150

Transactions on Power Systems. Vol. 7,

No. 1, February 1992

READER'S GUIDE TO SUBSYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE

IEEE Committee Report
by
Subsynchronous Resonance Working Group of the System Dynamic Performance Subcommittee
ABSTRACT - In recent years, much has been written and
bibliographies have been published on the subject of
Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR). Even so, the new
investigator or uninitiated reader with an interest in the
subject needs guidance on how to approach the vast amount
of written material on this complex phenomenon. This
paper reviews the most basic aspects of SSR and device
dependent subsynchronous oscillations and cites pertinent
references that support the reviews. The paper gives a
summary of the subject and provides direction for gaining
in-depth knowledge.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Series capacitor compensation in AC transmission systems
is an economical means to increase load carrying capability,
control load sharing among parallel lines and enhance
transient stability. However, capacitors in series with
transmission lines may cause subsynchronous resonance that
can lead to turbine-generator shaft failure and electrical
instability at oscillation frequencies lower than the normal
system frequency. Therefore, the effects of SSR must be
fully understood and analyzed when planning series
capacitor compensation in power systems. The main
concern with SSR is the possibility of shaft damage from
torsional stresses. Damage can result from the long term
cumulative effects of low amplitude torsional oscillations or
the short term effects of high amplitude torques. Typically,
hydro units have mechanical parameters that are less prone
to SSR problems than thermal units.
Subsynchronous oscillations were first discussed in 1937
[1,2] and until 1971, shaft torsional oscillations were
neglected. Two shaft failures at the Mohave Generating
Station in Southern Nevada [3] led to the understanding and
development of the theory of interaction between series
91 SH 350-9 PWKS
A paper recommended and approved
by the IEEE Power System Engineering Committee of
the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation
at the IEEE/PES 1991 Summer Meeting, San Diego,
California, July 28
August 1, 1991. Manuscript
submitted October 13, 1990; made available for
printing June 25, 1991.

capacitor compensated lines and the torsional modes of

steam turbine-generators. After the second shaft failure at
Mohave, the utility industry devoted considerable effort to
the analysis and suppression of the SSR phenomenon.
Much has been written on the subject as evidenced by the
bibliography [4] and three supplements [5,6,7]. One book,
which was recently published, provides a mathematical
treatment of modeling and analysis for SSR [29]. With so
much written material, a need exists for a paper to provide
a broad treatment of the subject that goes from basic theory
to the selection of countermeasures. Therefore, the IEEE
SSR Working Group prepared this paper to give a general
introduction on the subject with a list of references. The
referenced material provides detailed information on specific
topics.
This paper presents basic theory, problem
definition, testing, and countermeasures. The paper also
contains brief descriptions of related problems not caused by
series capacitors. These problems, referred to as device
dependent subsynchronous oscillations (SSO), result from
the interaction of a turbine-generator with fast acting
controllers of power system components.
Terms and symbols used in this paper are consistent with
those in the Terms and Definitions paper [8]. Readers can
obtain further knowledge by consulting the references and
the SSR Bibliography and Supplements.
2.0 BASIC THEORY

SSR is a condition where the electric network exchanges

significant energy with a turbine-generator at one or more
frequencies below the synchronous frequency f, defined as
the frequency corresponding to the rotor average speed.
The terms subsynchronous and supersynchronous denote
frequencies below and above f,. Figure 1 shows a simple
radial power system used to explain the basic theory of
SSR. The electrical natural frequency fer of this radial
system is calculated using equation 1, with reactances
defined at frequency f,.

fer = f, (X,/(X" +X,+X*))"

This simple resonant circuit yields one electrical natural
frequency. Generally, the power system is more complex,
as well as being variable, and will result in many
subsynchronous natural frequencies.
Each of these
frequencies is defmable by an equation based on the network
components.

