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BY
DUNCANRICHARD SHAW
MARCH1988
: " ..
ABSTRACT
is to be the first
thesis
of this
The objective
political
in Francoist
of football
instrumentalization
study of the
systematic
to 1975.
Seven separate
may be isolated,
instrumentalization
of
consist
introductory
a first
After
application
the
by the
Franco
the
is
Four
regime
itself
with
the
subject
of
lack
of
Five.
Chapter
the
of
Spanish
In
and coaches
fromrp
and ambassadorial
significance
in
sixth
Francoist
Europe
of
Spain
will
football,
third
was used
structures
democracy.
the
of
imposed
comparison
mirrored
of
The
deliberately
Franco
Chapter,
the
the
the
within
political
the
turn.
be discussed.
which
during
in
football
an incomfortable
footballers,
the
In
to have been
and local
workers
presence
of
create
will
examine
will
democracy
alleged
national
the
significance
players
order
of
majority
is
of
thesis
aspects
extent
soporific
lack
to not
conditions
working
great
in
the
that
game, a situation
by the
poor
regime
seven
football.
Spanish
as a political
this
Two will
and to wh 4E
whether
of
these
Chapter
to
political
accordingly,
each one of
concepts
questions
Chapter
theme of
and,
chapter,
Fascist
of
chapter,
examining
a chapter
this
of
aspects
and contrasting
for
The
those
of
are
the
period,
the
political
a group
of
refugee
be examined.
The diplomatic
in
of
particular
the
spectacular
international
triumphs
discussed
in Chapter
focus
for
centralist
Seven.
Madrid regime,
The political
nationalist
is the subject
significance
sentiment,
will
of football
in opposition
of Chapter Eight.
be
as a
to the
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
13
CHAPTER 2:
77
CHAPTER 3:
CHAPTER 4:
175
CHAPTER5:
FOOTBALLAND EXPLOITATION
204
CHAPTER 6:
221
CHAPTER 7:
244
CHAPTER 8:
285
CHAPTER 9:
EPILOGUE
352
PASSIVITY
126
APPENDIX OF INTERVIEWS
385
BIBLIOGRAPHY
387
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would
like
without
whose generous
Professor
Raquel
to express
Paul
my particular
help
this
thesis
Preston
Martin
Gonzalez
My parents
Joan Josep
Bellessort
Caroline
Sir
(r. i. p. )
Botines
J.
Alex
Artells
Raymond Carr
Julian
Garcia
Isabel
Fernandez
Juan Pablo
Gabrielle
Fusi
Joseph
Llewellyn
Howell
Alessandro
Keiran
Marembio
McGovern
Sarah
Keir
Candau
Menage
Radnedge
Nigel
Townson
Graham Turner
Manuel
Vazquez
Montalbn
gratitude
would
to
the
following
persons
fliguel
Vidal
John Walsh
PREFACE
The objective
political
1975.
of
this
of
the
in
football
aspect
academic
examination
Francoist
of
in
The political
for
all
of
the
example
Dictatorship
Crisis,
-edited
subject
very
in
Sir
recent
studies
To Democracy
by Paul
of
only
and
In
brief
2.
3.
Paul Preston,
In Carr
football
English
Juan
a serious
these
and
and
Spain In Crisis,
the
the
Spain:
Spain
however,
4
The
1981.
Dictatorship
to
years,
political
to
Sussex, 1976.
for example,
the political
and Fusi,
op. cit.,
is discussed
in just
two very brief
paragraphs,
in
treatment.
Oxford,
Spain:
Franco
studies,
superficial
to
alluded
Fusi, 2 and in
general
allusions
Fusi,
about
Pablo
editor,
to
1875-1980,1
Spain
Modern
Sir
4.
of
in
written
1.
Raymond Carr,
political
of football
a necessarily
even these
general
social,
subjected
the
years.
by Carr
Preston.
other
has been
Spain
in
sport
of
of
1939 to
from
Spain,
Francoist
every
study
systematic
politicization
Raymond Carr's
has received
existence
the
significance
general
in
practically
particular,
first
to be the
football
of
exception
economic
in
of
manipulation
With
is
thesis
manipulation
p. 122.
In
the
and highlights
the lack
With regard
remains
the
studies
of
the
Historias
Manuel
political
being
notable
Deporte
Vazquez
The politicization
various
of
in
stages
three
these
Julian
intended
originally
manipulation
Maria
the
under
Cazorla
Prieto,
in
is
Spain
Francoist
in
but
studies,
pseudonym
Garcia
too heavily
"Luis
Davila".
at
than
rather
an anecdotal
to democracy. 9
the controversial
sports
El
ley was
but failed
during
bisturi
to be
the transition
de Jose Mara
Garcia,
by
journalist
espanol
sin
on the situation
from dictatorship
Botinesll
6
by
discussed
of Spanish football
del ftbol
the
y deporte
of
to be such a systematic
so by concentrating
10.
general,
The excellent
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
in
sport
manner.
analytical
estafa
by Luis
There
written
football
study
Spanish
of
y estado
by Vicente
Montalbn,
during
y franguismo.
manipulation
deporte
del
of football
own Ftbol
author's
importance
of a systematic
manipulation
its
Spain demonstrates
to Spanish publications,
of the political
most
in Francoist
of football
significance
by Garcia's
Catalan
colleague
significance
Alex J.
in
of football
Maria
Garcia,
El
de Jose
bisturi
La gran estafa
del
Maria
futbol
Garcia,
espanol,
Madrid,
1974.
Barcelona,
1975.
Francoist
in
but,
Spain,
aspect
With
footballers
Tomas Martin
giant
in
detailed
12
Ba r13
in a similar
Cerecedo in Posible
addition,
in February
del
balon
by
of the
significance
in
with
Barca:
Artells
cara
Athletic
the
Spain,
del ftbol
during
the political
espanol"
the winter
series
by
of 1974-1975.16
12.
13.
14.
15.
being the
"Cuarenta
by the
by Joan Josep
examined
have dealt
insolente
Francisco
Candau article
received
Club concentrates-on
in Francoist
Francoist
way. 15
magazine articles
of football
de oro
and political
specifically
in
and the-football
authorities
Los esclavos
study
del Athletic
de Bilbao
significance
sporting
on one
football
of
Historia
Several
rather
usually
treatment
patronizing
The social
is
club
creu, 14 whilst
club
studies
and dramatic
manipulation
poor,
Francoist
Arnoriaga.
Barsa,
political
the
to
the
FC Barcelona
Bar a,
the
from-the
is
general
other
of
regard
there
clubs,
three
manner.
Spain.
sameway as the
above, in an anecdotal
mentioned
than systematic
particular
the
the Julian
In
Garcia
17
of the political
aspects
or inability
unwillingness
Seven different
chapter
examining
Chapter
Two will
because of
either
thesis
and this
will
the questions
football,
of whether
not to create
national
and local
the footballers,
workers
during
an uncomfortable
democracy.
political
which mirrored
the Franco years,
the political
chapter,
Francoist
Europe will
be examined.
of football,
in particular
significance
and final
as a focus
players
be discussed
chapter
for
will
op. cit.,
for
of
of Spanish
of the presence
In
in
international
be football's
example,
of
of Chapter Five.
in Chapter
in
conditions
majority
and ambassadorial
of the spectacular
significance
The diplomatic
the lack
with
be
will
by the-regime
the sixth
of democracy within-
the lack
comparison
to the
soporific
imposed deliberately
allegedly
a situation
in turn.
concepts
discussed.
of a
consist
aspects
of fascist
in
of football
of the politicization
chapter,
have
These aspects
different
these
seven
of
one
each
In the third
football
order
aspects
now
them. 18
to separate
Francoist
game.
bundled together,
until
of Spanish football
manipulation
been clumsily
previously
of the subject,
study
of a'comprehensive
Seven.
significance
triumphs
of
The subject
political
nationalist
p. 122.
sentiment,
in
to the centralist
opposition
is necessary
It
ABC (Madrid),
(Madrid),
sports
interest
first
for
Triunfo
Franco
(Barcelona)
transition
to
and Barrabas
to
the
(Madrid),
Nacional
club
(Madrid),
Barca
Murcia
second
Boletin
del
dilogo
(Madrid).
10
with
(Madrid)
Boletin
(Madrid),
Oficial
de la
into
those
In the
(Madrid),
during
during
Don Balon
consulted,
CF
(Murcia)
sport.
(Madrid)
category,
Real Madrid
and the
Deportiva
and Tiempo
daily
specialist
events.
(Barcelona),
de Deportes
the
El Pais
La
In addition,
concerned
journals
Ya
Mundo Deportivo
specific
In
the
El
consulted
newspapers
(Barcelona),
period,
other,
as:
can
general
Espanola
(Barcelona):
such
thesis
Pueblo (Madrid),
post-Franco
about
the journals
(Barcelona)
journals
(Madrid),
and Dicen
information
democracy.
of this
As (Madrid),
period,
The
thesis.
newspapers;
the daily
and on the
category,
the
newspapers
In a similar-way,
of general
for
and,
(Barcelona)
provincial
other
several
this
groups:
La Vanguardia
16 (Madrid);
Sport
(Barcelona),
for
to the research
(Madrid),
Marca
newspapers
four
(Madrid), -Arriba
(Bilbao),
Norte
and Diario
(Madrid)
into
the
explanation-of
of material
two categories:
El Alczar
Informaciones
del
Gaceta
into
be divided
themselves
a brief
interviews.
personal
-documents;
to-offer
point
sources
journals;
at this
methodology
primary
Madrid regime.
the
the
(Barcelona)
in
addition
Aupa Atletico
Delecacin
this
have
been
those
Barcelona,
For
Eastern
that
the
the
served
by Real Television
that
claim
the
high
Espanola
number
of
been
sports
far
from
documentary
from
obtained
conclusive.
either
evidence
refugee
players
and coaches
symbols
for
Franco
football
(RTVE) actually
of a high level
the
FC
RFEF, of
the
of
and of
examined
Madrid,
The evidence
find
as anti-Communist
phenomenally
the maintenance
de Bilbao)
(Real
clubs
(COE),
Espanol
Europe
The archives
or disprove
to prove
or
it
example,
football
and Athletic
Olimpico
however,
archives,
disappointing.
Four"
de Madrid
Comite
Marca,
newspapers
these
the
"Big
the
of
Atletico
DND, of
the
thesis
discovered
the
matches
regime,
broadcast
live
or not towards
contributed
of political
from
in Francoist
passivity
Spain.
The inadequacy
of
certain
high
the
abstract
concepts
of
personal
interviews
number
been with
former
footballers,
with
of
historians
sport
Francoist
veteran
in
Francoist
The questions
according
interviewee.
slight,
club
and commentators,
social
the
explains
football
whose work
the
with
with
These interviews
officials,
scientists
largely
thesis
conducted.
journalists
sports
in connection
evidence
this
of
sporting
and social
however
connection,
of the documentary
have
officials,
as well
as
and political
significance
Spain.
to the specific
For example,
areas of expertise
the questions
refugees
11
have obviously
varied
and experience
of the
to Ladislas
from Eastern
Kubala,
the most
Europe, naturally
centred
on the
the
obviously
Franco
to
questions
of
the
on the
centred
regime
of his
significance
political
the
Real
diplomatic
many spectacular
in
Francoist
Vice-President
and ambassadorial
international
Raiumundo
importance
triumphs
of
club. 20
Madrid
arrival
Author's
interview
with
Raimundo
12
Kubala,
Saporta.
details
in Francoist
about football
ation
will
Spanish football
in Francoist
of sport
character
of the Delegacin
of the "Big
nature
de Madrid,
Spanish
point
Before
in its
1.
during
to place
the Civil
regionalist
See Garcia
Candau,
op.
Atletico
an examination
of the
football
of Spainish
it
context;
was only
of politicization
and Artells,
13
the general
Real Madrid,
This lack
cit.,
into
period.
aspect. '
sig-
clubs,
historical
history
of
of the political
insight
de Bilbao;
Franco
the
proper
a brief
of the political
an examination
the politicization
in its
to offer
survey
football
this
of the politicization
(RFEF); a brief
Spanish
an understanding
Accordingly,
de Deportes
Nacional
and Athletic
Press
sporting
Four"
FC Barcelona
In order
history
Spain;
de Ftbol
Espanola
follow.
will
up to 1939, a general
nificance
Federacion
that
a brief
of:
consist
for
Spain necessary
chapters
inform-
the background
is to provide
Introduction
op.
cit.
during
is necessary
1939.
really
politicized
in other
at
aspects
low,
century
by visiting
students
returning
exciting
game.
of
efforts
1898,
from
The big
in
following
year.
organized
by these
Because
officials.
wages of
the
brought
which
created,
King
these
Civil
of
with
Athletic
trophy
In
to
1928,
of
remain
club
de
and
the
patronage
coaches
members,
was
and club
however,
low until
relatively
of
league
a national
players,
numbers
de Bilbao
1902,
under
and
combined
and Atletico
in
clubs
professional
were
1902,
a novel
the
after
War.
was Athletic
won over half
to action
de Bilbao.
on the field,
Together
of the national
success of Bilbao
was their
that
by the
XIII.
small
professionals
With regard
style
the
created
knockout
it
with
were
in
by Spanish
for
enthusiasm
Madrid
almost
nineteenth
and also
with
football
Alfonso
clubs
the
end of
beginning
Real
a national
enthusiast
sports
today
of
1899,
the
filled
clubs
the
at
in the
and engineers,
and foreigners,
Spaniards
immediately
Spain
sailors
Britain
FC Barcelona
the
Madrid
into
British
interest
governmental
was introduced
Football
that
thus giving
independence
complete
in
was mostly
the other
cups disputed
direct
influence
with
the dominant
before
and aggressive
at the club
pre-Civil
Basque clubs,
1936.
style,
and climatic
War club
Bilbao
football
of
This
team
14
however,
Antwerp,
impact
in
Italy
only
above,
politicized
in
image
de Bilbao
because
the-Basque
in
statements
of
favour
these
ikurrina
incidents
flags
between
football
visiting
2.
3.
4.
5.
directors
the
of
official
the
campaign
statements
of
flying
popular
crowd,
in
of
France.
for
from
both
autonomy,
policemen
The two
Partly
their
clubs,
with
hundreds
explosive
several
on duty
Madrid.
pre-Civil
issued
autonomy. 3
from
in
born
players
both
and with
those
Basque clubs,
immediate
directors
For obvious
and Navarre.
the
support
that
had a pan-Basque
only
Basque
national
especially
27
See El Mundo Deportivo,
Revealed by an examination
For details,
see La Gaceta
1935.
Revealed by an examination
for
terraces,
the
of Civil
of
agitation
on the
teams,
boards
was hoped
Civil
Alava
significance
respective
became centres
stadia
of
political
when their
War years
because
their
falling
accepting
Guipzcoa,
Vizcaya,
to
San Sebastian,
of
of
policy
bravely
France.
the
aspect.
Sociedad
rigid
of
provinces
increased
clubs
and Real
before
football
from
Apart
''
on show in
was not
regionalist
their
of
Fury"
to make a major
it
in
1938 tournament
Spanish
its
After
scene.
Cup quarter-finals,
"Spanish
As stated
Athletic
the
journalists.
team failed
national
football
in
the
though,
reasons,
Spanish
1934 World
the
follow
would
success
the
by impressed
Fury"
international
on the
hosts
"Spanish
the
was christened
and the
of the Bilbao
to the Republican
and Real
cause. a
As
June 1920.
of the archives of the two clubs.
del Norte, 12 May 1934 and 7 November
of the archives
15
be seen in Chapter
shall
Seven, certain
small
only
and
a very
minority.
joined
homeland against
however,
careers,
military
football
logically,
Basque
1937,
April
from
players
where
by which
Nationalists.
they
played
the
team in
for
Czechoslovakia,
Basque
The Basque
players
in
distinction
1940.
Only
Basque
Country.
nearly
as clear-cut
rivalry
between
founded
by foreigners,
the
bear
heroes
Union
and
where
dissolving
of
returning
Mexican
either
the
the
by the
before
for
of
in
Paris
France,
After
the prospect
signed
three
earned
Soviet
league
national
could
exiled
or
Basque
of football
as in
FC Barcelona
the
for
to move on to Mexico,
became the
significance
left
decided
with
Basque cause.
Country
the
the world
performances
The others
in these countries.
was not
would tour
Poland,
two players
and promptly
The political
the
decided
centre-forward,
El Euzkadi
winning
Aguirre,
Euzkadi,
Madrid-club.
the
clubs,
communities
Real
El
spectacular
time
with
an occupied
Argentine
its
on to
team continued
Norway,
the
considerable
team that
..
Jose Antonio
were to be shortlived.
de Bilbao
their
The footballers'
invasion.
Francoist
as an Athletic
to defend
the militias
the President
to
to Franco,
Basque directors
prosperous
the
Basque Country,
and Espafiol
FC Barcelona,
16
in pre-Civil
or
clubs.
Bam aas
the
War Catalonia
due to
Despite
club
the
bitter
having
been
was popularly
the
the
supporters
Barba
followers
were
the
Espanol
whilst
autonomy,
to Catalonia
officials,
and even
1912,
for
The hostility
more ferocity
to
Espanol.
General
Miguel
local
1927,
actual
the
violent
the
players
occurred
'
matches.
and supporters
these
in
of
derby
October
1935.
however,
was
of Castilian
the centralist
six
derby
suspending
clashes
the military
for
and it
and
century,
local
stadium
of
authorities
manifestations
Primo de Rivera,
speak Catalan,
many violent
of the Ba_
rsa supporters,
This gulf
See Artells,
This view
interview
author in
Montalbn
the
personnel.?
of the FC Barcelona-Espanol
between
Similarly
October
towards
towards
6.
7.
8.
led
two years.
1923,
the
state
Catalans. e
beginning
very
battle
a pitched
clubs
the
men,
context
towards
contributed
March
closed
from
middle-class
and military
members could
to the native
two rival
1921,
club
majority
regional
professional
policemen
and a provocation
was important
matches
of
considerably
the
number
The great
were mostly
regions,
that
In this
April
other
The gulf
rival.
who favoured
speakers
supporters
from
a good
thought
was widely
In
Catalan
local
was huge. 6
two clubs
Practically
rivalry
the
of
immigrants
slight
more Catalan
governor
directed
with
than
centralism
dictatorship
of
of Barcelona
17
and jeered
whistled
March
Royal
Spanish
looked
supporters
of
always
granted
Corts
in
a pre-match
entertainment.
the
and powerful
textile
the
The FC Barcelona
Real
Madrid
the
club
Madrid
as a
team was
to
visits
the
Les
manufacturer
1934.11
independent
fighting
of both
Catalan
the
Republic
directors
of the Civil
and died
politically
in favour
out
Along with
on the outbreak
militias
Lluis
of
.
nationalism
War, Sunyol
joined
one of
in
1937.
As with
their
upon a tour
men for
of Central
long.
the political
were just
ventured
9. Revealed
10. Revealed
11. Revealed
1937,
In April
to the Generalitat
Nationalists,
however,
Basque counterparts,
not to be militia
players
A wealthy
in October
and supporters,
directors
Navy playing
on its
reception
of FC Barcelona
President
he brought
Autonomy Statute
returned
'
accordingly,
hostile
to the moderate
Tarradellas,
February
British-
10
Barca director.
established
and,
centralism,
Josep Sunyol,
favourable
the
wealthy
an extremely
stadium.
typical
Royal
the
upon
Castilian
symbol
band of
at
for
of the touring
afterwards
by an examination
by an examination
by an examination
to Francoist
of the archives
of the archives
of the archives
18
were
team embarked
funds
were-not
from the
of Catalonia
as clear
to return
the BarT
Even though
the-defence
convictions
players
Again,
Spain,
and
few of the
the majority
of FC Barcelona.
of El Mundo Deportivo.
of FC Barcelona.
to
choosing
It
the
political
had the
and Catalan
satisfaction
be set
not
to
but
also
the
Franco
the
the
their
by a brief
history
the general
the
directors
finished
Francoist
who
were
Spain
War football,
pre-Civil
of
players
and supporters.
in
football
state
cause.
convictions
political
of
military
collectively
these
that
Republican
Nationalist
was only
clubs'
of
the
of
poor
shortly,
speeches
of
Real Madrid
tennis
up the
truth,
painful
cover
be seen very
traditions
their
of
such as the
to
myopic
of
the
nonetheless,
It
the
against
for
conflict.
that
towards
fighting
one fell
however,
Spanish
sport
during
years.
individuals
this
the
and Catalonia,
leant
politicization
only
The brilliance
shall
lives
knowing
by a description
partially
their
majority
great
of
footballers
players,
of
of
The context
the
a single
as a result
by the
needs
not
or Argentina.
Basque Country
lost
whilst
exile
shared
of
Basque
the
up in
sympathies
Many players
insurrection,
Only
the
only
Mexico
either
in
was not
cause. 12
in
remain
Spanish
state
Manuel
of
the sporting
contenting
of
star
football
Press
with
ministers
this
triunfalismo,
for
Santana,
Spanish
themselves
sporting
sport
did
example,
in
its
general.
best
faithfully
of
served
13
As
to disguise
reproducing
In
Press
the
went
best
into
pp. 17-19.
interviewees
this widely-held
Only two of the author's
contested
football
Prats,
the
Matias
commentator
ultra-nationalist
opinion:
during
Jose
Maria
Franco
the
television
years,
and
and
radio
Marca journalist.
the veteran
Lorente,
19
on
flights
of euphoria
even if
the sport
clay
pigeon
gold
Spain
medal
was won,
worse
than
and the
Irish
Republic,
Nazi
to
that
the
emulate
of
during
as
sporting
This
the
not
Olympic
period,
is
way for
achievements
of
one
only
a pathetic
such as Finland,
countries
Franco
the
tiny
insignificant
In the six
themselves.
participated
record,
Spain
speak for
two silver
occurred,
hookey. '4
or roller-skate.
however,
which
was as internationally
in question
shooting
The facts,
Games in
New Zealand
Francoist
Fascist
'
Italy
and
Germany.
for
The responsibility
Franco regime.
As shall
direction
of sport
political
party.
twofold.
Firstly,
healthy
and virile
Whilst
massive
state
sport
race,
Mussolini
aims
of
lies
Francoist
and, secondly,
sporting
and Hitler,
as a focus for
Spanish virility
the
with
were
policy
in
sport
of
money
amounts
objectives,
detail
largely
of affairs
be seen in greater
of rediscovered
exhibition
this
and national
however,
were p reared
in order
to fulfill
the international
pride. 15
to invest
the same two
of the Falange,
was
triunfalismo
exaggerated and inappropriate
Press coverage of the Conde de Teba's victory
Marca,
See
championship.
shooting
clay-pigeon
first
in
the
edition-of
expressed
DND, Madrid, April 1943.
20
the
to be practically
obliged
the
football
in
noted
for
pools
the
following
the
on Spanish
model
greater
part
Franco
the
"but
sport,
its
of
document
perceptive
de Catalunya
Unificat
depending
self-sufficient,
regime
without
In
money.
from
the
wanted
to
for
it:
paying
on the
this
way,
as
Socialista
Partit
impose
from
revenue
a totalitarian
in Spain is suffering
from the
of sport
organization
the whole of the
which characterized
consequences
of the ambiguity
Between the "liberal"
Francoist
model for
organizational
period.
model, the Franco regime
activity
and the "totalitarian"
sporting
(sport
its most formal
as a
aspects
chose the latter,
maintaining
of the masses)
panacea of the race and as a means of alienation
to practise
of sufficient
economic resources
without
ever disposing
in sport. "16
participation
promotion
of collective
an authentic
"The
Spanish
The principal
was the
resolve
for
existed
the
The gulf
between
always
progressing
Mexico
Samaranch,
garden
on the
Even in
world.
games,
triunfalistQ
the
In
then
was still
Delegado
trying
of
the
of
the
further
de Deportes,
to
out
that
and the
the
was
failures,
Olympic
one of
Nacional
point
DND
DND, everything
all
after
the
of
becoming
1969,
only
really
sports
clubs.
to
spite
point
February
other
rhetoric
According
splendidly.
was permanently
private
to
The opportunity
or most
members of
DND failed
the
facilities.
public
was enormous.
reality
sporting
of
that
problem
basketball
tennis,
wealthy
sombre
Spain
lack
acute
to play
regularly
sporting
leaders
of
in
the
failure
the
Juan Antonio
everything
in
the
sporting
was rosy:
"I ask all of you to continue with the same enthusiasm and with
And I also say to you that we are on
this exemplary dedication.
The only thing that we have to do right
the right road.
now is
El periodismo
deportivo
en la sociedad
accelerate
our pace, because our
consciousness
will
automatically
"17
the same enthusiasm.
This blind
is all
facts,
h
Jos Antonio
the continued
international
other
honest
sufficiently
perfect
After
imports.
and the
reason
ill
for
19
upon leaving
to admit that
Unlike
the Movimiento
in the Olympics
Spanish failures
competitions.
he was
that
Samaranch, Elola
Spanish
Jose
and in
Olaso was
was not in
sport
condition:
"There is still
have committed
unconditionally
Spanish
The official
the Minister-Secretary
superior,
because of
it
failure
Olaso with
however,
At the time,
removed by his
Solis,
of Elola
in the job,
the partial
admitted
the
all
predecessor
farewell
the replacement
health. 1e
had effectively
Olaso,
his
that
given
a sporting
working
with
of creating
we continue
in the face of
of Samaranch, flying
optimism
Elola
objective
if
arrive
lack
the
sport
of
during
the
The football
other
big
became naturalized
facilities,
public
Franco
were packed
Spaniards
other
was the
period
and basketball
clubs
the
teams of
with
and played
foreign
for
the
major
profusion
Real
problem
of
Madrid,
players,
Spanish
for
foreign
FC Barcelona
' many of
whom
teams.
national
Oficial
22
for
the
1967.
Spanish
This
in
for
the
there
Spanish
the
were
the
body FIFA
to
vociferous
team including
The Spanish
Chile.
complaints
its
on imported
rules
but foreign-born
upon winning
in July
Porthcrawl
handful
in
governing
their
of
Legra,
as did
the
there
whether
in
Francoist
either
use a decent
were thousands
court
Spanish
of
or
waste
of
did
For
Spanish
ground,
gymnasium
or
Spain
infrastructure.
sporting
box on patches
or
This
Cuban-born
title
sportsmen,
something
tennis
champions,
the Falangist
the black
featherweight
Spanish-born
1968.
of
achieved
because
or Jose
the
failed
representing
better
was especially
than
June
players
football
players
have preferred
actually
In
nonetheless,
international
the
caused
foreign-born
team,
presence
about
many countries
four
the
about
21
new country.
The
from
In August
Americans.
South
teams
sports
years.
protests
seven
complaints
football
tighten
team of
national
the
over
Italian
strong
the
'in
countries
other
pelota
Cup team in
but
foreigners
were
national
national
World
again,
from
there
example,
Spanish
1962,
including
of
many protests
provoked
1953,
policy
or
foreign-born,
so in
be guided
the
spite
of
Manuel
every
youngsters
without
who
trying
rather
Santana
to clay
opportunity
to
by a professional
coach.
of the FIFA
rule
23
changes,
October
In
spite
the
of
triunfalista
de Deportes
Palacio
with
the
choice.
football
pools
constantly
increased
in
During
the
This
and from
DND to
raise
consequence
the
practically
football.
only
but
facilities,
on any patch
a ball
the
the
game.
pools
1957--1962,
period
football
the
a figure
pesetas,
sums of
1971-1972,
money,
an
however,
infrastructure
sporting
lack
this
the
relatively
also
revealed
public
to
to
normal
in
the
lower
be played,
unlike
squares
around
the
streets.
Whilst
in
youngsters
by examination
24
gradually
of the archives
was
pitches
most
postwar
a football
car-deserted
of
or on the
across
was
classes
a lack
Right
equipment.
the
the
facilities
sports
from
suffered
game could
ground,
however,
of
accessible
sport
grew up kicking
countries,
22. Figures
of
as essential
generation
of
football
Of course,
European
Spanish
the
by season
also
levels.
A major
and in
the
even
the
in
Thus in
261,856,206,280
these
Not
the
his
of
itself
3% of
only
every
revenue
interest
22%.
a considerable
total
revenue
10% during
to
sport
money from
the
public
DND received
pesetas
the
whole
in
1,969,285,473,100
allowed
only
increase
DND received
almost
sports,
total
to
of
training
the
was increased
100%. 22
that
and because
the
increase
European
of
the
to
share
had risen
which
share
1951-1957,
1962-1963,
season
sums of
a new
providing
the
large
percentage
rose,
proportion
years
takings.
its
because
generated
inceasingly
time
every
of
to practise
regularly
opportunity
poured
the
was opened,
Spaniard
that
rhetoric
other
streets,
with
Europe,
empty
most
began
and
bombsites
other
to
play
of the DND.
on
the newly-laid
by the lack
dominated
almost
completely
during
streets,
leaving
of time,
the private
sports
Even if
Sunday afternoon.
clubs
surprising,
be called
the deporte-rey
lamentably
23.
therefore,
to continue
favourite
during
sporting
Upon
playing
that
had time to
team
another
of joining
cost
it
day in the
all
he only
Therefore,
in Francoist
football
these circumstances,
sports,
given
of Spanish sport
contrast
to
he was trying
papers
would quickly
is hardly
In conclusion,
if
facilities
of public
other
he would be unable
work,
feature
be a supporter
especially
so many during
the
facilities
sports
and begining
school
for
life
the sporting
due to lack
like
of facilities
Partly
of public
centres,
playing
continue
play
sport,
one of
enthusiasm. 23
football
on
It
came to
Spain.
must be said
that
as a spectator
sport
and the
-
25
is now necessary
It
institutions
that
governed
it
however,
would be appropriate
two institutions,
of these
character
himself.
24
The full
de las JONS.
de
de Deportes
In this
way, all
scrutiny
At this
on
point,
approach to the
a conceptual
by Franco
body was to be la
governing
Falange Tradicionalista
that
possibility
degree of independence
The
of the general
an outline
title
Nacional
Delegacion
to a close
follow.
will
before
by a February
is adopted.
of football
politicization
that
to give
of the two
during
be subjected
many occasions
sport
Espanola y
could maintain
political
order
was
Francoist
Spain
being
destroyed.
swiftly
Three
placed
under
the
Franco's
sport.
Secondly,
demonstrated
regimes
of
direction
of
by assigning
desire
Hitler
means of
"improving
prestige.
25
the
The third
-Sport
to
to
the
and Mussolini,
the
race"
reason
The first
means to
sport
apply
in
Falange.
had the
ministries
its
for
can be given
reasons
none of
the
Spanish football
actions
illustration
a brief
to offer
gaining
to
attempt
Falange
same concepts
namely
and of
that
the
that
the
to
Franco
is
should
that
regime
as had done
sport
sport
that
administer
international
can be offered
is
reason
serve
respect
as a
and
Franco
possibly
realized
dangerous
Falange
social
radical
Ministry.
that
than
order
for
at,
in
which
the
their
ideas
damage with
do less
could
Finance
the
example,
potentially
a
about
or
new
Interior
26
contol
decree of February
The founding
complete
was an area
sport
Spanish sport,
over
by a Ministry
than has
more complete
in a pluralist
of Sport
to dictatorships
been confined
phenomenon having
far
a control
democracy,
the
the Right
of either
or
Left.
To begin with,
This arrangement
Olympic Committee's
of the International
Committees should
as possible
ection
many other
central
with
international
de Deportes,
federations,
members of these
that
rule
this
contravention
national
Olympic
conn-
and recommendations,
overlooked
served as the
government. 27
rulings
The regime-nominated
also
was in clear
"non-political"
be strictly
Nacional
committee
however,
so
the
rule.
federations.
to appoint
In
addition,
of the executive
Spanish
committee
27
was
to nominate
divisions
and Vice-Presidents
the Presidents
to exercise
sufficient
As if
federation.
of each sports
control
complete
the regional
of all
all
Spanish
over
article
federation
of a national
liking.
Therefore,
expected
obedient
men or simply
if
As was pointed
Introduction,
by the
local
from
central
1941 decree
completely
federations
to
West European
force
before
government
this
changed
of
control
immediately
institution,
Falangists.
Inspite
with
or Delegado
1936 siege
figure
with
militiamen
of
the
the
of
the
was the
fulsome
regime's
way in
which
alongside
have caused
possibly
largely,
however,
Jose
Moscardo,
but
their
of
the
not
its
first
the
hero
was an exremely
because
way in
head
of
which
he had
into
a war hero,
praised
the
200 Falangist
regular
soldiers
in
the
popular
machinery
he had
his
the
subjecting
this,
of
propaganda
of
rebel.
Moscardo
however,
Falangists,
formed
been
The February
War.
staffed
army general
Alczar.
Toledo
up by the
been built
because
Nacional
Civil
would
to
this
level
high
a very
situation,
that
in
had originally
the
more
decisions.
RFEF earlier
counterparts
exclusively,
the
federation
sports
clubs,
a degree
to
regard
with
was
then with
to replace
Spanish
every
the Delegado's
out
various
autonomy
or regional
to veto any
that
decision
the fourth
sport,
the
and
Alczar
siege.
The appointment
28
Delegado
Nacional
should
properly
was tired
for
be the
to
years.
popular
and important
trophies
christened
was the
Spanish
the
man with
greatest
for
In
own name.
to
power
fifteen
by far
example,
the
even to
of
spite
influence
most
He hardly
total.
not
match,
for
Sport
of
was practically
sport,
passion
he was scarcely
Minister
football,
his
Despite
ground.
shooting,
football
his
with
pigeon
of
a professional
attended
parade
Spanish
effective
ignorance
Moscard's
ever
and the
and clay
sports
equestrian
competent
barracks
the
of
of a sinecure
the
award
many
he
however,
this,
War Spanish
post-Civil
football.
As shall
shortly
RFEF officials
were loyal
be seen in detail,
at very short
and obedient
in football
The powerful,
extensive
the death
personality
match at all
instead
leadership
successor,
and a dull,
Jose Antonio
uninspiring
29
Elola
levels,
and the
red one.
Olaso,
leader.
partly
being
a certain
due to
a rather
the
to make
in Spanish sport.
was also
the
arm symbol by
1941 decree
force
1956,
This
into
symbols
dominant
the uncontestably
the
of the usual
its
of
amount
Moscardd's
irresistible
powers given
the institution
every
they
Spanish national
for
the
that
way assuring
of a number of Fascist
the players
in this
and fired
He was responsible
Period"
introduction
the
upon
insisting
game.
intervals,
Falangists.
"Blue
Falangist-inspired
Moscardo hired
weak
With
Elola
A Falangist
in the Civil
volunteer
virulent
six
it
Melbourne
Olympic
Ministros
as a protest
befell
that
possible
and damaging
the
against
decision
disappointed
Spanish
from
to
above
Olaso will
Elola
his
and dutifully
were largely
Real Madrid
the product
Olaso further
This
Jose
view is
Castillo,
Hungary.
It
be both
to
attempted,
and his
however,
obediently
did
his
best
be remembered in football
de
to
the
is
futile
and most
Cabinet
accepted
it
explain
to
the
journalists.
and sports
Consejo
Caudillo
the
team from
Spanish
of
have
Delegado
of
boycott
this
Olaso,
President
for
circles
Santiago
footballers,
spectacular
of their
foreign
stars.
30
Prats,
Jose Maria
This
was
the
which angered
in the late
The following
shared by Matias
op. cit.
t
to prohibit
a decision
successes
making an
Bernabeu.
the
invasion
and therefore
persuade
post
by Franco's
Soviet
judged
have
sport,
29
withdrawal.
sportsmen
Elola
28.
of the
the
withdraw
ordered
the
against
have succeeded,
probably
to
Games, a gesture
would
to
appointment
Olaso
to Elola
Moscard
for
his
after
months
Nacional,
Elola
1940
the Frente
organization
of 1957 had it
reshuffle
as
anti-monarchism.
Only
this
youth
expert
War, since
in the Cabinet
Movimiento
and football
of a sportsman
by refusing
Lorente
1950's
summer,
to
and Juan
the
accept
resignations
His unpopularity
in Spanish
figures
stated
football
international
and other
Elola
Olaso
Juan Antonio
Samaranch
the
to
emerge
from
means,
his
strengths
power,
namely
the
Presidency
which
he assumed
a model
in
Falangist
disadvantage
the
that
a move towards
in
the
Francoist
the
the
of
to
being
Catalan,
-but,
cultivate
With regard
the support
to football,
of the giant
clubs
paid-up
in
in
the
sporting
Committee,
He needed
be
to
the
DND, especially
1970s,
he realized
was necessary
in
order
of the archives
31
world
to
make
movement.
of
Olympic
himself
centre
Olympic
of-independent
ambiguity.
establish
by
time,
Catalonia.
A-Catalan
pinnacle
the
sports
able
International
political
democratic
international
the
to
at
DND in
the
of
Spain.
rising
was his
of
as already
expected
intelligent-and
most
originally
with
progress
1980,
director
young
in
one of
premature
as was generally
the
Olaso's
competitions.
was replaced,
was undoubtably
administrator
influential
factor,
Spanish failure
sporting
Samaranch,
important
The other
earlier,
towards Elola
contributed
in December 1966.
retirement
Jose Villalonga.
with
Pico
Benito
RFEF President
unpopular
team manager
and thenational
Martinez
the
of
figure
wise to
and FC Barcelona,
This
support
of Real Madrid,
for
and of FC
in
from
Samaranch
because
his
of
players.
In
football
clubs
to
committed
in
sacking
the
perseverance
on occasions,
was,
with
to Elola
contrast
the
generally
the
a dubious
penalty
award in a tense
Barra
the furious
with
for
invasion
match with
this
of the
Samaranch, in an attempt
however,
of FC Barcelona,
President
Jose Luis
and club
Furthermore,
as shall
Bam
of power during
Catalan
30.
pitch
cup quarter-final
Samaranch, a-fellow
corridors
in which FC
scandal,
to
Catalans.
The indignation
Eight,
to
Samaranch's dismissal
that
Consistent
secretary
his
reasons,
and a disappointment
a surprise
Real Madrid. 31
in Chapter
these
Barcelona's
upon by the
a man genuinely
Delegado Nacional
ban on foreign
game. 30
the
placate
For
sport.
largely
weak,
he was looked
and dialogue,
Spanish
September
in
of
progress
rather
unpopular
however,
Olaso,
as a man of`compromise
many involved
after
clubs
giant
towards RFEF
of the Central
Referees
be seen in greater
influence
towards
detail
in the sporting
because it
was viewed as a
felt
This surprise
to the author by
and disappointment
was expressed
journalists,
by several
for example
many veteran
sports
sportsmen,
the tennis
Manuel Orantes
Manuel
player
and the footballer
interviewed
in Madrid,
Velazquez,
and also by two former Francoist
the ex-Delegado
Nacional
Benito
Castejn
sports
officials,
and the
former
RFEF President
Pablo Porta.
example,
32
Catalan
of dubious
club
have brought
Jose
for
reason
the
Secretary
for
Secretary
Torcuato
Fernandez
appointed
Delegado
Nacional
in October
Solis'
friend
own good
as Minister-
example
by the majority
In addition,
being
by an enfuriated
and boycotted
the non-Catalan
Spaniards
Gich
32.
to play
made himself
lifting
the
seemed to
Revealed
Superior
and with
32
he was loathed
by most of
and mistrusted
shortage
popular
ban on foreign
have got
apathy
the
the measure
33
only
on the part
sports
the
of the Spanish
in
clubs
By 1975,
of
very limited
facilities.
football
players.
by the author's
interviews
de Deportes,
formerly
of
Benito
Castejn.
met with
of public
with
a massive publicity
more sport,
Contamos contigo.
secretary
Real Madrid,
and
being an outsider.
of FC Barcelona,
secretary
campaign encouraging
success,
for
leader,
clubs.
Gich organized,
finally
the former
and
Juan Gich.
old
followed
Miranda
his
by Franco
1969.
his
was that
Samaranch
of
been dismissed
Movimiento
the
removal
had himself
Solis
Therefore,
character.
The major
friend
political
the
Delegado
with staff
the DND, in
May 1975,
former
Nacional
of the Conselo
March and April
by.
Barga
post,
1986,
the respect
his
Solis
hard work.
consciencious
made as surprise
and immediately
to head
DND.
the
young
and so the
him,
failure
at the Montreal
dismissed
time
the
Although
not
the
therefore,
was finally
by the
by the
particularly
the
promising
Olaso
bolder
ever
new radical
Spanish
complete
transition
post-Franco
assistant
to
in September 1976.
that
to democracy
after
and ambitious
had begun,
of being
dissolved.
and
the
the post of
offered
as Samaranch's
Inter-
the
Olympic
administrator
respected
wake of
Delegado Nacional
went
perhaps ironic,
sinecure
the
Samaranch
within
criticised
Press,
as Delegado Nacional
By this
It
In
friend
of the
of a sportsman
sporting
Don Baln. 33
weekly
position
back his
Jose
Ros.
however,
year,
had ambitions
though,
Tomas Pelayo
technocrat
of that
to bring
tried
Samaranch,
Committee,
Olympic
national
In July
return
Movimiento,
of the majority
Castejn.
as a result
He was already-a
of having
efficiently
served
a member of
the
party,
Castejon
(Barcelona)
34
was-politically
No. 27,6
April
close
1976.
to
the
UCD of Adolfo
leadership
political
and democratization
in
the
office
in
the Calle
Epilogue
of October
victory
General
man to preside
the
over
transformation
in
sport.
As shall
be seen
to
thesis,
Castejon
was to remain
this
1982,
Fierro
first
the
until
as head of
and afterwards
of
socialist
the
the
greater
general
his
election
Direccion
provisional
Consejo
permanent
in
Superior
Deportes.
In conclusion,
that
everything
into
Spaniards
to obtain
11
must be stated
attempted
a nation
much glory
competitions.
general
it
it
pyblic,
for
the
Furthermore,
of
largely
sportsmen,
become courageous-enough
sports
Francoist
DND failed
to express
the
itself
in
the
the
failed
to
failed
to gain
Press,
in practically
to transform
because it
facilities.
Spain
and of
failed
It
to achieve.
public
that
of sportsmen,
much-needed
construct-the
-"
ideal
new centrist
Spanish
Martin
de Deportes,
and as such
as the
of
detail
de
Suarez,
the
sports
respect
once the
latter
of
the
had
freely.
>il
expressed
for
the general
failure
of the
by Castejon.
"The biggest
cause of the lack of effectiveness
of the DND was the
in sport,
low level
level
the lowest
extremely
of State investment
in post-war
for Portugal,
Europe except
Greece and the Irish
Republic.
This meant that practically
the only money the DND had
in the sporting
infrastructure
to invest
was its share of the
football
failure,
The second major reason for this
pools revenue.
in my opinion,
is that most of the Delegados Nacionales,
and indeed
DND staff,
most of the Falangist
were in the job because of their
beliefs
than because of
political
or personal
connections,
rather
for or understanding
I remember how shocked
any passion
of sport.
35
There
the
was not
was also
a huge difference
RFEF during
administer
domestic
would
international
earn
independence
being
period,
regional
European football
Generalisimo,
as the national
cup tournament
whole host-of
dominated
Civil
War.
it
above,
without
it
thesis,
team that
Spain.
during
the Franco
league,
Nevertheless,
of this
for
problems
As stated
team.
RFEF
to
a national
the juvenile
the national
in the course
the
objectives:
federations,
of
Further-
Francoist
to perform
had to organize
occasions
for
and glory
35
two major
create
which administered
onwards,
character
accounts,
Falangists.
in its
federations,
general
By all
years.
efficiently
prestige
sandwiched
the
gto
football
Franco
by unenthusiastic
and staffed
the
between
these
as shall
be seen on many
few functions
created
the RFEF.
interest
until
governmental
however,
or interferance
the clubs
were forced
the
to accept
interview
34. Author's
with Benito Castejon.
35. This is the view of Benito Castejon, Pablo Porta, and of the
majority
of veteran sports journalists
and football
club officials
during the Franco
who were well acquainted with the RFEF staff
to the author.
years, expressed in interview
36
the
new sporting
in
shall
be seen
power
and influence
Francoism
that
influence,
detail,
patience
symbolism
with
the
decesions
for
regime.
The series
army colonel
his
leadership,
Falangist
world
vast
the
of
this
power
years
in
the
committee's
to
to
full
plans
upon a nine-day
of
Fascist
team
national
and actually
for
vetoed
for
training
to Brazil
camp with
in
Moscard
a four-day
fly
to
reign
lack
applying
In May 1950,
for
iron
his
make the
extent
committee.
DND.
Vice-
in
Furthermore,
the
the
be seen below
demonstrating
unable
the
camp at
World
a strict.
36
of short-lived
and Civil
the right-arm
began with
RFEF Presidents
Fascist
Troncoso
salute
the retired
made compulsory
of
and
the
RFEF Presidents,
as
year
shadow of
during
zealous
team about
national
height
sufficiently
powers
final
part
regularly
football.
their
the
the
RFEF executive
insisting
Cup tournament,
disciplinary
the
not
lost
completely
As shall
in
the
of
he vetoed
El Escorial
at will,
game,
used his
occasionally
example,
and fired
and,
until
its
RFEF reached
Moscardo,
was not
1941 to 1956.
hired
force
an unstoppable
the
thirty
to
almost
It
RFEF.
suffered
and directors
Presidents
Four,
to regain
from
war hero
began
the
of
Moscard
the
the
clubs
having
by the
Chapter
within
the
after
General
in
detail
DND domination
of
imposed
order
of the
at every football
match,
Troncoso
Presidents
from
del
large
general
fired
who would
from
Barroso
the
former
The brief
be'seen
Barroso
of
Rivero
Barroso
owed his
Antonio,
to
Chapter
1961.
Irish
Seven,
army
Moscard
blue-shirted
when the
the
ascendancy
a powerful
1957 to
1946,
heavy defeats
Republic.
for
the treasurer
failings
Falangist
ended
in
Republic,
one of
to
prepared
however,
He also
and four
37. Information
from the archives
No. 3 of August 1939.
38
ex-Real
1947,
Rivero
Madrid
play
Meneses,
director.
after
team against
was not content
dismissed
directors,
of the national
Jesus
March
the national
Moscardo,
Meneses.
the
and another
Meneses
humiliatingly
the continual
Madrid
with
Inspector,
DND National
Presidents,
however,
Civil
from
June
in
as a
Spain.
replaced
reign
in
lost
him,
another
brother
in
presidency
as shall
Francoist
Moscardo
his
as Army Minister
serve
the
Barroso,
of
six
had served
where'he
before
of
office.
de Madrid.
influence
team surprisingly
few countries
against
was Javier
club,
in
first
and the
Sagrado
one year
to Atletico
the
to
part
national
the
time
Madrid
Troncoso
as RFEF
a good Falangist
Real
only
President
this
Pan,
Like
after
1940,
April
the
with
1930-1936.
The next
connected
del
Saura
Pan died
in
died
connected
director
Saura
37
Sagredo
by Luis
President
in
level.
at every
both Portugal
simply
with
was he with
team.
Circular
Rivero
doctor
minutes
Munoz Calero
in
his
have
on the
body FIFA,
beaten
executive
the
to
committee
to devote
order
telegram
to
Had he wished,
for
as the
serve
of
during
England.
presidency
order
the
football
world
more time
Spanish
to his
medical
practice.
RFEF President
The next
whose lack
fellow
of
the
accepted
past
in
1954 after
A third
in
job
fifteen
Touzn Jurjo
leadership
successive
retired
in
humiliating
obedient
two having
Civil
Manuel
Valdes
in
World
Larranaga,
1952,
when he
He was succeeded
Jurjo,
at
by
by a disgusted
the
hands
Falangist
and unimaginative
to
Moscardo's
of
spend
eighth
man
years.
was dismissed
Alfonso
Falangist
Venezuela.
Fernandez,
Falangist
other
the
Falangist
ambassador
as RFEF President
two years
the
the
Sancho Davila
Turkey.
minnows
of
was the
to
commitment
Falangist
Moscardo
for
Civil
by sending
circles
Albion"
over
the
since
Cup campaign,
Francoist
perfidious
in
down in
and in
1950 World
the
against
President
victory
remained
a Falangist
fighting
effective
within
decisive
1950 he stood
Division"
Spanish
popularity
the
after
representative
most
we have
could
July
governing
be the
successful
"Caudillo,
famous
Franco
but
the
"Blue
the
with
to
he increased
which
the
He proved
organizing
successor
Soviets.
War,
Meneses'
his
de la Fuente Chaos.
RFEF President,
been former
army officers.
39
"Old Shirt"
one since
1939,
These Falangists
and
nothing
about football,
the
and
consequently
failed
competitions
efficiently.
football
to
RFEF. 38
influence
within
the
seen in
Chapter
Four,
committee
however,
could
Nacional.
39
Elola
the
annual
All
frustrated
in
be and frequently
director
July.
These
in 1960.
Benito
do,
lack
of
be
as shall
recommendations,
by the
Delegado
of the clubs,
of the clubs
by the
RFEF executive
Pico Martinez,
the confidence
the
the frustration
realized
a Falangist
their
could
to
domestic
men respected
at
clubs
were rejected
to change tactics
was neither
the
that
assembly
dull
these
were
Olaso apparently
thus decided
presidency
Neither
national
clubs,
at
the
organize
whom Elola
in both
and
the RFEF
but rather
Olaso hoped
DND.
Chapter Four,
was, ironically,
38.
however,
uninspiring
of the national
the club
proved to be something
most hostile
team.
in its
style
As shall
opposition
of a
of leadership
and the
be seen in detail
to Pico Martinez
Real Madrid.
by Raimundo Saporta,
to the author
This frustration
was expressed
by Agusti
Montal,
former
the Vice-President
of Real Madrid,
de Miguel,
former President
President
and by Julio
of FC Barcelona,
CF.
of Valencia
40
in
in
RFEF Presidency
installing
1967,
a director
Luis
was Jose
choice
from
unpopular
as all
of
national
team hit
continued
Costa
before
doctor
him.
low when it
an all-time
Olaso's
tactic
of
Samaranch's
clubs.
to be just
proved
Presidents
the
football
Falangist
another
own man to
Elola
with
big
the
one of
board.
de Madrid
Atletico
but
Costa,
his
Samaranch appointed
as ineffective
and
his
the
During
reign,
was eliminated
in
within
Delegado
highly
critical
dynamic
the
the
Garcia
Candau,
Francoist
Jose
was Jose
Delegado
Nacional
Juan
with
his
devoting
vacilation
overlord
Maria
led
Garcia
decisions
Gich.
Perez
by the
and Alex
Perez
football
himself
over
Pay,
Pay,
previously
J.
to his
the
to traverse
for
two major
41
of
in
Chapter
the
Madrid
He annoyed
football
problems
entering
by
a good choice
both
law practice.
mentioned
increasingly
be seen
as shall
of
Botines.
on paper
or playing
The-
by a new generation
the
of
were becoming
hierarchy.
inspired
documents in a bid
was
influence
their
they
sporting
journalists,
sports
ambience
clubs
of his
the
accepting
critical
clubs,
the fall
President,
appointed
before
angrily
reasserting
of weekly
entire
clubs
and critical
Julian
were gradually
clubs
Nacional
criticisms
lack
The clubs
1970.
September
of
Finland.
The football
the
but their
resignation,
such that
Samaranch
by tiny
competition
with
players;
the
of
false
and the
the
difficult
the
question,
social
security
to solve
capacity
between
the
for
system
uncomprehending
DND on the
failed
better
World
Given
Cup.
rather
that
surprising
being
until
replaced
in this
Earlier
Perez
during
right-at
unable
in
to
to
the irony
for
head of Catalan
university
in
remain
of Benito
dictatorship,
existence
himself
to his business
Espanol
club,
interests,
the
1958-1962.
later
of the Catalan
Olaso,
regional
interview
Author's
with
This is the view of the
Castejn,
example Benito
Agusti
Montal.
is
presidency
Delegado
being appointed
being largely
the CivilWar.
since
having
past,
In 1962, Porta
it
Castejn,
haven for
the footballing
1974
the
he had a Falangist
sports
team
criticisms,
RFEF President
in the Civil
intrasigent,
national
qualify
subsequent
"sandwiched
May 1975.
institution's
predecessors,
presidency
the
most of his
committee
own words,
Furthermore,
and certainly
the period
and the
The appointment
40.
41.
Porta
his
to
affiliation
of
on one side,
and the
Introduction,
Nacional
in
Pay managed
by Pablo
Like
being
problems
probably
regarded
40
other".
Five,
Perez
players.
clubs
results,
these
Chapter
being,
demanding
critical,
to yield
the
problem,
either
in
be seen
as shall
been a
as the Falangist
He then dedicated
working
as the secretary
Francoists
in Barcelona,
was appointed
of the
during
to the executive
federation.
41
to the
Porta himself
claimed
42
that
he was offered
his
difficult
finally
Porta
Porta
vented
than
a President
any sports
three
in
detail
ineffective
institution,
clubs
increasingly
critical
the
were,
Delegados
Madrid
the
decree
in
remaining
of
in
clubs,
interview
inept
for
their
and docile
with
years
of
the
to
say at
that
prefor
office
more
being
or qualities
Pablo Porta..
this
in
point,
dominated
and influence
RFEF.
by the
of
the
be
them to
and uninspiring
political
be
RFEF will
was a largely
caused
and obedient
43
of
The power
42. Author's
Franco
which
the
general,
Nacionales
it
DND.
limited,
both
Suffice
as a result
chiefly
was strictly
and directors
Four.
Chapter
and ineffective
unpopular
various
from
in
retired
and only
government
RFEF workings
the
of
RFEF during
the
that
football
Socialist
President
workings
conclusion,
equally
had designed,
by
times
three
terms.
in
examined
he was re-elected
that
been very
As shall
he himself
that
federation
The internal
with
leadership.
a controver'Ial
of
for
no time
the presidency
accepted
system
1984 because
it
that
42
was so popular
democratic
post that
of Perez Pay's
critical
the
interests.
business
because he realized
record,
chosen
connections
personalities
of leadership.
rather
by the
These leaders
obviously
competetions
Of the
Four",
another
Although
follow,
that
illustration
managed to organize
disputed
Spain's
gianlfour
during
Franco
the
years,
"Big
'The
or,
contested,
60 of
Real Madrid,
clubs,
de Madrid.
and Atletico
monopoly of success
the
football
way, their
and cups
de Bilbao
Athletic
therefore,
performances
efficiently.
73 leagues
FC Barcelona,
the international
prejudiced
expressed
in
club only
years.
"Big
the
Four"
clubs
it
seems appropriate
of
the
feature
will
this
at
political
character
a special
study
heavily
to
point
of
in
the
chapters
a brief
offer
the
Franco
years.
