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9 Z - neoxanthin
neoxantin
violaxantin
9Z - neoxantin
luteoxantin
violaxantin
auroxantin
luteoxantin
9 Z - violaxantin
9Z- violaxantin
flavoxantin
13Z - violaxantin
mutatoxantin
anteraxantin
9 Zantroxantin
mutatoxantin epimerul 1
lutein
mutatoxantin epimerul 2
9 / 9-A - lutein
lutein
13 / 13 - Zlutein
9 / 9- 2 - lutein
criptoxantin
criptoxantin
licopen
caroten
caroten
Sursa
bibliografic
sitosteroli
[15]
stigmasteroli
diesteri - dioli
[16]
3 monoesteri - taraxasterol
[17,18]
taraxasterol
lupeol
eritrodiol
[19]
ursodiol
[20]
faradiol -3-O-palmitat
[21]
faradiol-3-O-miristat
faradiol-3-O-laurat
arnidiol-3-O- palmitat
arnidiol-3-O-miristat
arnidiol-3-O-laurat
calenduladiol-3-O-palmitat
calenduladiol-3-O-miristat
[22,23]
[24-27]
[23]
[28,29]
[30]
Sursa bibliografic
[31]
izoquercetin
izoramnetin-3-O-D-glicozid
narcisin
[32]
calendoflazide
calendoflavozide
calendoflavobiozide
rutin
[23,33]
neohesperidozid
izoramnetin-3-O-neohesperidozid
izoramnetin-3-O-2G-ramnozil rutinozid
izoramnetin-3-O-rutinozid
quercetin-3-O-glucozid
quercetin-3-O-rutinozid
acid cafeic
acid clorogenic
[33]
e) Aminoacizii
n extractul etanolic a florilor de Calendula officinalis, au fost identificai un numr de 15
aminoacizi n form liber: alanin, arginin, acidul aspartic, aspargin, valin, histidin, acidul
glutamic, leucin, lizin, prolin, serin, tirozin, treonin, metionin i fenilalanin.
Raportul cantitativ al aminoacizilor totali, exprimat n mg g-1 produs uscat a fost de 4,5 % n
flori, 5 % n frunze i 3,5 % n tulpini [35].
f) Carbohidraii
n extractul hidroalcoolic al inflorescenelor de glbenele, cultivate n Europa, au fost identificate
de Varlijen J., (1989) [36] i Wagner H. i colaboratorii (1985) [37] urmtoarele fracii
polizaharidice: fracia polizaharidic I, fracia polizaharidic II i fracia polizaharidic III,
mpreun cu monozaharide.
g) Lipidele
Pentru identificarea lipidelor au fost analizate extractele eterice (eter de petrol) din semine,
frunze i flori de Calendula officinalis. n semine au fost identificate 15,7 % lipide neutre, 0,6 %
fosfolipide i 0,9 % glicolipide [38, 16]. De asemenea, uleiul din seminele de glbenele conine
un acid gras oxigenat (acidul 9-hidroxi-10, 12-octadecadienoic) [39] iar n flori au fost
identificai urmtorii acizi grai: lauric, miristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic i acidul
linolenic.
h) Cumarinele- au fost identificate n extractul etanolic al florilor de Calendula
officinali. Principalele cumarine sunt reprezentate de: scopoletina, umbeliferona i esculetina
[40].
i) Chinonele detectate n glbenele au fost: plastochinone, filochinone i ubichinone
[41].
j) Alte componente
Ali compui chimici identificai n extractele de Calendula officinalis au fost: loliolid,
calendulin i n-parafin [42-44].
I.1.5. Proprieti terapeutice
Numeroasele studii farmacologice au raportat proprietile terapeutice ale speciei Calendula
officinalis printre care amintim: aciunea antibacterian i antifungic, antitumoral, cicatrizant,
antioxidant, hepatoprotectoare, imunostimulatoare, antiinflamatorie, antiedemoas, antiviral i
anti-HIV.
