12 t
2uot
2 vot
2u
2 vot
+ A22 t
+ A66 t ( ot +
) + yz = t ht &&
vot
xy
y 2
xy x 2
(17c)
A11t
A12 b
D11t
ew
vi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 6 of 16
2uob
2 vob
2u
2 vob
+ A22 b
+ A66b ( ob +
) yz = b hb v&&ob
2
xy
y
xy
x 2
(17d)
&& + 2 w
&&t )
4 wt
4w
4 wt ( ht + c ) xz ( ht + c ) yz wb wt
(w
&&t + b
2 D12 t 2 t 2 D22 t
+
+
+
Ec = q + t ht w
c c (17e)
4
x
x y
y 4
2
x
2
y
c
6
D11b
&& + 2w
&&b
4 wb
4w
4 wb (hb + c) xz ( hb + c ) yz wb wt
w
&&b + t
2 D12 b 2 b 2 D22 b
+
+
Ec = b hb w
cc
x 4
x y
y 4
2
x
2
y
c
6
(17f)
uob uot +
2
&& w
&&
c3 w
( ht + c) wt (hb + c) wb
c 3 2 xz yz
c
+
+
( 2 +
) xz = c ( b + t )
2
x
2
x 12 Ec x
xy
Gc
24 Ec x
x
(17g)
vob vot +
2
&& w
&&
c 3 w
( ht + c ) wt ( hb + c ) wb
c 3 2 xz yz
c
+
+
(
+
) yz = c ( b + t )
2
2
y
2
y 12 Ec xy
y
Gc
24 Ec y
y
(17h)
Page 7 of 16
Analytical solutions for a sandwich plates
Consider a simply supported rectangular plate with length a and width b under transverse load q.
Based on Navier approach, the following expansions of displacements and shear stress
( uot , uob , vot , vob , wt , wb , xz , yz ) are assumed as:

uot ( x, y, t ) = U tmn eit cos x sin y

m=1 n=1
vot ( x, y , t ) = Vtmn eit sin x cos y

m=1 n=1
it
wt ( x, y , t ) = Wtmn e sin x sin y
m=1 n=1

uob ( x, y, t ) = U bmn eit cos x sin y

m=1 n=1
vob ( x, y, t ) = Vbmn eit sin x cos y

m=1 n=1
wb ( x, y, t ) = Wbmn eit sin x sin y
m=1 n=1
r
Fo
(Top skin)
(18a)
(Bottom skin)
(18b)

it
yz ( x, y , t ) = S ymn e sin x cos y
m =1 n=1
xz ( x, y, t ) = S xmn eit cos x sin y

m=1 n =1
(Transverse shear stress)
(18c)
Pe
where i = 1 , = m / a , = n / b ,( U tmn , Vtmn , Wtmn , U bmn , Vbmn , Wbmn , S xmn , S ymn ) are coefficients, and is the
frequency of free vibration.
The transverse load q is also expanded in the double-Fourier sine series as follows:
er
q ( x, y ) = Qmn sin x sin y
(19)
m=1 n=1
The coefficients
Qmn are
Re
given below for some typical loads:

Qmn =
4 a b
q0
q ( x, y ) sin x sin ydxdy = 16 q0
ab 0 0
mn 2
for sinusodial load

for uniform load
vi
(20)
Substituting Eqs. (18) and (19) into Eq. (17), the analytical solutions can be obtained by:
k11
0
k13
0
0
k17
0
k13
k17
k22
k24
k27
k33
k24
k44
k55
k56
k57
k56
k66
k67
k27
k57
k67
k77
k38
k48
k58
k68
k78
0
m11
0
0
0
k38
k48
0
2
0
k58
k68
0
0
k78
k88
0
m22
m33
m44
0 U tmn 0
0 U bmn 0
0 Vtmn 0

