Hum Ecol (2009) 37:775782

DOI 10.1007/s10745-009-9254-1

Traditional Plant Use in the Phlegraean Fields Regional Park

(Campania, Southern Italy)
Riccardo Motti & Vincenzo Antignani & Marisa Idolo

Published online: 16 June 2009

# Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009

Abstract The Phlegraean Fields Regional Park in southern

Italy has an especially long history of human exploitation.
For our ethnobotanical studies we interviewed 39 people
native to the area and recorded 962 use-reports. For each
species, we provide scientific and vernacular names, plant
parts used, and preparation and administration processes. In
all, 69 species belonging to 35 families were classified. The
species most frequently mentioned were Citrus limon,
Chamomilla recutita, Malva sylvestris, Parietaria judaica,
Ficus carica, Foeniculum vulgare and Laurus nobilis. The
commonest plant use recorded is medicinal, followed by
culinary and domestic; for 26% of the species inventoried,
more than one use was recorded. The present study
confirms the persistence of traditional plant use in regions
of central and southern Italy.
Keywords Ethnobotany . Traditional plant use .
Phlegraean Fields . Campania . Italy

Introduction
The flora of Campania in south-west Italy has been
extensively studied in recent years (De Natale and La
Valva 2000; Nazzaro et al. 2002; De Natale 2003;
Ricciardi et al. 2004; Motti and Ricciardi 2005; Motti
and Salerno 2006). However, ethnobotanical studies are
R. Motti (*) : V. Antignani : M. Idolo
Dipartimento di Arboricoltura, Botanica, Patologia Vegetale,
Universit degli studi di Napoli Federico II,
Via Universit, 100,
80055 Portici, Italy
e-mail: motti@unina.it

scarce and mostly confined to a few locations (De Natale

and Pollio 2007; Scherrer et al. 2005; De Feo and
Senatore 1993; De Feo et al. 1992; Antonone et al.
1988). To help fill this gap, we carried out an ethnobotanical investigation in the Phlegraean Fields Regional
Park, considered one of the main centers of early
civilisation in Italy.
Situated at the northern extremity of the Phlegraean
Fields, the site of Cumae was the first area on the Italian
mainland to be settled by Greek colonists, sometime in the
early eighth century BC. Due to the exceptional fertility of
the soil, safe anchorage and easy access to circumMediterranean trade routes, Cumae rapidly extended its
influence over the surrounding territory. Cumaeans also
founded the towns of Dicearchia, the present-day Pozzuoli, and Palaeopolis, the most ancient part of the city of
Naples.
The golden age of the Phlegraean Fields coincided with
the last years of the Roman Republic and the early Roman
Empire when, besides its agricultural and commercial
wealth, the landscape and thermal resources of the area
attracted the cultural and economic elite of Rome, who built
a great number of villas, palaces and baths throughout the
area. With the fall of the Roman Empire the whole area
declined in importance.
With the unification of Italy, the Phlegraean Fields
underwent a significant population increase due to land
reclamation projects and the first effects of industrialization
from the nearby city of Naples. The continuing development of industry in the twentieth century triggered a further
demographic increase resulting in considerable human
impact over the area. Nevertheless, agriculture still represents an important productive resource and facilitates the
persistence of folk traditions.

776
Table 1 Land use in the
Phlegraean Fields in hectares
(19001998)

Hum Ecol (2009) 37:775782

Corine class

Land use

1900

1954

1998

2.4
3.1/3.2.3
3.2
2.4.3
5.2
1

Mixed farmland
Woodland
Shrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation associations
Pastures
Lakes
Urban

