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Abstract:
India has nine different Biodiversity zones, including more
than 7000 medicinal plants. In several ancient books like Vedas,
Ramayana and Mahabharat, the roles of medicinal plants have been
described in details. The demand for medicinal plants in the Global
markets is increasing day by day because of their broad spectrum like
anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-cancer activity without any side
effects as compared to synthetic drugs. Due to these advantages herbal
drugs have a great potential in the developing and developed countries.
Several traditional and modern technologies have been used for the
identification and characterization of medicinal plants. Conventional
DNA-based molecular markers including RAPD, RFLP, ISSR, AFLP,
and Microsatellite are widely accepted by many research institutes all
over the world. However, the limitation of these molecular markers
restricts scientist and researchers to further investigations of medicinal
1
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
Introduction
Since the beginning of human civilization, medicinal plants are
playing a very vital role in drug development, nature
conservation, biodiversity and economy of the country. Even
today, the millions of people from all over the worlds depend
upon these herbal medicines, developed from individual plants
and combination of plants (WHO 2005). The Indian
subcontinent specially Himalaya region is a natural resource of
herbal plants because it represents an extremely unique ecosystem that is favorable for cultivation of medicinal plant
associated with several ancient treatment systems of
Ayurveda, Folk medicines, Homeopathy, Siddha and Amchi
(Tibetan).
In India more than 8000 medicinal plants species are
available among them 90% are belonging to forest habitats.
Apart from India, several other hot spots have been identified
and around 70,000 plant species are used in folk medicine
globally (Table 1; Farnsworth and Soejarto 1991).
S.
No.
1
2
Forest
Zones
India
Himalayan zone 1
Himalayan zone 2
Desert zones
of
No.
of
known
medicinal plants
700
2900
500
582
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
Semi-arid zone
Western Ghats
Deccan Peninsula
Gangetic Plains
Islands
10
Coasts.
Punjab
Guiarat-Rajwara
(i)
Western
Ghats
mountains
(ii) Malabar coasts
(i) Deccan Plateau south
(ii) Central Plateau
(iii) Eastern Plateau
(iv) Chhota Nagpur
(v) central Highlands
(i) Upper Gangetic Plains
(ii) Lower Gangetic Plains
(i) Brahmaputra valley
(ii) Assam hills
(i) Andaman islands
(ii) Nicobar islands
(iii) Lakshdeep islands
(i) West coasts
(ii) East coasts
1,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
2000
1,000
500
14600
Table 1.
Geographical distribution of medicinal plants under
different zones in India
583
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
584
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
585
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
586
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
587
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
588
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
589
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
Name of Software
Sputnik
Tandem
Finder(TRF)
Repeat
Website address
http://espressosoftware.com/pages/sputnik.jsp
http://cbi.labri.fr/outils/Pise/sputnik.html)
http://tandem.bu.edu/trf/trf.html
RepeatFinder
REPEATMASKER
SciRoKo
(SSR
Classification
and
Investigation
by
Robert
Kofler)
SSRPrimer
http://www.cbcb.umd.edu/software/RepeatFinder/
http://www.repeatmasker.org.
www.kofler.or.at/Bioinformatics
SSR Indentification
Tool (SSRIT)
Tandem
repeat
Occurrence Locator
(TROLL)
www.gramene.org/db/searches/ssrtool
SSR Poly
MIcroSAtellite(MISA)
http://acpfg.imb.uq.edu.au/ssrpoly.php
http://pgrc.ipk-gatersleben.de/misa/
Modified sputnik II
http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ITMI/EST-SSR/LoRota
SSRSEARCH
ftp://ftp.gramene.org/pub/gramene/software/scripts/ssr.pl
Sorting
intolerant
from tolerant (SIFT;
http://blocks.fhcrc.org/sift/SIFT.htm
PolyBayes
http://bioinformatics.bc.edu/marthlab/PolyBayes
PolyPhred
http://droog.mbt.washington.edu
SNPDetector
http://lpg.nci.nih.gov/
NovoSNP
http://www.molgen.ua.ac.be/bioinfo/novosnp/
AutoSNP
http://acpfg.imb.uq.edu.au
Polymorphism
phenotyping
(PolyPhen; http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph/;
http://hornbill.cspp.latrobe.edu.au
http://acpfg.imb.uq.edu.au
http://finder.sourceforge.net
590
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
MAPP
tool
(multivariate
analysis of protein
polymorphism)
http://mendel.stanford.edu/SidowLab/downloads/MAPP/index.html;
Prediction of amino
acid
replacement
probability
SNPs3D
large-scale
human
SNP
annotated
database
(http://www.snps3d.org/)
LS-SNP; http://modbase.compbio.ucsf.edu/LS-SNP/
SNPeffect
http://snpeffect.vib.be
591
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
