Name : Ayu Hudzaifah

NIM

: A33212074

Class : English Letters IVC

Summary 5
The Reestablishment of English, 12001500
Changing Conditions after 1200 England lost animportant part of its possessions abroad. The nobility
gradually relinquished their continental estates. A feeling of rivalry developed between the two countries,
accompanied by an antiforeign movement in England and culminating in the Hundred Years War. The Loss of
Normandy is So far as it affected the English language, as in other respects as well, the loss of Normandy was
wholly advantageous. King and nobles were now forced to look upon England as their first concern. Although
England still retained large continental possessions. Separation of the French and English Nobility is After the
Norman Conquest a large number held lands in both countries. A kind of interlocking aristocracy existed, so that it
might be difficult for some of the English nobility to say whether they belonged more to England or to the
continent. French Reinforcements is The invasion began in the reign of King John, whose wife, mentioned above,
was from the neighborhood of Poitou. A Poitevin clerk, Peter des Roches, was made bishop of Winchester, and
rose to be chancellor and later justiciar of England.
The Reaction against Foreigners and the Growth of National Feeling is When Henry came of age and
under the rule of Peter des Roches the first great inpouring of Poitevins occurred, the antagonism aroused was
immediate. French Cultural Ascendancy in Europe is The stimulus given to the use of French in England by
foreign additions to the upper class coincides smoothly with another circumstance tending in the same direction.
This was the wide popularity that the French language enjoyed all over civilized Europe in the thirteenth century.
English and French in the Thirteenth Century is The thirteenth century must be viewed as a period of shifting
emphasis upon the two languages spoken in England. The upper classes continued for the most part to speak
French, as they had done in the previous century, but the reasons for doing so were not the same. Attempts to
Arrest the Decline of French is At the close of the thirteenth century and especially in the course of the next we
see clear indications that the French language was losing its hold on England in the measures adopted to keep it in
use. Provincial Character of French in England is One factor against the continued use of French in England
was the circumstance that Anglo-French was not good French. In the Middle Ages there were four principal
dialects of French spoken in France: Norman, Picard (in the northeast), Burgundian (in the east), and the Central
French of Paris (theIle-de-France). The Hundred Years War is In the course of the centuries following the
Norman Conquest the connection of England with the continent, as we have seen, had been broken. The Rise of
the Middle Class is the importance of a language is largely determined by the importance of the people who speak
it. During the latter part of the Middle English period the condition of the laboring classes was rapidly improving.
General Adoption of English in the Fourteenth Century is the beginning of the fourteenth century English was
once more known by everyone,The most conclusive evidence of this is the direct testimony of contemporaries.
English in the Law Courts is In 1362 an important step was taken toward restoring English to its dominant place
as the language of the country. For a long time, probably from a date soon after the Conquest, French had been the
language of all legal proceedings. English in the Schools is Frenchhad replaced English as the language of the
schools. In the twelfth century there are patriotic complaints that Bede and others formerly taught the people in
English, but their lore is lost; other people now teach our folk. Increasing Ignorance of French in the Fifteenth
Century is The statement from a writer of the beginning of the fourteenth century to the effect that he had seen
many nobles who could not speak French indicates a condition that became more pronounced as time went on.
French as a Language of Culture and Fashion is When French went out of use as a spoken language in England
not only was its sphere more restricted but the reasons for its cultivation changed. In the first decade of the
fifteenth century, John Barton wrote a Donet Franois. The Use of English in Writing is Modern languages began
to encroach upon this field of Latin at a time when French was still the language of the educated and the
sociallyprominent. French accordingly is the first language in England to dispute the monopoly of Latin in written
matter. Middle English Literature is The Ancrene Riwle,the Ormulum(c. 1200), The two outstanding exceptions
are Layamons Brut(c. 1200), based largely on Wace (cf. 88), and the astonishing debate between The Owl and
the Nightingale(c. 1195), a long poem in which two birds exchange recriminations in the liveliest fashion.