151

TURBINE

GENERATOR
'T

RE

'E

CAPACITOR

TRANSFORMER

INFINITE

TRANSMISSION
LINE

M = rotational mass inertia

K = shaft stiffness
D = damping
Fig. 1 - Turbine-Generator with Series Compensated
Transmission Line
Three phase armature currents at frequency ferwill flow for
the slightest electrical disturbance. The positive sequence
component of these currents will produce a rotating
magnetic field at an angular electrical speed of 2?rfe,. The
currents induced in the rotor windings by this magnetic field
are governed by the relative speed of the field and the rotor
speed. Positive sequence components of subsynchronous
armature currents produce rotor currents at subsynchronous
frequency f, = f, - fer. It is this subsynchronous rotor
current which explains 'Induction Generator Effect' in
Section 2.1. Therefore, the interaction of the armature
magnetic fields, rotating at subsynchronous speed 2nfe, with
the rotor's normal d.c. magnetic field, rotating at
synchronous speed, develops an electromagnetic torque
component at a frequency equal to f,-fer. This torque
component is used to explain torsional interaction in Section
2.2 and Torque Amplification in Section 2.3.
Technical papers may address SSR under three different
types: induction generator effect, torsional interaction, and
torque amplification. In all cases, SSR is due to the
interaction of a series capacitor compensated system with a
turbine-generator.
2.1 Induction Generator Effect
Self excitation of a series capacitor compensated electrical
system alone, assuming constant rotor speed, is caused by
induction generator effect. Since the rotor circuits are
turning faster than the rotating magnetic field produced by
the subsynchronous armature currents, the rotor resistance
to subsynchronous currents viewed from the armature
terminals is negative. When this negative resistance exceeds
the sum of the armature and network resistances, the
electrical system is self excited. Such self excitation would
be expected to result in excessive voltages and currents.

2.2 Torsional Interaction

Torsional interaction is the interplay between the mechanical
system (turbine-generator) and a series capacitor
compensated electrical network. Small signal disturbances
in a power system result in simultaneous excitation of all
natural modes of the electrical and mechanical systems.
The turbine-generator shaft system responds to disturbances
with oscillations at its torsional natural frequencies. For the
simplified system shown in Figure 1, the natural mechanical
frequency, neglecting damping, is given by equation 2. Just
as the electrical system, the real mechanical system is
multimodal and will have more than one natural frequency.

Oscillations of the generator rotor at this frequency result in

modulation of the generator voltage. The subsynchronous
frequency voltage component is at frequency fen = f, - f,.
When this frequency is close to a system natural frequency
fer,the resulting armature currents produce a magnetic field
which is phased to produce a torque which reinforces the
aforementioned generator rotor oscillations. This can result
in sustained or growing oscillations. This phenomenon is
referred to as torsional interaction.
2.3 Torque Amplification
System disturbances impose electromagnetic torques on
generator rotors, subjecting shaft segments to torsional
stresses [9]. Following a significant system disturbance in
a series capacitor compensated system, the resulting
electromagnetic torque oscillates at a frequency f,-fer. If this
frequency is near f,, of any shaft section, the resulting shaft
torques could be much larger than those produced by a three
phase fault in a system without series capacitors. This is
caused by the resonance between the electrical and
mechanical natural frequencies. These effects are referred
to as shaft torque amplification. Higher torques can result
if the timing of fault duration [9] reinforces the mechanical
system response to the initial transient.

3.0 DEVICE DEPENDENT SUBSYNCHRONOUS

OSCILLATION
Besides the interaction between turbine-generators and series
capacitor compensated networks, subsynchronous
oscillations in turbine-generators have also resulted from
interaction with other power system components. Other
potential sources include power system stabilizers, high
voltage DC converter controls, static var compensator [30],
high speed governor controls, and variable speed drive
converters. In general, any device that controls or responds
rapidly to power or speed variations in the subsynchronous
frequency range is a potential source for excitation of
subsynchronous oscillations.

