TECHNICAL GUIDELINES

FOR 400 kV AND 220 kV OH-LINES

SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

FOUNDATIONS

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

Contents

Page

2.1

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 4

2.2

SCOPE ............................................................................................................................. 7

2.3

DEFINITIONS................................................................................................................... 7
Grillage foundation ........................................................................................................... 7
Foundation framework...................................................................................................... 7
Rock anchor ..................................................................................................................... 7
Holding down bolt ............................................................................................................. 7
Moment foundation........................................................................................................... 7
Uplift foundation................................................................................................................ 7
Compression foundation .................................................................................................. 7
Cast in-situ foundation...................................................................................................... 8
Pre-cast foundation .......................................................................................................... 8
Stay anchor ...................................................................................................................... 8
Pile foundation.................................................................................................................. 8
Sheet foundation .............................................................................................................. 8
Tube foundation ............................................................................................................... 8

2.4

DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................. 9

2.4.1

General ............................................................................................................................ 9

2.4.2

Foundations for steel supports .................................................................................... 9

2.4.3

Foundations for Concrete supports............................................................................. 9

2.4.4

Foundations for Wooden supports .............................................................................. 9

2.5

REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................ 9

2.5.1
2.5.1.1
2.5.1.2
2.5.1.3

Material............................................................................................................................ 9
Steel ............................................................................................................................... 10
Wood .............................................................................................................................. 10
Concrete ......................................................................................................................... 11

2.5.2
2.5.2.1
2.5.2.2
2.5.2.3
2.5.2.4
2.5.2.5

Design............................................................................................................................ 12
General........................................................................................................................... 12
Grillage foundation ......................................................................................................... 15
Concrete foundation ....................................................................................................... 15
Pile foundation................................................................................................................ 16
Stay anchor .................................................................................................................... 16

2.5.3

Loading parameters ..................................................................................................... 16

2.5.4
2.5.4.1
2.5.4.2

Workmanship and material details ............................................................................. 16

Steel ............................................................................................................................... 16
Concrete ......................................................................................................................... 18

2.5.5

Documentation ............................................................................................................. 20

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

2.5.5.1

Drawings and calculations.............................................................................................. 20

2.6

CONSTRUCTION .......................................................................................................... 22

2.6.1

General .......................................................................................................................... 22

2.6.2
2.6.2.1
2.6.2.2
2.6.2.3
2.6.2.4
2.6.3

Cast in-situ concrete foundations .............................................................................. 23

General........................................................................................................................... 23
Foundations in soil.......................................................................................................... 25
Anchored foundations on rock........................................................................................ 25
Foundations in loose soils pile foundations ................................................................. 26
Pre-cast concrete foundations........................................................................................ 26

2.6.4

Grillage foundations .................................................................................................... 27

2.6.5

Tube foundations ......................................................................................................... 28

2.6.6

Stay anchors ................................................................................................................. 28

2.7

TESTS............................................................................................................................ 28

2.7.1

General .......................................................................................................................... 28

2.7.2

Concrete foundations .................................................................................................. 29

2.7.3

Stay anchors ................................................................................................................. 29

2.8

CERTIFICATE OF DELIVERY....................................................................................... 29

2.8.1

General .......................................................................................................................... 29

2.8.2
2.8.2.1
2.8.2.2
2.8.2.3

Quality documentation ................................................................................................ 29

Certificate ....................................................................................................................... 30
Deviation report .............................................................................................................. 30
Separate reports and inspection companies .................................................................. 30

APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................ 31
Appendix A CONTROL STRAND FOR TESTING OF POSSIBLE CORROSION ATTACK ON STEEL
BURIED UNDERGROUND ............................................................................................ 31

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

2.1

REFERENCES
-

Note that standards, regulations etc. which are referred to in these guidelines are
subject to continuous change and can be withdrawn, revised or replaced. The
contractor shall immediately inform the client of such changes.

BBK94

Boverkets handbok om betongkonstruktioner

BFS 1998:39 BFS 1993:58

Boverkets Konstruktionsregler BKR
BSK99

Boverkets handbok om stlkonstruktioner

EBR handbok

"UNDERHLL LEDNINGAR 0,4 420 kV"

Mark AMA83

Allmnna material- och arbetsbeskrivningar fr markarbeten

SIS 21 18 45

Armeringsnt Ns 50 och Nps 50

SIS 21 25 13

Armeringsstng. Kamstng Ks 40 och Ks40S

SIS 21 25 15

Armeringsstng. Kamstng Ks 60 och Ks60S

SIS 81 11 95

Plana plskor fr kvadratiska betongplar

SIS 81 11 96

Bergskor av stl fr fastgjutning av kvadratiska betongplar

SIS 81 20 01

Betongelement - Kantutformning

SS ISO 216

Skrivpapper och vissa typer av trycksaker - Frdigformat - A - och

B -serien

SS ISO 724

Metriska ISO-gngor - Basmtt

SS ISO 4753

Fstelement - ndar p detaljer med utvndiga metriska ISO-gngor

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

SS ISO 9001

Kvalitetssystem - Krav vid konstruktion, utveckling, produktion,

installation och service.

