B.V.C.

ENGINEERIN G COLLEGE
ADVANCEMENTS IN AUTOMOBILE
TECHNOLOGY

HYBRI D VEHICLES

AUTHORS:
V.RAVINDRA,
07221A0359,
EMAIL: ravindravundavilli@gmail.com

ABSTRACT :

Fr om l ong ba ck c o ns ume r s & car maker s are faci ng

troubles f r om two reason s viz., hike in oil pric es and increased tail
pipe em issions (pollution) .
To mi n i mi ze t he s e tr oubles and to give bet ter
economi c
ga in s to Auto u se r s a s p e c i al, in nov ativ e idea is evo l v e d
i. e. ,
Hybridizatio n T e chnology. In th is hybrid m e thod two kinds of
energy sources are needed to power a car. H e re som e part of th e
wast e ener gy i s ut ili ze d to powe r the ve hi cle . The s e ve hic l e s
have
som e ad d i tion al features lik e Re generativ e brakin g,
Continuou s
Variabl e Transm ission (CVT) co mpa r ed t o conventi onal car s
Hybrid vehicle s can reduce the dependenc y on gasoline.
This is a healthy sign to pr ot ect the mot h er Earth and to give
a
clean environm ent to our fut u r e ge ner a ti ons . So the hybrid
vehicle s
in sp ite of few drawb ack s can caus e a m a jo r revo lu tion in the f u
tu r e
ve hic le dei g ns .
Ultimately present pa per is r e ga rding:
Need for hybri d age
Wha t is hybri d ve hic le?
W o rking of hybrid structure.
Types of hybridization .

 About hybri d per forma nc e .

Advantage s of hybrid cars.

Introduction :
Have yo u ever th ought of traveling in you r car
which can give better m ileage and gi ve l e s s c o ntri buti ng t o the
greenho us e eff e ct? It is the hybrid car w h ic h has both of them .
An y veh i cle th at co m b ines tw o or m o re sources of
power t h at can directl y or indirectl y provid e propulsion power is a
hybrid.
Som e are nucl ear -electr i c and some are di eselelectric. T h e g a so lin e -electric hyb rid c a r is ju st wh at it sounds like-a cross betw een a Gasoline powered car and an Electr ic car. Hybr id
ca r a t tem p ts s i gn if ican tly to in creas e the m i leag e an d red u ce th e
em issions of a gas-powered car wh ile overcom i ng th e shortcom ings
of an electri c car and increa sed em issions of gasoline car.
A GASOLINE-PO W E R D C AR :

A gasoline powered car has a

fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to
the engine. When the IC engine runs
it

turns

the

wheels

transmission is done.

and

the

A N ELE C TRI C -P O W ER D C AR :
An electric car on the
other has a set of batterie s
t h at pr ovides el ectr i cit y to an
electric

m o tor. W h en th e

m o tor ru ns

it

wheels

and

tu rn s the
the

transmissio n
is done.

P O W E R TRAIN IN E LECTRIC CARS

Any car said to be has good util ity i f i t ha s ce rta i n mi ni mum

requ irem ents. T h e car sh ou ld be ab le to :

Drive at least 30 0 m iles (482.8km ph) betw een re-fueling

Be r e fuel ed quic kl y a n d ea sil y

Keep up w i th th e oth e r traffic on th e ro ad

A gaso lin e car m e ets thes e requ irem ents but produces a r e la tive ly
large am ount of pollut ion and generally gets a poor m i leage. An
electric car how ev er, pr oduces alm o st no pollut io n, bu t th e elec tr ic
car is very slow, in convenien t to rechar ge and also anem ic.
COMPLE X HYBRID-PO W E R D CAR S :
A gasoline-electri c car (Hyb rid car) co m b ines th es e tw o
setups into one system that leve rages both gas power and electric
power.

Hybri d St ru c tu re :
A gasoli ne-el ect ric hybri d car co ntains the follow ing parts:

Gasolin e engin e : The hybrid car has a gaso line muc h like the one
yo u w ill f i nd on m o st cars. H o wever, the IC engine in a hybrid is
relatively smaller

and us es adv a n ced tech nologies to reduce

em iss i o n s and in crease efficien cy wh en com p ared with conv en

tion al
cars .

Fue l tan k : The fuel tank in a hybri d is the en ergy storag e device
for t h e gas o l i ne engi ne .

Electri c m o t o r : The el ect ric mo t o r on a hybrid car is very

sophisticated . Advanced electron ics allow it to act as a m o tor as
well as a generator . Fo r exam ple, wh en it need s to give pow er to
the
car it can dr aw energy fr om t h e batteri es t o accel erat e the
car.

W h ile a c ting as a gen e ra to r, it c a n slow the car down and

return
ene r gy to th e b a tte r ies.