Aciunea antitumoral
Aciunea antitumoral a speciei Calendula officinalis a fost testat la oareci, in vitro, pe linii
celulare tumorale demonstrndu-se activitatea antitumoral a extractulului metanolic din flori de
glbenele [23]. Izolarea compuilor i testarea individual acestora, a artat prezena urmtorilor
compui cu activitate anticanceroas:
calendulozida G6'-O-metil ester care este activ mpotriva tuturor liniilor celulare de
cancer menionate mai sus; n plus, prezint aciune i mpotriva cancerului ovarian, la o
concentraie de 20,1 moli [23].
De asemenea, au fost semnalate aciuni citotoxice i pentru extractele din frunze, flori sau plant
ntreag. Aciunea antitumoral a extractelor de glbenele a fost dovedit prin testarea
fraciunilor saponificate pe oareci, in vivo [49]. Medina E.J. i colaboratorii (2006) [50] au
studiat in vitro modul n care extractele apoase din flori de glbenele inhib proliferarea celulelor
tumorale ale oarecilor prin blocarea ciclului celular.
Aciune cicatrizant
Pentru a se demonstra aciunea cicatrizant a extractelor de glbenele, s-a studiat influena
acestora asupra migraiei fibroblastelor i a proliferrii lor n zona leziunilor care au fost
analizate. Astfel, chiar la concentraii sczute de 10 pg mL -1 numrul de celule a crescut cu 64,35
% n cazul extractului n hexan i cu 70,53 % n cazul extractelor etanolice de glbenele [51].
Extractul etanolic din flori de glbenele a fost testat i mpotriva arsurilor termice induse
experimental la obolani. Prin utilizarea unor doze diferite de extract (20, 100, i 200 mg kg-1
greutate corporal) s-a constatat c cea mai eficace doz este cea de 200 mg kg -1 corp. Acesta a
dus la ameliorarea semnificativ a rnilor, prin creterea coninutului de hidroxi prolin n
colagen i a hexozaminei. Nivelul proteinelor n faza acut a sczut n mod semnificativ,
constatndu-se n paralel o scdere a peroxidrii lipidelor datorit aciunii antioxidante a
extractelor respective [52].
Aciune antioxidant
Popovic M. i colaboratorii (2009) [53] confirm capacitatea antioxidant a extractului metanolic
(de concentraie 70 %) al speciei Calendula officinalis prin testarea influenei acestuia n
peroxidarea indus a lipidelor lipozomale. Studiul descris de Frankic T. i colaboratorii (2008)
[54] a constat n caracterizarea extractelor cu propilen glicol din petale i flori de glbenele.
Analizele indic faptul c extractul din petale a prezentat capacitate antioxidant mai mare
comparativ cu extractul din flori . Datorit capacitii antioxidante ridicate, extractele de
glbenele ar putea avea utilizare terapeutic n combaterea complicaiilor diabetice cronice i
pentru ncetinirea procesului de mbtrnire [55].
Aciune hepatoprotectoare
Pentru a se demonstra activitatea hepatoprotectoare, extractele hidroalcoolice ale florilor de
Calendula officinalis, au fost testate pe oareci, n doz de 10 mL kg -1 corp. Acestea au
determinat o reducere cu 28,5 % a citolizei hepatice, n paralel cu reducerea
nivelurilor
Aciune imunostimulatoare
Fraciile polizaharidice din extractele etanolice ale speciei Calendula officinalis, au prezentat
activiti imunostimulatoare. Testate in vitro, fracia polizaharidic III, la o concentraie de 10-5 10-6 mg mL-1 a condus la cea mai mare fagocitoz (54-100 %), n timp ce fracia polizaharidic I
i II au condus la fagocitoz n procent de 40-57 %, respectiv 20-30 % [36,37].
Aciune antiviral
Testele efectuate in vitro, pe oareci au demonstrat aciunea antiviral a tincturii de glbenele
asupra virusurilor herpes i a gripei de tip A [60].
Aciunea anti-HIV
Aciunea anti-HIVa fost pus n eviden in vitro, utilizndu-se extracte
organice i apoase obinute din florile uscate de Calendula officinalis. Ambele
extracte, au fost relativ netoxice pentru liniile limfocitare umane Molt-4, dar
numai cel organic a prezentat activitate anti-HIV. Astfel, s-a obinut inhibarea
HIV1RT la o concentraie de 100 g mL-1, iar la concentraia de 500 g mL-1
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