In particular,
Real Madrid club
should
club during
section
be made here.
to explain
is to offer
a brief
on the other
and manipulation".
43.
44.
Author's
Author's
hand,
Indeed,
fully
significance
an entire
the political
The objective
and conscious
the "defenceless
victim
with
with
played
by
considering
Real,
44
monographic
role
for
""
interview
interview
of the
of the following
of the political
exploitation
This is a debate
and dinner
the
tables,
domineering
figure
According
to
number
sports
of
the
to do with
his
supporters
of
great
Bernabeu
lent
Garcia
to
the
firstly,
because of this
benefited
from partial
his
in
death
supporters
but
regime,
leader
rather
J.
who clearly
regime,
which
that
that
such
fifthly,
48
Botines,
took
helped
advantage
Real
of the club;
to achieve
to the
dominated
that
who
secondly,
were also
fourthly,
that
the club
consciously
Madrid sports
This is the view of the majority
of veteran
journalists,
for example Jose Maria Lorente,
Rodolfo
Belarmino
de
la
Gil
Vega "Gilera",
Enrique
Marca,
"Belarmo"
and
of
as well
interviewed
Real Madrid supporters
by the
of most of the veteran
author.
46. Author's
47. Author's
interview
interview
48. Author's
interview
Alex J. Botines.
45
of
referees;
as Manuel
leadership
support,
everything
Cup victories.
official
whose
to many
journalists
and Alex
and a good
According
sports
for
1978.
was a charismatic
Franco
Bernabeu,
Real
of
support
fortunes
Madrid
European
Franco in his
majority
thirdly,
Santiago
always
1943 until
Real
of Spanish bars
accusations:
the great
the
Francoist
by the
club
against
to emulate
over
Candau47
significant
attempted
is
and imagination.
+6 Julian
five
45.
the
and critical
following
Real,
do with
in thousands
figure
45 Bernabeu
clubs
politically
Francoists;
of
was an obvious
The arguments
that
majority
to
other
however,
five
from
own commitment
Montalbn,
their
who presided
journalists,
Vazquez
favours
central
years,
had nothing
success
the
and the
thirty-five
remarkable
that
as
itself
allowed
the
general
Francoist
history
to
regard
a provincial
in
capital,
Real
of
his
father
the
Civil
in
for
the
period
at
the
diplomatic
he took
refuge
In
as a Lieutenant
afterwards
Grandes.
position
both
of
beginning
his
support
Franco.
The
Madrid.
His
1912-
1927,
and afterwards
as trainer,
club.
His
administrative
farm
with
1938,
Bernabeu
army.
command of
of Catalonia
French
from
Madrid
took
Alonso
Vega,
part
and
Munoz
in September 1943.
Bernabeu's
of
He then
Camilo
to Madrid
the
escape
General Agustin
with
he returned
to
from
outbreak
in
friends
managed
Nationalist
the
to confirm
Real
the
at
he inherited
Upon the
means.
several
the
which
post
political
revealing
This personal
sympathies.
statements
over
example:
Bernabeu also
time
centre-forward
in
Law himself
independent
in
for
personal
up by playing
long presidency
sufficient
Furthermore,
the years,
the conflict,
his
confirm
the
of
taken
Cuenca under
in the invasion
After
is
of
study
700 hectares
and the
two years.
conquest
to
was mostly
and enlist
history
improve
to
order
a brief
he studied
lawyer,
Finance
War,
embassy
Real,
in
regime
concrete
charge,
enough
and director
Ministry
the
is
however,
Madrid
secretary
in
and the
first
the
Bernabeu
of
son of
for
image
overseas
Franco
Spain.
With
the
be used by the
to
followed
the Francoist
46
line
in expressing
p. 92.
contempt
Commun-
for
the
regionalist
In
movements.
by declaring
to Murcia
of the above,
sympathies
of Bernabeu.
he provoked
a bitter
controversy
Deportiva:
1968,
July
can be little
there
I love
to emulate Franco,
attempted
actually
According
to Julian
Garcia
however,
he
of whether
is far
less
clear
cut.
Candau:
Cercedo likened
in the following
Bernabeu's
of leadership
style
to that
of
way:
This particular
be argued,
was as sensitive
Bernabeu,
with
the interest
leadership
for
debate
50.
51.
example, he reacted
coach Miguel
have the best
turns
Murcia
Garcia
of the club,
leadership
its
attention
interest
attack
angrily
oz,
Mu
identified
itself.
of his
at heart".
however,
July
December 1974.
on his
of
people
When the
the arguments of
1986.
and
In March
dismissal
53
can
Bernabeu
then "badly-intentioned
(Murcia)
Deportiva,
No. 416,27
Candau, op. cit.,
p. 92.
It
intimately
himself
on the club
of the club
to the deeds,
that
to critics
calling
47
than deeds.
and attempted
appear as a malevolent
long-serving
who don't
on his
to attacks
style
that
1974,
more to do with
Garcia
rule
of Social
Discipline".
or who jeered
supporters
Bernabeu himself
losing.
measure
to safeguard
his
for
example,
vjkQ s
own team they were
at their
"Commission
to discipline
This
misbehaving
concrete
continued
The only
strength.
Commission,
and a
is
It
club.
other
every
practically
sub-committee existed at
similar
discp
',ne
the
that this Commissio; i some of Bernabeu's opponents within
possible
but to suggest
club,
designed
to stifle
main reasons:
secondly,
Raimundo Saporta
succeed their
masters,
Carrero
Blanco,
Bernabeu certainly
three
completely
different
to
reasons,
men in
right-hand
as already
in the civil
the Nationalists
Franco.
because their
and Luis
for
suggestion
eventually
for
is to make an exaggerated
opposition
firstly,
instrument
is no evidence.
which there
coincided;
that
a supporter
to resort
of
to the
for
so many
years.
With regard
supporters
to the claim
were also
Francoists,
that
the great
54 it
majority
is extremely
Real
of
difficult
to offer
evidence
any concrete
War Real
Civil
football
was generally
in
club
the
club. 55
followers
appear
socialist
and republicans
towards
the
towards
the
cannot be supported
on his
out that
of
Franco,
which
San Sebastian.
Another
Bernabeu,
for
a visitor
support
political
in itself
Real on this
matter
President
support
for+he
for
i
Ramon
any other
that
obviously
sympathies
is
notice
current
Atl
factor
with
stadium,
de Bilbao
Athletic
complicating
tico
lend
of providing
a policy
the
by any statistical
to the Estadio
visits
those of FC Barcelona,
Real
majority
and slightly
War seemed to
Civil
the
monarchist
republican
the
before
5'
Atletico.
could be pointed
right-wing
period,
who survived
however,
This claim,
It
as the
support
evidence.
Franco
Since
support.
and Atletico
the
During
in
or
regarded
capital,
socialist
football
against
either
working
It
the club,
although
not to
this
about the
anything
The official
non-committal.
far
classes,
response
As pointed
from
out by
Mendoza:
directors
"Amongst our supporters,
and members, there have been
persuasion.
and are individuals
of the most varied political
The third
proud
the
of
Neither
side
support
for
claim
in
Franco
of
support
revealed
Jose Solis
attended
facilities.
leaders.
Camilo
Luis1Blanco,
Real
the
above,
not
Real
it
would
Ruiz,
the
that
Gregorio
All
of these
ve
and made of the
Alonso
to
list
Fraga,
Tomas
club's
the military
frequently
the
following
the
Astray
Millan
regime
were
the
seen alongside
be easier
regime
Lopez Bravo,
and were
of
of
Manuel
members:
58
ministers.
level
all
In additiony
supporters,
ministers
above-mentioned
Real
paid-up
Garicano
committed
high
archives
all
deny
The club
fully
his
of
to
were
and most
attempts
Franco
it
that
debate
this
Real.
is
the club
against
personal
of
ministers
you have to be
Supporting
politically
Given all
of
who were
personalities
supporters.
W4
With
also
regard
a Real
matches
the
supporter.
and the
Bernabeu.
to
It
is
annual
dictator
He only
final
popularly
of
held,
himself,
attended
his
the
important
own cup,
however,
popular
always
that
that
vie
he was
international
held
in
the
he always followed
Estadio
the
for
This claim has been made to the author, in interviews
with,
Garcia Candau, Manuel Vazquez Montapn,
Alex J.
example Julian
Clemente,
Agusti
Botines,
Jose Angel Iribar,
Javier
Montal,
and the
.
Casaus.
FC Barcelona
Nicolau
Vice-President
current
of the archives
50
of Real Madrid.
fortunes
that
Real
of
and his
Franco
question,
60
on television.
if
the
club
doubt,
can be little
was proud
of
therefore,
The important
followers.
were Real
ministers
is
however,
There
regime
and encouragejthis
support.
sir
= -- -
question
appears to be affirmative
in both aspects.
The club
letters,
this
encouraged
personally
signed
inviting
With regard
of Real Madrid
then to return
the following
from Foreign
produced
the club
the official
at the club
and quotations
hospitality
in response
received.
Minister
to some fulsome
It
have
could
Boletin
by the many
from the
reflected
editorial
in question,
of pride,
photographs
invitation
official
to the ministers
the satisfaction
offering
visitors
club
by Bernabeu,
to the question
reveals
visits,
ministerial
contented
by sending
is difficult
offered.
support
This
pride
included
remarks about
the
Real Madrid
presented
list
also
felt
the club
with
all
regime ministries
placed
The full
in any of the
51
official
In spite
the club
unpleasant
incidents
Jose Millan
Astray,
is
regime
possible
still
the there
convincing
it
however,
this,
of all
for
club histories,
The Civil
Bernabeu's
former
Astray
and ordered
Council
of Ministers,
refused
to offer
him not
years
to return
later,
for
give
however,
Within
the regime.
63.75
only
52
in the
Bernabeu had
that
the stadium
and that
to prove that
stadium.
Indeed,
these
privileged
1977, p. 14.
Bernabeu did
of the Franco
representatives
of Bernabeu's
Madrid,
was also
serve
important
It
Agriculture
up the seat
that
rank on
Cavestany
diplomat.
by
who pulled
Rafael
complained
for
challenging
to the stadium.
upbraided
Astray
resolved
Munoz Grandes,
Millar
of a prominent
was finally
The matter
were
Agriculture
to the expulsion,
angrily
there
for
the Minister
of the wife
commander General
belonged
kissing
duel.
Bernabeu to a pistol
Milln
his
with
a scandal
creating
that
Rafael
nothing
Furthermore,
was absolutely
support.
and afterwards
to present
incidents
position
to the fourth
With regard
dominated
first-be
should
no less
pointed
than
twelve
the
with
from
1979,
1949, to
Gregorio
1963 to
1977,
club
Paunero
on the
superiority
and the
is
not
influential.
Basque
several
have
campaigns
hard
been
launched
evidence
Nevertheless,
none of
unfair
The biggest
REEF during
of
the
club
in
by the
these
Given
lack
most
newspapers.
domination
organized
campaigns
club
'4
by Dicen
has turned
member,
besides
this
numerical
in
the
the
within
magazine
highly
in
the
Barra
and
several
an
RFEF, the
in
from
President
Indeed,
the
RFEF
unequivocally
newspapers
of
years
Real
as being
was regarded
Catalan
the
democracy
of
FC Barcelona
regional
Real's
that
the
Franco
addition,
RFEF.
and the
the
the
representative
and other
one being
of
of
it
Introduction,
this
as RFEF Vice
had another
it
that
preference,
was a paid-up
served
representatives
controversial
proof
Paunero
newspapers,
sports
Ramirez,
committee
opinion
in
In
come extent.
Andres
that
partisan
during
RFEF Presidents
always
surprising
This
Barcelona
uncover
Real
of
RFEF, it
in
executive
from
as seen earlier
to
club
Vice-President
Real
that,
out
of, the
six
were connected
secretary
benefited
the
Madrid,
against"Real
allegation
attempt
most
autumn
of
1977.65
up any substantial
practices.
source
of controversy
concerning
was, without
doubt,
Real Madrid
the referees.
53
to
and the
It
has
Mundo
February 1975;
El Mundo Deportivo,
1981; Dicen, 23
in Catalonia,
their
the club
allegations,
claiming
Examination
football
big
example,
final
clubs,
the
provoked
protest
strong
It
that
6B
Madrid.
others,
howevers,
occasionally
at
a shower
from
appears that
the
of
Antonio
of
missiles
certain
RFEF, the
indeed
for
to have
appear
to have
appear
expense
Rigo
from
to
no evidence
Some referees,
ambitious
towards
the
Real
in
another
In June 1968,
FC Barcelona
Real
these
Emilio
example
favoured
major
support
favoured
Real.
of
referees
in particular,
placed
supporters
with
decided
in
the
of
for
cup
and a
deliberately
the objectives
lucrative
to
of being
European
October
1977, El Mundo
Dicen 27 September-24
See for example:
10 January 1981.
4 October
1979; La Gaceta del Norte,
Deportivo,
in interviews
for
This claim has also been made to the author
with,
Casaus, Jose Angel Iribar,
Nicolau
Alex J. Botines
and
example,
Clemente.
Javier
October
67. See, for example; Marca, 15 June 1977,23
1981; As, 11 September 1978 and 24 October 1978.
shared by Raimundo Saporta.
68.
these
ridiculed
Bernabeu.
favour
66.
is
there
de Mendivil,
partiality
contributed
and cups. 66
the
of
Ortiz
and Juan
matches,
crucial
archives
Real
against
allegations
of
evidence. 67
the
reveals
clubs
Gureceta
of
refereeing
that
than on concrete
rather
substantially
have consistently
of the capital
press
from partisan
partisanship
so many leagues
winning
the sporting
the
this
and that
matches,
towards
benefited
Real systematically
that
regions,
Revealed by examination
of
de Madrid,
Madrid,
Atletico
the archives
FC Barcelona,
54
of
and international
on these lists
be placed
referee
however,
to upset-another,
operated
a bizarre
the smaller
Valladolid
themselves
they-believed
were largely
clubs
irrefutable
The only
referees
to be the case.
continues
up high
on the
Another
from their
for
vociferously
complained
poor
by European
This explains
is alleged
area in which it
influence
whenever
is that
standards,
Spanish
and this
these finals
thus converting
Nevertheless,
occasions
the occasion
it
that
within
into
at the Estadio
55
or
the modest
of partiality,
by Murcia
example,
in silence.
to suffer
fact
but
obstacle
to be the victim
forced
its
many
in particular,
Thus whilst
can
always meant
and therefore
ambitions,
because to be blacklisted,
referee.
the others.
clubs,
clubs.
system,
referee,
appeared to favour
offending
without
Four"
was often
international
of an ambitious
of the "Big
To be blacklisted
matches.
a certain
that
recommendation
It
sufficient.
A strong
matches.
home match.
were played
in
Bernabeu
the
because
not
the
the
shape
1941,
that
70
Madrid.
the
in
teams
the
in
defeated
Furthermore,
final
in
the
general
the
benefited
being
domination
club's
this
that,
69.
of
does not
many domestic
the
pointed
of
Real
Franco
therefore,
of
were
Furthermore,
out
in
this
it
did
Saporta,
with
71
the
Madrid
Six
of
the
club,
in
factor
be taken
Benito
by
and from
the
real.
connected
cup
Madrid
referees
than
Introduction,
the
win
Real
Indeed,
should
and so
and unjust.
the
opposing
stripped
that
cup finals.
years
in
four
than
was partially
the
was
surprisingly
when Real
partiality
the
of
were
was inevitable
conclude,
the
injustice
of
on no less
victory
triumph
alleged
venue
appeared
successes.
as already
the
the
during
RFEF Presidents
but
to
from
greatly
that
two occasions
merit
their
difficult
very
Bernabeu
the
it
because
because
on by a sense
result
in
be held
even be argued
could
Real,
against
own supporters
on the
that
opinion
is
It
Bernabeu,
the
it
Indeed,
worked
with
their
of
Paris.
venue
March
the
city,
in
should
as the
was chosen
in
regime,
competition
were spurred
hard,
front
occasions.
the
finals
six
especially
played
in
actually
centralism
sporting
capital
des Princes
Parc
or
the
69
because
Franco
centralist
Movimiento.
every
RFEF, but
the
completely
Bernabeu
in
stadium
this
that
of
The Estadio
largest
London
final
the
by the
the
of
dominated
Real
into
influence
Castejon,
the
Real's
account
the
of
Jose
Luis
56
clubs
as a whole
that
and also
of
Santiago
executive
coaittee
occurred
Benito
Bernabeu
Real
ieetings.
Rico
Martinez,
was directed
against
President
The fifth
deliberately
and final
allowed
the Foreign
its
been suited
such unprecedented
from
Jose
against
Luis
diplomatic
Pay,
from
successes
another
position
of
RFEF
1970 to 1974.
it
to be exploited
the poor
Francois
Real director
both
actions
boycott
former
the
Perez
and ran
to improve
order
of
years,
and
assemblies
annual
1963 to 1966.
connections,
general
Spain. 72
by
overseas
The way in
The first
many international
in
ministry,
its
unpopular
claim
by the
boycotted
and lasted
the
Franco
the
so exasperated
the presidency
against
Real Madrid
with
was twice
actually
as a protest
during
the
within
up by Alex
J.
Botines:
Neither
supporters
validity
of this
nor critics
assertion.
with in detail
debate here,
in this
brief
discussion
to deny the
than here.
of the general
however, will
what is in
political
57
of helping
proud,
in this
who,
Fernando
about
Maria
how the
travelling
these
instructions
club
could
abroad. '4
instructions,
from his
but
has not
does not
Candau,
the
from
image of
that
the
1957 to 1969,
club
when
country
to deny the
the
to
Minister
attempted
accept
used regularly
friend
close
Foreign
improve
help
Saporta
by the Franco
manipulated
Garcia
Franco's
Castiella,
even
way.
to Julin
according
detailed
receive
of Real Madrid,
significance
of
existence
was systematically
regime.
Saporta's
resolve.
arguments
Even if
aabassador for
particular,
74. Author's
in
it
can be said
were true
Spain in general
itself
interview
that
to raise
claim
than for
as shall
with RaimundoSaporta,
58
than
they
rather
a debateable
more questions
be seen,
for
the
Europe
the
case
of
of
benefit
the
Madrid
from
most
letters
received
from
for
regime,
in
a laudatory
his
the
from
of
the
Ministry
Real
however,
on its
Delegado
at his
Nacional
El
many
of
ambassadorial
the
about
subject,
following
the
Elola
Pardo
the
the
institutions
spoke
in
both
for
reproduced
splendid
often
that
suggest
an ambassador
when he responded
1960,
that
of
to
and other
obviously
government
proudly
Bernabeu
will
In
image of
overseas
which
being
Foreign
the
the
evidence,
Boletin
see Franco
to
is
Franco.
signified
improve
The club
Santiago
December
speech
many visits
enough
congratulating
Furthermore,
example
improvement
is
largely
institution
the
and proud
was conscious
regime.
work.?
to
There
and the
Franco
team helping
this
country
the
Spain
country,
country.
particular
Real
a sporting
ostracized
generally
and 1960s,
1950s
the
way to
during
01aso,
one of
residence:
Pedro
praise
was for
Rodriguez
heaped
more explicit
of
Arriba,,
upon Real
eight
expressing
Madrid
years
the
by Franco's
later,
pride
Foreign
in
an interview
caused
in
him by
Minister.
n
del Real Madrid CF, No. 28, October
75. See, for example, Bolet
and No. 132, May 1961.
del Real Madrid CF, No. 128, January 1961.
76. Boletin
26 December 1968.
77. Quoted in Arriba,
59
1953,
It
be argued that
could
"the
Castiella,
It'is
arrived
conclusions
Introduction
this
the
at
Franco
but
to
retain
order
obviously
of his
the
although
that-Real
of the referees;
ambassador for
club's
Real.
This
is
Bernabeu
methods
Real
of
Real
of
during
Madrid
was an obvious
of
proof
the
in
dictator
were
of
this
that
the club
did not
and proud
significance,
the opinion
this
brief
opinions,
following
of Francisco
introductory
a radical
by the official
debate
critique
about
of the
response
from
during
in
presented
supporters
definitive
to terminate
two contrasting
with
political
that
Minister
is possible
Real Madrid
the
majority
partiality
It
the
that
are:
ministers,
dominate
that
Seven how
the different
evidence
significance
imitate
to
limited
the
of
conclusions
Francoists,
also
probably
power;
Spain and
in Chapter
to draw together
point
political
he had no need
that
light
the
the
These
years.
Francoist,
in
about
served
at. this
of the fact
proof
to be seen in detail
remains
appropriate
sufficient
as an effective
the club
is
this
itself
identified
has
with, and the most brilliant
most
which
Not even its most convinced
services has lent to, the regime.
Everybody can see the innumerable
enemies could dispute this.
and congratulations
awards, decorations
which have been
official
bestowed upon the club over the years. "79
of the club,
The Vice-President
now, however,
holds
not surprisingly
both during
a different
view:
and
is
It
Barcelona,
necessary
not
the bitter
examined in detail
a brief
considered
domestic
trophies,
or much financial
Catalan
million
Eight.
sketch
supported
club
region's
in Chapter
to be the best
such
an exhaustive
club during
introductory
football
effective
offer
of Real Madrid,
rival
of the Catalan
significance
offer
to
In
national
or other,
It
is only
of the general
spite
of all
nature
op. cit.
61
of Bam a,
1978.
powerful
inhabitants.
here to
appropriate
the support
3 December
Quoted in El Pals,
March 1984.
World Soccer,
be
football
FC
of
study
of practically
able
all
as the
to count
of that
between
The struggle
one of
the
fought
at
the
levels:
two giant
country's
between
struggle
as political
seen in
wing
features
central
three
the
as a purely
football
clubs;
between
struggle
a club
sporting
as a regionalist
the
years,
Franco
and
summed up by Alex
was astutely
be
to be rightliberal
being
of
thirdly,
as shall
considered
image
the
between
struggle
and Catalonia;
generally
has been
struggle
Castille
during
with
This
secondly,
representing
and another
This
anti-Francoist.
football.
been
has always
and FC Barcelona
Spanish
especially
Eight,
and Francoist,
of
Madrid
firstly,
clubs
struggle,
Chapter
Real
J.
Botines:
in Spanish football
is that
in
"What is very clear
the game is,
Real Madrid represents
confrontation.
a weekly political
reality,
knows it;
Barca represents
supporter
and the Barcelona
something,
also knows it. "82
and the Real Madrid supporter
else,
something
that
claims
to the persecution
Nevertheless,
this
the 1960s,
Until
Catalan
Catalonia
players,
this
lack
into
consistent
success
on the field.
and unfavorable
treatment
of all
reason that
supplemented
by three
In the early
or four
The
Catalan. 83
or from abroad.
however,
stars
of Local
from outside
1960s, however,
this
policy
changed.
82.
83.
From Botines,
op. cit.,
This claim was made to
Rexach.
and Caries
p.
the
71.
author
62
by Agusti
Montal,
Nicolau
Casaus
but
controversy,
Catalan
stars.
1984.
FC Barcelona
of
their
failure
to
final
in Seville.
achiever
Catalan
Steaua
that
although
and socially
during
especially
however,
conflict;
acquired
in their
officially
songs
such
frustration
wards,
for
Catalan
in
Espina
a loathing
Cup
lost
FC Barcelona
the Civil
War,
"85
After
the
Catalan,
the
significance.
and Els
Sepadors,
sing
outlawed
channel
and,
flag
offered
to congregate
of Catalans
national
things
and social
political
tongue,
63
by
1986 European
the
of all
Mother
under-
was confirmed
of Real Madrid,
Catalan
"great
institutions.
and afterwards
thousands
1961
from
before
sentiment
crucial
forbidden,
as La Santa
into
period
reputation
23-years
old
for
the agitation
an absolutely
regular
league
Bucharest
sigificant
of Catalan
the
Spanish
club
modest
character,
politically
84 and this
football",
beat
the
and
than
gradually
is paradoxical
It
its
one occasion
on only
world
during
on
who demonstrated
effect
won the
RAqa
massively
them scandal
with
to better
few performed
consequence,
to-spend
player
brought
names often
very
In
championship
to
big
These
potential.
any, Spanish
and buying
foreigners
importing
began
Barra
had seen,
team Spain
cosmopolitan
the most
In an attempt
and speak
traditional
their
political
1960s on
This
social
and political
Bam
significance
the
Vazquez
Manuel
supporter
of
summed up by the
club
Montalbn:
institution
that unites the man in the
"Barga is the only legalized
that could have been and never was... This
street with the Catalonia
is as important
as the Monasteryof Montserrat , the
an institution
d' Estudis Catalans or L'Orfeo
Omnium Cultural,
the Institut
Gracienc
"86
The directors,
players
and supporters
frequent
visitors
centre.
lock-in
by leading
Catalan
in assimilating
from southern
into
for
support
religious
was a
Just,
and intellectuals
artists
welcoming
and also
Catalan
Dom Cassia
because of his
figure
controversial
the celebrated
to Montserrat,
a reference
Catalan
In
Bar; a party
being
to the crucial
society
have been
of FC Barcelona
importance
the thousands
of
the
of immigrants
Spain:
It
was indeed
Bargas
local
rivals,
86.
87.
of frustration
a permanent source
that
the great
FC Barcelona
majority
instead
to the Espaol
of immigrants
club,
from
the
of themselves. 00
p. 120.
cit.,
November 1974.
years
the character
be best understood
towards
phobia
of Emilio
The conclusion
of the club
as the expression
Relano writing
during
the Franco
of the Catalan's
centralism:
is frequently
It
Spain's
In spite
of this
different
clubs.
its
Whilst
Spanish regions,
of a rich
the great
schemes.
success,
but rather
themselves
Whilst
another
to find
Barra
policy
proceeding
90
two more
with
ambitious
patient
formidable
club,
to wait
for
of only
from their
into
majority
sufficiently
of
symbol in
and internationally
cosmopolitan
convert
1919 Bilbao
Basque players,
youth training
players
the third
a political
would be difficult
it
FC Barcelona
expensive
since
was as potent
claim,;
de Billbao,
Athletic
clubs,
during
money, buying
local
football
"Big Four"
that
claimed
club,
using
famous
the image
Bilbao
not desperate
the youngsters
has
for
to
team.
65
is remarkable
It
that
known, completely
football
days returned
again,
were frequent
winners
Bilbao
followed
of the success
direct
reason for
of play,
style
style
"Spanish
but with
only
fraction
a tiny
with
of long,
a profusion
high
influence
and
rapid
centres,
a style
at the club
and
shortly
the mythical,
significant
politically
Fury".
With regard
for
the conflict,
centralist,
reprressive
Barcelona
in Catalonia.
Beyond their
respective
clubs
importance
to the political
War support
pre-Civil
Euzkadi
Basque
The other
this
personified
allegedly
the Civil
only,
players
As shall
conditions.
Spanish
high
dominated
of the
by Bilbao.
enjoyed
The major
The "Lions
of local
a policy
should
clubs,
talent
of the century,
in the 1940s.
uses local
de Bilbao.
as has Athletic
which only
a club
outside
43 outside
of Athletic
served
as a centre
in this
for
the
de Bilbao,
Introduction.
After
Basque dissent
against
the
Bilbao
has always
91
66
It
been far
more popular
in 1968,293
local
compared to FC
that
the
of so many Bilbao
existence
symbol by disaffected
Francoist
comparison to local
of having a large
majority
socialist
severed in 1922.
of Atletico
during
encouraged their
their
who survived
footballing
children
In
reputation
the great
and Republicans
purges maintained
voted for
The
and Republican
supporters
link
Real, Atletico
founded
This original
93
the elections
socialists
rivals
de Madrid,
the similarity
explains
connection,
supporters.
is Atletico
de Bilbao.
club of Athletic
in 1903'as a nursery
Bilbao
The fourth
motive,
political
a partially
clubs during
supporters
It
the Civil
allegiance
in
the
to the club,
and
of the archives
of Marca.
Javier
This claim was made to the author by Jose Angel Iribar,
For an interesting
Clemente,
op. cit.
account
and Howell Llewellyn,
de Bilbao
Athletic
of one particular
celebrations
of the frenetic
in
Pulpi
the
Almeria province,
that
village
of
of
club,
supporters
in Evaristo
1969,
Acevedo, Carta a los celtiberos
Madrid,
esposados,
pp. 117-118.
This view has been
93. See, for example, Garcia Candau, op. cit.
Javier
Castedo, Luis
to the author by Miguel Vidal,
expressed
de Madrid supporters.
Aragon'es, Enrique Collar,
and by many Atletico
breakdown of Madrid election
94. By means of the detailed
results
by Javier
Tusell
Gmez in La seaunda republica
en Madrid;
offered
Madrid,
1971, pp. 204-220, it
politicos,
y partidos
elecciones
in which the great majority
be seen that the barrios
of
can clearly
lived,
Inclusa
Atletico
namely Latina,
supporters
and Hospital,
were
ground for the Popular Front coalition.
very fertile
92.
67
Franco
former
was the
decorated
many times
for
personalities
but
is
in
sufficient
the
amongst
connected
to
1939,
club
Franco
regime
was taken
over
the
has preferred
Atletico
Aviacion.
from
Minister
Air
Force,
first
two leagues
returning
95
This
list
of
regime
imitation
of
that
of
Real
there
have
directors
the
Madrid,
leadership
the
the
of
tendency
was an oppositional
to
its
the
Spanish
the
Juan
from
option
over
those
account,
it-is
not
club
former
the
after
did
not
win
independent
all
of
Force,
club
the
the
any further
in
players
April
and use of
trophies
in
perhaps
won the
more
before
1946.
of Atletico
the
Taking
Atletico
is
It
subsidy
serving
Army.
that
Real
becoming
petrol
Spanish
War.
Civil
state
thus
unlimited
of
after
were generous
surprising
of the archives
68
Air
Yage,
In October
way.
independence,
for
choose
contested
was temporarily
Atletico
an institutional
their
General
to
right
into
benefits
that
Air
first
these
surprising
supporter.
Suevos,
by the
to maintain
of
with
in
The advantages
and the
vehicles,
regime
Jesus
that
His
Vicente'Calderon,
Falangist
links,
to these personal
Madrid
the
War.
of
to demonstrate
even if
builder
of
supporters.
In addition
the
itself
Minister
board
Security.
a pale
Francoist;
was clearly
club
is
the
of
to the
Atletico
former
the
Atletico
at
1956 to
and a declared
on the
served
and Social
Health
from
hotel
himself
by Franco
linked
millionaire
self-made
the
were closely
and brother
RFEF President
successor
Amongst
President
The Atletico
regime.
Barroso,
however,
directors,
Many Atletico
de Madrid.
The plans
chairmanship
forcing
the
club
Bernabeu
during
Aviacion
and the
provided
the
The lack
Franco
future
to
play
the
With regard
during
the "club
military
early
to the political
instead
the
delighted
but a winning
the vast
consequences
Madrid's
having
stadium
1971,
rivals,
been Atletico
problems
officially
regime
as Real. 96
by the
fact
Real
that
Madrid
to build
plans
might
city.
of-Atletico
that
then it
with
far
and supporters.
of supporters,
that
invitation
Atletico's
their
with
Estadio
de Madrid
and
doubt,
tico
element amongst the Atl
majority
of this
thus
Franco
be concluded
followers,
Navarro,
and also
of Real,
directors
Arias
was being
significance
local
under
of
the
1970s,
of
should
Council,
was demonstrated
September
suburbs
among its
to
the
City
these
Calderon,
the
than its
spite
in
stadium.
Real
Atletico
claim
Vicente
of the regime"
figures
that
in
accept,
it
in
leadership,
this
enjoyed
In
been as useful
northern
more success
Carlos
home matches
club
in
Madrid
the
1966-1967.
for
to
a new Atletico
Minister
suggestion
had trouble,
in
of
their
new Estadio
new stadium
reticence
Prime
having
not
was pleased
themselves
for
Francoist
foundation
the
Calderon
season
unfounded
of
open
this
of
the
for
obstructed
to
by the
were delayed
1960s
the
Vicente
of
whatever
have
the political
have been.
69
The objective
illustration
Franco
the
of
during
Spanish
single
disappeared.
It
big
daily
Falangist
in
by the
brother
of
almost
thirty
the
in
detail
concepts
Minister
years,
Chapter
of
Marca
Marca's
in
was the
subsequent
sales
sport
in
the
case.
was the
chain
of
War still
Civil
Cuesta,
Spanish
in
be the
provincial
Justice,
97
however,
Press
Fernandez
best-selling
daily.
to
the
with
in
paper
have since
period
and unpopular
1938,
this
cities,
extensive
and later
purchased
big
about
very
of
continues
the
Manuel
Agriculture
on Spanish
excellent
of
in
Falangist'
copies
Two,
and symbols
was moderated
was founded
leading
400,000
approximately
money-maker
feature
these
the'Franco
the
general
sporting
of
the
of
and this
during
the
was both
one weekly
papers
many dogmatic
Marca
papers.
progress,
big
the
financing
Movimiento,
the
paper
sports
Marca,
sports
figures,
sales
The best-selling
Madrid
daily
during
it
a handful
and only
football
a fraction
only
least
was at
province,
was the
the
obtained
There
has lost
a brief
striking
that
period
offer
examine
The most
Press.
and indeed
to
stage
Franco
the
Spanish
of
this
at
sporting
1975.
since
popularity
which
Spanish
and popular,
extensive
every
necessary
Press
sporting
institutions
major
is
It
years.
character
this
the
of
has been to
Introduction
this
of
the
Raimundo.
newspaper,
For
with
As shall
be seen in
imposing
Falangist
1940s,
an approach
which
years.
figure
of the rival
entered
independent'As
70
a decline
of Spain,
It
was
London, 1976,
only
in
Marca
the
the biggest-seller
outsold
Two major
in
In
to
general
of
persistent
The first
a quarter
of
being
Dicen only
and the
second
the
Press,
This
in
sports
two main
to buy one of
the
caused
specialist
triumphalism
the
rigidly
censored
caused
however,
the
rather
tedium
bored
the
of
the
sports
dailies,
of
by the
as possible
many moderate
and triviality
and
most
foreign
information
sports
massive
tedious
areas:
the
of
extremely
censorship
coverage,
to have
is
reason
appears
political
and staid
immense popularity
the
Spain.
ground
extensive
newspapers
enthusiasts
for
with
capital
non-sporting
safe
problems,
this
for
and Tourism.
seek out
domestic
spite
the
of
Information
of
newspapers
than
itself,
nature
unimaginative
Ministry
Francoist
sport
of
popularity
can be given
reasons
Press
by the old-established
Espanola. 99
by La Vanguardia
sporting
followed
in the Catalan
newspaper sales
El Mundo Deportivo.
overtake
9e
Dicen closely
sensationalist
that
sales
list.
popularity
In Barcelona,
the total
in
decline
this
after
likes
with
of
the
ABC, Ya
and Arriba.
half
Approximately
non-sporting
football
take
the
Press
break,
subject
it
of
the
sports
centered
on football.
was only
very
rarely
the
headlines
matter
of
wr
.I
ibid.
ibid.
71
in
coverage
Except
that
both
during
another
the
the
sport
sporting
and
summer
managed to
temporarily
of league
football.
off
The normal
state
transfers,
injuries,
was a daily
of affairs
controversies
saga
and
scandals.
It
writers
whose work
censors.
100
censorship
was not
Although,
of
the
a strict
Propaganda
Commission
in
the
to
of
Information
of
practice
DND.
the
of
de la
Oficial
journalist
sporting
the
journalism
sports
code
Boletin
the
subjected
Ministry
nonetheless,
rule
that
scrutiny
was not
of
imposed
This
by the
Commission
DND in
Franco's
to
subjected
there
and Tourism,
few
the
was one of
direct
the
was,
Press
and
published
its
golden
1943:
April
forbidden
"It remains absolutely
to publish or print any kind of
criticism
of the Federations,
of national
or regional
character,
and of the actual behavior of its members. "101
Thus it
Francoist
football
authorities,
but
DND ruling
The application
Civil
sports
100.
In
correspondent
suspended
the
the
of
War years.
referees
by the
of
no matter
was slightly
rule
of
the
DND from
the
in
modified
Teruel
his
Aragonese
1943,
work
for
the
whole
in
example,
six
Federation.
101. Boletin
Oficial
de la DND, No. 1, April
102. Revealed by examination of the archives
of
months
In
the
Alfonso
for
in
1969,102
Franco
immediate
the
newspaper
to the author
This opinion
was expressed
"Belarmo",
Rodolfa
Belarmino
and Enrique
72
they made or
rigid
Falangist
for
the
in.
was extremely
November
Press to criticize
what mistakes
same during
the
remained
essentially
the sporting
This
for
prohibited
was strictly
period.
post
Bea Martin,
Lucha,
having
March 1952,
the
was
criticized
RFEF
1943.
of the DND.
the
President
Sancho Davila
Press in general,
ruling.
journalists
from printing
to refrain
and directors
trainers
punishments
about
referees,
as well
the sporting
he asked
the declarations
concluded
to the full
to exploit
attempted
of players,
about RFEF
as complaints
The note
corruption.
Press to steer
clear
of:
"...
information,
everything
which cannot be considered
correct
avoiding
unfounded
sensationalism
and the diffusion
of news that
the supreme
could serve to upset footballing
unity
and to slight
authority
of the RFEF. "103
The application
This
of
by Manuel
undertaken
1962 to
1969,
the
from
Spanish
Group of
Sporting
Journalists.
by the
Falangist
journalists
to
served
journalism,
in
had done.
obvious
conformity
a far
dependency
of
this
upon the
by Alex
the
This
of
Group,
Marca,
in
by many young
1959,
also
world
of
the
was
predictably,
of
the
which
journalists.
sporting
and
predictably,
way than
Marca
the
Information
and,
the
rigid.
of
in
was obligatory,
J.
of
creation,
and effective
Group
particularly
to
Minister
and obedience
more subtle
Membership
dependency
1960s,
maintain
and also
less
loosening
general
Fraga,
Tourism
dominated
became gradually
DND ruling
due to
was partly
relaxation
censorship
the
sporting
DND ruling
created
an
This
journalists
of
the
Botines:
"During
the Franco dictatorship,
journalists
had
we sporting
liberty
neither
of expression
We were
nor professional
autonomy.
to the restrictive
subjected
norms of both the DND and the Group
Journalists,
of Sporting
which meant that any article
criticle
of
the authorities
journalism
or any piece of investigative
was out
journalism
I entered
of the question.
sports
with lots
of hope
but quickly
learn
initiative
that
and illusions,
and imagination
al centro
de la censura
73
franauista,
Cambio 16,
in this profession.
disadvantages
All that you were
were actually
from all
supposed to do was to report the goals, take quotations
"104
and sundry, and praise the authorities.
has also
It
Franco
years
favourable
book
105
journalist
other
Marco,
the
1966 to
Madrid
cover
17
intermediary
Other
deporte
he alleged
the
European
the
extensive
whilst
Cup semi-final,
journalists
104. Author's
his
he apparently
have privately
recounting
to
is
radio
in
hotel
his
meagre
""
The
Vicente
SER.
chain
in
Milan
In
April
by a Real
bills
surprised
It
claimed
that
with
chapter
FC Barcelona.
writing
two
and
the
offer.
interview
issue,
he was approached
to pay all
who offered
the
of
writing
a whole
supplement
in
that,
the
substantial
105.
for
sports
monthly
allegation
del
national
this
sport
by refusing
to
espafiol
player"
head of
representative
expenses.
ftbol
the
by only
who dedicates
Botines,
during
RFEF for
in
a generous
put
and the
clubs
ex-international
to have
former
Historias
is
del
estafa
a "great
from
football
these
journalists
many sports
allegation
he refused
as a novice,
salary
This
of
La gran
that
by the
paid
The first
on his
his
were
prose.
writers.
how,
been alleged
the
RFEF,
that
all
the
that a
Alex J. Botines.
This allegation
by Julin
was made to the author
Juan Jose Castillo,
Alex J. Botines,
Jose Maria
Herniez,
SER, and Antonio
editor
of Sport.
Garcia
Candau,
Garcia
of radio
106. Botines,
op. cit.,
p. 32.
107. Marco, op. cit.,
p. 98.
108. This claim has been made to the author by Julien Garcia
Jose Maria Garcia. Antonio Hernez, and Miguel Vidal.
74
was
Candau,
the trip.
In order
to receive
these favours,
the sports
on the other
or,
or the pitch
violent,
opposition
involved.
President
sufficiently
methods,
ethical
of this
inn their
of
purchasing
or RFEF
President
the Valencia
President
de
Julio
Alfonso
secure
the
that
Bernabeu,
Other Presidents
were apparently
to these
positions
of sports
journalists
on
grounds.
In conclusion,
during
it
must be said
in
Candau,
Jose
the
1960 s,
Maria
the
This claim
Jose` Maria
favours
of radical,
by Francisco
and Alex
J.
Spanish
Barcelona
sports
papers
writer,
obedient
critical
Presidents.
sports
Cerecedo,
Not
national
as a whole
writers
Julian
Garcia
surprisingly,
television
began to
to
of the DND
guidelines
from insecure
Botines.
Marca,
journalist
and unimaginative
to
was connected
Furthermore,
headed
Garcia
that
a new generation
emerged
these
editor
Nevertheless,
109.
Santiago
away the
the Spaniards,
against
or the extent
is alleged
It
to explain
journalists
sports
the victory,
unfavourable.
the existence
seems that
It
of
being biased
defeat,
to describe
journalists
none
or
radio.
adopt
a new
Candau,
critical
and challenging
from
authorities
in
detail
of
Chapter
the
mid-1960s
Eight,
with
onwards,
regard
to
the
Francoist
especially,
the
allegedly
sporting
as shall
be seen
unjust
treatment
in
FC Barcelona.
By way of concluding
sporting
four
this
brief
illustration
Press,
to offer
appropriate
into
towards
attitude
Botines's
precise
to this
classification
of the Spanish
thesis,
it
seems
of his colleagues
group:
110. Botines,
op. cit.,
p. 33.
76
Francoist
Spain to be discussed
Fascist
application'of
detailed
first
founders
being
with
defending
workers
and eventually
imperialist
plans
expansion
In October
to football,
1930s, with
Primo de Rivera.
more that
traditional
Marxism,
commencing upon
of Spanish Fascism,
Although
differences
united
a
is
it
and an
Hispanic
for
the
a classless
expense
of
weaker
Valladolid-based
They shared
an obsession
that
society,
the
them.
values
State
were
and Hitler,
Christian
a totalitarian
create
at
the three
there
than divided
godless
the regime's
and tactical
was, ultimately,
for
history
ideological
an admiration
Before
in
to sport.
concerns
of these concepts
a brief
attitude
Fascism arrived
principal
thesis
to the game.
concepts
to offer
of its
outline
there
in this
necessary
of football
of the politicization
The first
would protect
of
the
and a dream of
nations.
bands of aggressive
young militants
de Ofensiva
Sindicalista(JONS).
Nacional
77
Exactly
two `
years
later,
the
the
former
defend
lose
his
charismatic
image,
between
February
1934,
Espanola
de las
dominated
polarization
caused
to
by the
by the
a sharp
experienced
by the
significant
contribution
The rise
to
Falange
by merging
Carlists,
the small
uprising
78
body
of the
the
with
Espafiola
and
July.
leader,
of being
With his
death,
a party
the
Franco's
War victory.
y de las
in November 1936
prison
authorities
challenged
Civil
conflict.
Firstly,
Decree,
of the Falange
popular
have seriously
the
Espanola Tradicionalista
of the previous
only
made a
group Renovacion
by the Republican
of its
in
War,
that
in Alicante
Primo de Rivera
to
frustration.
political
The large
Civil
militias
victory
monarchist
CEDA.
the
controlled
Alfonsine
to the military
might
eternal
The political
similar
The Falangist
of Jose Antonio
having
membership,
however,
1936,
until
of
by means of a Unification
authoritarian
in
Falange
de Rivera.
outbreak
Nationalist
the
of the Falange,
in
Party.
Communist
it,
and the
coming
increase
in April
the Catholic
of
occurred
titled
party
Primo
energetic
blows that
being
party
to
anxious
marriage
groups
and insignificant
was a small
increasingly
led
Fascist
nascent
but
father,
to
eager
DONS.
The Falange
however,
his
Falange.
the
alliance
resultant
de Rivera,
Primo
of
founded
tiny
these
the
Antonio
dictatorship
military
aristocratic
convenience
i
Jose
claim
to sole
The third
power
body blow
impossibility
A large
ambitions.
of the Axis
both
win
Under
afterwards.
the
War with
Civil
defeat
Italy
Franco
of
As a kind
lip
to
service
"the
however,
would
state
to
from
the
there
without
as had occurred
such
the
as hard
equally
but
allow
compromise
emerged
administration,
earlier
workers'
such
the
as the
yoke
to function
the
Falange
the
of
and insisted
and arrows
and defence
cooperation
use of
emblem,
the
Cara
to
to pay
continued
the
In the words
structures
access
syndicates"
upon
salute.
79
was allowed
dictator
class
The only
sport.
example
"vertical
extensive
and lifeless
in Francoist
for
ideology
power,
compensation,
Falangist
interests,
of
to which
was the
of
the ambitions
areas
power
years
structure.
battle
Spain
rule
personal
had fought
Thus,
the
of
deflected
source
the
symbols,
Fascist
unimportant
considerable
of
his
and Germany.
them relatively
the
which
that
Republic.
the
conquest
Franco skilfully
during
state
groups
other
an ostensibly
been a fascist.
having
in
to
Falange
as the
the
of
power.
safeguard
Fascist
a one-party
of Spanish
was he prepared,
no circumstances
of
construction
d'etre
and enthusiasm
War and to
Civil
the
of Spanish
of the realization
of the raison
part
the defeat
with
Italy
of the Fascist
many Falangist
al
sol
of Juan J. Linz,
of the Falange"
the Falangist
continued
rhetoric
had
become rather
Even this
rhetoric
The post-war
onwards.
Nations
dictator
the Falangist
gestures.
process
gradual
embargo on Francoist
concession
withdrawal
from Tangier,
gradually
phased out,
the outside
that
world
in motion a very
The first
regime.
opinion
and a dubious
State
was
salute
was launched
exercise
in
occupied
Fascist
obligatory
the Francoist
image by removing
overseas
of his
In the late
caused the
Spain,
Franco set
of "de-fascistification"
to Western democratic
1940.
his
In consequence,
from 1945
question
climate
anti-Fascist
for
to prove to
state.
to this
In addition
the
and rhetorics,
gradually,
but
influence
within
consequence,
the
"Blue
alongside
manipulated
1.
Alfonsine
Franco
many veterans
Division",
Hitler's
by the
and the
monarchists
by no means completely
the
regime
of
at
the
the
force
troops
on the
Russian
The clearest
of
expense
Falangist
Falangist
Opus Dei
front,
technocrats
power
Falange.
the
War militias
Civil
sent
symbols
their
to
added
smoothly,
the
dictator.
of the Falangist
phasing-out
gradual
by Franco
felt
example
to
cheated
of
this
and
In
and of
fight
and
Falangist
the Spanish
Juan J. Linz, "From Falangeto
Movimiento-Organizaci6n,
Single
Party
and the Franco Regime, 1936-1968",
p. 159, in
in Modern Society.
Huntingdon
Politics
The
and. Moore, Authoritarian
1970.
New York,
Dynamics of Established
One-Party
Systems,
80
frustration
was demonstrated
Falangist
militia,
in order,
1969,
by Francisco
who publicly
committed
in his
as he said
the Falange
fully
in
discussed
plan
sporting
for
a society
in
some sport
of
the
in
which
would
outside
by the
competitions,
never
giant
be inspired
leading
especially
to
the
fascist-State
for
sport
Franco
stadia
or
by the
patriotic
sports
Spanish
sportsmen
Olympic
Games. 3
were never
of money, unlike
Mussolini
unhealthy
2.
3.
4.
It
is safe
any kind
of
display
in
the
detail,
This
long,
to
the
international
for
the Falangist
in sport
plan
the
vast
sums
in the post-Civil
too under-nourished,
poorly-paid
to assume that,
popular
offered
of the Falange
to invest
was
be participating
centres.
In addition,
were generally
sport
The vague
and Hitler.
"the
against
thesis.
to be realized,
War years
much sport. 4
in
in November
of Spanish
member would
this
published
able-bodied
every
in
or other
participation
world
Falange,
control
given
of the
victim".
Introduction
the
to protest
words,
being
leader
in Madrid
suicide
treachery
were
final
former
Herranz,
even if
hours to participate
in
adequate public
81
sporting
facilities
remained
largely
in
detail,
the
of
be seen
football
like
from
Alfredo
it
addition,
the football
participation
passive
5.
6.
7.
the
DND, 6 in
Di Stefano,
Franco
the
painted
sympathisers
bottom
the
at
and the
regime
Three,
Chapter
but
were
filling
great
a
the
of
majority
of
order
to
the
capacity
was far
the
partly
football
a tiny
imported
In
Kubala.
followed
of the population
because of their
pools.?
huge
This
sports
centres,
model,
the football
own all-embracing
amount
players
the Falangist
that,
Falangist
country's
with'only
on the radio,
to
according
see spectacular
commentaries
their
not
had become an
1950s Spain
them newly-constructed,
that
consolation
by the
to
is estimated
became so prosperous
constructed
and its
have
would
be illustrated
presently
was practically
country,
public
participation
in
many of
stadia,
help
both
sports-conscious
The Spanish
model.
of
of
they
people.
As shall
extremely
sport
1940s,
the
as shall
Falange
picture,
priorities
Spanish
the
in
Spain
Although,
of
rhetoric
different
completely
list
unused. 5
the
in
had existed
in this
they
way partly
This allegation
and Cazorla
was made in Vazquez Montalbn, ibid,
ibid.
Prieto,
According to the archives
of the Real Madrid club, the total
cost
of the Estadio Bernabeu during the years 1944of the construction
1947 was 37,244,000 pesetas, of which one million
pesetas, less
than 4%, was provided by the DND's"Support Fund forthe Construction
In October 1951, the DND ruled
of Private Sporting Facilities".
just 2.5% to the cost of all future
that it would contribute
football
revealed
or improvements information
stadia constructions
investigation
by the author's
of the archives of the DND.
This estimate was made in Marco, op. cit.,
p. 26, and in Vazquez
Montalban, op. cit.,
p. 34.
82
the
relieving
It
ironic
is
that
practise
sport
the
success
of
pressure
the
best
The contrast
football
as a passive
years,
demonstrate
classless
rhetoric
that
society
sport
hardly
In the post-Civil
feature
Falangist
militia
during
Gil
War
used to
of the new
of Enrique
Francoist
to
as a result
privately,
Spaniard
be starker.
was to be an essential
that
average
spectacle.
described
rhetoric
DND, but
by the
not
the
facilities.
sports
public
for
opportunities
were provided
of
DND to provide
on the
after
having
de la Vega, known
correspondent
fought
of the
in the
War:
Similar
sports
Fascist
correspondent
On the occasion
8.
El Alczar,
rhetoric
was offered
of the Falangist
of the football
daily
by Dr. Antonio
23 November 1941.
83
the
Arriba
team of Hitler's
Fereiras,
air
force
to play an
exhibition
match against
that
be presently
will
Aviacin
discussed
in detail,
connection
Atletico
Fereiras
prowess of a nation
military
potential:
dynamic,
"The most cultured,
to
robust
nations
and healthy
strive
in the Olympic
the recognition
achieve
of their
global-potential
the accompanying
competitions,
with all
propaganda,
respect
and
knowledge
It is now a matter of public
that nations
admiration.
for war in an atmosphere of work, discipline
prepare
and sport.
The gigantic
war machinery of the Third Reich has, in its different
full
of youth,
successful
campaigns, no doubt, that spirit
dynamism, energy, opportunity
that we find so
and gentlemanliness
many times in the Olympic stadium or on the sports
grounds. "9
"Gilera"
Whilst
their
Fascist
sporting
staffed
carried
the
thesis,
Marca
was the
Movimiento
("Press
state
in
the
On the
newspapers.
1942,
November
The articles
victory
its
that
money-earner
Chain
of
followed
the
of
daily
of
of
Introduction
the
extensive
"Arms
offered
War:
20 November 1941.
25 November 1942.
84
this
1970s
to
explanation
Falangist
a daily
the
this
the
assisting
to
which
Cadena de prensa
loss-making
raised
of
newspaper
early
the
of Marca becoming
read
sports
the
Movimiento"),
host
a whole
occasion
headline
in the Civil
9. Arriba,
10. Marca,
big
the quality
with
until
As seen in
quantity.
financing
was the
by Falangists
exclusively
largest
it
rhetoric,
Marca,
del
and Fereiras
paper
Spanish
of
the
Spanish
local
in
sportsmen!
Nationalist
" so
Before
influence
football
approximation
in other
countries
to instrumentalize
were threefold:
popular
in Fascist
sports
Their
participation
of international
influence
particular
over both
in Francoist
Spain.
system-
in doing
objectives
to
this
young men,
allegedly
in sport;
to "improve
to demonstrate
the
Italy
many local
football
leagues
in rural
league
the Fascist
to give
stage
of the Party;
non-existent.
at this
of Fascist
and Mussolini
of the Italian
superiority
were established
of the Fascist
appropriate
football.
at the level
to the world,
is
of the extent
to the activities
by increasing
the race"
examination
youths,
especially
alleged
it
led by Hitler
The regimes
atically
a detailed
a brief
offer
into
entering
of
been practically
and frequently
sing
anthem. 13
11. Ibid.
12. These Fascist and Nazi plans for sport are outlined
and discussed
in Cazorla Prieto,
op. cit.,
pp. 227-229, and in Carl Diem, Historia
de los Deportes, Barcelona,
1966, p. 86-89.
13. For further
details,
see Diem, op. cit.,
p. 90.
85
These
professional
consequence
were
this
of
upon
This
for
was compelled
example,
Club
Asociazione
most
significant
policy
di
enforced
Der Offenbacher
where
Calcio.
Verein
semi-
the
a foreign
engineers
Internazionale
in
or
Milan,
of
and Florence
Football
Germany,
the
Kickers
Offenbach
Essen into
Rot-Weiss
converted
Another
game were
with
Afterwards
name changes
Fussball
the
by British
become Ambrosiana,
to
Fiorentina
of
founded
Italy,
the
and Germany.
had titles
that
been
in
began
railwaymen.
Italy
of
clubs
having
due to
usually
all
in
obligatory
instrumentalization
Fascist
enforced
also
leagues
and professional
name changes
influence,
and anthems
salutes
two
into
Essen.
