162 BEC305 IENfd01012 7204 557 BEC305-WEEK6

TODAY LECTURE
HIGHWAY CLASSIFICATION
HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN
1. DESIGN CONTROL & CRITERIA
2. CROSS SECTION
3. ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
ROAD/HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
ORGANISATION INVOLVED IN ROAD /
HIGHWAYS IN MALAYSIA
1
GENERAL
HIGHWAY
CLASSIFICATION &
HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC
DESIGN
2
TOPIC
HIGHWAY
CLASSIFICATION
Chapter 15: Page
771-775
3
1986
1989
2002
2011
Factors Influencing
Highway Design
Functional classification
Design hourly traffic volume and mix
Design speed
Design vehicle
Cross section of the highways
Presence of heavy vehicles on steep grades
Topography of area
Level of service available funds
Safety
Social and environmental factors
5
Highway Functional
Classification
Highways are classified in terms of their service
Principal arterials
Minor arterials
Major collectors
Minor collectors
Local roads and streets
Functional System of
Urban Roads
Comprises of highway
facilities within urban
areas with
communities at least
5000 people
Urban Functional
Classification
Urban Principal Arterial System
Urban Minor Arterial Street System
Streets and highways used to interconnect and augment the

urban primary arterials
Urban Collector Street System
Serves the major activity and consists of highest-traffic-volume

corridors
Is to collect traffic from local streets in residential areas and

convey to the arterial system
Urban Local Street System
System consist of all other streets

8
Rural Functional
Classification
Rural Principal Arterial System
Rural Minor Arterial Street System
Consists of a network of highways that serves most interstate

trips
Used to augment the principal arterial with formation of

interconnecting networks
Rural Collector Street System
Primarily carries traffic within individual counties
Major collector roads: routes between county seats

Minor collector roads: traffic from local roads to other facilities
Rural Local Street System
All other network systems
Schematic Illustration of a Functionally

Classified Rural Highway Network
10
Highway Design Standards
First step in the design of any highway

No single set of geometric standards can be
used for all highways
Characteristics of the highway is used to help
determine geometric design standards
11
TOPIC
HIGHWAY
CLASSIFICATION IN
MALAYSIA
12
Road Classification
Based on location & function
Location
-
Urban
Rural
Function
-
National
Regional
State
City Network
13
Road Hierarchy (Rural)

Hierarchy classification by mix access and
mobility function:
Freeway or expressway : A divided highway for through

traffic with full control of access and with grade-separated
interchange
Highway: Interstate national network and complements

the express network..
Primary roads: Major roads forming the basic road

network system within a state.
Secondary roads: Major roads forming basic road

network system within a district.
Minor roads: Other than those above in the rural areas.
14
DETAILS READ AND UNDERSTAND ADDITIONAL NOTES GIVEN.
Road Hierarchy (Urban)

roads:
Arterial
Collector:
Local
A
continuous road with
partial
access
control for through traffic
within urban areas.
Serve as
collector or distributor of
traffic between arterial
and local road system.
street:
Basic
road network within a
neighborhood and offer
direct
access
to
abutting land
15
16
URBAN AREAS
Urban areas are defined as areas having a

population of at least more than >10,000
where buildings and houses are gathered
and business activity is prevalent.
Urban areas are very developed, meaning
there is a density of human structures such
as houses, commercial buildings, roads,
bridges, and railways.
EXAMPLE URBAN AREA
EXAMPLE URBAN AREA
RURAL AREAS
A rural area is an open swath of land that

has few homes or other buildings, and not
very many people.
A rural areas population density is very low.
Many people live in a city, or urban area.
Their homes and businesses are located very
close to one another.
EXAMPLE RURAL AREA
EXAMPLE RURAL AREA
NEW VILLAGES
(KAMPUNG BARU, KUALA LUMPUR
23
GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF
ROADS
URBAN AREAS
25
RURAL AREAS
26
1. DESIGN
CONTROL &
CRITERIA
27
Categories of Road
Roads are divided into two groups by areas,

rural and urban.
Roads in rural areas are further classified into
five categories by function: Expressway,
highway, primary roads, secondary road and
minor roads
Road in urban areas: Expressway, arterial,
collector and local street.
Lower design speed are usually adopted for

urban roads
Urban roads are characterised by busy
pedestrian activity and frequent stopping of
vehicles.
30
Rule of thumb
Roads which function to provide long

distance travel, will require higher design
speed
Roads with heavier traffic will be provided
with a higher standard.
Each design standard is

generally applicable to the
road types
R6/U6 : provides the highest geometric

design standard for rural or urban areas.
They usually serve long trips with high speed
of travelling, comfort and safety.
It is always design with divided carriageway
and full access control.
Details definitions :
Rural areas: R6, R5,

