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H. Arita, C. Fukui",
J. Kida,
1. INTRODUCTION
T. Yamagiwa""
2. SYSTEM CONCEPT
2.1 Operating Principle
The FCL with series compensation increases power
transmission capacity by series compensation and restrains
the fault current quickly to protect the power system. The
following describeb the operating principle of the FCL giving
an example in which double circuit transmission becomes
single circuit transmission due to a line fault and subsequent
protection.
Figure 1 shows power-angle curves with FCL protection.
Series compensation with the FCL can enlarge transmission
capacities of both double and single circuits. The power
system operates at the generator output power PI and internal
phase angle 61 in the steady state. When a short circuit fault
occurs, the generator power drops to P2 and the phase angle
starts unrolling to Fz. However, quick current limitation with
the FCL can restore the power to P3. Consequently, the
accelerating energy until fault clearing is smaller than that of
circuit breaker protection. When the generator output power
restores to p4 after fault clearing, decelerating energy of the
rotor is larger than that of circuit breaker protection because
of the series compensation. The FCL can prevent the initial
generator acceleration and provide additional decelerating
energy at the time of fault protection.
2.2 Circuit Arrangement
The FCL with series compensation is achieved with a
series compensating capacitor having a quick operating
bypass switch in parallel and a current limiting reactor
connected in series to the capacitor. Figure 2 shows the circuit
9 5 SM 458-0 PWRD
P4
2
Q
I-'
P1
0
I-'
P3
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al
PZ
Fad
dear
Current limit
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xc
xc
XL
X+XL
ax
(2)
1-a
xco
-=XC+XL
(4)
L.
Fault occurrence
844
The protection sequence with the FCLs is shown in Fig.
4@). As the FCLs can not interrupt the current by themselves,
circuit breakers CBs on both ends of the fault line also work.
The FCLs restrain short circuit currents faster than CB
interruption does. The FCLs use a traveling-wave relay,
which can detect a fault occurrence within 4 ms to 8 ms [6];
therefore, operating time of the FCLs in this case is 5 ms,
which is the time from the fault occurrence to the start of
current limitation. The CBs trip two cycles (33.3 ms) after the
fault occurrence and interrupt the currents to clear the fault.
3.1.2 Simulation results
Figure 5 shows the simulation results. Figure. 5(a) is the
fault current of 23 kArms without the FCLs and Fig. 5(b) is
the limited fault current with the FCLs, which restrict the
fault currents to 10 kArms. The rising current waveforms in
-601
20
40
60
20
40
60
a0
Time [ms]
-401
-60
Fig. 5@) differ form those in Fig. 5(a) because of the FCLs
impedance. As the series capacitors are bypassed by the solidstate switches and are eliminated from the transmission lines,
the limited currents do not cause series resonance. Figure 5(c)
shows the capacitor voltages. The voltage rises due to fault
current flowing through the capacitors; however, the
overvoltage protecting devices suppress the voltage rise and
then the solid-state switches close to reduce the capacitor
voltages. The voltages do not rise after closing the switches.
The switches allow the currents shown in Fig. 5(d) to flow.
The peak currents immediately after closing the switches are
mainly discharging currents from the series capacitors. The
subsequent currents are the limited fault currents.
3.1.3 Short time overload of the current limiter
During current limiting, each component of the FCL has to
withstand an overvoltage and an overcurrent which are
several times severer than usual as shown in Fig. 5. This short
time overload is a primary factor to specify the device ratings.
Series capacitor voltages in Fig. 5(c) do not rise to a high
level within a few milliseconds after the fault, but increase
suddenly due to operating time delay so that the ZnO
suppresses the overvoltage until the capacitor is bypassed.
Figure 6 shows the peak values of the solid-state switch
currents, which increase due to the operating time. As the
capacitor voltages reach the maximum value at 5 ms, the
solid-state switch currents also reach the maximum value.
The variation in the maximum current in each phase at 10 ms
is caused by the differences in capacitor voltages at the time
of the switch closing.
The overvoltage protecting device ZnO restricts the
capacitor overvoltage, which decides the maximum current of
the solid-state switches, but the ZnO has to experience an
enormous load. Therefore, quick capacitor bypassing is
important to reduce the load on the components of the FCL.
The FCLs need the ultra high speed protective relay scheme.
(b)
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Operation time [ms]
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20
40
60
(d)
Fig. 5 . Simulation results.
(a) Fault current of 23 kArms without the FCLs.
(b) Limited fault current of 10 kArms.
(c) Voltage of series capacitors.
(d) Current of solid-state switches.
80
Time [ms]
845
..
introduced
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Generator
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0.0
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Fault occurrence
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Currentlimit
Fault line
Circuit breaker CBl trip
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1
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0 5
t
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becomes stable. These results show that the FCL can improve
system stability by quick current limiting at the beginning of a
fault and series compensation after fault clearing.
4. DISCUSSION
*
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a(1- a ) V 2
(7)
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Limiting rate
0.8
l.Oo'o'
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Fig. 11. Limited current and limiting reactance vs. limiting rate.
Limited current 1.0 pu is equal to the short circuit current of transmission system.
Limiting reactance 1.0 pu is equal to the reactance at 0.5 limiting rate.
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Limiting rate
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8000
0.2
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.,
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a,
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m
w
+2
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x2
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0.0
0.2
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0.6
Limiting rate
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0.08
1.0
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6000
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5000
4000
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0.06
0.08
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0.10
847
po.0
BIOGRAPHY
ln
5 10.0
0.0
2000
4000
6000
Transmission capacity [MW]
8000
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ADDlied Physics.
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