72.1
19.1
2.1
2.2
2.9
1.8

72.3
16.6
1.3
0.0
2.6
7.2

38.5
13.2
10.2
0.0
2.6
35.5

Study Area and Methodology

Study Area
The Regional Park of the Phlegraean Fields is situated
along the northern coast of Campania. With an area of
78 km2, the study area is limited to the west and south by
the Tyrrhenian Sea, to the east by the city of Naples and
north by the Quarto channel. Known as the Phlegraean
caldera, the geography originated from the eruption and the
subsequent subsidence of a large ancient volcano and
currently consists of numerous small craters, one of which
(Solfatara) is still active. The soils, formed from the fallout
of ash or pyroclastic flow, have a distinctive profile and
andic properties due to moderate or weak alteration of
primary glass. The climate is typically Mediterranean, with
long dry summers and relatively abundant rainfall
(1,012 mm) peaking in autumn and winter (Motti and
Ricciardi 2005).
Land use change in the Phlegraean Fields during the
twentieth century were analyzed by comparing historical
maps with recent local surveys, and quantified using GIS
(Table 1) (Motti et al. 2004).
One of the effects of human activity has been a
significant reduction in floristic diversity: in particular,
species associated with wetlands or other rapidly-changing
habitats have undergone decline or local extinction (Motti
and Ricciardi 2005).

identified in the field except in dubious cases which were

later identified at the herbarium of the Portici Botanical
Gardens (PORUN) according to Pignatti (1982) and Tutin
et al. (19641980, 1993). Nomenclature follows Conti et
al. (2005), except in some cases when we referred to the
Med-Checklist (Greuter et al. 19841989) and Tutin et al.
(1993). All the information obtained was compared with
ethnopharmacological data from Campania and other
regions in central and southern Italy.

Results and Discussion

We recorded 69 species belonging to 35 families (Table 2),
the majority (58%) indigenous in the wild, the remainder
cultivated or subspontaneous in fields. The most representative family (20%) was Asteraceae, followed by Rosaceae
(17%), Apiaceae and Poaceae (11%).
In all, we recorded 962 use-reports. The species most
frequently cited were Citrus limon (84 use-reports),
Chamomilla recutita (64), Malva sylvestris (64), Parietaria
judaica (60), Ficus carica (50), Foeniculum vulgare and
Laurus nobilis (48). The plant parts most frequently used
were leaves (40%) and fruits (18%) (Fig. 1). The
commonest plant use was medical (62% including veterinary), followed by culinary (41%) and craft and domestic
uses (30%); 26% of the species had more than one use.
Medicinal Plants

Ethnobotanical Methods
Fieldwork was conducted from December to June 2007
2008 throughout the Phlegraean Fields. A total of 39
informants (17 men and 22 women) native to the area and
working, either currently or in the past, as farmers, were
identified by applying the snowball sampling technique
(Cotton 1996; Hft et al. 1999; Cunningham 2001; Martin
2004). The informants were between 39 and 74 years old,
with an average age of 66. We carried out semistructured
interviews to collect data on medicinal, food, craft,
agricultural and veterinary plant uses, as well as information concerning folk beliefs. Plant specimens, mentioned
and collected in the presence of the informants, were

We obtained 462 medicinal use-reports (48% of the total).

The species most frequently employed were Chamomilla
recutita (64 use-reports), Malva sylvestris (64), Citrus
limon (32), Foeniculum vulgare (24) and Laurus nobilis
(20). For 29 species, we obtained accurate reports on their
preparation and application processes: 19 were used by
external administration (cataplasm, direct application of
fresh or boiled leaves, vapours from plant boiling, etc.) and
15 by internal administration (decoction, infusion, ingestion, etc.).1 The most cited application was ricotto, a
1
In some cases the same plant was used internally and externally and
those species are included in both groups.

Hum Ecol (2009) 37:775782

777

Table 2 Traditional plant use in the Phlegraean Fields Regional Park

Species

Local name

Parts used

Uses recorded

Ciampjanara

Leaf

Med. inner part of fresh leaves or fumigations in boiling water on haemorrhoids

Scrupole

Leaf

Dom. leafy branch used as brush

Accio
Petrusino, prezzemolo

Leaf
Leaf

Cul. aromatic herb

Med. abortive
Cul. aromatic herb

Finocchiaccio,
conocchietta
Finocchio

Stem
Leaf

Dom. floral stem cut into two parts, the inner part sprinkled with pumice,
used to sharpen razor blades
Med. decoction of the seeds used for gastrointestinal disorders. Ingredient
of ricotto
Cul. biscuits prepared with seeds and corn flour

Palma

Leaf

Dom. leaves used as brush to clean wood oven

Carduognolo

Young shoot,
leaf

Dittrichia viscosa (L.)