152

3.1 Power System Stabilizers

Power System Stabilizers (PSS) provide damping to power
system oscillations at very low frequencies (0.1 - 2.0 Hz).
Depending on the feedback signal and the parameters of a
PSS, one or more oscillatory signals corresponding to the
shaft torsional modes can be injected into the generator field
winding. This in turn may excite the torsional modes into
subsynchronous oscillations.
Excitation of the subsynchronous modes by the PSS can be avoided by torsional
filters in the PSS loop [lo].
3.2 HVDC Converter Controls
HVDC converters generate currents in a wide band of
frequencies. Therefore, HVDC converters can excite
torsional modes of turbine-generators through constant DC
power, current, or voltage control loops and/or the auxiliary
power control loop used to enhance the stability of low
frequency (0.1-2.0 Hz) oscillations of the interconnected AC
system. Modifications to converter controllers or addition
of a supplementary subsynchronous damping control (SSDC)
to the current controller may eliminate this problem [113.
3.3 Speed Governor System
The control action of electro-hydraulic governors can excite
turbine-generators into subsynchronous oscillations [ 121.
This is because their bandwidth can be wide enough to pass
the torsional frequencies to the turbines, providing a closed
loop for subsynchronous oscillatory modes. Conventional
hydraulic governors do not excite torsionals.
4.0 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Problem identificationusually begins with SSR studies based
on estimated machine parameters. Parameter sensitivity
studies are essential to determine the need for SSR tests.
Special SSR testing can provide refined parameters. Results
from the studies and tests are empIoyed to define
appropriate countermeasures. The analyses should identify
the most probable and the most severe problems for all
stages of generation and transmission system development.
4.1 Analytical Tools
Several analytical tools are available for studying SSR
problems. These tools are generally in the form of digital
computer programs. The widely used techniques for SSR
analysis are: frequency scan, eigenvalue, and digital time
domain simulation. Other techniques have been developed
and published in the literature.
4.1.1 Frequency Scan Technique
Results of frequency scanning studies aid in identifying
potential induction generator effect, torsional interaction and
transient torque amplification problems. The frequency scan
technique [13,14] determines the system impedance, as a
function of frequency, viewed from the neutral of the
generator under study. This impedance, in conjunction with

machine mechanical parameters, can be used to estimate

negative damping for the active machine torsional modes.
This is an approximate linear method used to screen system
conditions that are potential SSR problems and identify those
parts of the system that do not influence the SSR
phenomenon. This program is cost-effective as a screening
tool.
4.1.2 Eigenvalue Technique
Eigenvalue techniques are based on the mathematical model
of the system using its set of linearized differential equations
[15]. They are used to examine the effect of different series
compensation levels and system configurations on the
damping of torsional modes. Combined with well known
linear control theories, eigenvalue studies can be used to
design controllers of SSR countermeasures. Eigenvalue
studies can also be used to map constant damping contours
for varying compensation levels of multiple transmission
lines [16].
Although eigenvalue techniques are extensively used in SSR
analysis, they suffer from several shortcomings:

o The results are valid only for small perturbations, so,

they cannot be used to study torque amplification
problems.
o

Positive sequence representation with limited system

representation.

Physical nonlinearities, e.g., magnetic saturation of

generators, cannot be easily included in the system
model.

Switching devices, e.g., thyristor valves, are

represented by approximated linear transfer functions
which neglect the possible impact of switching on the
system behavior.

4.1.3 Digital Time Simulation Technique

Digital time simulation programs are used to analyze a
broad range of machine-network interaction problems,
including SSR [ 171. These programs use step-by-step
numerical integration to solve the set of differential
equations (linear and nonlinear) representing the overall
system under study. These techniques allow detailed
modeling of machines and system controllers as well as
circuit breaker action, transient faults, and other types of
switching events [18].
Digital time simulation is most useful for the study of torque
amplification. The ability to accurately model nonlinear
devices is a distinct advantage of this analytic tool.
However, it is not well suited for the study of self-excitation
because it requires long time simulations to assess a case

153

which has small negative damping. This disadvantage may

be outweighed when it is necessary to accurately model
nonlinear devices.
4.2 Data
As in any type of system studies, SSR analyses require
modeling the affected components of the power system.
This includes the electrical system and the turbinegenerators for the study area. The type of SSR problem
being analyzed and the tool being used dictate the level of
detail in the models and the amount of system
representation.
4.2.1 Electric System Data
Most computer programs for SSR analysis require the same
positive sequence data used in power flow, short circuit, and
stability studies. Other programs, such as time-domain
simulation, require more detailed models including zero
sequence. Because resistance is an important factor in SSR,
the data should use accurate resistance values and sensitivity
should be determined. The analyses should also consider
the effects of load behavior [21].
Computer size limits require that large networks be reduced.
Network reduction also reduces computer costs. In general,
short circuit equivalents may be adequate for the portions of
the system without series capacitors. Frequency dependent
networks are also available as equivalents.
4.2.2 Turbine-Generator Data
In addition to the electric system representation, SSR
analyses require the mechanical model, electrical model, and
fatigue life expenditure data for the turbine-generator. Since
SSR is concerned with the relative motion of the turbinegenerator masses from 5 Kz to 55 Hz, the turbine-generator
model must provide accurate answers in this subsynchronous
frequency range. Each program has a specific model for
the generator. The most popular formats are R and X
versus frequency for frequency scanning, Parks generator
model and a spring-mass shaft model for both eigenvalue
analysis and time-domain simulation. As a requirement in
a turbine-generator purchase contract, the manufacturer
should furnish a springhass model, natural frequencies,
mode shapes of the torsional system formed by the rotating
masses and shafts of the turbine-generator set, generator
electrical model as R and X versus frequency (versus
current level), and fatigue life expenditure data for each
shaft. Any generator model, such as rotor circuit or
classical stability, can be developed from the R and X data
for a given frequency range. Such models can also be
requested from the generator manufacturer.
4.3 Studies
SSR analysis usually starts with frequency scanning studies
because it is the most cost effective approach. With this