SS 3192

Oorganiska ytbelggningar - Varmfrzinkade gngade stldetaljer

SS 3193

Metriska ISO-gngor - Varmfrzinkning av utvndiga grovgngor Gngtoleranser och grnsmtt

SS 05 61 10

Impregnering av tr - Kvalitetskrav

SS 11 00 01

Allmnna tekniska leverans- och kontrollbestmmelser fr

metalliska varor

SS-EN 10 025

Allmnt konstruktionsstl Stl S275JR

EN 10113-2

Allmnt konstruktionsstl - Mikrolegerat stl Stl S355N

SS-EN 10 025

Allmnt konstruktionsstl Stl S355JO

SS 21 25 11

Armeringsstng-Slt stng Ss 26S

SS 81 11 03

Betongplar med kvadratiskt tvrsnitt-Fodringar

SS 81 11 92

Bergskor fr betongplar-Dubbar

SS 424 11 50

Material fr luftledningar-Stagskruvar

SS 424 11 51

Material fr luftledningar-Byglar till stagskruvar

SS 436 01 05

Dimensioner av friledningar fr starkstrm. Fundament och

undergrund

SvK TR 5:103

Stolpar

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

Rapport 93 B:81 Vattenfall Utveckling AB Elkraftteknik: Korrosion

stagfrankringar. Kontrollmetod. Frstudie.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

2.2

SCOPE
These guidelines are applicable to foundations for wood, steel and concrete structures.
The term "foundations" shall be taken to include stay anchors.
The relevant sections of SvK TR 5:103 are applicable for design, manufacture and
documentation of steel foundations.

2.3

DEFINITIONS
Technical terms and definitions used in these guidelines:
Grillage foundation
Foundation consisting of sleepers and a steel framework or sleepers and steel beams
to transfer loads from the support to the ground. The sleepers can be made of concrete
or wood.
Foundation framework
Framework comprising steel angle sections, designed for the purpose of transferring
loads from the support to the ground, installed on sleepers, or anchored in rock by
anchor bolts.
Rock anchor
Anchor bolts drilled and secured into rock designed for the purpose of transferring
loads from the foundation.
Holding down bolt
Bolt between the structure footing and the foundation designed for the purpose of
anchoring the structure to the foundation
Moment foundation
Foundation principally subjected to bending moments.
Uplift foundation
Foundation principally subjected to uplift loads.
Compression foundation
Foundation principally subjected to compression loads.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
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Cast in-situ foundation

Foundations cast in-situ at the structure location.
Pre-cast foundation
Foundation produced in a factory approved for the manufacture of concrete elements
and transported to the structure location.
Stay anchor
Anchor in soil or rock designed for the purpose of transferring stay loads.
Pile foundation
Foundation in soft soil designed for the purpose of transferring loads to the ground by
means of piles.
Piles to firm bottom

End bearing piles

Piles to certain depth for

load to be transferred by
friction

Friction piles

Piles to certain depth for

load to be transferred by
cohesion.

Cohesion piles

Sheet foundation
Foundation in soft soil where the load is transferred to the ground by timbered sheet
walls.
Tube foundation
Foundation in soft soil where the load is transferred to the ground by concrete tubes.
The concrete tube can either be cast in one piece or be made of jointed rings.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
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2.4

DESCRIPTION

2.4.1

GENERAL
Foundations and stay anchors with exposed steelwork buried underground shall be
fitted with corrosion control wire in accordance with appendix A.

2.4.2

FOUNDATIONS FOR STEEL SUPPORTS

Steel supports shall be located on steel foundation frameworks attached to sleepers or
on to rock, on steel beams attached to sleepers, or on pre-cast / cast in-situ concrete
foundations. Only steel or concrete piles may be used, timbered sheet foundations are
not permitted.

2.4.3

FOUNDATIONS FOR CONCRETE SUPPORTS

Concrete poles which are mainly subjected to vertical loads are to be founded in
accordance with SS 436 01 05 clause 4.2. Other types of concrete structures shall be
founded in pipes or on concrete foundations. In soft soil concrete structures shall be
founded on concrete foundations with piles anchored in the foundation pad.

2.4.4

FOUNDATIONS FOR WOODEN SUPPORTS

Wooden poles shall be founded according to SS 436 01 05 clause. 4.1.
In soft soil wooden poles shall be founded in tubes, on piles or alternatively timbered
sheet foundations.

2.5

REQUIREMENTS

2.5.1

MATERIAL
Unless otherwise specified, all material delivered shall correspond to the latest
available edition of the appropriate Swedish standard and Code of Practice or
alternatively foreign standards that the client deems to be equivalent or superior.
If no standard is applicable, all materials and workmanship shall be of the best quality
and detailed information shall be submitted to the client for approval.
If the standard to be followed is not written in Swedish or English the supplier shall
submit a translated copy in Swedish or English to the client.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
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The supplier shall inform the client timeously regarding the applicable standards for
the materials to be supplied.
The materials shall be inspected and tested to verify compliance with the applicable
specifications or standards.
2.5.1.1

Steel

2.5.1.1.1

Reinforcing steel
Reinforcing steel for concrete foundations shall comply with the requirements of the
relevant Swedish standard with only steel of weldable quality being allowed.

