Project in English 8

Arnold Aaron M. Quitevis

Grade 8 Light Bearers
Ms. Rojo

Types of Conjunctions

A conjunction is a word which connects two words or clauses or

sentences and shows the relation between them. They are used
to avoid making the text seem like bullet points and to make the
text flow. E.g. Jai saw a dog on the road. He decided to adopt the dog. Jai
brought the dog home.
Jai saw a dog on the road and decided to adopt the dog, so he
brought the dog home.
Here and and so are conjunctions which are used to join the
sentences and show the relation between them.
There are three main categories of conjunctions that are
explained below. Apart from these, there are also Adverbs of
Conjunctions,. To learn more about the Adverbs of Conjunctions
visit the Adverbs page.

Coordinating Conjunctions
These conjunctions are used to link or join two words or phrases
that are equally important and complete in terms of grammar
when compared with each other. That is to say, the sentences or
words do not depend on anything to give themselves meaning.
There are seven main coordinating conjunctions

For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
Soon

As you can see, these conjunctions are arranged in this way to

provide the mnemonic acronym of FANBOYS so that it is easier to
remember them. These conjunctions are always placed between
the two clauses or words that they are joining. The following are
some examples of the coordinating conjunctions -

Chris does not want tea. Chris does not want coffee. - Chris does
not want tea or coffee.

Here, we see how or was used to combine the two words

and make a cohesive sentence using them. Also, notice how
the or is between the two words.

I scored 60% in the exams this year. Anita scored 7% more than
me this year. - I scored 60% in the exams but Anita scored 7%
more than me this year.

Here we see that but was used in the middle to combine

and show the relation between the two sentences that were
both equally important and cohesive by themselves.

Subordinating Conjunctions
These conjunctions are used to join an independent and complete
clause with a dependent clause that relies on the main clause for
meaning and relevance. The dependent clause cannot exist on its
own as a sentence and often does not make sense without the
main clause.
The subordinating conjunction always comes before the
dependent clause but the dependent clause itself can be placed
either ahead of or following the independent clause.
Since they had misbehaved, the boys were given one week
suspensions from school.
Here, we see the dependent clause is they had misbehaved
which is not a valid sentence by itself.
The independent main clause is the boys were given one week
suspensions from school.
They are joined by the subordinating conjunction since.
He was fond of playing basketball because it was his fathers
favourite game.
In this sentence, because is the subordinating conjunction as it
introduces the dependent clause it was his fathers favourite
game

The main clause in this sentence is he was fond of playing

basketball as it is the sentence which can be said independently
and still be grammatically correct.
Other subordinating conjunctions are - Although, As, Before,
Once, Though, Until,Whether, etc.

Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions are simply pairs of conjunctions used in a
sentence to join different words or groups of words in a sentence
together. Correlative Conjunctions are generally not used to link
sentences themselves, instead they link two or more words of
equal importance within the sentence itself. Some of the more
commonly used correlative conjunctions are Both the shoes and the dress were completely overpriced.

This is an example of using the correlative

conjunctions both/and in a sentence. As you can see in
this sentence, the shoes and the dress were equally
important elements that needed to be given the same
importance.

They should either change their strategy or just forfeit the game.

The either/or conjunctions are used to suggest a choice

between two options. Here the choice being suggested is
between - change their strategy or forfeit the game.

Just as she loves hiking so she enjoys travelling as well.

The correlative conjunctions just as/so are used to link

two phrases that have a similar theme or are referring to a
similar thing together. This conjunction is used to show the
correspondence between two phrases or words.

He neither helps around the house nor does he look for a job.

Neither/nor are conjunctions that are used to deny or

negate words and phrases. In the case of neither, it gives
two options that are both negated. Nor is the negative
form of or.

Not only does he play the lead guitar but he is also the bands
songwriter.

The correlative conjunctions not only/but are used to

show an additional and important element in the sentence
that is used to indicate excess when combined with the first
element. For instance, in this sentence the fact that he is a
guitarist and a song writer are equally important but when
shown together, they indicate an excess of talent in the
person.

It doesnt matter whether the roses are fresh or if they are

drooping, just buy them.

Whether/or is used as a conjunction to show two different

options in the sentence. The conjunction can be used both in
a manner of negation and confirmation.

Usage of Prepositions
Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in
front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs).
Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a
1:1 translation is usually not possible. One preposition in your
native language might have several translations depending on
the situation.

There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition.

The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in
a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning
useful phrases off by heart (study tips).
The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently
used prepositions in English:

Prepositions Time

English

Usage

on

in

at

from a certain point of time

(past till now)

for

over a certain period of time

(past till now)

to

for night

for weekend

a certain point of time (when?)

a certain time in the past

befor
earlier than a certain point of
e
time

months / seasons
time of day
year
after a certain period of
time (when?)

since

ago

days of the week

Example
on Monday
in
in
in
in

August / in winter
the morning
2006
an hour

at night
at the weekend
at half past nine

since 1980

for 2 years

2 years ago

before 2004

telling the time

ten to six (5:50)

past

telling the time

ten past six (6:10)

English

Usage

Example

to /
marking the beginning and end

from Monday to/till

till /
of a period of time
Friday
until

till /
in the sense of how long
until
something is going to last
by

in the sense of at the latest

up to a certain time

He is on holiday
until Friday.
I will be back by 6
oclock.
By 11 o'clock, I had
read five pages.

