Complex Numbers p3 PDF

Pure Mathematics (P3)
Chapter 18: Complex numbers

by
D K R Babajee (BSc, PhD) & A R Appadu
(BSc, MSc)
c
Copyright
2016
Dr Diyashvir Kreetee Rajiv Babajee
Atish Appadu
Tel : 00(230) 57527479
Email: dkrbabajee@gmail.com
This chapter is extracted from the book A Simple and Alternative Approach to Pure
Mathematics (P1, P2 and P3) by D K R Babajee & A R Appadu written to cover the
Pure Mathematics Syllabus (P1, P2, P3) for A level Principal.
Each chapter contains 10 miscellaneous exercises which are most exam-typed
questions. Also, the challenging questions are denoted by *. The author is grateful
to Mr Girish Gansam for preparing some notes and exercises.
All diagrams are generated using the Geogebra software.
Dr D K R Babajee wrote most notes with explanations and prepared the exercises.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission of the author.
Contents
Contents
ii
18 Complex Numbers
18.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.2 Idea of complex number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.3 Operations involving complex numbers . . . . . . .
18.4 Polynomial with real coefficients . . . . . . . . . . .
18.5 Simultaneous equations involving complex number
18.6 Square roots of a complex number . . . . . . . . . .
18.7 Modulus and Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.8 Geometrical Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.9 Loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.10Miscellaneous Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Answers
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ii
C HAPTER 18
Complex Numbers
18.1
Objective
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

1. understand the idea of a complex number;
2. perform operations of complex numbers expressed in cartesian form x + iy:
(a) addition and subtraction of complex numbers,
(b) multiplication of complex numbers,
(c) conjugate and modulus of a complex number,
(d) division of complex numbers;
3. use the result that, for a polynomial equation with real coefficients, any non-real
roots occur in conjugate pairs;
4. solve simultaneous equations involving complex numbers;
5. find the two square roots of a complex number;
6. represent complex numbers geometrically by means of an Argand diagram;
7. find the argument of a complex number;
8. express a complex number in polar and exponential forms;
9. understand in simple terms the geometrical effects of conjugating a complex
number and of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing two complex numbers
(including equilateral triangles);
10. illustrate simple equations and inequalities involving complex numbers by means
of loci in an Argand diagram, e.g. |z a| < k, |z a| < |z b|, arg(z a) = ;
11. find the greatest and least values of |z| and arg(z) in a circle.
c
1 dkrbabajee@gmail.com
CHAPTER 18.
18.2
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Idea of complex number
Consider the equation x2 + 4 = 0. Comparing with the standard quadratic equation,

we have a = 1, b = 0 and c = 4.
Since b2
4ac = 02 4(1)(4) = 16 <
has no real roots.

0, the equation
2
Let i = 1, then x = 4 x = 4 = 4 1 = 2i.
i is called the imaginary number.
z is called a complex number if z = x + iy, where x R is the real part of z (also
denoted by Re(z)) and y R is the imaginary part of z (also denoted by Im(z)).
18.3
Operations involving complex numbers
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 be two complex numbers where x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 R.
18.3.1 Powers of i
If i =
1, then i2 = 1, i3 = i2 i = i, i4 = (i2 )2 = (1)2 = 1 and
1
i
= 2 = i.
i
i
18.3.2 Addition and Subtraction of two complex numbers

We first collect the real parts and the imaginary parts and perform the addition to
obtain z1 + z2 = x1 + iy1 + x2 + iy2 = (x1 + x2 ) + (y1 + y2 )i.
Similarly, with subtraction we have z1 z2 = x1 + iy1 (x2 + iy2 ) = (x1 x2 ) + (y1 y2 )i.
Example 18.1 Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 1 i. Find
(i) z1 + z2 (ii) z1 z2
Solution
(i) z1 + z2 = 3 + 2i + 1 i = (3 + 1) + (2 1)i = 4 + i
(ii)
z1 z2 = 3 + 2i (1 i) = (3 1) + (2 + 1)i = 2 + 3i
18.3.3 Multiplication of two complex numbers

The multiplication of two complex number makes use of i2 = 1.
z1 z2 = (x1 + iy1 )(x2 + iy2 )
= x1 x2 + ix1 y2 + i(y1 x2 ) + i2 y1 y2
= (x1 x2 y1 y2 ) + i(x1 y2 + x2 y1 )
Example 18.2 Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 1 i. Find z1 z2 .
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
z1 z2 = (3 + 2i)(1 i)
= 3 3i + 2i 2i2 = (3 + 2) 3i + 2i = 5 i
18.3.4 Conjugate of a complex number

The conjugate of a complex number z = x + iy is given by z = x iy. Only the sign of
the imaginary part of z is reversed.
Example 18.3 Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 1 i. Find z1 and z2 .
Solution
z1 = 3 2i and z2 = 1 + i.
18.3.5 Modulus of a complex number

The modulus of a complex number z = x + iy is given by |z| =
p
x2 + y 2 .
Example 18.4 Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 1 i. Find |z1 | and |z2 |.

Solution
p
|z1 | = 32 + 22 = 13 and |z2 | = 12 + (1)2 = 2.
18.3.6 Division of two complex numbers

The modulus of a complex number is related to its conjugate:
z z = (x + iy)(x iy) = x2 i2 y 2 = x2 + y 2 = |z|2 .
This property z z = |z|2 is used in the division of two complex numbers:
z1 z2
z1 z2
z1
=
=
z2
z2 z 2
|z2 |2
so that the denominator becomes real.
z1
The division of two complex numbers,
is carried out as follows:
z2
Step 1: Find the conjugate of z2 , denoted by z2 .
Step 2: Find the product z1 z2 to get the numerator.
Step 3: Find |z2 |2 to get the denominator.
Example 18.5 Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 1 i. Find
z1
.
z2
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
z2 = 1 + i, |z2 |2 = 12 + (1)2 = 2
z1
z1 z2
(3 + 2i)(1 + i)
=
=
2
z2
|z2 |
2
z1
3 + 3i + 2i + 2i2
3 2 + 3i + 2i
1 + 5i
1 5
=
=
=
= + i
z2
2
2
2
2 2
Exercise 18.1. [Operation on complex numbers]
1. For the following complex numbers z1 and z2 , express the following
z2
z1
(i) z1 + z2 (ii) z1 z2 (iii) z1 z2 (iv) |z1 |2 (v) |z2 |2 (vi)
(vii)
z2
z1
in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers:
(a) z1 = 1 + 2i and z2 = 3 + 4i,
(b)
z1 = 7 + 12i and z2 = 4 3i,
(c) z1 = 2 5i and z2 = 3 7i,
(d) z1 = 1 + 2i and z2 = 2 + 3 2i.