0 Vbmn 0
=
0 Wtmn Qmn
0 Wbmn 0

0 S xmn 0
0 S ymn 0
ew
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
m55
m56
m56
m66
m75
m76
m85
m86
in which:
k11 = 2 A11t + 2 A66 t , k13 = ( A12 t + A66 t ) , , k22 = 2 A11b + 2 A66 b , k24 = ( A12 b + A66 b ) , k27 = 1
k33 = 2 A66t + 2 A22 t , k38 = 1 , k44 = 2 A66 b + 2 A22 b , k48 = 1 , k55 = 4 D11t + 2 2 2 D12 t + 4 D22 t + Ec / c
k56 = Ec / c , k57 = ( ht + c) / 2 , k58 = ( ht + c) / 2 , k66 = 4 D11b + 2 2 2 D12b + 4 D22 b + Ec / c , k67 = (hb + c) / 2
k68 = (hb + c) / 2 , k77 = 2c 3 / (12 Ec ) c / Gc , k78 = c 3 / (12 Ec ) , k88 = 2 c3 / (12 Ec ) c / Gc
m11 = t ht , m22 = b hb , m33 = t ht , m44 = b hb , m55 = t ht + c c / 3 , m56 = c c / 6 , m66 = b hb + c c / 3
m75 = c c 3 / (24 Ec ) , m76 = c c3 / (24 Ec ) , m85 = c c3 / (24 Ec ) , m86 = c c 3 / (24 Ec )
(21)
Numerical results
In this section, various numerical examples are presented and discussed to verify the accuracy of the
present theory in predicting the natural frequency and bending of simply supported plates. For verification
purpose, the obtained results are compared with the shear deformation theories, Mindlins results and
ANSYS. The following sandwich plate properties are used:
Material 1 ((Shenois book [39]))
Et = Eb = 20GPa , Gc = 40 MPa , t = b = c = 0.3 , ht = hb = 0.002m , c = 0.05m , a = b = 2m ,
t = b = 1400kg / m3 , c = 100kg / m3 ; h = ht + c + hb , h f = ht = hb , E f = Et = Eb .
For the record, in order to verify the accuracy and the range of application of the present theory, the
properties ratios of top skin and core may be changed, for example a / b , E f / Ec , hc / h f etc.
4.1 Free vibration analysis
r
Fo
Example1. The first example is performed for symmetric square plates using Material 1. The obtained
results are compared with Shenois book results[39], higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT)[7] and
ANSYS results in Table1. It can be seen that the HSDT, Mindlin, ANSYS and Present give the solutions
are very close for all values of wave number.
Table 1 The comparisons of the frequencies of different mode number (Material 1)
Pe
Wave number
m
Theory
HSDT
(Hz)
Mindlin
(Hz)
er
ANSYS
(Hz)
Present
(Hz)
1
1
354.72
347
349.61
346.56
1
2
828.83
798
803.43
797.49
2
2
1249.75
1190
1196.32 1188.49
1
3
1507.14
1426
1432.88 1424.28
2
3
1865.01
1751
1758.10 1748.29
1
4
2299.42
2140
2148.10 2123.41
Example2. The next example we discussed the length width ratios a / b .Table 2 shows the
frequencies for different values of the length width ratios and Fig. 2 shows the variation of frequency of
sandwich plate versus length width ratio. The Fig. 2 illustrated that the frequency value of sandwich plate
approximate constant if the value of a / b is large enough. On the other hand, we can found that the HSDT
have small error for sandwich plates with a soft core.
Table 2 The comparisons of the fundamental frequencies (Material 1 but a / b is changed)
ew
vi
Re
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 8 of 16
Length width ratios
Theory
a / b (b=1m)
HSDT
(Hz)
Mindlin
(Hz)
ANSYS
(Hz)
Present
(Hz)
1
2
3
5
10
15
20
1249.75
828.83
745.50
702.11
702.11
683.65
679.02
1189.44
798.32
719.91
678.93
661.46
658.22
657.08
1188.84
803.43
724.62
683.42
665.89
663.76
661.66
1188.49
797.49
719.14
678.21
660.76
657.52
656.38
Page 9 of 16
25
30
40
678.46
678.16
677.86
656.55
656.27
655.98
660.99
660.68
660.49
655.86
655.57
655.29
Fundamental Frequencies(Hz)
1300
1200
HSDT
Mindlin
ANSYS
Present
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
r
Fo
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
a/b
Fig. 2 Variation of fundamental frequencies of sandwich plate