Greuter
Chamomilla recutita
(L.) Rauschert
Taraxacum officinale
Weber
Sonchus oleraceus L.;
S. asper (L.) Hill
Cichorium intybus L.
Lactuca sativa L.
Boraginaceae
Borago officinalis L.

Inula

Leaf

Med. cicatrizant
Cul. pizza or soup ingredient
Med. fresh mashed leaves on bruises

Cammomilla

Flower, leaf

Cicoria

Leaf

Med. spasmolytic, sedative. Compress of boiled flowers and leaves as antirheumatic or anti-inflammatory
Cul. soup ingredient

Cardillo

Leaf

Cul. pizza and soup ingredient

Cicoria
Lattuga

Leaf
Leaf

Cul. soup ingredient

Med. boiled leaves to treat dental abscesses or spots

Borraggine

Leaf

Echium plantagineum
L., E. vulgare L.

Buglossa

Young shoot,
leaf

Med. oil from leaves used as cicatrizant

Cul. young leaves are a soup or omelet ingredient
Med. aphrodisiac
Cul. leaves are a soup ingredient, boiled young shoots for salads and soups

Cavolo
Rrice

Leaf
Young shoot

Med. ironed leaves for articular aches

Cul. grazed young shoots are an ingredient for salad

Rcola, rughetta

Leaf

Cul. the wild collected plant an ingredient for salad

Suscelle

Fruit

Med. ingredient of ricotto

Mrviglina

Aerial parts

Agr. in livestock diet considered refreshing

Canna

Culm

Dom. baskets, grills. med. The juice extracted from nodes is used as a
cicatrizant
Cul. roasted seeds as a coffee substitute

Aizoaceae
Carpobrotus sp.
Anacardiaceae
Pistacia lentiscus L.
Apiaceae
Apium graveolens L.
Petroselinum crispum
(Mill.) A. W. Hill
Ferula communis L.
Foeniculum vulgare
Mill.
Arecaceae
Chamaerops humilis L.
Asteraceae
Galactites tomentosa
Moench

Brassicaceae
Brassica oleracea L.
Raphanus
raphanistrum L.
Diplotaxis tenuifolia
(L.) DC.
Caesalpiniaceae
Ceratonia siliqua L.
Caryophyllaceae
Stellaria media (L.)
Vill.; S. neglecta
Weihe
Poaceae
Arundo donax L.;
Arundo plinii Turra
Hordeum sativum Pers.
Cynodon dactylon (L.)
Pers.
Zea mays L.

Orzo

Seed

Grammegna

Roots

Granoturco

Pistils

Med. decoction with Laurus nobilis and Eryobotrya japonica leaves and
Citrus limon exocarp for gastrointestinal disorders. In decoction for
kidney disorders
Med. decoction as diuretic

778

Hum Ecol (2009) 37:775782

Table 2 (continued)
Species

Local name

Parts used

Uses recorded

Mercurella

Aerial parts

Agr. in livestock diet

Lupinella

Seed

Cul. roasted seeds as a coffee substitute

Castagno

Wood

Dom. for wine-making tools and baskets

Cul. fruits boiled with Laurus nobilis or roasted

Vileco

Leaf

Dom. leaves used to comb hairy fruits and to cover inside baskets

Lampascione

Bulb

Med. for spots and toothache

Spatella

Rhizome

Med. rhizome grated and boiled to treat chilblains

Dom. grated rhizome to perfume washing

Junco

Stem

Dom. to tie vegetables or for grafts

Mentuccia, npeta.

Leaf

Cul. to flavour fish dishes

Lavanda

Inflorescence

Dom. to perfume clothes

Rosamarino

Leaf

Cul. aromatic herb, with meat

Alloro

Leaf

Med. ingredient of ricotto or in decoction with other species for

gastrointestinal disorders or coughs
Cul. aromatic herb, with meat or Castanea sativa fruits
Dom. to repel moths

Liliaceae
Allium cepa L.