2. Express the following in the form a + bi:
(i) (3 + 2i)2 (ii) (1 + i)3 (iii) 2i(4i 5) (iv)
18.4
i+1
(v) (1 + 2i)5 (1 2i)5
i
Polynomial with real coefficients
18.4.1 Quadratic Equations

Quadratic equations having real coefficients have roots which can occur in conjugate
forms:
az 2 + bz + c = 0
b b2 4ac
z=
2a
2
If b 4ac = k < 0, k > 0
b2 4ac = k = ki
b ki
z=
2a
Example 18.6 Solve z 2 z + 1 = 0 giving your answers in the form a + bi.
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
a = 1, b = 1, c = 1, b2 4ac = (1)2 4(1)(1) = 3 b2 4ac = 3i
(1) 3i
1
3
z=
=
i.
2
2
2
If z = a + bi is a solution of a quadratic equation x2 + px + q = 0, then z = a bi is a
solution of the quadratic equation.
To find p and q, we have
(x z)(x z) = 0
x2 (z + z)x + zz = 0
x2 2Re(z)x + |z|2 = 0
p = 2Re(z), q = |z|2 .
Example 18.7 If 2 + 3i is a root of a quadratic equation, find
(i) the other root,
(ii) the quadratic equation.
Solution
(i) Let z = 2 + 3i. z = 2 3i is the other root.
(ii)
Re(z) = 2, p = 2Re(z) = 4, |z|2 = 22 + 32 = 13, q = |z|2 = 13.

The quadratic equation is given by x2 4x + 13 = 0.
18.4.2 Higher order Polynomials with real coefficients

Example 18.8 If 1 and 1 + i are roots of a cubic equation, find
(i) the other root,
(ii) the cubic equation.
Solution
(i) Let z = 1 + i. z = 1 i is the other root.
(ii)
Re(z) = 1, p = 2Re(z) = 2, |z|2 = 12 + 12 = 2, q = |z|2 = 2.

The quadratic equation is given by x2 2x + 2 = 0.
The cubic equation is given by (x 1)(x2 2x + 2) = 0 x3 3x2 + 4x 2 = 0
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
using the conventional method of multiplication:

x2
x3
x3
x2
2x2
3x2
2x 2
x 1
2x 2
2x
0 +
+4x 2
Example 18.9 (i) Verify that z = 1 + i is a root of the polynomial

x4 + 2x2 + 4x + 8 = 0 and write a second complex root of the equation.
(ii) Find the two other roots of the equation.
Solution
(i) Let z = 1 + i.
(1 + i)4 + 2(1 + i)2 + 4(1 + i) + 8
= [(1)4 + 4(1)3 i + 6(1)2 i2 + 4(1)i3 + i4 ] + 2[(1)2 + 2i(1) + i2 ] + 4[1 + i] + 8
= [1 4i 6 + 4i + 1] + 2[1 2i 1] + [4 + 4i] + 8 = 0
z = 1 i is the second complex root.
(ii)
Re(z) = 1, p = 2Re(z) = 2, |z|2 = (1)2 + 12 = 2, q = |z|2 = 2.

The quadratic equation is given by x2 + 2x + 2 = 0.

x4
+ 2x2 + 4x + 8 : x2 + 2x + 2 = x2 2x + 4
x4 2x3 2x2
2x3
+ 4x
3
2
2x + 4x + 4x
4x2 + 8x + 8
4x2 8x 8
0
x2 2x + 4 = 0 x = 1 12 4 = 1 3 = 1 3 i
18.5
Simultaneous equations involving complex number
Example 18.10 Solve the simultaneous equations

u + v = i ...... (1)
u + iv = 3 ....... (2)
giving your answer in the form a + bi.
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
i3
1i
2
(i 3)(1 + i)
i + i 3 3i
2i 4
v= 2
=
=
= 2 i .....(3)
2
1 + (1)
2
2
replace (3) in (1), u 2 i = i u = 2 + 2i
(1) (2) (1 i)v = i 3 v =
18.6
Square roots of a complex number
Example 18.11 Find the two square roots of

a + bi.
3 + 4i, giving your answer in the form
Solution
Method
1
Let 3 + 4i = a + bi, where a and b are real coefficients.

3 + 4i = (a + bi)2 3 + 4i = (a2 b2 ) + 2abi
comparing real part, a2 b2 = 3
(18.1)
comparing imaginary part, 2ab = 4 ab = 2 b =
2
a
(18.2)
solving (18.1) and (18.2), we have

4
a2 2 = 3 a4 3a2 4 = 0
a
let x = a2 > 0, x2 3x 4 = 0 (x 4)(x + 1) = 0 x = 4 or 1
2
= 1
a2 = 4 a = 4 = 2, b =
2
3 + 4i = 2 + i, 2 i
Babajee ? developed a simple method for finding the square root of a complex
number.
If a + bi is a square root of z, then (a + bi) is also a root.
a2 =
Re(z) + |z|
,
2
b=
Im(z)
.
2a
Method 2
z = 3 + 4i, Re(z) = 3, Im(z) = 4, |z| = 32 + 42 = 5
3+5
Im(z)
4
a2 =
= 4 a = 4 = 2, b =
=
=1
2
2a
2(2)
a + bi = 2 + i, (a + bi) = 2 i
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Exercise 18.2. [Polynomials involving complex numbers]

