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Question
The purpose of this lab is to classify unknown organic compounds based
on their functional groups. This will be determined based on their
boiling points, solubility, and reactions to a number of compounds. The
general question: Can we classify organic compounds based on their
boiling points or reactions to other compounds?
Hypothesis
Every organic compound is classified by the functional groups that are
present within the molecule. Functional groups have very distinctive
physical and chemical properties, which will allow us to narrow out
certain possibilities. For instance, compounds that contain a hydroxyl
group can form hydrogen bonds with themselves and with water. For
this reason, they tend to have boiling points higher than compounds that
lack a hydroxyl group, and they tend to be soluble, given that the
number of carbons is relatively small. Distinctions can be made with all
functional groups.
Hypothesis: After performing the experiment, the observations
(solubility, boiling points, reactions to other compounds) can be used to
determine which functional groups are associated with each unknown
compound.
Procedure
1.!
Create a data table with the headings and test column similar to the
one on the website.
2.!
3.!
Click each test tube for the 5 unknowns youve been assigned and
record your observations in your data table.
Fatima&Lat
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Observations/Results
Unknown
Water
Solubility
Cerric
Nitrat
e
Chromi
c Acid
DNPH
Iron
Chloride
Iodoform
Review
Test
Testing for
solubility
in
water
(how
many
layers
present
when
mixed with
water)
Testing
for
presenc e
of alcohol
(color
change
from
yellow to
red/redbrown)
Testing
for 1 and
2 alcohols
& aldehyde
s (color
change from
red- orange
to bluegreen)
Testing
for presence
of aldehydes
& ketones
(formation of
yellow/ora
nge/orang
e- red
precipitate
)
Testing for
phenols (color
change from
yellow to
purple/red
dish
brown/gre en
Testing for
acetaldehyd e
and
methyl
ketones
(formation
of yellow
precipitate or
suspension)
Testing for
aldehydes,
alkenes and
phenols (purple
color
disappears)
6
bp>130
Insoluble
two layers
were present
Yes Two
layers,
top layer
was red,
bottom
layer was
yellowbrown
Yes
Color
changed to
blue- green
No
Precipitate
was not
formed
No
Color
remained
yellow
No
Precipitate
was not
formed
No Color
remained
purple
7
bp>110
Insoluble
two layers
were present
No Two
layers,
both
layers
were
No
Color
remained
red- orange
Yes
elloworange
precipitate
was formed
No
Color
remained
yellow
Yes
Yellow
precipitate was
formed
No Color
remained
purple
Potass.
Permang
.
yellow
8
bp>110
Soluble
One layer was
present
Yes
Color
changed to
blue- green
No
Precipitate was
not formed
Yes- color
changed to dark
brown/gre en
NoPrecipitate was
not formed
Yes Color
changed from
purple to yellowbrown
9
bp<110
Soluble
One layer was
present
Yes One
layer,
dark red
No
Color
remained redorange
NoPrecipitate was
not formed
No- Color
remained
yellow
NoPrecipitate was
not formed
No- Color
remained
purple
10
bp<110
Soluble
No -
No-
Yes-
No- Color
Yes-
No- Color
One
layer,
yellow
Color
remained redorange
Yelloworange
precipitate was
formed
remained
yellow
Yellow
precipitate was
formed
remained
purple
Discussion
Polar substances are those that have a net dipole. All hydrocarbons
containing only hydrogen and carbon are non-polar. For a substance to
be polar covalent, it must have a bond that has an electronegativity
difference of 0.5-1.7 and is not counteracted by another polar bond. This
information is important because polar molecules tend to be soluble in
water. Their bond dipoles can attract and break apart the bond dipoles on
water, which is also polar. In other words, most polar molecules are
soluble in water. The first test describes the solubility of the unknown
compounds, by placing them in water and observing how they react. The
compounds that completely dissolved in water are soluble, and in turn
polar. The ones that didnt mix with water and formed two layers are
and sixth tests. The compound is insoluble in water, does not contain an
alcohol, however it does contain an aldehyde or a ketone. This is shown
in the fourth test. The sixth test shows that this compound contains
acetaldehyde or a methyl ketone. Because it showed negative results on
the last test, this compound has a methyl ketone in it and not
acetaldehyde. The compound could not be methanone because it is
insoluble in water. It must be a more complex compound that contains a
methyl ketone in it.
The third unknown compound is soluble, and contains a hydroxyl group.
It also tested positive for the presence of a phenol. Therefore, this
compound is a dihydroxyl phenol (benzene with two hydroxyl groups).
This is known because monohydroxyl phenols do not yield stable
products.
The fourth unknown compound only tested positive for the first two. It is
soluble and contains a hydroxyl group. This alcohol is tertiary because it
tested negative on the third test. Because the substance is soluble, there
is not a very large hydrophilic portion, without there being other
hydrophobic portions. In other words, if it is a monofunctional
compound, it has four or five carbons. It could be tert-butanol, or a more
complex compound.
The fifth unknown compound tested positive for the first, fourth, and
sixth test. This means that the compound is a methyl ketone, and is
soluble in water, unlike the second unknown compound. This compound
could be methanone, which is soluble in water.
The hypothesis can be accepted, because after performing the
experiment, based on the physical and chemical properties, the
functional groups that were present could be distinguished.
Conclusion
As a result, from the experiments alone, certain functional groups that
are present within each compounded can be determined. However,
specific compounds cannot be known for sure, only a general idea of the
functional groups that are present or absent, and in some instances, the
relative size of the compound.
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