versus length width ratios (Material 1, but a / b is changed)
Example3. To further illustrate the accuracy of present theory for wide range of material Youngs
modulus ratio Ef /Ec, thickness ratio c / h f .Table 3 shows fundamental frequency of sandwich plates for
different value of the material Youngs modulus ratio Ef /Ec from 102 to 107. Fig. 3 shows the variation of
frequency of sandwich plate versus Youngs modulus ratio Ef /Ec. For the case of Ef /Ec=107, there are some
errors in values predicted by the present theory. However, when Ef /Ec=107, the core material Youngs
modulus is too small, its very difficult to finding the core material in nature, these errors become negligible
when the Youngs modulus of core material is too small. The variation of fundamental frequency of
sandwich plates versus thickness ratio is shown in Table 4. Fig. 4 shows the variation of frequency of
sandwich plate versus thickness ratio c / t f . The maximum difference is 9.75% between Mindlin theory and
Present theory, because there have shear stiffness S = Gc d 2 / c , the shear stiffness use the approximations
about the thin faces and weak core parameters, therefore exist difference between Mindlin theory and
Present theory, the Mindlin theory and Present theorys result is very close when the thickness ratio c / t f
quite big.
Table 3 The comparisons of the fundamental frequencies (Material 1 but Ef /Ec is changed)
er
Pe
Modulus ratios
ew
vi
Re
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Theory
Ef /Ec (Ef=20GPa)
Mindlin
(Hz)
ANSYS
(Hz)
Present
(Hz)
102
103
104
105
106
107
360.53
281.40
129.61
43.50
13.85
4.38
362.41
279.11
126.46
42.97
15.73
9.24
356.91
282.96
130.39
44.19
15.40
7.95
Fundamental Frequencies(Hz)
400
350
Mindlin
ANSYS
Present
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0.0
2.0x10
4.0x10
E
6.0x10
8.0x10
1.0x10
/ Ec