1. Solve the following equations giving your answers in the form a + bi, where
necessary:
(i) x2 + 2x +
3=0
(ii) x2 4x + 5 = 0
(iii) 2x2 + x + 1 = 0
(iv) x2 + (2 3)ix 4 = 0 (v) x3 3 x2 + 4 x 2 = 0 (vi) 3 x3 + 10 x2 + 13 x + 10 = 0

2. For each of the following complex number z, find its conjugate and find quadratic
equation with z as one of the root:
7
3
i
(i) 1 + i (ii) 7 2i (iii) 3 2i (iv) 5 + 2i (v) +
4
4
3. For the following values of a and b which are roots of a cubic equation, find the
other root and the cubic equation:
1 4
(i) a = 3, b = 2i (ii) a = 1, b = 4 5i (iii) a = 0, b = i
3 3
4. Show that 1 + 3i is a root of the cubic equation x3 + 6 x + 20 = 0 and find the two
other roots.
5. (i) Verify that 1 + 2i is a root of the polynomial x4 + 4x2 + 4x + 15 = 0 and write
a second complex root of the equation.
(ii)
Find the two other roots of the equation.
6. Solve the simultaneous equations

2u + iv = 5 ...... (1)
2u + 3v = 5i ....... (2)
giving your answer in the form a + bi.
7. Evaluate in the form a + bi:
p
(i) 5 + 12i (ii) 5 12i (iii) 7 24i (iv) 15 + 8i (v) 4 + 3i (vi) 1 3i
18.7
Modulus and Argument
18.7.1 Argand diagram

A complex number z = x + iy is represented on an Argand diagram with coordinates
P(x, y).
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
18.7.2 Argument of a complex number

The argument = arg(z) of a complex number z = x + iy can be calculated based on
the position of (x, y):
Coordinates Quadrant Sign of
x > 0, y > 0
1st
+ve
x < 0, y > 0
2nd
+ve
x < 0, y < 0
3rd
-ve
x > 0, y < 0
4th
-ve
y
tan1
x
y
tan1
+
x
y
tan1
x
y
tan1
x
Usually, arg(z) > 0 if y > 0 and arg(z) < 0 if y < 0.

Example 18.12 Find the arguments of the following complex numbers:
(i) 1 + 2i (ii) 1 + 3i (iii) 4 i (iv) 5 2i
Solution

2
(i) (1, 2) is in the 1 quadrant and is +ve. So = tan
= 1.107
1

3
1
nd
(ii) (1, 3) is in the 2 quadrant and is +ve. So = tan
+ = 1.893
1

1
1
rd
(iii) (4, 1) is in the 3 quadrant and is -ve. So = tan
= 2.900
4

2
1
th
= 0.381
(iv) (5, 2) is in the 4 quadrant and is -ve. So = tan
5
st
18.7.3 Modulus-Argument form (polar)

If r = |z| and = arg(z), then z = x + iy = r cos + i(r sin ).
18.7.4 Exponential form

If r = |z| and = arg(z), then z = x+iy = r(cos +i sin ) = r ei since ei = cos +i sin .
Example 18.13 Express the following complex numbers into polar and exponential
forms:
(i) 1 i (ii) 1 3i (iii) 3 + 4i

c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
(i) r = |z| =
(ii)
(iii)
12 + (1)2 =
2.

1
(1, 1) is in the 4 quadrant and is -ve. So = tan

= .
1
4

Polar form: 1 i = 2 cos

+ 2 sin i = 2 cos
2 sin
i.
4
4
4
4 i
Exponential form: 1 i = 2e 4 .
q
r = |z| = (1)2 + ( 3)2 = 4 = 2.

!
3
2
(1, 3) is in the 3rd quadrant and is -ve. So = tan1
= .
1
3

2
2
2
2
+ 2 sin
i = 2 cos
2 sin
i.
Polar form: 1 3i = 2 cos
3
3
3
3
2
Exponential form: 1 3i = 2e 3 i .
r = |z| = 32 + 42 = 25 = 5.

4
1
st
(3, 4) is in the 1 quadrant and is +ve. So = tan
= 0.927.
3
Polar form: 3 + 4i = 5 cos (0.927) + 5 sin (0.927)i.
Exponential form: 3 + 4i = 5e0.927i .
th
Example 18.14 The variable complex number z is given by z = 1 cos 2 + i sin 2,
where takes all values in the interval < < .

2
2
(i) Show that the modulus of z is 2 sin and the argument of z is .

2
(ii) Prove that the real part of
1
is independent of .
z
Solution
(i)
p
(1 cos 2)2 + (sin 2)2 = 1 2 cos 2 + cos2 2 + sin2 2
p
p
p
= 1 2 cos 2 + 1 = 2(1 cos 2) = 2 2 sin2 = 4 sin2 = 2 sin .

sin 2
2 sin cos
cos
1
1
1
= tan
= tan
= tan
1 cos 2
sin
2 sin2

= tan1 (cot ) = tan1 tan
= ,
2
2

sin
cos
2
=
since tan
=
= cot .
2
sin
cos 2
|z| =
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(ii)
z = 1 cos 2 i sin 2, |z|2 = (2 sin )2 = 4 sin2
1
1 cos 2 i sin 2
z
= 2 =
z
|z|
4 sin2

1 cos 2
1
2 sin2
1
=
=
= which is a constant.
Re
2
2
z
2
4 sin
4 sin
18.8
Geometrical Interpretation
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 be two complex numbers where x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 are

real. Let P(x1 , y1) represents z1 , Q(x2 , y2 ) represents z2 and O(0, 0) represents the
origin.
18.8.1 Addition
Let also R represents z1 + z2 , then OPQR is a parallelogram.

