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ACOUSTIC DIAGNOSTICS OF AN
AUTOMOTIVE HVAC SYSTEM
V..JAN 291991
i
G.A.
C.Brungart
Lauchle
"T.
J.Tichy
Supported by:
Ford Motor Company
IIF
IIL
S/
ABSTRACT
In order to suggest
A-1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pane Number
ABSTRACT ..............................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................
LIST OF FIGURES..........................5
LIST OF TABLES ...........................
10
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION. ....................
12
CHAPTER 2.
15
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
15
Background. ......................
16
Sound Field Quantities ..................
17
Complex Acoustic Intensity ................
Meeasurement Technique.................21
Measurement Precision..................22
25
App,.ications. .....................
26
Sourd Power Measurements .................
28
Sound Source Identification. .............
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES FOR THE HVAC SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3.
31
32
3.1
3.2
CHAPTER 4.
4.1
.31
33
Measurement
Measurement
Measurement
Measurement
Measurement
Plane
Plane
Plane
Plane
Plane
34
36
39
40
42
1 ................
2 ................
3 ................
4 .. .............
5 ................
4.2
4.3
33
.43
44
CHAPTER 5.
CONCLUSIONS .....................
46
CHAPTER 6.
49
REFERENCES.............................50
APPENDIX 1.
APPENDIX 2.
113
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number
Page Number
Title
Intensity Vectors, Wavefronts arid Contours
of Constant Pressure ..
........... ..
51
52
54
53
55
56
10
11
12
13
63
64
65
66
67
14
15
16
17
62
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Title
Measurement Plane 1 Intensity Vector Map,
..
1 kHz, Blower Out ...............
Page Number
68
19
20
70
71
72
73
74
2,
22
23
24
25
26
28
29
30
80
81
32
33
I
1
76
27
31
3
3
I
S
I
83
===
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number
34
35
36
37
38
(CONTINUED)
Page Number
Title
Measuremert Plane 3 Intensity Vector Map,
............ ..
500 Hz, Blower Out ...
84
85
86
87
88
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
90
97
99
!
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number
so
(CONTINUED)
Page Number
Title
Measurement Positions Used in INCE Plenlun
.......
Box Sound Power Measurements
100
51
52
53
54
55
I
I
105
56
57
58
1.1
11l
1.2
112
2.1
2.2
Page Number
2.1
2.2
.....................
Title
Noise .....
1
I
3
LIST OF TABLES
Table Number
m8
3
115
i3
LIST OF SYMBOLS
AC
air conditioning
filter bandwidth
BPF
sonic velocity
FFT
G11 , G22
021
HVAC
INCE
I,
IT
Iactive
intensity vector
estimated active intensity vector component in the direction
of the two microphone axis
acoustic pressure
I
LIST OF SYMBOLS (CONTINUED)
spatial coordinate
rpm
time
17
V,
sound power
AP
Ar
ASJ
phase mismatch
acoustic wavelength
fluid density
4phase
I
3
3
I
3
angle
pressure coefficient
circular frequency
10
|I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been supported by the Ford Motor Company under contract
747-8-G75483.
program monitor at Ford, for his interest and support of this work.
Also
1i
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Of
Thus, it
The
part of the study directed toward flow measurements has been completed
and documented by Denger et al. (1990).
12
identified.
The
Under low
is discussed in Appendix 1.
In another part of the study, the blower was removed from the HVAC
system (as to eliminate this source of noise), and then air from a
remote, quiet airflow source was pumped through the system.
This
13I
14
CHAPTER 2
ACOUSTIC INTENSITY TECHNIQUE
2.1
Background
The acoustic part of the research on identification of the sound
Although, in principle, a
measured directly.
The development of the Fast Fourier Transform analyzer, the
introduction and perfection of digital electronic technology, and the
improvement of electro-acoustic transducers has permitted the
construction of a reliable acoustic intensity meter for both laboratory
and field use.
15
I
The ability to measure acoustic power flow substantially expands
our capability to study details of sound radiation from complex
structures, to obtain sound power radiated by acoustic sources into the
farfield from the nearfield measurements, to study the qualitative and
quantitative details of sound propagation in space with complex
boundaries, to evaluate acoustic diffraction and dispersion, and t
3
3
gradient.
2.2
5
J
domain.