versus Youngs modulus ratio (Material 1, but Ef /Ec is changed)
Table 4 The comparisons of the fundamental frequencies (Material 1 but hf /c is changed)
r
Fo
Thickness ratios
Theory
c/hf (c=0.05m)
Mindlin
(Hz)
ANSYS
(Hz)
Present
(Hz)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
460.17
431.90
423.92
419.46
415.76
412.16
408.52
404.83
401.09
397.33
534.13
452.00
433.53
425.54
420.36
416.04
412.03
405.04
404.21
400.35
509.90
445.05
430.24
423.58
418.92
414.81
410.85
406.91
402.97
399.04
er
Pe
vi
Re
Fundamental Fruquencies(Hz)
540
520
Mindlin
ANSYS
Present
ew
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 10 of 16
500
480
460
440
420
400
0
10
11
c / hf
versus thickness ratio (Material 1, but c/hf is changed)
4.2 Bending analysis
In this section, a sandwich plates subjected to sinusoidal and uniform distributed loads are analyzed
Page 11 of 16
using Material 1 to further illustrate the accuracy of present theory for sandwich plates with a flexible core.
Example1. In this example a sandwich plate subjected to a sinusoidal load
q ( x, y ) = 10000sin( x / a )sin( y / b) is performed using Material 1(but the a/h (h=2hf+hc) is changed). The
span-to-thickness ratios are taken to be 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 (corresponding to from
moderately thickness to thin plates). The obtained results are compared with classical plate theory (CPT)[38],
first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT)[38] and higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT).The
CPT ignores shear deformation effects and provides acceptable results for moderately thickness and thin
plates, it underestimates deflection. The FSDT require a shear correction factor but provides a reasonable
result for moderately thickness and thin plates, in this example, a shear correction factor of 5/6 is used. In
Table and Fig. 5 the variation of transverse deflection of sandwich plate in central point versus
span-to-thickness ratio a/h are provided. It can be seen that the present theory are very close agreement
with CPT, FSDT, and HSDT for all values.
Table 5 The comparisons of the transverse deflection of central point (Material 1 but a/h is changed)
Thickness ratios
Theory
r
Fo
a / h (h=0.054m a=b)
CPT
(mm)
FSDT
(mm)
HSDT
(mm)
Present
(mm)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.5757
2.9146
9.2116
22.489
46.634
86.395
147.39
236.08
359.83
0.5974
2.9633
9.2982
22.625
46.829
86.660
147.73
236.52
360.37
0.7836
3.3825
10.044
23.789
48.506
88.943
150.71
240.30
365.03
0.8619
3.5892
10.491
24.651
50.034
91.486
154.73
246.38
373.92
er
Pe
CPT
FSDT
HSDT
Present
350
vi
300
250
ew
Transverse Deflection(mm)
400
Re
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
200
150
100
50
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
a/h
Fig. 5 Variation of transverse deflection of sandwich plate
versus span-to-thickness ratio (Material 1 but a/h is changed)
Example2. In order to further verify the accuracy of the present theory for different loads, a uniform
load q ( x, y ) = 10000 N is now examined using Material 1(but the a/h (h=2hf+hc) is changed). First we study
the convergence rate of the Fourier series expansions based on present theory. The central deflections with
span-to-thickness ratios a/h=100 obtained, respectively, by using a single term expansion (m, n=1), 9 terms
of expansion (m, n=1, 3, 5), 25 terms of expansion (m, n=1, 3, 5, 7, 9), one hundred terms of expansion (m,
n=1, 3, ,19) and 225 terms of expansion (m, n=1, 3, ,29) are listed in Table 6. The results are
compared with CPT, FSDT, HSDT result show that the Fourier series solutions using the present theory
converge quite fast. For instance, the 9 terms of expansion yield almost the exact solutions.
Table 6 The convergence of Fourier series solution of the sandwich plate top skin central point (a/h=100)
Theory
Expansions terms
CPT
FSDT
HSDT
Present
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
m, n=1
583.33
584.21
591.76
606.18
m, n=1, 3, 5
569.73
602.42
611.37
626.65
m, n=1, 3, 5, 7, 9
569.57
602.91
612.06
627.41
m, n=1, 3, ,19
569.55
603.01
612.25
627.65
m, n=1, 3, ,29
569.55
603.02
612.28
627.68
Due to the present theory converge very fast, sandwich plate with a flexible core subjected to a
uniform load q ( x, y ) = 10000 N are studied. The series is evaluated using m, n=1, 3, ,29 and the
span-to-thickness ratios of sandwich plate are taken to be 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100
(corresponding to from moderately thickness to thin plates). The central point transverse deflections are
shown in Table 7 and Fig.6. The CPT ignoring shear deformation effect but CPT also provides acceptable
results for sandwich plates with a / h 20 .
Table 7 The comparisons of the transverse deflection of top skin central point (Material 1 but a/h is
changed)
Thickness ratios
Theory
r
Fo
Pe
a/h (h=0.054m a=b)
FSDT
(mm)