Example 18.15 If z1 = 1 + i and z2 = 2 + 3i, explain with a diagram the geometrical
interpretation of z1 + z2 .
Solution
z1 + z2 = 1 + i + 2 + 3i = 3 + 4i. If P(1, 1) represents z1 , Q(2, 3) represents z2 , O(0, 0)
represents the origin and R(3, 4) represents z1 + z2 , then OPQR is a parallelogram.
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
18.8.2 Multiplication
The complex numbers can be written in polar form:
z1 = r1 ei1 and z2 = r2 ei2 , where r1 and r2 are the magnitudes of z1 and z2 and 1 and
2 are the arguments of z1 and z2 respectively.
z1 z2 = r1 ei1 r2 ei2 = r1 r2 ei(1 +2 )
= r1 r2 cos (1 + 2 ) + ir1 r2 sin (1 + 2 )
Therefore we have |z1 z2 | = |z1 | |z2 | and arg(z1 z2 ) = arg(z1 ) + arg(z2 ) .
Furthermore |z 2 | = |z z| = |z| |z| = |z|2 and arg(z 2 ) = arg(z) + arg(z) = 2 arg(z).

In general, |z n | = |z|n and arg(z n ) = n arg(z).
18.8.3 Division
z1
r1 ei1
r1 i(1 2 )
=
=
e
z2
r2 ei2
r2
r1
r1
= cos (1 2 ) + i sin (1 2 )
r2
r2

z1 |z1 |
z1

= arg(z1 ) arg(z2 ) .
Therefore we have =
and arg
z2
|z2 |
z2

z1
b

The last property tells us that P OQ = arg
= |arg(z1 ) arg(z2)| .
z2
b = 2 |arg(z1) arg(z2 )|
In case |arg(z1 ) arg(z2 )| is reflex, obtuse P OQ
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example
18.16
If
O,
P
and
Q
represent
the
origin,
the
complex
numbers
1
+
3i and
b (between 0 and ).
3 + i, respectively. Find the angle P OQ
Solution
arg(1 + 3i) = /3,

arg(
3+
i) = /6,
b = |arg(1 + 3i) arg( 3 + i)| = /3 /6 = /6
P OQ
Conjugate
Let z = x + iy = r cos + i(r sin ), where r is the magnitude of z and is the argument
of z respectively. Then z = x iy, |z| = r and arg(z) = . If P represents z, Q
represents z and O is the origin, then Q is the reflection of P in the real axis and
b = 2.
OPQ is an isosceles triangle with P OQ
Example 18.17 Let z = 1 + i.
(i) Find the modulus and arguments of z and z,

(ii) If P represents z, Q represents z and O is the origin, show that OP Q is an
isosceles right-angled triangle.
Solution
(i) r = |z| =
12 + (1)2 =
2.
(1, 1) is in the 1st quadrant and is ve. So arg(z) = tan

p
r = |z| = 12 + (1)2 = 2.
th

1
= .
1
4
(1, 1) is in the 4 quadrant and is -ve. So arg(z) = tan
1
1
= .
4
c
CHAPTER 18.
(ii)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
b = arg(z) arg(z) = .
Since |z| = |z|, OP = OQ. P OQ
2
Equilateral Triangles
3
1
i.
Let P represents any complex number z and u = +
2
2
z
Let Q represents the complex number q = zu and R the complex number r = .
u
Then OPQ and OPR are equilateral.
Example 18.18 Let P represents the complex number 3 + i, Q represents the complex
number a + bi and O represents the origin. If OPQ is equilateral, find the possible
values of a and of b where a and b are real and exact.
Solution
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1
3
z
Let z = 3 + i and u = +
i. Then the possible values of Q are zu and :
2
2
u
!
!
!
3
3 3
1+3 3
1
zu = (3 + i)
+
i =
+
i
2
2
2
2
!
!
3+i
13 3
z
3+ 3
=
=
+
i
1
u
2
2
+ 3i
2
Example 18.19 Given that z1 = 2 + 4i and z2 = 3 + i,

(i) find in the form x + iy, where x and y are real, the complex numbers z1 + z2 , z1 z2
z1
and .
z2
(ii) find the arguments of z1 , z2 and z1 z2 and verify that
arg(z1 z2 ) = arg(z1 ) + arg(z2 ).
(iii) In an Argand diagram with origin O, the points P, Q and R represent z1 , z2 and
z1 + z2 respectively.
State fully the geometrical relationship between PR and OQ.
(iv) State the argument of
Solution
z1
b = .
and prove that P OQ
z2
4
(i) z1 + z2 = 2 + 4i + 3 + i = 5 + 5i and z1 z2 = (2 + 4i)(3 + i) = 6 + 2i + 12i 4 = 2 + 14i.

z1 z2
(2 + 4i)(3 i)
z1
=
=
=1+i
2
z2
|z2 |
32 + 12
(ii)

4
1
1
= 1.107, arg(z2) = tan
= 0.322
arg(z1) = tan
2
3

14
1
arg(z1z2 ) = tan
= 1.429 = 1.107 + 0.322 = arg(z1 ) + arg(z2 )
2
1
(iii)
(iv)
Since OPRQ is a parallelogram, PR is parallel to OQ.

z
1
1
1
b = arg(z1 ) arg(z2 ) = arg
P OQ
= tan
= .
z2
1
4
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Exercise 18.3. [Polar and exponential form, Geometrical Interpretation]

1. Express the following complex numbers into polar and exponential forms giving
your answers in exact form where necessary:
(i) 1+ i
(ii) 1 i
(iii) 1+ i
(iv) 1
i
(v) 3 + i
(vi) 3
i
(vii) 3 +
i
(viii) 3
i
(ix) 2 + 6i (x) 2 6i
(xi) 2 + 6i (xii)
2 6i
(xiii) 12 5i (xiv) 15 8i (xv) 4 + 5i
(xvi) 1 + 2i
2. The variable complex number z is given by z = sin 2 + i(1 cos 2), where takes
all values in the interval < < .