2.5.1.1.2.

Holding down bolts, including nut and washer

Holding down bolts shall be made of grade S355N or Ks40S steel.
For hot-dip galvanising refer to 2.5.4.1.1.
Washers for holding down bolts shall be made of grade S275JR steel galvanised to
give a zinc coating of 650 g/m2 (95 Pm).
Nuts for holding down bolts shall be hot-dip galvanised and made of grade 8.8 steel.

2.5.1.1.3

Other embedded steel

The requirements for anchor steel for adjustable anchor clamps shall be in accordance
with 2.5.1.1.2.

2.5.1.1.4

Steel piles
A certificate of compliance shall be submitted if requested by the client.

2.5.1.2

Wood

2.5.1.2.1

For grillage foundation

Sleepers for foundations shall be made of pine and impregnated to class A in
accordance with Swedish Standard SS 05 61 10.
Wood for sleepers shall be fresh, firm and in good condition and may not contain
typical compression wood or cross grain. Spiral grain shall not exceed a slope of 1:7.
Furthermore the wood shall be free from log blue, storage blue, decay, insect holes,
rotten knot, water-wood or harmful weakening defects such as big star and ring
shakes.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

Minor superficial blue stain and water stain which do not have a detrimental effect on
the serviceability of the sleeper are however permitted.
The maximum diameter of knots shall be less than 40% of the sleeper width.
The sleepers shall be thoroughly cleaned of bark and phloem. They shall also be
accurately sawn with smooth parallel surfaces and the ends cut square to the
longitudinal axis of the sleeper.
2.5.1.2.2

For timbered sheet foundations

Pine planks, strength class T30, are to be used for timbered sheet foundations and
impregnated in accordance with Class A of Swedish Standard SS 06 61 10.

2.5.1.2.3

For wooden piles

Pine piles are to be used impregnated in accordance with Class A of Swedish
Standard SS 06 61 10.
Material is to conform to the requirements of BKR Boverkets konstruktionsregler 4:4.

2.5.1.3

Concrete
The publication BBK94, Boverkets handbok om betong konstruktioner, is to be
followed for concrete works unless stated otherwise.

2.5.1.3.1

Cast in-situ foundations

Concrete shall be of a minimum standard equivalent to K30, waterproof, air content
in accordance with BBK 94 table 7.3.2.1a, quality class I and moderate aggressive
environment according to BBK 94 clause 7.3.2.
Concrete shall be manufactured by factories associated to KRB.

2.5.1.3.2

Pre-cast factory manufactured foundations

Concrete shall be of a minimum standard equivalent to K30, waterproof, air content
in accordance with BBK 94 table 7.3.2.1a, quality class I and moderate aggressive
environment according to BBK 94 clause 7.3.2.
Concrete shall be manufactured by factories associated to KRB.

2.5.1.3.3

Concrete piles
Concrete shall conform to the requirements of Swedish Standard SS 81 11 03.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

2.5.1.3.4

For rock anchoring

For grouting a cement / water mixture shall be used with a water cement ratio of 0.27
- 0.28. If an alternative grout is to be used it shall be approved by the client.

2.5.1.3.5

Base plates
Grouting of base plates is to be performed with expanding grout with a minimum
thickness of 20 mm. The grout shall have a standard certificate of approval issued by
the National Housing Board (Boverket).

2.5.1.3.6

Concrete sleepers
Concrete sleepers shall conform to the requirements of clause 2.5.1.3.2.

2.5.1.3.7

Concrete tubes
Concrete tubes shall be reinforced and manufactured in a factory that is approved by
the Kontrollrdet fr Betongvaror (KRB) (Control council for concrete products)

2.5.2

DESIGN

2.5.2.1

General
Design shall be performed in accordance with Swedish Standard SS 436 01 05.
Foundations shall be designed to withstand all the load cases which occur on the
supports.
A soil investigation shall be carried out on which the design of the foundation shall be
based. The soil investigation shall be presented in accordance with the standard forms
of SGF.
Foundations shall be founded at a depth in accordance with Swedish Standard SS 436
01 05 clause 6.3 Frosfritt djup(Frost proof depth). The foundation depth may be
reduced if ground insulation is used under the pad and if so this shall be stated on the
drawings. The amount of depth reduction shall be verified by calculations which are
to be approved by the client.
Safety for stability for the following foundation types are given in Swedish Standard
SS 436 01 05 section 5.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
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Moment foundations are to be designed in accordance with a method accepted in

Sweden where lateral earth pressure, substratum, overturning and horizontal
movement are considered. The supplier is obliged to present the method to be used.
Foundations that are subject to uplift loads shall be designed for the weight of the soil
and the concrete.
Uplift load x safety to uprooting = Weight of soil + weight of concrete.
The weight of soil is to be calculated using the volume that is defined in Swedish
Standard SS 436 01 05 clause 4.2.
Steel anchor bars for uplift foundations or stay anchors on rock are to be designed
such that the embedded length in rock is equivalent to the weight of the frustum of a
pyramid with a 45 frustum angle in solid rock or 30 in soft rock.
Uplift load x safety to uprooting = Weight of rock.
The density for solid rock shall be assumed as 26 kN/m3
If a shorter embedded length is achieved as a result of the adoption of an alternative
design philosophy, which does not conform with the above, the anchor shall be tested
in accordance with clause 2.7.3.
Compression foundations in cohesive soils are to be designed in accordance with the
formula below.
Qtill

5(1  0.2 D B )(1  0.2 B L)(1  1.3H V ) Cu 0.8  D J .

