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QBASE Radiologys3
(and the real examinations themselves), or the user can select any number
of questions in any subject area to create their very own customised exam
to suit their examination practice and the length of time available for
each revision session. However the user chooses to set an exam, they can
then mark, analyse and store each attempt, review and re-sit the same
exam at a later date and compare their scores with previous attempts.
When re-sitting an exam, the user can also choose to shuffle the question
leaves AE, making it impossible simply to remember patterns of true
and false answers. A final, unique aspect of the program is that it allows the
user to select how confident they are of their answer, and the program
can then provide feedback on an individual user's guessing strategy.
A brand new feature of this title is that the MCQs are also supplied for
use on the Palm (TM) hand-held PDA, allowing the user to practise their
MCQs in the ward, in the common room, or even on the bus! This gives a
whole new level of flexibility to the acclaimed QBase software.
Hospital.
\
1
QBASE RADIOLOGY 3
MCQs FORTHE PART 1 FRCR
Rakesh Misra, B.Sc. (Hons.), F.R.C.S., F.R.C.R
Consultant Radiologist
l/l/ycombe Hospital
Bucklnghamshire Hospitals NHS Trust
QBase developed by
Edward Hammond
CAMBRIDGE
;:;UNIVERSITY PRESS
_,_
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY r-nrss
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 ZRU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
A
information on this title: www.cambridge.orgI97BD521573839
R. Misra and J. Burrill 2006
'
'
Every effort has been" made in preparing this publication to provide accurate and up-todate
information which is In accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication.
Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the
identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make
no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because
clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors
and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from
the use of material contained in this publication. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful
attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they
plan to use.
All material contained within the CD-ROM is protected by copyright and other intellectual
property laws. The customer acquires only the right to use the CD-ROM and does not acquire
any other rights, express or implied, unless these are stated explicitly in a separate licence.
To the extent permitted by applicable law, Cambridge University Press is not liable for direct
damages or loss of any kind resulting from the use of this product or from errors or faults
contained in it, and in every case Cambridge University Press's liability shall be limited to the
amount actually paid by the customer for the product.
\
\
Contents
Preface..'............................ .............................................. ..
vii
viii
xiii
xv
Exam 1 ....................................................................... ..
Answers
Exam 2
......................................... ..
.3
...................................................... ..
20
Answers . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .. . . . . . . . ..
Exam 3 ....
............................................................ ..
Answers . .... .. . .. ... . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ..
28
35
43
Exam 4 ....................................... ..
.
...................................... ..
Answers . . .. .. . . . . ...... . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Exam_5 ....................................................................... ..
50
58
65
Answers
73'
........................................... ..
Exam 6 ................................................... ..
Answers
.................................... ..
Exam 7
....................................... ..
80
89
- 96
Answers
............. ..
104
iixam 8
Answers
110
1 18
Exam 9 ............................................................................ ..
125
133
Exam 10 ......................................................................
Answers .................................................................................................
140 _
148
.->-._V
Q
__
1
\
Preface
R.R.M.
1.8.
July, 2005
54
'
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.
The program will install the appropriate files onto your hard drive. it
requires the QBase CD-ROM to be in installed in the CD-ROM drive
(usually drives D: or E:).
A
In order to run QBase, the CD must be in the drive
Print Readme.txt and HeIpfiIe.txt on the CD-ROM for fuller
instructions_and user manual
WINDOWS 95, 98, 2000, XP
2. From the Start Menu, select the Run... option, type D:\$eI:up.eXe
(where D: is the CD.ROM drive) and press OK or OR open the
contents of the CD-ROIM and double-click the setup.exe icon
3. Follow the "Full install all files" to accept the default directory for
installation of QBase
4. Click Yes to the prompt "Do you want setup to create Program
viii
_\
e:>, *.'-<.i~~
.\_
-II
\ X e-"'E
The CD contains two files, in the directory PALM, MCQB, the MCQ Base
application, and FRCR-Part1, the MCQ database file. These need to be
copied into the system memory of the Palmm. The application will not
work if it is copied onto a memory card e.g. SD card.
This assumes the user has a Palm PDA with the HotSync cradle and
appropriate Palm Desktop software, as supplied with the Palm PDA,
installed on a computer.
To install the necessary components to run MCQ Base for the FRCR
Part i, all one needs to do is double-click on the MCQB application and
on the FRCR-Part1 database and this will add these files to a queue
ready to be installed on the Palm. Once this has been done a simpleHotSync of the Palm will transfer the files onto the PDA.
if this however fails, open the install Tool application (part of the
Palm Desktop) and use the Add
button to add MCQB and FRCRPart1 to the file list. it is important that All Palm File Types is selected in
the File of Type option list, for the application to see both the MCQ Base
application and FRCR Part 1 database. Also ensure that the destination is
Handheld rather than SD card. The two parts of the software will then
be installed with the next HotSync of the Palm.
'4
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' Using the left and right arrows selecvtthe number of questions you want
to be tested on. If the Negative marking check box is ticked then a
wrong answer is marked as 1, otherwise a wrong answer is marked as
O. The Randomise questions check box allows you to either go through
the questions in sequence, or if ticked will provide you with a random
set of questions in random order from the entire 250 available.
Once you have selected your choices, pressing the Start button starts the
MCQ.
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The gure in the top right of the screen is the current question number.
The left and right arrows next to this number move you to the next or
previous question. The up and down arrows at the bottom right of the
screen moves you up and down the different sub-questions from A to E.
To indicate your answer press on the T(rue) F(alse) ?(Don't Know) boxes
next to the question. To display the correct answers press and hold the
Answer button and the correct answers appear in the ? boxes. The Note
button brings up a window with explanatory notes about the current
question. The End button brings up the score dialogue box as below.
