International Journal of Physics

And Research (IJPR)

ISSN (P): 2250-0030; ISSN (E): 2319-4499
Vol. 6, Issue 3, Jun 2016, 1-6
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE ZNS BASED ONE-DIMENSIONAL

PHOTONIC CRYSTALS
SANJEEV SHARMA1, DEEPIKA DWIVEDI2,
ANAMIKA YADAV3 & ANUBHA SINGH SENGAR4
1

Department of Physics, Greater Noida College of Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
2,3,4

Greater Noida College of Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh India

ABSTRACT
The temperature dependent properties of ZnS based one- dimensional photonic crystal has been investigated.
Here we consider a periodic structure of semiconductor layer of ZnS/Ge. The effect of temperature and angle of
incidence on omnidirectional reflection spectra of proposed structure has also been studied. The PBG can be tuned by
varying the temperature of the semiconductor material. Also, the refractive index of ZnS layer to be dependent on
temperature and wavelength simultaneously. The theoretical analysis shows that the proposed structure works as a
perfect mirror within a certain wavelength range (1550 nm).

Received: Mar 22, 2016; Accepted: Apr 08, 2016; Published: Apr 13, 2 016; Paper Id.: IJPRJUN201601

INTRODUCTION
In 1987, Yablonovitch [1] and S. john [2] investigated the concept of photonic crystal structure. A class of

Original Article

KEYWORDS: Photonic Crystal, ODR, Multilayered Mirror

photonic crystals exhibiting photonic bandgaps has became a field of intense research. These photonic bandgap are
multilayer structures formed by using two or more materials. These multilayer structures lead to formation of
photonic bandgaps, in which propagation of electromagnetic waves of certain wavelengths are prohibited. However,
these bands or ranges depend upon a number of parameters such as refractive indices of materials, temperature and
angle of incidence [3, 4]. If all other parameters such as temperature are kept constant, then any change in refractive
index of a material will change the photonic bandgaps.
In 2002, Wing et al. [5] reported the enlargement of omnidirectional total reflection frequency range in onedimensional photonic crystals by using photonic heterostructures. Also, Chigrin et al. [6] observed the observation of
total omnidirectional reflection from a one dimensional dielectric lattice. Lee and Yao [7] studied theoretically and
experimentally a wide range of structures for the fabrication of omnidirectional photonic crystals having photonic
bandgaps in one-dimension. Ojha et al. [8, 9] theoretically studied omnidirectional high reflectors for infrared
wavelengths, large omnidirectional reflection using combination of periodic and Fibonacci structures respectively.
They found that the range of omnidirectional reflection can be increased by overlapping these photonic crystals.
In the present paper, we design a broad omnidirectional reflector (ODR) in one dimensional photonic
crystal containing semiconductor layers. Also, the dielectric property of semiconductors depends not only on
temperature but also on wavelength. Here we consider a semiconductor layer ZnS/Ge. The refractive index of Ge is
independent of temperature and wavelength. But the refractive index of ZnS layer is taken as a function of
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Sanjeev Sharma, Deepika Dwivedi, Anamika Yadav & Anubha Singh Sengar

temperature and wavelength both [10, 11]. The semiconductor ZnS is depending on the temperature, it is possible to design
thermally-tunable omnidirectional total reflector.

THEORETICAL MODEL
The one dimensional photonic crystal structure consisting of alternate layers of refractive indices n1 and n2 with
thicknesses d1 and d2 respectively is depicted in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Structure of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals

Applying transfer matrix method (TMM), we found out the properties of electromagnetic wave in layers of
semiconductor materials. Therefore The reflection coefficient of the multilayer is given by,

(1)
Where mij are the matrix elements and the reflectance for this structure can be written in the terms of reflection
coefficient as

(2)
Where, p0 = n0 cos 0
In one dimensional photonic crystal we choose ZnS for material A, Ge for material B and N = 12, so the proposed
structure will be [air/(ZnS/Ge)12/air].
The refractive indices of Ge and ZnS are independent of temperature and wavelength. But the refractive index of
ZnS layer is taken as a function of both wavelength and temperature. The refractive index of ZnS in the ranges 1.214 m
and 293700K is represented as [14].