Calculation of power progression in acoustic fields requires
determination of two acoustical quantities.
obtained from the sound pressure and particle velocity amplitudes and
16
In addition,
2.3
p(r,t) = P(r)e-1e
(1)
a (r,t)
- -- Vp(r, t)= -
[P(r)V#(r) + jVP(r)]e'
(r)e j u t
(2)
17
I
1
1--P
(r)V4(r)cos2(u)t
(3))
(3)
P (r)VP(r) sin2 (t -
o(r)
2wp
2Fp
Re[p(r) . (r)
(2r)
(r) V$(r)
It is high in
areas where P 2 (r) is large (high potential energy density) or where the
which
p2(r)V1(r) -jrVP(rr)].
- P(r)
2
(5)
2c(p
as defined by
181
1(r) =
-1 Im[p(r). P(r)]
22op
= -
lVP2(r)
P(r)VP(r)= - -4(ap
(6)
coordinates only.
An example of the sound field representation in the vicinity of
sound radiators is shown in Figure 1.
The wavefronts,
is proportional to the
I
aims toward the minima and is pointed away from the maxima.
These
than in the air, areas of sound power radiation alternate with areas of
sound power absorption.
shift between the pressure and particle velocity and, therefore, areas
of high pressure are not generally associated with large sound power
radiation.
20
I
3
While hard wall vibrators are marked by high values of vector O5,
openings such as duct terminations or leaks which radiate acoustic power
have high f ad low .
low, sound power is radiated due to the large in-phase particle velocity
component with sound pressure.
2.4
Measurement Technique
As mentioned earlier, the measurement of intensity is based on
= I(W)
jo(w)
p1
[G2 2 (w) - Gj(w)
2jcop~r
- j2rm(G2 l(4))]
(7)
where G 11(w) and G22 (w) are the pressure auto-spectral densities at the
microphone locations, G2 1(4) is the complex cross-spectral density, and
Ar is the distance between the microphones.
-1
I(w)
Re[T(w)]
and
21
I m[G 2 1 ,(W)]
(8)
I
Q(()
Im[
- 2WpAr
[G2, ()
(W)
(9)
(a)].
1
I
pressures
p(r,t)
= P(r)e-J(r)e
re
+ P 2 (r)e-
(YI]eJor
(10)
as
p2(W)
"
()
- -I
IVp(rt)
1 -1
[pe,
)]
eJu
(12)
2.5
2
4W 2 p2 (Ar)
(13)
Measurement Precision
The precision of intensity measurements depends on many more
Besides the
3
5
In
However,
22
is determined from the pressure average, and the particle velocity from
the pressure difference which approximates the pressure gradient.
In a
sin (kAr)
kAr
'
The error affects the upper
can usually be adjusted, while the phase mismatch depends on the actual
hardware used.
23
f
*12
where
012
-xr
P,(15)i
IT
0.
012
- kAr, while
U
5
3
2wAr/X, where A is
*12
3
3
3
data from line spectra obtained from an FFT analyzer, the frequency
5
3
24
~I
Figure
A variety of available
2.6
Applications
The main incentive leading to the development of the intensity
technique was the need to develop a better tool for sound power
measurements than the techniques based on calculating sound power from
the squared pressure data.
technique was developed, the applications have escalated rapidly and the
new technique has been adopted in practically all measurement techniques
based on sound power, such as transmission loss, sound absorption
25
I
coefficient and radiation efficiency measurement.
In addition to
5
3
wave propagation.
2.7
for its characterization and labeling, and as the input parameter for
environmental design.
technique, which has the needed precision to measure the radiated power,
requires large and costly reverberation rooms.
usable for small sources only.
In addition, it is
3
3
26I
n
=
f, Asi
(16)
27
The precision of
of these indicators.
5
3
3
5
The maps
of intensity vectors reveal the areas of sound power emission and their
propagation into the farfield.
strategies.
First, examples of the nearfield of typical radiators will be
shown.
farfield.
3
28
vibrates with 1800 phase shift relative to the two outer sources.
As
the intensity field reveals, the outer sources radiate sound power which
sinks partially into the center source and only a fraction of the
radiated power propagates into the farfield.
This
The overall
29
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30
1
I
CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES FOR THE NVAC SYSTEM
3.1
The
stand alone HVAC system was positioned near the floor at the center of
the chamber.
the floor.
anechoic chamber.