2
2
(i) Show that the modulus of z is 2 sin and the argument of z is .
1
(ii) Prove that the imaginary part of is independent of .
z
3. If z1 = 1i and z2 = 3+2i, explain with a diagram the geometrical interpretation
z1
of (i) z1 + z2 (ii) z1 z2 (iii) 2z1 (iv)
z2
4. If O, P and Q represent the origin, the complex numbers z1 and z2 , respectively.
b (between 0 and ) in radians for the following:
Find the angle P OQ
(i) z1 = 1 + i, z2 = 1 + 3i
(ii) z1 = 1 + i, z2 = 1 + 3i
(iii) z1 = 1 i, z2 = 1 + 3i (iv) z1 = 1 i, z2 = 1 3i
5. Let z = 1 3i.
(i) Find the modulus and arguments of z and z,
(ii)
If P represents z, Q represents z and O is the origin, show that OP Q is an

isosceles triangle.
6.* If P represents z, Q represents z and O is the origin and OP Q is an isosceles

b = /3, find the modulus of z and the possible
triangle with OP = 2 and P OQ
values of arg(z). Hence, find the possible values of z.
7.* Let P represents the complex number 1 + 3i, Q represents the complex number
a + bi and O represents the origin. If OPQ is equilateral, find the possible
values of a and of b.
8.* Given that z1 = 4 2i and z2 = 1 + 3i,
(i) find in the form x + iy, where x and y are real, the complex numbers z1 + z2 ,
z1
z1 z2 and .
z2
(ii) find the arguments of z1 , z2 and z1 z2 and verify that
arg(z1 z2 ) = arg(z1) + arg(z2 ).
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
In an Argand diagram with origin O, the points P, Q and R represent z1 , z2

and z1 + z2 respectively.
State fully the geometrical relationship between PR and OQ.
z1
b = 3 .
(iv) State the argument of
and prove that P OQ
z2
4
(iii)
18.9
Loci
Let z = x + iy be a variable complex number and a = p + qi and b = s + ti be two fixed

complex numbers. In an Argand diagram, z is represented by the point P(x, y) and a
and b by the points A(p, q) and B(s, t) respectively.
18.9.1 Circle
The equation of a circle with centre (p, q) and radius r is given by (xp)2 +(yq)2 = r 2 .
Consider the equation |z a| = r, then |z a|2 = r 2 which gives
|(x p) + i(y q)|2 = r 2 (x p)2 + (y q)2 = r 2 .
1. |z a| = r is the equation of a circle centre a and radius r.
2. |z a| < r is the region inside a circle centre a and radius r.
3. |z a| > r is the region outside a circle centre a and radius r.
Example 18.20 Draw and describe the locus of points for the following:
(i) |z + 1| = 2,
(ii) |z| 3,
(iii) |z (1 + i)| > 4.
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
(i) |z (1)| = 2 is a circle with centre A(1, 0) and radius 2.
(ii)
(iii)
|z| 3 is the region inside the circle with centre A(0, 0) and radius 3.
|z (1 + i)| > 4 is the region outside the circle with centre A(1, 1) and radius 4.
Note the dotted line because of strict inequality >.
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
18.9.2 Perpendicular Bisector

Consider the equation |z a| = |z b|.
|z a|2 = |z b|2
(x p)2 + (y q)2 = (x s)2 + (y t)2
x2 2px + p2 + y 2 2qy + q 2 = x2 2sx + s2 + y 2 2ty + t2
2(p s)x + 2(q t)y = p2 + q 2 (s2 + t2 )

y q+t
ps
2
p+s =
qt
x 2
which is the equation of the perpendicular bisector of A and B.
1. |z a| = |z b| is the perpendicular bisector of A and B. In this case AP = BP .
2. |z a| < |z b| is the region on the left of the perpendicular bisector of A and B

where AP < BP .
3. |z a| > |z b| is the region on the right of the perpendicular bisector of A and

B where AP > BP .
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(i) |z| = |z 2|,
(ii) |z 3| < |z + 1|,
(iii) |z 1 + i| |z 2 + 3i|.
Solution
(i) A(0, 0) and B(2, 0). |z| = |z 2| represents the perpendicular bisector of A and
B with AP = P B.
(ii)
|z 3| < |z (1)|. A(3, 0) and B(1, 0). |z 3| < |z + 1| represents the region of
the left on the perpendicular bisector of A and B with AP < P B.
c
CHAPTER 18.
(iii)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
|z (1i)| |z (23i)|. A(1, 1) and B(2, 3). |z 1+i| |z 2+3i| represents

the region of the left on the perpendicular bisector of A and B with AP P B.
18.9.3 Half lines

Consider the equation arg(z a) = . Then
tan =
yq
y = tan x p tan + q
xp
is the equation of a straight line with gradient tan . Since < ,

arg(z a) = is the half-line starting from A and making an angle with the
horizontal Real axis.
(i) arg(z) =
,
4
,
3
(iii) arg(z (1 + i)) > .

6
(ii) 0 < arg(z + 2) <
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Solution
is the half-line starting from A (0, 0) and making an angle with

4
4
the horizontal Real axis.
(i) arg(z) =
is the region inside the half-line starting from A (2, 0) and

3
making an angle with the horizontal Real axis.

3
(ii)
0 < arg(z + 2) <
(iii)
arg(z (1 + i)) >
is the region outside the half-line starting from A (1, 1)

6
and making an angle with the horizontal Real axis.