It
was at
ization
of
teams
always
the
football
led
matches,
nationalism.
this
Fascist
the
Labour
the
right-arm
international
Cup finals
manager
the
capacity
would
The
visiting
gesturing,
Party
tournament,
in
crowds
in
and there
the
Pozzo with
Berlin
Italy
gave
1932,
Italian
86
the
in
the
comply
with
British
England
TUC,
team gave
1938.14
hosting
a 20-man
Stanley
to
immense satisfaction
federation
selecting
Sir
when the
in
in
granted,
aggressive
from
protests
groups
a match
Fascist
of
before
and singing
politic-
saluting
an ambience
socialist
before
the
Fascist
the
that
The Italian
peak.
national
team of
Upon being
however,
proceed
and other
salute
Vittorio
its
reached
which
The national
Mussolini.
level
of
the
to
1934 World
charged
the
leading
squad,
took
the
Rous, Football
Worlds,
players
away from
their
two full
camp for
lift
Italy
to
Spain,
the
to
to
resorted
on their
that
Mussolini,
took
place
present
team's
at
in
violence
interpretation
Zamora,
Italy's
in
accurately
exporting
to
0-1
the
elimination,
Spanish
goalkeeper
and in
tournament,
the
exempted
the
won 1-0.15
narrowly
the
itself
quarter-final
equalized,
hosts
the
matches
a way which
international
of
Italy
in
enough
the
The famous
injured,
without
all
was not
way to a surprise
tactics.
violent
however,
preparation,
were losing
When they
Ricardo
replay
home crowds,
trophy.
and seemingly
Italians
the
impassioned
the
with
coupled
intensive
Even this
years.
training
them to a military-style
and confined
clubs
excused
Fascist
contests:
is a physical
in which the
"Football
and psychological
struggle
For this reason,
team from the stronger
race will always win.
Italy
will,
without doubt, soon be champion of the world. "16
hopes were fulfilled.
Mussolini's
beating
Austria
Mussolini's
however,
team could
1950.
off
Cup holders
3-2.
After
two-year
to be the real
England,
In a violent
who refused
in the final.
three
in
England
players
were
beat
the World
camp, a rejuvenated`Italian
87
champions,
to participate
as the hosts
sent off,
long training
world
of Highbury",
another
picked
and Czechoslovakia
not claim
until
Italy
History
team retained
intervention
or international
Berlin,
to-;
from
Norway.
Austria,
annexed
1938 World
was also
regime in Portugal.
influenced
there
posturing
Football
Lisbon
to Fascist
becoming
in
the pre-match
saluting
investment
in the sporting
op. cit.,
Club
his
players
round
of
the
by the Salazar
that
of Franco,
Clubs with
foreign-
titles,
for
de Futbol,
and
and singing,
infrastracture
details.
was
The same as in
p. 81, for
88
first
the
crowd in
but
including
influence
than Fascist,
Benfica
de Lisboa.
dismissed,
to change their
Desportivo
Club
was also
the State
Club
of the-
Switzerland.
and rhetoric.
Coached by
Despite
eliminated
rather
to earn much
and a capacity
in Fascist
indulged
no better.
failed
of Hitler
by unfancied
subjected
team. 17
regime.
was immediately
were
and authoritarian
reactionary
Club
fared
-Germany
Cup tournament
Football
Benfica
Nerz
Sepp Herberger,
successor,
the Hitler
in front
tournament,
modest
for
against
protesting
prestige
Olympic
was a vociferous
The national
domestic
there
by French socialists
response
violent
theX hotel
outside
the Italian
in Paris,
the final
staged in France.
example
Sporting
Francoist
without
that
Spain,
a fraction
occured in
of
Italy
or Nazi
Fascist
influence
Fascist
Germany,
Italy,
Portugal
in
being
South
1970s.
There
is
Fascist
and agressively
the
In
practically
no rhetoric
these
over
of
defending
national
Spain,
influence
was the
this
Fascist
posturing
every
the
level,
players.
about
how the
DND up to
the
be rather
even though
thin
there
teams
their
racial
players
hand,
other
there
was an
be conscious
should
was
or club
demonstrate
On the
on
of'
19
influence
just
was exercised
football.
over
of
in
before
between
football,
team,
national
should
foreign
control
Falangists
appointing
how the
1960s and
the
dictatorships,
military
opposition,
influence
imposed
of
not
to
'
example
however,
over
may appear
American
about
pride.
Fascist
Francoist
rule
the
rhetoric
abundance
A strong
two concepts
clearest
of
difference,
influence
nationalist
overseas
against
superiority
dictatorships
qualitative
South
occasions.
playing
military
a definite
between
line
nationalism,
American
the
the
agressive
to
been
and Spain.
for
limited
over football
as a catalyst
utilized
the
Germany. 1e
The
by'the
sport
two major
over all
main
Falangist
firstly,
ways:
in
sports
instrument
DND.
The DND
by insisting
upon
sporting
contest;
secondly;
by
to many important
sporting
positions.
It
every
1948 that,
competitors
prior
had to
line
to
every
up,
give
sporting
the
this
of
was the
contest
Fascist
at
salute
and
details,
18. For further
p. 174, and World Soccer,
see Diem, op. cit.,
November 1966.
details,
19. For further
about the subject
see the text and footnotes
at the beginning of Chapter Seven of this thesis.
89
chant
the Falangist
the final
Before
to
compelled
sports
was the
case,
Cara al
for
these
hockey
22
Escriv.
In November
match
being
disciplinary
for
methods"
Sort,
their
match.
points
the
the
DND to
"apply
to
teams
to give
of
the
handball
for
the
the
of
Catalan
its
rules
Catalan
the
of
with
about
appropriate
the
Joaquin
federation,
Falangist
small
deduction
Martinez
held
federation
the
every
President
Juan Ramon
Fascist
posturing.
federation
football
rigorous
mountain
salutes
the
Juan Antonio
sung before
regional
the
during
song of
due to
This
contest.
volleyball
same period,
necessary
In November 1944,
the
match
was also
prominent
upheld
the
volleyball
anthem
each. 23
as President
the
domestic
enthusiasm
in
compulsory,
every
President
example,
by the
was instructed
the
during
every
The Falangist
Federation
that
of
Falangist
the
21
years.
before
al
was not
sol
because
it
though
were
and spectators
Cara
anthem
or-
regional
of national,
officials
-Even
example,
Lozano,
roller-skate
of
contest.
1939-1944,
Fernandez
be it
players,
Falangist
the
sing
certain
in
the
Espana!,
of any tournament,
any international
period
war-cry
character,
provincial
of, Arriba
towns
and chants
of-five
Peralta
responsible
Tremp and
before
league
was dismissed
by the
20. This rule, issued by the predecessor of the DND, the Consejo
in Marca, and
Nacional de Deportes, in August 1939, was published
27 August 1939.
El Mundo Deportivo,
21. Information
revealed by an examination of the archives of El Mundo
19 March 1943.
Deportivo,
19 March 1943.
details,
22. For further
see El Mundo Deportivo,
dated 21
23. In the archives of the DND, the author uncovered a letter,
November 1941, from Moscardo to Raimundo Rivas, the President of
demanding strict
the Catalan federation,
punishment.
90
de Deportes
Delegado Nacional
al Sol before
fate
befell
a friendly
Ramiro Villanova,
federation,
This Fascist
been
frequently
the
of
part
in
regime
in
the
1940s. 26
by Falangists,
before
the
of
presidency
federation
President
Falangists
26.
Sol
and, 'Viva
the
sung up until
whilst
these
of
1960s
Falangist
in
Franco
continued
the
sports
dropped
were simply
The singing
match,
DND as
by the
Franco!
practices
hockey
the
by the
undertaken
Espana:
has
It
taken
were
"de-Falangization"
1Arriba
arm salute
measures
by
and chanting
for
during
example,
Escriv,
which
lasted
until
until
and directors
in the 1940s.
a match with
terminated
was abruptly
made discretionary.
in handball,
these
roller-skate
every
the
sport
by non-Falangists.
governed
sports
continued
1962.
of
and Cara al
over
whole
that
policy_
late
the
to be shouted
presided
in Spanish
alleged
tacit
The same
of the basketball
the chanting
24
in March 1945.25
posturing
in Sevilla.
Portugal
the President
Portugal
match with
Moscardo for
General
nominations
of the Spanish
This proportion
half
gradually
federations
declined
were
to
details,
see Marca, 7-9 November 1944.
4 March 1945 for details.
91
Vazquez
Madrid,
of
a third
approximately
de Deportes,
years
1939-1941,
there
must be at least
This
club.
sporting
the presence
of these Falangists
2e
extremely
high
example,
there
influence
on the eight-man
Soriano,
Juan Antonio
to conclude
apart
Jose Luis
clubs remained
itself
and by its
As early
the sports
brief
executive
of the
that
many sympathisers
more affected
in
of
Sanchez Gil. 29
examination
in Francoist
rhetoric
This estimate
was made by the author,
information
by the archives
revealed
and the DND.
In 1970, for
this
personal
from football
from football,
basketball.
27.
federations
Antonio
of
1959, when
until
Falangists
over sports
the Falange
were three
appropriate
illustration
of Madrid,
is
It
ruled
throughout
federation,
Estudiantes
was maintained
Pereda,
Apart
rule
As a consequence of all
influence
volleyball
Moscard,
Falangists
two active
each private
obligatory.
the predecessor
In addition,
of the Fascist
Spain with
both by
was applied
in the sporting
were athletics
out that
athletes
an
Press.
and
had to be
the light
of the
Marca, El Mundo Deportivo
28. Information
revealed by an examination
of the archives of the DND.
The choice of these two Falangist
directors
to the club
was left
Presidents,
who frequently
needed to consult with the local Party
organization
about the matter.
29. This information
was uncovered by the author in the archives of
Marca.
92
the
of
priority
Falangist
plans:
sporting
"The premier
of our "New Spain" simply has to be athletics.
sport
do more than any other
to
Because it is the sport
which will
be
improve the minds and bodies of our young people,
those who will
And
the Spanish race into future
glory.
charged with leading
in its manifold
do
because it is this
sport,
which will
activities,
to demonstrate
to the other nations
of the
more than any other
"War of
world the progress
made by us Spaniards
since our glorious
Liberation"
the forces
After
against
of liberalism
and decadence.
in the world are finished,
the present
the other
raging
conflicts
bear witness,
by means of the Olympic Games and other
will
nations
international
that we Spaniards
are a race
competitions,
sporting
its
a race that has rediscovered
reborn
and rejuvenated,
"30
traditional
virility
and impetousness.
the almost
Despite
infrastructure
in athletics,
of participation
Falangist
optimism
London.
The Boletin
there
chosen for
an abundance of
de la DND carried
Oficial
low level
the extremely
was nonetheless
the Civil
since
lack
complete
the following
Games in
advice
to
the Games:
leaders
that your
remember, you sporting
of "New Spain",
in glorious
they result
disappointing
trium+or
whether
exploits,
defeat,
to the whole world that
a demonstration
must constitutein the course of bloody
has been reborn
our Patria
struggle
and is
Show to the other
on the point
of being great
once more.
nations
that
Spain is potent,
Spain is
that
virile
and powerful
again,
ready to resume her rightful
place amongst the handful
of leading
free nations
of the world. "31
The Spanish
won being
Introduction
silver
all
performance
in
a silver
to
this
in
London,
during
was abysmal,
As was pointed
equestrian.
thesis,
however,
Spain
the
won only
whole
of
one Olympic
the
Franco
1940.
de la DND, No. 68, June 1948.
93
out
in
the
only
medal
the
gold
period,
medal,
two
and none
and field
events. 32
Mediterranean
of
track
the
success,
Fascist
quantity.
As late
imagery
was employed
to make the
trip
rhetoric
as 1968,
to
in
the
atheletics
surrounding
the
DND's message
Games in
achieved
European Championship
Because of this-almost
however,
the
Spanish athletes
following
to
the
kind
and
complete
Olympic
lack
in
declined
language
of
and
team preparing
Mexico:
by your courageous
an example to the young people of the Patria,
the generations
to come will
performances,
so that
vigorously
to emulate your achievements,
strive
and in so doing continue
Spanish power and potency. "34
to exhibit
As can be easily
from
different
years
earlier.
to
athletics
or
content.
the
appreciated,
that
given
to
The conclusion
must be that
it
the
content
Spanish
about
this
declined
in
of
this
Olympians
Fascist
quantity
message
by the
is
so
DND twenty
rhetoric
more than
32.
not
with
in
regard
quality
The complete
Spanish Olympics
during
the Franco years reads
record
as follows:
silver
team in London, 1948; in
medal for the equestrian
in 1952, Angel Lean Gonzalo won the silver
Helsinki
in the 50 metres
the Spanish team boycotted
the Melbourne
shoot;
pistol
games in 1956
in Rome in 1960, the
invasion
because of the Soviet
of Hungary;
Spanish team won the bronze medal at hockey;
no medals were won in
in the 1972 Winter
in 1968 in Mexico;
Tokyo in 1964, neither
in Sapporo,
Olympics
the gold medal in the skiing
special
slalom was
in Munich in the summer
Fernandez Ochoa, whilst
won by Francisco
Enrique
Rodriquez
boxing.
Cal won the bronze at flyweight
by the archives
33. As revealed
of the DND, only seven medals were
Games
won in the nine European Championship
and Mediterranean
in which Spanish teams participated.
tournaments
34. Boletin
Official
94
The other
sport,
an abundance of Fascist
because basketball
it
contact
was a physical
was clearly
level,
and participation
in the following
explained
which provoked
and athletics,
was basketball.
rhetoric
both at spectator
football,
as
from football
apart
after
sport
because,
and partly
de la
Oficial
DND
sport:
with
concerning
rhetoric
there
athletics,
basketball
this
when there
rhetoric
would undoubtedly
if
in the international
was something
was employed.
held
in Athens,
match against
Marca offered
to celebrate
team and
competitions.
with
regard
example,
of the European
the following
preview
of the
Yugoslavia:
35. Boletin
36. Harca,
95
1949.
team lost
The Spanish
international
little
the
in
rhetoric
in
team,
national
players
Real
similar
to
in
won the
the
heavily,
because
This
ranks.
the
European
of
the
of
abundance
success
ones given
form
the
the
clearest
DND's congratulations
Champions
the
leading
than
foreign
many flights
provoked
above,
football,
internationally
more successful
of
extremely
and achieved
The same as in
afterwards.
partly
the
May 1969,
having
success
basketball
Madrid
Real
semi final
this
of
occurring
example
to
Real
Madrid
for
Cup:
inspiring
Spanish
has been one of the most heartening,
in history.
feeling
to see
It was marvellous
performances
sporting
(sic)
in command, dominating
Spaniards
event of such
a sporting
importance
displaying
the determination,
passionately
and prestige,
impetousness
for which we are renowned
and fury
virility,
throughout
the world. "37
"This
Similar
rhetoric
international
can be clearly
It
theme in all
Nationalist
of this
victory
other
successes. 38
in the Civil
of Real Madrid's
War.
publications
This
a common
of the Falange,
above that
distributed
for
example in the
amongst Falangists
in 1943:
in the fire
"Spain has, in effect,
been reborn
and passion
of the
has risen
"War of Liberation".
Out of the ashes of the conflict
a
Spain, with
transformed,
and magnificent
rejuvenated,
revitalized
the Falange at its head. "39
Another
sporting
values,
for
is the "rediscovery"
rhetoric
a theme frequently
example in their
use by history
of the Fascist
of traditional
Spanish masculine
to in many Falangist
referred
publications,
of Spanish history,
version
official
all
designed
teachers:
A third
demonstrate
this
pointed
by Sigfredo
out
for
is
rhetoric
and "rediscovery"
"rebirth"
Hillers
to
the necessity
to the world
and
in general,
as
de Luque:
All
three
present
in the celebration
of every
Spanish international
sporting
period.
clay
success during
pigeon-shooting
the Franco
example,
title:
"This
is one of the clearest
demonstrations
to Spain
offered
the outside
"War of Liberation",
world that,
since our glorious
having
are a nation
reborn,
rediscovered
our
and recuperated
traditional
Hispanic
determination
virtues
of courage,
and
impetuousness.
"42
_40.
Boletin
Official
de Luque, Etica
de la
DND, No.
97
Lecciones
y estilo
123,
June
de Historia
falangistas,
1953.
when
and
we
de
Madrid,
1974,
A fourth
is
rhetoric
hints
of all
can be extracted
theme that
of Spanish national
the affirmation
completely
championship
of Catalans,
Fascist
sporting
unity
or separatism.
of regionalism
from this
hockey
roller-skate
in Lisbon:
inspiring
has once again demonstrated
"This
that
we
victory
The team that has
together.
Spaniards
are at our best when fight
is
in
beloved
flag
high
Lisbon
lifted
a team made
national
so
our
from
Spaniards
up of fiercely
patriotic
and proud Spaniards.
from the Basque
from Castill'e,
Catalonia,
Spaniards
Spaniards
but first
fighting
for
Spaniards,
together
provinces,
and foremost
days when the
The terrible
the glory
of the race and the Patria.
fought
to history,
Spaniard
Spaniard
and
against
are now consigned
"43
together.
Now we are all fighting
will
never return.
Another
example
occurred
in
April
composed
of
a majority
friendly
match
in
of
1965,
this
when the
of
Spanish
Catalans,
Barcelona.
in
theme appearing
This
beat
a sporting
national
the
was the
context
team,
rugby
West Germany
reaction
of
the
similarly
team in
Marca
correspondent:
it is to see Spanish sportsmen
from all
different
"How heartening
in a common
fighting
of the country
side by side,
united
regions
has
Today the city
of the Patria.
of Barcelona
cause: the glory
is more Spanish than ever,
through
the exemplary
shown that it
through
the dedication
to the
patriotism
of its
spectators,
43. Marca,
44. Marca,
12 October 1957.
4 April 1965.
98
that
it
has provided
for
the
This lteie
Antonio
writings
a large
He dedicated
Primo de Rivera.
proportion
in-November
1934.
influence
This examination
will
influence
overland
football.
Before
in this
examination
of the concrete
surrounding1professional,
a brief
chapter,
in rural
the objective
These leagues
insight
into
junior
idea,
for
financial
and amateur
necessitated
remote villages
greatly
were-completely
the locals
Italy
Firstly,
because,
it
themselves.
Primo de Rivera,
99
of football
by
the construction
to constructa
of the
activities
these leagues,
subsidizing
and Nazi
separate
federations.
to establish
where there
areas in Fascist
capacity
junior
the Italian
game for
during
of a study
rhetoric
however,
were established
Germany, with
this
consist
Every conspiracy
is a crime which
commence a detailed
mainly
this,
to
stage
the Fascist
As seen earlier
Party.
of this
is necessary.
football
leagues
this
at
appropriate
of the Fascist
de la
and Galician
that:
programme stated
It
of"his
which he drafted
of Jose
preoccupations
unity
of national
pitches
interest
Secondly,
Obras completas,
in
in the
because
Madrid,
the
believed
Falange
federations,
through
and perhaps
even
rival,
1948 throughout
shall
shortly
the right
influence
influence
over
the immediate
all
that
establishing
Spanish sport
War years,
influence
the national
by the Fascist
fourthly,
surrounded
federations
gestures
reached a peak in
declined
very
only
1939-1948 that
of Spanish
influence
over
by the
and directors
secondly,
foreign-influenced
titles;
were obligatory
by the neo-fascist
All
Espa'a! 46
and Arriba
the period
as
that
much later,
until
Period"
Fascist
in five
was exerted
and regional
Period",
of an abundance of Falangists
nomination
match;
the "Blue
football
professional
these years
During
leagues
and thereafter
This
47
Falangist
in general,
and society
a parallel,
There
level
football,
of
was necessary.
of Viva Franco!
over professional
sports
creation
regions
match at every
and chanting
the
separate
gradually.
football.
the
post-Civil
of
be seen, every
arm salute
Fascist
in
influence
until
over
organization
sporting
point
control
the
be little
seemed to
its
that
before
rhetoric
by the
every
that
mystification
of these manifestations
of
applied
of Fascist
100
Vazquez Montalbn,
in many publications,
op.
for
influence
the
over
irresistible
control
Falangist
game were
professional
there
federations
of each sporting
of the directors
active
were presided
and Joaquin
Herrero
most notable
Period"
by Fellow
f1
48.
Cuesta,
Falangist
were Antonio
Falangist
time,
federation
federation
at the Murcian
during
in power in Navarre
Presidents
Rodriguez
Jose Maria
Falangists
football
and regional
"Blue Period"
this
Luis
that
were
RFEF
at this
of the Castilian
over by Falangists
Sanchez, President
Valverde
48
Meneses,
during
clubs
by
appointed
can be estimated
It
were Falangists:
these years
club.
of the national
or former Falangists.
during
two active
post-Civil
of the
directly
to comply with
must be at least
Presidents
Luis
by the
in
positions
of the strength
in order
Calero,
executive
Fascist'influence
at least
in
Falangists
number of
War football
the
DND.
The large
either
of
in general
Spanish sport
over
exercised
consequences
at club
level
federations
regional
for
1939 to 1950,
this
The
"Blue
Juan Carlos
Delgado
at
Cadiz
in the light
This estimate
of the information
was made by the author
in his examination
those of the
of the following
revealed
archives:
Athletic
de Bilbao
RFEF, of Real Madrid,
of FC Barcelona,
and Real
de Madrid,
Sociedad de San Sebastian,
of Atletico
and of El Mundo
Deportivo.
101
Garc
Perez
fa,
these
of
years
in Spanish football
that
"Blue
Division"
a Falangist
sent
it
whom
of
national
team in'1941
50 Angel
Luis
and Jose
It
that
Rovira
clubs
with
in
alongside
February
1943;
owed a considerable
amount
both
foreign
and the
Real
of
national
the enforced
that
team;
until
on the
troops
of
for
the
political
Miguel
Moleiro
1941.
During
to continue
Italy
despite
by the veteran
This estimate
was made to the author
journalists
Juan Jose Castillo
of El Mundo Deportivo,
1984, and Enrique
Gil de la Vega "Gilera"
of ABC.
Falangist
the
selection
titles
player
Campanal
to his
notable
Madrid.
49.
Jorge
in
players
Valencia
joined
has
It
The most
Hitler's
surprising
both
49
War,
his
Espanol
"Blue
this
professional
the
Civil
the
that
alleged
War years,
Molina,
fight
to
in
the
Falangists.
Enrique
militia
of
Clemente,
is surprising
football
is
former
or
by Franco
of
during
and directors.
Presidents
a fifth
were:
players
Sevilla,
views;
active
where he died
front,
Russian
to
approximately
were either
in
who fought
however,
confined,
Falangist
these
in command at Valladolid
was not
been estimated
of Seville
at Murcia
at Racing de Santander
Vilches
It
sports
3 September
was that
Diaz Pastor
the players
Moscard after
loudspeaker
replaced
by
through
to be played
the international
system before
match i
55
rhetoric
Period"
was immense
in
already
isolated
this
in
An example
rhetoric.
and the
nation
was actually
The Fascist
Texeira
Miguel
Portugal.
snow. 54
as possible,
stadium's
both
the
"rediscovery"
appeared
in
Valencia
and Espanol:
1941,
June
in
themes
of
the
of
the
"rebirth"
traditional
Marca
of
the
mascu
cup final
the
of
of
Hispanisc
report
the
basis
the
constituting
durin
with
and quality,
quantity
chapter
of
football
Spanish
surrounding
The theme
usually
Falangist
Basque
of
national
featured
prominently
Marca
when one of
or Catalan
opponents.
unity,
one of
in this
the
54, Ibid.
55. See Marca, 7-11 May 1945 for
56. Marca, 10 June 1941.
Fascist
Madrid
For
details.
Falange's
pr:
rhetoric-pro
teams
example,
104
the
played
this
again
was apart
Aviacion
host
played
to Athletic
de Bilbao
1942:
only
theme.
particular
in
match
the
This
November
two or
three
period:
59
was the
1942 which
Falangists
however,
newspaper,
sports
preview
appeared
worked
at
of
in
El
the
which
evoked
FC Barcelona-Real
Mundo Deportivo
this
during
the
Madrid
where
whole
only
Franco
"Let us fervently
hope that tomorrow's
be an inspiring
match will
demonstration
Spanish passion,
fury,
of typical
virility,
and,
that has
above all,
a demonstration
of the harmony and togetherness
between the different
Spain since
existed
regions
of our beloved
the "War of Liberation"
put an end to the fratricidal
conflicts
and
by a tiny
tensions,
provoked
self-interested
minority
of
to tear the country
malevolents,
which once threatened
apart. ""9
The fourth
theme of this
of demonstrating
world,
outside
international
club,
"Blue
could
only
for
thesis,
rhetoric,
the necessity
and "rediscovery"
of either
to the
an
match or a friendly
Seven of this
sporting
"rebirth"
the much-vaunted
of both of which,
Chapter
Fascist
reasons
there
which shall
be fully
were extremely
discussed
few during
in
this
Period".
105
January
War, having
changed its
appropriate
blue
to play
traditional
its
first
similar
players
before
for
red shirts
the
Civil
more politically
ones:
game since
team which,
message
their
by the
was given
DND to
match in Madrid,
friendly
for demonresponsible
Patria,. just how much of our
two years that have passed
Footballers
Spain,
of
...
fury, your impetuosity,
your
about the "New Spain". eO
the
Atletico
Aviacin
force:
"This
to demonstrate
to a nation
that has
opportunity
a perfect
down the road that we are on how much progress
travelled
already
in terms of recuperating
the characteristics
are making,
which
us up to be one of the leading
nations
raised
originally
of the
us up to that elevated
world and which must serve to raise
position
again. "61
In its
report
to this
match,
Marca claimed
that
the objective
we
expressed
achieved:
In April
for
the first
Berlin
against
the Civil
team left
War, to play
against
exhibition
Italy,
courage,
passion,
106
the Iberian
commitment,
Peninsula
matches in
in the presence
of
1941.
physical
power and
and Mussolini
Hitler
players
Fascist
rhetoric
Franco
respectively.
trip
constitutes
the national
surrounding
piece
of
period:
football
exerted
itself
the mystification
closely
and final
The fifth
during
the Fascist
with
The centre
espafiola,
created,
Press during
Period"
of certain
connected
the "Blue
mystification
national
with
above,
team's
interpretation
and mostly
and El Alczar.
to this
successful
journalists
the ideals
was
In the immediate
by Falangist
This mystification
over Spanish
of 1939-1945 concerns
discussed
rhetoric
the Spanish
influence
post-Civil
thesis,
and commentators,
of the Falange.
of the furia
by the
this
and
A good definition
was offered
in
Arriba:
"The furia espafiola is present in all aspects of Spanish life,
to a
In a
greater extent than ever since the "War of Liberation"...
best manifests itself
in football,
the furia
sporting,
a game in
63. Published
in Marca,
6 April
1942.
107
virility
imposing
technical
"schools"
School",
Bilbao,
high
have existed.
practising
for
centres
the "Sevilla
dribbling
a tall
School"
its
Despite
obvious
Chapter
Luria
Eight
of this
myth reached
team completely
identification
Athletic
to this
de Bilbao
Athletic
Falangist
with
playing
thesis.
its
appeared
director,
it
the furia
claims
The identification
Spanish football.
in Marca's
no foreign
influence,
dominated
tight
by Eduardo Lastaragay,
effect
preview
has been
there
with
practically
foreign
de
In opposition,
best to represent
Athletic
aggression,
individual,
a style
passes,
British-influenced
centre-forward.
tactical
two rival
there
of physical
of'talented
and short
influence.
style
of Spanish football,
the history
Throughout
which will
partly
the
be examined in
of Athletic
1943-1945,
with
the
An example of this
of the 1945 cup final
between
and Valencia:
30 January 1940.
64. Arriba,
65. Marca, 9 June 1945.
108
All
Period"
Spanish
teams playing
of the furia
in
was the
advice
given
by "Gilera"
players
before
their
is your responsibility
"It
to
foreign
the sporting
visitors
will
past two years,
and this
furia
the traditional
employing
and
power, dynamism, virility
forward.
-According
to Ariba,
For example,
this
Aviacion
the Atletico
demonstrate
force
team:
respected
our highly
that we have made in the
progress
by
be best achieved
obviously
espnola,
aggression,
with courage,
impetousity.
"66
to
footballers
espafiola
Telmo Zarra,
to
Alczar
up certain
of the furia
and aggressive
powerful
El
"Blue
this
to the visitors.
espafiola
in
opposition
be Bilbao's
to copy Athletic
were expected
demonstration
foreign
against
myth,
to be the embodiment
especially
the Athletic
de Bilbao
the tall,
centre-
Zarra was:
impassioned,
determined,
"... the epitom, of the furia
espanola,
impetuous,
an inspiring
example of the kind of virile
courageous,
leading
into
the Patria
a new "Golden
young men who are chargebwith
Age"
.67
This
attack
of Zarra
mystification
of the national
the goals
in Spain's
Marca correspondent
team.
defeat
its
reached
For example,
of Portugal
he had scored
the
three
of
that he is the
"Telmo Zarra proved beyond all doubt this afternoon
He was magnificent,
a real
espafiola.
of the"furia
personification
the enemy
the crowd and destroying
man, a real Spaniard, thrilling
Zarra is a
with his dynamism, passion, power and aggression...
brilliant
of our race... "69
example of so many of the virtues
18 November 1941.
66. El Alczar,
8 September-: ' 1943.
67. Arriba,
68. Marca, 17, May 1945.
109
The only
player
other
position
national
of'Rovira
eulogy
to victory
its
clear
Another
myth.
this
occured
cup final,
was to give
teams during
of the leading
is
of the
part
he had captained
Espanol
this
when "Gilera"
title
a military
"Blue
forwards
to the furia
in his
preview
with
espafiola
to the forward
The first
Period".
of El Alczar,
of the Press,
on the part
mystification
significance,
trend
This
Angel Rovira.
the furia
espaola,
came close to epitomizing
impassioned and
aggressive,
responsible,
He is an inspiring
example of Spanish
towards
political
tendency
esparlola
This
centre-half
Zarra's
to challenging
lines
example of
of
the 1939
Los Stukas:
forward
line
69.
70.
71.
72.
practically
all
Five Musketeers"),
that
of the Espaol
was titled
named
de
Artilleros
72
objectives
of the political
of this
tendencies
thesis
is
to demonstrate
in Francoist
21 February
1945.
Spain were
in professional
reflected
that
in the late
occured
the historian
of "de-Falangization"
The process
Southworth
Herbert
The "Blue
Period"
football
of Spanish
the football
Valladolid,
gestures
Presidents.
completely
Barcelona
written
one further
of Seville,
month. 74
No. 4 of that
three
season at only
chapter,
and
under Falangist
this
saluting
and chanting
disappeared.
team did
red shirts
in January
about this
not continue
reappeared
for
1949, without
' The
match with
Belpim
change. 75
end in
was passed on to
Racing de Santander
in this
as seen earlier
gradually
and chanting
information
The national
traditional
for
continued
Betis
clubs:
all,
This
saluting
clubs
These Fascist
professional
than obligatory.
rather
The blue
was an
came to an abrupt
The words of
but nonetheless
unintentionally
illustrate
accurately
football.
No written
order or commentary
about the return
by the author
in the archives
was discovered
of
the DND.
111
to the
either
(ed. ),
red
the
Spain
shirts
RFEF or
in
Fascist
of
abundance
the
of
Falangist
"Blue
former
from
1960;
Jose
1984.
It
years
all
active
1950;
of
Manuel
presidency
Perez
Pays,
from
the
RFEF and of
of
the
Falange.
of these
regional
The proportion
There
federations:
in
presidency
Fuente
Chaos,
from
Pablo
by the
of
1956 to
DND up to 1961,
the
the
had
Falangists
Ramiro Valdez
1975 to
during
federations
several
Sancho
from
Porta,
a quarter
regional
were
the
the
1952;
1975;
by
nominated
in
the
Sanchez at the
Valdemoro at the
federation
Federation
77
In
1950 to
approximately
various
76
from
federation
Extremeduran
the
1970 to
them appointed
all
with
that
de la
the
Falangists:
Calero,
Larrafiaga,
Alfonso
Aragonese federation
Murcian
Valdes
The
game. Approximately
Falangists.
former
or
ArmandaMuoz
1954;
1948-1975,
Asturian
either
1952 to
Luis
connections
%.;
DND, were
very
period.
RFEF, directly
the
of
only
concerns
the
of
be
to
Presidents
doctor,
influence
power
RFEF continued
the
directors
of
positions
Franco
the
of
Fascist
following
from
Dvilla,
in
Division"
1947 to
lingering
this
of
staff
the
addition,
remaining
Falangists
decades
three
declined
football
Spanish
over
general
for
reason
principal
the
the
over
gradually
half
in
influence
Fascist
dropped,
was swiftly
symbolism
Martinez
Fuentes
at the
of Falangists
as President
of the professional
clubs
112
reduced after
was substantially
able
to elect
continue
N
to include
compelled
Falangists
to be elected
federations
throughout
players
that
there
Pay of
President;
Antonio
Atletico
Lorenzo
Reija
of
a small
clubs
minority
during
later
Madrid,
Benitez
of these players
to become RFEF
of Falangist
and Real
Mariano
football
Purchades of Valencia
Zaragoza;
of Falangists
10%.78
existed
both
from
at Espanol
Castaneiras
the proportion
of the professional
to these Falangists
Sosa at Elche
In addition
Luis
of Barcelona
the period
-1
Alvarez
and directors
President:
Maria Arroyo
as Presidents
was
very occasionally
who only
It
than
Until
1970 to 1978.
being
rather
year onwards.
by the DND.
and respected
at Recreativo
Villa
Santamari
two active
popular
were sufficiently
Martinez
from that
own Presidents
their
1948, mainly
team; Jose
Sevilla.
113
influence
Fascist
through
Bilbao
de Bilbao
Atletico
two clubs
The Fascist
de
Athletic
de Gijon,
Deportivo
in April
title
original
immediately
obtaining
that
rhetoric
Period".
Marca, Arriba
lesser
In addition,
only
many private
radio
in the utilization
the catalyst
superiority
for
between this
million
rather
In July
national
radio
He never crossed
type of aggressively
For
details
of these name changes,
May 1974.
state
was instrumental
of the national
team as
listeners
that
the continued
the thin
nationalism
114
Prats,
the
rhetoric.
1950, Prats
of Gibraltar.
victories
nationalism,
of
commentators
commentator of both
aggressive
in this
football
nationalist
of the occasional
to approximately
occupation
indulged
writers,
War years.
post-Civil
that
television
the virulently
of Falangist
of the football
minority
stations
by the newspaper
a majority
extent
a small
and television
each with
gradually
after
to be reproduced
continued
Spanish football
surrounded
than in quality
and El Alczar,
but to a far
radio
to its
to revert
FC
names.
79
afterwards.
example,
de Gijon
and Sporting
Baia
club
de Barcelona,
to be Club de Futbol
continued
to be reflected
continued
foreign-influenced
the compulsorily-changed
Barcelona
until
line,
and Fascist
claimed
Spain's
British
however,
rhetoric
see Barrabs,
(Barcelona)
based on claims
of racial
80
superiority.
in
The success of the Spanish team in the 1950 World Cup tournament
Brazil,
however,
did provoke
some pieces
to the defeat
of Fascist
This was
rhetoric.
of England:
Arriba
against
hosts
preview
Brazil
on these allegedly
"New
match
crucial
"traditional
that
Hispanic
virtues":
mainly
gradually,
success enjoyed
by this
team.
would produce
diluted
by the adoption
of Real Madrid.
80.
kind
this
of foreign
tactics
For example,
this
3 July 1950.
8 July 1950.
115
lack
complete
Arriba
espafiola
than did
and
having
supported
and Enrique
of
of the national
of rhetoric
Marca,
81. Marca,
82. Arriba,
the defeats
Ironically,
for
the national
surrounding
Alcazar
rhetoric
opportunity
victories.
team of nationalized
the Fascist
El
been
in the
Di Stefano
of El Alczar
to the
by the veteran
Gil de la Vega
elimination
of the national
tournament
by unfancied
competition
for
the
Turkey:
is
and Jose
General*Moscardo
Antonio
Elola
Olaso
at
the
assistant
the
DND, after
to both
Spain
in June 1956:
The
"Today's match has been an authentic
example of lost courage.
We have
effeminate.
surfeit
of technique has made Spanish football
loss has brought today's
It's
always won on the basis of courage.
1184
reverse...
contained
versial
overseas-born
Argentine
Helenic
players,
Herrera.
eliminated
vehemently
criticized.
this
tournament
in Chile
level
to Brazil
of foreign
and, was
influence
was
criticism:
83. El Alcgzar,
84.
Quoted
in
18 March 1954.
ABC,
(Madrid)
6 June
116
1956.
Arriba,
team before
national
afterwards
the journey
a prohibition
foreign
excessive
on the further
importation
in the
presence
to Chile, 86 actually
suggested
of foreign
players:
influence
As explained
that
this
in Spanish football.
Marca,
importation
Arriba
ban signified
89
This
of foreign
and El Alczar,
a resurgence
accusation
Elola
of
is only
Olaso,
85
partly
the
85.
86.
87.
88.
117
Delegado
Nacional
criticisms
about
for
reason
FIFA had,
Italy
the
was that
imported
about
it
being
without
is
It
based
it
in
logical
the
strictest
into
entry
players
fully
of
with
domestic
dubious
discussed
Before
ban in
this
in
1973,
documents
Chapter
import
being obviously
of
the result
for
import
then
into
pointed
national
out
the
Spanish
this
1960s
of
such a ban
have
until
a blind
DND turned
an abundance
team
had been
DND would
late
that,
reason. 93
this
the
South
parentage,
upheld
the
eye to
American
as shall
be
thesis.
Fascist
successes
rhetoric,
of the expensive
of Real Madrid
because of these
purchases
of the
and
up its
the
prohibition
From the
Spain
claiming
Eight
of
body
an import
however,
football
major
to form a decent
the
manner.
the
difficult
principles,
possible
the
if
assume that
Fascist
on essentially
termination
the
to
team
about
91 tightened
Nacional
the
governing
incorporated
in Italy,
that
countries
Chile,
The Delecado
would be extremely
football
several
in
in
however,
world
players
92
new country.
in consequence,
the
players
influence
admitted,
from
protests
foreign-born
with
their
Olaso
by the
excessive
Elola
of
as a result
regulations
for
90
Chile.
decision
the
allegedly
prohibition
playing
team of
the
in
failed
which
de Deportes,
El
Argentine
Alfredo
Hungarian
Ferenc
Nacional
after
such rhetoric
four
Uruguayan
the
and the
Puskas
Frenchman
Jod
Santamaria,
Raymond Kopa.
the
The Delegado
Olaso raised
Elola
containing
Stefano,
Di
seeing,
beat
foreigners
Bulgarians
the
CDNA of
to apply
de Madrid team
in
Sofia
the
Cup:
European
"Apart
from the result,
me
which fully
satisfies
me, what impressed
that the racial
the most was appreciating
virtues
of the Spaniards
in...
when placed
under examination
continue,
undertakings
of major
historical
"94
transcendency.
were far
Madrid,
therefore
little
Spanish
Ambassador
ministers
Jose
and diplomats,
sixth
de Erice
Sebastian
in
the
Brussels,
along
and
A rare
rhetoric.
and wholly
when a rejuvenated
Cup for
European
Bonn,
Fascist
May 1966,
Belgrade
Partizan
against
in
won the
in
for
Real
especially
opportunity
itself
Madrid
Real
stars,
successful
presented
Spanish
Franco's
less
provided
opportunity
final
foreign
of their
Short
The
time.
O'Shea,
with
watched
several
the
other
of
comment:
(Real Madrid)
"I wear the badge that
from the club
I received
with
because,
I
and joy,
as a representative
pride
of my country,
is an
that
the presence
the world
of Real Madrid across
realize
authentic
expression
of our virile,
young enthusiastic
reborn
Spain. "98
The only
occasion
that
the
provided
for
kind
of
Nations
Cup,
Union,
the
this
staged
in
new,
young,
rhetoric
Spain.
was the
Before
wholly
this
the
Spanish
in
victory
final
the
against
new team,
team
national
Colonel
1964 European
the
Soviet
Jose
119
Villalonga,
in Franco's
a young officer
afterwards
School of Physical
War and
in
Education"
Toledo,
hard
be the culmination
"Tommorow's match will
of two years'
impassioned,
building
team based
a young,
aggressive,
virile
typical
Hispanic
Two years ago, in Chile,
racial
virtues...
to foreign
tactics.
and Spaniards
a team of foreigners
playing
work,
on
we had
Like
the Fascist
enjoyed
espafiola
applied
a brief
of foreign
prohibition
to the five
the direct
resurgence
in 1962.
players
short-passing
and aggressive
style
players
in the period
in general,
rhetoric
that
of Athletic
following
the
from 1956 to
of Real Madrid
presence
it
employed,
de Bilbao.
was enthusiastically
been
in contrast
to
The announcement
greeted
in this
way
by Marca:
hope that this reduction
in the foreign
influence
"Let us fervently
in our national
game quickly leads to a complete recuperation
of
the furia espanola, out of fashion for far too many years... "97
Practically
final
contained
several
references
Cup
to the furia,
the way:
Arriba
leading
120
of the furia,
The resurgence
Marca regarded
this
by Real Madrid's
sixth
the furia:
by foreigners,
"Just
four years ago, our football
and
was dominated
furia
danger of extinction...
our beloved
espafiola
was in serious
in the form of a virile,
Two years ago, the furia
returned
impassioned
Union.
team which defeated
the Soviet
young Spanish
Now, after
Spanish Real Madrid has
a rejuvenated
and wholly
is evident.
the European Cup, the return
recaptured
of the furia
Instead,
But this
we
process should not be regarded
as completed.
because the furia
to the future,
espaola
should look with optimism
is on the verge of a new Golden Age, when young, impassioned
Spanish players
to the world the
will
once again demonstrate
"99
Hispanic
racial
virtues.
Apart
and therefore
furia
in
Moscow for
mentioned
grandiose,
departure
Cara
al
that
the
in
successes
for
little
very
espanola
occurred
victory
Madrid's
international
team's
June 1971,
the
when the
a-European Nations
fulsome
after
Sol. b00
chanting
correspondents,
articles
defeat
It
these
for
and singing
and carried
the
examples
Soviets,
alleged
by several
by the
this
of
rhetoric
to
was not
carried
Arriba
of
by the
the
Espanal
players,
upon
and sang
however,
2 June 1971.
121
kind
chanted
was initiated
and the
team travelled
Although
that
teams,
rhetoric
this
of
be-no
to
were
all-Spanish
claiming
out
there
Fascist
national
Cup match.
by the
has been
last
Cup,
rejuvenated,
Spanish
in any other-newspaper,
1966 European
opportunity
One of
myth.
triumph
without
is appropriate
It
contribution
any substantial
at this
during
football
professional
decades that
sport
and society
the "Blue
in general.
every bit
The Falangist
federations
three
names, whilst
saluting
and chanting,
language
riddled
with
Fascist
national
very
Thereafter,
Fascist
restricted
reflected
gestures
high
level
and secondly
influence
of Spain
in football
by the
over football
in positions
The Fascist
of
the
declined
of power was
degree of
by the clubs
of the majority
federations.
of foreign
Fascist
influence
mystification
to change
in the Press in a
in 1948, of a limited
extremely
clubs,
an abundance
The "de-Falangization"
of Falangists
by the return,
firstly
over Spanish
DND appointed
reported
the Fascist
The proportion
gradually.
as strong
influence
Fascist
team.
this
rhetoric.
has
distinction
foreign-influenced
their
Period",
and directors
as Presidents
of Falangists
A clear
Period"
During
at a
over Spanish
over football
to arrive
influence
of Fascist
conclusion
to attempt
stage
''
taking
of the directors
rhetoric
part
of
and
122
This rhetoric
and mystification
was limited
football
Luis
Perez
of the Fascist
to Falangist
professional
football
professional
game.
in
to
secondly,
with
foreign
harmoniously
coexisting
A veritable
was illustrated
gulf
Bernabeu,
only half
"revitalize"
This
when the
concepts
with
and imported
in
model.
worlds.
This
Sporting
Games", in which
to offer
a multi-
in Real Madrid's
Estadio
would attempt
non-participating
123
was
football,
professional
difficulties
sporting
mass
and,
however,
model,
the
required
race,
Syndicates"
model for
general
the
of
to
and German
players
severe
in
sport
Fascist
the annual
for
to have
this
by the events
spectacular.
example
reappearance
of a precise
millionaire
going
existed
to Italian
The world
sport.
with
sports
occasional
of Fascist
world.
support,
was always
stars,
to
watching
amateur
immense passive
its
model
firstly,
the
to
over professional
such as occurred
The Fascist
order,
confined
strictly
and the
and indeed
earlier,
impress
to the application
football,
Spanish professional
foreign
participation
Porta,
and rhetoric,
gesturing
team travelled
national
Presidents
in
resurgence
on further
influence
the Fascist
Jose
a temporary
enjoyed
1962-1966,
the period
players
Real Madrid.
teams, especially
successful
members of the
"Vertical
the
to see the
capacity
in
triumph
the
a circle.
There
by the
leadership
of
to remain
this
close
Daranas
exhibition
celebrate
This
is
of
wqs
the
Radio
Nacional
match
against
a part
of
of
lead
interest
Real
in
to
packed
same stadium
of
Daranas's
two distinct
these
absolutely
DND or
completely
opening
The lack
stars
or members of
attending,
Madrid
this
125,000
to another
Cup.
the
103
Falange.
by the
sporting
no official
Falangist
broadcaster
when,
June
a side
of
veteran
national
section
of
the
final
appraisal
of
the
serious
Real
the
Madrid
this
was
to
attempt
Mariano
staged
team players
Estadio
was to
to do
The ambiguity
in
1954,
worlds
attempt
The only
unresolved.
the
the
foreign
gap between
square
102
charge.
with
expensive
European
the
To bridge
allowed
of
can be contrasted
event
annual
free
who entered
public
into
Syndicates"
a free
to
Bernabeu.
event:
"Perhaps we talk too loudly and too well against Communism. But are
that we really
comport ourselves like anti-Communists?
we certain
Are we sure that we apply all all the necessary,
or, at least,
meat do
of working-class
possible means so that the horse-breakers
not manage to play the role of anxious sheperds? In order to
it is necessary to place
affirmative,
respond with a categorical
the
the more frequently
with the reach of the lower classes,
biological
demands, such as
better,
not only certain
essential
but also those-other
social
work, food, sleep, house and leisure,
imperatives
that are the almost exclusive
monopoly of certain
Bear in mind that, thanks to Real Madrid,
economic classes.
thousands and thousands of poor children
time on
saw for the first
Saturday a real football
match; that Zarra and Di Stefano changed
into men of flesh and
in front of their
eyes from legendary figures
delighted.
bone; that the parents enjoyed seeing their children
details
102. For further
Cazorla Prieto,
op.
103. No such attempt was
the archives of the
his interviewees.
Sporting
Games", see
of these "Si dicalist
pp. 218-221.
cit.,
discovered by the author in his examination of
DND, op. cit., rnor was referred
to by any of
124
the evening
Bear in mind that throughout
the gigantic
and
harmonious
the property
speaking
stadium was not, strictly
of Real
but that of thousands
Madrid,
who cannot afford
of humble families
for every Sunday league match, to such an extent
to buy tickets
by
holders,
that
the actual
season ticket
and persuaded
powerless,
the immense wave of new spectators,
gave up their
seats in the
"104
covered
stand to the masses from the poor districts.
Apart
from
Falange
this
rhetoric,
to diminish
and Spanish
there
the gulf
professional
was no other
which separated
attempt
by the
the Fascist
DND of
sporting
the
model
football.
125
in the Boletin
PASSIVITY
"For years,
Spanish sport
was effectively
reduced to football,
forget
his
always employed as a drug to make the man in the street
the most
everyday
problems,
and used systematically
on the eve'of
holidays.
Manuel Fraga,
conflictive
public
combined
specifically,
the fiestas
for all
of football
and bulls
of the May Day public
holidays,
in a
culminating
a few years ago, one 30 April,
television
transmission
of all of the goals ever scored by the
Spanish national
team, narrated
by the epic voice of Francoism,
that
Matias Prats. "1
of the commentator
This
is
Culture
the opinion
with
of Javier
responsibility
of football
politicization
Solana,
for
the present
sport, 2 about
in Francoist
Spain:
drug"
of a high
level
and regional
Chapters
of political
significance
Sevenand
most discussed
1.
2.
or "escape valve"
Eight
aspect
that
of football,
of this
as a political
contributed
passivity.
thesis
Spanish Minister
which will
respectively,
with
of the
manipulation
soporific,
towards
Together
of
the maintenance
the diplomatic
be examined in
this
of politicization.
Quoted in Antonio
Alcoba,
op. cit.,
pp. 254-255.
In August 1977, the DND became the Consejo
Superior
de Deportes,
of the Ministry
under the auspices
of Culture.
This arrangement
for
intact
the political
control
of Spanish sport
remains
at the time of
writing.
126
The general
this
particular
foreign
in
allegation
do not
regime
genuine
a high
by force
demand for
the
media
Marca,
popularity
radio
and television.
alleged
to have
been utilized
1960s
attendance
the
and early
at
independent
the
a member of
national
late
the
1970s
illegal
trade
in
of football
popularity
the regime.
similar
3.
They point
the
out
of
the
of
sections
sports
Press
chain,
and
is
institution
latter
holidays
to
opposition
reduce
the
of
the
parties
and
regime,
Spanish
during
daily
regime
this
on the
demonstrations
that
centre
the
the
and
extensive
particular,
was
an immense
allege
the
and
that
of
a repressed
State:
an attempt
unions.
conservative
the
during
football
the
Movimiento's
In
to
manipulated
existed
arguments
of
Spanish
of
passivity
They simply
Their
connected
closely
most
newspaper
the
there
from
public.
both
political
that
to
regard
football
exploited.
towards
of
arms.
deny
professional
entertainment-starved-Spanish
contribution
degree
with
regime
systematically
of
to
attempt
Franco
by an abundance
it
that
maintain
established
originally
Franco
is
writers,
to help
order
made largely
aspect,
sports
the
against
sports
it
is argued,
largely
journalists,
that
occurred
an explosion
of interest
by a group
the enormous
to do with
in the game
took place
in
127
European
every
and that
this
this
context,
group
game by both
the
media
was the
effect
rather
than
product
consequence,
this
or
investigation.
This chapter
Francoist
one part
with
football
writers
to
the
coverage
to the popular
should
is
as a political
systematically
that
to demonstrate
soporific
that
be subjected
the
of
the
and that,
to
suspicion
that
in
not only
prevailed
that
in Francoist
the critic's
employed
Spain. 5
perception
in intensity
increased
was simply
the concept
of evasion",
that
of
is to demonstrate
soporific
increased
supports
sections
Franco
The first
"culture
utilized
not
to demonstrate
culture
coverage
of
regime,
in many countries
of the all-pervasive
Spanish
by the
as a political
is
level
high
War,
as a
a specific
demand for
objectives.
objective
the
acting
immense public
any manipulation
has five
In
and independent
than
media
5.
that
claims
Second World
football
of
countries.
approximately
4.
these
of
the
after
allegations
State-controlled
but also
Spain,
regard
The third
of
especially
1970s.
most
rather
in
football
in
the
country
produced
explosion
soporific
political
American
and South
at
in popularity.
football
of
was
diversion
is
op. cit.
128
the fourth
final
is
objective
No systematic
however,
America,
this
that
alleged
not sufficient
it
is
this
to obtain
level
soporifics,
military
mind.
"circus"
source of entertainment
period
established
junta
for
events,
is
the hiiti
by force
of
is compelled
In order
wake.
to search for
be promoted to be political
and circuses"
no viable
and impassioned
when a
occurs
an extended
passivity
the
There is practically
has been
of repression,
of attaining
as the principal
of dramatic
for
political
which could
it
or the fear
originally
of passivity,
entertainments
Mario Benedetti.
repression,
incapable
brings
which usually
progress
about the
In these articles,
to maintain
Spain.
the most
soporific,
demobilization
of political
popular
that
and
to
contributed
in Francoist
existed
Uruguayan novelist
study of this
manipulation
in itself
football
as a political
'uffnta realizes
military
level
of football
monographic
The fifth
chapter.
by the celebrated
written
notable
that
passivity
of political
to what extent
to evaluate
utilization
of this
objective
appealing
alternative
'uffnta,
being
the majority
of middle
to the
to football
a daily
saga
the major
and working
class
America.?
in
south
males
6.
7.
In the course
alleged
definitive
most
the
modest
Santos
club
of
in
their
Pele
player
for
offer
he was still
only
"businessman"
gave
from
Pere
rejected.
Santos
It
whenever
West German or
football
in
immensely
of
remained
is
it
appeared
1975.10
popular
and also
financially-troubled
that
up until
to
Diego
Argentine
when
Coehlo
half
of
a million
for
offers
alleged
Fernando
Maradona,
football,
would
from
loans
similar
be sold
to
to
top-flight
to
have
Morena
of
occured
the
first
with
or
with
Pearol
who surprisingly
1959.
22-28
June
details,
Marca,
further
For
see
8.
details,
Lever, op. cit.,
pp. 113-114,
9. See, for further
World Soccer, August 1968.
10. See Lever, ibid.
"P. c'. ", .
130
1959,
Antonio
give
player
he retired
striker
with
the
is
The first
continued
same thing
way
world-
June
lucrative
the
Munich
that
the
this
a mysterious
loan
Bayern
Uruguayan
1960,
June
in
that
in
Madrid
an interest-free
Coehlo
Much the
of
for
Europe
career.
Eduardo
possible
club,
his
called
condition
that
alleged
Italian
Montevideo,
in
on the
the
Real
In
from
to maintain
whole
profile
Santos
dollars,
States
United
claimed
the
old. e
years
a low public
financially-troubled
is
It
near-
permanently
offers
came from
Pele
almost
was able
team for
of these allegations.
lucrative
players.
little
the
the
Sao Paulo
nineteen
with
in support
permitted
to resist
to distract'
Extremely
situation.
substantial
and popular
attractive
headline-making
club
be able
to
clubs
the
the
frequently
sources
bankrupt
is that
allegation
mysterious
is offered
however,
proof,
The principal
famous
attention
adopted several
football
to ensure that
measures in order
popular
dictators
that
is
it
the
Argentinos
Juniors
1982.11
until
It
many lesser-known
is claimed
that
Argentine,
Brazilian,
the fall
after
for
offers
1983-1985,
countries
leading
their
way, it
In a similar
a political
other
special
to resist
players.
is
frequency
realized
that
bankrupt
It
is
clubs
claimed
of General
that
of these
clubs
being
that
this
of professional
source
league. 14
of
as
with
with
Benedetti
clubs
of
because of
the country
throughout
occured
of
principgl
the withdrawal
to serve
able
from disappearance
Pinochet,
their
dictators
the military
the collapse
to lose
matches cancelled
details,
Soccer,
Uruguay and
to football
with
that
13
entertainment,
11.
is significant
the Italian,
contributed
by saving
and
in Argentina,
also alleged
in the Chile
It
Chilean
sums of money.
mysterious
Uruguayan,
dictatorships
of the military
in the period
Brazil
mysterious
to remain at home. 12
Paraguayan footballers
Boca Juniors,
It
has been
mentioned
12. In addition
to the two sources mentioned in the above footnote,
see
World Soccer, April 1977 and March 1982, and Don Baln,
No. 282,10
January 1981.