Cepolla

Bulb

Allium sativum L.

Aglio

Bulb

Med. on insect bites

Cul. eaten raw or cooked
Med. to treat intestinal worms

Pancratium maritimum
L.
Linaceae
Linum usitatissimum
L.

Giglio di mare

Bulb

Cul. eaten raw or cooked

Cul. ingredient of salad as an onion substitute

Lino

Seed

Med. the poultice of boiled seeds, put in a towel and applied on the chest to
treat bronchitis or for external abscesses
Dom. in the past, textiles were often made of flax
Agr. to stimulate milk production in cows

Malvaceae
Malva sylvestris L.

Mavera, maura

Leaf, root,
flower

Med. decoction of leaves with Citrus limon exocarp as sedative. Decoction

of roots for gastrointestinal afflictions. Vapours of decoction of Malva,
Eucalyptus and Eryobotrya japonica leaves for lumbar ache. Ingredient of
ricotto

Moraceae
Ficus carica L.

Fico

Fruit

Med. decoction of dried fruits for coughs

Ingredient of ricotto
Latex against warts

Euphorbiaceae
Mercurialis annua L.
Fabaceae
Onobrychis viciaefolia
Scop.
Fagaceae
Castanea sativa Miller
Hypolepidiaceae
Pteridium aquilinum
(L.) Kuhn
Hyacinthaceae
Muscari comosum (L.)
Miller
Iridaceae
Iris germanica L.
Juncaceae
Juncus spp.
Lamiaceae
Calamintha nepeta
(L.) Savi s. l.
Lavandula angustifolia
Mill.
Rosmarinus officinalis
L.
Lauraceae
Laurus nobilis L.

Dom. latex to curdle goat milk

Hum Ecol (2009) 37:775782

779

Table 2 (continued)
Species

Local name

Parts used

Uses recorded
Agr a twig is given to calves to encourage weaning

Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus spp.
Myrtus communis L.
Oleaceae
Olea europea L.

Papaveraceae
Papaver setigerum
DC.; P. rhoeas L.
Phytolaccaceae
Phytolacca americana
L.
Pinaceae
Pinus pinea L.

Calipso

Leaf

Med. vapours of the decoction inhaled to treat colds and coughs, also with
Laurus nobilis, and Citrus limon and C. aurantium slice
Dom. to clean barrels

Mortella

Leafy branch

Olivo

Fruit

Med. a towel soaked with oil to treat sore throats ache

Dom. figs pricked by a needle dipped in olive oil to ripen quickly
Cul. basic ingredient of local food

Papagna

Seed

Med. decoction of seeds, the mixture used as a sleeping drug. Poultice of

boiled seeds for toothache
Cul. bean soup ingredient before flowering

Mangiare dei serpenti,

inchiostro dei poveri

Fruit

Dom. fruit juice used as ink

Pigna

Cone

Med. vapours of heated cone for haemorrhoids

Cul. toasted seeds for sweets

Polygonaceae
Rumex crispus L.
Rosaceae
Cydonia oblonga
Miller
Eryobotrya japonica
(Thunb.) Lindley

Lampazzuolo

Leaf

Med. leaves to treat dermatitis, bruising and used as cosmetic

Cotogna

Fruit

Dom. to perfume clothes

Niespulo

Leaf

Malus domestica
Borkh.
Prunus avium L.

Melo

Fruit

Med. vapours of decoction of Malva, Eucalyptus and Eryobotrya japonica

leaves for lumbar ache
Ingredient of ricotto
Med. ingredient of ricotto

Cerasa

Leaf,
peduncles

Prunus amareno L.

Amarena

Pyrus communis L.
Rutaceae
Citrus limon (L.)
Burm. Fil.

Pero

Seed,
peduncles
Fruit

Limone

Fruit

Citrus sinensis (L.)

Osbeck

Purtuallo

Fruit

Ruta graveolens L.
Salicaceae
Salix alba L.