Figure 11 shows
Thus, a
Once set into operation the scanner moves the probes and then
U
directs the scanner to move to the next position and repeat the data
acquisition.
it was not uncommon for a typical scan (over one plane) to take two
hours.
3.2
a standard practice for the measurement of sound power from small airmoving devices.
U
3
a simple frame box has walls covered with acoustically transparent mylar
sheets.
depicted in Figure 12; the box thus provides a pressure chamber that
allows the fan to be tested under various conditions of back pressure.
The back pressure (head rise) is varied by a sliding door opening in one
wall, and the static pressure is measured by a piezometer.
Microphones
can be positioned around the box and are sensitive to the emissions from
the fan because the mylar is transparent; furthermore, the box prevents
extraneous flow noise from acting on the microphones. The box fabricated
for the current project was made slightly smaller than the recommended
dimensions.
3
3
CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
4.1
The
In planes 1, 2, and 3,
data were taken both with the blower installed in the system and with
the blower located in an acoustically isolated box.
rate was maintained to the system at all times.
acquired only with the blower installed and data in Plane 5 were
acquired only with the blower removed.
Figures 14 through 48 present the intensity maps in a format
designed to orient the reader so that he/she can easily relate the
intensity to features on the HVAC system.
Photos of the
HVAC system were taken at the appropriate angles and were modified for
placewent in the blank spaces of the intensity maps representing the
surface in the measurement plane.
33
U
4.1.1
Measurement Plane 1
the data are first presented with the blower installed in the system,
U
3
region is, as shown in Figure 15, the top of the evaporator core; the
intensity vectors fan out radially from that location.
Although the
3
3
However,
compared to the fan, the evaporator exit source contributes only a small
that the area at the evaporator exit is the strongest source region,
341
and, compared to the fan, contributes equal energy to the sound field at
that location.
the system, the contribution from the evaporator exit source is small.
Figure 20 also shows that the blower is the dominant noise source
for 2000 Hz in measurement Plane 1.
Figure 21 is a
repeat of the active intensity shown in Figure 20, but color has been
applied to aid in hot spot identification.
acoustic hot spot.
the fan removed, the area at the evaporator exit is the strongest source
region at 2000 Hz.
the system, the contribution from the evaporator exit source is small.
Figures 14 through 22 clearly show that the blower is by far the
dominant noise source measured in Plane 1 at frequencies ranging from
250 to 2000 Hz.
identified though; the top of the evaporator at 250 Hz and the exit of
the evaporator at frequencies ranging from 500 to 2000 Hz.
noise sources contribute to the sound field only locally.
These flow
If the
Locally,
flow noise can contribute equally to the sound field (relative to the
local contribution from the fan), but in terms of the overall sound
power radiated by the HVAC system (in Plane 1), the flow noise sources
are
econdary contributors.
35
!
4.1.2
Measurement Plane 2
system are presented first, and then, for comparison purposes, the
intensity vector map taken with the air moving device located in an
3
I
3
ranks third out of the four vents in terms of sound generation with the
driver's side vent contributing the least amount of energy to the field.
Figure 25 shows that with the blower removed the middle vents contribute
most of the acoustic energy to the field.
ranks third out of the four vents in terms of noise radiation with the
driver's side vent contributing the least amount of energy to the field.
With the blower removed, the active intensity is reduced only
approximately 3 dB in front of the middle vents and passenger's side
vent.
50% of the acoustic energy with the remaining 50% coming from the fan.
Near the blower, however, the sound field is dominated by the blower.
At 500 Hz in Plane 2, Figure 26 shows the active intensity to be
3
I
greatest between the middle vents and the passenger's side vent and to
the side of the passenger's side vent.
measured intensities between the middle vents and the passenger's side
vent and in front of the middle vents, but to a lesser extent.
As one
With the blower removed from the system, Figure 27, like
Figure 25, shows that the active intensity is greatest over the middle
vents.
to the field and the driver's side vent contributes the least amoun, of
energy.
This is due to
The
The
active intensity is also fairly high between the middle vents and the
passenger's side vent and over the middle vents.
The contribution of
the blower to the local sound field appears to decrease with distance
37
I
away from it, with flow noise sources dominating locally.
Figure 30
shows that with the blower removed from the system the middle vents are
the dominant sources of sound.
blower in place to the levels measured with the blower removed indicates
3
3
frequency.
