CRYOGENIC

REFRIGERATION
Prof. Anand Bhatt

IDEAL REFRIGERATOR-CARNOT CYCLE

F.O.M = [C.O.P]
------------------------

[C.O.P] car

JOULE-THOMSON REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

Linde-Hampson Refrigerator

PRECOOLED LINDE-HAMPSON REFRIGERATOR

THREE STAGE J-T LIQUID HELIUM REFRIGERATOR

CLAUDE REFRIGERATOR

GIFFORD-MCMAHON CRYO-COOLER

G-M CRYO-COOLER PROCESSES

Process 1-2: Displacer at bottom, Inlet valve open, pressure in upper
expansion space increases from P1 to P2
Process 2-3: Inlet valve open, displacer moves to top, Gas passes from
regenerator gets cooled, volume decreases so to replace it new
gas enters to keep pressure constant.
Process 3-4: Displacer at top, inlet valve closed, exhaust valve opens, gas
expands from P2 to P1 so its temperature decreases,
Process 4-5: Displacer moves downward, gas is forced to pass from
cooler so it produces Refrigeration Effect.
Process 5-1: After absorption of heat in cooler, gas passes from regenerator
so gas gets heated and the regenerator matrix material gets
cooled.

ACTUAL 2 STAGE G-M CRYO-COOLER

G-M CRYO-COOLER
ADVANTAGES
High reliability (1-3 yrs.)
Utilizing reliable compressors
Moderate cost
Good service
Over 20,000/yr made
DISADVANTAGES
Large and heavy
Intrinsic vibration from displacer
Low efficiency (valve loss)

G-M CRYO-COOLER

USES
Cryopumps (15 K)
MRI magnets (4-12 K)
Laboratory superconducting magnets
R & D labs

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
4 K operation to replace G-M/J-T unit
Rare earth regenerator materials (Er3Ni, Nd, etc.)
Improved valve timing

G-M CRYO-COOLER-APPLICATIONS

G-M COOLER REGENERATOR MATERIAL

PHILIPS REFRIGERATOR-STIRLING CRYOCOOLER

Process:1-2 Isothermal Compressor

Process:2-3 Isochoric Heat Reject

Process:3-4 Isothermal Expansion

Process:4-1 Isochoric Heat addition

MAGNETIC COOLING PRINCIPLE

MAGNETIC COOLING PRINCIPLE

Process 1-2: Isothermal Magnetization
Process 2-3: Isentropic Demagnetization
Process 3-4: Isothermal Demagnetization

Process 4-1: Isentropic Magnetization

Thermal Valves:
Material
: Lead
State
: Superconducting- No Heat transfer(I)
: Normal- Heat transfer
Position
: Open-Normal
: Closed- Superconducting