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Architecture
Rakesh Khandelwal
Consultant
TATA Consultancy Services
Introduction
This paper considers the Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS) technical architecture and
its importance in adapting to various applications (e.g., push to talk over cellular, session
initiation protocol [SIP] instant messaging presence leverages extension [SIMPLE], streaming,
multiplayer games).
The third-generation partnership project (3GPP) has proposed IMS in Release 5 on Internet
protocol version 6 (IPv6), but it is negotiated for IPv4 because the industry is not ready to migrate
to IPv6 now.
IMS is a person-to-person service that enriches the way people communicate with each other by
combining voice, image, and video into a single session. IMS uses SIP and session description
protocol (SDP) underneath architecture to communicate between various IMS components.
3GPP IMS Release 6, target phase 2, calls for IMS enhancement for POC, group management,
conferencing, messaging, interworking with CS network, and lawful intercept.
3GPP IMS Release 7, target phase 3, calls for further IMS enhancement for emergency calls,
system enhancement for fixed broadband access to IMS, multimedia telephony, and combination
of CS bearer with IMS.
Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) is developing IMS application-enabler specifications and
certifying the enabler with the Global Certification Forum (GCF) while providing conformance
and interoperability test cases.
IMS Overview
IMS is defined by 3GPP as a new subsystem, i.e., a new mobile network infrastructure that
enables the convergence of data, speech, and mobile network technology over an IPbased
infrastructure.
IMS was designed to fill the gap between the existing traditional telecommunications technology
and Internet technology, which increased bandwidth alone cannot do. This will allow operators to
offer new, innovative services that shareholders and end users are expecting.
The architecture of IMS specifically helps enable and enhance real-time multimedia mobile
services such as rich voice services, video telephony, messaging, conferencing, and push services.
1
IMS enables these user-to-user communication services via a number of key mechanisms such as
session negotiation and management, quality of service (QoS) and mobility management.
However, IMS enables much more than just real-time user-to-user services.
Architecture and Features
IMS is designed to provide a number of key functionalities required to enable new IP services via
mobile networks. This new realm of IP services must take into account the complexity of
multimedia, constraints of the underlying network, management of mobility, and management of
the multitude of emerging applications.
Although IMS was designed for mobile networks, it can also be used to provide services for fixed
networks at the same time, providing unique mixtures of services with transparency for the end
user.
Figure 1 gives a diagrammatic view of the IMS architecture in the context of the radio network
and its importance for application server. It also shows the interworking possibility with public
switched telephone networks (PSTNs).
Application Servers
Push to Talk
over
Cellular
Streaming
SIMPLE
Multi Player
Games
XDM
Home Network
Visited Network
ISC Interface
ISC Interface
PDF
PDF
I-BCF
I-BCF
HSS
HSS
I-CSCF
I-CSCF
P-CSCF
S-CSCF
BGCF
S-CSCF
P-CSCF
MRFC
MGCF
UE1
PSTN
UE2
The major role of PCSCF is to route information to the correct SCSCF so it can support the
path and service-route headers. PCSCF will maintain two route header lists. The first header list
is created during the registration procedure. It is used only to validate the routing information in
the initial request. This list is valid during the entire registration. The second header list is created
from the record-route headers in the initial invite and associated responses. This list is valid
during the call. Once the call is terminated, the second route list is discarded.
Interrogating Call Session Control Function (ICSCF)
ICSCF is the entity of the home network that is able to determine the SCSCF from which users
should register. ICSCF queries a home subscriber server (HSS) to get the name and capability of
the SCSCF. Once SCSCF begins identifying, ICSCF could be removed from the signaling.
The exception to this is as follows: if the topology hiding internetwork gateway (THIG) of I
CSCF is being used, ICSCF shall apply topology hiding to all headers, which reveal topology
information (e.g., via, route, record-route, service-route, P-charging-function-addresses headers).
Serving Call Session Control Function (SCSCF)
The SCSCF is the function that registers the users and provides service to them. The SCSCF is
acting as the SIP registrar for all UEs of IMS. It performs routing and translation, provides billing
information to mediation systems, maintains session timers, and interrogates the HSS to retrieve
authorization.
Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF)
IMS is designed to integrate with PSTNs and traditional telephony services such as 800 numbers,
caller ID, and local number portability. MGCF is used to transfer nonSIP packetized voice to
SIP user agent (UA) and vice versa.
If the calls are originating or terminating on the PSTN, the MGCF converts the PSTN time
division multiplex (TDM) voice bit stream to an IP real-time transport protocol (RTP) stream and
direct it to the IP address of the corresponding IP phone.
Media Resource Function (MRF)
MRF is divided into two parts: multimedia resource function controller (MRFC) and multimedia
resource function processor (MRFP).
Tasks of MRFC are as follows:
As such, a SIP AS is connected to SCSCF through an IMS service control (ISC) interface. The
ISC interface is also connected to IP multimedia service switching function (IMSSF) and open
service access service capability server (OSASCS). IMSSF provides interworking for SIP
messages to a corresponding customized application of mobile enhanced logic (CAMEL),
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)41, intelligent network application part (INAP)
and transactional capabilities application part (TCAP). OSASCS acts as a secure gateway
between an underlying network and an application with OSA architecture.
IMS Registration Scenarios
Figure 2 shows a message sequence flow during the IMS registration procedure for any UE IMS
client.
Packet Switch
Domain
UE
P-CSCF
S-CSCF
POWER
PS Attach
REGISTER
REGISTER
401
Unauthorised
401 Unauthorised
REGISTER
REGISTER
200 OK
200 OK
P-CSCF
S-CSCF
1) INVITE
Store INVITE
info for User
2) 100 Trying
3) INVITE
Store INVITE
info for User
4) 100 Trying
5) INVITE
6) 100 Trying
9) 183 Session
Progress
10) 183 Session
Progress
11) PRACK
12) PRACK
15) 200 OK
7) INVITE
13) PRACK
14) 200 OK
16) 200 OK
17) UPDATE
22) 200 OK
25) 180 Ringing
26) PRACK
31) 200 OK
32) ACK
18) UPDATE
21) 200 OK
24) 180 Ringing
27) PRACK
30) 200 OK
19) UPDATE
20) 200 OK
23) 180 Ringing
28) PRACK
29) 200 OK
33) ACK
34) ACK
[1] 3GPP TS 24.229 IP Multimedia Call Control Protocol Based on Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP) and Session Description Protocol (SDP)
[2] 3GPP TS 23.228 Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects IP
Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
[3] 3GPP TS 23.981 Interworking Aspects and Migration Scenarios for IPv4Based IMS
Implementations