University of Batangas

Mechanical Engineering Department

Hilltop, Batangas City

ME LABORATORY 2

INDUSTRIAL PUMPS
Subject Topic No. 4

Submitted by:

Fabreag, Mark Anthony Bodoy

Malantic Ivan Glenn Noble
BSME 5-2

4 August 2015

Engr. Juanito N. Ramos, Jr., RME

Instructor

Industrial Pumps
I.

OBJECT:
1. To study and familiarize with the two types of pumps commonly used in the
industry.
2. To be knowledgeable in the selection of pumps.

II.

APPARATUS: Models of Centrifugal and Reciprocating Pumps.

III.

DISCUSSION: Discuss briefly the subject as follows. Show drawings or schematic

diagram/s to aid in understanding of the subject.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Centrifugal pumps are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbo

machinery. Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational
kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically
comes from an engine or electric motor. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to
the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser
or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits.

Common uses include air, water, sewage, petroleum and petrochemical pumping. The
reverse function of the centrifugal pump is a water turbine converting potential energy of
water pressure into mechanical rotational energy.

1. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Similar to all other pumps, the centrifugal pump also converts one form of
energy into another form to operate for pumping fluid.
It principally takes mechanical energy from the motor assembled with the
pump, and converts it into either kinetic energy or the potential energy of
the fluid movement.
It absolutely depends upon the fluid as to what energy mechanical energy
convert into. For example, when the fluid is lifted above and against the
force of gravity, the form of energy changes from mechanical to potential.
Likewise if the fluid experiences change in its pressure, even then the
form of energy changes, but this time it changes from mechanical to
kinetic energy.
Modern centrifugal pumps, however, work on a slightly different
mechanism. The impeller, as indicated earlier, is available in both straight
and curved blades/vanes. These curved blades are used by the impeller to
exert an outward force over the fluid. Impeller is actually a spinning
component and plays the vital role in pushing the fluid outside.
In response to this outward force upon the fluid, the fluid also starts
circular motion. The continuous rotation of the fluid creates a pressure
within the impeller and this rise in pressure transfers some amount of
energy to the discharge end too.
Eventually when the pressure of the discharge end increases, the fluid is
forced to move out via the discharge end and thus one pumping cycle is
completed.
2. SHOW A TYPICAL MOTOR-DRIVEN CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

INSTALLATION
Use pipe, tubing, or reinforced hose to make suction connection. Hose
must have sufficient strength to resist collapse under the atmospheric pressure
differential that may occur while pump is running.
It is important, even with a flooded suction condition, that proper pipe
fittings are used so water is delivered to impeller eye with a smooth flow and
consistent velocity.
Suction pipe size should be at least one commercial pipe size larger than
opening of pipe inlet. Flow velocity should not exceed 8 ft./sec.
An isolation valve is used in a pressurized suction pipe to permit servicing
pump.
Piping run and connection fittings should be properly aligned and
independently supported to reduce strain on pump case.
If solids are present, a strainer should be used to protect the pump.

3. PUMP PERFORMANCE FEATURES

a. Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
NPSH can be defined as two parts:

NPSH Available (NPSHa): The absolute pressure at the suction port of the
pump.
NPSH Required (NPSHr): The minimum pressure required at the suction
port of the pump to keep the pump from cavitating.

NPSHa is a function of your system and must be calculated, whereas NPSHr

is a function of the pump and must be provided by the pump manufacturer.
NPSHa MUST be greater than NPSHr for the pump system to operate without

cavitating. Put another way, you must have more suction side pressure
available than the pump requires.
b. Power and Efficiency
Performance of a centrifugal pump can be determined by finding the
following efficiencies:

Mechanical efficiency:
Mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal pump (m) is the ratio of
theoretical power that must be supplied to operate the pump to the actual power
delivered to the pump.
Mechanical efficiency can be used to determine the power loss in bearings
and other moving parts of a centrifugal pump. It determines the actual power that
must be supplied to a centrifugal pump for desired result.