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Section 1 - Questions
Exam 1 ............................................................................................ ..
Exam 2 .... ........................................................................................... ..
Exam 3 ..................................................................................................... ..
Exam 4......,_............................................................................................... ..
50
Exam 5 ..................................................................................................... ..
Exam 6 .......................................................................................................
Exam 7 .......................................................................................................
Exam 8 ..................................................................................................... ..
Exam 9 ..................................................................................................
Exam 10 ..... ............................................................................................ .. 140
_ _ |_V_Y_
_
_
: __
List of Abbreviations
automatic exposure control
becquerel
1
calcium tungstate
characteristic curve
caesium iodide
computed tomography
Department of Health
digital subtraction anglography
effective dose
exposure latitude
electromagnetic radiation
focus to film distance
focus to object distance
full width at half maximum
Geiger-Muller
AEC
Bq
CaW
CC
Csl
CT
DoH
DSA
ElEL?
EMR
FFD
FOD
FWHM
GM
HIDA
HMPAO
HSE
HVL
HVT
lC
'
lF
ll
lRM ER
IRR 88
IRR 99
Kr-81 m
aminodiacetic acid
hexamethyl propylene amine oxime
Health & Safety Executive
halfvalue layer
half~value thickness
ionisation chamber
intensification factor
image intensifier
lonising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations
lonising Radiations Regulations 1988
lonising Radiation Regulations 1999
krypton-81m
peak kilovoltage
linear attenuation coefficient
lithium fluoride
kvp
LAC
Lil?
IP/mm
LSF
M(ARS)R 78
mA
MAA
MAC
MRI
MTF
NRPB
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The absorption of radiation is greater for soft tissue in close proximity to bone rather than soft tissue distant from
bone
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GAMMA IMAGING
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MAMMOGRAPHT
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a IMAGE QUALITY
-|]12. The following are true
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The followingfstatements regarding exposure latitude
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THE ATOM
[Q] 14. Regarding atoms and their structure
A. The mass number defines the number of nucleons within an
atom
'
$8. The L shell contains a maximum of 18 electrons
C. Isotopes of an element have different physical properties
QB. An alpha particle is four times heavier than an electron
E. An isobaris any nucleus which has the same atomic mass
number as another nucleus
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that of an electron
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Positrons tend to _be emitted from nuclides with an excess of
neutrons
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germinate
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The emitters that are used in PET imaging generally have
long half-lives l
Annihilation. radiation occurs resulting in the coincident
production of high-energy photons
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RADIATION PROTECTION
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RADIATION PROTECTION
@121. Regarding the '10 day rule
effective
/<5. Should be applied to women who have an IUCD for not less
than one month and have found it effective
D. Should be applied to women who have been sterilised
E. Should be applied to women who are menstruating at the
time of the examination
P5?TO,
46..
1:-1=,1,';_;.
RADIATION PROTECTION
@22. Regarding non-stochastic effects
-11. All non-stochastic effects are dose dependent
\ B. Above a threshold dose level, the severity of non-stochastic
'
effects is proportional to the radiation dose -
Qase _5\?c5?>?'T~''ir?i"?ii'c'ii"""'"5""'"#'#'_""'M""W"
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Q3. Once pregnancy has been declared, the equivalent dose limit
to the pregnant abdomen must not exceed 2 mSv for the
remainder of the pregnancy
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28
43
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Exam 5 ............................................................................................ .. 73
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Exam 7 .................................................................................................... .. 104
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Exam 2 ................................................................................................... ..
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Exam 4 ................................................................................................... ..
Exam 5 ................................................................................................... ..
Exam 6 .... .._............................................................................................. ..
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decrease in density.
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Armstrong. Lecture Notes on the Physics ofRadioIogy, 1st Edn. Clinical Press
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Long exposure times, in the order of 5s, are used for this
technique.
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allow for angulation of the jaw.
Armstrong. Lecture Notes on the Physics of Radiology, 1st Edn. Clinical Press
Ltd., 1990.
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A. true
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superimposed linear grids.
Armstrong. Lecture Notes on the Physics of Radiology, lst Edn. Clinical
Press Ltd.
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The local rules are policed by the RPS, but enforced by_the local
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length of track
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"WAGE QUALITY
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a
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X-RAY INTERACTIONS
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Farr, Allisy-Roberts. Physics for Medical imaging, lst Edn. W. B. Saunders Co.
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suitable.
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tube loading. In addition the focal spot size in angiography is
not a limiting factor to resolution. A focal spot size of 0.6mm is
adequate. 0.3 mm is usually necessary for macro-angiography.
High-speed anodes are energised with three-phase mains and
rotate at about 9,0'O0 or--17,000 rpm.
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Curry, Thomas. Christensen: Physics of Diagnostic Radiology, 4th Edn.
Williams & Wilkins (Europe) Ltd.
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' A. In this processthe detecting medium used is the charged
surface of an amorphous selenium photoconducting plate
.
B. The latent electrostatic image is developed in the same way
as photographic X-ray film
C. ' Following use, the selenium plates are stored in an
uncharged state prior to re-use
D. Xeroradiography can produce either 'positive or negative
- images
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latitude when compared to conventional film screen systems
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[Q 10. Regarding grids used in diagnostic radiography
A. A grid with a lower grid ratio is more efficient at removing
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the beam becomes harder or more penetrating. The second HVL
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The HVL of a typical diagnostic beam is 30 mm.
As an X-ray beam penetrates a material, it becomes progressively
more homogenous secondary to beam hardening.
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