(3)
Where,

Impact Factor (JCC): 2.3529

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Temperature Dependence ZnS Based One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

In this section, we have presented the omnidirectional reflection spectra of one-dimensional photonic crystals. The
refractive index of Ge is 4.23 which is independent of temperature and wavelength. But the refractive index of ZnS layer is
taken as a function of both wavelength and temperature. Here, we have chosen the refractive index range of ZnS from 1.2
14 m and temperature range from 300700K.
Applying transfer matrix method, we have taken the thicknesses of Ge and ZnS layers to be
=

nm and

= 450

= 250 nm,

= 200

. At this particular combination of thickness of Ge and ZnS layers is choose such that

ODR range in the reflection spectra of such a structure can be observed. Figure 2 & Figure 3 show the reflectance of the
structure for the variation of refractive index profile of ZnS materials for different temperature (300K and 700K) and
different angles of incidence, namely, 00, 450 and 850 for TE and TM mode respectively and the ODR range for angles of
incidence from 00 to 850 is shown in the shaded portion of Figure 2 and Figure 3.
From the plots of reflection spectra of ZnS and Ge for different angles of incidence, the 100 percent reflection
ranges for different angles of incidence at Temperature 300K & 700K are tabulated in Table 1. It is clear from Table 1 that
the total omnidirection range (ODR) of wavelength for this multilayer structure lies between 15341689 nm at T = 300K
and the width of the omnidirection wavelength range is 155 nm and at T = 700K the omnidirectional range lies between
1460-1643 nm and the width of the omnidirection wavelength range is 183 nm. It is clear that when we increase
temperature (at different angle of incidence) the bandgaps shift towards the shorter wavelength region which is shown in
Figure. 4.

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Band Width
(Nm)

TM (Nm)

Band Width
(Nm)

700

TE (Nm)

300

Angle Of
Incidence ()

Temperature
T(K)

Table 1: Photonic Bandgap Structure of 1d PC as a

Function of Temperature and Angle of Incidence

0
45
85
0
45
85

1534-1837
1428-1799
1298-1778
1460-1830
1340-1791
1223-1762

303
371
480
370
451
539

1534-1837
1465-1765
1392-1689
1460-1830
1387-1742
1314-1643

303
300
297
370
355
329

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Sanjeev Sharma, Deepika Dwivedi, Anamika Yadav & Anubha Singh Sengar

Figure.3: ODR Spectrum of 1D Photonic Crystals (ZnS/Ge) at

Dierent Angle of Incidence at T=300K

Figure4: ODR Spectrum of 1D Photonic Crystals (Zns/Ge) at

Dierent Angle of Incidence at T=700K.
Also, from this table it is clear that the omnidirectional bandgap shifts 4.2nm/100K at T=300K and 6.4nm/100K at
T=700K towards the shorter wavelength region. Hence, this multilayered one-dimensional structure can be used as an
omni-directional mirror in optical communication devices. In this paper, we have chosen the parameters of this structure
such that the 1550 nm wavelength which is third transmission window primarily used in optical communication falls in the
omnidirectional reflection ranges of wavelength for these structures.

CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we have designed a broad omnidirectional and thermally tunable PBGs in one-dimensional photonic
crystals composed of the semiconductor- semiconductor materials. The angle and temperature dependence of these PBGs
have been investigated. It is indicated that the bandgap width of these omnidirectional PBGs can be enhanced by
increasing the temperature of this photonic crystal photonic crystal material layers. It is seen that the total omnidirection
range (ODR) of wavelength for this multilayer structure is 155 nm at temperature T = 300K and at T = 700K the
omnidirectional range is 183 nm. We see that the ODR range is increased when temperature is increased. At temperature T
= 700K it increases 48 nm which can be used as omnidirectional reflectors in fiber optic communication systems which fall
Impact Factor (JCC): 2.3529

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Temperature Dependence ZnS Based One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals

in the wavelength range around 1550 nm (third transmission window). Such broad omnidirectional and thermally tunable
PBGs will oer many prospects for omnidirectional mirrors, temperature sensing device, optical filters etc.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are thankful to the Director General (Dr. Alok Chauhan), GNCT College Greater Noida, Director and
Heads, GNCT Greater Noida for their kind co-operation.
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