Limit condition:
0 d D B d 2.5 and 0 d B L d 1.0
For D B

2.5 is (1  0.2 D B ) 1.5

where Qtill = Allowable average vertical earth pressure (kN/m2).

D = The depth from the lowest ground surface to the bottom of the foundation
(m).
B = Width of pad (m).

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

L = Length of pad (m).

H = Horizontal load (kN).
V = Vertical load (kN).
Cu = Undrained shear strength of the soil (kPa).
J = Density of soil over the pad (kN/m3).
Compression foundations in frictional soils are to be designed in accordance with the
formula below.
Q till

N J J 2 B 2 1  0,3 B L 1  1,5 H V  2 

 N J D1  0,1 D B 1  0,2 B L 1  1,5 H V 

1
q

where Qtill= Allowable average vertical earth pressure (kN/m2).

NJ = Bearing capacity factor for the soil under the bottom the foundation
Nq = Bearing capacity factor for the soil above the bottom the foundation
Values for NJ and Nq are given in the graph on page 14.
D = The depth from the lowest ground surface to the bottom of the foundation
(m).
B = Width of pad (m).
L = Length of pad (m).
H = Horizontal load (kN).
V = Vertical load (kN).
J1 = Density of soil over the pad (kN/m3).
J2 = Density of soil under the pad to the depth of 2B (kN/m3).

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

Id
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Bearing capacity factor Nq
and NJ

35

40

45

300
200
100
50
20
10
5
Nq

2
1

NJ
0

0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
tan Id

where

Ik= characteristic value of the angle of internal friction for the soil material
tan I d'

tan I k'

tan I k'

Jm Jn

1,1 1,1

Jm = Partial factor in accordance with BKR 4:31 (Boverkets

konstruktionsregler).
Jn = In accordance with Swedish Standard SS 436 01 01 clause 3.2 (1.1 for
safety class 2)
2.5.2.2

Grillage foundation
The stability of grillage foundations is to be checked in accordance with clause
2.5.2.1.
Sleepers shall be made from wood, steel or concrete.
Grillage foundations for stay attachments shall be installed with a sleeper support
which transfers the horizontal component of the load to every sleeper. The sleeper
support shall be rigidly fixed to the foundation beams.

2.5.2.3

Concrete foundation
Stability is to be checked in accordance with clause 2.5.2.1.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

Concrete and reinforcing are to be designed in accordance with Boverkets handbok

om betongkonstruktioner BBK94 and safety class 2 according to clause 1.1.1.4.
Strength is to be designed in the ultimate limit state and crack width in the
serviceability limit state. See Swedish Standard SS 436 01 05 chapter 5.
2.5.2.4

Pile foundation
Pile foundations are to be designed in accordance with BKR Boverkets
konstruktionsregler.
The design of pile groups is to be in accordance with "Handboken Bygg" chapter
K11:22.

2.5.2.5

Stay anchor
Stay anchors are to be designed taking into account the weight of the overlying soil
and the weight of the anchor with a minimum safety in accordance with Swedish
Standard SS 436 01 05 section 5.
Tensile load (anchoring) x safety to uprooting = weight of soil + anchor.
Stay anchors in rock are to be designed on the basis of utilising as an anchor either
reinforcing steel bar Ks40S or fully threaded bar. Anchors are to be embedded in
accordance with clause 2.6.2.3.

2.5.3

LOADING PARAMETERS
Foundations shall be designed to withstand all load cases for the supports with safety
in accordance with Swedish Standard SS 436 01 05 and clause 2.5.2.

2.5.4

WORKMANSHIP AND MATERIAL DETAILS

2.5.4.1

Steel

2.5.4.1.1

Corrosion protection steel foundations

The application of vinyl tar paint shall be used to improve the corrosion protection
when steel foundations are located in particularly corrosive soils. This shall be
applied in two coatings with the first layer being dry before the second layer is
applied. Total film thickness is to be 100-150 Pm. The hot-dip galvanised steel is to
be washed before painting with ammonia water. Mix proportions shall be 1 part of
25% ammonia water to 10 parts of water.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