program, the cost of simulating various system

configurations and levels of series compensation is much
lower than the cost with other methods. Frequency
scanning identifies conditions that may cause induction
generator effect, torsional interaction, and torque
amplification problems, but, more detailed studies using
other methods are needed to verify the problem severity.
An important significance of the frequency scanning studies
is that they identify system conditions which do not cause
SSR problems. This allows planners to establish acceptable
series compensation levels for a specific stage of system
development. If major changes in the system are planned at
a later date, the SSR problems of series compensation will
need to be reevaluated.

To verify the severity of induction generator effect and

torsional interaction problems, a representative number of
eigenvalue analyses should be performed. Results should
correlate with frequency scanning results. If not, the cause
of the difference must be identified and corrected.
Cases identified in the frequency scanning studies as
potential torque amplification problems should be simulated
in time-domain programs. Results of the simulations will
indicate if these cases produce damaging levels of torques
on the shafts. Using these results as input to a fatigue
analysis program will determine the amount of shaft fatigue
expenditure. Torque amplification depends on many
factors. The main factor is how close the electric system
natural frequency is to the complement of one of the
machines torsional natural frequencies. Other factors
include the type, impedance, and clearing time of fault.
Although time-domain programs can simulate many types of
system conditions, their use to study self-excitation costs
more than other methods. Because self-excitation results in
slowly growing oscillations, many seconds of the oscillation
must be simulated. This will require a large amount of
computer time. The major effects of torque amplification
occur within 1.0 second, so simulation time is shorter and
cost less.
4.4 Fatigue Damage

The main objective of SSR analysis is to predict the amount

of fatigue damage to the turbine-generator rotor over the life
of the machine. This determines the justification for
countermeasure expenditures. In the past, lack of data
prevented accurate calculations of fatigue damage on large
turbine-generator shafts.
Due to recent concerns on
torsional stresses caused by SSR, high speed reclosing, and
faulty synchronizing, the state of the art in fatigue analysis
has advanced such that computer programs can now predict
fatigue damage with reasonable accuracy [ 191.

154

5.0 TESTING
Tests are performed to measure system damping and a
machines natural torsional frequencies and mode shapes.
Manufacturers can provide turbine-generator models that are
adequate for preliminary studies but these estimates have
shown as much as 10%difference between calculated and
measured natural frequencies. Because damping determines
if a particular unit faces an SSR problem requiring capital
expenditures to control, it is critical to obtain accurate
values. Only measurements can provide the accuracy to
eliminate uncertainties in the models and study results.

SSR testing requires that the turbine-generator be equipped

with sensors to detect torsional oscillations. The most
common type of equipment includes toothed wheels and
reluctance pickups. Optical sensors and strain gauges have
also been used. The demodulated output provides speed
deviation which can be processed to obtain natural
frequencies, damping, and mode shapes.
The natural torsional frequencies of a machine are obtained
by spectrum analysis of the speed deviations. Digital
spectrum analyzers can provide direct readout of the
frequencies during normal operation of the unit. Special
switching is not needed.
Damping and mode shape measurements are more difficult
than frequency measurement.
It involves forcing a
significant level of torsional oscillations and then measuring
the decay after removing the driving force. Some digital
spectrum analyzers provide a direct method for determining
damping.
The turbine-generator torsional modes can be excited by a
system transient. A transient event, such as line or series
capacitor switching, causes a sudden electrical torque to
excite all torsional modes of oscillation. The level of
oscillation depends on the nature and magnitude of the
transient. Filtering the speed deviation signal isolates the
response of each mode. The decay of each response
following the transient defines the modal damping.
Another possible means of stimulating the machine is to
inject a sinusoidal signal into the generator voltage
regulator. With this method, a signal generator can be
adjusted in frequency to excite one of the torsional modes.
The signal level is adjusted to produce M adequate level of
oscillation.
After conditions stabilize, the signal is
removed. The decay of the mass or shaft oscillation is a
measure of damping. This method is preferable but is only
effective for high gain and relatively wide band excitation
systems.

