CONCLUSION:

The purposes of this experiment are for us to be acquainted with the losses
involved in an Optical Fiber such as propagation and bending loss. The following points
are concluded:
According to our data, as the cable length increases, the amplitude measured at
the receiver side decreases. Thus, it can be concluded that the output voltage is
inversely proportional to the cable length. The reason is that during transit light pulse
loses some of their photons thus reducing their amplitude.
The effect of the length to the propagation loss can be evaluated with the use of
this formula:
V 1 ( L1+ L2)
=e
V2
Where is loss in nepers/meter, L1 is the length of the shorter cable, and L2 is the
length of the longer cable.
It has been proven that as the number of turns on the mandrel increases, the
amplitude measured at the receiver side decreases. This principle is known as the
bending loss. Bending losses are the result of distortion of the fiber from the ideal
straight-line configuration. While the light is traveling inside the fiber, part of the wave
front on the outside of the bend must travel faster than the part of the smaller inner
radius of the bend. Since this is not possible, a portion of the wave must be radiated
away.
The most basic optical fiber consists of an inner cylinder with high refractive
index, called the core, a middle cylinder with a lower refractive index called the cladding,
and an outer protective polymer layer (usually polyurethane or PVC) called the jacket.