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MATH 1040 Term Project Group 4

Part 2 Graphics
The table below summarizes the counts by color and total from the class
sample:
Cou
Count
Count
Count
Count
Tot
nt
Orang
Yellow
Green
Purpl
al
Red
e
e
Clas
116
1117
1189
1087
1093
56
s
4
50
Cou
nts
1. If we had to guess at the proportions of the colors in the class sample, it would
make the most sense that each color makes up roughly 0.20, or 1/5, of the
candies. In reality, the proportions are close to 0.20, but there is some variance
between the values:

Red
Oran
ge
Yello
w
Gree
n
Purpl
e

Relative
Frequency:
Class Sample
0.206
0.198
0.210
0.192
0.193

2. Below are two graphs displaying the frequency of each Skittles candy color in
our class sample. First, a Pareto chart indicating the color frequencies from the
sample in descending order:

Term Project - Skittles Candy Color Distribution


1200

1189

1164

1117

1093

1087

1000
800

Frequency

600
400
200

Skittles Candy Color


Yellow

Red

Orange

Purple

Green

Next, a pie chart showing each colors frequency in relation to the whole
sample.

Skittles Data 2016 Summer Math 1040 Online

3. A random sample is defined as a process of using chance to select individuals


from a population to be included in the sample. Because each student
randomly selected a bag of Skittles from stores all over the area (and
potentially other parts of the country), we believe the class sample does
represent a random sample. The population for our class sample would be all
Skittles manufactured. Our first guess of each being about 1/5th of the
population was close, obviously it is not perfect, but they are all between 19%
and 21%. 20% would have been exact or spot on, but we are fairly close.

Part 3 Summary Statistics


1. Using the total number of candies in each bag in our class sample, we
found:
a. Mean: 60.1 candies per bag
b. Standard Deviation: 5.6 candies
c. Five Number Summary:
37
58
60
62
82
2. We then created a frequency histogram of the total number of candies in
each bag of our class sample:

3. Finally, we constructed a boxplot of the total number of candies in each bag


in our class sample, seen below:

Part 4 Confidence Intervals


1. First, we constructed a 99% confidence interval estimate for the population
proportion of yellow candies. There were 1189 yellow candies in the original
class sample of 5650 candies, so the point estimate of the sample
proportion is

= 0.210

The critical value for a 99% confidence interval is found by first determining
2

= 1 .99 = .01

= .005

2
Then, using Table V, we find that the critical value for 0.005 = 2.575.
The lower bound is

The upper bound is

Finally, the margin of error is

Therefore, the 99% confidence interval estimate for the population


proportion of yellow candies is
0.210 0.014

2. Next, we constructed a 95% confidence interval estimate for the population


mean number of candies per bag.
Out of our class sample size of 94 bags, there was a sample mean of 60.1
candies per bag, with a standard deviation of 5.6 candies per bag. So
= 60.1
= 5.6
= 94

The t value for a 95% confidence interval is found by first determining


2

= 1 .95 = .05

= .025

2
Using the t-Distribution Table, we find that the critical value for 90 degrees
of freedom (the value closest to our value of 93) is 0.025 = 1.987. Using the
inverse t function on the calculator and the correct value of 93 degrees of
freedom, we obtained 0.025 = 1.986. (We will use the 1.986 for these
calculations.)
The lower bound is

The upper bound is

The margin of error is

Therefore, the 95% confidence interval estimate for the population mean of
candies per bag is 60.1 1.147.

3. Finally, we constructed a 98% confidence interval estimate for the


population standard deviation of the number of candies per bag. Once
again, we used the following data from our class sample:
= 60.1
= 5.6
= 94

To find the critical values for the Chi-Square distribution, we first determined
for a 98%
2

confidence interval:
= 1 .98 = .02


= .01
2
Using the Chi-Square Distribution Table, we find that the critical values for
90 degrees of freedom (the value closest to our value of 93) for an area of .
99 and an area of .01 are
2 = 61.754

and

2 = 124.116.

Finally, we substituted our values into the equation

4.8 < < 6.9


Therefore, the 98% confidence interval estimate for the population standard
deviation of candies per bag is
4.8 < < 6.9.

4. Discussion and Interpretation


We are 99% confident that the true population proportion of all yellow
Skittles candies is between 0.196 candies and 0.224 candies. We are 95%
confident that the true population mean of Skittles candies per bag can be
found in the interval (58.953, 61.247). Finally, we are 98% confident that the
interval from 4.8 candies to 6.9 candies contains the true population
standard deviation of candies per 2.17-oz bag of Skittles.

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