Genus
Acacia
Adhatoda
Adiantum
Allium
5
6
7
Apium
Argemone
Aristolochia
Artemisia
Berberis
Species name
caesia
catechu
chundra
mangium
concinna
farnesiana
nilotica
sinuata
beddomei
vasica
zeylanica
capillus veneris
lunulatum
philippense
venustum
ampeloprasum
cepa
sativum
stracheyi
graveolens
mexicana
bracteolata
indica
rotunda
tagala
absinthium
annua
maritima
nilagirica
pallens
parviflora
aristata
canadensis
asiatica
chitria
lycium
tinctoria
umbellata
1780
30546
43376
2355
5488
16451
95021
4978
592
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
10
Brassica
1107563
Cajanus
Cannabis
Carica
Carthamus
Catharanthus
Centella
alba
juncea
cajan
sativa
papaya
tinctorius
roseus
asiatica
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Cichorium
Citrullus
endivia
lanatus
84,149
12503
19
Citrus
603955
20
21
Clematis
Coffea
22
Cucumis
23
Cucurbita
24
25
Daucus
Dioscorea
26
Erythrina
27
Eucalyptus
28
Fumaria
29
Glycyrrhiza
30
Gossypium
acida
aurantifolia
aurantium
bergamia
limon
medica
reticulata
gauriana
arabica
travancorensis
melo
sativus
trigonus
maxima
moschata
Daucus carota
alata
bulbifera
deltoidea
oppositifolia
pentaphylla
indica
suberosa
variegata
citriodora
globulus
indica
officinalis
parviflora
uralensis
glabra
arboreum ---herbaceum
hirsutum
25314
12903
85961
41584
19910
4443
5199
174275
130006
852
18137
44134
726
168309
4145
50666
467736
593
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
31
32
33
34
Helianthus
Hippophae
Hordeum
Ipomoea
133698
3412
525999
88199
Jatropha
Linum
Macrotyloma
Mangifera
annuus
rhamnoides
vulgare
batatas
trifida
digitata
mauritiana
nil
obscura
pes-caprae
pes-tigridis
petaloidea
reptans
sepiaria
biloba
curcas
usitatissimum
uniflorum
indica
35
36
37
38
39
Medicago
sativa
12371
40
Mentha
1634
41
42
Nelumbo
Nicotiana
aquatic
arvensis
piperita
viridis
nucifera
Tabacum
43
Ocimum
23260
44
Oldenlandia
45
Panax
46
47
Pandanus
Papaver
americanum
basilicum
gratissimum
kilimandscharicum
sanctum
tenuiflorum
corymbosa
umbellata
ginseng
pseudoginseng
fascicularis
somniferum
48
Phaseolus
mungo
coccineus
vulgaris
radiatus
391150
123988
46947
286852
1025
1665
2207
334384
1117
11412
977
20918
594
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
49
Pistacia
50
Plumbago
51
Prunus
52
Pueraria
53
54
Punica
Rheum
55
Rhododendron
56
Ricinus
57
Saccharum
58
Salvia
59
Saussurea
60
Sesamum
61
Setaria
62
Solanum
chinensis
integerrima
lentiscus
vera
indica
zeylanica
armeniaca
avium ---cerasoides
dulcis
mahaleb
lobata
tuberosa
granatum
australe
emodi
moorcroftianum
palmatum
spiciforme
webbianum
catawbiense
campanulatum
lepidotum
communis
1299
munja
officinarum
spontaneum
aegyptiaca
miltiorrhiza
fruticosa
haematodes
moorcroftiana
plebeia
sclarea
costus
hypoleuca
lappa
indicum
orientale
italica
283640
anguivi
melongena
nigrum
surattense
745876
1780
114096
6365
787
898
1241
62592
11973
1897
44722
66027
595
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
63
64
65
Taraxacum
Thalictrum
Vigna
66
Zingiber
torvum
trilobatum
violaceum
virginianum
xanthocarpum
officinale
flavum
mungo
radiata
unguiculata
vexillata
officinal
41296
4299
192440
38115
596
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
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Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
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Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
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Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
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Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Adams, R. P., R. N. Pandey, J. W. Leverenzc, N. Digdardd, K.
Hoeghe, and T. Thorfinnssonf. 2003. Pan-Arctic
variation in Juniperus communis: History biogeography
based on DNA fingerprinting. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 31:
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Ahn, C.H., Y.S. Kim, S. Lim, J.S. Yi and Y.E. Choi. 2011.
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EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. II, Issue 1 / April 2014
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Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
602
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
603
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
604
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
605
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
606
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
607
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
608
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
609
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
610
Baniekal Hiremath Gangadhar, Rajesh Singh Tomar, Anurag Jyoti, Vikas Srivastva,
Shuchi Kaushik, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra- Development of Insilico Based
Molecular Marker Systems in Medicinal Plants of India: Future Prospects
611