2.5.4.1.2

Holding down bolts inclusive of nuts and washers

Fully threaded bars or alternatively deformed reinforcing bars Ks40S are to be used as
holding down bolts. The load is transferred by bond between the steel and the
concrete.
U-bolts can be used as holding down bolts. The use of other types of holding down
bolts is subject to the approval of the client.
Holding down bolts shall have metric threads with the ends chamfered so that
satisfactory starting of the threads is achieved in accordance with Swedish Standard
SS ISO 4753.
Before hot-dip galvanising the diameter of the threads shall conform to the
requirements of Swedish Standard SS 3193.
Hot-dip galvanising
The basic dimensions of the threads in accordance with Swedish Standard SS ISO
724 are not to be exceeded after the specified length has been hot-dip galvanised.
For M24 to M36 diameter holding down bolts the upper 250 mm shall be hot-dip
galvanised. Diameters greater than M36 shall have the upper 300 mm hot-dip
galvanised.
The minimum zinc coating on holding down bolts shall conform to the requirements
of Swedish Standard SS 3192. Acid cleaning is only to be carried out on that part of
the holding down bolt that is to be hot-dip galvanised.
Tests
Holding down bolts are to be visually inspected before and after hot-dip galvanising.
Sample testing shall include hot-dip galvanised length, bolt length and thread
dimensions.
Certificate
The supplier shall submit an identification certificate in accordance with Swedish
Standard SS 11 00 01 for the material and a certificate confirming that the required
tests have been performed.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
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2.5.4.2

Concrete

2.5.4.2.1

Pre-cast foundations
Foundations are to be manufactured in accordance with boverkets handbok fr
betongkonstruktioner BBK94 and quality class I.
Testing is to be performed in accordance with BBK94 9.5.
It is the responsibility of the contractor to ensure that the supplier carries out the
manufacturing under adequate production supervision.
All visible corners are to be chamfered with an F20 three edge fillet in accordance
with SIS 81 20 01 with a width of approximately 27 mm.
Foundations are to be manufactured to meet the tolerances given in the table below.
Dimension

Basis of
measurement
(mm)

Bolt group

Tolerance (mm)

Definition of
dimension b)

a)

Length, width, height

20

Location in the
horizontal plane

25

Location in height

20

H/600, min. 10, max. 25

4, 16

Crookedness and
inclination

Height (H)

a) Tolerances for bolt groups shall be stated on drawings or an instruction referred to

on a drawing.
b) In accordance with HusAMA 98
The requirements of surface roughness as below shall be fulfilled.
Permitted number of local peaks per m2

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

Height
mm

Number

1
2
3

10
5
2

A maximum of 20 cavities (pores) per m2, with diameters of 5-10 mm and a

maximum depth of 5 mm, are allowed.
A certificate containing the following information shall be included in the as-built
documentation.
x Supplier
x The clients order number
x Quantity of foundations included in the consignment
x Drawing number
x Information regarding tests performed and test results.
x Date and signature of quality manager
Further manufacturing documents:
x Method of manufacture
x Lifting points
x Storage location prior to transport to site.
x Required concrete strength before lifting and transport from manufacturing site.
Marking of foundations shall include:
x Manufacturer
x Date of manufacture

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

x Type (i.e. drawing number)

x Weight
The manufacturer shall be responsible for the repair of any damages incurred during
transport.
Prefabricated concrete units with damages incurred during transport which will result
in reduced bearing capacity or durability (50 years) shall be discarded and replaced
with a new unit.
2.5.5

DOCUMENTATION
All text shall be written in Swedish or English.
SI units shall be used in all documents, calculations and drawings.
A summary of documentation requirements is contained in chapter 14.

2.5.5.1

Drawings and calculations

The contractor shall prepare all drawings required for the work.
The contractor shall present the drawings in such a way that they unambiguously
specify how all details are to be made.
The contractor shall furnish the client with workshop drawings, working drawings
and calculations for review as called for in this specification or which are required to
verify compliance with the contract, or for any other reasons as requested by the
client.
Drawings and calculations are subject to the clients review and approval
The contractor shall furnish the client with copies of drawings and calculations which
the latter shall review. In this respect the contractor shall ensure that the drawings are
produced timeously to allow time for review and amendments to be made before they
are used for manufacturing or construction purposes.
Drawings prepared by the contractor, which are subject to review by the client, may
not be used for manufacturing or construction purposes before they have been
approved by the client.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

The review of drawings by the client does not release the contractor from any of his
obligations in accordance with these guidelines, or from his responsibility of ensuring
that the design and drawings are correct.
All designs shall be in accordance with these guidelines and take due cognisance of
the requirements regarding manufacturing and installation etc. The contractor shall be
responsible for all designs prepared by him.
Design calculations are to be approved by the client.
The contractors obligations shall be deemed to include any additional measures, such
as more detailed inspections etc, if revealed as a necessity by the clients review
On the drawings the following shall be given, if appropriate:
x On every foundation type drawing excavation depth and dimensions of the pad
and chimney.
x Diameter, type and length of holding down bolts.
x Waterproofness, air content, together with quality, strength and environmental
classes of concrete.
x Diameters, quantity, lengths, centre to centre distances, bending radii and concrete
cover for reinforcing.
x Dimensions, lengths, types and positions of piles.
x Diameters, embedded length and positions of rock anchor steel.
x Type of concrete tubes.
x Type of ground insulation.
x Type, cross-section and lengths of sleepers.
x Steel foundation frameworks are to be presented in accordance with the
requirements given in Chapter 3, - Supports.
x Requirements for excavation, backfilling and grouting.
x Applicable regulations and security class shall be stated for concrete foundations.
Drawings for concrete foundations shall also conform to the requirements of
BBK94 clause 1.4.2.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