March 1987, that there are 95
13. It was stated in World Soccer,
from these three South American countries
in the
footballers
playing
Indeed, the South American
leagues of Western Europe.
professional
teams, which took place in
championship tournament for national
in July 1987, was severely weakened by the great majority
Argentina
of these 95 players having to remain with their European clubs.
14. For further
details
of these allegations,
see either Don Baln, No.
282,10
January 1981 and No. 494,7
April
1985, and World Soccer,
March 1982 and September 1984
131
of Talca
three
that
regime realized
league.
professional
appointed
in Spanish
It
is claimed
for
responsible
Porteno
military
that
saving
from extinction,
junta
the Stroessner
the Ascuncin
popular
club
echoing
the
actually
the
members. 16
regime
clubs
in Paraguay was
Peflarol
have
disregarding
completely
the highly
that,
in the 1940s, it
football
35,000 club
of the approximately
could
President,
The
club.
famous club
interference
its
Chilean
On two occasions,
the financial
with
however,
significance,
preoccupation
the disappearance
in its
brought
actualily
Of greater
constant
problems
with
later-15
years
to be the regime's
appears
wishes
regime
Everton
club
the Pinochet
that
alleged
specifically
of Montevideo
'7 whilst
the
1978 and
1981.18
The various
considerable
not only
15.
16.
17.
18.
regimes
in order
nationalism,
military
but,
to have an obvious
in addition,
catalyst
a political
a successful
for
soporific
1985.
April
See Don Baln, No. 494,7
Ibid.
details,
World Soccer, April
See, for further
For details,
see the two articles
of Benedetti
132
national
team,
aggressive
that
could
1986
mentioned
assist
above.
in
keeping
the
the
streets
World
their
dictators
were
invested
for
Stroessner
regime
Paraguayan
national
All
of
Paraguayan
the
US dollars
million
invested
played
on home soil.
Menotti
1982 World
invested
more than
reflected
in
in
in
Cup finals
preparation
1970,
the
in
tournament.
US dollars
a million
Cup finals,
of
but
military
1980-1982,
period
but
on
of
Brazilian
The Uruguayan
1981,
1986 World
the
the
team in
victory
the
20
same year
The
the
preparing
in
which
they
21
however,
that
Videla
19
tournaments.
Mundialito
money allegedly
regimes,
in
success
national
instead
sets
The various
dollars
on their
team for
television
regime.
of
the
creditably.
performed
the
spectacular
subsequent
the
with
to qualify
for
with
heavily
spent
rewarded
failed
in
less
their
of
thousands
Cup teams,
considerably
front
problems
causing
juntas
military
in
populace
a team for
The young
general
contribute
by the
the
Argentine
feeling
towards
that
the
Brazilian,
comparison
junta
Argentine
preparing
the
in
pales
the
22
spent
with
headed
Jorge
Cup finals,
Cesar
Luis
by the
performance
of
and
manager
national
maintenance
the
by General
1978'World
a good
Uruguayan
political
passivity:
"If
from organizing
Argentina,
the championship,
apart
then many of the problems
good classification,
of the
be resolved.
"23
people will
manages
Argentine
details,
Lever, op. Cit.,
See, for further
pp. 32-55 and pp. 93-112.
for details.
El Pais articles
See the two Benedetti
This allegation
1986.
was made in World Soccer, April
details,
For further
see World Soccer, October 1978, Don Baln, No.
282,10
January 1981, and The Sunday Times, 21 June 1986.
16 November 1877.
23. Quoted in Interviu,
19.
20.
21.
22.
133
Menotti's
football,
on State
the lack
the
South
in
the
are
of paying
not
rural
under the
of
dictatorships
the
states
wildly
as a political
of
Unlike
Black
South
enthusiastic
of
Africa,
America,
about
Furthermore,
societies.
It
the
in
is
claimed
World,
in
however,
the
game,
there
is
by the
25
soporific
South
matches
recompensated
in the stadia.
spectators
dictatorships.
military
Europe. 26
developed
24.
most
one-party
Eastern
above
American
in
occurred
of the
in Argentina
being generously
the clubs
was
the potentially
Football
during
especially
24
high number of
an extremely
television,
soporific
'uffnta of General
regime for
to be a political
n
Spain:
holiday.
mentioned
glory.
football
to promote
attempted
way, however,
junta
the Videla
allowing
playing
East
the
that
Central
Asia,
areas
being
in
not only
this
has
America,
and even
in
mentioned
largely
under-
no pluralist
For details
of how the Videla
regime took advantage
of the 1978
Prieto,
World Cup triumph,
op. cit.,
see: Cazorla
pp. 308-310;
1978; Don Baln,
October
World Soccer,
Benedetti,
No. 282,
op. cit.;
(Buenos
Aires),
details
of
this
television
details
26. For brief
of all of these allegations,
see the special
report in Don Balon, No. 131,8 April 1978, and Cazorla Prieto,
pp. 161-187.
cit.,
134
op.
democratic
in these areas,
tradition
football
promote professional
their
by several
claimed
that
alleged
football
Professor
EW Hunt,
the Stretford
in the following
capitalist
For details,
Ibid.
in order
to
problems. 27
It
Scherer,
furniture
factories.
directing
the
towards
28
the local
passivity
is
and
allegedly
in
Giovanni
is financer
partially
of contributing
soporific
has been
that
car empire,
controversial
by The Guardian
article
democracies
"Karl
in February
Marx
1981,
way:
football
"Professional
"the opium of
religion
He was
Lenin's tomb.
drugged the
believed,
27.
28.
in various
as a political
it
particular,
Bavarians
de Bordeaux. 29
Girondins
as an instrument
workers
the intention
club with
the shipping
versus
of his
example of a local
Another
has served
of Turin
club
40,000
approximately
is
Juventus
of the leading
President
mainly
and sociologists
of the Fiat
shareholder
the attention
distract
because
soporific;
In
Europe.
journalists
of the powerful
President
football
Western
Italian
the largest
Agnelli,
is
in
football
that
asserted
diversion
political
as a political
to
problems
It
of
possessed neither
usually
in power have
see Cazorla
October
Prieto,
op.
1981 for
135
cit.,
details.
pp.
164-165.
Is
A strong
this
applying
in
dictatorships
argued
the
that
dictatorships,
in
fanaticism
than
the
cause
or
enthusiasm
for
This
general
establishment
activities.
other
football.
drabness
of
life
31
fanaticism
can lead
there
far
1970s,
Italian
domination
to
football,
of
Juventus
to
evidence
political
in
repression,
but
the
the
increases
in
partially
because
pluralist
democracies,
to
and industrial
team of
at
Agnelli
relatively
suggest
that
Turin
completely
peaceful
1980s,
challenged
popularity
of
in
there
Fiat
the
many
is
football
For
passivity.
the
by
than
rather
to participate
whatsoever
military
and subsequently
liberty
of
and conflicts
Juventus
than
lack
In
established
game frequently
regard
more strikes
when the
of
to be
more likely
passivity.
is
fear
the
and the
With
no conclusive
the
political
a dictatorship,
of
absolutely
were
of
is
both
can be
It
alike.
societies
demobilization
political
by repression,
the
all
football,
in
soporific
democracies
circus
against
to
consciousness"
game as a political
maintained
after
"false
of
and pluralist
football
rather
effect
the
regarding
consequence
military
theory
neo-Marxist
and the
be presented
can nevertheless
counter-argument
bread
two things:
example,
factory
in
dominated
when the
by
Roma, Verona
of Milan,
Internazionale
Janet
sociologist
that,
conclusion
in
football
when put
of
as an agent
into
who researched
Brazilian
of
significance
Lever,
and Napoli.
political
to
the
the
The American
the
social
1970s,
early
arrived
the
at
was incapable
football
test,
and political
of
serving
passivity:
be regarded
should
important
part,
Francoist
Spain.
describe
"an
in
Spanish
This
was the
concept
popular
immediate
This
"culture
of
that
and the
conflict
desire
to
cinema"
of
films
the
evasion"
subsequent
1940s,
about
the
heavily
Nationalist
that
by Sir
created
the
a large
albeit
evasion"
and
in
existed
Raymond Carr
in
to Democracy
Franco
that
and
to
order
years,
as
33
reality".
was largely
forget
in
War Spain
post-Civil
of
From Dictatorship
culture
to demonstrate
one part,
"culture
from
in
as simply
immense
Spain:
is
chapter
the
escape
desire
epic
of
Fusi
Juan Pablo
of this
was mainly
the
to
to
attempt
hunger,
responsible
subsidised
struggle
137
forget
misery
for
the
general
both
the
traumas
failure
State,
the
op. cit.,
Civil
of
which
the
"heroic
offered
War and
p. 118.
of
This
and repression.
the
by the
in
of
product
front.
The other
1950s, a largely
gap between
by the
the
Spain
Francoist
Falangist
in
opposition
influence
(nchez
S
Ferlosio
limited
number
and the
largely
poet
1955,
of
Dionisio
"intellectuals
from football,
have
who joined
wide
to
in
As sadly
the
remain
concluded
anti-Francoist
known a time
never
evasion"
starring
Sevilla,
by trivial
Conchita
when their
1960s onwards,
34. Dionisio
Ridruejo,
Escrito
popular
tear-jerking
of
musicals
and Carmen
"photo-
the hugely
"culture
of this
Andalusian
importations;
Ridruejo,
the extremely
who chose
masses.
Delibes,
Apart
novels"
indifferent
the
of
such as Miguel
to bridge
intellectuals
Russian
on the
literature"
by young writers
attempt
and Rafael
Juan Goytisolo
Division"
major casualty
failed
"Blue
Falangist
of-the
exploits
exaggerated
trivial
en Espafia, Madrid,
serials
1962, p. 176.
Piquer
the
It was a song of Conchita
which perhaps best epitomised
ignore
desire
to
the immediate
past and contemporary
general
reality
"culture
to this
of evasion":
which was fundamental
don't
"I
out
want to find
Don't tell
me, neighbour
dreaming
to live
I prefer
"
Than to know the truth.
Cronica
This song was quoted in Manuel Vazquez Montalbn,
1971,
28.
de
In this
Barcelona,
Espana,
p.
stimulating
sentimental
including
of the "culture
work, all of the manifestations
evasion",
in depth.
football,
are discussed
details
36. For further
of the Simplemente Maria phenomenon,
see Manuel
Maria y su repercusin
Simplemente
Campo Vidal,
en las clases
1979.
Madrid,
trabajadoras,
35.
138
broadcast
by State
television
period,
evasion",
today's
almost
is watching
television
Spain practically
reduces
to reflect
instead
offering
fellow
Catalan
"to
that
the subject
the social
the public
"culture
this
talk
hours,
such is
Manuel Vazquez
in
to'television
of evasion"
and political
of "
in 1972, that
open mouths,
writer
None
reality
the opportunity
of long working
the reality
with
of the "culture
of these manifestations
attempt
serials
a year later,
Montalbn to'claim,
dominated
38 and his
culture",
the last
During
completely
that
a situation
"everybody
37
television.
Spain,
to escape from
temporarily
of repression.
Football
"culture
of
second
most
the
Franco
maintenance
television
evasion".
popular
regime
of
sport
viewing
Francoist
as a distraction
a high
level
figures
which formed
sport
of
for
a part
basketball,
that
that
political
could
basketball
matches
41
in
by far
the
by
exploited
towards
contribute
passivity.
of this
the
The estimated
the
early
1960s
139
the
op.
following
cit.,
p.
publications:
167; Garcia
Cazorla
Candau,
high,
were extremely
encouraged
obviously
its
in
football
at
basketball
broadcast
matches
during
holiday,
the
basketball
match
one basketball
domestic
example
matches
the
The only
broadcast
by the
sport
political
speaking,
a sport.
Furthermore,
chapter,
bullfights
which is
as commented by Javier
were also
clash,
transmitted
and
least
top
for
1972.
in fact
neither
days
not,
number of bullfights
when there-was
would
was at
in
is bullfighting,
which
there
international
diversion
May 1966
a Spanish
foreign
served
football
for
record
match
because,
by three
forward
the
with
May Day
four
clash,
occasional
which possibly
reduce
For the
basketball
by TVE during
to
basketball
than
period.
Union-Yugoslavia
other
no less
the
sport
de Zaragoza
viewers,
this
The first
Madrid-Caja
was brought
1980.43
supplemented
Soviet
Real
Madrid
14 million
match
designed
holiday
championship,
until
allegedly
RTVE transmitted
FC Barcelona-Real
seen by an estimated
the
there
the
league
the
of
year,
be seen,
shortly
as shall
decide
consisted
The following
1964.
combine
illegal
the
42 which
million,
(RTVE) to
television
transmissions
special
attendance
in
State
ten
reaching
on occasions
football
as a
strictly
broadcast
by
nor
the
in Holal,
42. It was claimed in the estimated viewing figures
offered
(Madrid) for example, that the Real Madrid-FC Barcelona basketball
a television
audience of almost
match of February 1964 attracted
It was claimed by Manuel Vazquez Montalbn,
twelve millions.
Espafiola, op. cit.,
however, in El libro
that all
cris de Televisin
in
1960s
figures
the
tended to be exaggerated
viewing
estimated
because of the imprecise methods employed to gather the data.
taken from,
43. Information
IHola!.
140
holiday.
The third
objective
immediately
competitions
stadia
were practically
were practically
bullfighting
These
capacity
by
for
was an immense
the league
and cup
and consequently
always filled
to capacity.
forms-of
mass entertainment,
no other
during
War, there
postwar
the process
acceptance.
to recommence. 44
and distraction
entertainment
immediate
of the Civil
in the Press,
demand, reflected
to explain
manipulated
gained widespread
the conclusion
After
is
chapter
was being
football
popular
of this
45
cheap
of the
the football
there
In addition,
apart
from
crowds
were
certainly
not
attracted
by the
prospect
in interviews
the Presidents
This demand` was reflected
with
of the
in Marca, 2 May 1939, with the
Troncoso
Sagredo,
RFEF, Julian
in El Mundo
Zaragoza President
Antonio
Rodriguez
Falangist
10 June 1939, and in the editorials
in Marca,
Deportivo,
published
1939 and 22 May 1939, and in El Mundo Deportivo,
28 May and 4
April
September 1939.
in Marca, 19 June 1942 estimated
45. A special
that for
report
published
80% of the first
ie.
and gecond division,
approximately
in the three
and Copa del Generalfsimo
matches played
professional,
War there had been a capacity
the Civil
seasons since
crowd, and
20% of matches only on very rare occasions
had
that at the retaining
been more than 20%.
In consequence,
the shortfall
of spectators
Marca called
a policy
upon the DND to initiate
of stadia
beginning
in
with a 100,000-capacity
national
construction,
stadium
This call
Madrid.
was taken up by both El Alcazar
and Arriba,
however,
because of lack of State investment,
the DND was only able
to offer
to the private
a tiny
amount of financial
assistance
football
to construct
their
By 1944, the Press
clubs
own stadia.
had terminated.
stadia
campaign for public
44.
141
of seeing
spectacular
conflict,
for
football.
example Luis
de Bilbao.
Athletic
America rather
Many others
to Francoist
than return
toured
of
generation
Telmo Zarra
Cesar
of
to
the
of
and Luis
FC Barcelona
players
attractive
Gainza
and Piru
in
the
mentioned
equality
1940s,
of Spanish football
This increase
continued
de Bilbao,
was largely
distributed
until
of
Real
that
did
Spanish
increased
not
inspired
Basora
lack
This
matter
and
of
overmuch
in the
considerably
young players
team dominated
Real Madrid,
featuring
public.
a new
Estanislao
Madrid.
however,
and war-weary
1940s. 46
Athletic
that
fore,
the
came to
players
Molowny
early
entertainment-starved
The popularity
in South
example practically
the mid-1940s
Spanish
attractive
for
Spain,
of
It
Mexico.
Urquizu
and Enrique
to remain in exile
preferred
in the
had died
players
Montanes of Valencia
leading
Several
clubs.
the game,
This
by the Argentine
state
of
forward
142
in popularity
increase
This
in the football
increase
in the mid-1950s.
began to dominate
Di Stefano,
Alfredo
broadcast
post-Civil
practically
the only
a radio
broadcasting
homes
Spanish
possessed a receiver,
of
private
football
to the exciting
listening
of football
The popularity
belonged
and usually
in Francoist
the national
councils
large
of
Franco
47.
and showed
regime
tournament
to
two days
victories
shows caused
the
several
might
Bilbao,
Barcelona,
Madrid,
screens
Spanish
of
people
the
fourth
be exploiting
tournament
whilst
Valencia
and Sevilla
public
The media
afterwards.
with
football
of them4e
the
in
in Brazil.
the
coverage
by
achieved
city
erected
8mm films
game to
order
another
place
was immense,
enthusiastic
connected
by the new
Spain received
considerable
coverage
the majority
broadcast
and
to the State
either
coupons in front
pools
increase
The media
of a luxury,
By 1950, however,
commentaries
their
with
stations,
radio
was something
of the Movimiento.
In the immediate
on the radio.
receiver
stations
in the sharp
reflected
pools
was also
of
the
and the
suspect
to maintain
film
that
the
a high
football
the three private
the season 1939/1940,
During
pools
had
joint
Civil
War
the
after
recommenced
revenues
which
companies
inferior
1935/1936
to
the
total
2,868,750
was
which
pesetas,
of
of
his total
had spectacularly
By season 1949/1950,
3,011,427
pesetas.
information
This
26,478,348
by an
to
pesetas.
was revealed
risen
of the DND.
of the archives
examination
48. This was claimed to the author by Vicente Marco, the founder-and
former director
of the Cadena SER' highly popular Sunday sports
fifteen
which attracted
an estimated
programme Carrusel deportivo,
by 1950.
listeners
million
143
level
of
political
was not
reasons,
Eight
Spain.
exiles
in
of
The subject
Mexican
Francoist
the
deliberate
of
product
the
was one of
By the
Spain
Francoist
Serrano's
Martinez
and Sandor
Madrid.
In
attracted
clubs
49.
order
by these
either
so far
the
to
increased
at
the
in
the
political
suggest
that
even
Arriba
1958,
that
the
demobilization
that
this
was the
such depoliticization
regime. 5'
to new heights,
largely
at
Real Madrid,
FC Barcelona,
the
because
Di
Ladislas
spectators
players,
practically
all
capacity
of
their
stadia
of
of
the
Stefano,
Kubala,
and Vav at
mass of
in
football
of
such as Alfredo
players
accommodate
foreign
nor
Republican
In November
popularity
Puskas
Kocsis
hinted
in
as to
by Spanish
the
foreign
Serrano
article,
had ascended
world-class
of
arrival
of
obvious
was printed
suspicion
newspapers.
policy,
regime
of
this
broached
be a factor
going
objectives
time
Garcia
could
without
country,
American
Rafael
football
pass before
was originally
and South
writer
of
popularity
to
for
suspicion,
49
print.
were
more years
inside
the
into
put
this
although
passivity,
Atletico
that
the
Eugenio
de
were
professional
by major
This suspicion
was felt
the present
at the the time by for example,
FC Barcelona
Vice-President
Nicolau
Casaus, and by Juan Jose
Castillo,
the veteran
in 1950 a
editor
of El Mundo Deportivo,
journalist
on the paper.
team of
review
by Rafael
144
Garcia
Serrano
in Arriba,
q&r
29
It
the
suspicion
that
political
soporific
from
regime
began really
the
the outside
of
broadcast
Montalbn,
grow in
Francoist
facilities
broadcasts
to
countries
other
regular
for
expressed
however that
who largely
to
was attempting
of
television
to permit
Franco
backwardness
technological
new stadia.
isolation
completely
or constructed
renovations,
Western
until
use football
Europe,
Spanish
19S8.
October
as a "social
national
Furthermore,
advanced
1961.
matches until
drug'
the
due to its
largely
as a
Because of
strength.
Spain,
the
in Francoist
Spain was
the first
based his
coverage of
RTVE:
that there are more football
by
matches transmitted
in Spain than in any other European
country,
says a lot
in this
that exists
about the kind of popular
culture
One of the major
and even about our political
system...
society,
football,
of televised
of such an immensity
apart from
effects
is undoubtebly
to contribute
at the stadia,
attendances
reducing
in all
is passive
the creation
that
towards
of a general
public
"52
respects.
"The fact
television
in itself
Vazquez Montalbn's
important
contribution
about a possible
political
passivity
broaching
of the subject
to encouraging
connection
that
in this
a debate,
albeit
existed
in Francoist
way made an
fever"
Spain. 53
somewhat limited,
and the
Two months
145
in May 1968,
later,
by referring
Montalbn
holiday,
public
J.
Alex
Botines
the
to
went
football
about
Vazquez
than
during
broadcasts
speculating
and mischievously
further
a step
possible
for
motives
these broadcasts:
"Once again, the armchair football
supporter has been treated to a
feast, seeing some of the most exciting
domestic and international
But one question repeatedly
action.
occurs to me: why so much
football
during this particular
holiday?
Do the
televized
wish to keep us all in the living-room,
authorities
away from the
beach or the mountains? ""4
There
and quality.
of
increase
with
of
the
this
were
of
1969,
contemporary
Spanish
in
popularity
of
offered
of
the
from
football
"de-Falangization"
the
history.
that
Francoist
quantity
Vazquez
Evaristo
writer
his
amusing
Writing
historical
in
both
humorous
esposados,
first
in both
increased
contributions
celtiberos
Acevedo
process
further
debate
this
a los
irony,
the
which
In February
Carta
published
interpretation
touch
in
and Botines.
Montalbn
Acevedo
year
an obvious
with
explanation
Spain,
was discussed
linking
in
the
of
it
Chapter
Two
thesis:
began to be relegated
"Politics
to a discreet
penumbra, leaving the
biggest preoccupations
for the economy. How was the gap filled
between 1947, the year in which Spain began to despoliticize
itself,
by means of democracia oraanica
and 1967, in which first
by means of other liberalizations,
Spain began to
and afterwards
herself
into the international
into "the
reintegrate
coexistence,
Simple: by "footballizing"
world of our days"?
public opinion.
By means of a controlled
Press,
which dedicated
pages and
to the cup matches,
pages to the league matches,
to the
declarations
to the financially
of coaches and footballers,
fabulous
transfers
figures
of the great
the country
of football,
"55
began to become impassioned
about football.
54.
Dicen,
2 May 1968.
146
esposados,
1969,
important
The first
on the
opinion
found
Bernabeu
serving
and Acevedo.
whether
Franco
regime.
was the
Madrid
book
is
This
5,000
by the
blancos,
these
result
in
into
the
in
published
Vazquez
football
about
the
a deliberate
of
Bernabeu,
commentators,
suspicious
entering
voles
to
his
express
Santiago
comments of
contrast
or
to
world
President
earlier
without
soporific,
situation
Madrid
In
football
the
dangerous
either
nothing
as political
this
Real
he was annoyed
Botines
Montalbn,
was the
matter
because
probably
inside
figure
question
policy
of
of
the
Real
semi-official
1969:
September
Bernabeu
de Madrid,
Atletico
Vicente
Calderon,
questioned
question
itself
a short
period:
reflecting
in
his
opinions.
was far
on television
His
counterpart
more explicit
at
when
how widespread
this
56.
Quoted
Bilbao,
in Juan Mattas
1969, p. 326.
and Jose
Luis
of the Spanish
147
Muniain,
sports
5,000
newspapers,
soles
blancos,
17 November
debate continued
This
in addition
Garcia,
to non-specialist
of limiting
the general
keeping
in a state
the people
such as Manuel
in February
to claiming
that
sports
public
boasted
actually
as before,
himself,
majority
writers
contribution
Instead
sports
Cerecedo. 68
and Francisco
Vazquez Montalban
of critical
Garcia
Jurin
the great
with
of contributions
journalists,
that
unpleasant
a favour
1971.
football
helped
reality,
he
to the "nation"
of contentment:
distinguished
The next
the
about
subject
who objected
to
the
the
the
Despite
reduction
following
in
person
Athletic
him
days
by three
the
in
normal
paying
the
game to declare
de Bilbao
RFEF requesting
Valencia
against
match
was the
by
in
to
President
bring
order
compensation
spectators,
his
Jose
forward
opinion
Maria
Athletic's
to be broadcast
offered
keep
for the
the
to
Oraa insisted
Oraa,
home
by RTVE on
the
clubs
by
on protesting
way:
football
in this
far too much televized
"There is altogether
loss
I
Furthermore,
to understand why RTVE
at
am
simply
a
country.
always has to broadcast a number of matches during the May Day
holiday,
preoccupied
with keeping about half of
as if it was really
the country in their homes... "60
148
debate
This
1974,
March
detailed
the
the
During
in
illustrated
football
the
Epilogue
to
continuing
1977 due to
the
claiming
football
that
passivity
political
at
offered
profound
the
was perhaps
biography
of
the
the
the
this
the
one given
world-famous
Spanish
in
of
because,
as shall
allegations
about
all
stopped
soporific
then
Franco
62
in
occurring
Many historical
regime
including
chapter.
the derivative
approach,
were
game.
published,
of
the
democracy
thesis,
that
had served
begining
and one of
to
as a political
of
were
overviews
this
changes
structures
organizational
dictatorship
to
serve
in Spain into
itself
a historical
acquired
Le Monde undertook
situation,
In
media.
was that:
from
transition
obviously
newspaper
political
at
arrived
has converted
passion. "61
"Football
political
debate
it
that
Spanish
the
of
study
conclusions
Paris
prestigious
Spanish
the
to
confined
completely
was not
the
goalkeeper
this
be
around
the
overviews
as an agent
one from
Gonzalez
Ricardo
of
Javier
by Francisco
Spain,
of
Solana
these
Ledesma
in
his
Zamora:
football
"When the Civil
War finished,
the national
panorama was as
The people longed
gloomy as the general horizon of the country...
that the war seemed to
to return to normal, to return to the life
have destroyed for ever, and they especially
In
wanted to forget.
football
has always been a kind of opium which has
this context,
helped the bad times to pass, and has caused to be forgotten
many
situations
which would have otherwise appeared unbearable.
Concious of this,
the leaders of the "New State" dedicated
a large
to the reorganization
of football,
and there
part of their efforts
is no doubt that they were successful.
For almost forty years, we
Spaniards - in a general,
mass sense - have preoccupied ourselves
less with the realities
of our country than with knowing how our
favourite
team would end up in the league classification.
Without
149
1977.
p. 164-165,
Marco,
op.
introduces
objective
really
existed
of this
policy
The first
football
to be a political
overview
soporific.
dedicated
a large
of football",
reorganization
with
concerns
1974, with
the objective
implication
that
for
attempting
is appropriate
to point
"the
leaders
to the
the misery
de la Mora, the
Works from 1970 to
of Public
had a
of
in the
of mitigating
War years.
post-Civil
who served
basis
theoretical
efforts
there
raised
that
claim
the
to manipulate
point
of their
part
for
chapter,
a deliberate
two points
of
as a political
soporific.
It
little
evidence
immediately
is
first
the claim
to support
to be in a position
football
that
true
after
the Civil
competitions
Nacional
de Deportes,
functioning
that
there
on General
again
exists
Jose
Moscard
and then,
to have the
helped
above.
the
head of
sporting
This
is
evidenced
It
national
as soon as possible.
very
soporific
the Consejo_Nacional_de_Deportes,
Delegacion
that
stage
to serve as a political
was put
pressure
out at this
the
in October 1939:
by Moscard declaring,
"The leaders
of the "New Spain" have placed
the sporting
that
of ensuring
responsibility
immediately...
"64
to full
operation
return
in
Moscardo,
RFEF to
league
in
prove
that
football
as it
the
practically
been before
This
was renamed,
Franco
every
government,
to help
a war,
the
the
immediate
transformation
regime,
despite
the
country
and the
massive
Republic,
the
conflict
had the
that
victors
would
competitions
the
and the
Civil
of
the
have
parties
again
24 October
in
the
political
as soon
of
that
to
the
of
system
against
those
had supported
a different
zealous
usually
War objectives
it
Furthermore,
unions.
is
have
had
regarded
government.
the
of
Franco
the
connected
it
during
way,
then
the
league
as possible,
that
way it
the
to
return
normality
unleashed
political
been equally
functioning
of
to
of
is
character,
competence
post-Civil
War concluded
to
repression
trade
life
potential
be argued
could
first
does not
the
of
political
return
as a demonstration
was one of
the
everyday
This
conflict.
It
of whatever
65 and
and the
certainly
aware
diversion.
1939,
June
however,
pressure,
the
of
in
commencing
haste,
with
post-Civil
was immediately
regime
as a political
populace
with
This
serve
after
first
weighty
of Spain
directors
own appointed
achieve
1939.
October
to
anxious,
to
his
to
pressure
league
the
managed
Generalisimo,
by the
applied
reorganize
they
this
turn
upon me the
competitions
both
the
Republican
and cup
as a
1939.
In the archives
from
of the DND, the author
uncovered
a letter
dated 5 June 1939, urging
Moscard,
the RFEF President
Julian
by Moscardo only three
Sagredo,
Troncoso
appointed
to
weeks earlier,
"use all
in order
possible
resources
and efforts"
to have the Copa
del Generalisimo
played in June and July,
and the league in
again from October.
operation
151
demonstration
Ledesma's
Gonzlez
its
of
part
itself
functioning
helped
to
RFEF in
evidence
for
to
the
scarce
extremely
In February
requested
military
67.
regard
to
without
not
for
time,
received
expenses until
Moscirdo
travel
of
to
of their
1939.
petrol,
them to
The
was a
an
away matches. 67
of their
stadium,
in October 1936.69
Sporting
de Gijon,
to finance
received
for
a negative
April-September
Deportes
materially
War years
post-Civil
they
does
The only
exist.
of the city
conquest
order
October
acquisition
any coordination
the
in the period
however,
regime
in
in the reconstruction
was received
individually,
repairs
66.
immediate
the Nationalist
loan
the
assistance
in
league
in
the
Franco
themselves,
does
at
a large
to both
applied
the
simply
clubs
commodity
that
the
public"
"dedicated
,
no
to reorganize
of
general
football"
pressure
implies
damaged during
Valencia
the
the
was practically
regime
of
league
the
claim
with
priviledged"position
to
relaunching
support-this
made to
concession
to have
clubs
Franco
reorganization
The phrase
football
be prepared
the
the war-weary
the
that
referring
order
again.,
the
claim
to
efforts
confine
and the
all
for
other
not
of their
their
requested
stadia
details,
see Marca,
152
9 September 1939.
first
national
with
competitions
for
themselves
to prepare
were compelled
1939.69
practically
In consequence,
the clubs
no assistance
authorities.
In later
help
form of material
'N
years,
requested
In April
construct
new stadia.
requested
loan of 25 million
implement
his
the construction
Madrid
of
one million
Sporting
Private
the
total
cost
scheme. 71
October
of
cost
Sevilla
69.
70.
of
pesetas
all
club
that
of
its
football
requested
the
its
"Support
but
the
construction,
As seen in
1951,
out
this
a five
supporters
Two of
Chapter
"Support
stadia
a loan
this
Fund"
would
constructions
of
40 million
to
years
thesis
in order
pesetas
the
the
contribute
Real
Construction
the
less
than
money being
advanced
just
4% of
raised
membership
DND ruled,
from
to
capacity
gave
and improvements.
pesetas
to
President
Fund for
of
loans
ofa125,000
amounted
remainder
the only
clubs:
refused.
Facilities",
by offering
by Bernabeu
for
plans
was immediately
but
stadium,
visionary
to offer
in
2.5% to
the
When the
the
DND for
by the archives
Information
of the DND: no information
revealed
or the subsequent
refusals
about these requests,
of the DND, was
given by Marca or any newspaper.
by the archives
This information
was revealed
of the DND, and of
Real Madrid;
about this matter
no information
again,
was given by
Press,
the extensive
to
as seen in the Introduction
which,
sporting
by the DND's "Commission
this
thesis,
controlled
was closely
of
Press and Propaganda".
153
their
in October
plans,
stadium
regime did-practically
was in a position
for
lack
this
of
conclusion
the
In fact,
time
there
was aware
the
of
cities
74.
this
did
if
it
from
potential,.
difficult
the
helping
clubs
is
from
right
the
circumstances
economic
the
The question
however,
this
even
immediately
not
way.
of
Brazil,
of
whatsoever
this
of
potential
in
any meaningful
73 with
50% of
an estimated
on the
one of
the
until
the
radio,
40% of
approximately
to read
football
broadcast
them, 74 with
preferring
the
to suggest
to be a political
already
the
regime
in
serve
is no evidence
at
footballcommentaries
front
it
the
reason
of the
position
was aware
then
average
after
War,
Civil
game to
football
way.
material
regime
because
have prevented
still
would
regime
hypothetical,
somewhat
the
of
Franco
the
whether
was that
reason
the Franco
The obvious
soporific.
possible
potential
that
refused. 72
as a political
of assistance
the
recognize
the conclusion
in material
nothing
to serve
Another
regime.
of
towards
All
the
the
specialist
1960s,
by which
soporific,
highest
their
inhabitants
sports
by the archives
in
with
the
pools
of
world
to
listening
population
with
the Franco
that
coupons'in
the
newspapers
large
rather
154
the
than
a general
these
sports
this
practically
nothing
was not
to
to
General
Alonso
of football
be argued that
final
for
contentment,
or
even by a comment
Moscardb
or
one of
Franco's
Munoz Grandes
Agustin
its
that
or at least
It
maintain
policy
could
itself
had presented
at the same
of football.
de Madrid,
sixteen
with
years,
in their
This
way,
opportunity
match transmitted
In the following
of 714 football
to
had done
to increase,
pictures.
total
football
logical
regime
regime.
soporific
high
The first
Franco
as General
demonstrated
the first
such
is
It
in
the'space
Vega.
an extremely
this-was
the
General
to serve as a political
of broadcasting
from
first
the
which
ministers,
Camilo
76
any documentary
Press
the
football-enthusiastic
or
.
in
expressed
football.
pleased
promote,
60% of
approximately
to
affairs,
of
state
satisfaction
of
dedicated
newspapers
assume that
however,
75 and with
newspaper,
This
entirety
by RTVE,
of the football
total
was far
higher
This estimate
on the basis
was made by the author,
of having
in Francoist
newspapers published
examined an abundance of sports
Spain.
155
figure
period,
country
Italy,
In both
by private
television
Francoist
Spain
is
fortnight
being
screened
final,
the
which
period,
European
three
matches
in
was no Spanish
the
club
of
European
offered
by RTVE as "saturation
claimed
that
practically
there
every
78. Information
existed
football,
gathered
foreign
a policy
Real
in
matches
from
July
1970.
156
finals
and
both
teams
in
Madrid
there
which
from
matches
tournaments,
Manuel
in the world".
author
Information
Francisco
from
Spanish
were
one
team during
national
of "transmitting
everywhere
in
one a
match,
international
80 whilst
by the
gathered
Cercedo,
op. cit.
79.
80.
semi
along
level",
RTVE had
with
the
79
competitions.
Cerecedo described
Francisco
assorted
Cup final
Nations
club
Spanish
were
transmitted
international
37 of which
mostly
the
season,
participation,
the
92;
to
competitions,
World
finals
amounted
single
by the
played
European
the
every
78
screened.
usually
the
usually
was
and thereafter
league
the
cup games,
and friendly,
competitive
this
in
played.
during
evening
67 domestic
to April;
September
1961-1968,
the
matches
Spain
with
matches,
period
were
714 matches
these
of
the
in
whereas
during
Spain,
the
of
a proportion
285 league
during
Saturday
every
practically
as follows:
a month
matches
stations,
After
of football
coverage
three
The breakdown
monopoly.
a complete
television
however,
and Italy,
in the world
country
almost
of
an average
Argentina
broadcast
highest
the third
where
any other
from Argentina
apart
with
for
coverage
Vazquez
the kicking
81
Montalbn
of
The editors
of World Soccer.
Spanish
daily
newspapers.
of
the
World
Soccer,
London,
it
that
recalled
during
1960s
the
and Jaques
known on the
and early
1970s that
international
countries
of
the
games that
two competing
no European
practically
obstacle
being
the
fall
in
consequent
in
overcome
collective
Francoist
1972,
and August
receipts
between
season,
or on the
the
been broadcast.
be estimated
that
three
professional
presence
this
the
clubs
of
money,
the
Estadio
Bernabeu
Domestic
1960-1975,
This
same fixture
when that
particular
RTVE spent
approximately
600 million
million
pounds sterling,
television
cameras. 83
less
than
of between
every
four
season,
a third,
went
and seven
whilst
RTVE.
of
the
the
FC Barcelona
Real
league
of
the
pesetas
of
Madrid
matches
received
club
in
for
the
103 millions
interview
82. Author's
with Keir Radnedge, and With Jacques Ferran.
83. Because of the lack of information
by RTVE, this
offered
approximation
was made by the author.
157
can
the
because
183 million
to
It
pesetas,
spectators
Exactly
had not
practically
on compensating
paying
1966
in gate
fixture
for
in
in July
the previous
expensive
fall
the RFEF
difference
and the
was
problem
the
of
between
an agreement
and
the main
because
clubs
to be extremely
their
the
few countries,
very
match
slightly
broadcasting
teams. 82
a league
for
in
only
of transmitting
proved
to
right
transmitted
stadia.
compensate
match
occasion
the
scene
buy up the
period
the
at
in August
televized
night
approximately
of
by means of
The policy
Saturday
every
opposition
RTVE would
previous
in
the
formulated
by which
club
during
spectators
Spain
or
both
fotball
RIVE would
simultaneously
country,
paying
international
were usually
Radnedge of
Paris,
L'Equipe,
of
national
were broadcast
matches
Keir
publications,
Ferran
was well
broadcast
league
football
world's
during
this
between
this
teen-year
six
football
clubs
In addition
Cup, European
more than
Estadio
Estudio
division
of
that
the
on compensating
half'of
RTVE's total
league,
cup, international,
high.
Only
on
spending
Madrid
matches
for
excess
the
the
of
because of,
the
ten
this
important
Spanish
Franco
league
did
years.
the
first
the
on Sunday
especially
The television
the
always
of
figure
Approximately
of between
games in
the
the
were consistently
viewing
mark.
matches,
half
coverage,
estimated
audience
team almost
approximately
Spain
million
Real Madrid's
national
saturation
Francoist
by a television
15 milion,
later
in
occasions
below
and FC Barcelona,
of
of
all
that
football
rare
game fall
The most
called
programme
of
their
1968 onwards.
were watched
million.
a two-hour
World
in
broadcast
Cup matches
highlights
of
earlier
or possibly
on very
a televized
matches
played
audiences
estimated
1960 to 1976,
September
Despite,
Nations
and consisting
matches
from
nights
by RTVE from
entirety
during
transmission
"
sport.
in
It
600 million
approximately
constituted
the
permitting
season. 84
per
matches
of
expenditure
for
period
ten
achieved
Spanish
audience
80% of
and fifteen
between
European
for
Real
population
for
a football
by the archives
84. Information
of the two clubs.
revealed
in Barca, No. 765,
85. This claim was made by Manuel Vzquez Montalbn
he did not attempt
13 July 1970, although
to make any approximation
in general
for
of the expenditures
of RTVE on sport
and compensation
because of RTVE's refusal
the football
to offer
clubs in particular,
him information.
158
of five
match in Francoist
July
to assume that
The conclusion
televized
football
was extremely
estimated
evidence
promoting
to
in
be drawn
Francoist
the
football
figures.
Franco
for
all
1974.86
football
for
is
Spain
facts
did
to be a political
have
the
of
that
regime
the league
and Italy;
would have
it
have
generally
a policy
soporific.
was more of
achieved
87
of
set.
about
above material
there
is
It
from
These
and FC Barcelona;
in February
figures
viewing
Spaniard
every
expensive
viewing
that
if
these
the
in May
Belgrade
occasions:
it,
very
high
been
accepted
it
as
systematically
The responsibility
159
for
this
to Manuel Fraga,
and Tourism
of Information
Minister
been attributed
has usually
policy
importance
demonstrated
seeing
commenting after
member, defeat
the club
Real Madrid,
Fraga
of football
by
of Milan
Internazionale
the
finals:
in' this
has
"The immense social
significance
of football
country
In how
exciting
match...
again been amply shown up by tonight's
in the world would the stadium be packed by
many other countries
desperate
120,000 supporters,
to enter
with thousands
more outside
but unable to do so, and with more than half
of the nation
"e9
following
the game on the television?
by his
integrated
he successfully
1964 European
the
be seen in detail
As shall
words.
quarter
of a century
Chapter
Six,
he persuaded
take
part
in his
to
December
using
frequently
been alleged
that
personal
nominees
and men of
Ezcurra,
appointed
as Director
RTVE respectively
within
in
on the
to promote
his
Spain
vast
Franco
as by
Seven of this
thesis,
of
favour
propaganda
regime's
of
"Organic
football
Fraga
to
General
two months
of
and other
be apolitical
Eduardo
Fraga
sportsmen
in
With
regard
the
soporific,
Elorriaga
becoming
in
vote
by means of
and Director
be illustrated
State".
this
entitled
of
celebration
an affirmative
Law of
of
stages
campaign
as shall
achieved
confidence
final
the
famous footballers
several
campaign
in
In addition,
of power.
1966 referendum
television
the
Peace",
of
in Chapter
staging
Cup into
Nations
Years
"Twenty-Five
the
as well
actions
of
giving
to
it
has
his
and Luis
Programming
at
Minister,
1966.
160
it
More specifically,
91
these intructions
by RTVE during
potential
problems
In May 1960,
the
"Vertical
the
Real
Bernabeu,
the
broadcasting
of
head
Games" ceased
published
year,
of
held
it
that
is
matches were
of
to
until
cup victory
1964.
After
the
in
though
figures
In place
Cup semi
of
these
of
Madrid's
Elorriaga
of
"Syndicalist
because
estimated
of
audiences
was transmitted.
final
On
Games" of
Real
arrival
these
1976.
commenced.
by RTVE, presumably
away to Granada
European
not
date
of
1960 to
Sporting
1962,
September
be broadcast
even
had still
on this
details
from
"Syndicalist
the
by RTVE.
RTVE in
fullest
the
to offer
annually
screened
viewers,
Real's
to prove that
to believe
holiday
were
the
at
Madrid's
following
during
Syndicates",
low number
were not
stage
both
evidence
is difficult
this
at
RTVE's
May Days of
Sporting
it
the public
coverage
the
and Ezcurra
no documentary
two
appropriate
football
Estadio
for
during
neccessary,
his
combined with
that
broadcast
is
is
were given,
merely a coincidence
RTVE's
if
there
Although
Fraga instructed
that
alleged
90
as possible.
amount of football,
and bullfighting
basketball
It
is
a large
nominees to transmit
holiday.
as much football
to broadcast
instructions
match
The
away to
Zurich
in Footnote
90. This allegation
was made in all of the studies listed
except the Alcoba book, op. cit.,
88, with the same page references,
to Elorriaga
which made no reference
and Ezcurra.
in Footnote 88, including
91. All of the studies listed
the Alcoba
book, made this allegation
about basketball
and bullfighting.
161
was broadcast
being,
thirteen
as seen
basketball
in
four
English
though
there
following
between
Benfica
days
Barcelona's
of
Lisbon,
Budapest
92. Information
Real
Madrid
night
between
the
the
first
May Day
de
and Caja
30 April
1965,
in
the
match
the
European
of
four
the
of
by RIVE,
final
Cup semi
Real
live
even
The
match.
eliminated
A series
28 April,
testimonial
part
remarkable
Wednesday
of
when,
by RTVE
by RTVE, two of
Zaragoza
Madrid,
matches
RTVE transmitted
in
FC
Valencia.
of the preparations
obtained
1965,
of
On the
in
1973,
games.
player
part
the
was screened.
was completed
On 30 April
Belgium,
Friday
evening,
year,
night,
the
in
forward
Matthews
was no Spanish
and Vasas of
four
Stanley
player
this
The following
was transmitted.
92
Cup match
Cup-Winners
European
match
participants.
for
de Bilbao
the
In
two days
complain
to bring
two football
four
to
Athletic
by RTVE, between
the
in
President
club
Oraa of
complied.
the
matches
had no Spanish
which
the
to
addition
and during
Before
number of
and duly
was broadcast
match
Zaragoza,
Maria
only
requested
were
RFEF,
the
through
Jose
already
the
with
the cup
forward
would be normal
that
a practice
years,
de Madrid
Atletico
whilst
Establishing
and screened.
following
of 30 April,
on the night
friendly
match with
162
team's
of Atletico
de Madrid.
was broadcast
tournament,
by the FC Barcelona-Real
immediately
de Madrid
the
and then
Gijon,
"derby"
On the night
one of
the
public
holiday:
of
and Castellon
team,
Sporting
versus
the
competition,
de
Madrid
every
the
for
goal
by Javier
ultra-nationalist
May Day,
by the
scored
Solana
between
the
at
commentator
cup match
May Day
the
Real
Matias
Madrid
was transmitted.
RTVE's football
of
as recalled
by the
day,
cup matches
made specially
collection
narrated,
chapter,
the
forward
brought
domestic
the first
it
that
programmes
game of
between
tie
the
specially
two other
1970, for
a two hour-long
this
and Espanol de
and Atletico.
of 30 April
The following
Prats.
Real
compilation
national
beginning
and Valencia.
de San Sebastian
Sociedad
most attractive
between
match
Spanish
by RTVE: Real
screened
de Alicante,
and Hercules
On 30 April
two days.
were
between Murcia
match was
the football
whilst
was broadcast
Atletico
match to
On 30 April
From 1966
game.
basketball
de Badalona,
Barcelona
basketball
by
followed
transmitted,
on May Day.
and Joventut
between FC Barcelona
broadcast
Madrid
there
onwards,
their
Real Madrid,
The following
by RTVE.
a two-and-a-half
coverage
On the night
and Betis
163
this
of 30 April
of Seville
hour special
during
history
public
1971, the cup
was screened.
On May
of Real Madrid's
in
performances
Real's
the
On 30 April
on this
1972,
broadcast
by RTVE.
and FC Barcelona,
basketball
day,
Real
the
league
with
by the
Madrid
Galician
the
significance
followed
of 30 April
regard
Soviet
and La Coruna,
was
seaport,
between
match
to
Valencia
league
the
Union-Yugoslavia
the narration
programmes with
special
of
game.
On the night
that
crucial
was transmitted,
title,
in
match played
The following
of
between
match
another
a league
occasion
transmission
La Coruna.
with
cup match
by the
European
year,
observed
of Matias
Prats:
and bullfighting
de Bilbao-Valencia
in
earlier
this
of its
another
On May Day of
transmissions
were
league match,
despite
of the Athletic
chapter,
President.
The friendly
both
teams,
broadcast
day,
match
in
preparation
for
by RTVE on the
night
two-hour
a special
Cup competition
league
On 30 April
was conveniently
international
the
the
of
match
brought
match
of
30 April
German programme
1975,
life
the
the
between
league
forward
Franco,
available
there
was
The following
history
the
of
World
by the
de Madrid
between
to be transmitted,
164
the
national
tournament,
year.
immediately
and broadcast
however,
that
about
Atletico
match
Cup finals
of
followed
was transmitted,
broughtforward
Day during
between
Zaragoza
by RTVE.
and Oviedo.
and Real
On the
was no domestic
and therefore
Madrid
last
or
RTVE
May
world-famous
player
As shall
be illustrated
holiday
the government
of Carlos
forward
of transition
favour
In the light
It
is
football
passivity
separate
transmitted
the
in Madrid's
rally
of the forces
during
question,
that
in
and parties
democracy. 93
regard
by RTVE throughout
during
soporific
there
conclusion
Obreras
a completely
to this
in order to
by two days and televized,
to plurarist
an agent of political
the
insisted
Navarro
demonstrations
to deny that
whatsoever
as a political
at the Com!isiones
in the Epilogue
detail
Arias
by
football.
from first-class
in greater
did
broadcasts
retired
of football
the manipulation
thesis,
film
Brazilian
the two-hour
screening
and bullfighting
whether
to the extremely
the year.
the remarkably
holidays.
94
the same
high
level
The policy
high
as
level
high
of
of RTVE
of interest
level
of
details,
93. For further
Press,
see the whole of the Spanish sporting
the Barcelona newspapers, from 24 April
to 2 May 1976,
especially
in Garcia Candau, op.
and also the comprehensive account offered
cit.,
pp. 51-52.
94. This was not even attempted by the four defenders of RTVE's general
policy of football
coverage discussed in Footnote 95, all of whom
remained silent
about the question of the annual May Day
transmissions.
165
television
This
coverage.
response of Luis
Ezcurra
when questioned
of evasion"
culture:
that
their
only
demand, rather
public
employed to explain
is
objective
the satisfaction
why there
Spain. 96
level
public
example,
Britain,
and that
if
Italy
Spain,
viewing
figures
would
have
achieved.
imagine
that
even
there
of
awareness
testimonial
mentioned
or
above
games shown at
or major
the
been
Spanish
existence
was almost
connection
other
times
the
the
year
significance,
it
such
for
as the
is
friendly
any Spanish
the
impossible
to
see,
Stanley
example
same high
the
demand beforehand
without
English
to
or
Matthews
match,
both
or
other
participation
FA Cup
March 1964.
Barca, No. 434,19
of remark was made, for example, in Cazorla Prieto,
165, Marco, op. cit.,
p. 146 and by Manuel Vazquez
in Bar a, No. 765,13
July 1970.
166
in
Moreover,
Yugoslavia
versus
for
1960-1976,
the period
approximately
matches
with
of
then
of
as much
in,
football
football
public
of,
West Germany
in
international
95. Quoted in
96. This type
cit.,
p.
Montalbn
was any
the
there
Francoist
and writers,
in Francoist
football
amount of televized
as in
demand.
of this
doubt that
countries
these
this
promoting
journalists
of televized
of a
of a genuine
or stimulation
is by no means a satisfactory
this
for
responsible
the existence
op.
in
Final
the
South
this
it
May of
American
flaw
major
is
difficult
of
person
defence
to
avoid
football
to be a political
illustration
form. 97
Franco
years,
stimulated
Franco
the
of
demand for
artificially
from
of
in
regime,
which is
chapter,
to examine the
promoting
of systematically
to the popularity
official
and political
of
in
simply
regarding
is an
else
attitudes
is
passivity
which follow.
quotations
is
desire
the much-cited
of Franco's
in his
revealingly-titled
the politics
98 constituted
to find
expected
in his examination
brought
de las
into
ideolog(as
de la Mora, El crepsculo
the cabinet
of
of
the
de las
"the
expressed
C" The
such an illustration
of the archives
167
desire,
This
of things".
book E1 crepsculo
of the Ideologies"),
The author
attitudes
RFEF.
the
public
of the regime
attitude
of these quotations
of politics
97.
and final
As a consequence
between football
things
Twilight
of this
in the three
of Public
the
such an illustration
Unfortunately,
Minister
on instructions
soporific,
of the official
The first
finals
during
was partly
that
documentary
Spain
semi
policy
that
conclusion
objective
evidence
the game.
the
October.
every
RTVE's
of
Francoist
or
Fraga.
Manuel
contained
the
by RTVE, acting
and promoted
the
the
in
year,
championship
club
in
football
televized
every
practically
calls
in the
official
DND, or
ideolocias,
of
the
by
1960s for
demobilized
a politically
la Mora's
call
to promote football
attempt
entertainment
as agents of political
that
Marco alleged
Vicente
for
this
the regime's
sources
of
passivity
of the goalkeeper
de
the Franco
popular
and other
within
Fernindez
that
as a suggestion
regime should
example,
dictatorship.
the institutional
consumer society
and passive
phrase
to use football
attempts
For
as a
soporific:
political
The second
defeat
Cup,
Elola
Antonio
Jose
the
of
played
in
staging
triumph
Madrid.
Spain
organized
with
the
on the
Union
the
of
coincided
conveniently
campaign
Olaso,
Soviet
in
comes from
quotation
in
occasion
the
final
As commented
semi
with
by Manuel
propaganda
finals
the
of
of
already
and final
"Twenty-Five
Fraga.
campaign
in
the
the
de Deportes,
Nacional
Spanish
national
1964 European
the
in
this
of
chapter,
this
Years
Olaso
Elola
is the great
triumph
"This
sporting
for the "Twenty-Five
to the Caudillo
99.
Delegado
the
of
linked
following
of peace.
Years of
team's
Nations
the
competition
Peace"
the
propaganda
football
way:
It is our offering
Peace". "loo
It
that
can be argued
Franco
the
which
enthusiasm,
This
regime.
among others,
built
of
interpretation
the
Elola
of
Vazquez
Delegado
"peace"
was a social
of
and
intense
dictatorship
continued
Olaso's
implied
Nacional
foundations
on the
partly
facilitate
would
Manuel
the
interpretation
regime's
passivity,
political
comment from
this
that
football
the
of
by,
Montalban:
intended to say
"What our former honourable [sic]
Delegado_Nacional
type of peace is
was that he longed for a country where a certain
maintained by everyone being passively
stuck in front of their
television
sets marvelling
at the breathtaking
exploits
of Real
Madrid. "101
The third
regime
offered
is
passivity
motion
the tension
in order
requesting
to leave
The response
is extremely
that
the
of football
all
ways.
Franco
a
Martin
matches be played
religious
regime's
In
trials,
by the little-known
football
for
and
Sunday free
of
of the Franco
in different
to the Cortes
Fernandez Palacios,
Saturday
and less
somewhat clearer
the attitude
to the connection
political
activities.
which illustrates
quotation
on
and family
spokesman
to
this
revealing:
101. Quoted in Ba
664,20
No.
,
March 1968.
169
for
thousands
Spaniards,
thousands
and
of
relaxation
and
solace
that support in the country is immense and that we are obliged to
it,
increase
to the
access to such spectacles
granting
and
sustain
"ioz
largest
possible number of citizens.
from the Franco regime,
This statement
in this
outlined
off
by this
football
critique
radical
from Nestor
already
as a
was acting
soporific.
political
about whether
chapter,
the debate,
revitalized
Lujn:
"Football
is a ludicrous
sport from all points of view, 'although
important with regard to panemet_circenses...