Figures 23 through 30 show that both the fan and register flow
noise are significant contributors to the intensities measured in Plane
field.
With the blower removed from the system, the high active intensity
levels between the middle vents and the passenger's side vent disappear
as do the high activa intensity levels in that area of the measurement
plane located to the side of the passenger's side vent.
In this
The
38
3
I
g
3
4.1.3
Measurement Plane 3
in place are presented first and then, for comparison purposes, maps
taken with the airflow supplied by an acoustically isolated source are
shown.
In Plane 3 at 250 Hz, Figure 31 shows the intensities to be
greatest at the fan inlet.
With the
measured at the inlet, at the back of the fan, and between the blower
and the duct.
leaking through the gap at the juncture of the two sections of the
casing.
However, its
maximum value is 54.3 dB; some 12.5 dB lower than the maximum intensity
value measured with the blower in place.
39
I
At 1000 Hz, the fan inlet is again identified in Figure 35 as the
dominant source region.
Figure 36 still shows the most intense sound to be radiating from the
fan inlet.
3
3
Figure 38 also shows that with the blower removed the intensities
are greatest at the fan inlet and at a corresponding location behind the
fan.
3
3
I
3
by 5.5 dB.
Figures 31 through 38 show that the blower is the dominant noise
source in Plane 3.
4.1.4
Measurement Plane 4
All data were taken with the blower installed in the system.
I
3
3
I
where the flow enters the plenum) indicate that the noise emanates from
40
|I
the back of the plenum also indicate that this area is a source region.
Figure 41 (500 Hz) reveals that the active intensities are fairly
uniform over the measurement plane.
They are
greatest over a relatively large area at the back of the plenum at the
location of the door used to control the flow to the floor vents.
The
At the lower
source region is the area at the back of the plenum at the location of
the floor vent door.
41
I
4.1.5
Measurement Plane 5
The active
3
3
The active
intensities are greatest at this location and fan out radially from it.
Figure 46 again shows the notch between the plenum and the exit of
3
3
the evaporator to be the dominant source regior with the 1000 Hz active
intensity vectors fanning out radially from it.
An additional source
near the location of the air entrance contributes to the acoustic field
as well.
3
3
is probably due to the experimental set-up (i.e. the flow from the
ducting impinging on the motor backplate).
42
4.2
jof
air through the system was identical in both cases since the static
pressures at the evaporator exit were matched.
This
unwanted noise, the discharge from the dryer hose was subsequently
turned gradually into the scroll using a flexible duct.
Broadband five
point sound power measurements confirmed that the resulting noise was
reduced by approximately 2 dB.
Figure 49 shows the sound power spectrum radiated by the HVAC
system operating in the "standard" configuration and with "airflow only"
through the system.
the douinant noise source, although the data also show that the sound
power radiated by the blower decreases with increasing frequency and
that secondary flow noise sources become more important as the frequency
increases.
43
I
level meter and 20 point sound power measurements performed using the
4.3
blower mounted in the INCE plenum box, see Figure 50 for a schematic.
The pressure rise across the blower, AP, ranged between 0 and 1.72
inches of water in these tests, while the blower speed ranged from
approximately 1700 to 2900 rpm.
It is clear that a
are prone to separation (stall) and turbulence noise and turbulenceturbulence interaction mechanisms begin to mask the time-invariant
mechanisms that govern BPF noise generation.
3
3
water are present and as a result, the BPF noise is reduced somewhat
The
2p~2/V
(17)
I
44
where
and
p -air
density.
45
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
by the blower decreases with increasing frequency and the secondary flow
noise sources (which are broadband in nature) become more dominant at
higher frequencies.
10 times more energy to the acoustic field than is flow noise; however,
at 3 kHz, the blower and flow noise contribute nearly equally to the
acoustic field.
Specific flow (or flow-induced) noise source locations identified
by the intensity vector maps include the region between the evaporator
core and plenum, the inlet to the evaporator core, and the dash board
registers, particularly the middle ones.
Figure
Because
the diffuser angle is large (greater than 70), separated flow regions
exist and these are believed to contribute to the secondary flow noise.
Perhaps more important is the contracted flow on the downstream side of
the evaporator core.
46
aerodynamic sound.
The
The strength of
3
3
blower noise is not being transmitted through the ductwork and radiating
from the vents.