The type of foundation for each support is to be stated on the respective support
drawing or on a separate assembly drawing. Where required a separate foundation
plan is to be made for supports to show details of excavation and backfill.
With every drawing submission a drawing list shall be included. The list shall include
all foundation drawings together with notes indicating changes.
The size of drawings shall conform to Swedish Standard SS ISO 216:
x A1 (594x841 mm)
x A2 (420x594 mm)
x A3 (297x420 mm)
x A4 (210x297 mm)
Sizes larger than A1 should be avoided.
All dimensions given on the drawings shall be in mm.
Every drawing shall have a provision in the lower right-hand corner for the clients
title and drawing number if the client so wishes. A panel for indicating the revision
status shall be included on every drawing.
The following applies for calculations:
The design calculations shall be submitted together with the factors of safety and/or
partial factors used. The output data from computer programs shall be presented in
such a way that the client can check input data and results.
SvK TR 5:103 applies for foundation frameworks.

2.6

CONSTRUCTION

2.6.1

GENERAL
It is not permitted for any support to have its foundations in soils with significantly
different characteristics. Thus one foundation may not be placed on firm soil, such as
rock, moraine or gravel, while another is placed on loose soil. In such cases the loose
soil has to be replaced or alternatively the rock blasted.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

Concrete foundations are to be installed with a minimum dimension of 30 cm from

ground level to the top of the foundation.
Steel foundations and all stay anchors with steel components buried below ground
level, whether adjustable or not, are to be equipped with an inspection strand to
enable corrosion to be checked. The installation is to be done in accordance with
appendix A.
2.6.2

CAST IN-SITU CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS

2.6.2.1

General
Concrete works shall conform to quality class I in accordance with BBK 94 8.5.
Prior to dismantling formwork the concrete strength shall be a minimum of 6 MPa
At an individual support location the same type of formwork material shall be used
for all foundation parts situated above ground level.
All visible corners are to be chamfered with an F20 three edge fillet in accordance
with SIS 81 20 01 with a width of approximately 27 mm.
All other requirements regarding concrete quality and testing shall conform to
BBK94.
Foundations are to be manufactured to meet the tolerances given in the table below.
Dimension

Basis of
measurement
(mm)

Bolt group

Tolerance (mm)

Definition of
dimension b)

a)

Length, width, height

20

Location in the
horizontal plane

25

Location in height

20

H/600, min. 10, max. 25

4, 16

Crookedness and
inclination

Height (H)

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

a) Tolerances for bolt groups shall be stated on drawings or an instruction referred to

on a drawing.
b) In accordance with HusAMA 98
The distances between the foundations of an individual support shall have such
tolerances that the support can be easily assembled and will not be subjected to
stresses for which it was not designed.
The requirements of surface roughness as below shall be fulfilled.
Permitted number of local peaks per m2
Height
mm

Number

1
2
3

10
5
2

A maximum of 20 cavities (pores) per m2, with diameters of 5-10 mm and a

maximum depth of 5 mm, are allowed.
Backfilling shall be carried out with materials that do not include topsoil, remnants of
timber or frozen soil. Within 0.5 metres from the foundation the maximum stone size
shall be 200 mm care being taken so that any such stones do not fall down and
damage the foundation.
After completion of installation and backfilling it shall be verified that the foundation
is in the correct position. Acceptable deviations in height, plane, inclination and
rotation within the same support location shall be given on drawings or on
accompanying instructions.
Grouting is to be done to the required extent. Grouting of baseplates for supports is to
be completed as soon as possible after the support has been erected. The steel
construction is to be aligned vertically by means of adjustable bolts, or wooden
wedges, which are to be removed in sequence with the grouting work. Pressure
distributing steel plates must be used to prevent damage of the foundations upper
edge when adjustable bolts are used. The thickness of the grout shall be a minimum
of 20 mm. Grouting is not to be carried out when the air or the top of the foundation
have a temperature lower than +5 C. The top of the foundation concrete shall be

25
SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

thoroughly moistened before the grouting is carried out. However, free water shall not
exist. It is essential that all interstices between the base plate and the concrete are
completely filled such that total contact between the plate and the grout is achieved.
Spaces in baseplates around holding down bolts shall be filled with grout. Reinforcing
bars or mesh is to be placed in the grout for thickness exceeding 50 mm or when the
grout is subject to accelerated drying.
2.6.2.2

Foundations in soil
Foundations shall if possible be installed against original undisturbed soil.
Machine excavation may be made to a depth of 10 cm above the final foundation
depth. The remaining excavation is to be carried out by hand to ensure that the
foundation will rest on undisturbed soil.
As an alternative machine excavation can be made to a depth 10 cm below the final
foundation depth and a layer of gravel or crushed stone then applied. This layer is to
be compacted in accordance with Mark AMA83 table C/4 class 2.
A suitable synthetic fibre membrane is to be laid on the bottom of the excavation for
loose soils or soils liable to flotation. The synthetic fibre membrane installed shall
conform to the usage classification of the Swedish National Road Administration and
be placed in accordance with Mark AMA 83 D1.12.
It shall be stated on the drawings for foundations placed on fill how the fill is to be
composed and made. Fill shall conform to the requirements of Mark AMA 83 C1.1.
The top surface of blasted stone fill is to be sealed in accordance with Mark AMA 83
C3.311.
The dimensions of backfill and berms for uplift and moment foundations are always
to be checked to ensure that they conform to the stated dimensions.