HSDT
(mm)
Present
(mm)
0.9113
4.6134
14.581
35.597
73.814
136.75
233.29
373.68
569.55
1.0061
4.9726
15.582
37.890
78.399
145.05
247.24
395.81
603.02
1.3760
5.8057
17.064
40.206
81.734
149.59
253.17
403.31
612.28
1.5386
6.2092
17.906
41.788
84.487
154.11
260.23
413.92
627.68
CPT
FSDT
HSDT
Present
30
40
50
60
70
80
ew
vi
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
20
Re
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Transverse Deflection(mm)
CPT
(mm)
er
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 12 of 16
90
100
110
a/h
Fig. 6 Variation of transverse deflection of sandwich plate
versus span-to-thickness ratio (Material 1 but a/h is changed)
Page 13 of 16
Conclusions
In this study, a new higher-order analysis model for sandwich plate with flexible core is presented for
free vibration and bending analysis. The governing equations derived from equilibrium differential
equations of motions are analytically solved for simply supported sandwich plate with a flexible core and
the derived procedure is very simple. Closed-form solutions of simply supported of sandwich plates with a
flexible core are obtained.
Verification studied shown that the predictions by the present theory are more convenient, accurate
and effective for sandwich plates with a flexible core. It is well known that classical plates theory,
first-order shear deformation theory and all kinds of higher-order shear deformation theory is very effective
to cross-ply and angle-ply laminates, but there are some small errors in predicted the values of sandwich
plates with a flexible core, especially a soft core. The present theory could be an effective and precisely
way to predicted the free vibration and bending for sandwich plate with flexible core.
A series of numerical results further prove the effective of present theory and the influence of vary of
length width ratios, Youngs modulus ratios between skins and core, thickness ratios between skins and
core and span-to-thickness on the accuracy of analytical solutions are discussed. Furthermore, the present
theory could be extended to cover sandwich plates with laminates skins and functionally graded sandwich
plates.
r
Fo
Pe
Acknowledgments
This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars of China
(E091002/51109101) and Foundation for Jiangsu University of Science and Technology for Key Teacher.
er
Appendix A
Re
Closed-form solutions of CPT for sandwich plate with isotropy skins and core are [38]
k11
k12
k
13
k13
I0
k 23 2 0
0
k33
k12
k 22
k23
0 U mn 0
0 Vmn = 0
I 0 Wmn Qmn
0
I0
(A1)
vi
where
k11 = A11 2 + A66 2 , k12 = ( A12 + A66 ) , k13 = B11 3 ( B12 + 2 B66 ) 2 , k22 = A66 2 + A22 2
ew
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
k 23 = B22 3 ( B12 + 2 B66 ) 2 , k33 = D11 4 + 2( D12 + 2 D66 ) 2 2 + D22 4
Appendix B
(A2)
Closed-form solutions of FSDT for sandwich plate with isotropy skins and core are [38]
k11
k12
0
k14
k15
k12
k22
0
k24
k25
0
0
k33
k34
k35
k14
k24
k34
k44
k45
k15
I0
k 25
0
k35 2 0
k 45
0
0
k55
0
I0
0
0
0
0
0
I0
0
0
0
0
0
I2
0
0 U mn 0
0 Vmn 0
0 Wmn = Qmn
0 X mn
0
I 2 Ymn 0
(B1)
where
k11 = A11 2 + A66 2 , k12 = ( A12 + A66 ) , k14 = B11 2 + B66 2 , k15 = ( B12 + B66 ) , k22 = A66 2 + A22 2
k 24 = k15 , k25 = B66 2 + B22 2 , k33 = ( A55 2 + A44 2 ), k34 = A55 , k35 = A44 , k44 = D11 2 + D66 2 + A55
k 45 = ( D12 + D66 ) , k55 = D66 + D22 + A44
2
(B2)
Appendix C
Closed-form solutions of TSDT for sandwich plate with isotropy skins and core are [38]
k11
k12
k
13
k14
k
15
k12
k13
k14
k22
k23
k23
k33
k24
k34
k24
k25
k34
k35
k44
k45
k15
m11
0
k25
k35 2 0
k45
0
0
k55
m22
0
0
m33
0
m34
0
0
m34
m35
m44
0
0 U mn 0
0 Vmn 0
m35 Wmn = Qmn
0 X mn 0
m55 Ymn 0
(C1)
where
k11 = A11 2 + A66 2 , k12 = ( A12 + A66 ) , k13 = c1[ E11 2 + ( E12 + 2 E66 ) 2 ] , k14 = ( B11 c1 E11 ) 2 + ( B66 c1 E66 ) 2
k15 = ( B12 c1 E12 + B66 c1 E66 ) , k22 = A66 2 + A22 2 , k23 = c1[ E22 2 + ( E12 + 2 E66 ) 2 ] , k24 = k15 , k 25 = ( B66 c1 E66 ) 2 + ( B22 c1 E22 ) 2
k33 = ( A55 2c2 D55 + c22 F55 ) 2 + ( A44 2c1 D44 + c12 F44 ) 2 + c12 [ H11 4 + 2( H12 + 2 H 66 ) 2 2 + H 22 4 ]
k34 = ( A55 2c2 D55 + c22 F55 ) c1{( F11 c1 H11 ) 3 + [( F12 c1 H12 ) + 2( F66 c1 H 66 )] 2 }
r
Fo
(C2)
k35 = ( A44 2c2 D44 + c F44 ) c1{( F22 c1 H 22 ) + [( F12 c1 H12 ) + 2( F66 c1 H 66 )] }
2
2
k44 = ( A55 2c2 D55 + c22 F55 ) + ( D11 2c1 F11 + c12 H11 ) 2 + ( D66 2c1 F66 + c12 H 66 ) 2
k45 = [( D12 2c1 F12 + c12 H12 ) + ( D66 2c1 F66 + c12 H 66 )]
k55 = ( A44 2c2 D44 + c22 F44 ) + ( D66 2c1 F66 + c12 H 66 ) 2 + ( D22 2c1 F22 + c12 H 22 ) 2
m11 = I 0 , m22 = I 0 , m33 = I 0 + c12 I 6 ( 2 + 2 ), m34 = c1 ( I 4 c1 I 6 ) , m35 = c1 ( I 4 c1 I 6 )
m44 = I 2 2c1 I 4 + c12 I 6 , m55 = I 2 2c1 I 4 + c12 I 6 , c1 = 4 / (3h 2 ), c2 = 3c1
References
Mouritz A P, Gellert E, Burchhill P, Challis K. Review of advanced composite structures for naval ships and
er
[1]
Pe
submarines[J]. Composite Structures, 2001, 53: 21-41.