negative damping such that only the turbine-generator

mechanical damping is measured. The appropriate test
system is identified by pre-test studies. Such tests provide
the opportunity to measure the change in damping for
system configurations which are shown by pretest studies to
produce negative damping.
After completing the tests, it may be necessary to revise
study models, repeat studies and reevaluate the SSR problem
seventy [20,21].
6.0 SSR COUNTERMEASURES
When self excitation conditions are identified or when
fatigue analysis indicates potential shaft damage, some
means of protection must be selected and implemented. The
purpose of a countermeasure is to maintain stability and
prevent equipment damage and personal injury. Several
countermeasures are available but the cost may be high,
depending on the problem and the level of protection it
provides. To be cost effective, the selection process must
consider the probability of SSR events occurring and the
amount of damage expected. The expected cost of damage
can then be compared with the cost of protection. System
conditions leading to shaft fracture at rated speed must be
identified and avoided.
One solution to SSR is to avoid those series compensation
levels that are a problem. This may be complex due to the
large number of variables that impact the problem and may
not be cost effective in view of reduced system capacity.
Another solution is to trip the unit. This method of
protection may be acceptable if the probability of occurrence
is low. If the number of unit trips is frequent, a nontripping countermeasure might be more appropriate.
Several SSR countermeasures have been applied and more
have been considered. Many are suitable only for certain
system configurations and situations. Because of high
amplitudes of oscillations and fast torque buildup, transient
torque problems may require more extreme and costly
countermeasures than self-excitation countermeasures. The
pole-face amortisseur winding is effective in controlling the
induction generator effect.
Countermeasures fall into these categories: filtering and
damping, relaying and protective devices, system switching
and generator tripping, and generator and system
modifications.
The following is a list of SSR
countermeasures that have been considered, along with an
indication of those that have been applied [22-28,301.

1. Static Blocking Filter - Applied

2. Line Filter
For damping measurements, it is desirable that the electric
system be in a configuration that provides no positive or

3. Parallel Filter
4. Dynamic Filter

155

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
2 1.
22.
23.

Dynamic Stabilizer Applied

Excitation System Damper - Applied
Larger Exciter - Applied
Torsional Motion Relay - Applied
Armature Current Relay Applied
System Switching
Unit Tripping - Applied
Turbine-Generator Modifications Applied
Reactance in Series with Generator
Pole Face Amortisseur Winding - Applied
Dual Gap Flashing - Applied
Reduced Series Capacitor Gap Setting - Applied
Forced Gap Flashing
Coordinated Capacitor Control
Coordinated Series Capacitor Use With Loading Applied
Thyristor Switched Resistor (NGH Scheme) - Applied
Damping Resistors
Static VAR Compensators and Phase Shifters
Phase Imbalance

7.0 SHAFT TORQUE MONITORING

Shaft torque monitoring is not considered a true
countermeasure but can be effective in maintaining the
integrity of turbine-generator shafts faced with torque
amplification and/or sustained torque oscillations. Fatigue
life expenditure is cumulative for all torque cycles greater
than the endurance limit.
When 100% fatigue life
expenditure (FLE) has accumulated, cracks at the shaft
surface will propagate. If this condition is detected in the
early stages, resurfacing the shaft will restore the shaft
integrity. Shaft torque monitors are being used to detect
accumulated FLE and the FLE for each event. The existing
torsional monitors do not actually measure torque but
calculate torque and FLE from measured armature electrical
quantities and shaft motion at strategic points.

8.0 SUMMARY
Many utilities are either applying or considering applying
series capacitors because of the economic advantage. But
the hazards to turbine-generators require utility engineers to
fully understand and thoroughly analyze the effects of SSR
caused by series capacitors. SSR's complexity and the vast
amount of information could intimidate the novice. To help
in the understanding and analysis of SSR, this paper
consolidated and reviewed the key issues. Discussions
included basic theory, problem identification, testing, and
countermeasures. For gaining in-depth knowledge, the
paper provides a list of references.
REFERENCES
1. J. W. Butler & C. Concordia, "Analysis of Series
Capacitors Application Problem", AIEE Transactions,
Vol. 56, pp. 975-988, 1937.