3
3
A preliminary
investigation of this type of noise was conducted and the results are
given in Appendix 2. The noise appears to depend on the trailing edge
configuration of the louvers since the levels are observed to increase
3
3
47
In general,
48
CHAPTER 6
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR QUIETING
present system results from poor flow quality, i.e., flow separation,
flow impingement on solid surfaces, obstructions jutting into the flow
path, high fluid velocity over edges, etc.
Thus, the quality of the flow through the HVAC system and the
2)
3)
4)
I
-
--
accelerating flow)
5)
6)
obstructions jutting into the flow path (to avoid edge tones)
49
UI
7)
8)
3
U
Obviously, a quieter blower design will reduce the noise radiatcd by the
REFEPR-CES
[1]
An Experimental
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3
3
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50
1
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IA
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ERNS-
CONSAERNTS
15
1r)Q(r) 2w P1 r V
G.11(I
f
Ar
PG
ST
22 W)
LNEARFIEL
,Q
FTPROESI
G2V,
IIQ
NTENITIE
()4
IQUANSITIES
ENERGY DENSITIES
Figre .BockDiaramof
easremnt echiqu
52I
30.I
2)0.1
010.
0.
17
Y
r
AI
1
....
/
-
1.11
N
'-
'kI
'
77P
-24.
11
I ,
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17
T11
II
'
--
-14.
-4
6.
16.
Distance (cm)
Figure 3.
53
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30.-2 o
3.
o o o o o o o o oo o o
0
a0
000
0 0
S00000000000
00000000000000000000O0000I
0 00
20.
00
000
00
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
00
00
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n0
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000
00000
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o0 0 0 0 0 o 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 0 0 0 o
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a_ OC
16.
Distance (cm)
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Figure 4.
54I
0.
-24.
..-
-12.
44
0 191 E-05
Distance (cm)
12.
24.
55
12.
,\
12.0-'
11.0
8o.0
I4~t50
'.
I I
" 1 1 1 /
IT
iI
/ I I
r ?
1 1 /
1 1 1 1
1 1
I I
I I
t 1-,,',
I
/"-\-\
.x ,\I.,...
ir
j~b.\
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7//
Nodal Lines
-20.0-16.0 -12.0 -8.0 -4.0 -0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0
I
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Figure 6. Active Intensity in Nearfield of Circular
Membrane Excited to (0,3) Mode
56
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12.0,
000C,000-000ooo
i11.00000000000000000000
o.o
0000000000000000000
9.0"00000000000000000
8.0
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8.0
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000000000000000001
3.0-0000000000
000000
Nodal Unes
-20.0-1 6.0-12.0 -8.0 -4.0 -0.0 4.0 8.0 12 .0'16.0
Distance (cm)
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IFigure
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Figure 7.
57
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11.0. .,., ,, , , ,, ,
12.0
'
'
'- '-
I I - - I1. I
U8.-.%l.1I-I,
C
0 .0 -
1/%
-1
%,-.1I
Nodal Unes
.
, ,,
*L
"
F.
Distance (cm)
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Figure 8.
58
TURNING
VANE
AIR RETURN
PLENUM
PLENUM
INLETS
FACILITY
MOUNTING
ACCESS
CUT-OFF FREQUENCY
70 Hz
WEDGE STRUCTURE
36.5' h x 24' w x 29' d
WORKING VOLUME
30.6 i x 18' w x 22.5' d
59
cc
I4
to
I1
In
7L
4J
C.,
60U
I'entl
Cotole
Moo1rv
Ix
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InestUrb
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Scne
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igrmofte3-
cosi
EXI TPORTASSMB
ADJUTABE
INGSLDRONG
BOTTOM.* EACEPT UOM06NNT
. .......
PIEZOMETER
PRESSURE
82
SEHIND PANEL
MOUNTING PANEL ASSY.-
U3TADVMIO
3LTO
FAN
Figure 12.
RTAINER
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53.
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100I
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Frequency, Hz3
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ZCUzT
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______
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00
500
1000
1500
2000
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103
100
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5605
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0
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500'
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Frequency, Hz3
Figure 54.
at 2900 RPMI
1041
OPEN SYMBOLS:
500 HZ
SOLID SYMBOLS:
1500 HZ
0 * =0.0
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Figure 55.