R4, R3, R2, R1
Urban areas: U6, U5,

U4, U3, U2 ,U1
33
Your friends
house
Access
(local)
Termination
(driveway)
Distribution
(collector)
Collection
(collector)
Main movement
(arterial)
Access
(local)
Origination
(driveway)
copyright@ akram UiTM, Malaysia
Hierarchy of Movements and Roads
Your house
Access control
Is the condition where the

right
of
owners
or
occupants
Fully, partially or non
controlled
Access control
Selection of Design Standard
The selection of the required design standard

should begin with the assessment of the
function of the proposed road and the area it
traverse.
40
Average Daily Traffic - ADT (veh/day)
ADT Distribution of traffic flow every day from

Monday to Sunday
Example:
Day
Average Daily Volume
Monday
1820
Tuesday
1588
Wednesday
1406
Thursday
1300
Friday
1289
Saturday
1275
Sunday
1332
Total (veh in week)
10010
ADT (veh/day)
1430
41
Annual Average Daily Traffic AADT

(veh/day/year)
AADT Distribution of traffic flow every day for the

whole year (365 days)
Acquired by doing survey work twice in a year.
Each survey take a week with 6 months interval

AADT = volume of traffic
+
in 7 days (March)
volume of traffic in
7 days (Sept)
14
42
43
Design control and criteria

(RURAL)
Topography
The location of a road and its design are
considerably influenced by the topography,
physical features and land use of the area
traversed.
Flat
Rolling
Mountainous
Design Speed
Design Speed Consideration
Functional classification of the highway

Character of the terrain
Density and character of adjacent land uses
Traffic volumes expected to use the highway
Economic and environmental considerations
Design Speed in REAM

guidelines
48
URBAN AREAS
49
RURAL AREAS
50
2. CROSS SECTION
Cross Section
Pedestrian and public transport access to the development
60
URBAN AREAS
61
RURAL AREAS
62
3. ELEMENTS OF
DESIGN
SIGHT DISTANCE
HORINZONTAL CURVE
VERTICAL CURVE
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
The alignment is comprised of a variety of

elements joined together to create a facilities
that serves the traffic in a safe consistency
and efficient in design
Sight Distance
Stopping sight distance

Passing sight distance
66
67
SIGHT DISTANCE
The minimum passing sight distance for two-lane highways

is determined as the sum of the four distances:
d1 -- Distance traversed during perception and reaction time
and during the initial acceleration to the point of
encroachment on the left lane.
d2 -- Distance traveled while the passing vehicle occupies
the left lane.
d3 -- Distance between the passing vehicle at the end of its
maneuver and the opposing vehicle.
d4 -- Distance traversed by the opposing vehicle for twothirds of the time the passing vehicle occupies the left lane,
or 2/3 of d2 above.
Sight Distance Over Crests
The visibility
Plan And Longitudinal Profile
76
77
78
79
80
Coordination of
horizontal and vertical alignment
Coordination of Vertical and

Horizontal Alignment
Vertical curvature should be coordinated with

horizontal
Sharp horizontal curvature should not be introduced
at or near the top of a crest vertical curve
Drivers may not perceive change in horizontal alignment

especially at night

At intersections where sight distance needs

to be accommodated, both horizontal and
vertical curves should be as flat as practical

When possible alignment should enhance

scenic views of the natural and manmade
environment
Highway should lead into not away from

outstanding views
Coordination of Horizontal and

Vertical Alignment
Coordination of horizontal and vertical

alignment should begin with preliminary
design
Easier to make adjustments at this stage
Designer should study long, continuous
stretches of highway in both plan and profile
and visualize the whole in three dimensions
Good Coordination of Horizontal

and Vertical Alignment
Does not affect

aesthetic, scenic,
historic, and cultural
resources along the
way
Enhances attractive
scenic views
Rivers
Rock formations
Parks
Historic sites
Outstanding buildings
Coordination of Horizontal and