We would like the
Spaniards to become passionate about other problems, but as we
them, we accept
don't have the slightest
possibility
of influencing
the facts with a painful
and very long, too long, silence. "103
The usual
critics
took their
regime
of the alleged
as the clearest
the regime's
yet of
football
promoting
passivity.
response
piece of evidence
of systematically
of a regime policy
be an agent of political
particularly
motion
by the Franco
of football
to Fernandez Palacios'
the existence
manipulation
to
was
incisive:
statement.
105
other
Not
critical
every
interpretations
interpretation,
of the Franco
however,
was negative.
icial
de las Cortes Esvafiolas,
in
Of
the
Boletin
Madrid,
102. Reproduced
No. 1129,23 December 1970. (Madrid),
6 February 1971.
103. Sbado Grafico,
February 1971.
No. 796,16
104. Bam,
105. See, for example: Alcoba, op. cit.,
p. 256; Botines,
op. cit.,
p.
19; Dicen, 17 February 1971; El Mundo Deportivo,
21 February 1971.
170
Marca,
of
perhaps
Movimiento,
the
doing
launching
who believed
given
was eager
once again
it
was a systematic
as the
status
to
defend
the
newspaper
sports
in
regime,
the
critical
group
regime
policy
to utilize
against
a counter-attack
that
its
surprisingly
not
of
so
writers
the
soporific:
game as a political
in the official
"We see nothing peculiar
response to
or suspicious
the motion presented in the Cortes in December by Senor Fernandez
Palacios,
we are slightly
perplexed by all the fuss
and therefore
This appears to us to be no more than the
that has surrounded it.
thoughtful,
considerate
statement of a government that obviously
whereby a large proportion
of its
wants to avoid the situation
favourite
sport and source
subjects would be unable to enjoy their
In a more general context,
all of this stuff
of entertainment...
is
"escape
"social
drug"
football
a
valve"
an
a
and
acting
as
about
impassioning
has
been
the
Football
as
a
cathedral.
cliche as old
people both in Spain and elsewhere for almost all of this century,
because it is something like an island of refuge in a sea of
not because any government has
everyday concerns and worries,
own specific
purposes. "106
promoted it for their
Marca's
point
correspondent
suggest
that
of
response
It
is
question
was supported
"Gilera",
who claimed
there
the
sufficiently
possible
Franco
of whether
conclusion
in
appropriate
to be a political
this
by the
view
of
to
regime
at
there
this
soporific.
agent of political
passivity
20 February
1971.
at
the
a conclusion
about
of promoting
football
limited
the potential
in
evidence
the
available,
to realize
perceptive
arrive
to
107
motion.
a regime policy
must be as follows.
was "ridiculous
significance"
Cortes
to
stage
El Alczar
it
ABC that
political
the
existed
former
until
with
1971.
171
of the game as a
level
time
of football
lack of perception,
Because of this
enthusiasm.
preparing
new high-capacity
constructing
to
satisfactory
without
football,
televized
the
towards
contribute
demonstrations
the
of
In
the
Spanish
passivity
as the
and final
The fifth
what extent
soporific
level
it
of
actually
question
wanted
that
172
inter-
special
popularity
of
transmissions
illegal
could
May Day
This
utilization
of
on the
to
emulate
money in
the
game to
serve
assistance
the
as an agent
to
the
clubs,
to do.
obliged
chapter
many
is
to evaluate
to
of football
as a political
the maintenance
of the high
existed
the
sums of
felt
utilization
towards
to
regard
huge
financial
of this
objective
passivity
the
of
1967 to
much a manipulation
of
America
South
contributed
or
such
is not
It
from
giving
of political
particular
was very
investment
the
without
regimes
military
at
regime
for
with
opposition.
soporific
in
that
attendances
anti-Francoist
the regime,
an abundance
immediate
the
of
realized
regime
infrastructure,
sporting
political
light
such
This
participation
and Mussolini
Hitler
demand.
any Spanish
the
1960s,
Argentina
except
especially
reducing
game as a political
cheap.
country
and promoted,
In
significance.
1939, and in
or even increased.
of
with
in Francoist
far
in
the clubs
the enthusiasm
transmission
by immense public
screened
national
the
any other
stimulated
matches
of
in
was justified
artificially
the
that
claim
more than
matches,
1969,
of
football
in October
In the early
stadia.
Real Madrid
television
to assist
nothing
of the league
the relaunching
to a lack
allied
less
Spain.
This
football
the illegal
demonstrations.
In the light
the
resist
of
football
being
the
the
end of
the
Civil
War,
to
suspicion
themselves
accept
died
in
the
the
and repression,
and their
regard
of
are basically
in
Spain was
These
passivity.
to details,
for
example
reduced attendance
at
is impossible
to
108
evidence
the
Francoist
than
the
in
the
significance
Spain
a cause
Spanish
of
in
political
purges.
new regime,
and to
and to maintain
Given
struggle
of
harsh
enthusiasm
whatever
the
that
to
employment
the
level
After
was politically
had left
Those
this
high
passivity.
and militants,
conflict,
the
of
consists
population
subsequent
dependents.
it
available,
political
leaders
anti-Francoist
been eliminated
108.
rather
had either
grouping,
obliged
in
enthusiasm
a consequence
because
that
political
of the limited
conclusion
with
and defenders
in Francoist
of football
differ
simply
question
rather
and defenders
critics
to the latter
regard
to employ
policy
a regime
the effect
partly
existed
soporific.
as a political
agreement that
there
of whether
political
or had
country
survived
avoid
in
passive
were
political
order
to
support
social
by Alex J. Botines,
It was claimed
to the author
for example,
and
by Julian
Garcia Candau, that the May Day football
by
transmissions
fulfilled
desired
the regime's
RTVE probably
effect
of reducing
Other critics
at the demonstrations.
attendances
of this
regime,
for example,
however,
Manuel Vazquez Montalbn
and leading
in this
historian
Juan Pablo Fusi,
respectively,
case agree with
defenders
habitual
sporting
of the regimes's
policy,
-such as
Gil de la Vega "Gilera",
Enrique
and the great
majority
of the
interviewees
in doubting
that
these broadcasts
had a
author's
This question
has never
effect
on the attendances.
substantial
in print.
been discussed
173
that
conditions
it
entertainment,
existed
football
that
became a hugely
form of refuge
popular
be no surprise
should
of other
of the post-Civil
War years.
The abundance
the
delighted
to
caused
the
persons
Franco
from
prepared
televized
football
during
Spaniard,
although
there
to
feast
have
from
doing
of
the
himself
then it
illegal
later
so.
or
their
potential
there
up during
opponent
demonstrations.
If
Fraga
to
opposition
particular,
served
years
no evidence
of Manuel
nominees
In
Franco
absolutely
demonstrated
Eb Ceffe
and his family
should
the
is
football
televized
any opponents
attending
to subject
by the
otherwise
refrain
restrained
demonstrations,
initiated
policy
who would
the
Day holidays
regime
the
regime
that
no proof
average
that
suggest
of
of
exists
the
May
the
any Spaniard
6wdSG.:
s; or, 4nd
by attending
these
be presumed that
his
were
political
developed
to'both
see
on the same
The third
during
within
the structures
the almost
concerns
to what
extent
aspects
other
discusses
attempted
avoid
the
the
of
Spanish
of
to maintain
an uncomfortable
this
in
during
allegation
lack
of democracy
level,
administrative
level.
club
it
Firstly,
democracy
society
frequently-made
As illustrated-in
1.
lack
complete
at national
This chapter
of Spanish football
manipulation
football
the
the
period.
Franco
in
all
Secondly,
it
a lack
reflected
Franco
that
aims to demonstrate
regime
lack
comparison
with
the Introduction
the lack
in all
to this
thesis,
other
to
areas. '
Spanish
football
175
ft
directors
of each club
The
Presidents
by the club
held
the assemblies
and its
clubs,
directors
democratically.
the Civil
before
and
at
representatives
democratic
This
the
Civil
Moscardo,
its
the
and regional
national
With
1940,
two examples
club
army colonel
of
of
the
the
the
the
in
January
Luis
Saura
are
Antonio
of
Spanish
situation
more than
1941,
the
the
to
full
1939 and,
Pan,
of
Julian
at
clubs.
death
club
as President
in
every
Troncoso
upon his
whilst
nomination
quez
Rodr
the
many private
CND appointed
del
two years,
directors
the
May 1939,
in
level
of
3.
the
by the
CND almost
exactly
a clear
sport
For details
of these powers of the DND, see Luis Maria Cazorla
Prieto,
pp. 212-213.
op. cit.,
details,
For further
see Marca, 9 May and 18 June 1939.
176
the
and of
2.
by
sport
alsounder
CND exercised
and of
Delgado as President
domination
For
and all
football,
Falangist
Spanish
govern
whilst
Jose
General
of
February
federation,
CND's domination
Juan Carlos
The two-year
reflected
to
him with
replaced
DND in
Presidents
sports
to
powers
1938,
November
direction
the
Moscardb,
RFEF presidency
the
to
Zaragoza
the
in
formed
War.
the Civil
changed after
Movimiento.
the
General
specifically
regard
Sagredo
April
of
nominating
of
power
emergency
a permanent
of
leadership
forceful
its
wide
overlord
creation
under
raging,
was granted
organizational
until
(CND),
de Deportes
Nacional
The Consejo
immediately
situation
example
in
order
caudilla]e,
of
to legitimize
of
equivalent
totalitarian
from
the
concept
the
Pemartin
word
dictatorial
the
the
a limited
and, in addition,
of football
democracy"),
firmly
popular
or
4.
corporative
various
anti-democratic
participation
professional
managed to recuperate
the RFEF,
within
in return,
organica
to
to the
the growing
("organic
the
oroanica
as a formula
as an alternative
decision-making
the
associations,
Democracia
suffrage
proposing
in
in the
reflected,
of universal
instead
of
Spain of democracia
significance
its
Julian
Conde,
of Caudillaie
the clubs
of the clubs.
of Francoist
to legitimize
the concept
degree of internal
to the administration
structure
of
the administration
former
amount of their
This
Javier
in detail,
derived
by three
context
Falangist
the
of
concept
reflected
clearly
Spanish
the
leader.
War Spanish
the
regime
to history,
only
all-powerful
meaning
be illustrated
presently
Nazi
mystical
accountable
post-Civil
organizational
almost
Franco
is
Caudillaje
rule.
intellectuals,
Francoist
used by the
originally
dictator
Caudillo,
to
was adapted
Spanish football
return
its
by the
Spanish
As shall
a small
concept
Fhrerprinzip,
rule
leading
the
official
process
"vertical"
was based
for
the
of
trade
"organic"
the
unions
1950, Julian
See Javier
Conde, Lucha de pasiones,
Barcelona,
Jose Antonio,
Madrid,
Permartin,
1953, and the following
three works
Genio y ficura
del Movimiento,
by Juan Beneyto:
1940;
Madrid,
Madrid,
de las doctrinas
1948; El nuevo Estado
Historia
politicas,
1939.
Madrid,
espafiol,
177
local
and the
of democracia
approved
the
the
Law,
organized
Tourism,
which
ballers,
by Manuel
included
glass
the
with
urns
"yes"
in this
way stipulated
election
of one fifth
families
and married
1966 Organic
Law of
Fraga,
in
the
Minister
votes
in
in
ballot
for
about
"stuffing"
Law approved
The Organic
to the Cortes
foot-
to preventive
addition
and
famous
the succession
of the deputies
State,
Information
several
paper
some areas.
the rules
the
a referendum
of
of
Six,
process
by an immense propaganda
collaboration
Chapter
in
who voted
was guaranteed
transparent
urns,
of
Spaniards
the
be seen
as shall
detentions,
of
which
of
result
campaign
88% of
the
this
The culmination
December
was the
orgnica
by 96% of
councils.
electorate
of approximately
17 million.
The domination
still
the
the
reflect
continued-to
the
of Spanish
concept
Caudillo,
all-powerful
Toledo
Alczar
thesis
regard
with
of
caudillaie,
in
the
Vith
maintained
seige
changing
regularly
sport
control
President,
-
directors.
5.
6.
over
the
hero
to the Presidents.
Portugal
Jesus Rivero
In addition,
and Eire
defeat
the
to this
example,
by the
suffered
and four
empowered to veto
details,
For further
see Edouard de Blaye,
See Marca, Madrid, March 3-10,1047.
178
of
that
of
RFEF by
team against
the
leadership,
its
football,
to
Moscard
domination
regard
a rigid
General
with
op. Cit.,
of the
any of the
pp. 237-238.
by
his
taken,
measures
he did,
and this
team's
for
preparations
out before
he intervened,
before
salute
aware of Moscad's
sufficiently
usually
every
for
match
and the
blue
thesis,
in
Chapter
Two of
this
his
every
suggestion,
about,
for
the
touring
suggestion
East
that
Moscardo maintained
regional
football
federation
7.
as'he
nominated
were
players,
responsible
for
and directors.
because of their
failure
match
in
implement
to
against
May 1950,
Six.
Presidents
eager
again
Chapter
control
them
team,
national
an exhibition
in
were either
of the Fascist
the
they
or
refugee
discussed
federations,
for
shirts
to
resorted
they carried
that
wishes
example,
European
be fully
will
the national
discussed
team of
camp for
however,
in Brazil,
tournament
considering
liking,
to the national
regard
for
to his
changing
his
youth
own
of the Murcian
in
RFEF,
the
the author
the
discovered
Whilst
of
archives
examining
a
Dr. Armando Munoz
from General
Moscard to the RFEF President
letter
the former's
"profound
dated 17 May ,950,
Calero,
expressing
having
disappointment"
planned
at Munoz for Calero
only a week-long
team at El Escorial
before
leaving
training
camp for themenational
Moscardo suggested
a camp "of at least
for Brazil.
two weeks
demanding
tough,
physical
in order
duration
a
nature,
for the
and of
Motherland
the
to
be
to
in
represent
optimum
selected
players
(oz
finals
tournament".
Cup
World
Mu?
for the
Calero
condition
beginning
two-week
7
camp,
June
on
1950.
a
by
arranging
obliged
119
junior
a local
War. 8
federation
Cantabrian
Moscardo's
however,
lasted
only
and presidential
assemblies
as club
Presidents,
at that
particular
good friend
of the actual
Up to that
In March 1940,
club.
and former
for
replaced
appointment
which will
club
Nacional.
In February
the crisis
at the Betis
him with
to have its
1945, for
club
President
example,
"
his
own men
crisis
Moscard appointed
Piieiro,
the
of FC Barcelona,
and
in June 1944,
in Chapter
nominated
Eight.
Bara
to resolve
the Falangist
of Juan Antonio
an
by the DeleQado
Moscard attempted
by appointing
of Sevil]t
example,
in detail
be discussed
10 and
an internal
Jose Vendrell
Colonel
club
forbidden,
to nominate
Civil
team. 9
clubs,
the annual
to resolve
date,
frequently
in an attempt
usually
football
elections
had continued
his
1948.
until
of the
domination
complete
the directors
after
of the region
befell
Perez Garcia. 12
in
The
8.
is hereby stated
that all
"It
of officials
at
and elections
until
remain under prohibition
de Deportes
Nacional
considers
official
gatherings,
the sporting
clubs
such time as this
their
celebration
180
1946.
Oficial
assemblies
of Spain shall
Deleaacin
"
opportune.
Delegado Nacional
of the other
performance
undue intervention,
order
to avoid
other
aspects
comparison
of Spanish society,
claim
that
There is no documentary
the rigid
insignificant
comparatively
way in
which
the
sport.
This
RFEF in
February
President
of
higher
is
awareness
1945,
Eduardo
echelons
of
the
illustrated
a formality
in
to
which
in the 1940s,
any of Franco's
of
the
Franco
was fully
and Moscardo
part,
clubs
control
'4
ministers
of democracy to football.
the return
was a part
nevertheless,
sports
to prove that
evidence
in
of Caudillaje
about preventing
were concerned
and other
regime was
with
time,
the Franco's
that
to be chosen
t3
an uncomfortable
reflecting
successors
of democracy in football
a lack
Moscardo exercised
closely
directors.
club
their
and
to allow
for
arrange
andito
eager to maintain
Presidents
club
the character
with
satisfied
was sufficiently
regime
wanted
a letter
explain
the
that
regime,
aware
him to
he wrote
appointment
albeit
of
the
govern
to
the
as Betis
Ramirez:
This letter
C.
sufficient
constitutes
Moscard s refusal
dictatorial
style,
regime personality
was concerned
Moscardo's policy
the
club
directors
These
problems
the
of
Presidents.
presidency
of
insisted
on retaining
resigned
after
unanimous
1947,
vote
the
of
Blanco,
forced
to
resign
club's
accounts.
January
1948,
.
Leon demonstrated
Elche
the
unsuccessful
A third
when the
against,
the
of
by Moscardo
when serious
by the
incompetent
irregularities
months
who
and a
'6
the
Delegado
supporters
of
the
Cultural
In
earlier,
discovered
for
directors
Galvin,
Miguel
club,
were
nominee
directors.
problem
and three
when his
supporters
Castellon
eighteen
the
as team coach,
him by the
against
President
leadership,
Ricardo
Juan Reverte
demonstration
appointed
"
Falangist
the
club,
1947,
of
effects
ways.
the clubs'
commenced in March
no confidence
the
Falangist
negative
democratic
controlling
for
any significant
a vociferous
Rodriguez
in
former
however,
June
of rigidly
that
no proof
that
was largely
preference
exists
to its
the claim
to football
even if`there
allowing
for
democracy to return
to allow
reason I feel
de
Club Betis
this
Real
to permit
evidence
motivated
wishes
in all
institutions,
and for
these necessary
changes at the
was
in
Nacional
the
occurred
y Deportivo
resigned
in
protest
club
at,
182
of
of the retired
the presidency
with
persisted
for
army colonel
of humiliating
a series
who
defeats
to appoint
a new
coach.
he allowed
to
that
stipulation
only
member with
cancel
he allowed
the bizarre
the elections
circumstances
the annual
club
and unprecedented
own directors,
however,
a dubious
club Presidents
attend. 19
retained
more competent
a very limited
to the game.
assemblies
that
realized
every
four
the President
candidate
his
only,
who
Moscardo,
years.
to veto as presidential
political
As a consequence of this
for
to
any club
the right
to
the
21
limited
reform,
more competent
and popular
club
feel
His
the
with
completely
resolved.
frequently
occurred
the
to
Because
in
their
change
effect,
simply
than
the
binding
rules
Carreto
Marti
rights
discussed
be fully
Albert
rights
interim
in Chapter
into
mass election,
an election
of former
although
that
both
DND and
by requiring
to
clubs
this
every
follow
rather
adopted
following
selling
Alfredo
system was
at practically
were necessary
of this
at FC
the resignation
of
Di Stefano,
thesis,
club
that
will
secretary
with
every
Barca Presidents
knowing,
the
was that
in holding
committee
that
been
automatically
Eight
club.
mistake
of
obligatory
elections
player
discovered
Malaquer
incorporated
its
however,
the controversial
not
had intended.
1953, nonetheless,
officials
for
did
had not
bureaucratic
accordingly.
Moscard
When presidential
over
the
recommendations
that
however,
of
new system
impression,
in October
Barcelona
Spain,
every club. 22
kind
the
of
and Moscardo
any professional
at
leaders,
own regulations
in
compulsory,
process
club
Francoist
were,
The general
1948 onwards,
this
of
choice
to make this
RFEF omitted
club
in
intervene
to
compelled
problems
from
came to power
Presidents
as will
adult
decided
be illustrated
to arrange
in detail
The
such a
in
22. This was the impression received by Julio Lamana, general secretary
de Bilbao from 1949 to 1983. Lamana alleged that, had he
of Athletic
been aware of the loophole in the 1948 regulations,
he would have
when presidential
elections
advised the club directors,
were
necessary in July 1951, to hold a mass vote of all the 13,000 adult
just
by
instead
200 that appeared
the
election
of
members,
obligatory.
184
Chapter
Eight
Delegado Nacional,
23
election.
exercised
for
After
their
surprisingly
to many, did
a month-long
campaign,
right
to vote,
a right
General
not attempt
the
that
again
25 years.
annoyed at these
every
criticism
In order
democracy,
a half
and
had caused
of local
such exhibition
for
club. 25
lack
of democracy in
of General
of influence
Delecado General,
following
of the total
complete
years
in Barcelona,
events
whose errors
any further
he demanded that
dictatorship
like
of the officials
to prevent
23.
would infuriate
decision
this
that
Moscardo,
within
his
the other
the RFEF.
however,
clubs,
Whilst
dominated
half
was only
the caudillaje-
being
the clubs'
Moscardo was
the RFEF.
the clubs
In the
began to express
interviewees
to the author
their
The following
confessed
surprise
at
to prevent
the Bam
the time at General Moscardo not intervening
the former FC Barcelona
President
Agusti
Montal;
Nicolau
election:
Casaus; the veteran
Juan Jose
editor
of El Mundo Deportivo,
Enrique
Gil de la Vega "Gilera",
Castillo;
the veteran
football
for the Delegado
of ABC. Perhaps the explanation
correspondent
is the influenza
lack of intervention
Nacional's
that
surprising
him to bed for three weeks from 17 October
to 8 November,
confined
by Marca, 21,26
and 29 October,
and 2 and 10 November.
revealed
frustration
their
by Real Madrid,
most acutely
influence
to
unable
calendar
in
RFEF assembly
the
Bernabeu
seconded
Mir *0 Sans,
directors
passed
at
approval.
the
difference
continue
then
of
the
1958,
July
the
Delegado
but
Elola
Olaso,
sporting
BarYa
post
Moscard's
a rare
Spain
occurred
of
Santiago
FranSesc
counterpart
Vice-Presidents
still
The motion
without
and
to
be filled
was overwhelmingly
any explanation
for
successor,
could
consequence,
President
of
that
President
the
elect
the
players
clubs
by his
Nacional.
vetoed
In
nonetheless
example,
of
Real
clubs
the
number
when the
proposed
that
assembly,
the
two giant
RFEF, leaving
Antonio
the
when sent
DND seal
on
of
27
Three
proposed
of
was felt
by many of
but
for
about,
games. 26
these
of
the
a motion
of'the
nominee
Jose
course
requesting
by the
to
the
or
to the skies
significance,
decisions
between
unity
of
example
diplomatic
RFEF's
frustration
This
Seven, praised
their
the
league
of
be substituted
at
for
ministers
of influence.
spectacular
in Chapter
be seen in detail,
Franco's
lack
at their
years
by the
that
later
of
Valencia
three
by Elola
RFEF assembly,
President
by the
Olaso,
Julio
in
directors
to be nominated
approved
the
addition
a similar
de Miguel
and with
to
President
who realized
that
the
passed
this
this
motion,
the
should
overwhelmingly
minor
time
reform
and
was
is clearly
in the editorials
26. This frustration
reflected
of the
del Real Madrid CF, for example Nos. 43,52,79,92
Boletin
and 95,
of February 1954, November 1954, February 1957, March 1959 and June
1959.
details,
27. For further
see either Marca or El Mundo Deportivo,
8-14
July 1958.
186
necessary
in order
case with
this
reform
of the clubs'
of democracia
The football
influence
increased
by the alteration
Benito
system,
as a step towards
Spanish
discovered,
football.
however,
that
the
29
their
the national
tournament
the general
the majority
directors
these newly-elected
Pico Martinez,
for
in Chile,
into
election
Spanish failure
presidential
In May 1962,
RFEF directors.
28.
organica
quickly
clubs
clubs. 28
been interpreted
introduction
forthcoming
the frustrated
to pacify
participation
Chile. 30
sentiment
of
clashed
Olaso,
in the
In the wake of
among the clubs
the
was that
See either
Marca or El Mundo Deportivo,
11 July 1961 for further
details.
The motives
Olaso were revealed
to the author
of Elola
Castejon,
the the Delegado Nacional
Benito
from 1959
secretary
onwards.
with
by
op.
following
the instructions
Pico Marine-z,
presumably
of the Delegado
training
Nacional
camp at El Escorial,
wanted a two-week
preparatory
the club representatives
that
on the executive
whilst
complained
the final
this
rounds of the Copa del
with
would interfere
President
The former
Generalisimo.
of Valencia
and RFEF director
that he led the complaints
de Miguel
to the author
Julio
recalled
of
that
the clubs
the club to Pico Martinez'
plan,
on the grounds
who
for the national
team would be disadvantaged
most players
provided
by having
these players.
to play their
After
cup matches without
a
debate,
lengthy
was reached whereby the training
a compromise
camp
for only ten days, and all of the cup games would be
would last
team players
forward
the national
brought
could participate.
so that
the opposition
De Miguel
of the majority
also expressed
of the clubs
former
FC Barcelona
being
to the controversial
Herrera
coach Helenio
team only a month before
the start
placed in charge of the national
and of his plans to base the team on the injuryof the tournament,
Di St6fano,
of Real Madrid Alfredo
Jose Santamaria
prone veterans
and 34 respectively,
foreignand Ferenc Puskas, aged 35,34
and all
born.
187
the
blame
lay
with
the
tournament.
31
former
annoyance
most
clearly,
but
their
FranSesc
nonetheless
on the
the
criticising
Miro
still
before
suggestions
representative
President
club
by explicitly
punishment
ignored
having
The FC Barcelona
the
executive,
DND for
the
Sans,
pulled
RFEF
expressed
short
of
his
risking
DND:
"I believe
for what happened in Chile lies
that the responsibility
to us before the event, those who
with those who refused to listen
Let's hope that, henceforth,
never seem to listen.
our voice,
which is
influence,
possible
in Spanish
the voice of the clubs,
the real
experts
it's
Otherwise,
will
count for more at the RFEF.
happen again. "32
that
the same will
clash
in June 1963.
Following
national
resenting
refused
to accept
continue.
football.
reacted
interference
in an angry editorial,
free
to establish
Elola
Olaso,
influence
their
and persuaded
indignantly
for
the
however,
in this
way,
as
of
whose club
demanded a return
controlled
and
effectively
of the clubs
from State
poor results
War situation
to resign.
attempting
the resignations
The clubs
unwarranted
of further
a series
national
the control
The next
by an RFEF that
magazine,
to the pre-Civil
was completely
control:
the responsibility
for the direction
of Spanish
independence
a total
and complete
autonomy,
limits
to the sporting
of subordination
Quoted
in
bicen,
26 July
1962.
1963.
from
the
in
the
the
along
practice,
July
unneccessary
ourselves".
35
did
not
relations
the
that
Valladolid
only
event,
until
arrive
with
assembly,
he acted
committee
Real,
Elola
in
after
of football,
and Racing
supported
Olaso
clubs
claimed
manner"
boycott
He sent a
for
calling
action
(of Elola
the boycott
-.
trip
to
Madrid.
36
with
very
clubs
speech
the
At
in
which
In
the
close
beginning
the
to
before
boycott.
over
of the
that
de Santander,
Bernabeu's
conclusion
a matter
made an emotive
a "heavy-handed
the
on the players,
the RFEF is hardly
interference
they
rigid
meetings.
club,
and dishonourable
some Presidents
as the
of
club
the assembly,
drew,
to put this
a complete
of every professional
in the organization
Olaso)
participation
clubs,
useless:
to organize
and attempted
as long
into
against
the
Bernabeu decided
President
other
was that,
then
the fixtures
"Simply
to arrange
this
participation
much-vaunted
"34,
worth the trouble.
letter
several
the
with
affair
affairs
Madrid,
resignations
unaccepted
of
control
Real
that
The conclusion
of
he accepted
resignations
affair,
189
"less
promised
and concluded
the
of
in
order
unity
Delecado
been
Nacional
struck
The next
Olaso's
Elola
for
a further
support
Delegado
for
RFEF annual
fall
Olaso's
Elola
Despite
from
source
believed
arrogant
man,
assemblies
in
power
of friction
the
in
December
with
Olaso's
with
the following
The
boycott
of
support
promise,
the
had
from
38 the
unprecedented
committee
until
1966.
to renew his
in August 1966.
lack
is
that
37
and Bernabeu'
four
boycott
interests".
complete
game,
to undermine
who seek
and executive
decision
his
those
Elola
the
of
and discipline
unity
continued
unilateral
years
affairs
own selfish
a warm ovation,
blow.
a proud,
the
their
who largely
clubs,
of
further
the
ignoring
sport,
was given
President,
boycott
to
a powerful
other
Real
Spanish
internal
the
"maintain
to
a plea
cornerstone
this
the
with
in
interference"
direct
ban on foreign
Bernabeu attempted
kind
of attack
players
to revive
on the
Nacional:
"Thisdemonstrates'one
again the complete lack of importance of the
the
that
to
to
It
presence of
ridiculous
suggest
me
seems
clubs.
is
FC
Barcelona
Madrid
Real
capable
leading foreign
or
at
players
in,
Spanish
the
players
young
emergence of exciting
of preventing
form the
players who will
for example, Leon, Bilbao or Sevilla,
learn
these youngsters
team. If anything,
will
future
the national
in
Spain. "39
foreign
by
players
from the example set
The indignation
by
the
other
Bernabeu
shared
was
of
leading
clubs,
this
it
ban because
Barga
40
FC Barcelona.
especially
away the
took
had with
their
foreign
they
have not
used
because
therefore
support
for
The modest
the
that
advantage
stars,
foreign
however,
clubs,
benefited
likes
the
from
Real
of
whilst
the
Basque
clubs
were
players
for
almost
fifty
years,
RFEF boycott
of
is
temporarily
Bernabeu
again
did
and
content
and
not
materialize.
At
this
juncture,
FC Barcelona
just
necessary
of the struggle
RFEF in order
it
to the lack
to return
launched a vociferous
support
campaign against
as Bernabeu's
clubs
leave
the
the control
was weak.
clubs.
anti-Elola
question
of the
almost
to
but,
Olaso campaign,
this
lack
of
first
the lack of representation
that
the clubs
place,
the RFEF is lamented.
It could be argued that
various
Federations
But as long as the
clubs and regional
are present.
DND has the right
directly
to appoint
the President
and a
then the Federation
(RFEF) will
number of directors,
-certain
nature
as it would with
not have the same representative
The statutes
voted for by the clubs.
officials
of the
Federation
But reality
a few years ago (1961).
were improved
is useless,
has demonstrated
that this
that something
more
has to be achieved,
for
with people who live
effective
it,
football,
to dialogue
and are prepared
who live
with the
The RFEF doesn't
On the
out a dialogue.
carry
clubs.
it is a master of monologue.
And the same occurs
contrary,
The RFEF has wasted magnificent
with the DND ...
opportunities
to talk
The only contact
that it maintains
with the clubs.
with the latter
are the assemblies,
which turn out to be the
that one can see.
saddest and most pathetic
spectacle
Four
hours a year listening
to impressive
speeches and then home
That is all
the dialogue
that
the RFEF offers
again.
to the
Such a state
of affairs
clubs.
"
simply
cannot continue.
191
support
of incumbent
the majority
was that
because it
the directors,
and made it
all
The Bam-campaign
conform
this
them to be voted
for
four
bitter
magazine during
the stunted
in office,
years
provoking
the name of
attacks
the 1960s,
to
magazine:
were content
scornful
Presidents
granted
them at least
guaranteed
more difficult
club
in this
culminating
Barra presidential
powerful
during
editorial
election
is a pity
"It
by a
that an election
type should be decided
of this
in the event that everyone
vote in which 283 people take part,
has to be scrapped and a profound
turns
This system simply
up.
"42
undertaken.
of the whole matter
revision
Another
their
contempt for
1962 for
attend
Llaudet
every
example,
Barte
of the old
Bar a's
were strictly
by President
December 1957.
November 1969.
192
stadium.
to
Enric
In August
new stadium.
confined
whenever possible.
Les Corts
gestures
inner-club
for
preference
assembly organized
a name for
such decisions
adult
to demonstrate
directors
At every
to the boardroom.
other
The
directors
The efforts
the
modification
of
the
Ba as
of
the
1948
division
first
sixteen
between
and the
regime
club
Jose
however,
FC Barcelona,
of
the
to
need
Luis
leadership
in
Presidents
Costa,
of
to
prove.
a special
gathering
1967,
to
of
the
following
org
return
for
by the
arranged
made the
democracia
democracy
to
responsible
April
Llaudet
point
largely
were
Before
system.
introduction
allow
had an important
pica
the
by the
football
Franco
clubs:
for
this
every club
de Bilbao
for
Llaudet's
having
1967 meeting,
of the Presidents
clubs
reasons
motion
finished
already
outlined
boycott
proposal
system only
the other
Athletic
thirteen
chapter.
Llaudet's
own electoral
The Presidents
were unwilling
for
support
to choose their
division
mainly
to be allowed
the support
received
first
April
special
The opposition
Bernabeu,
the replacement
to
by then
of Elola
that:
just
"There are always people who want to change things
for the
The system that we have for the election
sake of changing.
of club
for about thirty
has worked very well
Presidents
years,
and
I see absolutely
to change it. ""y
therefore
no reason at all
1967.
43. Quoted in Dicen, 3 April
details
44. For further
of this special
5 April
1967.
El Mundo Deportivo,
1967.
45. Quoted in Marca, 5 April
193
meeting,
see either
Marca or
table
a motion
later.
successor,
in Chapter
stormy
for
year.
that,
a result
that
months later,
election
of the incumbent
incidents
in place
Montal
elections.
amidst
accusations
Jose Luis
Romero,
of
followed
Antonio
at the July
concluded
division
by the supporters.
de Vigo President
a motion
was widely
of the indisposed
when proposing
1948 system.
Celta
it
of the first
and demonstrations
accusations
similar
of the
season 1968/1969,
the club
angry demonstrations
provoked
in
beaten
"treating"
be seen
democracy at the
surprisingly
months
the consequences
In December 1968,
in debt,
to
not
change.
heavily
of three
was, as shall
of club
however,
with
the football
During
increased
two incidents
expected
up the issue
to bring
too preoccupied
Eight,
de Carreras,
Narcis
decided
1967, Llaudet
Llaudet's
in detail
in April
heavy defeat
Because of this
Carreras,
in favour
his
referred
"6
Three
the re-
Correira.
47
Agusti
Montal,
to these
two
of the dissolution
of the
speech thus:
thirty
clubs of Spain have
years now, the football
function
the full
as they should do, with
We are convinced
that
this
of all
of the members.
in order for our clubs
to be a
must return,
from which they spring
to
communities
and a credit
in general.
"48
details,
46. For further
see either Marca or As, 7-16 December 1968.
47. See either Marca or As, 18-22 March 1969, for details.
48. Quoted in all of the above sports newspapers, 14 July 1969.
194
The FC Barcelona
in
section
exception
reform
Julio
presented
themselves
the
gained
of
Huelva
of
total,
for
campaigners
President,
"This
led
by Real
Madrid
group
draft
reform
membership
The President
the
Sociedad,
Both
assembly's
Sporting
Galician
committee
simply
by lot,
a suggestion
that,
complete
club
predictably,
democracy.
being
recommended
vote,
not
to
to
a
Valencia
neither
the
Presidents
de Alicante,
federation.
that
49
the
number of
be increased
disappointed
Montal,
of
and Montal
but
Hercules
to
but
by the
committee,
regional
and allowed
Catalan
established
choice
the
was opposed
Bernabeu
de Gijon,
the
of
that
small
with
favour
clubs,
proposed
this
of
the
motion
proposals,
was accepted.
votes,
this
A compromise
clubs,
in
assembly,
the
by then
to
5%
the
Ba_
rsa
that:
recommendation
another,
possibly
election
the
of
the
groups:
and the
clubs
at
for
complained
Basque
franchise
be drawn
members to
the
majority
President
May 1970,
In
club
Real
and the
the
three
Catalan
other
the
neccessary
Valencia,
by the
Barcelona,
de Miguel,
President
into
assembly
extending
to
committee
special
led
1948 system.
the
of
Montal,
the
member;
adult
the
of
solution
compromise
all
Espanol
federations;
regional
every
of
support
of
split
motion
seems to us to
be neither
one thing
nor
by
compromise
unsatisfactory
men who could
an extremely
to contest a popular
be considered to be reluctant
at their
clubs. "50
of Athletic
be seen in Chapter
Eightiat
de Bilbao,
Jose Maria
details,
49. For further
see As, 14 July 1969.
50. Quoted in Baarrca, No. 759,2 June 1970.
195
by the
himself
declared
Party,
Basque National
clandestine
to be:
Delegado
Eight
was almost
opponents
Barcelona,
federation,
by the
It
various
the late
rather
accepted,
in
reform
most
of
most
the
favour
Basque
has frequently
democracia
1960s. 55
Basque
regional
effect
Real
Madrid
only
dissenters
the
clubs,
including
in
reforms
53
this
instituted
in the club's
committee's
proposal
other
being
Catalan
in
FC
regional
Athletic
The proposal
de
was approved
1970.54
August
that
discussed
and the
clubs,
because
topicality
fully
the
to
evidence
its
will
federation.
been claimed
orgnica
much of
assembly,
with
Catalan
other
the
the
Between
that
subject
against
although
lost
and the
other
the
of
issue
At
thesis.
unanimously
of
the
another
this
of
Samaranch
system,
by the
was advised
circumstantial.
year,
affair,
and the
Bilbao,
the
of
Guruceta
Chapter
is
claim
RFEF assembly
the
Juan Antonio
a one-member-one-vote
this
support
of
de Deportes
Nacional
recommending
ad hoc committee
this
that
reform
reflected
the
example,
presidential
1,228 Atletico
elections
of June
29 May 1970.
51. Quoted in El Mundo Deportivo,
but rather to the
has never been made in print,
52. This allegation
author in interviews
with Alex J. Botines and Julian Garcia Candau.
53. For further
details,
see As, 11 July 1970.
54.
55.
196
1971,2,034
for
The campaigners
football
frequently
clubs
complained
of democratization
process
that
in December 1973,
noting
privately
of the Spanish
de
publicly
1948, whilst
changed since
qualitatively
the return
Santiago
candidate,
of July
elections
elections
the
system had
political
commenced. 57
At this
issue
point,
of the lack
struggle
it
appropriate
RFEF.
As seen earlier,
Delegado Nacional
request
for
many clubs,
with
his
Barcelona
affairs
of Pico Martinez
cannot continue".
continued
' in August,
5e
in
to
disappointed
by refusing
the
to accept
players.
1966, that
The influence
to be severely
of the
of Bernabeu,
prohibition
the Franco
controls
and Villalonga,
unilaterally-imposed
for
of the
Elola
but three
all
be elected
resignations
during
football
'the
half
to the other
to return
of democracy in Spanish
years;
is
FC
"such a state
of the clubs
restricted
The
of
within
56. Information
examination of the archives
of
revealed by the author's
these clubs, op. cit.
57. See, for example, interview
with Jose Maria Oraa, in Dicen, 20 July
28 November 1973
1973, and with Agusti Montal in El Mundo Deportivo,
December 1973.
Montal recalled
to the
and in Bar a, No. 942,4
1970 reforms, he realized
that
that after the disappointing
author,
it would be impossible
to achieve a one-member-one-vote
system
the Franco regime remained in power.
whilst
58. See Bam,
No. 560,10 August 1966.
197
the remainder
as Delegado Nacional
The replacement
to this
the football
clubs,
their
boycott
enemy's fall
received
Upon hearing
of the RFEF.
in the
by Real Madrid,
especially
from power,
for
was largely
thesis,
of Elola
with
by
satisfaction
who immediately
ended
Real President
Bernabeu declared:
RFEF without
be quickly
proposed
At
confounded.
to have
the
with
President
and "intervening
neccessary".
assembly,
despite
appointed
by Samaranch
the
harmony
part
thirty
that
the
the
60
61
This
internal
Jose
of
only
seven
in
Luis
1967,
July
elected
to
of
Costa,
allegedly
that
of
angry
the
football
RFEF
only
when
by the
RFEF President
is
could
football
about
"upset
for
the
198
to
the
at
approved
the
earlier,
were
Bernabeu
choosing
affairs
organization
them to control
DND, however,
was unanimously
months
the
Samaranch,
of
DND reduced
motion
warning
has existed
years".
the
the
RFEF directors
the
of
in
from
RFEF assembly
the
all
influence
assembly,
absolutely
intervention
excessive
a motion
the clubs
the
clubs
11 July
1967.
decided
Bernabeu
boycott
another
the
to
the
of
protest
assemblies
RFEF, after
apologizing
former
Madrid
Pays,
boycott
Real
cause
would
indignation
him. 65
who would
clarifying
to
the
the
trouble
then
influence
greatest
of
Luis
Perez
that
this
provoked
the
by immediately
Presidents
club
with
meetings
Jose
Gich
of
committee
Pay, however,
Perez
exercise
appointment
and executive
centre-forward,
Bernabeu
of
the
against
his
over
presidency:
"It is beyond doubt that I will always be taking the line of the
Minister-Secretary
of the Movimiento and of the Delecado Nacional
because they are the leading rectors of Spanish sport. "66
The last
the
within
Montal
and supported
foreign
the
the
One motion,
players,
the
major
motion
in
the
Bernabeu, 68 called
at
the
almost
with
assembly,
minimum
the
the
that
of
1972,
than
passed,
three
but
explanation
all
then
to
ten
RFEF assembly
President
years
immediately
Press.
vetoed
by
supported
of
to
the
be elected
motions
by Juan
The reaction
worse
The second
earlier.
Both
of
return
had actually
RFEF directors
DND.
of
Agusti
the
prohibition
publicly
the
by the
the
the
again
of
influence
their
67 demanded
the
national
at
FC Barcelona
by Bernabeu,
argument
because
rather
of
occurred
by the
Press
increase
to
clubs
years
unanimously
the
the
with
prohibition
of
Franco
proposed
been counter-productive
since
football
the
of
RFEF during
1972.
July
attempt
of
were
Gich,
the
clubs
200
intransigence
to Gich's
however,
In the event,
to the assembly,
delegates
of clubs
four
all
Rcing
boycott
development
to do their
wishes.
failure
second successive
mentioned
that
The
players.
because it
seemed
It
Gich's
real
motive
attention
for
to qualify
above sent
at this
were pleased
lifting
of the clubs
as a consequence
however,
Valladolid,
Bernabeu's
lifting',
surprisingly
that
69
and stay
majority
to join
Sevilla
de Santander,
indignant.
was predictably
in
team's
tournament. 70
the football
defeat
Representatives
and frequently
by the
clubs
in
their
of
the
caused
on the
struggle
the
with
clubs
were in
problems
for
RFEF executive,
the
the
DND for
majority
President.
however,
clubs
were
control
on the
71
had largely
of
the
RFEF.
RFEF executive,
The victories
small
won
and relatively
(Valencia)
69. For examples of this reaction,
No. 126,
see Mestalla,
No. 133, September 1972, Boletin
del
September 1972,1{Aupa Atletico!,
No. 881,4
Real Madrid CF, No. 268, September 1972, and Bam,
September 1972.
No. 916,19
May 1973, Dicen, 17
70. This allegation
was made in am,
May 1973, Botines,
p. 96 and Jose Maria Garcia, op. cit.,
op. cit.,
p. 67.
71.
201
insignificant
ones.
President
the
nomination
of
any motion
passed
The Presidents
with
the
eighteen
from
apart
feet.
their
as their
division
Presidents
At the
72
73
Valencia
their
domination
only
Presidents
'sending
representative.
summed up by the
the
to vetoe
right
DND's continued
the
July
club
attended.
RFEF through
and the
demonstrated
clubs
at
Bernabeu,
Santiago
director
aptly
leading
division
first
the
assembly.
annual
the
of
dominate
directors,
and three
and frustration
disillusionment
voting
the
at
to
were
The following
for
The motives
President
others,
a Vice-President
either
Julio
July,
or
only
their
of
eight
the
present,
by
six
absence
first
were
de Miguel:
and Agusti
Bilbao
democracy
of
the
system
for
Presidents,
Certain
could
Montal
This
chapter
to
after
Information
the RFEF.
Jose
Antonio
FC Barcelona,
restored
the
death
Eguidazu
75 privately
at
of
the
Franco
of
Athletic
concluded
de
that
domination
political
be democratized.
has attempted
72.
of
be fully
only
DND be broken,
had begun
example
revealed
to demonstrate
were reflected
by the
author's
in the governance
examination
of
stages
of
of Spanish
the
archives
of
202
At first,
football.
sport
into
by the introduction
of these
introduce
more meaningful
other
felt
frustration
in
democracy
consequence
of
order
that
nonetheless,
machinery
of
limited
the
in
the
DND itself
various
of
which
football
that
Franco
the
electoral
is
little
that
the
and other
comparison
the
with
Spain.
It
must be concluded,
was part
of
the
Delegados
the
Nacionales
regime
democracy
permit.
203
wanted
which
Francoist
them to
regime
sports
lack
of
state
de Deportes
the
of
was a direct
There
football
lack
general
allegation
in
democracy
the
period
government.
support
Francoist
way in
scope
of
of
the
an uncomfortable
the
and that
aware
and the
a lack
in general
democracy
to
evidence
to'establish
not
style
regime's
to maintain
was eager
fully
the
during
that
upon realizing
demonstrate
to
football
Spanish
documentary
explicit
in
has attempted
chapter
by the specific
clubs
itself
to
refusal
a one-member-one-vote
system until
This
of football
to introduce
as a whole at the
by the majority
the
In the 1970s,
clubs.
reforms
put
limited
by the country
ineffectiveness
was being
of a very
felt
frustration
the general
other
In the 1960s,
to the adminstration
and every
that
of caudillaje
introduced
reforms
orgnica
reflected
of this
practice
democracia
the concept
reflected
closely
domination
the complete
govern
regime
were
sport
would
CHAPTER FIVE:
The fourth
aspect
concerns
the
both
the
football
the
aspect
poor
the
clubs
poor
Spanish
of
working
in
Arnoriaga,
who dedicated
"vertical
discussed
concerned
sports.
The only
Los esclavos
the
syndicates"
Two explanations
of
de oro
subject
footballers'
working
Pueblo,
the lack
Tomas Martin
2.
See, for
Arnoriaga,
example,
lo,
Pueblo
themselves
with
op.
and Daniel
weekly
of treatment
in
the
"Daniel".
columns
simply
of this
the poverty
aspect
of
204
of
the
(Madrid)
examined
Gomez Jimenez,
and extravagantly-paid
cit.
of
political
have
to
is
signed
Firstly,
group
the
of a luxuriously-treated
1.
select
have generally
conditions
of his
from
This
authorities.
two writers
baln,
several
newspaper
for
del
Spain
players
by the
footballers
the
politicization
least
the
Francoist
professional
sporting
who have
conditions
to
by the
Francoist
in
football
of
received
and the
has been
which
significance
politicization
treatment
and journalists
writers
the
of
17 September 1968.
as
has usually
young man, in
CHAPTER FIVE:
The fourth
aspect
concerns
the
both
the
football
the
aspect
poor
the
clubs
poor
Spanish
of
working
in
Arnoriaga,
who dedicated
"vertical
discussed
concerned
sports.
The only
Los esclavos
the
syndicates"
Two explanations
footballers'
of
working
several
newspaper
for
Pueblo,
Tomas Martin
2.
See, for
with
his
Pueblo
and Daniel
weekly
signed
Firstly,
the
simply
"Daniel".
of this
aspect
of
204
of
the
(Madrid)
examined
the
and extravagantly-paid
cit.
political
in
op.
of
Gomez Jimenez,
columns
the poverty
have generally
conditions
group
have
to
is
forward.
Arnoriaga,
example,
themselves
of treatment
of a luxuriously-treated
1.
select
the lack
of
from
This
authorities.
two writers
balon,
del
Spain
players
by the
footballers
the
de oro
subject
can be put
politicization
least
the
Francoist
professional
sporting
who have
conditions
to
by the
Francoist
in
football
of
received
and the
has been
which
significance
politicization
treatment
and journalists
writers
the
of
17 September 1968.
as
has usually
young man, in
to
contrast
sharp
workers.
the
Secondly,
usually
footballers
thought
the
the
of
been
not
simply
Garcia
for
than
rather
not
even in
football,
the
of
result
the
conditions
has
by
a deliberate
political
the
of
footballers
example, 4 it
received
the
In consequence,
the
of
treatment
normal
working
Spanish
of
treatment
shabby
Spanish
of
standard
footballers
works
has
on the
written
by Manuel
Vazquez
Candau, T Francisco
Cerecedoe
and Alex
J.
Botines.
Despite
all
should
players
in
football
favour
great
regime.
shabby
6 Julian
Montalban,
world
recognized,
politicizations
in
the
Franco
significancd
was the
this
majority,
by "Daniel",
recognized,
throughout
of
policy
and ill-paid
poorly-treated
of
majority
of
the
above,
be considered
Francoist
the
of
Spanish
the
because
working
treatment
aspect
as another
Spain,
footballers'
however,
the
Franco
conditions
of
the
regime
by the
received
politicization
of
was undoubtedly
reflecting
those
of
the
workers.
3.
is best illustrated
in: Martin
This image of the footballers
in Marca, 18 November 1957 or 4
Arnoriaga,
p. 159-162;
op. cit.,
interviewed
The majority
by the
March 1969.
of veteran
supporters
have little
for the
and consequently
view,
respect
author
share this
de Futbolistas
the Asociacin
union,
struggles
of the players'
hand, the majority
On the other
Espanoles.
of younger supporters
interviewed
have a sympathetic
towards
the problems
attitude
of the
the need for the Asociacion,
and appreciate
players,
even though
for the four strikes
during
support
undertaken
very few expressed
1979-1984.
the period
4.
5.
See, for
See, for
February
6.
7.,
8.
9.
example,
example,
1974.
205
20
The concrete
does
unfortunately
if
is
it
therefore,
not
The situation
for
Franco
the
Western
held
for
and industrial
by the
working
action.
of
the
Franco
the
it
Therefore,
Franco
regime
is
logical
to maintain
as the majority
among themselves,
loyal
to
to their
to
the
footballers
Spanish
examples
fury",
other
every
of
commitment
and
Francoist
Spain. i1
of
political
mobilization
have been
serious
in
possibly
in
taken
in
highly
terms
one of
by solidarity,
followed
conditions,
as shining
very
had changed
footballers
These
"Spanish
regime,
could
strife,
same situation
10.
valued
poor
had actually
as occurred
same period.
media
an un-
footballers
conditions,
the
that
assumption
the generally
with
have been
much-vaunted
qualities
consequences
rational
professional
up by the
the
courage,
self-sacrifice,
set
in
claim,
'0
majority.
working
country
were consistently
discipline.
the
their
European
on the
this
undoubtedly
if
regime
however,
claim,
would
improve
to
action
back
in Francoist
of the large
conditions
working
above
to support
order
fall
to
treatment
comparison
comfortable
In
then,
the
support
exist.
necessary
the footballers'
better,
to
evidence
indignation
it
in
example
their
poor
approximately
of Spanish workers:
employer,
the
at
militancy
assume that
players
if
The
docile,
and politically
the
interests
the
divided
passive.
14 October
Before
into
entering
a detailed
is necessary
grievances,
it
differences
and similarities
players
by the clubs
difference
a fantastic
was paid
modest
second
division
worker
during
the
former
player
of
Madrid
included.
12
Ministry
1,500
It
of
monthly.
brevity
save money in
salary,
it
earned
For
more than
pesetas,
true
the
1700 pesetas
the
Spanish
the
while
pesetas
that
Marin,
per
average
minimum
a day,
even
Spanish
average
Luis
Jose
single
every
Rayo Vallecano,
club
approximately
year,
that
nonetheless
against
detail,
example,
division
second
this
is
in
opinion
sustained
the
estimates
month
monthly
with
income
by
pay established
approximately
1,200
13
sportsmen
of
be seen
was fifty
Labour
be taken
should
professional
the
In
public
of the
conditions
a myth often
a myth,
shortly
years.
is
it
to turn
footballer
Franco
was approximately
pesetas
in order
as shall
player
the
of the
conditions
Although
themselves
player,
rebellious
bonuses
to point
in
juncture
at this
that
of the footballers'
study
their
order
into
account,
has traditionally
active
careers,
to commence upon
however,
that
the
been relatively
and the
high
consequent
a new career
or
salary
set
of
because
need for
themselves
of
them
to
up
interview
12. Author's
with Jose Luis Marin, 23 February 1987.
13. Information
revealed by Miguel Martinez Cuadrado, Anuario Politico
Madrid, 1970,
Espanol 1969. Cambio social y modernizacion
politics,
de la Espana franguista,
1973, p.
p. 60, and Max Gallo, Historia
436.
207
in their
in business
serious
injury.
very difficult
tolerate
high
relatively
working
these
be seen in detail.
shortly
than differences
between the
conditions
of the footballers
of workers
To begin with,
Spain.
enshrined
in Article
and independent
the full
weight
Camacho,
Nicolas
of the Francoist
Redondo and the
regarded
officially
workers",
syndicates"system.
forming
as "amateur
themselves
'4
into
footballers
the
any other
sportsmen"
from
excluded
Nonetheless,
unions
of
the
players
type
of
as Marcelino
grouping
in Francoist
than
still
were
In many large
unions
"genuine
"vertical
or
were met by
The footballers
rather
the
was
underground
discovered.
Obreras,
Comisiones
trade
of repression,
leaders
other
to form free
"vertical
State-controlled
machinery
in
the right,
Spanish worker
every
to form independent
attempts
denied
of Human Rights,
Practically
unions.
All
syndicates".
groups-were
both
23 of the Declaration
trade
to join
compelled
15.
for
more similarities
Francoist
from
prohibited
'5
association.
conditions
of the.
Spain concerns
companies,
the
workers
Revealed by examination
of the archives
of the DND, and of the
de la DND, No. 161, October
in particular
Boletin
Oficial
1955.
208
to
were compelled
in return
conditions
as shall
salaries,
footballers
the Spanish
were
mid-thirties,
Furthermore,
in the case of
or even earlier
RFEF,
fined
were systematically
the company rules. 16
were subjected
international
lateness
In a similar
stipulating
" all
17
Perkins
Large multinational
Motors regularly
playing.
continue
of loyalty,
19
ceased to be economically
of players
the employers
very
These "syndicates"
ineffective
too badly
to
demanded a high
degree
employees had
useful.
had no less
Firstly,
as seen above,
were generally
union
"vertical
considered
and,
system.
to be inefficient
and
but,
as
to be
and Max
interview
17. Author's
18. See, for example,
p. 344.
cit.,
19.
to
footballers,
realized
16.
clubs
considered
when their
ruthless
In both cases,
Pegaso and
the contracts
obedient,
we should
such as Seat,
workers
18 while
conditions,
unilaterally
be insufficiently
firms
used to expel
regulations
what we should
of
footballers
Manuel Velazquez,
player
minor infringements
and other
to,
and restrictions,
for
and other
and Gallo,
op.
Revealed by examination
de Madrid,
of the archi
ves of Atletico
Real
de Bilbao
Atidtic
Madrid,
FC Barcelona,
and Real Sociedad de San
Sebastin.