[2]
Vinson J.R. Sandwich structures: past, present, and future. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on
Sandwich Structures. Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, 2005, pp. 312
[3]
Re
Reissner E, Stavsky Y. Bending and stretching of certain types of heterogeneous aeolotropic elastic plates[J]. Journal of
Applied Mechanics, 1961, 28(3): 402-408.
[4]
Whitney J.M, Leissa, A.W. Analysis of simply supported laminated anisotropic plates. AIAA J 1970, 8: 2833.
[5]
Reissner E. The effect of transverse shear deformation on the bending of elastic plates[J]. Journal of applied Mechanics,
[6]
Reissner, E. On transverse bending of plates, including the effect of transverse shear deformation. Int. J. Solids Struct,
vi
1945, 12: 69-77.
ew
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 14 of 16
1975, 11: 569573.

[7]
Reddy J N. A simple higher-order theory for laminated composite plates[J]. Journal of applied mechanics, 1984, 51(4):
745-752.
[8]
Reddy J.N, Liu C.F. A higher-order shears deformation theory of laminated elastic shells. Int. J. Eng Sci, 1985, 23:
[9]
Swaminathan K, Ragounadin D. Analytical solutions using a higher-order refined theory for the static analysis of
319330.
antisymmetric angle-ply composite and sandwich plates. Compos. Struct, 2004, 64: 405417.
[10] Vidal P, Polit O. A family of sinus finite elements for the analysis of rectangular laminated beams. Compos Struct 2008,
84: 5672.
[11] Vidal P, Polit O. Assessment of the refined sinus model for the non-linear analysis of composite beams. Compos Struct
2009, 87: 37081.
[12] Vidal P, Polit O. A sine finite element using a zig-zag function for the analysis of laminated composite beams.
Composites: Part B 2011, 42: 167182.
[13] Mantari J L, Oktem A S, Guedes Soares C. A new trigonometric shear deformation theory for isotropic, laminated
composite and sandwich plates[J]. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2012, 49(1): 43-53.
Page 15 of 16
[14] Mantari J L, Guedes Soares C. A trigonometric plate theory with 5-unknowns and stretching effect for advanced
composite plates[J]. Composite Structures, 2014, 107: 396-405.
[15] Mantari J L, Guedes Soares C. Four-unknown quasi-3D shear deformation theory for advanced composite plates[J].
Composite Structures, 2014, 109: 231-239.
[16] Thai H T, Choi D H. A simple first-order shear deformation theory for laminated composite plates[J]. Composite
Structures, 2013, 106: 754-763.
[17] Thai H T, Kim S E. A simple higher-order shear deformation theory for bending and free vibration analysis of
functionally graded plates[J]. Composite Structures, 2013, 96: 165-173.
[18] Thai H T, Kim S E. A simple quasi-3D sinusoidal shear deformation theory for functionally graded plates[J]. Composite
Structures, 2013, 99: 172-180.
[19] Thai H T, Vo T P. A new sinusoidal shear deformation theory for bending, buckling, and vibration of functionally
graded plates[J]. Applied mathematical modelling, 2013, 37(5): 3269-3281.
[20] Shariyat M, Alipour M M. Semi-analytical consistent zigzag-elasticity formulations with implicit layerwise shear
r
Fo
correction factors for dynamic stress analysis of sandwich circular plates with FGM layers[J]. Composites Part B:
Engineering, 2013, 49: 43-64.
[21] Aydogdu M. A new shear deformation theory for laminated composite plates. Compos Struct 2009, 89: 94101.
[22] Li X, Liu D. Zig-zag theory for composite laminates[J]. AIAA journal, 1995, 33(6): 1163-1165.
[23] Yazdani S, Ribeiro P, Rodrigues J D. A p-version layerwise model for large deflection of composite plates with
Pe
curvilinear fibres[J]. Composite Structures, 2014, 108: 181-190.