2.6.2.3

Anchored foundations on rock

Loose materials are to be removed where foundations are located on rock with anchor
rods. The top surface is to be cleaned to rock cleaning class 1 in accordance with
Mark AMA 83 chapter B6.
The rock surface is to be bench blasted if the inclination of the bed rock is more than
1:2.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

Embedment lengths for anchor rods shall be stated on each respective type drawing.
Drilled hole diameters shall be 20 mm greater than the anchor rod diameter. Rock in
which joints and fissures occur is to be reinforced by means of Ks40S type
reinforcing bars. The reinforcing bars are to be drilled and embedded in the rock to a
length such that the rock is effectively monolithic. Alternatively the embedded length
of the anchor rods can be increased.
If there is a risk that the grout for anchoring will dissipate into joints and cracks, or
there is a continuous water flow, the hole is to be injected with grout. When the grout
has hardened the hole is to be redrilled
Grouting shall not take place if the temperature of the rock is lower than +2q C. The
drilled hole is to be carefully cleaned of water, drill cuttings and all contaminations.
The mixing of grout for anchor rods shall take place in a Rojo-mixer, or equivalent,
and continue until the grout is thoroughly mixed and has obtained a plastic
consistency. The grout is to be inserted by means of a pump and a tremi-pipe to the
bottom of the hole. The tremi-pipe is to be gradually withdrawn during the placing
procedure. The pumping of grout is to be done with a pump working normally.
The rock anchor grout shall conform to the requirements given in clause 2.5.1.3.4.
Anchor rods shall conform to the requirements given in clause 2.5.1.1.1 or 2.5.1.1.2.
2.6.2.4

Foundations in loose soils pile foundations

Piles shall be manufactured from concrete or steel in accordance with Swedish
standards. Piling works are to be performed in accordance with boverkets
konstruktionsregler BKR chapter 4:313.
Piles shall be fitted with rock shoes when a sloping rock surface forms the bearing
stratum.
Piles are to protrude a minimum of 100 mm into the foundation pad. Concrete
covering reinforcing steel of concrete piles, subject to uplift loads, within the
foundation pad is to be broken out and the reinforcing steel anchored in the
foundation pad.

2.6.3

Pre-cast concrete foundations

Excavation and backfilling shall conform to clause 2.6.2.2.

27
SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

2.6.4

GRILLAGE FOUNDATIONS
Foundations shall be installed at a frostproof depth unless special precautions are
taken. The foundation depth shall therefore, with the exception of peat soil, be a
minimum of 1.5 m in soils liable to frost heave and 1.35 m in soils not liable to frost
heave (refer to Swedish Standard SS 436 01 05). Notwithstanding this requirement
the foundation depth shall be the minimum that is required for stability. The
foundation depth is defined as the distance from the final ground surface to the lower
edge of the sleepers. In soils extremely liable to frost heave (Gr. III according to the
National Road institute grading) the backfill shall comprise dense material which is
not liable to frost heave.
Backfilling around foundations shall be performed with due care. Stones larger than
fist size shall not come closer than 10 cm to foundation frameworks or the steelwork
of the support. With the exception of foundations in peat soil the density of the
backfill shall be a minimum of 18 kN/m3 at a normal degree of compaction above the
ground water table. To compensate for the initial imperfect degree of compaction the
backfill is to be made to a correspondingly higher level than the original ground level.
For foundations in water logged soil, where the buoyancy effect has to be considered,
the density of the submerged backfill shall be a minimum of 11 kN/m3 (silt and mud
have in many cases a lower density). The density of backfill for foundations in peat
soils shall be assumed to be a minimum of 2 kN/m3, unless sub-soil investigations
indicate another value.
The following applies to supports with more than one foundation:
x

Foundations located in peat soils are to be situated on soil with indentical

properties.

The distance from the lower edge of the sleeper to the firm bearing stratum may
not be less than 0.5 m for foundations in loose soils with different depths to the
firm bearing stratum

The differential height between foundations from the lower edge of the sleeper to
the bearing stratum may not exceed 1.5 m.

The distance from the lower edge of the sleeper to the firm bearing stratum may
not be less than 0.4 m for foundations in loose soils with equal depths to the firm
bearing stratum.

28
SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

To avoid differential settlement the bottoms of the individual foundation excavations

shall be accurately levelled and the soil type be similar over the entire bottom surface.
Excavation and backfilling shall further conform to clause 2.6.2.
2.6.5

TUBE FOUNDATIONS
For tube foundations the following applies:
a) In the tube backfilling is to be made to a level 100 mm below the lower edge of
the pad with frictional material compacted in accordance with Markk AMA 83
table C/4 class 2. Grading shall be completed to the level of the lower edge of the
pad with backfill that contains no stones.
b) After the legs of the support have been secured to the pad, the foundations are to
be filled with concrete, with a minimum quality in accordance with K25 T and a
maximum aggregate size of 16 mm, or with other material approved by the client.