209
excluded
from
compelled
to
join.
for
professional
the
clubs,
the
compromising
more innocent
words
social
days.
as a retailer
of
Madrid
There
many cases,
Marin,
three
1968.
are
for
Rayo supporter.
Marin
20.
23
of
from
found
interview
Author's
footballers
of the
Angel Iribar.
live
the
of
at
22 of
Article
when a player
the
he
retired,
up during
on money saved
in
from
exclusion
himself
establishing
because
his
his
earnings
less
fortunate
and unable
his
of
as a consequence
of
upon retirement,
extended
employment
Gil
that
meant
was unemployed
favour
their
contravention
team star
help
arose
goods
however,
Pedro
by the
avoided
in
sportsmen:
and had to
Velezquez
without
He eventually
clear
This
and national
example,
children
in
electrical
as a Real
players
professional
pension,
Manuel
the
of
grievance
system,
no state
received
Consequently,
always
players,
by
considered
21
Human Rights.
of
no sindicato
amateurs.
were
the
of
contracts
considered
security
Declaration
playing
up the
major
being
not
and sueldo
salario
recompensacion.
The second
their
DND to be merely
existed
were deceitfully
they
being
than
worse
above, there
because
sportsmen
the
was far
syndicates"
As seen briefly
20
when drawing
clubs
the
"vertical
the
to
approximately
Garcia,
the
his
support
family
as a waiter
and Javier
Jose
players.
in
Luis
wife
and
in
when he retired
a bar
two former
same time,
owned by a
colleagues
were
of
both
210
de Madrid,
and
work in Madrid,
to find
unable
field.
injury.
his
His club
the proceeds
as a result
tico
the Atl
de Madrid
dying
before
and his
Such
cases,
to help
obliged
former
in
injury
that,
in
March
as shall
shortly
The third
source
Jose
be seen,
five
Zubiarrain,
to
to the
his
example,
by
terminated
career
take
player
for
compensation
he decided
years
not legally
were simply
so little
Mart(nez,
exceptions
had his
star,
he
the injured
with
Maria
goalkeeper,
and received
from which
of Miguel
were really
de Madrid
1970,
were generous
all.
on the
action
and consider
example that
however,
any way at
Atl (tico
contract
midfielder
family.
for
he had
only
cases,
of shabby treatment,
rule
the
In certain
closed.
of courageous
match or him,
the player's
cancel
native
even if
of a piece
would be considerable
player
a testimonial
would arrange
to their
returned
24
injured
of a badly
The plight
sustained
families.
their
and consequently
from
his
club
to
the
law
case
courts.
Spain
was the
player's
present
contract
club
99 and 100 of
in order
clubs'
gave
the
to retain
of indignation
right
of
had expired
its
RFEF's
interview
24. Author's
with
25. Revealed by examination
only
According
Regulations,
a player
the footballers
which
retention,
he could
approval.
for
25 all
was to increase
meant
of Francoist
that
even when a
move elsewhere
to
the
that
his
his
controversial
a club
salary
had to
by 10%.
if
Articles
do
This
apparently
losing
unjust
rule
the players
great
to prevent
was invoked
Jose
goalkeeper
need for
Athletic
Angel
such a rule,
restriction
but nonetheless
on the liberty
by the
two
international
their
Barra.
of the Spanish
at
stars
Irrbar
it
that
concluded
years
frequency
way in July
joining
from
clubs
for
particular
prevented
from
Irrbar
with
In this
de Bilbao
the smaller
and trained
international
their
to protect
that
This rule
expense.
Basque clubs
was designd
understood
the
footballer:
bone of contention
Spain
was the
which
had to be obediently
apparently
treated
almost
always
Madrid
star
father
to keep
26.
27.
Author's
Author's
Luis
them in
interview
interview
list
endless
in
at
27
Jose
Luis
petty
every
words
"irresponsible
order".
with
with
the
the footballers
of
accepted
like,
Aragones,
for
Indeed,
of
rules
club.
the
and regulations
The players
former
Atletico
children
who needed
the
Madrid
Angel Iribar.
Aragon's.
212
of Francoist
Real
were
de
a stern
President
Santiago
Bernabeu actually
in
regulated,
Human Rights,
This
in
Spain,
however,
Italy
or gestures
example of this
Bernabeu discovered
Paul Breitner,
America.
that
occurred
It
was only
expressly
prohibited
a political
prohibition
newly arrived
Declaration
to his
of
family
to
almost
in
and
the
and
same
Francoist
their
from
players
30
The
conscious
at Real Madrid,
workers
the
significance.
occurred
the politically
financial
29
was controlled
individual
the
of
with
12 of
Article
treatment
the clubs
that
of
right
patronizing
and South
making statements
Breitner
the
concerning
extent
clearest
contravention
clear
life.
private
lives
Practically
a child,
was considering
of the giant
giving
Pegaso Company.
As
explained.
other
players
apparently
by Bernabeu. "31
Revealed by examination
of the archives
in particular
de Madrid,
and Real Madrid,
CE, No. 295, December 1974, with regard
Breitner.
31. Author's
interview
with
Paul Breitner.
213
and
World Soccer,
of Atletico
Boletin
del Real Madrid
to the case of Paul
of
for
It
players'
five
these
within
of representation
them taking
their
footballers
were completely
listed
grievances
of the sixth
the existence
footballers
the Spanish
it
grievances:
the
on
In consequence,
to seek justice
powerless
if
above,
and seventh
grievances
to have
and fair
the
treatment
1968, there
Before
committee
executive
RFEF assembly
was passed
international
players,
of
Pays,
such
the
This
first
the
the
at
a representative,
annual
and was
Samaranch. 32 This
by the current
and former
turned
the
was especially
player's
a motion
quo by taking
status
on the
representative
case
up the
with
to
regard
before
representive,
grievances
being
Jose
of
Luis
appointed
RFEF
in 1970.
President
This
lack
insignificance
footballers
to
1968,
July
and usually
disturbing
footballers.
Perez
In
requesting
however,
representative,
the
RFEF.
the
of
players'
surprisingly
intention
of
redress
of influence
within
alongside
the
Francoist
Spain:
any of
similar
prohibition
country.
33
This
their
other
seventh
the
and final
in
ever
the
of
on the
players
the
existed
was on Article
into
pales
grievance
prohibition
grievances
has apparently
prohibition
5 of
seeking
law courts.
No other
in
footballing
any other
the
statutes,
32. Revealed by examination of the archives of the RFEF, and the DND, in
de la DND,, No. 300, August 1968.
Boletin Oficial
particular
33.. Revealed by examination of the archives
of World Soccer.
214
read:
jurisdication
clause
all
the
addition,
which
clubs
that
stipulated
authority,
court,
about having
been fined
right
or
ruled
in favour
for
a player's
is
matters
contract
jurisdiction
the
renounces
that
procedure
of
in
established
not
of the club,
infringing
the
argued with
club
been paid,
the former
for
employers
the manager.
Valencia
As recounted
One
from
received
who, in
defender
suspending
or
regulation.
having
in
he "expressly
include
dared to complain
when a player
his
always
all
"35
RFEF Regulations.
player
would
over
him without
pay
by Tatono himself:
"Perhaps
but certainly
I deserved
to be suspended,
pay,
not without
in
I had to borrow money from friends
that was completely
unfair.
I complained
to the RFEF, but they came
order to keep my family.
down in favour
It seems
of the club,
agreeing
with the suspension.
is what usually
that this
used to happen with players'
complaints
to the RFEF. My complaining
to Madrid made matters
worse with
Valencia,
to second
who sold me, after
a season on the sidelines,
division
having
back now, I regret
Looking
club Elche.
complained
to the RFEF, because it only did me harm. 1036
In addition,
Articles
a fair
vention
34.
12,22
trial
to the treatment
of the footballers
of Human Rights,
therefore,
by an independent
of Articles
and impartial
8 and 10 of that
Revealed by examination
of
Martin
Arnoriaga,
op. cit.
Declaration,
the archives
p. 125.
Author's
interview
with
Juan
Jose
215
court
Tatono.
of
this
was also
as well
the
contravening
lack
in contra-
as of the
of Atletico
of
de Madrid,
in
and
Franco regime's
labour
to take their
the right
workers
which formally
granted
all
labour
to the special
grievances
courts.
The first
footballer
conditions
was the
occasions
threatened
1950s.
to
a personal
de trabajo
the
contract
late
1970s,
Asociacin
thirty
in
relatively
be seen
the job
for
certain
sections
better
trade
ballers,
situation
in
This
despite,
while
playing
legal
working
Bazn,
for
who on several
studies,
wrote
things,
that
to
thesis,
the
footballers'
was a rare
exception.
the
and then
contract.
this
in
Jaen
a labour
Epilogue
of
unique
among other
proved,
the
footballers
doing
it.
trade
37 In
El
the
Cabrera
the
union,
For approximately
remained
childhood,
The docility
the docility
silent,
to
grateful
and being
in the
of the players
in
gradually
of the workforce
Cabrera
well-paid
This
Jose
was clearly
of the other
all
these
Espanoles.
Bazn, however,
general.
which
foundation
the
de Futbolistas
years,
be doing
deportivo,
about
his
he completed
as shall
Cabrera
srike
a professional
of
Bazn assisted
intelligent
highly
Upon retiring,
contrato
complain
conditions,
and for
change in climate
the right
eventually
216
de trabajo
to form independent
reached
for
"all
deportivo,
Madrid,
of
1961.
the clubs,
us players
world". 39
The first
serious
and the
to form a players'union
attempt
sporting
As recounted
authorities.
hostility
of
by Manuel
Velazquez:
division
"The captains
the first
teams planned
to come
of all
forming
to
together
to discuss
that would struggle
an association
improve our-working
began when the Press
The problems
conditions.
found out.
The RFEF President
Jose Luis Costa denounced the idea,
Our President,
along with practically
all of the club Presidents.
Bernabeu,
"Pirri",
was particularly
angry because our captain,
and
in the Press
Bernardo
Grosso, had made statements
other player,
This setback
Marcelino
against
the club
with
contract
player
Nations
directors
high his
turned
salary
38. Author's
39. Author's
public
his winning
the Soviet
however,
goal
Union,
for
centre-forward
demanded a transfer
more vociferously
when this
him.
opinion
interview
interview
a union,
of the players.
all
silence
about forming
with
with
was refused
against
the player
would be further
217
when his
than any
The Zaragoza
by pointing
increased
out how
by 10% in
him. 4
to retain
order
however,
encouragement
other
in
March
received
from
the
of
transfer,
from
resulting
infringing
the
that
in
compelling
Ajuria
with
contract
the
club
was to
the
enjoy
similar
his
contract.
of
5 of
to
Ajuria
and thus
in
Mendonca
and Mallorca,
Madrid,
was ruled
therefore
reparations.
two years
Madrid
later
goalkeeper
sustained
him a small
Ajuria
statutes.
Bazn, 42 it
by injuries
his
RFEF ban
Cabrera
success
and refusal
fight
to
Mallorca
RFEF's
than
treatment
payment
Supreme Court
financial
Ajuria
of
a possible
the
the
of
the Atletico
lack
aganist
between
to make certain
then cancelling
case
thesis
the
existed
infuriated
of
Eduardo
action
Article
controversial
accordance
a labour
terms
lawyer
the
legal
taking
4'
treatment.
by the
was so upset
in
Mallorca,
managed to bring
skilfully
where,
his
about their
As a veteran,
case.
served as an
Mendonca
he engaged
stance
indignant
players
1971.
club
that
Marcelino's
forward
The Angolan-born
Marcelino
As pointed
with
the
whose career,
in action.
He was
amount of compensation
fought
case
and
with Manuel
op. cit.
218
Velazquez
and Jose
Anger
Irtbar.
that
the
injury
player's
The following
up by both
attitude
the
Spanish
from
result
towards
clubs
a labour
of
lawyer
the
the
in
footballers
the
accident.
Atletico,
of
illustrates
DND, perfectly
the
of
defence
of
statement
the
was obviously
backed
patronizing
Francoist'
Spain:
inadmissible
is absolutely
know,
"It
that a player
who, as we all
benefits,
payment,
many paternalistic
enjoys
substantial
doctors
comfortably
of the first
order,
conscientious
short
working
hours,
try to seek the protection
should
of
and so many privileges,
law created
the influence
of a social
security
and benefits
for the genuine
worker. "43
exclusively
and logically
This defence,
however,
Supreme Court
passed a verdict
Atletico
de Madrid for
security
system.
proved
not having
of
nontheless
and Jose
Social
still
Security
President
Social
implicated
43.
case
humiliating
being
besides
the
Director
de Madrid,
Atl'etico
personally
he was also
was both
de la
the
Subdirector
but
verdict.
RFEF
General
of
Security.
the
of
Enrique
were
The former
because
a footballer
verdict
Pay.
this
prevent
humiliated,
in
Zubiarrain
Perez
in the social
and Vice-President
to
unable
Perez
Luis
condemning
the player
registered
by the
of Zubiarrain,
worker"
General
in favour
Mata Gorostizaga
to be ineffective.
grievances
to court
prevented
other
by promising
by examination
Revealed
of
Arnoriaga,
quoted in Martin
indignant
to resolve
players
completely
the archives
of Atletico
op. cit.,
p. 32.
219
from taking
the whole
de Madrid,
and
issue
of the footballers'
of the nature
to the social
affiliation
to be a docile
proved
security
The obstructionism
the
football
their
further
to
of
ailings
grievances
death
of
of
the
In
passivity
of
the situation
of strikes,
the
the
the
footballers
the spirit
consciousness
desire
of the majority
the
for
docility,
to
in
Franco
in general,
apart
the
the
and the
many
the
after
were not
society
after
and political
had reflected
and militancy
wave
in the general
was described
of
thesis,
players
Spanish
period
of Spanish workers.
of the players
this
be resolved
Epilogue,
change
1975.
players
consequence,
obedience
the increase
nothing
majority
to
foreign
of
the
of solidarity
Introduction
remained
be seen in
of the workers
the
In
team.
throughout
players
in
prohibition
national
by the
continued
general
executive
fall
as seen
As shall
Franco.
the
the
Spanish
to be immune from
1975.
despite,
clubs,
opposition
Perez
of
on the
committee
possible
system.
representative
players'
and their
contract
political
This desire
in the following
for
way by
Manuel Velazquez.
"By the time of the death of Franco, we players were desperate f or
For far too many years we'd
a change in our working conditions.
here at Real Madrid.
been treated like little
especially
children,
We were not allowed to form our own trade union, there was no
injured
for when you fell
social security
protection
or retired,
the club could hold on to you for as long as they wanted to, and
to the law courts for justice.
Such an
you couldn't
even resort
continue,
and it was only to be
unfair situation
simply couldn't
like so many other groups and
expected that we footballers,
become
during the
Spanish
militant
would
society,
sections of
from dictatorship
to democracy. "44
transition
44. Author's
interview
with
Manuel Velazquez.
220
CHAPTER SIX:
The fifth
aspect
the
concerns
failure
of
the
of
dictable
refugee
players
Associations
eventually
rapidly
"political
Kubala
with
granted
leading
up by the
attempted
to
players
refugee
for
Permission
by FIFA.
In
under
nationality
exiles",
which
and Ferenc
Puskas,
lead
playing
to
the
the
the
two most
for
the
1962.
221
because
a whole
of
their
prerange
of
these
of
Football
in
East
however,
Spain,
Europeans
special
famous
Spanish
the
of
registration
them to play
addition,
and were
clubs
International
of
as a ,result
uprising,
encountered
the
ratify
of
Hungary
As a result
clubs
Federation
the
from
Spanish
reputations.
Spanish
Spanish
Spain
Francoist
outstanding
had fled
-- these
(FIFA).
conceded
various
in
football
1956 anti-Communist
and coaching
when they
obstacles
of
refugees
October
oppositions,
of
Europe.
these
signed
enthusiastically
immense playing
Spain
Eastern
The majority
the
politicization
in
presence
from
and coaches
the
of
were
classification
refugees,
national
was
all
of
Ladislas
team until
These "golden
can be divided
into
the following
three
that
exiles
Europe;
the player
Budapest after
from right
the defeat
across
Eastern
which left
the Yugoslavia
in Spanish football
in Spain in 1950
arrived
Hungarian
the world-famous
categories:
Daucik,
refugees',
players
1970s.
It
that
these footballing
every possible
assistance
to settle
Franco regime
to convert
them into
liberal
relatively
to dicuss
this
Before
of
the
to
establish
East
little
commencing
entry
into
the
European
to
of
context
exiles
discuss
in
The objective
doing
this
of
other
sports
in
exile
in
other
of
Kubala
chapter
in
both
evaluate
of these reugees
Spain
in
were given
in order
symbols"
for
the
by using
upon an examination
Francoist
footballers
European
and in-so
allegation,
Spain,
"anti-Communist
of Spain. 2
nature
of the presence
significance
in Francoist
them to demonstrate
refugees
of this
significance
is
it
necessary
a brief-discussion
Francoist
countries.
Spain.
political
and Daucik,
with
is
the political
in Francoist
the
chapter
Spain,
There
about
and East
is
extremely,
cases.
used to describe
was first
27 August 1950.
in El
1.
This expression
Mundo Deportivo,
2.
in interviews
has been made to the author
This allegation
with Juan
by Vazquez
Pablo Fusi,
and in print
and Manuel Vzquez Montalbn,
Montalbn
op. cit.,
p. 157.
222
Apart
in Spanish sport
basketball
after
for
Spanish clubs,
had this
country,
Spain.
A small
Germany over
the
mediocre
illustrated
West,
number
of
players
in
cautious
about
damaging
sporting
authorities
relations
with
the
in
from
on tour
the
The other
the
who
players
exchange for
this
apart
have
their
from
had no such
the
East
European
non-existence
of
diplomatic
from
the
however,
they
have
Francoist
Spain
Europeans,
fear
of
because
countries
relations
until
were
Eastern
Spanish
were
present
been
be
authorities
because
the
West
As will
sporting
whole
in
Apart
the
East
Francoist
stayed
reputation.
chapter,
the
with
in
Hungarians
there.
Nachtweih,
dissident
relations
Francoist
of
of
country
taking
1975
without
foreign
vital
an international
course
West European
every
Milan
group,
from January
ban left
German players
East
Norbert
without
the
apart
while
defender
Munich
Bayern
the
years
of Yugoslavian
permission.
offical
in
asylum
were a handful
authourities.
thus earning
East Europeans
two-year
a worldwide
serving
of the Yugslavian
permission
1970s.
for
who played
onwards,
in the early
players
Adamovic,
signed
during
refugees,
extremely
of
fear
Block.
of
The
sporting
negligible,
after
of
a reflection
the
death
of
Franco.
3.
4.
details
For further
see Marca, 10
of the Adamovic affair,
February 1974 and As, 2 January 1975.
In March 1967, for example, the French authorities
to
were reluctant
team
offer asylum to four members of the Romanian Under-21 football
details,
who attempted to defect in Lyon. For further
see World
Soccer, April 1967.
223
The passage
European
more famous
the
story
of
the
romantic,
all
of
Communist
symbol"
prodigious
talent
17.
only
the
daughter
which
in
in
Soviet
soldiers.
has always
Kubala
to
played
leave
conversion
in
July
the
the
1948,
to
international
in
1945,
only
his
of
to
political
in
an "anti1927,
at
he followed
his
the
age
his
across
friends,
events
and
into
club
flee
to
Nevertheless,
debut
Czech national
coach
East
prologue
remarkable
Budapest
by several
accompanied
alluded
in
Born
of
Honved team.
later
father
for
Daucik,
Ferdinand
January'1948,
of his
as a kind
is
his
from
Daucik
particular
Spain.
death
coach
the
of
him a Hungarian
earned
the
in
in
assisted
Francoist
to Budapest
border
case
Kubala
of
to Prague,
of
He returned
decision
flight
and the
be regarded
should
and controversial
After
Czech mother
Kubala
player
football
Spanish
to
the
of
the
of
all
Prague.
Austrian
disguised
when explaining
as
his
Hungary:
"I decided
to leave Hungary because of the Communist takeover,
just
bear
then.
I couldn't
which was on the point
of culmination
in a Hungary dominated
by the Soviets.
the thought
My
of living
father-in-law
East
a team of anti-Communist
was organizing
in
Europeans players,
mostly Hungarians,
and we all came together
Milan in March 1948. "5
It
football,
account,
Kubala a relatively
5.
Author's
The players
interview
nonetheless,
lavish
in Hungary in favour
with
that
Ladislas
224
Kubala.
other
professional
lifestyle
at the age
of a rigid
amateur
football
for
The team of
East
Europeans,
united
desire
their
evenings
their
anti-Communism
"Hungaria"
was called
They toured
of Hungarians.
the preponderance
in
matches twice
to be signed
all
of Turin,
Milan,
to sign up Kubala,
enthusiastic
countries,
Bloc for
the decision,
following
Anderlecht
dissuaded
because of
of the touring
authorities
club.
the inspiration
by the sporting
It
team,
of their
with
the
in the spring
the
exhibition
up by a leading
of Brussels
and
Switzerland,
Italy,
Low Countries
Juventus
to Kubala.
for
the
motives:
It
of
6.
7.
is difficult
"Hungaria"
the political
contributed
to
their
success
in
Francoist
225
significance
Spain.
The
was offered
media
offered
entry
into
them an extremely
Spain
headline
the
radio
"Welcome,
team "refugees
from
practically
all
institution
under
the
manner in
With
to
preparing
actually
the
East
attempted
France,
to
a match
for
team of
actual
the
between
World
the
Cup finals
without
its
height.
the
national
visiting
by
regime
this
way,
an
established
Moscard
which
Daucik
teams of
national
1
Brazil.
the
the
advised
Spanish
in
the
media's
RFEF
team,
The RFEF
flattery
of
had previously
Italy,
Switzerland
and
success.
10.
"
In
"Hungaria",
to
tournament
in
the
be treated.
and the
visitors
reached
but
Jose
The stated
was adopted
Franco
would
General
Europeans
against
the
assistance
to play
of
dubbed
that
them with
greeted
media. 9
Spanish
exiles
organized
"Hungaria"
8.
9.
the
offical
Freedom".
a label
control
de Deportes,
Nacional
arrange
the
which
regard
Delegado
direct
of
Marca
their
upon
example,
immediately
terror",
sections
the
of
de Espada
Communist
other
May 1950,
Footballers
Brave
Nacional
Radio
station
in
Henday
through
For
warm welcome.
non-competitive
grind.
of friendly
Most of the
details,
226
gave up their
players
for
France
or Belgium,
became the
however,
war"
between
club
in
Kubala
that
the
signed
The Barra
the
declaring
for
to
the
the
Daucik,
coach
delighted
in
charge
had to wait
Kubala
The matter
held
1950,
allowed
If
the
FIFA
debated
in
as usual
actually
Zurich,
with
that
to play
the
FIFA
As expected
his
club
by the
promised
FIFA
would
FC Barcelona
by
gratitude
Soviet
January
1951,
player
in
club
interview
12. Revealed by author's
13. Quoted in El Mundo Deportivo,
interview
14. Revealed by author's
Vasas
representative,
of
was accepted.
registration
In the event,
however,
Kubala
with Ladislas
22 August 1950.
with Ladislas Kubala.
227
14 the
until
did.
December
himself,
worldwide
former
but
matches.
meeting
by the
from
us refugees
competitive
executive
by his
would certainly
it
in
be suspended
should
authorities
Catalan
Samitier
Spain. 12
team in
first
Bam
another
proposed
significance
at
the
that:
clearance
Kubala
the Hungarian
Barra,
political
was first
to register
Budapest,
of
for
demand that
Hungarian
with
took
"transfer
Munoz Calero,
Daucik
bitter
on the
Armando
and left
Kubala,
for
representative
who expressed
Press
the
Josep
maneral
registration
player's
in
and signed
doctor
Falangist
footballers,
employment.
episode
general
Spanish
newly-elected
on the
another
other
and FC Barcelona,
Madrid
committee,
approval
secure
of
subject
found
they
where
1950.
August
executive
also
Real
to be professional
ambitions
the
unjust
seemingly
Spanish
football
of Kubala,
supporters
at being
indignant
coupled
The player
and aggressive.
Matias
commentator
because
Mainly
Francoist
Radio Nacional
skilfully
persistently
by evoking
friendly
the
rule
refusing
the
debate,
Kubala's
where
transformed.
made his
he was offered
Ba__ra into
In
Soviet
the
the
debut
six
of
played
vote
player.
a warm reception.
an unstoppable
the
cup with
15.
16.
team,
Munoz
good reason
in
another
his
onto
side
trivial
only
followed
that
FIFA
next
16
a player
non-Communists
weeks
the
of
must give
and Czechoslovakian
as a Bar$a
by the
interest.
substantial
having
Kubala
years.
the
only
course
a federation
of
t8
profession".
the
re-registration
poor
three
with
that
all
ratification
The Hungarian
Seville,.
of
for
matches
impassioned
opposed
1951,
March
a man
campaign
followed
public
used the
picture
out his
politically-motivated
country,
of Communist spite,
carrying
Spanish
in
meeting,
this
of
the
media,
executive
Calero
from freely
prevented
unjustly
to the Spanish
was presented
as a "victim
Prats,
of
-public,
the frustration
with
denied
on display,
phenomenal talents
supposedly
for
suspension
the
representatives
17
later
in
a cup match
in
He immediately
leading
them to
triumph
in
sixgoals.
interview
Prats,
and Mar ca both
op.
sent
cit.
a
to Zurich,
along with Matins Prats of Radio Nacional.
correspondent
details,
29
17. For further
see either Marca, or El Mundo Deportivo,
March 1951.
228
Spanish citizens.
applications
Minister
these
This
playing
for
Bam.
It
media attacks
alleged
that
18.
for
the Spanish
Kubala's
that
on this
issue,
The
that
significance
Kubala
opposed to him
a delay
significance.
registering
for
and, in consequence,
19
It
has actually
regime to request
in the national
team in order
proved
of
by the Franco
political
team.
until
inclusion
national
were as resolutely
political
to augment this
significance.
20
to be more richly
The truth
talented
an
been
is,
than
had previously
been used to
The category
of "political
refugee"
"the
to Edouard de Blaye,
op. cit.,
pp. 203-204,
shelter,
according
right-wing
ex-dictators,
world's
stock of Fascist
entire
extremists
dictator
such as the former Argentine
on the run',
and collaborators
Leon Degrelle
Nazi leader
Juan Perrin,
the Belgian
and the in famous
SS Colonel
Otto Skorzeny.
however,
against
of
1e
of the political
deliberately
however,
committee
in the player's
permission
for
Spain,
them in
in -favour
was actively
increase
in-Spain.
conscious
in Francoist
had acquired
regime
of Spanish nationality,
possibly
three
the clearest
refugees",
Franco
Kubala to play
qualify
Hungarians,
the
refugees"-remaining
granting
matically
? hat
in only
"political
category
possible
were processed
were
example,
Marca,
21 October
in the national
team.
229
Spanish
any native
that
his
he would
in
debut
transform
July
and for
player,
the
this
mediocre
of Kubala reached
significance
release,
eventful
life,
his
took place
entitled
The climax
Czech wife,
after
in Milan
as the climax
that
he made
which
its
film
romanticized
peak with
is Kubala's
of the film
five
years
in July
symbol.
of separation
1952).
The film
of presenting
It
reunion
search
in Barcelona
for
with
Kubala
should
be regarded
commentthe-.
the
based on his
of the process
as an anti-Communist
ators
team, 21 in
national
hoped
was generally
1953.
The political
peace").
it
reason
July
harshness
liberal
of Francoist
nature
Spain. 22
1
Kubala's
political
significance
gradually
diminished,
partially
to the responsible
contrast
This
1958, for
fellow
because of his
did
significance
example,
own wild
family
anti-Communist
man portrayed
occasionally
Kubala was
Hungarian
and irreponsible
reappear,
the subject
exiles,
lifestyle,
in
in the film.
however.
of a tribute
on the occasion
In March
in Paris
by his
of a France v.
in
hero, with
the characteristics
showing a popular
in the fierce
so that he could colaborate
of an idol,
antiCommunist Propaganda.
footballer,
The figure
for
and admired
of a beloved
the spirit
would influence
example,
of not a few spectators
"
supporters.
231
and
international
Spain friendly
first
the
footballer
to
DND, an award
its
showing
Communist
the
In
cruel
years
covered
Kubala's
In
the
earlier,
of
Spanish
nationality,
FIFA clearance
obtain
The Hungarian
23.
the
Honved
friendlies,
regime
as such
Spanish
his
with
every
cinema
Kubala-Daucik
story
Spain
were
signed
up by the
by the
media,
for
their
official
new clubs
programme
in
fourteen
aforementioned
the
for
effectively
arrived
all
anti-
described
end of
tyranny.
in
was
a potent
mother,
as "the
Prats
from
media
by Communist
symbols
play
Franco
group
and received
to
Deportivo,
had done
pair
to
popular
top
were
help
acclaim,
were
clubs,
rapidly
granted
possible
and the
to
Spanish
team.
national
being
Mat(as
Merito
served
the
the
the
shown before
caused
as anti-Communist
portrayed
1961,
compulsorily
1956-1958,
having
reunion
by commentator
a series
played
for
Kubala
separation
that
suspicion
December
itself.
became the
de Oro al
Medalla
In
the years
repeated
six
to
symbol. 24
Spain,
of
years
caused
which
Francoist
the
receive
gratitude
enthusiastically
game in
testimonial
match. 23
a nationalistic,
This
Uprising
of October
anti-Communist
very nature
Catholic
of
insurrection,
232
op. cit.,
hugely
popular
in
is
regime
at
the
by the
revealed
United
Press,
the
anti-Soviet
invasion
of the Soviet
international
of
means
diplomatic
relations
decision
sport
with
of Hungary,
verbose
the
Franco
delegate
Spanish
only
explanation:
six
by the Spanish
the Eastern
anti-Communist
to withdraw
Olaso,
of
Bloc.
rhetoric
that
the
demonstrated
its
to do so by
of its
It
attitude
of
rejection
rhetoric
is further
attitude
of the Olympic
1956.
the
while
were
Nations.
This official
boycott
in
praised
enthusiastically
The insurgents
Spain. 26
Francoist
States
with
this
acoompanied it. 27
boycott
The
on 6 November.
cabinet
de Deportes
simply
that
It
Jose Antonio
to offer
the following
by Juan
This allegation
was made to the author
Vazquez Montalbn,
sociologist
and the Catalan
233
Pablo Fusi,
Manuel
Joan Josep Artells.
the dignity
of sovereign
countries
are being
and independence
in the sanguinary
invasion
trampled
of
on, and which culminates
decreed by the Communist Internationale,
Hungary,
which reminds
twenty years ago in our
so much of that which they attempted
"28
homeland...
It
the
Francoist
the
Honved
September
1956,
without
this
draw
Spain because,
of how only
pursue his
case with
the
boycott,
of this
all
possible
The chain
and coaches
European
the
Spain.
Hungarian
when the
in
Francoist
soon giving
Honved players
the
de Bilbao
even
in
to settle
group
in
that
were
authorities
culminated
Athletic
in the light
come as no surprise,
should
of
which
in
Spain
remaining
is
It
Honved group
safe
to assume,
story
army, certain
actually
28.
Soviet
and indeed it
30 October
that
troops.
Sgndor
and
reported
was erroneously
in the conflict.
This explanation
was reproduced
newspaper of 7 November 1956.
than Kubala
regiments
been killed
however,
significance
fighting,
against
of compatriot
political
against
in
began
FIFA.
which fought
for
have ended up in
would
as admitted
that
assistance
events
us
by the world
in the
Press on
30
in
practically
every
Spanish
interview
29. Revealed by author's
with Sandor Kocsis.
30. See, for example, any of the London newspapers of 30 October
234
of
1956.
Although
left
that
was obvious
Ostereicher
capitalizing
were to play
friendly
matches across
immense overseas
then travel
Barcelona
secretary
intention
of
the
of
however,
already
Honved's
team,
Samitier
before
agreed to join
Czibor
the Soviets
Emil
secretary
Western Europe,
reputation
and
and afterwards,
Madrid
that
Vienna
Austrian
the
Rocsis
Real after
and Zoltan
had acted.
Puskas,
himself
of Barcelona
themselves
Spain,
capital
with
Czibor,
the
with
the
in
Vienna,
had
Ostereicher,
with
precontracts
Andras Kazsas. 31
Honved left
Santiago
signed
In
agreed by telephone
FC
three
On arriving
conversation
reached
along with
a telephone
had to content
to exiling
in
Francoist
Real
discovered
by Kocsis,
resigned
for
up Puskas,
signing
The Catalan
friendlies
of the club
on to Bilbao,
arrived
left
Samitier
Bernabeu.
addition,
before
when
Spanish clubs.
As soon as news of
stars
and just
The plans
until
days earlier,
twenty
Austria.
join
hopefully,
with
significance,
political
Budapaest
had failed,
the rising
the frontier
closed
de Bilbao
Athletic
to engage
Vienna
for
of 19 were effectively
down in
Spain.
The political
alignment
235
by a
accompanied by 200
would sign for no other
invited
debate on t'e
assembly's
in this
finished
Ostereicher
in the French-
to intervene
Hungarian
on 7 November.
situation
way:
Unfortunately,
"We wanted to leave behind a free Hungary.
this .
could not be, but we believe that Hungarian blood has not been shed
in vain, and that our country will one day become a free country
again, like France. "32
N
Partially
speech by Ostereicher,
club's
insurgents.
33
exhibition
match against
became intense.
party
their
in the decision
an emotional
On the field
in the capital
Upon arriving
a Combined Madrid
profession
of Soviet
in a free
of the Hungarians
before
two day's
XI,
this
reception
offered
chaplain
were depicted
exercise
featuring
when
the match,
Hungarian
later
for
an
with
repression
Kubala,
the Honved
who only
The importance
country. 34
to remain did
not enter
into
wanted to
of money
the media
treatment.
It
has frequently
game with
Bernabeu,
been alleged
for
that
the size
a capacity
a friendly
110,000
the
in the Estadio
by this
17 November 1956.
32. Quoted in Arriba,
details,
33. For further
see any of the Madrid newspapers of 23 November
1956.
34. See, for e; ample, Arriba and ABC, 25-30 November 1956,
29 November 1956.
Arriba,
especially
236
media coverage. 35
politically-moti-vated
Carrero
Captain
Luis
Camilo
Alonso
left
Doctor
absence,
ratify
to
their
committee.
tour
Italy
these attempts
intransigence.
six
Munoz Calero,
passionately,
homage:
Agustin
Mufioz, Grandes,
General
Cavestany.
America
encouraged
with
case
to return
of whom planned
and South
registrations
ministers
a religious
Barcelona,
Spain,
General
Blanco,
received
began with
also
game, which
being
After
-
the
at
were present
Four of Franco's
the
indignant
December
by the
Spanish
with
in
Kubala,
1956.
DND, 36 attempted
clubs
the
at
the
Spanish
and remain in
of a year's
In
their
to
FIFA executive
media
followed
East European
worldwide
ban
interview
35. This was alleged to the author by Miguel Vidal,
op. cit.,
Enrique Gil de la Vega
correspondent
and the veteran ABC football
"Gilera".
36.
37.
in the archives
by the author
A letter
was discovered
of the RFEF,
from the Delegado Nacional
Elola
Olaso to the RFEF President
Alfonso
1957, requesting
de la Fuente Chaos, dated 4 January
the latter
to
in Spain
direct
Munoz Calero
to arrange
with FIFA the registration
"with
the same enthusiam
and diligence
of the four Honved players,
(sic)
Ladislao
Kubala of
to the player
with regard
as was displayed
Barcelona".
Club de Ftbol
The Spanish sports
sent correspondents
newspapers
and Radio Nacional
in both March and July
in Zurich
to the FIFA executive
meetings
indignation
1957.
European
A good'example
at the-East
of this
in Barca, No. 64,7
intransigence
Fernandez
can be found by Enrique
March 1957:
237
four
-on-the
matches for
further
friendly
media's
attention
a year,
March 1957.
was in this
It
Spanish nationality,
Interior,
the Press. 3
themselves
and Real'Madrid
all
in
by the Ministry
in
respectively
of the Hungarians
six
as with
to
month that
with
had to confine
during
on them continued.
contrast,
Accordingly,
for
in July
accepted
players,
applied
of the
in
FIFA
August 1957.
It
for
clearance
to
two further
East
made the
team.
were
former
Permission
to
once
for
in the veteran
for
the
FIFA
adamant
Puskas,
captain
him to
of
line
unlike
the
their
Kubala
strongest
up for
Spain,
stage of their
inspiring
them
executive
in
in the
however,
Real Madrid,
were outstanding,
again
because
proposal,
world-famous
Cups,
request
to be included
Honved players
performances
European
Europeans
Spanish
there
Puskas's
therefore
former
the four
Spanish nationl
careers.
that
thought
was originally
March
to
opposition
before
ever
him,
Hungarian
however,
1960.
The
the
was the
national
was granted
at
38.
ban as a
the one-year
The Spanish Press generally
regarded
to prove that the Honved group had committed
malevolent
attempt
some
The strongest
rhetoric
wrong and so needed to be punished.
again
1957:
in
85,1
August
No.
from
Barca,
edition
come
"The measure of FIFA, taken because of the pressuring
of the
does not constitute
federation,
Hungarian
footballing
a simple
but rather
an inhuman ruling,
sanction,
at odds with the most
and with the respect
elemental
norms of human rights,
owing to
in the tragic
the people who fled from the "Red Terror"
events
in Budapest. "
winter
of last
238
third
Munoz Calero's
to
of
that
for
authorities,
having
left
Yugoslavs
these
the
reached
Yugoslavs
in
playing
coach
outstanding
both
the
Milan
political
Barcelona
during
country.
He arrived
was a Spanish
having
accompany
event
the
in
in
the
February
Ministry
Brocic,
In
refugee".
Zagreb
of
for
1960,
of
to
Real
the
the
Madrid.
Spain with
FC
coach
of
left
his
own
and by May of
that
year
the
Interior
the
October
a European
which
such veteran
in Francoist
with
established
significance
command at
and
matches
addition
Spanish
precedents
Bar a team to
political
in
Spain
him a "political
his
was Ljubisa
the
of
seven
in
who settled
in
The majority
approval
were
being
1960/1961,
the
citizen,
followed
considered
season
there
was a
however,
international
twenty
division,
signigicance
Spain
minimal.
the
first
Spanish
Francoist
significance,
1975,
In
Miljanic
in
play
with
in
played
28.
age of
national
was generally
homeland
their
having
to
political
Hungarians,
the
of
Europeans
Their
1goslavs.
of
collection
East
of
group
the Spanish
Puskas
in Chile.
tournament
The third
contrast
for
consequently
in November 1960.39
time of asking,
was fully
Hungarians
and
1960,
he was unable
Fairs
Cup match,
capitalized
an
upon
details
39. For further
meeting, see Marca, 2
of this FIFA executive
November 1960.
40. Marca, 14 October 1960, for example described Brocic's
enforced
another Communist
absence from the Zagreb match as "a disgrace,
far to many".
assault against a man who has already suffered
239
to
from Eastern
refugees"
these dissident
but
for
these
footballing
determined
East
Spanish
nationality
fulfill
the
Spanish
parentage
In
Franco
treatment
decision
for
because
to
regime
to
of
the
to
direct
East
in
settle
of
"golden
the
'
of
section
this
not
have
to
residence
the
media,
or
exiles".
from
the
sympathetic
football
writers
Brian Glanville,
of.
granting
towards
due to
Information
of
assistance
contributed
of
face
years'
extremely
clearance
Spanish
as "political
concrete
the
FIFA
swift
ten
either
would certainly
the
who did
classified
and the
in
team,
refugees,
which
of
official
leading
the
the
refugees",
Ministry
that
a successful
secondly,
of
being
Europeans,
television
of
these
two pieces
A considerable
radio,
control
these
the
of
that
DND to obtain
with
national
requirements
strict
addition
by the
opposition:
all
possible
all
firstly,
to. register
Spanish
the
must be affirmed
organized
European
usual
it
assistance
two categories:
refugees
for
anti-Communism.
national
into
painstakingly
and to play
clubs
Spain,
by any other
falls
assistance
in Francoist
To begin with,
Europe.
players
to settle
assistance
campaign
in Francoist
of the presence
significance
This
to draw conclusions
is now appropriate
It
media
their
regime
's
for
example
was under
and tourism,
while
latent
the
the
have all
Times, and Jaques Ferran,
to
editor
of L'Eauipe,
alleged
Western European country
that no other
the author
would have risked
damaging its
bloc
relations
sporting
with the Eastern
severely
in these Hungarian
by taking
refugee
players.
countries
240
made this
claim
to the
independent
largely
section
interpretation
of
events.
The benefits
possible
assistance
to
In
first
were many.
the
in
to demonstrate,
in
Spain
It
is
comparison
evidence
never
to
inside
been alleged
that
the
as "anti-Communist
film
Franco
regime's
was far
Spain
to this
been alleged
in
the
of
making
Spanish
sympathetic
club
Francoist
country
bastion
and it
by the
symbols",
particularly
affirmed
that
the
that
behind
domestic
that
Spain,
portrayal
message
to
superior
statement
the
the
presence
and national
Spain
appear,
of
quality
Iron
for
these
of
has practically
the
of
these
hugely
popular
the
supporters
in
life
their
43
curtain.
perhaps
to many foreigners
in
evidence.
has widely
media
many football
advantage
sides
European
effect
a tolerant
and
regarded
it
as
last
43.
This allegation
was made to the author by Juan Pablo Fusi and Manuel
Vazquez Montalbn.
the latter
the political
comparing
message of the
film
on his nightly
national
with that offered
radio
programme by
Venancio
the virulently
Marcos.
priest
anti-Communist
Fascism.
Spain
players
international
surprisingly,
it
the
of
44
for
Spanish
Francoist
extremely
concrete
this
Spain
opportunity
of
is
It
with
that
and outside
paz,
perpetual
In addition
has also
la
statement
nonetheless,
both
refugees
this
support
nature
countries.
every
in
the
regime
liberal
the
Communist
the
with
the
offered
offering
to settle
refugees
context,
as true,
been held
they
place,
a kind,
of
footballing
these
a domestic
however,
difficult,
obtained
only
Western
241
European
after
country,
It
all, prepared
personal
them to practise
their
profession
in a third
liberty.
is further
that
alleged
of these "anti-Communist
thesis,
This
example
of
however,
leading
Santamaria
South
of
how important
East
Europens
crowd-pulling
45.
Juan
Alex
and
any
in
American
Real
Madrid,
a factor
really
potential
in
was.
of
making
this
it
Kubala
true
certainly
presence
Alfredo
Di
practically
increase
The claim
in a position
to serve
that
the
like
players
is
a variety
wages or
real
being
It
can be attributed-to
increase
the
45
increased
crowds substantially
rise,
football
soporific.
as seen in
symbols".
players
towards
them a
give
the
entry
has frequently
obliged
of
factors,
in
Spanish
Stefano
impossible
onto
the
for
football
and Jose
to evaluate
scene
FC Barcelona
to construct
of
the
the
the
and
Kubala
than
242
been considering
Real Madrid
the
Luis
Eugenio
Martinez
for
Catalan
the
No matter
. 'football
such
being
in
public
remain in Spain.
whatsoever
that
East
of offering
There is,
however,
is
that
can be reached
is
facilitate
settlement
the
without,
soporific
doubt
that
factor,
the
policy
that
perhaps
the
for
explicitly
Franco
regime
East
in
the
incisive
most
did
everything
European
reasons
its
with
to
assistance
evidence
was pleased
is
there
no concrete
evidence
expressing
to
contributed
practically
regime
obvious
attractions
as potent
limited
the
that
Americans
South
soporific,
this
available,
of
unveiling'of
compatriots
on the objectives
Franco
since
as Kubala.
to prove that
sheds light
Europeans
1950s
arrival,
the
with
were just
had
even be argued
could
along
to serve as a political
respect.
Spain,
the
to what extent
it
Barca
that
Kubala's
1948 with
Rodriguez,
and Cesar
able
in
prominence
fact
the
before
Bernabeu. 48 Indeed,
Estadio
no evidence
absolutely
long
a development
Suarez
ignoring
1957,47
worldwide
gained
impressive
Spaniards
the
in
gigantic
players
with
regard
objectives.
the
overall
to
attitudes
that
conclusion
in
its
power
in
and coaches
to
the
There
impact
to
political
is
no
in
11 April
1955,28
47. This claim has been made in El Mundo Deportivo,
November 1966,23 November 1969, in Dice n, 9
February 1957,10
October 1967 and 14 June 1975, as well as in several unofficial
histories
of the club, for example CF Barcelona by Antonio Hernez
1974, p. 78.
and Jose Luis Marco, Barcelona,
in El Mundo Deportivo,
22 February
48. This is evidenced by an interview
Agusti Montal was quoted as
1948 in which the then Bar ca President
to consider the
saying that "our club has begun seriously
a larger stadium, in the light
of constructing
possibility
of the
highly successful
project
of Real Madrid".
and imaginative
243
This
refugees.
having
General Agustin
four
goals,
was demonstrated
while
by
in December 1960
witnessed,
at FC Barcelona's
contentment
for
were
was certainly
contentment
their
regularly'expressed
offered
gratitude
personal
famous
sportsmen
Legr,
in
vote
in
the
the
not
gratitude
50 In
Ministry
December
as tennis
of
towards
addition,
by enthusiastically
such
All
unilateral..
star
Information
1966 referendum
Francoist
Puskas
Santana
and Tourism's
on the
Organic
European
the
East
Spain
for
having
his
own
demonstrated
collaborating,
Manuel
of
along
with
and boxer
campaign
Law of
other
Jose
for
the
a "yes"
State.
61
including
interview
in which famous sportsmen,
Real Madrid
Brief
Francisco
Gento and Amancio Amaro, recommended a "yes" vote in
stars
the ten days
the referendum
appeared in Marca, every day during
The advice of Puskas appeared
to the actual
voting.
on two
prior
In addition,
the
on 6 December and 12 December 1966.
occasions,
former Honved captain
television
arranged
appeared on a specially
personalities,
programme,
on 11 December 1966, in which various
including
Fernando Vizcaino
Casas, requested
the Francoist
writer
for the dictator
in
their
the Spanish people to demonstrate
support
details
For further
the referendum.
about the collaboration
of
in the campaign of the Ministry
Puskas and other
sportsmen
of
ica",
Information
see "Deporte,
sociedad
and Tourism,
y poll
No. XXV extraordinary,
Cuadernos para el dilogo,
May 1971.
243A
importance
The diplomatic
the
of
aspect
Together
enjoyed
politicization
the
with
importance,
that
rather
has emerged
helped
considerably
overseas
image
the
three
aspects
Franco
and football's
of
regionalist
in
a journalistic
manner. '
The generally
this
Franco
critical
regime
to
is
treatment
improve
that
its
both
has
that
politicization
systematic
from
sixth
years.
albeit
accepted
football
poor
general
position.
significance
was discussed
that
the
treatment,
diplomatic
aspect
and diplomatic
The specific
1.
than
game during
critical
amount of
a certain
the
the
constitutes
diversion
the
one of
football
Spanish
of
political
is
this
and anecdotal
theory
of
in the Introduction
Francoist
to this
club
thesis,
during
with
as one
That brief
Julia
Garcia Candau has been the writer
most concerned
about the
diplomatic
His allegations
significance
of Spanish football.
about
Minister
Fernando
the manipulation
Maria
of Real Madrid by Foreign
in his El Pais Semanal article,
Castiella,
made mainly
op. cit.,
and
his book, op. cit.,
caused a great deal of controversy
at the time
because of the lack of evidence
that he
partly
of publication,
had earlier
The subject
to support
the claims.
been treated
offers
by Manuel Vazquez Montalba"n,
briefly
in Politica
and humourously
y
Cerecedo,
deporte,
op. cit.,
and by Francisco
op. cit.
244-
discussion
in
importance
with
the
that
club's
outline
of
years.
The
in
Introduction
the
objective
specific
this
of
objective
chapter,
helped
of
Francoist
stage
that
how,
and to what
overseas
image
and diplomatic
position
be pointed
at
It
should
concepts
invariably
because
It
is
of
Real
is
Madrid
3.
of
suggest
the
quite
another
by the
for
either
that
the
the
style
of
Spain
and success
however,
to
to the establishment
of
writers
of
improve
or
two. 2
the
a football
team
the
3
extent.
to the claim
or strengthening
to be differentiated
have
who
convenience,
an unquantifiable
to progress
the
concepts
between
to
examine
different
These
group
sake
to
improve
two quite
small
Franco
the
Spain.
chapter.
Francoist
to
an
is
hand,
any distinction
recognize
1950s
thing,
contributed
in. this
together
to
image of
team actually
2.
to
this
examination
subject,
an inability
international
It
the
with
one thing
like
out
been discussed
dealt
have
be under
will
effect,
during
other
football
detail
towards
significance
on the
diplomatic
Real's
contributing
of
political
general
the
with
was concerned
in all
that
such a
of concrete
four
of
diplomatic
relations
be seen,
first
there
is
It
appropriate
significance
The potential
context.
in
country
the
the
ways for
the
sport;
Olympic
of
coverage
East
of
the
to
improve,
increasing
Olympic
of
foreign
4.
been
image
feats
Black
the
the
of
two
through
in
the
form
African
Soviet
runners
overseas
image
function.
for
example,
that
enigmatic
have
of
served
these
The spectacular
consider=ably
country,
gymnasts,
helped
perhaps
of Brazil's
however,
tentatively
This claim has only been made to the author,
between Spain
to relations
Garcia Candau, with regard
Eastern
Bloc countries.
246
to
even
tourism.
difference,
of
immense worldwide
the
of
a similar
There is a qualitative
significance
the
extent,
of
since,
traditionally
both
of
years.
Games, the
image
image
the
Cup,
World
international
historical
worldwide
improve
have
because
that,
an unquantifiable
triumph
the
four
its
international
football
every
doubt
the
The World
Brazilian
enhance
held
There
its
improve
countries.
War.
can be little
There
media
to
to
the second.
world
outside
in
Spain
the
diplomatic
the
place
generally
Second World
tournaments
month-long
sport
the
a country
to
stage
Francoist
of
of
eyes
approximately,
major
in
football
of
this
at
presently
to support
none for
but practically
of these allegations,
As shall
of evidence
wealth
a veritable
exists
country.
any particular
with
by Julian
and the
of 1970.
The latter
triumph
military
diplomatic
links
with
foreign
attract
regime
than
substantial
to
1972,
it
prestigious
because
the
preparations
'uffnta
led
to
would
before
how the
distracting
that
were
could
preparations,
staging
tournament,
of
attention
the
World
in
Brazil.
that
which
were
for
there
away from
both
from
"Dirty
in
War"
back
be
in
The
international
successfully
staging
unlimited
Western
Videla
then
corners
cut. 6
to
government
the
would
up by cutting
speeded
serve
wake of
country
the
practically
was a debate
the
the
the
schedule.
a democratic
Cup could
In
to Argentina
realized
dedicated
the
behind
be obtained
for
to
exports.
Cup triumph
awarded
so far
however,
junta
tournament
and consequently
the
Brazilian
have
to
appear
Medici
the campaign
of assisting
seemed unlikely
by Videla,
advantage
tournament,
resources
Just
takeover,
the
and domestic
that
the
of improving
of strengthening
1978 World
the
Videla
for
stage
military
from
General
those
1976 military
able
the
of
dictatorship,
derived
by the
exploited
the objectives
with
countries,
certain
tourists,
The advantage
Argentine
Medici,
the overseas
the
was systematically
Europe
regime
being
about
by
fought
5.
6.
For details
preparations
and hopes for the
regime's
of the Vidal
in: L'Eauipe,
15 November 1977: World
1978 World Cup, see articles
1978; Don Baln,
No. 134,19
May 1978; As, 26 May
Soccer;
April
28 May 1978; La Nacin,
1978; El Mundo Deportivo,
25 November 1983;
1985, by the former
Buenos Aires,
the book
uFtbol sin trampa,
Argentine
manager Cesar Luis Menotti.
247
against
all
opponent
months
before
the
teams might
issue.
In
of
foreign
the
the
military
people
the
World
were
applauded
It
staged
9.
has been
instead
of
confined
the
the Mundialito
6-0
Brazil.
to
the
spectacular
that
At
of
Dutch
the
of
time,
Argentine
success.
and
occasions
to
dictates
the
these
the
whilst
that
Argentina
allow
however,
of
improved
Argentina
Cup" tournament
Argentine
violent
team to
of
tournament
and so progress
the
all
any trace
on various
Peruvian
and
human rights
As a consequence
Videla's
of
media,
see all
the
using
past.
Brazilian
World
that
hardly
or "Little
For details
of this debate,
articles
mentioned above.
the
scorline,
9
two
alleged
the
just
hospitality
instead
in
1978,
and practically
discover
jhe
image
'uffnta'bribed
and January
8.
it
1978,
attended,
to
football,
the
of
Argentine
young
international
military
Cup Final
world
countries
Furthermore,
them by a remarkable
allegations
because
surprised
and the
the
Since
Argentine
to defeat
the
attacking
above,
even appeared
compete,
as on so many occasions
immeasurably.
7.
repression.
play
of
of
were
visitors
attractive,
negative
the
all
event,
was exemplary,
playing
all
the
to
refuse
In April
it
tournament,
actual
Swedish
dictatorship.?
the
of
watching
invented
and
of December 1980
in order
to extract
Kubala,
This surprise
the manager of the
was shared by Ladislas
journalists
Spanish national
team in 1978, and by the following
who
Keir Radnedge of World Soccer,
the tournaments:
Brian
attended
Glanville
Jaques
of The Sunday Times, David Lacey of The Guardian
Juan Jose Castillo
Ferran
of El Mundo Deportivo
of L'Eguipe,
and
Miguel Vidal
of As.
has been debated in many newspaper
Brazil,
Outside
this
allegation
the most comprehensive
in: World
and magazine articles,
appearing
(Santiago
Soccer,
November 1983, El Mercurio,
de Chile)
13 June
1985; The Sunday Times, 22 June 1986; El Pais,
31 July 1987.
248
the
same kind
domestic
of
Brazilian
and Argentine
Argentine
three
al
defensive
military
won the
pattern,
tournament,,
a considerable
with
'0
team dropped
Uruguay
the
earlier,
as their
advantages
counterparts
years
regime
and international
thus
-and
amount
of
Like
their
the
traditionthe
presented
international
much needed
prestige.