Hydraulic efficiency:
Hydraulic efficiency of a centrifugal pump (H) is defined as the ratio of
the useful hydrodynamic energy in fluid to Mechanical energy supplied to rotor.

Volumetric efficiency:
Volumetric efficiency of a centrifugal pump (v) is defined as the ratio of
the actual flow rate delivered by the pump to the theoretical discharge flow rate
(flow rate without any leakage) that must be produced by the pump. Volumetric
efficiency can be used to determine the amount of loss of liquid due to leakage in
a pump during the flow.

Overall efficiency:
Overall efficiency of a centrifugal pump is the ratio of the actual power
output of a pump to the actual power input to the pump. It is the efficiency that
determines the overall energy loss in a centrifugal pump.

4. COMPONENT PARTS
a. Pump Casing

The pump casing provides a pressure boundary for the pump and contains
channels to properly direct the suction and discharge flow. The pump casing has suction
and discharge penetration for the main flow path of the pump and normally has small
drain and vent fittings to remove gasses trapped in the pump casing or to drain the
pump casing for maintenance.

b. Impeller

An impeller is a rotor used to increase (or decrease in case of turbines) the

pressure and flow of a fluid. is a rotor used to increase (or decrease in case of turbines)
the pressure and flow of a fluid. The blades of the rotating impeller transfer energy to the
fluid there by increasing pressure and velocity. The fluid is sucked into the impeller at the
impeller eye and flows through the impeller channels formed by the blades between the
shroud and hub. The design of the impeller depends on the requirements for pressure,
flow and application. The impeller is the primary component determining the pump
performance. Pumps variants are often created only by modifying the impeller.
In a radial impeller, there is a significant difference between the inlet diameter and
the outlet diameter and also between the outlet diameter and the outlet width, which is the
channel height at the impeller exit. In this construction, the centrifugal forces result in
high pressure and low flow.
Semi axial impellers are used when a trade-off between pressure rise and flow is
required.
Impellers without a shroud are called open impellers. Open impellers are used
where it is necessary to clean the impeller and where there is risk of blocking. A vortex
pump with an open impeller is used in waste water application. In this type of pump, the
impeller creates a flow resembling the vortex in a tornado.
c. Pump Auxiliaries and Connections
Auxiliary components generally include the following piping systems for the
following services:

Seal flushing , cooling , quenching systems

Seal drains and vents
Bearing lubrication , cooling systems
Seal chamber or stuffing box cooling, heating systems
Pump pedestal cooling systems

Auxiliary piping systems include tubing, piping, isolating valves, control valves,
relief valves, temperature gauges and thermocouples, pressure gauges, sight flow
indicators, orifices, seal flush coolers, dual seal barrier/buffer fluid reservoirs, and all
related vents and drains.

RECIPROCATING PUMP

A reciprocating pump is a class of positive-displacement pumps which includes

the piston pump, plunger pump and diaphragm pump. It is often used where a
relatively small quantity of liquid is to be handled and where delivery pressure is
quite large. In reciprocating pumps, the chamber in which the liquid is trapped, is a
stationary cylinder that contains the piston or plunger.
1. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
First of all the piston has the function of providing the suction force, so that the
liquid can be lift up or can be sucked in with great force. After that comes the
compression part which will impart the required pressure energy to the fluids. In this
part of the phase the piston have to do a great work so that the liquid can be
compressed properly and its pressure can increased to the desired level. The inlet and
the outlet valve open at a certain pressure which is set by the manufacturer.
If the piston is of single acting type which means it can suck from one side and
transmit to the same side only. But we can have the double reciprocating pump too
which have the function of the giving suction and discharge simultaneously in each
stroke. This pump can be used as the compressor also but for that we have to have a
good valve arrangement which can operate with good frequency.
It is to be noted that the reciprocating pump is a positive displacements pump
which means that the fluid can only move in one direction and can never reverse back.
So due to this the pump is always started with outlet valve open otherwise the pressure
will keep on building and this will lead to rupturing of the pipeline or even the pump
itself. But if relief valve is fitted then this pressure will come down.
2. PUMP TYPES
Piston pump