Ruta

Leaf

Med. decoction of lemon slice, Laurus nobilis and Eryobotrya japonica

leaves and Cynodon dactylon for gastrointestinal pains. Decoction of
lemon and orange slices with Laurus nobilis and Eucalyptus leaves for
coughs. The juice diluted in water for toothache. Digestive cul. alcoholic
infusion of lemon exocarp to make limoncello liqueur
Dom. leaves to perfume clothes
Med. decoction with other species for coughs
Dom. leaves to perfume clothes. The juice to wash hands
Med. abortive

Salice

Branch

Dom. to make baskets, to bind vines

Pummarola

Fruit,
peduncles

Cerasella
Patata

Aerial part
Tuber

Med. decoction of peduncles as hypertensive

Dom. to wash hands
Agr. in rabbit and pig diet
Med. potato slices on the forehead against headache

Solanaceae
Lycopersicon
esculentum Miller
Solanum nigrum L.
Solanum tuberosum L.
Typhaceae

Med. ingredient of ricotto

Cul. to flavour wine
Cul. seeds, peduncles to make a liqueur with Piedirosso wine
Med. dried fruits are an ingredient in ricotto

780

Hum Ecol (2009) 37:775782

Table 2 (continued)
Species

Local name

Parts used

Uses recorded

Typha latifolia L.
Ulmaceae
Ulmus minor Miller
Urticaceae
Parietaria judaica L.

Canna

Leaf

Med. antihaemorrhagic on injuries

Fraularo

Branch

Dom. to make baskets

Parietaria

Leaf

Ardc

Leaf

Med. plant mashed with salt for bruises and rheumatic aches
Dom. to clean bottles and glasses
Agr. in livestock diet
Agr. in turkey diet
Cul. boiled and fried with pasta

Uva

Seed

Urtica membranacea
L.; U. dioica L.
Vitaceae
Vitis vinifera L.

Cul. roasted seeds as a coffee substitute

remedy against colds, coughs and other respiratory problems. The following ingredients were mentioned: Foeniculum vulgare seeds, Malva sylvestris, Laurus nobilis leaves,
Ficus carica, Ceratonia siliqua, Malus domestica, Eryobotrya japonica and Pyrus communis dried fruits. These are
put into water and boiled; the decoction is then filtered and
cooled before drinking. Similar preparations of ricotto have
been recorded in Cilento (Scherrer et al. 2005), the
Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park (Idolo 2008)
and Calabria (Barone 1963).
The 37 medicinal plant species were used in treating 47
different types of ailments (Table 3).
Most of the species recorded are well known in the
traditional phytotherapy of central and southern Italy, but
we list here previously unknown or unusual uses for
some.

50
40
30
20
10

Fig. 1 Plant parts used

Fr
uit
s

Se
ed
s

lp
ar
ts

Ae
ri a

Fl
ow
er
s

St
em

Le
av
es

R
oo
ts

Galactites
tomentosa
Pinus pinea
Muscari
comosum

Carpobrotus
acinaciformis
Arundo spp.

as a cicatrizant.
vapours of heated cones for haemorrhoids.
grated bulb for spots and toothache. In
the Maratea area (Guarrera et al. 2005)
the only use mentioned is to treat
toothache.
for treating haemorrhoids; in Cilento
(Scherrer et al. 2005) it is cited as
being used to cure chilblains.
the juice extracted from the nodes is
used as a cicatrizant. In the province of

Table 3 Ailments treated by the local inhabitants of the Phlegraean

Fields using medicinal plants species
Ailments

Percentage

Number of species

Gastrointestinal disorders
Rheumatism and articular aches
Dental abscesses, toothache

14.9
10.6
8.5

7
5
4

6.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1

3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Sedative
Haemorrhoids
Abortive
Cicatrizant
Bruises
Spots
Kidney disorders
Diuretic
Warts
Dermatitis
Hypotension
Headache
Injuries