2. G. K. Carter & C. Concordia, "Negative Damping of

Electrical Machinery", AIEE Transactions, Vol. 60,
pp. 116-119, March 1941.

3. J. W. Ballance & S. Goldberg, "Subsynchronous

Resonance in Series
Compensated Transmission
Lines", IEEE Transactions on Power Auparatus &
Systems, Vol. PAS-92, pp. 1649-1658,
September/October 1973.
4. IEEE Committee Report, "A Bibliography for Study of
SubsynchronousResonance Between Rotating Machines
and Power Systems", IEEE Transactions on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-95, No. 1, pp.
216-218, January/February 1976.

5. IEEE Committee Report, "First Supplement to a

Bibliography for Study of Subsynchronous Resonance
Between Rotating Machines and Power Systems",
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS-98, NO. 6, pp. 1872-1875,
NovembedDecember 1979.
6. IEEE Committee Report, "Second Supplement to a
Bibliography for Study of Subsynchronous Resonance
Between Rotating Machines and Power Systems",
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Svstems,
Vol. PAS-104, No. 2, pp. 321-327, February 1985.
7. IEEE Committee Report, "Third Supplement to a
Bibliography for Study of Subsynchronous Resonance
Between Rotating Machines and Power Systems",
paper no. 90 SM 328-5-PWRS presented at the PES
Summer Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, July 1990.

8. IEEE Committee Report, "Terms, Definitions and

Symbols for Subsynchronous Oscillations",
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.
PAS-104, pp. 1326-1334, June 1985.
9. J. S. Joyce, T. Kulig, & D. Lambrecht, "Torsional
Fatigue of
Turbine-Generator Shafts Caused by
Different Electrical System Faults and Switching
Operations", IEEE Transactions on Power Atmaratus
and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, pp. 1965-1977,
September/October 1978.
10. W. Watson & M. E. Coultes, "Static Stabilizer Signal
on Large Generators - Mechanical Problems", IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Svstems, Vol.
PAS-92, pp. 204-21 1, JanuaryfFebruary 1973.

11. K. Mortensen, E. V. Larsen, & R. J. Piwko, "Field

Test and Analysis of Torsional Interaction Between the
Coal Creek Turbine-Generator and the CU HVDC

156

(AIMS)", IEEE Transactions on Power Svstems, Vol.

PWRS-4, No. 2, pp. 575-582, May 1989.

System", IEEE Transactions on Power Auuaratus and

Svstems, Vol. PAS-100, pp. 336-344, January 1981.
12. D. C. Lee, R. E. Beaulieu, & G. J. Rogers, "Effect of
Governor Characteristics on Turbo-Generator Shaft
Torsionals", IEEE Transactions on Power Auuaratus
and Svstems, Vol. PAS-104, p. 1255-1259, June 1985.

22. IEEE Committee Report, "Countermeasure to .

Subsynchronous Resonance Problem" IEEE
Transactions on Power ADuaratus and Svstems, vol.
PAS-99, pp. 1810-1818, September/October 1980.

13. L. A. Kilgore, D. G. Ramey & M. C. Hall,

"Simplified Transmission and Generation System
Analysis Procedures for Subsynchronous Resonance",
IEEE Transactions on Power Auuaratus and Svstems,
Vol. PAS-96, pp. 1840-1846, NovemberlDecember
1977.

23. C. E. J. Bowler, D. H. Baker, N. A. Mincer, & P. R.

Vandiveer, "Operation and Test of the Navajo SSR
Protective Equipment", IEEE Transactions on Power
Auuaratus and Svstems, Vol. PAS-97, pp. 1030-1035,
July/August 1978.
24.

14. B. L. Agrawal & R. G. Farmer, "Useof Frequency

Scanning Technique for Subsynchronous Resonance
Analysis", IEEE Transactions on Power ADDaratuS and
Svstems, Vol. PAS-98, pp. 341-349, MarchIApril
1979.
15. E. V. Larsen & W. W. Price, "MANSTAFVPOSSIM
Power System Dynamic Analysis Programs A New
Approach Combining Nonlinear Simulation and
Linearized Space/Frequency Domain Capabilities",
Proceeding of PICA Conference, pp. 350-358, 1977.

