CHE3040S Formula Sheet

1 Particle Characterisation
(sphericity) =

Surf ace Area of sphere same volume as particle

Surf ace area of particle

fL (x) = k1 xfN (x)

V olume of sphere = 34 r3

fS (x) = k2 x2 fN (x)

Surf ace area of sphere = 4r2

fM (x) = k3 x3 fN (x)

2 Rheology
=
=

dV
dy

= dV
dy
r =

s
p

m
p

r =

= 0 e RT

101.82 CV
1CV

n
= k( dV
dy )

r = 1 + 2.5CV = 1 + k1 CV + k2 CV2 + k3 CV3 +

3 Motion of a particle in a uid

ud

Re0 =
R0 =

Ga =
0
=
CD

F
2
d4

R0
u2

0
Re02 = 32 Ga
CD

Region A (104 < Re0 < 0.2)

Region B (0.2 < Re0 < 500 1000)

FD = 3du

FD = 3du(1 + 0.15Re00.687 )

Ga = 18Re00 (Ga<3.6)

(3.6<Ga<105 )
Ga = 18Re00 + 2.7Re01.687
0

R0
u2

u0 =

R0
u2

= 12Re01

d2 g(s )
18

d3 (s )g
2

= 12Re01 (1 + 0.15Re00.687 )

(s )
s g

Region C (500 1000 < Re0 < 2 105 ) Region D (Re0 > 2 105 )
FD = 0.055d2 u2

FD = 0.0125d2 u2

Ga = 13 Re020 (Ga>105 )

Ga = 13 Re020

R0
u2

u20 =

1
3 du
6 d s dt

= 61 d3 (s )g FD

(s )
s g(1

d2 s
18

S = 0.5 OR 1

S
= ( BA
)
R0
(u)2

0
CD = 2CD

u(t) =

= 0.05

3d(s )g

Fg = 16 d3 (s )g
dB
dA

R0
u2

= 0.22

e( ) )

= (1.84Re00.31 + 0.293Re00.06 )3.45

4 Sedimentation and thickening

Kd2 (s )g
c

uc =

kC

c = e 1a0 C
Pi = Stk Fr
Stk =

d2 (s )Q
18AH

d
dC
=

dH
dt

= uw

T = uT CT
A = Q0 C0 [
A=

[ C1 C1u ]
uc ]max

(Y U )Q0 C0 s
uc

hnew
hold

(s c ) = e(s )

c = (1 + kC)

dH
dt = b(H H )

= Cuc

Pi =

d2 (s )gA
18Qc

Fr =

HgA2
Q2

V = C0 (uc + uw )t
T =

Q0 C0
A

d50 =

M ass f low = Q0 C0 s
V = C0 (Ht H0 )
T = + u = uc C + uu C

Y =

1C
C ( s )

U=

C=

1
1+Y ( s )

Cu =

C0,old
C0,new

18Qc
2(s )gA

1Cu
C u ( s )
1
1+U ( s )

5 Packed bed and uidisation

Darcy's law

Permeability

uc = K P
l

uc = B P
l

u=

d2t P
32 lt

u1 =

uc
e

utransport = u0 =
Re0max =

R1
u21

u1 =
S=

d2 (s )g
18

K =
Re1 =

uc
S(1e)

B=

uc =

d0 m2 P
K 0 l0

d2
3
d6

6
d

uc =

Q
A

Bed mass = Al(1 e)p

Carmen equation
R1
u21

e3 P 1
S(1e) l u2c

R1 =
R1
u21

(for spheres)
1
e3
P
2
K S (1e)2 l

e
SB

SB = S(1 e)

e3
5S 2 (1e)2

0.1
= 5Re1
1 + 0.4Re1

uc =

1
e3
P
2
K S (1e)2 l

d0m =

(Permeability using
Carmen-Kozeny)

duc
(1e)

0
( ll )2 K0

A
V

Carmen-Kozeny equation

e
P
S(1e) l

= 4.17Re1
1 + 0.29

(for cylinders in turbulent regime)

fw = (1 + 0.5 SSc )2

fw
R1
u21

0.1
= 5Re1
1 + Re1

(hollow packing)

Ergun equation
P
l

= 150 (1e)
e3

uc
d2

Carmen-Kozeny equation
2

uc
+ 1.75 1e
e3 d

e3

umf = 0.0055 (1emfmf ) d

P = (1 e)(s )lg
Remf =
Ga = 150

umf dp

1emf
Remf
e3mf

Ga =

Re0mf
Re0o

uc
uo
4.8n
n2.4

= en

(0.716F )

umb = 2.07e

0.018

0.016 13.3

(s )g

d3 (s )g
2

Re0c
Re0o

n=
)

= en

= 0.043Ga0.57
u

d 0.06
g
)
( p0.347

1.2Ga
)

n = 2.51log( (1.83Ga
1+5.53105 Ga1

Ga = 1406Remf + 27.3Re2mf (for e = 0.4)

1.75
Re2mf
e3mf

Remf = 2.33Ga0.018 1.53Ga0.016 )13.3 enmf

umf
uo

e
P d
uc = 0.0055 (1e)
2
l

log( umf
)
o
log(emf )

Reo
log( Re
)
mf

log(emf )

Reo = (2.33Ga0.018 1.53Ga0.016 )13.3

6 Filtration
u0 =

1
e3 P
K (1e)2 S 2 l

1 dV
A dt

1
r

1
e3
1
K (1e)2 S 2

1 dV
A dt

P
rl

dV
dt

A(1 e)ls = (Ale + V )

r
s (1e)

l=

J
1J

v=

A2 (P )
rV

J
(1J)(1e)s Je

Vs = (1 e)Al

Vl = eAl

V
A

Constant rate
dV
dt

V
t

V
t

A2 (P )
rV

Constant Pressure
dV
dt

A(P )
rl

V2
2

A2 (P )
rV

dV
dt

t
V

A(P )
r(l+L)