2000
SPEED, N(RPM)
3000
105
'
I
I
I
I
SEPARATED FLOW AT INLET OF
EVAPORATOR CORE ARE IMPORTANT
SECONDARY SOURCES OF NOISE
EVAPORATOR CORE
BLOWER IS PRIMARY
SOURCE OF NOISE
Figure 56.
of the BlowerI
106
II
I I I I- - -
CONTRACTED FLOW IN
TRANSITION REGION CREATES
EvApORATOR CORE
Figure 57.
EDGE NOISE
107
EATE
EVAPOATORCORE
lwVsaiainUptemo etrCr
Fiur
and_
N108
DitiuioIut
38
APPENDIX
bioadband noise.
The BPF tone is also one of the most irritating components of the
overall spectrum and becomes increasingly noticeable as the total
pressu;re rise across the blower is reduced.
losses and wheel speed are decrcased, the BPF tone may become an even
more significant problem.
resonator was fabricatec from sheet stainless steel and the piston was
teflon.
The perforated area at the scroll cutoff was very fine metal
screen.
box, but only the sourd pressure level at a few spatial locations was
measured.
position.
such that the BPF occurs at frequencies both above and below this tuned
frequency.
the reso-tator.
109
3
where it is of the same level as the broadband noise.
Further testing
with the resonator has not been pursued because system losses must be
i
i
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I
U
110
X/4 RESONATORS
RESONANCE CHAMBER
PISTON
ADJUST
PERFORATED
AREA
Figure 1.1
111
I
I
I
I
I
EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR RESONATOR
TUNED TO 1460 HZ
35
2100
30
I
(1540 Hz)
_I
_1
25-
co
RPM
I
0 0
500
1000
1500
FREQUENCY,
2000
2500
HZ
10
_____
Figure 1.2
112
3000i
APPENDIX 2
Register Noise
Acoustic intensity measurements performed in Plane 2 showed the
HVAC system registers to be significant local sources of noise.
Although their contribution to the total sound power radiated by the
system is small, their proximity to the vehicle's occupants justifies
giving them additional attention.
operating with all registers open, and with the middle two registers
closed.
decrease in the mass flow rate through the system and an approximate 20%
increase in the flow velocity from the two remaining registers.
Both
the acoustic intensity and sound pressure level (SPL) were measured
approximately 18 inches in front of the middle registers.
The SPL
Airflow
noise increase at 8 kHz when the two middle vents are closed.
When the
middle vents are closed, the high-frequency noise radiated from the
I113
I
outer vents increases very noticeably.
The
velocity through the outer vents is increased under these conditions and
The louvers
acoustically isolated box, and a stock register and insert (to hold the
register) were placed on the exit end.
3
3
equal to that through a given register when the HVAC system is operated
in its maximum AC condition.
were also obtained for the noise emitted by the airflow exiting the hose
without a register or insert present.
approximately I ft. to the side of the hose exit and are depicted
schematically in Figure 2.2.
Table 2.2 and show that, compared to the open jet, the louvers are very
significant high-frequency noise sources, particularly when the airflow
114
Table 2.1
Octave Band
Frequency (kHz)
Measured SPL
All Vents
Open (dB
re. 20 pPa)
Measured SPL
Middle Vents
Closed (dB
re. 20 pPa)
0.125
65.0
52.0
0.250
62.8
57.5
0.500
60.2
57.2
1.000
58.3
58.0
2.000
56.4
57.7
4.000
55.8
58.3
8.000
53.3
58.3
Table 2.2
Octave Band
Frequency
Register
Register
Louvers at 00
Louvers at 450
0.125
46.5
48.0
47.0
0.250
39.5
43.0
43.5
0.500
34.0
41.5
44.5
1.000
29.0
43.0
47.0
2.000
24.0
42.0
45.5
4.000
<20.0
40.0
44.0
115
CIO
r
CE
0.00
0.50
1.50
1.00
2.00
2.50
Frequency (kHz)
Figure 2.1
116I
3.003
TO ACOUSTICALLY
ISOLATED BLOWER
DRYER HOSE (30 ft.)
OPEN JET
\
(HOSE EXIT)
AIR FLOW
TO ACOUSTICALLY
ISOLATED BLOWER
DRYER HOSE (30 ft.)
REGISTSPL
METER
AIR FLOW
Figure 2.2
117