As shall
not regularly
its
during
the simple
national
triumphs
improve
their
certain
overseas
South American
11.
leading
successes
image.
achieved
lack
it
Indeed,
dictatorships.
possible
club
very
team did
to enhance
in this
few successes
of consistent
regime was keen to
dictatorships
of their
actual
10.
advantages
examples of military
the international
using
it
of the country's
the opportunity
because of this
of the national
football
reason that
Partly
extract
provide
international
dictatorships,
be seen,
presently
leading
systematically
club
team in order
that
the ,
by
"
examples of this
kind
of utilization
details
see the following:
of these allegations,
_For
January 1981; Sport, 4 January 1981; As, 6 January
9- 25 November 1983.
is
that
World Soccer,
1981; La Naci6n,
249
to
of
the Olympia
club
international
1960s as the
Paraguay.
In
were Real
Madrid
'uffnta
have
in
out,
for
with
that
their
been partisans
carrying
host
the
Libertadores,
the
South
for
domestic
stage.
his
country,
solution
flag
Olympia's
ambassadorial
their
peak of
Brazilian
club
club
not being
occasions,
and that
that
to
the
the
Copa de los
12
to all
parts
the
with
their
his
a return
of the world,
attractive
and
controversial
to democracy to the
the Brazilian
military
an extended
wake of
was Santos,
respect
the
in 1972, he delighted
by claiming
together
Brazil
ready for
in
championship.
in
triumph
in this
running
services
effectiveness
1979
October
annual
On three
national
Paraguayan
a military-governed
comported
both
the
his
members of
whose players
play.
spectacular
other
ministers
always
American
his
of
abroad,
the
the world's
making friends
and the
in
regime
majority
the
since
and spectacular
surprising
and the
of Olympia,
country.
reached
regime
served
Stroessner
the
of
Stroessner
supporters,
example,
Stroessner
flagship
an exemplary
of
has apparently
which
the
always
themselves
Asuncion,
of
period
of military
rule
for
was a possible
to these problems. 13
12. See, for example: World Soccer, April 1980; Sport; 7 November 1980;
La Nacin, 9-25 November 1983.
13. For details
Janet Lever,
see the following:
of Pele's declarations,
World Soccer, November 1969 and May 1972; Goal, 7 May
op. cit.,
1972.
250
It
specific
instructions
powerful
River
classes,
in
considered
to
to be the
club
Italian
immigrants.
leading
Argentine
to
the
please
Boca Juniors,
1977 and 1978,
catalyst
for
triumphs
gave
''
the
of
the
juntas
managed to
contrast,
and on both
furtive
by winning
international
little
with
control
the opposing
star
This utilization
for
dictatorship
confined
Nasser,
exploited
Leopards
of a successful
the international
in a quite
club
football
objectives,
triumphs
blatant
Libertadores.
these
to
tactics
the
in
trophy
Furthermore,
the
Boca
Videla
style
and was
in order
to
team by a military
has not been
manner. 16
of Kampala during
managed
were
however,
to Francoist
on
'5
players.
ambassadorial
Plate
celebrations
defensive
violent
the
prestigious
prestige
a pragmatic
employing
accused of systematically
often
victory
demostrations.
anti-regime
extremely
the
occasions
up that
middle
never
club
Copa de los
the
pick
the
the
especially
by River
however,
to
generally
classes,
spending
players,
and-foreign
in
huge
the
gave
abroad
Boca Juniors,
lower
city's
authorities
Buenos Aires
the
of
more popular
Despite
military
military
when playing
favourite
the
club,
opposition
Argentine
how to behave
about
Plate
the
that
of Cairo
the dictatorship
of Idi
were
the
Amin, especially
discussed in World
has been most fully
14. This allegation
Soccer, July 1983, and in La Nacion, 9-25 November 1983.
28
15. See, for example: As, 27 November 1978; El Mundo Deportivo;
November 1978; World Soccer, January 1979 and July 1983; La Nacion
25 November 1983.
16. See World Soccer, March 1975.
251
9-
after
Champion Club. 17
in the African
1974 triumph
their
least
in other
respect
in this
played
motive
for
making this
Vice-president
Maria Castiella
benefits
a basketball
administration
by President
organizing
a national
Madrid at
Christmas
convinced
contribution
proceeded
international
man.
Castiella
that
football
Santiago
1952.
It
tournament
if
instructions
triumphs,
carried
19
to the club's
splendidly
Frances
Saporta
in
even
diplomatic
Castiella
regarding
was
recruited
that
Fernando
the maximum
extract
managed correctly.
Saporta detailed
at the Liceo
The chief
good friend
Bernabeu after
basketball
than football
to give
his
He was originally
basketball
10
Raimundo Saporta,
with
the Franco
Spain had at
as f6otball.
so that
essentially
that
of
the
concern
during
in Francoist
function
collaborated
who closely
the manipulation
must also
Spanish sports
basketball
is
claim
it
countries,
as much of an ambassadorial
on the ambassadoral
chapter
Spain concerns
by other
regard
It
period.,
in Francoist
of football
significance
this
then
the journeys
majority
of which
of the
March 1975.
interviewees:
of the author's
argument of several
Ganau and Miguel
Garcia
Vidal.
Julian
252
Franco
by Real
United
Spain
the
which
out
to
oranges
In the late
the
of
presidency
20.
21.
like
crowd,
by the
top
between
American
players
image
possibly
tours
in
Spain
to
go to
the
United
States,
ambassadors,
playing
in
flags,
an open
in
Spain
that
of
the
and economic
chose
and American
and then
clubs,
helped
professional
Spanish
Spanish
Francoist
of
of
the
also
1970s, basketball
Francoist
Spain
a consequence of Saporta
having
it
the
that
light
this
Relations
general
basketball
both
with
out
the
almost
in
addition,
Madrid
improvement
Saporta
in
for
handing
and
manner. 22
attractive
image
In
is
players
many top
improve
behaved
players
Spanish
based
that
to
Real
running
example
be seen. 2
21
States.
annual
arranged
should
helped
perhaps
United
basketball
fact
the
early
and it
States,
were obviously
but
the
American
Madrid,
States
interests,
the
leading
of
signing
in
policy
United
the
with
relations
led
foreign
regime's
in
the
Eastern
finally
accepting,
refused
it
on several
Bloc
helped
and China.
This
in November 1966,
Espanola de Baloncesto,
occasions
to improve
after
the
was partly
the
earlier
work
in Spanish basketball
Americans
This first
the
even before
arrived
league began in 1965.
The first
big name
professional
national
in
to arrive
who signed for Real Madrid
was Don Lawrence,
player
by his friend
Ben Davis two months later.
1964, followed
April
FC
1965, signing
the American market in January
Barcelona
entered
up
Robin Mortensen.
by Raimundo Saporta,
This possibility
supported
was tentatively
Julin
Garcia Gandau and Miguel Vidal,
and also by Robin Mortensen,
basketball
the former FC Barcelona
now coach at the Joventut
player,
club of Badalona.
team into
basketball
with
Spanish basketball
he organized
Furthermore,
Israel,
Castiella
The ageing
1969 by Gregorio
the behaviour
October
basketball
that
several
tours
of the Middle
Union,
by-passing
East,
with
another
a brief
After
was another
basketball
tour
diplomacy"
that
significant
been claimed
other
diplomatic
on various
role
for
about
went
diplomacy",
ahead, being
similar
In
a national
hailed
by
to the more
the same time
football
and basketball
which played
occasions
as effective
example,
to undertake
besides
sport
to Saporta
States. 23
The only
member and
abroad recommenced.
duly
The tour
October
Saporta
the instructions
Sports
in
Minister
Real Madrid
paid-up
pause,
of all
as Foreign
was replaced
Lpez Bravo,
keen supporter-.
national
as
Castiella.
of
priority
gestures
partly
In April
of Eastern
tour
of the goodwill
all
to convert
ambassador for
an efffective
done with
he had earlier
first
then proceeded
Saporta
at Real Madrid.
that
the leading
an ambassador for
254
Spanish
Francoist
It
player
has
Manuel
Spain as
were the
the
ambassadorial
in
triumphs
significance
tournaments
which
he won.
whilst
on the
Off
all
the
been alleged
in
of
light
his
highest
Cruz de Caballero
triumph
In
to
in
the
however,
men's
1960's,
as the
unlike
tournament,
Orden
single
Ministry
Furthermore,
de Isabella
Orantes
of
to win
the
always
bestowed
Minister
Castiella
the
services,
his
after
Wimbledon
emerged
in
and awards
Catolica,
at
and
Santana
many medals
ambassadorial
particularly
vote
when Foreign
tournament
failed
a positive
has
It
Tourism
of
in
style
and well-spoken,
Franco,
of
1966.25
the
the
tennis.
for
ambassador
Santana,
polite
campaign
for
Manuel
tennis
the
especially
decorations
de la
late
the
Santana
in
to
also
he was an admirer
receive
ceremony,
but
world,
Madrid,
due to his
simply
and attractive
that
to
pleased
seemed extremely
was not
stylish
December
of
was always
participation
referendum
regime's
the
Santana
immense publicity
Information's
the
around
he played
court
In
Santana
of
court,
consistently
the
teams. 24
Madrid
Real
various
in
as a possible
Spain.
any major
international
famous
1966.
July
Francoist
Gran
successors
Orantes,
and so his
capacity
to
serve
as an ambassador
Spanish
sportsmen
or
teams
exercised
was strictly
limited.
No other
ambassadorial
24.
25.
role
during
the
Franco
years,
by the
This claim has been made in print
1977, and to the author
April
No. 235,4
Manuel Vazquez Montalbn.
intervention
in
For details
of Santana's
No. 235,4
April
campaign,
see Barrabs,
255
largely
a significant
because,
satirical
by Julian
as seen
in
Weekly Barrabs,
Garcia Gandau and
1977.
the Introduction
to this
in international
terms.
In
football
in
Francoist
previous
six
pages
improve
in
borne
of
potential
the
kind
between
one of
were
Real
however,
along
the
evidenced
and Tito's
Madrid
with
fiercest
by her
almost
course,
which
this
study
and Partisan
diplomatic
and
in
the
to
the
two
improvement
acting
must necessarily
concerns
Sporting
Yugoslavia.
Mexico,
economic
limited
always
of
position
between
relations
assist
chapter,
potential
than
concept
to
sport
be
this
diplomatic
concrete
in
sports
and the
a country,
diplomatic
of
of
to
excellent,
opposition
the
eager
should
the
of
teams
as a
consist
of
interests.
more relevant
Spain
two countries
main
and economic
An example
Francoist
the
It
here:
of many political,
is
of other
of
examination
image
the
dictatorships
beginning
more doubtful
The ability
to
the
at
improve
a far
relations
side-plate
political
mutual
is
consequence
diplomatic
of
out
of
football
of
significance.
overseas
to
examples
and examples
under
or weakness
factors.
geographical
are
actually
The latter
is
actual
as pointed
general
The strength
countries
of
the
sport
a country.
former.
image,
nation
significance
context,
by other
ambassadors
concepts
improve
to
given
an ambassadorial
however,
mind,
two distinct
sport
of
having
Spain
historical
proper
have
thesis
this
of
its
international
their
Francoist
that
in
Spain
sporting
and diplomatic
ambassadorial
having
to
the
to place
order
thesis,
commencing
with
Belgrade
in
Uruguay
and the
opponents
to Spanish
256
of
entry
between
relations
the
European
December
into
Franco
the
Yugoslavia,
countries,
regime,
United
the
Cup matches
1955.
Warsaw Pact
the
between
relations
was
as
Nations
at
exactly
formal
establish
the first
1978 that
be sufficient
normally
diplomatic
regime
failed
to materially
In
1950s
Foreign
of
efforts
the
the
period
played
sport
alone cannot
or improvement
in
detail
its
the
how football
international
poor
or
establishment
with
any other
country,
Minister
Castiella
to
end.
from
conclusion
1955.
the
in
the
for
Until
foreign
of
national
the
champion
that
this
the
of
significance
Cup tournament
against
in
examine
relations
concentrated
commence until
that
the establishment
improve
assist
ambassadorial
completely
European
to
to
generally
diplomatic
concrete
to
of
now necessary
Franco
for
motive
relations
is
It
steps
above demonstrate
It
above.
Spain.
with
relations
games mentioned
year,
Civil
team,
club
the
chiefly
of
but
of
despite
the
War until
the
mid-
was almost
because
club
on an irregular,
opposition
improvement
each country
Spanish
the
image,
football
Spanish
helped
teams
the
did
not
only
non-competitive
basis.
During
Spanish national
maintenance
and Vichy
journalists
and advice
football
of good relations
France.
during
with
The behaviour
of the players,
these exhibition
of the Foreign
Ministry,
257
in the
Salazar's
RFEF officials
used the
Portugal
and
to the orders
the
the
Spanish
the
by the
signed
for
the
serving
as sporting
"should
behave
prestige
in
overseas
the
message
all
of
hinted
our States,
especially
that
of this
in
the
red shirts
carrying
lined
way that
flag".
political
up alongside
their
That this
"several
control
to
Ministry
of
relations,
be dependent
on
blue
and that
opponents
advice
of Spain. " 26
Two of this
flag
the
high organs
our foreign
with
to Falangist-inspired
and as such
in the Foreign
that
of
most benefit
will
advice
it
conscious
county",
team originated
the national
glorious
one concerned
"be
was
Although
occasion,
party
national
a message
and players.
As a consequence of this
country,
our
at by the affirmation
the field
for
one of
Jose Moscard
on every
travelling
of our beloved
is strongly
coaches
every
to play
1951,
General
changed
the
lands
foreign
traditional
teams's
ambassadors
and respect
your behaviour
Nacional
Before
journey
1939 to
period
the
of
the
of
demanded that
basically
fourteen
Delegado
attention
wording
actual
of
by several
revealed
DND.
the
archives
during
matches
personally
the
command is
of
chain
team's
national
international
written
in
discovered
documents
this
of
thesis,
ones,
changed their
ran out on to
of the opposing
to give
the Fascist
salute
Of'icial
de
26. These messages, were reproduced in the monthly Boletin
the note was simply passed on
la DND from 1941 to 1947. Thereafter,
to the offices
of the RFEF, and read out to the players before the
manager, with the exception of the especially
match by the national
in May 1950, of the
long message from Koscardo before the departure,
in
the World Cup finals
team
to
tournament in
compete
national
Brazil.
258
to
largely
the
to
according
play,
in
originated
27
way as possible".
dutifully
"in
and then
match,
DND, which
the
as sporting
Spanish
to
presents
diplomatic
to
proceeded
probably
and ambassadorial
for
and offered
country,
the
from
Ministry,
typical
gave out
opposing
instructions
the
Foreign
the
before
crowd
uniformed
the
their
part,
officials
of
to
opinions
the
foreign
the
sports
journalists.
international
The first
and the
Salazar,
friendly
during
these
the
Suevos,
in
invalidated
of
playing
In the following
suggestions
January
the
Antonio
of
1940s.
as an effective
1941.
of
de Oliveira
no less
of
The
maintenance
than
The prominent
master
team
national
Galician
ceremonies
games.
policy
in
Lisbon
by arranging
the
later
Spanish
priorities
obliged
Portugal
acted
in
regime
neighbouring
with
by the
leading
RFEF consequently
matches
Jesus
Falangist
its
had as one of
with
relations
close
played
Portugal
Ministry
Foreign
ten
Civil
the
after
match
month,
and Milan,
France,
host
in Sevilla,
a match that
federation.
French football
to
was
This
the blue-spirted
of the Foreign
matches in Berlin
of Vichy
players
by the official
against
team played
Ministry
by
Spanish
taking
team carried
part
out the
in exhibition
opportunities
for
the
in
27. These words, or ones to the same effect,
were always included
football
team before each
the message from the DND to the national
of its matchers overseas during the period 1939 to 1951, discussed
in the previous footnote.
more fully
259
mass expression
of international
on the suggestions
acting
teams to play
national
return
position
themselves
to military
the period
1945-1950,
culminated
28. Again
solidarity.
isolated
their
in the rather
ineffective
sporting
of the
Minister,
the Franco
in which it
the English,
federations
three
own Foreign
footballers
United
of Francoist
Nations
community.
completely
Again acting
by trying
of these
of their
Foreign
in
duties.
the suggestions
the
matches in Madrid
diplomatic
advice
Ministry,
Spain, -which
with
of the Foreign
proved to be impossible
During
jacket
sporting
but this
to dedicate
to help
Fascist
countries
Ministries,
to arrange
national
also
friendly
teams. 30
apparently
upon
attempted
strait
matches
The football
and consequently
ignored
the
260
Spanish invitations,
chapter
that
diplomatic
can usually
sport
economic interests
already
extremely
careful
boycott
Cup finals
and the
Irish
accepted
the
FIFA were
Republic,
RFEF's
the
arranging
tournament.
of
the
of Francoist
qualifying
forced
groups
to
many invitations
for
the
for
Spain
place
two countries
only
Spain,
and
the
organization
governing
in
made in this
exist.
already
in the improvement
assist
only
relations
international
the point
31 thus proving
the
With
to
be
1950 World
Portugal
had consistently
that
friendly
matches
in
the
1940s.
occasion
of
outside
world
since
sporting
the Civil
31.
tournament,
held
team coming
under
in Brazil,
the
scrutiny
of
as pointed
out
the
in the
General
football
federation
The suggestion
that the English
the
consulted
before
the four Spanish invitations
British
Office
Foreign
rejecting
1947, November 1947 and March 1949 was
of September 1946, February
by the late
Sir Stanley
Rous, the former
to the author
confirmed
Rous affirmed
the receipt
Association,
of
secretary
of the Football
that he then,
from Madrid,
the four letters
and recalled
aware of
Spain,
telephone
the Foreign
the Diplomatic
embargo on Francoist
the Association
Office,
to turn
advised
politely
where an official
down the first
Spanish offer
of September 1946 and any subsequent
to the Spanish invitations
With regards
to
ones that might arrive.
federation,
the veteran
the French football
editor
of the Paris
that
the French Foreign
alleged
sports
newspaper Jacques Ferran,
its
Ministry
British
and like
was probably
consulted
counterparts,
because of the United
Nations
boycott.
It
gave a negative
response
is logical
to assume that
in connection
the same process
occurred
to the Italian
federation.
with the Spanish invitations
261
the impression
Moscard6,32
favourable
players
Luis
one.
by the Spanish
created
The ambassadorial
team had to be a
responsibility
upon the
placed
teams,
Molowny.
before
flying
"During
to Brazil,
the training
camp at El Escorial
times that we should
think
of ourselves
we were told countless
as
for daring
for Spain,
ambassadors
shunned by the rest of the world
We were instructed
to be different.
about how to behave ourselves
in Brazil,
for example,
to say the
always to wear official
suit,
Pressman,
thing
to foreign
and even to pick your opponent
right
up
him. 34
the floor
off
with a smile if you had fouled
team dutifully
The national
originated
style
These players
to improve
and achieved
beaten
surprisingly
Ministry.
whilst
the
certainly
the overseas
highly
carried
Off
on the field
a creditable
respected
which
the field,
the players
they played
in an open,
fourth
England
place,
of
having
Stanley
national
were
Matthews.
team generally
Spain. "
32. The content of this message from General Moscardo which was
in the Boletin
de la DND No. 87, July 1950, and in
Oficial
published
discussed in
the Marca and El Mundo Deportivo newspapers, was fully
Footnote 27 of this chapter.
33.
This ambasadorial
responsibility
Brazil
was commented upon in the
Cesar Alonso de los Rios,
writing
Extraordinario,
May 1971:
team in
on the Spanish national
way by
ironic
following
humourous,
in Cuadernos Para el dilogo,
XXV
in print
by Cesar Alfonso
had been expressed
This opinion
Rios,
with the author by the
op. cit.,
and in interviews
Juan Pablo Fusi,
Manuel Vezquez Montalban,
Julian
Garcia
Juan Jose Castillo,
Miguel Vidal
and Luis Molowny.
262
del los
historian
Candau,
Evidence
national
"Blue
of
of
good
team is
the
election
doctor,
Division"
due to
FIFA,
the
including
those
Francoist
Spain. 36
during
the
it
because
of
demonstrated
clearly
international
from
being
the
opposition
of
boastfully
recognized
the
into
practically
in
Rio
Foreign
a full
countries,
opponents
in
of
de Janeiro
Ministry,
to
the
member of
despite
transformation
himself
committee
had managed
Spain
overnight,
This
by Munoz Calero
executive
American
the
Spanish
and former
diplomatic
that
countries.
socialist
the
was held
fact
an outcast
community
sporting
South
delighted
undoubtedly
to
resolute
which
election,
by the
Brazil
RFEF President
the
of
and Uruguay,
Mexico
This
then
Munoz Calero
votes
combined
in
created
the
of
Armando
tournament,
itself
transform
impression
the
the
was
1953.
in 1950,
"When I joined
Spain only maintained
the FIFA executive
Now, however,
and Ireland.
sporting
relations
with Portugal
we
have normal relations
the countries
of the world,
with all
except
freedom behind the Iron Curtain.
Now, the
those that live
without
the same as that of the most
voice of Spain is heard and respected
37
powerful
nation
...
team, however,
it
work that
first
poorly
to qualify
for
the good
It
lack
of
being humiliatingly
tournaments,
to continue
failed
performed
eliminated
for
by
the
extremely
36. Information
revealed by an examination by the author of the archives
of World Soccer, January and February 1984, and of Mundo Deportivo,
September and October 1984.
37. Quoted in Boletin
del Real Madrid CF, No. 40, November 1953.
263
because
the
tournaments.
years
Franco
limited
severely
the
in
function
On this
occasion,
motivated
boycott
by the
failure
the
on the
during
the
of'the
Spanish
role
on behalf
diplomatic
from
discussion
any Press
cabinet.
Alonso
Soviets,
pairing
38
At
inaugural
the
however,
Franco
Spain
of
a draw which
instructions
the
field.
finals
quarter
away basis,
38.
ability
national
1960.
of
the
1970
the
and 1974
Franco
national
of
the
regime.
ambassadorial
in
for
to qualify
Cup record
an important
team to play
Furthermore,
of
failed
then
disappointing'World
This
obviously
football
team
national
the
the
regime
rather
was drawn
to
the
shocked
of
the
this
cabinet
matter
regime.
diplomatic
Nations
than
the
to boycott
Vega put
forward
the
proposal
on the
grounds
that
there
Cup Tournament
Spanish
the
against
Soviet
Union
on a home-and-
arranged
Interior
were still
an
another
sporting
meeting,
fulfil
was a politically-
play
Information
the
either
until
reason
new competition,
Ministry
of
European
the
to
unable
on
prohibited
consequences
by Franco's
Minister
the
matches
Camilo
with
some ex-commandants
the
of
the
in the archives
by the discovery
Information
revealed
of the DND of
from the President
de Prensa v
of the DND's Comisin
a letter
dated 17 May 1960, to the editors
Propaganda,
of the country's
editors
of the large
sporting
newspapers
and the sports
general
from discussing
to refrain
them "kindly
the
newspaper,
requesting
football
team having
been drawn
possible
of our national
consequence
to play the Soviet
Cup, until
one in the European National
such time
has been fully
discussed
by the highest
as the matter
organs of
State. "
264
Falangist
"Blue
The Foreign
Minister,
Secretary
of
collegues
about
image
of
the
Fernando
the
such
the
Franco
held
prisoner
Maria
Castiella
Jose Solis,
Movimiento,
that
realized
being
Division"
diplomatic
more
Soviet
labour
and the
Minister
aware
and ambassadorial
a withdrawal
regime,
in
but
could
only
their
arguments
than
their
any of
significance
of
sport,
international
the
worsen
camps. 39
the
against
boycott
were
defeated40.
The worst
fears
of Castiella
a tool
extended
regarded
and Solis
to withdraw
as far
by the international
became reality.
footballing
whose rabid
a sporting
by the DND,41
community as
anti-socialism
contest.
The RFEF,
42
even
The incisive
Elola
Olaso and later
to become Delepado himself,
in detail
friend
about the debate by his close
42.
interview
with
Benito
Castejon.
in the archives
Information
by the discovery
revealed
of the DND,
de Deportes,
from the Delegado Nacional
Jose Antonio
of a letter
Elola
dela Fuente
Olaso,
to the President
of the RFEF, Alfonso
informed
Chaos, dated 21 May 1960.
The letter
the RFEF President
long and deep
that "the highest
organ of the State have, after
in the present
decided
that,
the
contemplation,
circumstances,
European Nations
Cup match between the Spanish national
football
team and that of the Soviet Union cannot proceed".
Elola
Olaso then
de la Fuente Chaos to "inform
to instruct
the media about
proceeded
this
arrangements
cancellation,
and make the necessary
within
your
"
own federation.
This view of the RFEF in the light
of the cancellation
of the
in articles
is reflected
in,
for example,
matches with the Soviets
The Times, May 1960, and L'EQuipe
This view has
of the same date.
in interviews
to the author
also been expressed
the following:
with
Sir Stanley
Rous, Brian Glanville
Keir Radnedge, David Lacey, and
Jaques Ferran.
265
football
of the Soviet
response
federation
was:
in respect
"This act of arbitrariness
of the Spanish
and coercion
Union shows that the
footballers
who wanted to play the Soviet
the principles
dictator
Fascist
of the
of Spain tramples-over
his
bosses,
international
Obeying
the
federations.
will
of
sports
into
he tries
imperialists,
to bring
the
the United
States
sport
elements
of the Cold War. "43
Along with
about this
for
and Solis,
Castiella
withdrawal
the important
another
was Raimundo'Saporta,
ambassadorial
Spaniard
being
services
rendered
responsible
to the Franco
The negative
Franco regime,
however,
representative
governing
on the executive
of this
effects
were mitigated
later,
Madrid
ambassadorial
withdrawal
by the events
Pujol,
of Agusti
committee
of four
the
years
the Spanish
and FC Barcelona,
for
of the stadia
as the host
for
of Real
the semi
finals
and final
Soviet
Union,
as defending
visiting
semi-finalists
cabinet,
especially
final.
Another
the
were
of
a Spain
even been
hosting
the
European
In
the
1964,
that
"Twenty-Five
festivities
to
dictatorship.
the
ministers
his
world
that
the
matches
the
image
"
bid
Spain's
has
It
that
colleagues
to
on this
and that
watching
assistance
new young
who pointed
the
games could
Peace"
commemorate
of
arguments
was made to
by the
the
to
enter
out,
the
staging
of
to
at
the
be included
celebration,
the
Castiella,
of
same cabinet
in
the
twenty-fifth
Information
his
meeting
for
plans
supposedly
anniversary
and
in
the
spontaneous
of
the
in
This was alleged
Vazquez Montalban.
other
and tolerant.
to
claimed
Fraga,
of
but
48
45. Information
Soccer, El
46. The course
Jose Solis.
in Alex J.
Montalban,
47.
of
Cup matches
Years
the
the
a Spain-Soviet
Vega,
failure,
the
Community. 47
cabinet
Manuel
the
convinced
be of
could
to all
addition
by Alonso
to
that
Franco's
within
predicted
more hospitable
Castiella
Economic
and his
Tourism
that
matches
1964 Nations
Franco
April
the
experts
to offer
becoming
gradually
of
unrest
opportunity
alleged
the
of
by Solis,
aided
an excellent
caused
The fact
was to be one of
champions,
was demanded
withdrawal
boycott
previous
European
when most
cup tournament.
predictably
Castiella,
occasion
1964 Nations
the
of
Botines,
ibid.,
but
neither
by Castejon
nor
267
In
the
consequence,
of Alonso
reservations
Munoz Grandes,
predictably
Frando,
2-1
triumphed
Party
being
played
played
Spanish
sportsmanship
called
to give
lecture
importance.
In addition,
49.
50.
interview
interview
in
in
front
a dramatic
match with
This boost
cancelled
a Soviet
both Castiella
because it
was
by two of the
ambassadorial
268
and Solis
with
with
due to
about its
a much
of the Communist
but also
As revealed
spirit.
sporting
Estadio
team, coming as it
execution
again,
of
final.
football
the controversial
team
an impassioned
in
Union
Agustin
national
at the training
Author's
Author's
Soviet
General
and then,
fans
the
prestige
was partially
a brief
the
than being
in an excellent
finals,
semi
State
The Spanish
and 125,000
over
Grimau.
rather
players,
the
despite
Spain
Head of
himself.
Franco
in
agent Julian
Deputy
the
ministers
The international
did
of
Hungary
most of his
Bernabeu,
Vega,
and even
beat
matches
in
ahead
went
having
of the final
and diplomatic
partly
inspired
by appeals
for
good behaviour
respect,
visiting
team.
won four
years earlier,
their
visit
expect a hostile
sporting
team left
which surprised
of the
visitors
with
in his
glowing
plenty
alluded
to both
had
of good memories of
52 Franco himself
capacity
anthem with
without
but nonetheless
reception.
attitude
the Soviet
The Soviet
to Spain,
the Soviet
to
the
surprise
of
of the final:
The great
51.
majority
in interviews
52. The views of the Soviet team are reflected
with
several players,
which appeared in all of the Spanish general and
sporting newspaper on 23 and 24 June 1964, and in World Soccer July
and August 1964.
53.
Quoted in Francisco
privadas
con Franco,
Franco Salgado-Araujo,
1976, p.
Barcelona,
269
Mis
426
conversaciones
in Madrid
of the final
reports
towards
Spain. 55
Furthermore,
and friendly
actual
words
of
"the
MatiGPrats,
social
the
applause
It
should
significance
achieved
pales
left
victory
in Brazil
image of Francoist
in the
ultra-nationalistic
Spain,
basking
Francisco
and radio
received
two minutes
by the dictator
before
national
that
insignificance
Before
examining
alongside
exactly
the final
the ambassadorial
to the successes
into
in the
assured. 51
of the Spanish
undoubtedly
and Caudillo,
to the impressive
a historic
with
by the
given
television
alluded
the match. 54
of the continent,
to half
Indeed,
commentators
of the overseas
offering
RTVE commentary
peace established
Franco. 56
atmosphere
not
television
European countries,
as the Soviets
surprised
ambience surrounding
the improvement
,, contributed
fifteen
were as pleasantly
to encounter
Their
the final
for
that
almost
of Real Madrid.
improved
the
"
270
.1
international
image of Francoist
Foreign
la Catolica
1960,
that
the
6e
abroad".
In
club
"has
an'interview
ambassadorial
the
Di Stefano
embassy
the, newspaper
with
Castiella
best
to offer
upon
de la Orden de Isabel
Alfredo
star
constituted
first
appropriate
Castiella
Argentinian
to Real's
is
of the club's
recognition
Minister
the prestigious
awarding
it
Spain,
in December
that
ABC eight
we have sent
years
later,
mood:
minister
to the ambassadorial
to pay tribute
feet
Jeunesse d'Esch
addressing
the players
of the
of the
fulsome
way:
It
only
must be pointed
ministers
out that
to praise
Castiella
the. ambassadorial
2h
and Solis
importance
country's
1961.
"'
successful
by governments
Foreign
Ministers,
regular
international
of
Real
Madrid
Castiella,
club
Francoist
as shall
simply
improving
Spain
the
Foreign
Minister
to
for
fulfilment
Castiella
way if
the
went
of
would obviously
of this
proud to be of assistance,
Raimundo
began.
is
different
not
since
himself
content
image
one step
further,
specific
diplomatic
of
the
actually
that
with
attempting
objectives.
thesis,
to allow
however,
as revealed
this
to happen.
the club
by eternal
As seen in
and
Vice President
Saporta.
Castiella
Saporta
the
country.
"Real Madrid...
has always been so powerful because of being
column of the State. "61
service of the vertebral
club.
case
the Introduction
did
by
usually
persuasion
international
general
out,
political
all
qualitatively
be seen,
shortly
The Spanish
use Real
of
competitions
sporting
in
Such praise
sportsmen.
found in Saporta
By both his
own admission
the perfect
and diplomatic,
overseas,
because his
and, in addition,
actually
character
he spoke perfect
at the
of others, '2
Spanish diplomat
at the
serving
was extremely
French and
as a
pleasant
competent
English.
272
The allegation
is
that
before
Saporta
Saporta
64
allegation.
it
that
admitted
that
either
that
Ministry
before
problems,
for
or basketball
to confirm
or deny this
interviewed
for
have
before
every
example,
but
Ministry
to France or Belgium,
probable
chapter
from Castiella
journalists
of sporting
overseas,
of this
diplomatic
possible
instructions
specific
was reluctant
was highly
by the Foreign
advice
with
himself
Real excursion
single
abroad of either
The majority
doubts
expressed
is central
used to receive
journey
every
team. 63
that
was given
upon a journey
embarking
instance
to Eastern
fraught
Europe or the
East. 65
Middle
It
is now necessary
Real Madrid
both improved
to offer
concrete
the general
in an attempt
historical
overseas
examples of how
image of Francoist
to attain
specific
Spain,
diplomatic
objectives.
63.
ra
by
This controversial
Julian
Garc :
was originally
allegation
made
Candau in his El Pais Semanal article,
op. cit.,
and then at greater
in his book, op. cit.,
length
and with greater
conviction
pp. 54-55,
Garcia Candau's
op. cit..
and in interview
with the author,
have been supported
in
allegations
practically
unequivocally
interview
by Manuel Vazquez Montalbn
and by the late Catalan
sports
hand, however,
Alex J. Botines.
On the other
this
writer
allegation
has been refuted
by Luis Molowny,
Manuel Velazquez,
Jose Maria
Lorente,
"Belarmo",
Rodolfo
Belarmino
Gil de la Vega
and Enrique
"Gilera",
the veteran
correspondents
sports
of ABC.
64. Author's
interview
with
characteristic
affability
particular
question.
65.
a good part
asked this
of his
between Garca
This view,
Candau and his
position
a kind of middle
has been expressed
Real Madrid connected
detractors,
to the author
by Miguel
Vidal,
Juan Jose Castillo,
Joan Josep:. Artells,
the author
Barsa, Barca,
Hernaez,
of Barga,
the veteran
op. cit. 1 Antonio
editor
of Sport.
273
domination
of the world
persuading
the leading
football.
for
regime
exhibition
behaviour
their
come.
1950s,
its
matches.
the praise
spectacular
to visit
began to venture
ambassador
long before
It
isolated
more effective
was demonstrated
Spanish club
as a far
of Real to serve
The potential
to
of things
a prelude
In
July
1952,
Real
won the
spectacularly
Colombia.
A glowing
Bogota led
Castiella's
as Foreign
predecessor
Minister,
reproduced
was proudly
Peguena
prestigious
of the club's
report
to a letter
Alberto
CoDa
visit
to Real from
Martin
Artajo.
of the
Boletin
ambassadorial
new Estadio
the club's
1950s,
then
visitors
placed
in Europe,
on the list
del
behaviour,
overseas
was setting
work on behalf
Bernabeu,
exemplary
its
however,
future
Real's
magnificient
was impressing
Madrid in that
of recommended attractions
many
period,
compiled
274
by the
the
Ministry
majority
the
of
expected
to
probably
pleasantly
group
small
assume that
Franco's
and repression,
capital
therefore
and were
an impressive
such
in the
came to Madrid
to visit
encouraged
to
safe
who visited
heads of state
is
It
to be shown around
surprised
construction.
tourists
of
poverty
massive
encounter
67
and Tourism.
Information
of
for
the stadium,
The Franco
ial
services
1955,
June
Falangist
though
de la
previously
the
won the
won the
for
Paris.
Medalla
none of
club
this
Orden
Latin
Cup,
exploit,
Imperial
del
the
for
the
first
ambassador-
player
the
of
was awarded
de Bilbao
Flechas,
the
even
who had
players
decoration
this
in
time
forerunner
Yugo y de las
same trophy
Madrid
for
every
or Athletic
FC Barcelona
68
Real
demonstrated
was clearly
rendered
when the
towards
gratitude
regime's
Cup in
European
Doctor Kubitschek
by the
regime.
The diplomatic
late
It
1950s, with
was not just
Real a legendary
a
style
built
potential
victory
in the first
the fact
of the five
club
firmly
throughout
five
the world,
on flamboyant
editions
consecutive
triumphs
but also
and attractive
in the
realized
which made
the style.
attacking
play,
It
was
led
details
67. For further
of the use of the Estadio Bernabeu as a tourist
by the Ministry
and Tourism, see the Libro
of Information
attraction
del Oro del Real Madrid, Madrid, op. cit.,
p. 337.
68.
For details
of the visits
del Real Madrid CF, No.
repectively.
275
by the remarkable
Argentine
This spectacular
ambassadorial
star
contributed
the
enormously
always immaculately
foreign
press.
Another
dressed
As pointed
to the
diplomatic
and directors,
things-for
Manuel
of play
of Real for
contribution
of the players
correct
Di Stefano.
style
significance
considerable
Alfredo
behavior
by the
out
the
and saying
former
Real
Velazquez:
The correctness
by President
It
Saporta.
Foreign
tour
United
towards
contributed
of
of
Francoist
South
States
who arranged,
1 clever
Castiella,
In
Spain.
America,
dollarrto
Saporta
the
with
public
1958,
for
Argentine
over
the encouragement
relations
in
handed
at the club
awareness of Vice-President
an improvement
August
instilled
discipline
Minister
possibly
image
Bernabeu,
of the
the
general
example,
a cheque
President
exercises
for
Arturo
of
that
overseas
during
a Real
one thousand
Frondizi
for
the
.y
interview
69. Author's
with Manuel Velazquez.
70. In his interview
with the author, Raimundo Saporta admitted that
He then
these public relations
exercises were of his own'invention.
in their regular
meetings, who
suggested to them to Castiella
Saporta unequivocally
normally reacted to them with enthusiasm.
had no political
that these exercises
pointed out, nonetheless,
motive:
"The objective
was to improve the interof these gestures
image of our club,
to improve
that of
and afterwards
national
As I've
Spain in general.
Real Madrid would have
said before,
kind of government
behaved the same way whatever
had been in
power at that time. "
276
assistance
players
of
were
children's
Manchester
United.
team also
pleased
flag
Saporta,
before
the
country
of
T2 Real
would
have
carried
if
Cup matches,
matches
host
the
out
all
club.
Indeed,
the'same
exercise
at
with
the
Real
the
around
both
carrying
match
examples,
specific
Real
oranges
a friendly
and politicians
exhibition
the
Spanish
playing
supporters
1961,
December
distributing
to these
out
of
In
before
addition
football
by running
and that
hospital
In
71
victims.
smilingly
photographed
Manchester
world
flood
recent
the
Spanish
by
as admitted
before
European
this.
It
club
image of Francoist
this, chapter,
nonetheless,
this
sportsman
improved
more difficult
to. improve
relations
runner
respective
influential
countries,
in a concrete
individual
this
with
Lassi
country.
ambassador
diplomatic
It
is
an
and
far
helped
For example,
the
that
ambassadors for
details
71. For further
of the meeting between Saporta and Frondizi,
del Real Madrid CF, No. 98, September 1958, Marca,
Boletin
10 August 1958.
72.
73.
of
served as effective
but to suggest
that
another
Virren
the general
to allege
simple
that
at the beginning
As stated
is relatively
to prove. that
diplomatic
Spain. 73
Spain,
improving
the overseas
long-distance
Finnish
it
and outside
immensely towards
contributed
international
excellent
both inside
recognized,
see
interview
Author's
with Raimundo Saporta.
by all of the officials,
This view has been supported
writers
and
journalists,
in this
and in all of the publications,
mentioned
Nobody, of whatever
has attempted
chapter.
political
persuasion,
to
this
contest
view.
277
exaggerated
that
claim
of diplomatic
or strengthening
can be said
is that
diplomatic
specific
made his
Castiella
Community.
impromptu
visit
presented
the
speech
his
which
match
Council-
entry
the
an expensive
only
nine
months
into
the
European
character
of
Economic
to
club
Europe.
speech
Saporta
and then
salver,
this
before
pay a seemingly
by Castiella
of
specific
the
requested
Council
silver
well
for
used
and afterwards
of
for
success.
being
74 Castiella
headquarters
The general
following
at
Strasbourg,
with
partial
Madrid
May 1961,
by Saporta,
in
only
available,
attempted
Real
attempt
to the
assistants.
by the
first
could
in
occurred
in the establishment
role
evidence
but with
of
to
and unsubstantial
purposes,
As admitted
a friendly
links
clearly
example
purposes
a decisive
Castiella
as exaggerated
of the limited
In the light
country.
play
would be just
It
claim.
himself
is
made a
or
best
one of
summed up
extract:
hoped
subsequent
74.
by Real
for
Madrid
by the
approaches
to
Foreign
to
the
Strasbourg,
however,
Minister,
because
community
was turned
did
not
the
yield
his'
everyone
of
down,
due to
the
anti-
interview
in which he admitted
Author's
that
with Raimundo Saporta,
the Strasbourg
but denied that his
visit
was the idea of Castiella,
by the Foreign
Minister
speech was written
or any of his assistants.
Despite
being requested
by Castiella,
to make the journey
Saporta
denied that Real Madrid was willingly
being politically
still
by the Franco regime.
manipulated
democrgtic
having
been
less
A slightly
specific
Eisenhower
blatant
diplomatic
of the United
1959.
States
even cynical
keen for
During
was planning
"Ike"
that
to stop
off
the
summer, President
Both Castiella
year.
to use
attempt
objectives
visit
possibly
T6
by Castiella.
club's
that
as a blatant,
recognized
Real for
is even possible
Saporta's.
stunt
It
nature
tour
of
in Madrid
for
a few hours,
which would,
United
that
States
professional
1970s.
diplomatic
decent
football
Furthermore,
objective
regime. 77
journey
is
when it
team for
It
is strengthened
New York,
account
against,
the visit
by the fact
to be more
Real Madrid
to the United
the United
that
the suspicion
a degree of
appears
taken into
Real to play
States
States
that
that'
there
because
until
the early
has a specific
that
was
was suggested
Radnedge.
The importance
that Franco
Eisenhower
through
passing
world
summer, especially
was no remotely
that
particular
77.
of the Franco
approval
a mere coincidence
football
to the watching
to the author
by Julian
Minister
and his Foreign
for a few hours
Madrid
Garcia
gave to
is clearly
279
de Areilza
and the
visiting
also
and photographed
extensively
Real
team played
three
York,
Philadelphia
the
field
achieving
attractive
were present
at
this
tribute
exciting
tour
fact
to
it
Furthermore,
arrange
the
Arab
policy.
nascent
argued
the
Real
80
Castiella
United
that
has been
the
of
the
visits
club
of
between
Republic
of
Cairo
Spain
of
Real
for
with
some
cabinet
likes
Strasbourg
Madrid
paid
Di
of
visit,
because
Castiella,
Real
features
cultivate
Egypt
Madrid
United
or
did
not,
in
good relations
foreign
Francoist
with
the
and thus
it
could
friendly
diplomatic
Arab
with
links
close
to play
Saporta
requested
of
and Syria,
details
78. For further
of Real Madrid's
Real Madrid CF, No. 109, August 1959,
in
the
79. See the publication
mentioned
has been made in the
80. This allegation
op. cit.,
p. 54.
81. This is the argument of Julian Garci
author in interview.
280
the
because
East,
had a specific
and the
ox/to
then
Eisenhower's
Castiella
that
central
to
of
New
Madrid.
Middle
attempted
Arab
in
alleged
the
was one of
states
Zamalek
Relations
tours
a few hours
Unlike
tour
out
and
by the
a success
by the
in
offered
and Gento. 79
The
tour,
opponents
amateur
Washington
running
flags,
members of
display
influenced
spend
in
be considered
must
whether
to
the
their
Ullastres,
visit.
American
States
Three
match
Santamaria
Eisenhower,
decide
football.
to
their
against
final
Commerce Alberto
on this
and United
Spanish
Real's
Puskas,
American
throughout
matches
victories
spectacular,
Stefano,
them
with
exhibition
the
convincing
fulsome
of
and Washington
both
with
Minister
Republic
matches
be
against
purpose.
91
were
possibly
to the
by the
strengthened
March
to
new republic,
1964,
Real
advantages
and his
tour
1964,
the
club's
The suspicion
purposes
is further
highest
lapel
awards that
at-the
that
Castiella
was using
by the large
fuelled
three
82
weeks,
Real for
for
On this
a record
to
Di
summer
eight
various
Minister
the Foreign
dictator's
in a specific
El Pardo
similar
awards that
had to
give
la Catlica,
The
he
were completely
or the DND.
with
he
Franco
gave Castiella
diplomatic
specific
of the club,
de la Orden de Isabel
undoubtedly
their
teams
summer of
83
It
between
badges
against.
play
the
of
there
Cruz de Caballero
present,
to
flag
same as with
good professional
colleagues
golden
the
the
in
pitch,
the
In
crowd.
and,
than
90,000
Spanish
the
carrying
and Egypt,
and Saporta
Bernabeu
and politicians.
royals
States
regime
celebrated
famous
the
on to
out
latter,
months
of
United
Franco
the
Stefano
of
the
running
first
the
as usual,
and Algeria,
Morocco
of
for
nine
delight
the
team,
country,
again
visited
tours
earlier
Real
the
team to visit
sporting
of
famous
enormous satisfaction
five
months later.
to see how
281
popular
see foreign
governments
bestowing
President
d'Honneur
by the
upon him,
in
former
a ceremony
Herzog,
MQurice
in
in
Paris
1959
June
for
Youth
Legion
prestigious
and this
by the
attended
Minister
French
to
and also
government
84 was elected
Castiella,
Physical
Council
of
Saporta
was also
"Commission
four
for
was confirmed
Spanish
Ambassador
and Sports
and famous
by
1969 by Gregorio
was logically
used for
to
the
executive
of
President
Legislation",
Madrid was
to the delight
UNESCO.
of
In addition,
that
Council's
he had already
on which
of
of the International
committee
an agency
to be the
Sporting
Castiella
expected,
to
recommence
until
basketball
trip
from
the
realizing
to
Tel
Foreign
that
another
served
Bravo
Aviv
however,
the club
in
November
Saporta
would
upset
1972.
Lopez
and did
stopped,
by a Real
Because
arranged
to be
objectives.
this
Bravo's
not
Madrid
of
the
Arab
lack
to
visit
friends,
by the author,
84. Raimundo Saporta, interviewed
admitted that
had been very pleased to learn about the events in Rome.
282
October
would continue
diplomatic
surprisingly
Minister,
Real
that
of specific
attainment
in
Secretary
therefore,
Saporta,
Lopez
as Foreign
was replaced
Lopez Bravo,
the attempted
The instructions
without
Education,
chosen
esteem for-Real
years.
The ageing
advice
of the international
in Rome in April
illustrated
It
the
their
the world,
mountaineer.
The extent
for
French
fans across
football
of
Israel
and
Castiella
this
coveted
Real
effects
of
Saporta
to
badge.
lapel
this
In
to Tel
visit
organize
the
Aviv,
trip
to
the
in
Libya,
Minister
requested
Colonel
which
badge a journey
that
the
diplomatic
negative
Foreign
young
most irritated
to mitigate
order
a basketball
Gadaafi,
when General
what happened
was exactly
was dutifully
would
undertaken
in June 1973.85
In March
initiation
the
of
central
relations
two months.
with
relations
Franco remained
nonetheless
club
the
Real perform
with
He astutely
the Soviets
on the occasion
quarter
as possible
did, being
and their
in power, highly
be established.
finals
realized
86
of their
that,
beneficial
surprise
Therefore,
Lopez Bravo
first
journey
full
diplomatic
whilst
relations
could
requested
the
visit
for
Minister
were impossible
commercial
on their
although
satellites
yet
The gradual
regime.
countries
beginning
Bravo,
Lopez
Franco
Bloc
Eastern
the
with
of
priorities
to
service
that
visit
only
diplomatic
specific
another
Saporta
as pleasant
in the
an impression
to the Soviet
Union.
This
country
than
they duly
to Tripoli
85. Raimundo Saporta admitted that the visit
and the awarded
For further
details
to Gadaafi were suggested by Lopez Bravo.
of
del Real Madrid CF, No. 279,
Real's journey to Libya, see: Boletin
August 1973; Marca, 19-27 July, 1964; the El Pas Semanal article
of
Julian Garcia Candau, op. cit,
and his book, op. cit.,
p. 54.
86.
283
usual
when questioned
Madrid
being
diplomatic
a general
the
such
about
lack
of
Spanish
to bestow
Sport
and Culture,
the
and
wore an
an unquantifiable
itself
of
Given
that
both
improve
extent,
diplomatic'
Franco's
regime.
the
the
limited
the
Spanish
the
Foreign
Ministry
possibly
be pointed
club
the
the
regard
forming
it
available,
Francoist
Spain
consciously
attempted
partial
that
out
with
impedes
football
Francoist
especially
image of
at
arrive
must
national
with
specific
in
documentation
in
to
stage
87 partly
latter
attain
football
evidence,
international
and that
objectives,
it
Affairs,
Foreign
this
of
study,
documentary
explicit
to be used by the
specific
of
chapters
this
to
regime
at
importance
example of Real
clear
Franco
appropriate
diplomatic
Ministry
to
is
It
a conclusion.
helped
by the
an attempt
the
other
must be confirmed
Madrid
in
used
As in
Spain.
87.
sufficiently
team diplomatically
the last
to Odessa constitues
objectives.
conclusion
of
President
for
Minister
followed
In addition,
uniform.
This visit
to
anti-Communism
lapel
club
latent
his
Bernabeu suppressed
journalists.
by Soviet
to
allowed
attainment
success
for
high"officials
by several
As disclosed
to the author
of the Spanish
the present
Foreign
Ministry,
Spanish
all of them connected
ruling
is
in
there
Workers Party,
Socialist
absolutely
where
no material
the Franco regime's
that concerns
the archives
of the Ministry
for ambassadorial
and diplomatic
of football
manipulation
purposes.
284
of
CHAPTER EIGHT:
in
regionalism
the
doubt
can be little
There
seven
The reason
end of
that
for
this
this
the
against
in
discussed
already
some extent
to
of
the
Two books
Josep
only
aspect
of
the
interests
the
of
football.
appearing
of
All
served
this
regionalist
of
amount
of
between
on the
social
host
of
and Barca:
newspaper
aspect
published
of
football
these
at
the
politicization
other
of
six
aspects
the
regime
to
on the
work
the
publications
creu
and magazine
op. cit.
op. cit.
285
other
have
of
Barca_Barca,
and book
six
aspects
the
specifically
FC Barcelona.
Barca,
by Jaume S. Sabartes,
articles
in
subject,
about
significance
theme,
on this
demonstrated
clearly
and regionalism
and political
cara
is
discussing
material
The majority
Artells,
a whole
regime.
thesis
scarcity
between
concentrated
1.
2.
of
politicization.
connection
this
the
aspect
and
important
most
Spanish
of
regionalist
is
this
the
one of
manipulation
on the
Franco
large
relatively
comparison
constitutes
football
other.
or
The importance
by the
that
between
relationship
political
chapter
is
the
Spain
the
of
thesis
worked
that
Francoist
aspects
by Joan
2 along
chapters.
with
The
political
significance
treatment,
partly
This imbalance
football
was the
club
with
impression,
suggests
is
regime
as did
somewhat
Catalan
club,
to
Basque opposition
general
as Bam
reflected
Catalan
more to demonstrate
counterparts
actually
supporters
of a
impression
deceptive.
to
and,
and in
This
The evidence
available
way managed to
dictatorship
Moreover,
opposition.
more politically
to
opposition
at FC Barcelona,
only
the
the
against
gestures
centralist
Real
extent,
it
a minority
Sociedad,
Franco
the
reflect
as effectively
be argued
could
and did
conscious
Franco
of
FC Barcelona
that
reputation.
a lesser
this
of the question
regime
than
far
did
of whom were
Catalans. 3
There
different
the
were far
their
the
offers
political
as many significant
the
of the question
anti-Francoist
de Bilbao
Athletic
that
out
3.
biggest
the
however,
carried
their
obvious
less
club.
in the treatment
and regionalism
far
similar
about their
de
Athletic
has received
Bilbao
that
Basque clubs,
is
no doubt
in style
that
the
and objectives
opposition
from that
of
the
Basque
clubs
of FC Barcelona.
was very
It
has
286
been alleged
reflection
of
the
difference
opposition
to
the
Franco
of this
to be an important
catalyst
popular
in
least
at
the
slightest
hint
languages
were outlawed
brutally,
while
of
thousands
conflict,
been forced
into
that
offered
in
the
The militants
in order
to support
Immediately
themselves
often
many of
The leaders
died
or executed
in the
by the
managed to survive
to return
and their
into
and
the war
society
families,
avoiding
activity.
after
clear
attempted
that
and Catalan
1939
had either
imprisoned
the
the
two tongues,
burnt(.
for
destroy,
to
institutions,
official
written
for
support
The Basque
regionalists
exile,
occurred.
attempted
institution
books
purge mostly
4.
and Catalan
were systematically
Nationalists.
unequivocally
Basque
came
why the
and in
public
of militant
political
to the
opposition
how this
or separatism.
and priceless,
of
why football
to explain
systematically
every
of
style
in M2 "
majority
unnoticed
in
first
in detail
the
of
regionalism
the great
victorious
is
understand
innocuous,
two regions'
Franco
War,
Civil
render
them ancient
for
Because
was partly
'
chapter
to
opposition.
Republic
or
difficult
not
difference
this
the
Franco regime,
is
between
regime.
The objective
It
that
occasions
on several
that
his
victory
his
State
in the Civil
was going
to be completely
unitarian
Speaking in conquered
and centralist.
in 1939, he declared
Barcelona
that:
"Spain is being reorganized
within
a broad totalitarian.
concept...
be respected,
but without
The character
of each region will
to national
unity,
which we desire to be complete, with
prejudice
language, Castilian,
the Spanish
and a single personality,
single
one. "5
It
is
to speak of a "postwar
possible
their
from that
directed
not exclusively
against
to describe
general,
Catalan
society,
the Nationalist
against
the Left
all
their
of "national
concept
in
the
the repression
Basque
of these
occupation.
powerful
agricultural
wealth
not,
in general,
the other
Spanish
consolation
for
5. -Quoted
6.
regions
in Palabras
collective
in
class
offence
Catalonia,
like
industrial
against
Barcelona,
was often
and
and Catalonia
did
as
regime.
1939, p. 226.,
288
more
an army of
capacity
del Caudillo,
or,
regions,
the repression
expression
of Basque and
sectors
behaving
suffer
and
because of being
imprecise
two defeated
Because of their
however,
-the
C untry'and
frequently
with
The post-Civil
unity".
brutal,
of Spain,
practically
The repression
accurately,
in the rest
the rojos,
the
NationalisS,.
was different
Catalonia
both
against
language. 6
and their
culture
by the victorious
War repression
vendetta"
his
in
"The
article
the collection
Because
this
of
labourers
into
flooded
the
in regions
but politically
ambition,
in Francoist
clandestinely
evolved
efforts
oppositional
Considering
all
it
remained
Basketball
also
basketball
teams
football
giant
between
regarded,
regime,
7.
the
in
served
in
as such
were merely
clubs.
a catalyst,
one of
Therefore,
the
the
Basque
and Catalan
football
these
two regions
as the
T carried
over
into
few other
basketball.
but
literature,
repressed.
sporting
because
politically-motivated
official
The basketball
only
one.
major
of
the
antagonism
and Real
club
the
sections
many sporting
for
catalyst
by no means the
mainly
clubs
sport
modes of
language,
whose
Spain,
forces.