6
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Greatest and least value of |z| and arg(z) in a circle

Consider the circle |z a| = r with centre A representing a and radius r.
AP = AQ = r and OA = |a|.
The least value of |z| is given by OP = OA AP = |a| r and the greatest value is
given by OQ = OP + P Q = |a| + r.
We draw the tangents OB and OD.
The greatest value of arg(z) is given by the greatest angle between the x-axis and a
line joining the origin to a point on the circle.

r
1
b = arg(a) + sin
The greatest value of arg(z) is given by arg(a) + AOD
.
|a|

r
1
b
.
The least value of arg(z) is given by arg(a) AOB = arg(a) sin
|a|
Example 18.23 (i) Draw and describe the locus of points for |z (3 + 4i)| = 2.
(ii) Determine the greatest and least value of |z| in this region.
(iii) Determine the greatest and least value of arg(z) in this region.
Solution
(i) |z (3 + 4i)| = 2 is a circle with centre A(3, 4) and radius r = 2.
c
CHAPTER 18.
(ii)
(iii)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Let a = 3 + 4i be the centre. |a| = 32 + 42 = 25 = 5. Greatest value of |z| is

given by |a| + r = 5 + 2 = 7 and least value of |z| is given by |a| r = 5 2 = 3.

4
1
st
= 0.927.
(3, 4) is in 1 quadrant and arg(a) = tan
3

r
2
Also sin1
= sin1
= 0.412.
|a|
5

r
1
= 0.927 + 0.412 = 1.34
Greatest value of arg(z) is given by arg(a) + sin
|a|

r
= 0.927 0.412 = 0.515.
and least value of arg(z) is given by arg(a) sin1
|a|
Example 18.24 Calculate the greatest value of |z| in the region whose the points
represent the complex number z satisfying both inequalities |z i| 1 and
0 arg(z + 1) /4.
Solution
The greatest value of |z| in this region is the distance OP.

1
AP = 1, OB = 1 and AB =
= 1.414 so that BP = AP + AB = 2.414.
cos /4
Using cosine rule, OP 2 = 12 + 2.4142 2(1)(2.414) cos /4 OP = 1.85.
c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Exercise 18.4. [Loci]

1. On separate Argand diagrams, describe and sketch the locus of the point P
representing the complex number z such that
(i) |z 2| = 1
(ii) |z 3i| 1
(iii) |z + 3| 3
(iv) |z + 2i| < 2
(v) |z 2 + 2i| 3 (vi) |z 2 i| 1 (vii) |z + 2 + 3i| 5 (viii) |z 3 + i| < 5
(i) |z 2| = |z + 2|
(ii) |z 1| |z + i|
(iii) |z| |z + 1|
(iv) |z + 2 + i| = |z 2 + i| (v) |z + 4 3i| |z 3 + 4i| (vi) |z 3 2i| |z + 2 + 3i|
(i) arg(z 1) = /2
(ii) arg(z + 2) = /4 (iii) arg(z + 2i) = 3/4
(iv) arg(z 1 i) = (v) arg(z + 3 + i) = /2 (vi) arg(z + 2 3i) = 5/6
4. Sketch the following on separate Argand diagrams
(i) 1 |z 2| < 2
(ii) /6 arg(z + i) /3
(iii) 2 |z 2 + i| 3 (iv) /4 arg(z 1) /4
5. (i) Describe the locus of points for |z + 4 3i| = 1.
(ii)
(iii)
Determine the greatest and least value of |z| in this region.
Determine the greatest and least value of arg(z) in this region.
6. Calculate the greatest value of |z| in the region whose the points represent the
complex number z satisfying both inequalities |z 2i| 1 and
0 arg(z + 2) /4.
7.* (i) Sketch, on an Argand diagram, the locus of the complex number z satisfying
arg(z) = /6.
4
(ii) If z represents the point (x, y) in part (i), show that |z+4 3i|2 = x2 + 8x + 48.
3
(iii) Hence, by completing to the square, show that |z + 4 3i| 6.
18.10
Miscellaneous Exercises
Example 18.25 The complex number
3 + i is denoted by w.
(i) Express w in the form r(cos + i sin ) where r > 0 and < .
Hence or otherwise find the modulus and arguments of w 2 and w 3 .
(ii) Show that w is a root of z 2 2 3z + 4 = 0 and find the other root.

c
CHAPTER 18.
COMPLEX NUMBERS
(iii) Sketch an Argand diagram showing points representing complex numbers i and
w. Shade the region whose points represent every complex number z satisfying
both inequalities |z i| 1 and arg(z) arg(w).
Solution
q
(i) r = |w| = ( 3)2 + 12 = 4 = 2. ( 3, 1) is in 1st quadrant and

1
= arg(a) = tan
= .
6
3

w = 2 cos 6 + i sin 6 .
|w 2 | = 22 = 4, arg(w 2) = 2 arg(w) = .
3
|w 3 | = 23 = 8, arg(w 3) = 3 arg(w) = .
2
(ii)
(iii)
+
4
=
3
+
2
3i
2
3i + 4 = 0.
( 3 + i)2 2 3( 3 + i)
The other root is w = 3 i.

|z i| 1 is the region inside a circle with centre A(0, 1) and radius r = 1.
arg(z) is the region above the half-line starting from B(0, 0) and making an
6
angle with the horizontal Real axis. The required region is the intersection
6
of the two regions.
Miscellaneous Exercise 18.1.

1. Given that z1 = 3 2i and z2 = 4 + 3i, evaluate
z2
(i) 3z1 + iz2 (ii) z1 z2 (iii) z2 2 (iv)
z1
2. (i) Find the two square roots of 16 30i and denote them by z1 and z2 .
z1
(ii) Find
and its argument.
z2
c
CHAPTER 18.
(iii)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Sketch an Argand diagram showing points A and B representing the complex

numbers z1 and z2 .
b = , where O is the origin
Using your answer in part (ii), show that AOB
and show on the same diagram that the point B can be obtained by the 1800
rotation of point A around O.
3. If one root of the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 is 2 i. Find the other root and the
value of a and of b.
4. A, B and C are represented by the complex numbers z1 = 2 3i, z2 = 3 + 2i and
z3 respectively.
z1
b = /2 where O is the
and its argument and deduce that AOB
z2
origin.
(i) Find
Find z3 if OACB is a parallelogram.
5. The complex number 1 + 3i is denoted by w.