Piston Pump - The reciprocating action of the piston is obtained by crankshaft

arrangement and guide path provided by the cylinder. The piston is connected to the
crankshaft through the connecting rod which is coupled with the crankshaft through a
revolute joint situated at some distance from the crankshaft axis. This distance can be
called as crank length or the eccentric distance. It is this crank length which
determines the stroke length of a piston pump. The crankshaft is coupled to an electric
motor or an engine shaft. As the crankshaft rotates the piston reciprocates. In one cycle
of the crankshaft the piston reciprocates once, that is, moves one stroke forward and
one backward. The intake and discharge of the liquid by a piston pump is basically the
same as reciprocating pumps in general as discussed in previous article under working
of reciprocating pumps.
Single Acting Piston Pump Having liquid chamber on only one side of the
piston and valve arrangement on that side only. The liquid is discharged from
one side of the cylinder once in a crankshaft cycle, only in the forward stroke
of the piston.
Double Acting Piston Pump Both sides of the piston have liquid chamber and
the valve arrangement. Liquid is discharged from both the sides, from one side
in the first half of the cycle and from the other side in the second half of the
crankshaft cycle. As the liquid is discharged in both the forward and backward
stroke, the discharge is more per cycle and also smooth as compared to the
Single Acting pump.
Duplex Pump There are two piston-cylinders assemblies. Both the pistons are
coupled to the single crankshaft through separate connecting rod of each. The
connecting rods are coupled to the crankshaft at an angular distance of 180
degrees from each other. Each piston-cylinder can be single acting or double
acting.
Triplex Pump There are three piston-cylinder assemblies. All the three
pistons are coupled to the single crankshaft through the connecting rod of each.
There is an angular separation of 120 degrees between any two adjacent
connecting rod and crankshaft couplings.

 Diaphragm Pump
By the action of the actuators the diaphragm bulges in and out of the liquid
chamber. When the diaphragm bulges out of the liquid chamber the volume of the
chamber increases and pressure inside the chamber decreases, this opens the inlet
valve and liquid is taken inside the chamber. When the diaphragm bulges in the
chamber the volume of the chamber decreases and the pressure increases which
opens the outlet valve and the liquid is pumped out of the chamber. The
diaphragm does not have any frictional motion with the chamber, thus, there is no
need of any seal or liner.
The movement of the diaphragm can be obtained either by hydraulic plunger
or by air pressure. Based on the type of actuation of the diaphragm the diaphragm
pumps are of two types, hydraulically operated or Air Operated Diaphragm
Pumps.
Hydraulic Operated Diaphragm Pump - The diaphragm is reciprocated by the action
of hydraulic fluid and the fluid itself is pumped by a reciprocating piston. Thus, one
piston pump is making the other diaphragm pump work. The diaphragm has driving
hydraulic fluid one side and the liquid to be pumped on the other side. The piston
pumps the driving fluid which moves the diaphragm and in turn pumps the liquid
on the other side. This arrangement avoids any contact between the pumping
element and the liquid pumped. This avoids leakage and makes the pump suitable
for handling expensive, explosive or toxic liquids.

 Air Operated Diaphragm Pumps - The Air Operated Diaphragm Pumps have two
chambers, each divided into two parts by flexible diaphragms. The liquid side of
both the chambers has inlet and outlet non return type valves. The centers of the two
diaphragms are interconnected with a rigid rod. There is a supply of pressurized air
which is controlled by a valve system. At one time it allows air to enter one of the
air chamber and exhaust from the other chamber.
3. PUMP EFFICIENCY
a. Pump Efficiency
Pump efficiency is the ratio of the liquid horsepower delivered by the
pump and the brake horsepower delivered to the pump shaft. When selecting a
pump, a key concern is optimizing pumping efficiency. It is good practice to
examine several performance charts at different speeds to see if one model
satisfies the requirements more efficiently than another. Whenever possible the
lowest pump speed should be selected, as this will save wear and tear on the
rotating parts.
These pumps have overall efficiency ranges from 50% for the small
capacity pumps to 90% for the larger capacity sizes.
They can handle a wide range of liquids, including those with extremely
high viscosities, high temperatures, and high slurry concentrations due to the
pumps basic operating principle, i.e., the pump adds energy to the liquid by direct
application of force, rather than by acceleration. There are numerous classes and
categories of pumps due to the wide variation of processes and the distinct
requirements of each application.