Hum Ecol (2009) 37:775782

Papaver rhoeas,
P. setigerum

Iris germanica

Typha
angustifolia

Chieti (Leporatti and Corradi 2001) this

plant is used as a diuretic and
diaphoretic; in southwestern Sardinia
(Ballero et al. 2001) as a vulnerary; in
Cilento, decoction of the rhizome is
used for kidney disorders and colitis
(Scherrer et al. 2005).
decoction of seeds, the mixture being
used as a sleeping drug. Poultice of
boiled seeds for toothache. The
traditional use of the Papaver species
in central and southern Italy and in
other countries is mainly as a sleeping
drug (Guarrera et al. 2005; Pieroni
2000; El-Hilaly et al. 2003; Scherrer et
al. 2005). In the area of Montecorvino
Rovella, P. rhoeas is also used for
treating coughs (De Natale and Pollio
2007). In the province of Lucca young
aerial parts are used as purgatives
(Pieroni 2000). In Krklareli Province
(Turkey), the aerial parts of P. rhoeas
are used to cure rheumatism (Kltr
2007).
rhizome grated and boiled to cure
chilblains. No medicinal uses are
reported in central and southern Italy,
but in Taounate province (Morocco) the
roots are used for respiratory canal and
renal disorders (El-Hilaly et al. 2003);
in Ecuador the flowers are used to treat
conjunctivitis (Tene et al. 2007).
an antihaemorrhagic applied on wounds;
this use is reported for Krklareli
Province (Turkey) (Kltr 2007).

Food Plants
We recorded 28 species used in the Phlegraean area as food.
Ten of these are cultivated and also collected in the wild, 18
are indigenous. Although plants used for food were of great
importance during World War II, it is worth noting that
some species are still used in traditional cooking even today
(e.g., Borago officinalis, Cichorium intybus, Sonchus spp.,
Urtica spp., etc.). Others are no longer used e.g., roasted
seeds of Vitis vinifera or Onobrychis viciaefolia as a
substitute for coffee. Thirteen of the 28 species were also
mentioned for therapeutic purposes (e.g., Laurus nobilis,
Borago officinalis, Foeniculum vulgare, Citrus limon, etc.).

781

Domestic and Craft Uses

For 21 species domestic and craft uses were recorded; the
species are used mostly to make tools for agricultural
purposes (baskets, grills, brushes, wine-making tools) or to
wash or perfume clothes, repel insects, and clean glasses or
bottles; almost all of them are still in use.

Conclusions
This study confirms the persistence of traditional plant use
in areas such as the Phlegraean Fields where agriculture
still represents an important productive resource. In this
area, the plants most frequently used in phytotherapy are
those with well-established effectiveness, as also supported
by biochemical research. For the species whose use is
reported as unknown or unusual further biochemical or
pharmacological investigation would be desirable.

References
Antonone, R., De Simone, F., Morrica, P., and Ramundo, E. (1988).
Traditional Phytotherapy in the Roccamonfina Volcanic Group,
Campania, Southern Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 22:
295306.
Ballero, M., Poli, F., Sacchetti, G., and Loi, M. C. (2001).
Ethnobotanical Research in the Territory of Fluminimaggiore
(South-Western Sardinia). Fitoterapia 72: 788800.
Barone, R. (1963). Le piante della medicina popolare nel territorio di
Falconara e San Luciso (Calabria). Webbia 17: 329357.
Conti, F., Abbate, G., Alessandrini, A., and Blasi, C. (eds.), 2005An
Annotated Checklist of the Italian Vascular Flora. Palombi
Editori, Roma.
Cotton, M. C. (1996). Ethnobotany. Principles and Applications. John
Wiley and Sons Ltd. Chicester, England.
Cunningham, A. B. (2001). Applied ethnobotany. People, wild plant
use & conservation. People and Plants Conservation Series.
Earthscan, London.
De Feo, V., and Senatore, F. (1993). Medicinal Plants and Phytotherapy in
the Amalfitan Coast, Salerno Province, Campania, Southern Italy.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 39: 3951.
De Feo, V., Aquino, R., Menghini, A., Ramundo, E., and Senatore, F.
(1992). Traditional Phytotherapy in the Peninsula Sorrentina, Campania, Southern Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 36: 113125.
De Natale, A. (2003). La flora di unisola minore dellarcipelago
Campano: Nisida. Informatore Botanico Italiano 35: (2)267288.
De Natale, A., and La Valva, V. (2000). La flora di Napoli: i quartieri
della citt. Webbia 54: (2)271375.
De Natale, A., and Pollio, A. (2007). Plant Species in the Folk
Medicine of Montecorvino Rovella (Inland Campania, Italy).
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 109: 295303.
El-Hilaly, J., Hmammouchi, M., and Lyoussi, B. (2003). Ethnobotanical Studies and Economic Evaluation of Medicinal Plants in
Taounate Province (Northern Morocco). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 86: 149158.
Greuter, W., Burdet, H. M., and Long, G. (eds.) (19841989). Medchecklist, 1, 34. Editions des Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques
de la Ville de Genve, Geneve.