16. E. V. Larsen & D. H. Baker, "Series Compensation

Operating Limits -A New Concept for SSR Stability
Analysis", IEEE Transactions on Power Auuaratus and
Systems, Vol. PAS-99, No. 5, pp. 1855-1863,
September/October 1980.

D. G. Ramey, D. S. Kimmel, J. W. Dorney, and F.

H. Kroening, "Dynamic Stabilizer Verification Tests at
the San Juan Station", IEEE Transactions on Power
Auuaratus and Svstems, Vol. PAS 100, pp. 5011-5019,
December 1981.

25. C. E. J. Bowler, J. A. Demcko, L. Menkoft, W. C.

Kotheimer, & D. Cordray, "The Navajo SMF Type
SubsynchronousResonance Relay", IEEE Transactions
on Power Auuaratus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, No.
5 , pp. 1489-1495, September/October 1978.
26. S. C. Sun, S. Salowe, E. R. Taylor, & C. R.
Mummert, "A Subsynchronous Oscillation Relay Type SSO", IEEE Transactions on Power Auuaratus
and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, pp. 3580-3589, July
1981.

17. H. W. Dommel, "Digital Computer Solution of

Electromagnetic Transients in Single-and Multi-Phase
Networks", IEEE Transactions on Power Auuaratus
and Svstems, Vol. PAS-88, pp. 388-399, April 1969.

27. IEEE Committee Report, "Series Capacitor Controls

and Settings as a Countermeasure to Subsynchronous
Resonance", IEEE Transactions on Power AuDaratus
and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, pp. 1281-1287, June
1982.

18. G. Gross & M. C. Hall, "Synchronous Machine and

Torsional Dynamics Simulation in the Computation of
Electro-Magnetic Transient", IEEE Transactions on
Power Auuaratus and Systems, Vol. PAS-91, pp.
1074-1086, July/August 1978.

28. R. A. Hedin, K. B. Stump, & N. G. Hingorani, "A

New Scheme for SubsynchronousResonance Damping
of Torsional Oscillations and Transient Torques, Part
XI", IEEE Transactions on Power Apuaratus and
Svstems, Vol. PAS-100, pp. 1856-1863, April 1981.

19. EPRI, Determination of Torsional Fatigue Life of

Large Turbine Generator Shafts, EL-3083, RP 1531-1,
April 1984.

29. P. M. Anderson, B. L. Agrawal, J. E. Van Ness,

Subsvnchronous Resonance in Power Systems, IEEE
Press, New York, 1990.

20. IEEE Committee Report, "Comparison of SSR

Calculations and Test Results" IEEE Transactions on
Power Svstems, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 336-344, February
1989.7

30. R. J. Piwko, N. Rostamkolai, E. V. Larsen, D. A.

Fisher, M. A. Mobarak, A. E. Poitras,
"Subsynchronous Torsional Interactions with static Var
Compensators - Concepts and Practical Implications, "
IEEE Transactions on Power Svstems, pp. 1324-1332,
November 1990.

21. B. L. Agrawal, J. A. Demcko, R. G. Farmer & D. A.

Selin, "Apparent Impedance Measuring System

157

IEEE SUBSYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE WORKING GROUP

Jim Tang, Chairman, Salt River Project

Ricardo Achilles, HIDRONOR S. A., Argentina
Baj Agrawal, Arizona Public Service
Daniel Baker, General Electric
Colin ET Bowler, General Electric
Charles Concordia, Consulting Engineer
Cesar CNZ, Salt River Project
John Dorney, Public Service of New Mexico
Aty Edris, ABB Power Systems
Dick Farmer, Arizona Public Service
Adel Hammad, ABB Power Systems, Switzerland
M. Shawky Hamman, Clarkson College

Ron Harley, Univ. of Natal, South Africa

Ronald Hedin, Siemens Energy & Automation
Francesco Illiceto, Universita di Roma, Italy
Reza Iravani, University of Toronto, Canada
Lee Kilgore, Consulting Engineer
James Luini, Pacific Gas & Electric
Jerry Sims, Tucson Electric Power
Ajay Sood, Idaho Power Company
Don Ramey, Westinghouse
Hemesh Thanawala, GEC Alsthom, England
John Undrill, Power Technologies, Inc.
Duncan Walker, General Electric