Generato r: Th e ge n e r a to r is s i m i lar to an e l e c t r i c m o to r, but it

ac ts on ly to p r o d u c e e l e c t r i c a l pow er . I t is used m o stly on
series
hybrids .

Batterie s:

The batteries in a hybr i d car are th e energy s t o r age

device for the el ectri c mot o r . Unli ke th e g a s o line in th e f u el tan k ,

which can only pow er th e ga soli ne e n gine , the electri c moto r on a
hybri d car can put energy in to th e ba tte r ie s a s we ll a s d r aw ene r gy
from them.

T ransm iss io n:

The tra n sm is sionin a hybrid car perform s a

cor r el ati o n
and

bet w een ga soline

electric pow er

pow er

system

system .
TYPE S O F HYBRI D CONFIGUARATIO N :
W e com b ine the two pow er sources found in a hybri d car in
different ways . One way known as paralle l hybri d & other as series
hybrid .
Paralle l H ybrid s :
I n a Par a lle l Hybri d ve hic l e , bohe
th et l e c tr ic m o to r and the
e n gi ne( c ombi ne d) or a n y one(a )l can power the vehicle .
one

Batteries can ric

b moto r tha t ac ts a s g e ne ra to r

e recharg e d by elect
while decelerating .

Wo rk in g:
There ar e currentl y t w o mai n hybr i d cars on the m a rket in the USA,
one produced by Honda; th e "I ns ight ", and the ot he r by Toyot a ; t h e
"P rius ". Both v e h i c l es have a paralle l typ e conf iguration .
I n parall el hybri d conf iguratio n at low sp eed s the IC eng i ne w i ll
be turned off, and th e car w ill b e pow ered by the el ect ric mot o r .
Once a speed of abou t 15m ph is reached the I C e n gi ne will be
t u r n e d on. Now I C e n gi ne a l one i s s u ppl yi ng powe r t o the ve hic l e
.
After th e veh i cle cross e s a sp eed of 60 m ph the electric m o tor tu rns
on and now both the IC eng i n e an d electri c m o to r are su pp lyi n g the
power. T h e engine speed will not change m o re so m o stly it i s
runni ng in i t s most effi cient rang e, pow erin g th e car an d tu rn in g a
generator , which prov ided the electric mo tor with the power it
r e qui r es. The overall out p ut speed is then cont r o ll ed by t h e constant
speed of the engine (pro viding it on) plus th e varyin g speed of the
electric moto r.
Gi vi ng t h e ove r al l vie w of paralle l hybri d car:
0-25m p h The car runs on El ect ric mo t o r .
25-60m ph Th e car ru ns on IC engine.
>60m ph The car runs on both E l ectric m o tor and IC engine.
Serie s Hybrid s :
In a S e ries H y b r id veh i cle th e eng i n e
i n the vehi cle ne ver a c t u al ly dir ect ly
power s the ve hi cle . Instead it will run
at its m o st

effici ent l o ad and speed

with the lowest em

issions, turning a

gener a t o r , which then eit h er char ges the batterie s or pow ers th e electri c
mo t o r .

W or k i n g :
W h en th e pow er o u tp u t of the ca r is equ a l to the av erag e p o we
r
requ irem ent that th e eng i n e s i ze w a s s e le c t e d to m a tch, the en
gine
will be turning the ge nerator producing this am ount of electrical
power, w h ich w i ll then power the electri c m o to r. If the requ ired
power output of th e car is less th an th e average, th e en g i ne will stil l
be running at th e same power, still turning the generator , which will
th en bo th pow er th e m o to r, and wi th th e ex cess pow er ch arge the
battery. O n the other hand w h en the vehi cle i s acceler a ti ng har d t h e
power output is required to b e a m a xim u m . For th is bo th elec tr ic
power f r om the genera tor and the battery is used to supply the
electric m o to r, to p r odu ce p e ak pow er out put . Such vehicle s m a y be
fitte d w i th a con t ro l s y s t em , so wh en the requ ired ou tpu t p o wer is
l o w (s uc h as i n slow movi ng t r affic) an d th e ba tte r y is f u lly
charged, the engine would turn o ff as it would not be required, and
would turn on when the battery le ve l rea c h e s a po in t whe r e it
requires charging.
H y bri d technolog y :
In hybri d c a r w e use m u sh sm aller
InternalCo m bustion (IC)engineTha n
c o nve n ti onal I C engi ne . The e n gine effi ci
ncy
c a n be i m pr oved by usi n g smaller, lighte r
parts,
by reducing the num b er of cylinders and by
opera ti ng t h e e n gi ne Cl os er to it s ma xi