Vertical Alignment
Vertical Curves
Parabolic shape
Types of crest and
sag curves
DETAILS IN TEXT
BOOKS
Page 788 - 789
89
Vertical Curve AASHTO Controls

(Crest)
Minimum length must provide stopping sight

distance S
Source: Transportation Engineering On-line Lab

Manual, http://www.its.uidaho.edu/niatt_labmanual/
Assistant with Target Rod (2ft object height)
Observer with
Sighting Rod (3.5
ft)
REAM TRAINING PROGRAM

ROAD SAFETY AUDIT - 2005
1) Horizontal alignment
Road Safety Audit Stage 3 (Detailed Design)

Vertical alignment Sight distance

Combination of horizontal and vertical alignment

Long length of curve encourages overtaking along double line
URBAN AREAS
97
RURAL AREAS
98
BREAK 10 MINUTES
99
ROAD/HIGHWAY
ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYSIA
100
101
102
103
104
105
ORGANISATION INVOLVED IN
ROAD / HIGHWAYS IN MALAYSIA
106
107
108
109
110
Land Public Transport Commission

(SPAD) Suruhanjaya Pengangkutan
Awam Darat
SPAD took over the functions of the Commercial

Vehicle Licensing Board, Department of Railways and the
tourism vehicles licensing function of the Ministry of Tourism in
Peninsular Malaysia.
SPAD brings together the functions of drawing up policies,
planning, and regulating all aspects of land public
transportation, which includes rail, bus, and taxi services, as
well as the road and rail-based freight transport.
In addition, SPAD carries out an enforcement role for the public
transportation system in Malaysia, in close co-operation with
other enforcement agencies namely; the Royal Malaysia Police
(PDRM) and the Road Transport Department Malaysia (JPJ).
111
112
113
114
115
Summary of Functions of Government

Agencies in Road / Highway Transport in
Malaysia
SPAD
116
Thank you
REFERENCES
Some slides presentation from Dr.
Muhammad Akram Adnan Lecturer UiTM
117

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TODAY LECTURE

Urban Principal Arterial System

Urban Minor Arterial Street System

Streets and highways used to interconnect and augment the

Urban Collector Street System

Serves the major activity and consists of highest-traffic-volume

Is to collect traffic from local streets in residential areas and

Urban Local Street System

System consist of all other streets

Rural Principal Arterial System

Rural Minor Arterial Street System

Consists of a network of highways that serves most interstate

Used to augment the principal arterial with formation of

Rural Collector Street System

Primarily carries traffic within individual counties

Major collector roads: routes between county seats

Rural Local Street System

All other network systems

Schematic Illustration of a Functionally

Highway Design Standards

First step in the design of any highway

Road Hierarchy (Rural)

Freeway or expressway : A divided highway for through

Highway: Interstate national network and complements

Primary roads: Major roads forming the basic road

Secondary roads: Major roads forming basic road

Minor roads: Other than those above in the rural areas.

DETAILS READ AND UNDERSTAND ADDITIONAL NOTES GIVEN.

Road Hierarchy (Urban)

DETAILS READ AND UNDERSTAND ADDITIONAL NOTES GIVEN.

Urban areas are defined as areas having a

EXAMPLE URBAN AREA

EXAMPLE URBAN AREA

A rural area is an open swath of land that

EXAMPLE RURAL AREA

EXAMPLE RURAL AREA

Roads are divided into two groups by areas,

Lower design speed are usually adopted for

Roads which function to provide long

Each design standard is

R6/U6 : provides the highest geometric

Rural areas: R6, R5,

Urban areas: U6, U5,

DETAILS READ AND UNDERSTAND ADDITIONAL NOTES GIVEN.

Hierarchy of Movements and Roads

Is the condition where the

Selection of Design Standard

The selection of the required design standard

Average Daily Traffic - ADT (veh/day)

ADT Distribution of traffic flow every day from

Average Daily Volume

Total (veh in week)

Annual Average Daily Traffic AADT

AADT Distribution of traffic flow every day for the

Acquired by doing survey work twice in a year.

Each survey take a week with 6 months interval

Design control and criteria

DETAILS READ AND UNDERSTAND ADDITIONAL NOTES GIVEN.

Design Speed Consideration

Functional classification of the highway

Design Speed in REAM

copyright@ akram UiTM, Malaysia

copyright@ akram UiTM, Malaysia