[24] Li D, Qing G, Liu Y. A layerwise/solid-element method for the composite stiffened laminated cylindrical shell
structures[J]. Composite Structures, 2013, 98: 215-227.
[25] Frostig Y. Buckling of sandwich panels with a flexible corehigh-order theory[J]. International Journal of SOLIDS
and STRUCTURES, 1998, 35(3): 183-204.
er
[26] Frostig Y, Thomsen O T. On the free vibration of sandwich panels with a transversely flexible and
temperature-dependent core material [J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2009, 69(6): 856-862.
Re
[27] Frostig Y, Thomsen O.T. High-order free vibration of sandwich panels with a flexible core[J]. International Journal of
Solids and Structures, 2004, 41: 16971724.
[28] Frostig Y, Baruch M, Vilnay O, et al. High-order theory for sandwich-beam behavior with transversely flexible core[J].
Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1992, 118(5): 1026-1043.
vi
[29] Frostig Y, Shenar Y. High-order bending of sandwich beams with a transversely flexible core and unsymmetrical
ew
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
laminated composite skins[J]. Composites Engineering , 1995,5 (4): 405414.
[30] Frostig Y, Baruch M. Localized load effects in high-order bending of sandwich panels with flexible core[J]. Journal of
Engineering Mechanics, 1996, 122(11): 1069-1076.
[31] Rabinovitch O, Vinson J.R., Frostig Y. High-order analysis of sandwich panels with piezoelectric composite face-sheets
and a soft core. AIAA Journal 2003, 41 (1): 110118.
[32] Nayak A K, Shenoi R A, Moy S S J. Transient response of composite sandwich plates[J]. Composite structures, 2004,
64(3): 249-267.
[33] Nayak A K, Shenoi R A, Moy S S J. Transient response of initially stressed composite sandwich plates[J]. Finite
elements in analysis and design, 2006, 42(10): 821-836.
[34] Nayak A K, Shenoi R A, Moy S S J. Dynamic response of composite sandwich plates subjected to initial stresses[J].
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2006, 37(8): 1189-1205.
[35] Banerjee J R, Cheung C W, Morishima R, et al. Free vibration of a three-layered sandwich beam using the dynamic
stiffness method and experiment[J]. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2007, 44(22): 7543-7563.
[36] Qiao P, Yang M. Static and Nonlinear Impact Analyses of FreeFree Sandwich Plates on a Solid Half-space[J]. Journal
of Sandwich Structures and Materials, 2005, 7(6): 519-551.
[37] Yang M, Qiao P. Higher-order impact modeling of sandwich structures with flexible core [J]. International journal of
solids and structures, 2005, 42(20): 5460-5490.

[38] Reddy J N. Mechanics of laminated composite plates and shells: theory and analysis[M]. CRC press, 2004.
[39] Shenoi R A, Groves A, Rajapakse Y D S. Theory and Applications of Sandwich Structures. 2005.
r
Fo
er
Pe
ew
vi
Re
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Page 16 of 16

A New Higher-Order Analysis Model For Sandwich Plates With Flexible Core

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

A New Higher-Order Analysis Model For Sandwich Plates With Flexible Core

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Journal of Composite Materials