muml oa d

Sm a ller IC engine

Ther e are sever a l reasons why smal l e r engines are m o re efficie n t th an

bigger ones:
The big engine is heav ie r th an th e sm all eng i ne, so the car uses
ex tra en ergy every tim e it acce lerates or drives up a hill.
The pis t ons and other int e r n a l c o mponents ar e heavi e r , r e
qui ring
m o re energy each tim e they g o up and down in t h e cyl i nder .
The d i s placem en t of the cyli n ders is larger so more fuel i s requi r
ed
by each cylinder.
An electri c m otor can wo rk as g e n e rator as there are s i m i lar
in
construction . T hus elec tric m o tor draws elect rical energy from
ba tte r ie s to p r op e l th e cart & generator produ ces electrical en
ergy
to r ec h a r g e th e b a tte r ie s.
A hyb r id c a r r uns on s t raight el ect ri c motor up to
015m ph (25-kph) thus free f r om pollu ti on. Be yon d t h a t tr ansmi s s
ion
shu t s of f the m o to r & tu rn s o n the m o tor. So 15-60 m ph car
runs on
straight gasoline power .If yo u go sti l l hei g hts &deep accelera t ions
transm ission shuts on m otor too. Th us in higher ac celeration both
power drives are needed .In id le s t ate i.e. s t op &g o traffic
transm ission autom a ticall y shuts off the engine saving fuel
burning.
Advance d feature s :

1) Regenerativ e br a k i n g :
Here com e s th e q ues tion :
How th e ba tte r ie s a r e ge tti ng r ec h ar ged?

T h e answer is in conv entional cars its ki neticenerg y will be

con v e r te d to h ea t whil e b r a k in g. Bu t in hy br id s som e of th e
ca r s
kineti c energy w ill be reca ptured while deceleratin g
P r inciple :
W h ile decele rating shaf t of m o tor rota tes in opposite that
of
accelerating ,

thus

working

as

generator .

Gene rator

captures

breaking energy turns it to electric energy and stores it into

ba tte r ie s.
2) C o ntinuou s v a riabl e t ra n sm iss io n :( CVT)
I n t h is c o nti n uousl y va ria b l e tr a n s m i s si on
re pl ac e

CONES

GEARS. The eng i n e sh aft tu rn s a st rive pulley that pushes a

belt.
The belt turns a driven pu lle y th a t s p ins th e sh af t to an ax le. In
e ac h
pulley, a hydrauli c actu at or us er c o mput er c o ntrol m oves the f r
ee
c o ne cl ose r or fart he r fr om t h e fi xed c o ne . For hi gh t o r q ue
e q ui val ent t o low ge ar t h e dri v e con e s wid e n an d the belt
slide s
down, while the driven
Cones t ighte n a n d be lt sl ides up; for low t o rq ue and high speed,
the
opposite m ovem e nts occu r. In between a cont inuous, or
infinite ,
num ber of gears ar e possi b le.
3) Sometime s sh ut of f th e engin e :
A hybri d car does not need to rely on the g a s olin e eng i ne all of
t h e ti me because it has an alt e r n ate p ower sou r ce -- th e
electric

moto r and batteries . So th e h ybri d car can s om e tim e s tu rn off

the
gasoline engine, for ex am ple when the veh i cle is stopped at a red
light

4) A d vance d aerodyna mi c s t o
r ed uc e d ra g:
U s ing better aerial f r ont view
can

red u ce

Reducing

air

drag

distur bances

force.
ar ound

objects that stic k out from t h e car

or e lim in a t ing th em alto g e the r c a n
also help to im prov e the aerodyna m i cs.

5) U s e low-rollin g r e s is tanc e tire s:

The tires on m o st cars are optim ized to give a sm ooth ride,
m i nim i ze noise, and prov ide good tractio n in a variety of weather
c o nditi ons
6) U s e lightweigh t m at e ria ls :
Re duci ng t h e ove r all weight of a car is one easy wa y to in cr e a s e
th e m i leag e .
Hybri d pe r f o r m a n c e :
Hyb r ids ha ve bett er fue l ec onom y i.e.upto 25kph ru ns on fr ee of
cos t & th a t to f r e e o f pollu tio n. In congested city traffic or stop-go
traffic it gains more be n e fits to users. Here are s o m e analys es abou t
fue l ec onomy.
MPG figu res are th e averag e o f reported city and highway
num bers. Fuel cost com p arison is based on th e av erag ed M P G an d
assum e d norm s of 12,000

C o nclusion :
F i nally, hybri d run s ap pro x i m a te ly up to
25kph on free of em issions and fre e of cost, thus announced as
Eco- f ri endl y car .Thus leads to bet t er mi leage an d we can save
our m o the r e a r th f r o m pollu tio n up to som e extent .Com ing to price
of hybrid s nearly equal to co s t of con v entio n al cars . M a in tenan c es
& warranties on hybri d com ponent s of Honda & T oyot a are up to
eigh ty -y ear/ 100,000 m iles

B ibl io gr ap hy :
1 ) www.hows t u ffwor ks .com
2) www.hybridcarguide.com
3 ) a u t o m o bile engg- by kirpal singh
4 ) M e c h a n i c a l E ngg.Jornal