Prepositions Place (Position and Direction)

English

in

Usage

room, building, street, town,

country
book, paper etc.
car, taxi
picture, world

Example

at

on

meaning next to, by an object

for table
for events
place where you are to do
something typical (watch a film,
study, work)
attached

in the
London
in the
in the
taxi
in the
the world

kitchen, in
book
car, in a
picture, in

at the door, at
the station
at the table
at a concert, at
the party
at the cinema, at
school, at work
the picture on

English

Usage

for a place with a river

being on a surface
for a certain side (left, right)
for a floor in a house
for public transport
for television, radio

Example

by,
next to,
beside

left or right of somebody or

something

the wall
London lies on
the Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a
plane
on TV, on the
radio
Jane is standing
by / next to / beside
the car.

under

on the ground, lower than (or

covered by) something else

below

lower than something else but

the fish are below
above ground
the surface

over

covered by something else

meaning more than
getting to the other side
(also across)
overcoming an obstacle

the bag is under

the table

put a jacket over

your shirt
over 16 years of
age
walk over the
bridge
climb over the
wall

above

higher than something else, but

a path above the

not directly over it
lake

across

getting to the other side

(also over)

walk across the

bridge

English

Usage

Example

getting to the other side

throug
something with limits on top,
h
bottom and the sides

to

into

onto

from

drive through the

tunnel

movement to person or building

go to the cinema
movement to a place or country

go to London /
Ireland
for bed

go to bed
enter a room / a building

toward
movement in the direction of
s
something (but not directly to it)

swim across the

lake

movement to the top of

something

in the sense of where from

go into the
kitchen / the house
go 5 steps
towards the house
jump onto the
table
a flower from the
garden

Other important Prepositions

Englis
h

f
rom

o
f

Usage
who gave it
who/what does it belong to
what does it show

Example

a present from Jane

a page of the book
the picture of a palace

Englis
h
b

Usage
who made it

Example
a book by Mark Twain

y
o

walking or riding on horseback

entering a public transport
vehicle
entering a car / Taxi

on foot, on horseback
get on the bus

get in the car

get off the train

get out of the taxi

n
o

ff

o
ut of

b
y

leaving a public transport

vehicle
leaving a car / Taxi

rise or fall of something

prices have risen by

travelling (other than walking or 10 percent
horseriding)

by car, by bus
for age

a
bout

she learned Russian at

45
for topics, meaning what about

we were talking about

you

Interjections
An interjection is a part of speech that shows the emotion or
feeling of the author. These words or phrases can stand alone or
be placed before or after a sentence. Many times
an interjection is followed by a punctuation mark, often an
exclamation point.
Interjections: Showing the Author's Emotion
Here are some examples of interjections and their definitions:

Ahem - The sound of someone clearing their throat and

means attention or listen
Aah - This is used as a call for help or when someone is
scared
Boo - Used to scare someone or to voice disapproval
Eh - This is used when you didnt hear or understand what
someone said
Eww - Ahows dislike or disgust
Hmm - This can mean you are thinking or hesitating
Jeez - Could mean you cant believe something, or you are
exasperated
Ooh-la-la - A slightly comical way to refer to something as
fancy or special
Oops - An exclamation people use when they accidentally do
something
Phew - This expresses relief or that you are glad something
is over
Whoa - This can show surprise or amazement
Yahoo - Expresses joy or happiness
Yeah - This shows a very strong affirmation or approval
Yoo-hoo - This is used to get someones attention and is
usually used by women

Zing - This is similar to a rim shot used in comic acts and

emphasizes a clever statement or comeback
Interjections in a Sentence
Here are some interjections with an accompanying sentence:

Ahh, that feels wonderful.

Alas! Im lost in the wilderness.
Bah! That was a total waste of time.
Bless you, I couldnt have done it without you.
Its time for me to go. Cheerio!
Congrats! You finally got your Masters degree.
Crikey! Do you ever think before you speak?
Gesundheit! Are you starting to get a cold?
Good grief! Why are you wearing shorts in the winter?
Grrr! Im going to get back at him for that.
Humph, he probably cheated to make such good grades.
Oh dear! I dont know what to do about this mess.
Pip pip! Lets get moving.
Shoot! I forgot my brothers birthday.
Well, duh! That was a stupid thing to do!
Yowza! That is a beautiful ball gown.
More Interjection Examples
Here is a list of other interjections:

Absolutely
Achoo
Ack
Adios
Aha
Ahoy
Agreed
Alack
Alright
Alrighty
Alrighty-roo
Alack
Alleluia
All hail
Aloha

Amen
Anytime
Argh
Anyhoo
Anyhow
As if
Attaboy
Attagirl
Awww
Awful
Ay
Bam
Bah hambug
Begorra
Behold
Bingo
Blah
Bravo
Brrr
Bye
Cheers
Ciao
Cripes
Crud
Darn
Dear
Doh
Drat
Eek
Encore
Eureka
Fiddlesticks
Fie
Gadzooks
Gee
Geepers
Gee Whiz
Golly
Goodbye

Goodness
Goodness Gracious
Gosh
Great
Ha
Ha-ha
Hail
Hallelujah
Heigh-ho
Hello
Hey
Hi
Holy cow
Holy smokes
Hotdog
Huh
Hurray
Hush
Indeed
Jeepers creepers
Lo and behold
Man
My word
No
Now
Nah
Oh
Oh my
Oh well
Ooh
Ouch
Ow
Phooey
Please
Pooh
Pow
Presto
Pshaw
Rats

Right-o
Scat
Shh
Shoo
Shucks
So
So long
Thanks
There
Touch
Ugh
Uh-huh
Uh-oh
Ugh
Viva
Voila
Waa
Wahoo
Well
Whoopee
Whoops
Whoosh
Wow
Yay
Yea
Yes
Yikes
Yippee
Yo
Yuck
Yummy
Zap