b. Flow characteristics
Flow characteristics, the relationship between flow coefficient and valve
stroke, has been a subject of considerable debate. Many valve types, such as
butterfly, eccentric disk and ball valves, have an inherent characteristic which
cannot be changed (except with characterized positioner cams). Flow
characteristics of globe valves, such as the Mark One and Two, can be determined
by the shape of the plug head.

4. COMPONENT PARTS
a. Gear Box

It is used to change the speed and torque of vehicle according to variety of

road and load condition. Transmission box change the engine speed into torque
when climbing hills and when the vehicle required. Sometimes it is known as
torque converter. Main functions of a gear box are as follow:
1. Provide the torque needed to move the vehicle under a variety of road
and load conditions. It does this by changing the gear ratio between the engine
crankshaft and vehicle drive wheels.
2. Be shifted into reverse so the vehicle can move backward.
3. Be shifted into neutral for starting the engine.

b. Crankcase
The crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft. The enclosure forms the largest
cavity in the engine and is located below the cylinder(s), which in a multi-cylinder engine
is usually integrated into one or several cylinder blocks. Crankcases have often been
discrete parts, but more often they are integral with the cylinder bank(s), forming an
engine block. Nevertheless, the area around the crankshaft is still usually called the
crankcase. Crankcases and other basic engine structural components (e.g., cylinders,
cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, and integrated combinations thereof) are typically made
of cast iron or cast aluminum via sand casting. Today the foundry processes are usually
highly automated, with a few skilled workers to manage the casting of thousands of parts.

A crankcase often has an opening in the bottom to which an oil pan is attached
with a gasketed bolted joint. Some crankcase designs fully surround the crank's main
bearing journals, whereas many others form only one half, with a bearing cap forming the
other. Some crankcase areas require no structural strength from the oil pan itself (in
which case the oil pan is typically stamped from sheet steel), whereas other crankcase
designs do (in which case the oil pan is a casting in its own right). Both the crankcase and
any rigid cast oil pan often have reinforcing ribs cast into them, as well as bosses which
are drilled and tapped to receive mounting screws/bolts for various other engine parts.

c. Pump Valves
All reciprocating pumps (and some rotary pumps) depend on check valves
(sometimes Known as non-return valves) which as their name suggests, allow water to
flow one way but not the other. There are basically three categories of check valve:
i. Flexible valves that normally lie in a closed position, but open by being bent or
deformed when pressure is applied
ii. Hinged valves that open like a door
iii. Straight lift valves which rise vertically and evenly from their seats
Valves are invariably opened by the difference in water pressure across them created
by piston movement, but they may be closed again either by their own weight usually in
combination with the weight of water trying to flow backwards. In some cases closing is
assisted by a light spring, (as shown in the figure). Valve springs are usually made of
bronze to avoid corrosion problems, but alternatively, valves may be made from an
elastic material like rubber.

IV.

SELECTION OF PUMPS
1. What are the factors in selecting a Centrifugal Pump?