(ii)
(i) Express w in the form r(cos + i sin ) where r > 0 and < .
Hence or otherwise find the modulus and arguments of w 2 and w 3 .
(ii)
(iii)
Show that w is a root of z 2 2z + 4 = 0 and find the other root.
Sketch an Argand diagram showing points representing complex numbers

i and w. Shade the region whose points represent every complex number z
satisfying both inequalities |z i| 2 and arg(z) arg(w).
6. The complex number u = 1 i is a root of the equation x3 5x2 + 8x k = 0,

where k is a real constant.
(i) Find the value of k.
(ii)
(iii)
Write down the other complex root of the equation and find the real root.
Sketch an Argand diagram showing point representing complex number u.
Shade the region whose points represent every complex number z satisfying
both inequalities |z| |z 1| and 0 < arg(z u) < 2/3.
7. A complex number u is denoted by u = 1 + 2i and another complex number w has

modulus 4 and argument /3. Find in the form a + bi, where a and b are real,
u
the complex numbers: (i) w (ii) u w (iii)
w
8.* (i) Find the two square roots of 9 40i giving your answers in the form a + bi,
where a and b are real constants.
(ii)
Hence, solve the equation z 2 5z + 10i + 4 = 0 giving your answers in the

form a + bi, where a and b are real.
c
CHAPTER 18.
(iii)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Sketch on an Argand diagram the points A and B representing the two roots
of the above equation.
b where O is the origin.
Find the value of AOB
9.* The complex number w is given by
2+i
.
3i
(i) Express w in the form a + bi, where a and b are real constants.
(ii)
Find the modulus and argument of w.
(iii)
On an Argand diagram draw the locus of points representing every complex

1
number z satisfying |z w| = . Hence, find the greatest value of
4
|z| and of arg(z) in this region.
3
1
i and w = 1 + i.
10.* The complex number u and w are given by u = +
2
2
(i) Find the modulus and arguments of u and w.
(ii)
(iii)
State the modulus and argument of uw and the modulus and argument of
w
.
u
In an Argand diagram, the points O, P, Q and R represent the origin, w, uw
w
b = 2/3 and P Q = 6. Hence, explain
and , respectively. Show that P OQ
u
why P, Q and R are vertices of an equilateral triangle.
(iv) In an Argand diagram, the vertices of an equilateral triangle lie on a circle

with centre at the origin. One of the vertices represents the complex number
w. Find the complex numbers represented by the other two vertices. Give
your answers in the form a + bi, where a and b are real and exact.
c
Answers
Exercise 18.1
1. (a) (i) 4 + 6i
(ii) 2 2i (iii) 5 + 10i (iv) 5
(v) 25
(b) (i) 11 + 9i
(ii) 3 + 15i
(iii) 64 + 27i
(iv) 193 (v) 25
(c) (i) 1 12i
(d) (i) 1 + 4 2
(ii) 5 + 2i
(ii) 3 2 2
(iii) 41 + i
(iii) 8 + 2
(iv) 29
(v) 58
(iv) 3
(v) 22
11
2
+ i
25 25
8
69
(vi) + i
25 25
1 1
(vi) + i
2 2
2
5 2
(vi)
i
11
22
(vi)
11 2
i
5
5
8
69
(vii)
i
193 193
(vii)
(vii) 1 i
4 5 2
(vii) +
i
3
3
2. (i) 5 + 12i (ii) 2 + 2i (iii) 8 10i (iv) 1 i (v) 76i

Exercise 18.2
1. (i) 1 2i (ii) 2 i
1
7
(iii)
i
4
4
(iv) 1 3i (v) 1, 1 i
2. (i) 1 i, x2 2x + 2 = 0
(ii) 7 + 2i, x2 14 x + 53 = 0
3
7
2
(iv) 5 2i, x + 10x + 27 = 0 (v)
i, 2x2 3x + 2 = 0
4
4
2
(vi) 2,
3
11
i
3
(iii) 3 + 2i x2 + 6x + 13 = 0
3. (i) 2i, x3 3 x2 + 4 x 12 = 0 (ii) 4 + 5i, x3 7 x2 + 33 x + 41 = 0

1 4
3. (iii) + i, 9x3 6x2 + 17x = 0 4. 1 3i, 2
3 3
5. (i) 1 2i (ii) 1 2 i 6. u = 3 i, v = 2 + i 7. (i) (3 + 2i) (ii) (3 2i)
!
3 2
2
6
2
7. (iii) (4 3i) (iv) (4 + i) (v)
+
i
(vi)
i
2
2
2
2
Exercise 18.3
1. (i) 2 (cos (/4) + i sin (/4)) , 2e(/4)i
(iii) 2 (cos (3/4) + i sin (3/4)) , 2e(3/4)i
2 (cos (/4) + i sin (/4)) , 2e(/4)i
(iv) 2 (cos (3/4) + i sin (3/4)) , 2e(3/4)i
(v) 2 (cos (/6) + i sin (/6)) , 2e(/6)i

(vii) 2 (cos (5/6) + i sin (5/6)) , 2e(5/6)i
(ix) 8 (cos (/3) + i sin (/3)) , 8e(/3)i
(xi) 8 (cos (2/3) + i sin (2/3)) , 8e(2/3)i
(vi) 2 (cos (/6) + i sin (/6)) , 2e(/6)i