782
Guarrera, P. M., Salerno, G., and Caneva, G. (2005). Folk Phytotherapeutical Plants from Maratea Area (Basilicata, Italy). Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 99: 367378.
Hft, M., Barik, S. K. and e Lykke, A. M. (1999). Quantitative
ethnobotany. Applications of multivariate and statistical analyses in
ethnobotany. People and Plants Working Paper 6. UNESCO, Paris.
Idolo M. (2008). Impiego tradizionale di specie vegetali nellAppennino centro-meridionale: comparazione tra fonti storiche e
utilizzo corrente. Tesi di dottorato, Universit degli Studi di
Napoli Federico II.
Kltr, S. (2007). Medicinal Plants Used in Krklareli Province
(Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111: 341364.
Leporatti, M. L., and Corradi, L. (2001). Ethnopharmacobotanical
Remarks on the Province of Chieti Town (Abruzzo, Central
Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 74: 1740.
Martin, G. J. (2004). Ethnobotany. A Methods Manual. People and
Plants Conservation Series. Earthscan, London.
Motti, R., and Ricciardi, M. (2005). La flora dei Campi Flegrei (Golfo
di PozzuoliCampania, Italia). Webbia 60: (2)395476.
Motti, R., and Salerno, G. (2006). La flora del complesso dei monti
Vesole, Soprano, Sottano e Chianello (Appennino campano,
Salerno). Webbia 61: (2)325357.
Motti, R., Maisto, A., Migliozzi, A., and Mazzoleni, S. (2004). Le
trasformazioni del paesaggio agricolo e forestale dei Campi Flegrei
nel XX secolo. Informatore botanico italiano 36: (2)577583.

Hum Ecol (2009) 37:775782

Nazzaro, R., Variale, A., and Bifulco, C. (2002). Orchids of the
Vesuvius National Park (NapoliItaly). Journal europaischer
Orchideen 34: (4)747796.
Pieroni, A. (2000). Medicinal Plants and Food Medicines in the Folk
Traditions of the Upper Lucca Province, Italy. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 70: 235273.
Pignatti, S. (1982).Flora dItalia. 13. Edagricole, Bologna.
Ricciardi, M., Nazzaro, R., Di Natale, A., Caputo, G., and Vallariello,
G. (2004). La flora dellIsola dIschia (Golfo di Napoli). Webbia
59: (1)1113.
Scherrer, A. M., Motti, R., and Weekerle, C. S. (2005). Traditional
Plant Use in the Areas of Monte Vesole and Ascea, Cilento
National Park (Campania, Southern Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97: 129143.
Tene, V., Malagn, O., Vita Finzi, P., Vidari, G., Armijos, C., and
Zaragoza, T. (2007). An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal
Plants Used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe. Ecuador Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 111: 6381.
Tutin T. G., Burges, N. A., Chater, A. O., Edmondson, J. R.,
Heywood, V. H., Moore, T. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M.,
& Webb, D. A., (eds.), (1993). Flora Europaea, 1. 2a Ediz.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Tutin T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Valentine, D. H., Walters,
S. M., and Webb, D. A., (eds.), 19641980.Flora Europaea, 1
5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.