2.6.6

STAY ANCHORS
For stay anchors founded in soil the density of the backfill shall be a minimum of 18
kN/m3, above the ground water table, at a normal degree of compaction. In water
logged soil the submerged density of the backfill shall be a minimum of 11 kN/m3
(silt and mud have in many cases a lower density).
Excavation and backfilling shall further conform to clauses 2.6.2 and 2.6.4
respectively.
Clause 2.6.2.3 is applicable for stays anchored in rock.

2.7

TESTS

2.7.1

GENERAL
Tests are to be performed in accordance with the standards that are approved by the
client. Where no standard exists all details regarding testing are to be submitted to the
client for approval. The contractor shall keep the client informed of the testing
programme to enable planned inspections to be performed and attended by the client.

29
SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

2.7.2

CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS
Concrete for concrete foundations is to be tested at an official testing institute in
accordance with existing concrete regulations.

2.7.3

STAY ANCHORS
Requirements for tensile tests are contained in clause 2.5.2.1.
A minimum quantity of 10% of stay anchors in rock shall be tensile tested. In
particular tensile testing shall be performed at locations with poor rock quality and
where Betokem or an equivalent has been used for grouting. A minimum tensile load
of 60% of the breaking load shall be applied to anchors subject to tensile testing and
records made during testing. Tensile tests are not to be made within 28 days after
grouting nor are they to be made at temperatures lower than +5q C where Betokem or
an equivalent has been used.
The contractor shall draw up a schedule for the testing of stay anchors in rock which
is to be approved by the client.
When testing tensile loads are to be applied in line with the anchor. Should the anchor
under test pull out a new anchor shall be installed and tensile tested.

2.8

CERTIFICATE OF DELIVERY

2.8.1

GENERAL
The contractor shall undertake to prepare a quality assurance programme, in
accordance with Swedish Standard SS ISO 9001, which is to be reviewed and
approved by the client before commencement of work.
All quality documentation related to the work being performed shall be available for
inspection by the clients representative until finalisation of the work.

2.8.2

QUALITY DOCUMENTATION
Prior to delivery from the manufacturer the contractor shall present quality
documentation to the client.
The quality documentation shall include documents in accordance with clauses
2.8.2.1 2.8.2.3.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

2.8.2.1

Certificate
A certificate, duly signed by the contractors representative who is authorised to sign
such Q.A. documents, which includes:
x sufficient information for the part to be identified
x references to those standards and requirements which have been applied for the
manufacturing and inspection
x records confirming that the inspections specified have been performed and the
required results attained
Testing is to be in accordance with clause 2.7 and the client shall be given the
opportunity to participate in tests and inspections. A certificate of delivery will be
issued by the client if the at works inspections and tests have been found to conform
to the requirements of these guidelines in all respects. Goods forming part of
foundations and stay anchors may not be delivered to site before they have been
inspected and tested in accordance with clause 2.7.

2.8.2.2

Deviation report
Deviation reports together with every report related to major remedial works.

2.8.2.3

Separate reports and inspection companies

Certificates for investigations which require separate reports, i.e. material tests, design
and test assembly reports.
Certificates from an independent inspection company, if such a company has been
employed.

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

APPENDICES
Appendix A CONTROL STRAND FOR TESTING OF POSSIBLE

CORROSION ATTACK ON STEEL BURIED UNDERGROUND

Control strands can, for new lines, be installed on every support location to estimate
the corrosiveness of the soil at each individual support location in a line and to keep
possible corrosion attacks under control.
The control strand is to be installed on every stay anchor of stayed steel supports and
on the foundation of self-supporting steel supports. For stayed wooden supports the
control strand is to be installed at the adjustable anchor bolts. The distance between
installed control strands is in no case required to be less than 5 metres.
Tensile testing of the control strand should be performed during the regular
maintenance inspection of the line.
Wooden
support

Placement of control strand for different types of supports. The control wire is only
required to be installed on one stay anchor in the case of stay anchors having a
distance of less than 5 metres between each other.

32
SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

1. Soft hot-dip galvanised steel strand Fe 60 wire 4.5 mm diameter.

INSTALLATION OF
CONTROL STRAND

Minimum 5
turns

The strand is to be
tied loosely to the
stay rod or the main
member. It shall not
be wrapped around
the stay rod or the
main member.
Anchoring to be achieved
by installing the control
strand around an
immovable part of the
foundationa.

33
SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000

TENSILE TESTING OF
THE INSTALLED
CONTROL STRAND

Place sling round the support leg, or a come-along

clamp on the stay, at an appropriate height in
accordance with figure 1, 2 and 3.
Release the lock on the winch of the tensioning
device and pull out the bond.
Attach the hooks to the eye of the control strand and
the comealong clamp on the sling round the main
member or the stay.
Lock the winch and wind in the bond until the
control strand breaks or the dynamometer shows that
a load of 2.0 kN has been achieved.
Unload the tensioning device by releasing the winch.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

On small staywires for wooden poles an

appropriate wedge type comealong
clamp can be used.

Fig. 3

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SvK TR 5:102 FOUNDATIONS
14 September, 2000