A2 (P )
r(V + LA
)

A2 (P )t
r

(negligible cloth resistance)

tt1
V V1

(non negligible cloth resistance)

r
2A2 (P ) V

r
2A2 (P ) (V

V1 ) +

t
V

rV1
A2 (P )

tt1
V V1

r
2A2 (P ) V

r
2A2 (P ) (V

tt1
V V1

rL
A(P )

V1 ) +

rV1
A2 (P )

r
2A2 (P ) (V

+ V1 ) +

rL
A(P )

rL
A2 (P )

7 MAC
NRe =

SL N D2
L

NP =

Qd
N D3

NW e =

NQd =

P
SL N 3 D5
SL N 2 D3
GL

Zwieterings Equation (NRe > 3000)

=

Nja =

dC
dt

QG
N D3

g 0.45 0.13
S 0.1 d0.2
X
p ( )
D0.85

Relative impeller width:

Low gassing:

D
T

Medium gassing:

W
D

Relative Impeller clearance:

Relative liquid height:

Pg
Pu

High gassing:

C
T

Z
T

Pg
Pu

= 0.9

0.20 0.25
= 0.18NQG
NF r

Pg
Pu

= 0.5 0.4

NP = f (impeller type)
= f (Re) for Re < 104

P = Np N 3 D5

= f (NF r ) for laminar systems

2 2
k( NQD3 ) ( N D )

For 2 axial impellers: P2discs < 2P1disc

if
b
Np = KNRe
NFc r

Pg = 0.706( PQN0.56D )0.45

Relative impeller diameter:

NQG =

= kL a(Csat Cl ) kLa = a( VP ) (USG ) a = 0.025; = 0.59; = 0.5

Geometric groups

Pg
P

N 2D
g

X =mass % solids in suspension

dp =particle diameter
D = impeller diameter

Values of S:
6-blade disc turbine: 4-5
6-bladepitched turbine: 5.7-6
OT R =

NF r =

S
D

For 2 at discs: P2discs = 2P1disc

> 1.5

for laminar ow: b=-1

baed tank/ high NRe : c=0

Power input and energy dissipation

eave =

P
V

P
2N

Np N 2 D5
2

8 Hydrocyclones

solids pulp
f luid
x(wt%) = 100( pulp
(solids f lluids ) )

Mu
Mf

ET =
Pi,u =

Mu ui
Mf fi

C=

= ET ufii

P1
P2

P Qf
3600

Pi,o =

Wo
Wf

Pio,c = Ci,o =

M o oi
Mf fi

= ET foii

Qf = 9.5 103 P Dc2

Pi Rf
1Rf

Pi
C

(Pressure in kPa, diameter in cm)

Pi
1Rf

d
Pi,o ( d50,c
)=C

(Power in kW)

d50,2
d50,1

Dc 
0.5
d(50,c) = K( Qf (solids
f luid ) )
1

)+e 2

D2 0.5 P1 0.25
= (D
) ( P2 )
1

d50,c (solids f luid )0.5

(Pi )T = 1 (1 Pi )N

(1+ d

d
)(e 1)
50,c

d
d50,c
(e

e 1
d
(e d50,c

d50,c Dc1.5

d50 = K(1 gu ) n

d
)=C
Pi,o ( d50,c

Wu
Wf

C = 1 Rf

Q1 2 D2 3.9
= (Q
) ( D1 ) (for d50,1 = d50,2 ) (Q in m3 /hr)
2

Pi,o = C

fi oi
ui oi

Rf =

Piu,c = Ci,u =

P ower =

ET =

d
)m
50,c

0.693( d

Ci = 1 e

)+e 2)

d
)(e 1)
50C
d
d50,c
(e
)+e 2

(1+. d

Pi,o + Pi,u = 1

M = F p x/100

Plitt model
2.1

c
S = 0.02 D
Q0.8

Rf =

DC in cm, Q in l/min

S
S+1

d50 in microns

D1.18

d
)m
50C

0.693( d

Ci = 1 e

C
d50,c = 14.6 Q0.45 (slurry
1)0.5

9 Centrifuges
ur =
ur =

u0 r 2
g

z=

r 2 (s )d2
18

du
dt

ln( rr13 )

G(d) =

dmax =

1exp(2KK2 d2 )
1exp(2KK2 d2max )

G(d) = Pi =

(d < dmax )
K=
du
dt

2u0 2
2
g L(r3

Q1
1

18u
s d 2

K2 =

r12 )(

d250 =

r = r3 e

r32
(1
r32 r12

e2KK2 d )

1
2r 2
ln( 2 3 2 )
r3 +r1

=
=

L(r32 r12 )
Q

2r32
1
ln(
)
2
2KK2
r3 +r12

Q = 2u0

Q2
2

L(r32 r12 )
Q

KL(r32 r12 )

K2 =

)g
uo = d250 (s18

Q=

Qln( r3 )

(Any d)

(s ) 2
18

= r 2 ( s
)
s

(s )d2 2 L(r32 r12 )

18Q

Kd2max L(r32 r12 )

0
CD
u2 S
m

= r 2 ( s
)
s

ln( rr31 ) =

0
= 12/NRe
CD

r 2
g

V
Q

2
3 2
g L( 2 r3

w2
2
g L(r3

dz
dt

2 r 2 )d2
KL(r3
1
Q

+ 21 r12 )

r12 )

Q
(r32 r12 )

1
ln(

2
2r3
2 +r 2 )
r3
1