(viii) 2 (cos (5/6) + i sin (5/6)) , 2e(5/6)i
(x) 8 (cos (/3) + i sin (/3)) , 8e(/3)i
(xii) 8 (cos (2/3) + i sin (2/3)) , 8e(2/3)i
(xiii) 13 (cos (0.395) + i sin (0.395)) , 13e0.395i
(xv) 41 (cos (2.246) + i sin (2.246)) , 41e2.246i
(xiv) 17 (cos (2.652) + i sin (2.652)) , 17e2.652i
(xvi) 3 (cos (0.955) + i sin (0.955)) , 3e0.955i
(ii)
c
30
4. (i) /12 (ii) /12 (iii) 11/12 (iv) 5/12 5. (i) 2, /3, /3
b = 2/3
(ii) OP = OQ, P OQ
13 3
3+ 3
1+3 3
3 3
6. 2, /6, 3 i 7. a =
, b=
; a=
, b=
2
2
2
2
8. (i) 3 + i, 2 + 14i, 1 i
(ii) 0.464, 1.89, 1.43 (iii) parallel (iv) 3/4
Exercise 18.4
5. (ii) 4, 6 (iii) 2.30, 2.70 6. 2.80
Miscellaneous Exercise 18.1
1. (i) 6 10i (ii) 6 + 17i (iii) 7 24i (iv)
2. (i) z1 = (3 5i), z2 = 3 + 5i (ii) 1,
5. (i) 2(cos (/3) + i sin (/3)), 4, 2/3, 8,
7. (i) 2 + 2 3i
18
1
+ i
13 13
3. 2 + i, a = 4, b = 5
(ii) 1
3i
4. (i) i, /2 (ii) 5 i
6. (i) 6 (ii) 1 + i, 3
(1 + 2 3) (2 3)
(ii) (2 4 3) + (4 + 2 3i) (iii)
+
i
8
8
8. (i) (5 4i) (ii) 5 2i, 2i (iii) 1.95 rad

1 1
9. (i) + i
2 2
2
(ii)
,
2 4
10. (i) 1, 2/3, 2, /4
2 1
(iii)
+ , 1.15
2
4
2, 11/12, 2, 5/12
b = QPb R = P RQ
b = /3 (iv) 3 1 + 3 1 i, 3 1 + 3 1 i
(iii) P Q = QR = P R, P QR
2
2
2
2
(ii)

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Pure Mathematics (P3)

Chapter 18: Complex numbers

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Idea of complex number

Consider the equation x2 + 4 = 0. Comparing with the standard quadratic equation,

Operations involving complex numbers

Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 be two complex numbers where x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 R.

1, then i2 = 1, i3 = i2 i = i, i4 = (i2 )2 = (1)2 = 1 and

18.3.2 Addition and Subtraction of two complex numbers

18.3.3 Multiplication of two complex numbers

18.3.4 Conjugate of a complex number

18.3.5 Modulus of a complex number

Example 18.4 Let z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 1 i. Find |z1 | and |z2 |.

|z1 | = 32 + 22 = 13 and |z2 | = 12 + (1)2 = 2.

18.3.6 Division of two complex numbers

z1 = 7 + 12i and z2 = 4 3i,

(c) z1 = 2 5i and z2 = 3 7i,

(d) z1 = 1 + 2i and z2 = 2 + 3 2i.

Polynomial with real coefficients

18.4.1 Quadratic Equations

a = 1, b = 1, c = 1, b2 4ac = (1)2 4(1)(1) = 3 b2 4ac = 3i

Re(z) = 2, p = 2Re(z) = 4, |z|2 = 22 + 32 = 13, q = |z|2 = 13.

18.4.2 Higher order Polynomials with real coefficients

Re(z) = 1, p = 2Re(z) = 2, |z|2 = 12 + 12 = 2, q = |z|2 = 2.

using the conventional method of multiplication:

Example 18.9 (i) Verify that z = 1 + i is a root of the polynomial

Re(z) = 1, p = 2Re(z) = 2, |z|2 = (1)2 + 12 = 2, q = |z|2 = 2.

Simultaneous equations involving complex number

Example 18.10 Solve the simultaneous equations

Square roots of a complex number

Example 18.11 Find the two square roots of

3 + 4i, giving your answer in the form

Let 3 + 4i = a + bi, where a and b are real coefficients.

comparing imaginary part, 2ab = 4 ab = 2 b =

solving (18.1) and (18.2), we have

z = 3 + 4i, Re(z) = 3, Im(z) = 4, |z| = 32 + 42 = 5

Exercise 18.2. [Polynomials involving complex numbers]

(iv) x2 + (2 3)ix 4 = 0 (v) x3 3 x2 + 4 x 2 = 0 (vi) 3 x3 + 10 x2 + 13 x + 10 = 0

Find the two other roots of the equation.

6. Solve the simultaneous equations

(i) 5 + 12i (ii) 5 12i (iii) 7 24i (iv) 15 + 8i (v) 4 + 3i (vi) 1 3i

Modulus and Argument

18.7.1 Argand diagram

18.7.2 Argument of a complex number

Usually, arg(z) > 0 if y > 0 and arg(z) < 0 if y < 0.

18.7.3 Modulus-Argument form (polar)

18.7.4 Exponential form

(i) 1 i (ii) 1 3i (iii) 3 + 4i

(1, 1) is in the 4 quadrant and is -ve. So = tan

Polar form: 1 i = 2 cos

r = |z| = (1)2 + ( 3)2 = 4 = 2.

Example 18.14 The variable complex number z is given by z = 1 cos 2 + i sin 2,

where takes all values in the interval < < .

(i) Show that the modulus of z is 2 sin and the argument of z is .

= 1 2 cos 2 + 1 = 2(1 cos 2) = 2 2 sin2 = 4 sin2 = 2 sin .

Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 be two complex numbers where x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 are

Let also R represents z1 + z2 , then OPQR is a parallelogram.

Furthermore |z 2 | = |z z| = |z| |z| = |z|2 and arg(z 2 ) = arg(z) + arg(z) = 2 arg(z).

arg(1 + 3i) = /3,

(i) Find the modulus and arguments of z and z,

(1, 1) is in the 1st quadrant and is ve. So arg(z) = tan

(1, 1) is in the 4 quadrant and is -ve. So arg(z) = tan

Example 18.19 Given that z1 = 2 + 4i and z2 = 3 + i,