 The quantity of liquid to be handled: This primarily affects the size of the pump
and determines whether it is desirable to use a number of pumps in parallel.
The head against which the liquid is to be pumped. This will be determined by
the difference in pressure, the vertical height of the downstream and upstream
reservoirs and by the frictional losses which occur in the delivery line. The
suitability of a centrifugal pump and the number of stages required will largely
be determined by this factor.
The nature of the liquid to be pumped. For a given throughput, the viscosity
largely determines the frictional losses and hence the power required. The
corrosive nature will determine the material of construction both for the pump
and the packing. With suspensions, the clearance in the pump must be large
compared with the size of the particles.
The nature of power supply. If the pump is to be driven by an electric motor or
internal combustion engine, a high-speed centrifugal or rotary pump will be
preferred as it can be coupled directly to the motor.
If the pump is used only intermittently, corrosion troubles are more likely than
with continuous working.
2. How to select a Reciprocating Pump?
Positive displacement pumps require a particular minimum absolute pressure
at the input port.
PD pump throughput is a function of viscosity, differential pressure and speed.
PD pumps arent self-priming.
Fluid properties affect positive displacement pumps differently than centrifugal
pumps, its critical to understand the interaction between the pump and the fluid and
how the operation of positive displacement pumps differs from centrifugal pumps.
Without this foundation of fundamental principles, effective understanding of the myriad
positive displacement pumps is unnecessarily difficult.
On the most basic level, pumps provide pressure and flow that accomplish a
specified task. This basic premise helps explain that positive displacement pumps
produce flow, not pressure. The pressure the pump needs to produce is a function of the
systems frictional losses, restrictions and elevation changes.
Another basic concept is the difference between gauge pressure and absolute pressure, as
these two reference points have caused more than their fair share of confusion over the
years.
The fluid counts - Fluid characteristics play a major role with positive
displacement pumps because most handle fluids other than water. The most important
property is viscosity, the fluids resistance to a shearing force, which quantifies how
easily the fluid will flow. Along with viscosity, its essential to understand how a fluid
reacts to being pumped. A fluid can have a constant viscosity, at a particular temperature
and pressure, regardless of the rate of shear.

3. What do pump curves represent? How to read Pump Curves? Give example.

Understanding a system curve, sometimes called a system head curve, is important

because conditions in in larger, more complex piping system vary as a result of either
controllable or uncontrollable changes. Being able to read and understand a pump curve
is frankly an essential skill if you're someone who needs to select a pump for a specific
application and you want to ensure that that your pump enjoys a long service life
operating at maximal efficiency.
The sloping curve you see in the middle shows you how much flow and head the
pump will produce. But remember, a pump can only generate the flow and head plotted
on this line when it's operating properly and if nothing's been done to alter its speed or
the impeller diameter. On most pump curves, the Horizontal Axis you see will display
flow (and be shown in Gallons in the U.S. and Liters in the rest of the world) and the
Vertical Axis you see will display the head put out by the pump (head is given in Feet
for the US and Meters for the rest of the world).

To read the curve, find a point on the bottom horizontal axis, which represents GPM
(Gallons per Minute). Draw an imaginary line from the 1GPM dash straight up to
where the 1GPM line hits the pump curve. At the intersection of the 1GPM and curve,
draw an imaginary line straight over to the left axis and you'll see that the number on
the vertical axis is 9 Feet. Now you know that at 1GPM the pump in question will
produce 9 feet. Rather than starting on the horizontal axis, you can also read from the
vertical axis. For instance, if you wanted to know what flow the pump would produce at
10 feet, you'd just need to find 10 feet on the vertical axis and draw an imaginary line to
the right until you hit the pump curve. Then draw an imaginary line straight down. In
this example, you'd hit 0.5GPM. So you know that at 10 feet the pump will produce
0.5GPM.
V.

References

http://www.me-mechanicalengineering.com/2014/04/centrifugal-pump-efficiency.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_pump
https://www.engineersedge.com/pumps/centrifugal_pump.htm
http://ph.grundfos.com/content/dam/Global%20Site/Industries
%20%26%20solutions/Industry/pdf/The_Centrifugal_Pump.pdf
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/fluid-mechanics-hydraulics/30156-types-ofreciprocating-positive-displacement-pumps-piston-pump/
http://www.berkeleypumps.com/resources/images/270.pdf
http://www.nikkiso.com/products/pump/metering/