Francoist
of the
that
was undoubtedly
nature,
political
surprising
for
Extremely
opposition
regionalist
is hardly
or vehicle
expression
Football
independent
of the above,
songs,
as political,
opposition
flags,
largely
In
opposition
of the exiled
should
and frustrated.
as well
Spain,
themselves
and economic
nationalist
and intellectual,
movements, of a: cultural
not
They found
repressed.
but
principally
and Murcia.
and culturally
hungry
a million
of employment opportunities
plenty
with
from,
two regions
Estremadura
Andalucia,
exclusively,
more than
prosperity,
relative
of
Madrid,
the
largely
Franco
sections
of
This view of Real Madrid during the Franco years has been expressed
by practically
ex-official
every Bara supporter,
and ex-player
interviewed
by for example: Manuel
by the author]
and in print
Vazquez Montalban in Politica
y deporte,
Alex J.
op. cit.;
Botines,
Julian Garcia Candau, op. cit.
op. cit.;
289
de Bilbao
Athletic
regionalist
regular
anti-Francoist
gatherings
language
would
be sung,
would
flags
regional
the
and FC Barcelona
of
be spoken
without
and where,
from
would
same as occurred
matches
for
centre,
like
in
Bilbao
the
Generally,
It
songs
outlawed
is
true
that,
and Barcelona,
the
years
however,
was a tolerated
stadium,
forbidden
onwards,
Armada over
8
regional
impunity.
relative
Polic(a
the
where
where
1960s
for
catalyst
became
arrest,
matches
offences.
football
of
of
home matches
sentiment,
late
the
football
by the
flag-flying
the
fear
be waved with
at
arrests
were several
Catalan
or
role
and their
sentiment,
Basque
the
played
centre
basketball
at
the
there
sports
of
regionalist
expression.
of the visits
On the occasion
these two repressed
centralist
reception
regions,
than at football
basketball
arena.
a violent
basketball
tolerated
basketball
fighting
matches,
Missiles
invasion
federation,
Raimundo Saporta,
were regularly
9.
the
The hostile
and dramatic
at
of a
and there
was even
presided
a three-month
with
8.
outlet.
for
team to
at FC Barcelona
punished
contempt
basketball
supporters
closure
retaliated
of the Barca
T
in kind
when
As revealed by an examination
of the archives of FC Barcelona,
there
was one arrest made in February 1967, at the basketball
match
against Real Madrid, for the flying
of the sen era, and two in May
1972 during the game with Caja Madrid.
For further
details,
17-27 October 1974.
see El Mundo Deportivo,
290
clubs
visited
for
revenge strike
invasion
the pitch
necessitating
basketball
team coach as a
thus
of the match. 1
the postponement
In December 1974,
city.
the FC Barelona
example,
the capital
imports,
incident
This
caused
to declare:
"The local derby matches back home in New York used to get pretty
But that's
tense.
as nothing compared with these Barcelona-Madrid
deaths
be
like
this,
there
If
things
could
well
continue
clashes.
""
knows?
day,
who
one
sentiment
context,
in Francoist
Spain.
of the clubs
Elorriaga
occurred
the first
Mention
the Joventut
The politically-charged
handball,
basketball,
10.
11.
12.
13.
Real
Madrid
both
the role
as catalysts
volleyball
struggle
sports.
for
and handball
history
Spanish
matches
Catalan
at Sant
supremacy
volleyball
and
both
football
and
two giant
clubs
with
between
Indeed,
Real Madrid. 13
sporting
in
case
and Sant
occured
match with
continued
As was the
for
during
popular
than Baia.
extent
an explosive
and FC Barcelona
amateur
invasion
of Barcelona
club
in Spanish basketball
between
be made, in a Basque
also
where a pitch
regionalist
have played
invasion
repressed
should
Bidasoa,
It
Andreu of Barcelona
sentiment,
for
basketball
however,
and FC Barcelona,
de Bilbao
Athletic
the
details,
For further
see As, 2-3 December 1974.
Quoted in Dicen, 3 December 1974.
See, for example, As, 9 December 1975.
details,
For further
16 November 1968.
see El Mundo Deportivo,
291
by invasions
were followed
There
Catalans,
Basque
also
were
which
other
served
the
country,
energetically
fulfilled
this
roller-skate
sports
accentuated
Basque
regular
opportunities
therefore
teams
however,
sports,
in
there
which
frustration
this
sports
example,
regional
de Bilbao
15
In
hockey
for
unique
and Catalans
volleyball
should
which served
El Mundo Deportivo,
could
four
were
de San
Sociedad
All
the
mention
these
of
distinctiveness,
in
explosive
which
context,
16
and
In
of
and Real
cultural
practically
chapter
both
a Catalan
speaking
Basques
sentiment.
and rugby.
and Catalan
14
the
and rowing,
no potentially
Basques
for
function.
were
centralism,
the other
the
about
The context
isolating
were
for
pelota
by Athletic
be made of
These
of
to
particular
as vehicles
should
provided
sports,
sports
promoted
Sebastian,
the
to
languages.
regional
the
two regions,
and
Real
Madrid
clashes
vent
and
with
their
anger
and
and handball.
be established
as catalysts
7 October
not only
for
by
Basque and
1972.
in the Basque
These two sports
were almost exclusively
practised
from the two major Basque clubs always constituted
Country.
Players
in the Spanish national
team, while
the rowers
a majority
pelota
from these two clubs on two occasions,
in 1972 and 1976, constituted
in the Spanish Olympic rowing
team.
a majority
16. Roller-skate
hockey had only been played in Catalonia,
Portugal and
in the parts of South America where there was a sizeable
Catalan
immigrant community.
The Spanish national
team, frequently
"world"
champions, has been composed almost exclusively
of Catalans,
with
in the majority.
Barra players usually
Rugby, however, has not been
having spread across the whole of Spain. Its
confined to Catalonia,
in Catalonia,
though, far exceeds that in any other
popularity
been practically
region. The Spanish team has traditionally
allCatalan.
The team for the friendly
in
match against Argentina
Barcelona in October 1973, for example, was composed entirely
of
Catalans, while the team for the match with West Germany in Madrid
the following
included only one: non-Catalan.
April
292
Catalan
discussing
served
for
is especially
and this
the sentiment
is not,
region.
Football
implicit
forms of rational
sports
has, frequently
of a particular
is being
region
Art,
expression.
can also
to the repressed
literature,
regionalist
for
serve as-catalyst
tolerated
example of these
music,
by
repressed
the only
of course,
region,
are immediately
and languages
forms of expression
opposition
Because of
football
sport,
by
also
regionalist
by the centralist
and other
for
and pride
flags
parties,
and implicit
suppressed,
spectator
but
regime,
of the world.
parts
Political
centralism.
Franco
as a vehicle
as a vehicle
the
in other
dictatorship
by far
to
opposition
of football
the role
to centralist
being
in
sentiment
tolerated
theatre
sentiment`
and opposition.
In the specific
Spain
outside
In
regions.
traditionally
with
the
and with
have
the
clearly
Soviet
served
supporters
the
club
of international
context
acted
Union,
usually
of
example,
the
for
or Athletic
the
staging
exhibitions.
as vehicles
for
as a catalyst
speaking
de Bilbao
of
football,
Georgian
Georgian
Dynamo Tiblisi
a highly-charged
versus
Real
rather
club
than
the
the
violent
Franco
17
example,
World Soccer,
293
Russian,
powerful
and potentially
during
has
nationalism,
dancing
against
Madrid
clubs
repressed
Dynamo Tiblisi
language
pre-match
for
opposition
repressed
Georgian
several
In
Yereven
much the
club
has served
as a vehicle
repressed
Armenian.
Over
incidents
during
visits
the
the
players
have refused
protest
against
continued
be seen in
shortly
Jose
goalkeeper
A brief
mention
the repressed
against
violent,
region
fulfilling
Bratislava
affected
Angel
these repressed
given
to
have
in
19 a tactic
by the
for
Furthermore,
the
several
team in
national
that
celebrated
Ararat
Soviet
the
the
and protest
Moscow teams. 18
appear
detail,
expression
there
repression,
should
also
was adopted,
as
de Bilbao
Athletic
of Croatia
The struggles
city
of all
have always
for
the dis-
of these regionalist
an opportunity
clubs
participation
regions
20 and of Slogan
in Czechoslovakia
the
Georgia,
Iribar.
Moravians. 2'
while
of
years,
of
Yereven
shall
in
very
to internationally
has
project
themselves.
It
18.
is now necessary
to offer
a detailed
illustration
of the
suspended, in April 1976 and September 1978, because of missile1983, the team coach of
throwing at the visiting
In April
players.
Dynamo Moscow was stoned while leaving the vicinity
of the Yereven
two month closure,
stadium, which provoked a further
and the threat
if further
incidents
violent
of enforced relegation
For
occurred.
further
details
of Ararat Yereven, see World Soccer, August 1969,
and May 1984.
19. See World Soccer, May 1984.
20. For further
details,
see World Soccer, October 1981.
21. See, for further
details,
World Soccer, March 1968, October 1973 and
June 1975.
294
beginning
It
could
in
this
shall
with
Basque
because
clubs
the
that
Osasuna
the
political
be seen in
the
Epilogue
to
in
the
role
a significant
the
by adopting
much the
immediately
and well
changed
supported
in
university
the
importance
division
for
only
the
by staff
during
four
In
addition,
the
Franco
the players`of
22.
23.
policy
rather
than
football.
the
with
the
siding
devotees
the
by Francoists,
Osasuna
years,
to
and clearly
all-Basque
of
As
undoubtedly
however,
period,
be included
should
opposite
in
policy,
Rightist
was a club
playing
a
was
who
player
famous
of
of
the
22
Opus Dei
secondary
first
seasons.
superiority.
dictatorship
player
and students
numerical
Osasuna
from
led
Spain,
Basque
of
transition
Franco
Francoist
Pamplona
of
traditional
their
thesis,
was a club
club's
Pamplona. 23
sporting
this
movement
Osasuna
case.
club
an all-Basque
During
Navarre.
of
significance
Basque nationalist
non-Basque
in
and regionalism
of
democracy,
very
the
be argued
study
played
with
football
between
relationship
to this
clearly
both
the outbreak
thesis,
of the Civil
Athletic
of a degree
War.
In April
served
de
of
1937,
in the
by an examination
As revealed
of the archives
of El Mundo Deportivo,
the all-Basque
policy
of Osasuna, adopted in 1921, was
player
headed by the
abandoned by the completely
Sew board of directors
Moscardo,
the army Colonel
Juan Antonio
appointee
of General
Solana
in March 1939.
the Osasuna team was composed by a
Thenceforth,
from other
Navarrans
combination
and players
Spanish
of local
regions,
with very few Basque from the provinces
of Guipuzcoa,
Vizcaya
and Alava.
It is estimated
by Juan Jose Castillo,
the veteran
editor
of E1
Mundo Deportivo,
that
approximately
a quarter
of the Osasuna
during
the Franco years were either
supporters
staff
or students
of
the Opus Dei university.
295
Basque militias
defending'
backbone
El Euzkadi
the
of
to
refused
directors,
of the clubs'
died
were in Francoist
The club
4overnor
to gather
seen in Chapter
other
as a kind
of Vizcaya
Three of the
the motives
supporters
football
and repression
of the Civil
amongst
the
Basque
for
team, two
had
perished,
against
it
the
clubs,
for
of Vizcaya,
the major
and
example FC Barcelona
that
of the posr-Civil
that
As
to save Athletic
drug",
or "social
call
new
in August 1937.25
in helping
bourgeoisie
by a public
prospective
was to ensure
Governor
similarly
extinction
meeting
authorities
soporific
In
Gorrotxategi,
the struggle
province
thesis,
from disappearance
of the austerity
and Patxi
club,
by the
in June 1937.
Davila
at an extraordinary
of political
de Bilbao
of Spain. 24
part
pro-Republican
and Valencia,
suspicion
or were continuing
Fidel
Azcargorta
in another
was only
and
Aitor
prisons,
forces
Nationalist
and Mexico
in the conflict,
motive
for
to the support
addition
to form the
of the Athletic
under General
conquerers
Europe
toured
identity
it
that
came together
Spain.
political
is not surprising
Nationalist
team which
to Francoist
return
homeland,
their
and so mitigate
War years.
there
serve
part
Whatever
Franco
to
24. Information
revealed by an examination of the archives of Athletic
de Bilbao.
in all of the Bilbao newspapers of 11 August
25. This call was published
1937.
296
form
a new board
new directors
export
War.
of
were
mostly
were
In this
national
Falangists,
that
ensuring
club
name.
Propaganda,
Atletico.
According
and
Civil
and Juan
1937.
de Bilbao
was
The objectives
months.
were to build
never
again
of
a new
identify
seek to destroy
criminally
In January
the club
Casajuana
and his
to the official
with
ordered
a change for
regard
Jefatura
to change its
directors
club
board to the
can be-found
authorities
was undoubtedly
The
28
of
Casajuana,
that
2'
the
Echevarr(a
board
"would
the club
forces
during
profile
of Athletic
character
business.
shipbuilders
Antonio
Athletic
reconstituted
in
bankers,
a low
maintained
the anti-patriotic
unity".
back
club
the
businessmen,
itself
the
transformed
completely
local
two Basque
also
Crespo, 27 on
Carlos
and put
agents,
There
directors
history
title
to the enforced
Provincial
to
del
de.
the Castilianized
meekly assented
Historia
change of
to the change.
Athletic
Club,
it
the worse:
"Effectively,
1 February 1941 is a sad date for the great Athletic
with regard to the club name, invariably
pride and sensitivity
29
maintained since foundation".
de Bilbao,
26. According to the archives of Athletic
presented themselves at this meeting, only one of
Bengoechea, had previously
served as an Athletic
the years 1929-1934.
de Bilbao archives.
27. Revealed by the Athletic
de Bilbao,
28. According to the archives of Athletic
Casajuana at the first
words of President
regular
board, in September 1937.
newly-constituted
29. Historia
del Athletic
1974, p. 86.
Club, Bilbao,
297
23 persons
whom, Alfredo
director,
during
Although:
its
For
pro-Republican.
fighting
cross
border
French
the
Spain. 30
Francoist
local
Antonio
Juan
two colleagues,
Francoist
the
against
its
Bilbao
whilst
but-two
all
had survived
and systematic
Athletic
Real
Sociedad,
Generalisimo
the
political
these
inspired
the great
Athletic
successive
climate
the
of
triumphs
mystification.
30. Information
carried
on three
far
revealed
were
This
1940s,
subjected
mystification
by the archives
298
were
from
to
it
is
the
than
more effectively
the
off
occasions,
early
to
an opportunity
majority
who
repression
and dramatically
example,
in an atmosphere of militant
managed to rebuild
de Bilbao
had
young players
with
decent
to rebuild
Falangism
in forming
the Civil
authorities.
completely
in
a new board
needed
problems
War years.
Jose Dunabeita
club
to
remain
industrialist
by the
had serious
post-Civil
were forced
the
whilst
preferred
than
rather
exile
rival,
led
businessman,
pro-Franco
died
into
had been
province,
Onaindia,
and Miguel
Betelu
was
Guipuzcoa
of
conquest
and enter
Like
War directors
example,
leadership
of the club
of the pre-Civil
necessary
of
name, a complete
obviously
Copa del
newly-named
1943 to
not
1945.
surprising
application
was largely
of
Given
that
Falangist-
encouraged
by
the
declarations
October
1942.31
acclaim
by the
an obvious
the
sporting
the
media
the
tall
new generation
that
Echevarria
and physically
as illustrated
in
example
was about
of
title
of
the
centre-forward
of
to
the
"virile,
lead
Spain
furia
Two,
had acquired
Athletic
forward-
"five
artillerymen",
Telmo
Zarra
33
was held
impetuous
into
in
board
team was
the
Chapter
The spectacular
good military
Athletic
Bilbao
powerful
embodiment
local
a prominent
on the
to be the
Press
and courageous
up by
and furious"
age. 34
The dramatic
the old
Antonio
significance.
as a shining
Lastagaray,
Eduardo
of
which,
political
was given
imperial
The young
32 a concept
espanola,
whilst
Press
Falangist
line
the
to
network
triumphs
of Athletic
of the 1943-1945
de Bilbao
period
supporters'
served
clubs
to revitalize
across
the whole
as saying,
in the cup
demonstrates
"Today's
the limitless
victory
potential
of our
We are the authentic
furia
young team.
magnificent
espafiola,
team of courageous,
powerful,
committed,
virile
young players,
lead our
that will
a shining
example of the young generation
Spain to glory. "
new, reborn
of Spain,
clubs
the subsequent
and hunger.
repression
record
increase
steadily
in 1968.35
been partly
regarding
the Bilbao
largely
nonetheless
also
an implicit
anti-Francoist
Benito
sporting
Diaz,
Civil
a fraction
Artigas
political
fighter
35. Information
archives.
details
For further
past,
see Francisco
at a peak of 293
was noted
would
that
the
has
clubs
Spanish
regions
system.
They aroused
suspicions
replaced
pilot
but'was
the suspicion
the Republic
with
of the
coach for
during
of Orange Exporters,
were aroused
in the conflict.
by an examination
about the
Cerecedo,
r
300
the
and
in May 1949,
gas,
Art
who had
37
Real Sociedad,
despite
surrounding
revealed
was a
arriving
in all
of the Federation
proved to be a useful
suspicions
there
supporters'
Similar
club
War and
footballer
to France. 36
Civil
character.
authorities
a former
a figure
figure
anti-Francoist
of Athletic
regarded
36.
workers
outside
Francoist
with
as a potent
Athletic
there
and this
it
thesis,
of these
political,
club
By 1947, however,
to this
the proliferation
allegedly
of the
throughout
Country,
Basque
in existence,
clubs
In the Introduction
for
motive
the
outside
In 1936,
of new ones.
fell
that
the formation
of the Athletic
suspicions
surrounding
op. cit. p.
de Bilbao
Benito
Diaz'
the
the achievements
emulating
their
reached
during
1955-1958,
the years
league championship
Bilbao
Because
the
of
Introduction
that
the
in
Madrid.
in
various
final
38
Spanish
two finalists.
in
played
Bernabeu
of
Real
The Bilbao
held
capital
pleas
the
before
to
according
the
city,
Franco
Franco
regime,
cup finals
years,
and from
in
Madrid
Press-began
competition
the
the issue,
thus
giving
39
however
these
in
out when
final.
cup
in
as seen
in
March
should
take
been
the
1941
place
staged
position
geographical
1948 onwards
Real a crucial
players
The Athletic
businessmen,
the
War had
Civil
the
compaign against
Zaragoza or Valladolid.
local
broke
a ruling
finals
the
of
were
the
all
Estadio
was reluctant
forced
for
a neutral
board,
still
to complain
venue,
largely
and
preferably
composed of
to do so by the pressure
of the archives
being
home advantage,
Francoist
and the
Madrid.
in the Bernabeu,
included
of
sporting
cities,
During
the
times
undertones
Real
national
every
Football
political
agaist
the
thesis,
this
of
play
nature
centralist
to
period
once.
Athletic
in the Francoist
and success
peak of popularity
de Bilbao.
Athletic
of neighbours
from the
of the DND.
to request
that
the final
be played
in a
The first
Bilbao
newpapers
neutral
venue was El Correo Espanol on May 22 1958, including
pleases
Angel Carmelo and Jose
from the Athletic
to the same effect
players
Maria Maguregui.
In La Gaceta del Norte of the following
day,
to play the final
there were similar
the capital,
pleas
outside
with
from the Athletic
Piru Gainza,
quotations
captain
and the players
Jesus Garay and Jose Arieta.
301
Press,
players
during
power
the
Franco
passed
period,
the
being
Bilbao
Athletic
the choice
40
Metropolitano.
in order
Bernabeu,
appear quite
clear.
then,
in
allow
a record
There
was a hostile
rival
supporters.
move to
saw Athletic
30,000
Basque
record
supporters
atmosphere
On
the
to choose the
at
field,
an historic
the
to
coaches
make the
match,
a tough
2-0
visited
cheap
victory
trip
and several
match
the
Estadio
board did,
arrange
of
but gave-
Madrid's
being
an unprecedented
in Madrid,
played
lack
up to
complaint
The Bilbao
41
its
and supporters.
and trains
including
against
the
that
this
to
to Madrid.
fights
six
and
42
between
bookings
European
Champions-Real.
It
dispute
on various
occasions
conscience
of the
de Bilbao archives,
40. In the author's
examination of the Athletic
a
letter,
dated 29 May 1958, from the President
of the RFEF was
The letter
acknowledged a correspondence of the previous
uncovered.
about the "neutral"
venue. In the
week from Athletic
complaining
light
"having to
of the DND, the RFEF regretted
of the intransigence
inform your club of the neccessity
the said final
of staging
at
the Estadio Bernabeu or the Estadio Metropolitano,
whichever
either
of the two is more convenient to yourselves".
41. Both of the Bilbao newspaper La aceta del Norte and El Correo
Espanol, upon hearing of the intransigence
of the DND, confirmed in
discussed in the above footnote,
the letter
suggested that Athletic
in the Estadio Bernabeu, in their
should choose to play the final
editions
of 1 June 1958.
de Bilbao archives,
42. According to the Athletic
the club arranged with
the Spanish national
railway company and two separate private
coach
companies a special low price of one hundred pesetas for the
in Madrid.
to the final
Athletic
to travel
An estimated
supporters
20,000 Basque followers
by train,
made the journey to the capital
6,000 by coach, and the remaining 4,000 by private
means.
302
Athletic
also
not
de Bilbao
been claimed
football
only
the
against
supporters,
that
the dispute
caused
the
fans,
to identify
with
Athletic
Francoist
their
outbreaks
of
sporting
there
both
violence
during
major
Basque clubs
of dissent
As seen in Chapter
unpopular
and dictatorial
the majority
Paraguayans,
nationality
in
illegal
Three
of
this
of
signed
documents
of their
entry
thesis,
foreign
parentage.
struggle
team. 44
Franco's
to Real
attitude
frequent
in Basque football
into
to support
general,
45
a joint
on South
has
It
in
their
with
and confrontation
prohibition
of clubs
field.
the
1969-1975,
the
against
players.
to 1973,
on and off
the period
in
more hostile
was a noticeably
43
Basque people
and then
authorities,
to Bilbao
visits
players
campaign
Spain
of
because
footballers
Americans,
their
claim
by the
two
foreign
of the DND's
from
1962
mostly
for
Spanish
who
had not
of
used foreign
DND import
this
players
ban which
success.
Americans
with
1971,
to
dubious
and especially
their
for
fifty
did
so much to help
angered
sharply
so when both
the
against
step
the Trancoist
famous monarchist
huge scandal
empt Gil
Robles's
of
chances
increased
in
the
of
these
South
1969-
period
de Bilbao
engaging
a blind
its
findings
a leading
lawyer
Jdse Maria
authorities,
politician
about
their
favour
eye
4S
complaints.
unprecedented
in
were obviously
documents
years,
of
the
complicity
by lifting
Gil
same name.
in
the
issue,
to pursue
Robles,
In order
the
their
to prevent
players
case
the
son of
took
to prein
June
1973.47
This joint
46.
304
of all
of the clubs
Madrid,
whose visits
affairs.
48
the illegal
broadly
in
nationalism
boards
receptive
(PNV),
the
to the
autonomy. 5
1960s
ideology
was in
It
late
de Bilbao
of Athletic
which
with
coincided
favour
sporting
the
and Real
of
of
the
that
of respect
49
1970s.
Sociedad
clandestine
a return
the two
and lack
authorities.
gradual
and early
Real
the incompetence
by revealing
clubs
especially
Nevertheless,
Basque football
for
illegal
with
Basque
The businessmen
were
slowly
half
on the
becoming
Basque Nationalist
to democracy
about
of
more
Party
and regional
of
the
supporters
of
Julio
Lamana, Inaki
Sez, Jose
This is the opinion
of Juan Crespo,
Clemente.
Angel Iribar
and Javier
by Juan Crespo, Julio
to the author
Lamana, and the
This was alleged
is
former Real Sociedad President
Jose Luis Orbegozo.
This point
by the large
number of directors
also evidenced
of the two major
its
in
legalization
Basque clubs who became members of the PNV after
de Bilbao
1977: the then President
Jesus Dun"abeita;
the
of Athletic
former Athletic
Jose Antonio
Eguidazu;
President
the Athletic
directors
Aguirre
Iaki
the former
Real
and Jose Maria Gorriz;
Jose Luis Orbegozo;
Sociedad President
the Real Sociedad
director
Jose Lopez Iturbe.
PNV, while
the
of
methods
flag,
national
in
months
followed
the
the
first
the
Bilbao
example.
its
of
Athletic
adopted
the
stoning
In
the
coaches
in
Sociedad
process
at
the
terraces.
the
at
of
in
the
1970s,
early
became centres
in
began
infamous
'3
propaganda
of
From then
of
both
Madrid
partly
the
the
for
the
first
supporters
hooligans,
politically
This
group,
and for
which
1974,
October
for
the
afterwards
the
supporters,
time
Armada. 52
young
most
in
players,
Real
outlawed
first
hooliganism
politically-motivated
day.
stadia
of
de Bilbao
Athletic
Basque
clandestine
1970,
of
1973-1975.
show trials
onwards,
the
were
two stadia
political
in
when leaflets
military
the
of
was responsible,
present
of
out
the
Sociedad
a group
years
travelling
the
December
Burgos
the
the'Real
a catalogue
in
formed
out
Policia
the
Real
of
Furthermore,
name Frente-Norte,
missiles
the
minority
Spain,
supporters
continues
which
in
kind
of
incidents
pro-ETA
with
the
latter
was this
terraces
a scuffle
provoking
later,
radical
throwing
thus
It
bring
to
Athletic
on the
51
and
them supported
of
regime.
who dared
supporters
ikurrina,
the
1971,
January
Three
Basque
of
group
objectives
a quarter
Franco
the
the
with
agreement
approximately
ETA against
of
armed-struggle
radical
in
were broadly
two clubs
these
This
activity.
support
of
distributed
were
more radical
and Real
primary
abertzale
the
accused
on the
targets
for
pro-ETA
by Juan Crespo,
Julio
These estimates
were made to the author
Javier
Clemente and Jose Luis Orbegozo.
Lamana, Jose Angel Iribar,
in the Press,
but
52. This incident
or discussed
reported
was neither
to in the archieves
of Athletic,
as "an unfortunate
was referred
happening
flag
with a forbidden
a group of supporters
regarding
and
Armada".
members of the Policia
53. This was confirmed
to the author by various
Athletic
veteran
Lamana and Juan Crespo.
supporters,
as well as by Julio
51.
306
groupings
that
coalition.
54
is
It
perhaps
not
the
Basque
that
above,
goalkeeper
of
whole
national
was deeply
explains,
Jose
Spain
surprising,
were
because
of
the
began
to
enter
an immensly
both
devout
by the
catalyst
his
Herri
Batasuna
the
outside
carrying
such
for
described
circumstances
to develop
popular
a political
de Bilbao
Athletic
figure
across
magnificent-performance
Catholicism.
Burgos
the
do so was the
to
player
Irfbar,
affected
given
footballers
Angel
the
flag.
The first
consciousness.
form
made arrests
trying
spectators
ikurrina
the
to
Armada occasionally
discovering
or
propaganda
come together
The Policia
after
stadia
later
would
military
his
Like
trials,
own political
for
the
so many Basques,
which,
the
Iribar
as he himself
development:
in the team.
Before,
I had been too wrapped up in
colleagues
football
to politics.
to give much thought
It had obviously
seemed
that we could not speak our mother
wrong to me since childhood
it in the schools.
tongue in the street
But until
the
or learn
Burgos business
I did
The events of
not give it much attention.
December 1970 really
shook me up, because the militAiy
prosecutors
to have the Basqueshung with only
the flimsiest
were trying
of
them a fair
believe
I really
trial.
that
giving
evidence,
without
for the Franco regime,
because
the trials
were counter-productive
to the Basques the real nature
they demonstrated
of Francoist
into
justice,
the ideology
It was
and also gave a glimpse
of ETA.
began to think
then that
I really
about the repression
of Euzkadi,
to me that perhaps one day I could use my fame and
and it occurred
"55
to make a significant
political
gesture.
popularity
Five years
passed until
Iribar!
to the author
with
s "significant
307
political
gesture"
as in the above
on the
Basque
Basque
clubs
the
that
In
occurred.
football
Iribar's
the
had only
the
left
two months
ignored
Community,
because
of
majority
great
decided
to his
the
Athletic
team-mates
match,
Iribar
afterwards
served
to
was generally
to
the
and director
realized,
that
for
the
the
Franco
anniversary
of
Albert,
even though
it
the
but
could
death
regime
dictator,
who
from
clemency
execution
of
by a military
Like
torture.
"
executions,
a black
and
of
nontheless
obviously
the
the
same.
armbands
obscure
the
not
for
armband
them to do the
that
the
He explained
regime.
to wear
Press
out to be
Franco
upon the
and persuaded
suspicious
Luis
for
by the
he was going
Granada,
ageing
made under
was enraged
contempt
away to
claimed
commemorate
player
his
Iribar
the
terrorism
of
Basque
58
pleas
and insisted
allegedly
confessions
Basques,
to demonstrate
following
Athletic
of
the
the
of
strength,
57 and the
two clubs.
month,
tribunal,
gained
made against
that
of
live,
to
European
three
the
gesture
27th
On the
players
significant
football.
through
campaign
ferocious,
the
and ikurridas
joint
56 the
American
use at
occurred
gesture
politically
most
South
into
leaflets
political
became more
Madrid
Real
of
increased,
illegal
the
came increasingly
language
number
terraces
against
with
clashes
the
time,
real
had
ex-
motive
be expressed
55 and 56.
56. This was confirmed by the same sources as in footnotes
57. As already seen in footnote 49 of this chapter,
the joint
campaign
towards the DND lifting
of Athletic
and Real Sociedad contributed
the prohibition
of foreign players in June 1973.
on the important
58. As revealed by the archives of the two major Basque clubs, Real
Sociedad adopted a policy of making all official
club announcements
from August 1972 onwards, and Athletic
in both Basque and Castilian
de Bilbao decided to follow suit exactly
a year later.
interview
59. Author's
with Jose Irrbar.
308
in
60
print.
Before
his tacit
offered
Sociedad
Antonio
follow
however,
in
from
team's
their
police,
political
home match
the
Racing dressing-room
conscious
players
were fined
each,
and his
equivalent
Santander
Iribar
Elche.
and the
latter
the Real
Basque
in
the
two months'
a possible
summed up"the
impact
centre-
team-mate
armband
members of
the
gesture
Francoist
the
entered
Aguirre
the considerable
was
conscious
actually
and obliged
"provoking
for
- Three
to almost
join
Socio-Politico,
at half-time
the
politically
to
de
Iribar
success62.
Aguirre,
Valencia,
with
Brigada
without
Athletic
to persuade
attempted
Aitor
persuading
Sergio
but
suit,
intentions,
his
of
He also
of Rcing de Santander,
forward
Sergio,
Eguidazu
61
approval.
to
players
successful,
for
Jose
President
Bilbao
had informed
Iribar
carrying
and
pesetas
Governor
of
of the gesture
in the following
way:
60. This was alleged to the author by Julio Lamana, Juan Crespo, Inaki
Jose Maria Lorente and Rodolfo
Sez, by the Marca journalists
"Belarmo" and by Juan Jose Castillo,
the veteran editor
of
El
Mundo Deportivo.
interview
61. Author's
with Jose Angel Iribar.
62. Ibid.
63. Although the news of the fining
of Aguirre and Sergio was not
Press, it
or specialist
national
published in the local,
sporting
In
was revealed by Sergio to Don Baln No. 7,18 November 1975.
this interview,
Sergio ironically
added that "the armbands were not
worn out of friendship".
309
black
armband gesture
during
supporters
democracy.
in
football
of
It
years
language.
In
Basque
a full
football
completed
largely
pro-Francoist
to
Civil
War,
political
leaving
circle,
leadership
thesis,
of
players
dictatorship
the
unequivocally
behind
promotion
and politically
of
by Basque
in
favour
of
the
Basque
forty
almost
passive
and
to
one adopted
significance
this
a clear
clubs;
and the
autonomy,
the
way,
football
similar
the
to this
adoption
from
transition
of
preceding
this
the
Basque
be a position
years
to
prelude
two major
democracy,
nation-wide
Basque
the
would
the
was the
by the
position
political
in the Epilogue
illustrated
be fully
As will
years
players
of
and
supporters.
this
in
discussed
thesis,
to be,
political
club
of
the
a local
the
version
64. Author's
vast
majority
interview
of
Catalan
the
Real
During
of
with
the
club
in
rivalry
was,
Madrid-Ba
Franco
Catalonia's
period,
six
million
are appropriate
is
FC Barcelona
to
be mentioned
the
Introduction
and indeed
rr9a rivalry,
310
clubs
of
As illustrated
Barcelona
Espanol-FC
football
significance
other
de Barcelona.
significance.
the
political
The first
detail.
be Espanol
should
this
before
point,
Catalan
with
FC Barcelona
inhabitants,
to
continues
a similar
was the
including
the
including
the
of
Spain. 66
composed
of
professionals
of
provinces
of
majority
Espaol,
in
non-Catalan
and skilled
military
personnel.
mostly
anti-Francoist,
67
Lerida
Gerona,
the
immigrants
officials
workers
Broadly
to
the
had a very
contrast,
State
and Tarragona65
from
speaking,
and in favour
posted
other
the
region
Barcelona
regions,
Bara
of a return
from
other
following,
small
in
and also
parts
mostly
temporarily,
policemen
supporters
and
were
to nation-wide
included
lists
The archives
of FC Barcelona
of the club members for
it is an
Although
place of birth.
every year,
although
not their
imprecise
it can be estimated
by means of
method of evaluation,
40% of the surnames were either
that approximately
these lists,
the member was either
meaning that
or half
non-Catalan,
completely
from another
region
or the offspring
an immigrant
of a marriage
between an immigrant
Catalan.
Juan Jose Castillo
and a local
half
that approximately
to
of the 40% were immigrants
estimates
during
Catalonia
the Franco period.
311
democracy
their
and opposed
regionalism.
kind
of
to
all
of
looked
largely
character,
whose supporters
the
while
favour
of
of
Catalan
devotees
in
centralism
supporters
68.
hints
69 The FC Barcelona
"spectre
68
in
pro-Francoist,
majority,
State,
autonomy,
and regional
a centralist,
separatism
to
converse
with
in
were,
in
unitarian
or
the
regarded
own house",
their
followers
Espanol
even
Espanol
70 whilst
a suspect
an outlawed
club
the
as a
Espafiol
political
language.
71
than presenting
In this
an extensive
and exhaustive
case, rather
list
and interviewees
who have made this generallyof publications
to support
held allegation,
this
along with the evidence
allegation,
it seem appropriate
has never been
to point
this
out that
allegation
by supporters
of the Catalan
neither
club nor its
challenged,
in support
be
and that detailed
evidence
opponents,
of it will
in the course of this
chapter.
presented
This phrase is
Alfredo
Relano
1982.
October
practically
all
above footnote.
71.
the articles
and all
of the interviews
listed
in
in the
is
It
and FC Barcelona
War victors,
of
superiority
have
however,
their
vast
majority
of
than
Ba_ra
rather
the
traditionally
local
derby
Espanol
the
many of
1940,
and battling
they
Furthermore,
struggling
to
In later
celebrate.
maintain
humiliation
club
of
for
the
from
glory
years
their
of
had the
perverse
the
to
to
preferred
for
the
pleasure
Espaol,
finals
of
of
seeing
be
The
neighbours.
see Real
Madrid
in
victories
72
reality.
players
in
Nationalists
Copa del
to
FC
The directors,
the
the
into
have
they
that
and their
wish
Civil
matches
result
modest
Espanol.
winning
way through
derby
this
two local
champions,
converted
pleasure
rivals.
by their
often
that
local
with
the
of
The huge
has ensured
their
the
club
losers.
Barte
have
league
was the
the
season,
supporters
as Spanish
Civil
the
been humbled
matches
and supporters,
Espanol
team
games of
that
considered
has frequently
Barcelons
say
Catalonia
more talented
important
most
in
support
had a far
always
to
no exaggeration
the
in
Generalisimo
1941 and 1947.
FC Barcelona
survive.
years,
there
at the club,
powerful
frequent
in addition
neighbours,
defeats
for
Espafiol
of Baca
to the occasional
such as occurred
with
to
to
transfer
the
by an investigation
As revealed
of the archives
of the club,
op.
Jose Luis Perez and Antonio
two Espaol players,
Martin,
cit.,
were
in
in
fighting
the Nationalist
War,
the
Civil
wounded
army.
313
controversial
signing
coach Ladislas
by controversially
forward
Marcial
Pina,
The dispute
Ricardo
thus further
of
the
In
Espafiol's
signing
and
than
revenge for
partial
player
FC Barcelona
the alleged
Spanish
embittering
clubs
"stealing"
of
international
between the two
relations
clubs.?
Sant
in
The other
Catalan
Andreu
Barcelona,
role
the
Real
flying
as catalysts
Franco
regime.
of
scene
of
despite
division,
the
of
the
the
local
that
and Sabadell.
for
repressed
Their
stadia,
language
distribution
outlawed
fact
the
senyera
Both
Catalan
like
and,
of
in
illegal
Catalan
late
political
national
clubs
nationalism
those
the
at
have
they
became tolerated
and FC Barcelona,
Sociedad
speaking
the
first
Spanish
the
minor
to
of
need to be mentioned
that
clubs
of
this
never
have
centres
played
played
de Bilbao,
for
the
and early
pamphlets
flag.
are
and opposition
Athletic
1960s
stage
1970s,
and the
76
details
74. For further
of the Kubala signing controversy,
see
24 June -4 July 1963.
El Mundo Deportivo,
15-28 June 1969 for details
75. See El Mundo Deportivo,
of the Marcial
transfer.
76. This has been alleged to the author by several Sabadell and Sant
in addition
to: Juan Jose Castillo,
Andreu supporters,
Joan Josep
Antonio Hernez, the veteran editor of Sport; Jordi
Artells;
Golobart,
the current President
of the Sant Andreu club, a position
he had occupied since 1975.
314
In January
de Propaganda,
to "castilianize"
Their
In addition,
change their
colours,
a perfect
considered
"advised"
and duly
to
immigrant
workers
of Catalan
partly
society.
up the local
practically
flag,
stripes,
were
78
significance".
uniform,
half
were immigrants,
or direction
of local
Catalan
and Castilian,
Information
revealed
El Mundo Deportivo.
Catalan
the mainstream
supporters
fans.
players
club
and throughout
by an examination
of
There was
been a homo-
and signings
all
in
into
at the club,
the Sabadell
in assimilating
of the Sabadell
Spanish regions.
importance
Spanish regions
Approximately
no division
geneous combination
77.
national
picking
separatist
by the DND to
did so.
The Sabadell
during
traditional
Provincial
to San Andres. TT
to be requested
the Catalan
change to an all-white
title
club
club
because their
by the Jefqtura
the
from other
announcments were
1970s there
the early
archives
of
315
Were almost
Barcelona's
It
of opposition
is now appropriate
political
the
in
Athletic
de Bilbao
Sunyol,
favour
died
supporters
for
to
fighting
example,
the
lost
the
Catalan
during
the
Albert
Just
as with
and
President
that
Barcelona
had upon
conflict,
were
imprisoned,
foot.
in
81
April
or
afterwards
left
exile,
for
This is
Nicolau
bear
to
the
of Catalonia
by the
to
return
club
National
Barca
team
a, Catalonia
is
It
in
died
conquerers,
the
that
under
left
FC
the
were
border
French
the
against
members that
War either
crossing
the
of
16,000
Civil
the
mostly
four
only
of
of
outbreak
"purged"
1937 could
for
on
Mexico
military
'2
the
Furthermore,
occupation.
9,500
approximately
Josep
in March 1937,
in
1938.
November
Juan
Yage,
General
the
of
of
army
advances
estimated
As
had clearly
War.
life
80
years.
club
The club
Nationalists.
his
Franco
Civil
of the
Sociedad,
and Real
the
as
as the natives.
during
thesis,
just
illustration
a detailed
Republic
the
of
this
as at FC
apparently
and attonomy
to offer
Introduction
come out
immigrants
of FC Barcelona
significance
seen in
the
with
terraces
details,
see, for
example,
the estimate
of Juan Castillo,
Montal.
Casaus and Agusti
El Mundo Deportivo,
Joan
Josep
7 August
Artells,
82. The four Barca players who returned from Mexico with club
Rosend Calvet in June 1938 were Josep Raich, Josep
sectretary
As will
be
Escol, Antons Pedrol and Domingo Balmanya.
presently
seen, they would be punished by the DND for having taken part in
this politically
venture.
significant
316
In spite
to permit
of the post-Civil
preservation
completely
Civil
War years
in mind,
textile
to transform
its
in May 1939.84
e3
themselves
political
character.
Joan Soler,
sources
or
the poverty
with
of
the Franco
drug"
Partly
to assist
contenting
were extremely
thesis,
lay ahead.
decided
political
major
as a "social
in mitigating
or
Three of this
obviously
of the club,
manufacturer
that
of Catalonia
of one of their
to serve
would help
Governor of Barcelona
directors
83.
that
soporific
arguments
of Barcelona
wanted football
to disappear.
simply
were
by natural
allegedly
political
directors,
authorities
to die
the club
allowing
of active
the club
managed to survive.
from extinction.
the inhabitants
entertainment
regime
lack
of FC Barcelona,
significance
depriving
of their
in to save it
of stepping
tempted
de Bilbao,
the choice
with
FC Barcelona
these problems,
of all
and misery
with
these
in the
attempting
A public
call
from the
of a new board of
was largely
composed of right-wing
in Sabartes,
It was alleged
op. cit.,
p. 17 that the following
in Catalonia
in 1939 were prepared
leading
Francoist
personalities
the Fascist
to see FC Barcelona
Gimenez
cease to exist:
poet Ernesto
in Barcelona
installed
Caballero,
an enthusiastic
supporter
of the
Espanol club;
the editor
Luis Galinsonga,
Barcelona
of the leading
friend
a close personal
newspaper LaVanguardia_Espanola,
of
Franco and another
Juan Fontana Tarrats,
Espafiol
the head
supporter;
Jose Diaz de Gomara, the
of the Falange in Tarragona
province;
Enrique
Genaro de la Riva,
apostolic
administrator
of Barcelona;
a
in the Nationalist
the Civil
War,
army during
volunteer
officer
Moscardo in April
President
1939.
appointed
of Espanol by General
however,
There is no documentary
that any of these personevidence,
to dissuade
the Civil
Governor
from launching
alities
attempted
317
Catalan
of
regional
autonomy,
events
Catalan
future
these
conquest
ender
the
the
Lluis
Companys.
director,
different
initiative
businesses
85
Falangists
by the
horrified
the Nationalist
considered
evil.
of
War, however,
who generally
of a degree
The revolutionary
of their
to be a lesser
of Catalonia
in favour
the
the Civil
collectivization
The newly-composed
Antonio
Valles
Bapa
and Agapit
and the, army colon@1 Manuel Bravo Moreno, who had fought
command of
General
political
Juan Yage
was back
FC Barcelona
city.
of
at the beginning
anarcho-syndicalist
Bam
board included
Vallmitjana,
supported
the enforced
especially
powerful
in Barcelona
been mildly
in
from
character
in
the
business,
the
invasion
Nationlist
but
with
it
one that
of
a completely
had possessed
in
1936.
The formation
of this
the
tour
from holding
of
board,
however,
was certainly
problems.
Rosend Calvet
organized
new right-wing
Mexico,
Jose Moscard
sporting
office
and suspended
20 years
four
players
for
who
85. This is the view of Agusti Montal, who recounted to the author that
his father,
himself President
of Barr a from 1946 to 1953, was a
supporter of Cambo's Lliga and then of the Republic upon the
War, but changed-his political
outbreak of the Civil
perspective
business was collectivized.
When the Nationalist
when his textile
troops of General Yage entered Barcelona in January 1939, Montal
his father was sad that the experiment in Catalan autonomy
recalled,
had obviously
come to an end, but pleased about the prospect of his
business being returned to him.
318
for
returned
task
two years
the
of
FC Barcelona
young
out in his
As pointed
mission
inaugural
the Catalan
to convert
the
Pineiro,
Enrique
War colleague
Civil
his
Marques
Pineiro
speech,
difficult
championship.
team caused
a club
by Moscard using
resolved
as President
powers to appoint
dictatorial
league
the 1939/1940
team for
performances
Therefore,
crisis
full
a decent
in fielding
The poor
each. 86
good friend
de la
his
and ex-
Mesa de Asta.
he had a
that
considered
into:
club
Pineiro
speech indicated
in January
the order,
later,
football
alongside
he would.
1941,
Barcelona
years
that
Pineiro
commentaries
presidency
He accepted
as the above
a murmur of protest
de Propaganda. 8e
without
exactly
radio
Exactly
broadcasts
of Falangists
de
two
of
fighting
front.
The great
that
In as far
suspicion.
little
as their
1940s, with
thoughts
Bam
leadership
regrettable,
but largely
was regarded
only
there
was a small
all
them away
of the
character
supporters
as
the post-Civil
thesis,
the oppositon
reflected
regarded
91
Pineiro
of radical
plans
As seen on various
of the club.
89.
would distract
War
Catalanist
of Pineiro's
the repression".
they wished
given
minority
the club
and
of any political
in political
to be expected
the Civil
Madrid,
themselves
on football,
by most Catalan
course of this
were primarily
clear
team that
and all
90
climate.
Nevertheless,
character
Pineiro
supporting
centred
The transformation
grind.
FC Barcelona
political
early
holding
families,
their
however,
Such supporters,
in the difficult
concerned,
for
89
he reprpesented.
detested
of Barca supporters
majority
to change permanently
its
stormy
by the majority
hoped that
to the Franco
relationship
of Catalans
the radical
with
as "another
section
the
in the
previously
occasions
of FC Barcelona
through
purges,
,
Real
arm of
of Barra
in print
by Sabartes,
This has been alleged
op. cit.,
pp. 14-15,
and
Manuel Vazquez Montalbn,
in interviews
Agustf
with the following;
is
This allegation
Casaus,
Nicolau
Montal,
and Juan Jose Castillo.
borne out by the events of May 1943, to be discussed
also partly
presently.
320
supporters
to permit
hopes of Pineiro
relations
peaceful
relatively
biased
allegedly
himself.
with
towards
insults
but also
the
players
and the
and threats
During
of the Catalan
box, with
the presidential
A minority
manner of missiles.
all
club. "
so as
pelted
temporarily
not only
referee
clubs
dashed.
were dramatically
aftermath
the Madrid
with
towards
was directed
being directed
towards Pineiro
93
as horrified
of the spectre
as Pineiro
by this
unexpected
FC Barcelona.
of a politicized
The
very severe:
Barcelona
"To impose upon the Club de Futbol
a fine of two thousand
hundred pesetas for the behaviour
five
of the crowd, which
O%tense
hostility
itself
threats
the
and
against
with
comported
team and the referee,
and also for the disrespectful
and
visiting
inconvenient
of its
section
supporters
way in which a notable
towards
box,
the presidential
directed
themselves
repeatedly
"94
by the highest
authorities.
sporting
occupied
92. Before
Real Madrid,
if he feared
El Mundo Deportivo
Barga President
was unequivocal:
Pineiro
crowd
was asked by
trouble.
The reply
of
the
days of hostility
towards the team of the
"Those unfortunate
city have long gone, let there be no doubt about that.
capital
The FC Barcelona supporters,
or so called
supporters,
who used
to cause these problems before the "War of Liberation"
seem to
so. "
stay away from our stadium now and thankfully
details,
13 May 1943.
For further
see ElMundoDeportivo,
93.
details
For further
Deportivo,
of the incidents,
see ElMundo
and
These newspaper
Marca, of 15 May 1943.
however,
do not
accounts,
the full
scale of the trouble,
especially
reveal
with regard to the
insults
directed
and the Real directors.
For a more
at Pineiro
op. cit.,
accurate
see Sabartes,
report,
pp. 15-16.
Oficial
321
The return
atmosphere,
scoreline
several
match in Madrid
allegations
The
violent
for
acts
this
severely
evidence. 96
by any tangible
that
therefore,
details
95. For further
Sabartes. op. cit.,
May 1943.
This
that
indignation
in Les Corts
club
has caused
none of
victory
in the result,
of the-insults
96.
of Real Madrid's
interference
expected
by the amazing
trounced
reason Pineiro
indignant,
half
magnitude
of political
place
to Barga being
which contributed
of 11-1.95
took
before-97
as least
combined with
in the return
of the incidents
pp. 16-17, El Mundo Deportivo,
as
He was
and
only
the effect
of the 11-1
match, see
and Marca, of 22
322
defeat
impetuous
to provoke his
annoyed by this
in-arms
reliable
show of petulance
he decided
that
Barcelona
knew that
Vendrell
incidents
for
Public
his
with
its
obvious
and intolerant,.
Nationalist
of General
invasion
Agustin
political
of Catalonia
served
It
task
the new
of the Ba10
significance.
of Real Madrid
was assumed by
because,
clubs
personality
lieutenant
that
as
was
in the
was expected
Partly
to power almost
his
thesis,
as a volunteer
Munoz Grandes.
FC
because the
His ascendancy
to this
and moreover,
bring
of the bitterness
in the Introduction
and
difficult
this
would be difficult,
mission
colleague-
in La Coruda province.
the presidency
Worsened relations
seen in detail
abrasive
Order
immediately
for
obedient
and permanently
His choice
Jose Vendrell,
colonel
Moscard was so
finally
control.
General
formerly
him with
who could
under -centralist
was the-army
from his
to replace
man, a President
99
resignation.
his
in the army
first
visit
to
the
Les Corts
Catalan
would
stadium
10'
supporters.
Real players.
towards
thousand
fine,
their-home
Real on neutral
matches against
Acting
organized
the
Barr
on the instructions
a series
of
problems
improved,
had already
reappeaion
matches
1944.
In
but
in
Vice-President
this
the
the
Agusti
between
the
way,
relations
died
of
in
following
having
to play
Francoist
a wealthy
clubs
between
politically
thirty
Vendrell
two rival
Real
in
and
significant
Spain,
and would
years.
Montal,
at the
ground. 102
pattern
itself
established
many occasions
pesetas
1944,
were thrown
friendly
of
among the
incidents
further
provoke
by Moscard with
Francoist
textile
by
101. In the archives of FC Barcelona,
the author,
examined
op. cit.,
from the President
there is a letter
of the RFEF, Javier Barroso
dated 7 April 1944, requesting
Sanchez-Guerra to Vendrell,
the
Barca President to assure that there would be no more incidents
in
the forthcoming
match in Les Corts.
incidents,
102. For further
see El Mundo Depotivo, and Marca, of 22
April 1944, or Sabartes, op. cit.,
For details
yp. 17-18.
of the
fine and the threat,
Oficial
de la DND, No. 15, May
see the Boletin
1944.
103. The autijpr uncovered in the archives of the DND, a letter
from
dated 2 May 1944, in which the
Moscardo to Vendrell,
Delegado_Nacional
expressed his "profound sadness and indignation
that occurred in the Las Cortes stadium of your
at the incidents
Moscardo went on to suggest that Vendrell
club last month".
"organize several exhibition
matches with the Real Madrid club,
in order for relations
between the two most important
sporting
themselves out of the abyss in which they
clubs in Spain to lift
now find themselves".
324
fiftienth
of the club's
celebration
Nicolau
had since
In normal circumstances,
also
intelligent,
hardworking
however,
posts
offered
and temporary
Civil
of these
celebrations
Republicans
Esuuerra
was
militant
any sporting
office.
that
responsibilities
festivities
the celebrations
himself
his
upon hearing
had referred
as a symbol of opposition
without
actually
various
to Barra
to centralist
the
unoffical
Presidents
for
responsibility
for
problems
caused political
intervened
with
During
the sympathetic
Not surprisingly,
serving
mentioning
within
he had to content
director
because he was-very
candidate,
and popular
who,
in 1939, and
Governor of Barcelona
inaugurating
in 1949.
the anniversary
and by the
team,
a presidential
and probably
Franco period,
Catalanist
War. 104
by spectacular
all-Catalan
anniversary
the arrgngement
the Civil
were characterized
due to a remarkable
during
hid himself
manufacturer
that
the club.
Casaus's
The
speech
traditionally
Madrid
dictatorship,
Furthermore,
Casaus had
interview
104. Author's
with his son, Agusti Montal, op. cit.
105. The popularity
of Casaus at the club, and his possible
assent to
in normal circumstances
the presidency
to the author
was affirmed
interviewees:
by the following
Aqusti Montal, the former Barra
players Caries Rexach and Joagvlm Rife, Manuel Vazquez Montbalban,
Juan Jose Castillo,
and by many old FC Barcelona supporters.
325
allegedly
himself.
i
of the Caudillo
smashed up a photograph
According
to
Casaus:
in
be
the context of FC
have
to
"The incidents
seen
of-1949
the undoubted
Barcelona being a very successful
club despite
authorities,
while
of the RFEF and the other Francoist
partiality
beloved Real Madrid had not managed to win a single
by 1949 their
league title
since the Civil War. I think that they were anxious
as head of the
to stop the success of Bar a, and saw my appointment
The Civil
Governor
1949 celebrations
opportunity.
as the perfect
two
threatened
on
exile
charges.
with
me
even
and
summoned me,
he claimed that my inaugural
Firstly,
speech had given a
having
then
accused
of
me
and
message,
anti-centralist
separatist,
in
be
boardroom,
to
the
that
Franco
used
of
up
a
picture
smashed
it
in
less
it
down
taken
had
in
I
and
put
a
simply
reality
when
down
fall
it
because
to
every time that the
used
prominent position
have given me a lot of pleasure
It would really
door was closed.
he accused me of, but I had to act
to have done the things-that
lack
in
In
the
FC
Barcelona.
the
of
end,
of
name
responsibly
let-me
The
him
forced
to
a
warning.
with
anniversary
off
evidence
in
the
culminating
as
planned,
exactly
ahead
went
celebrations
40,000
dancing, on the Les Corts pitch in front of a capacity
"106
Civil
War.
the
biggest
since
the
organized
sardana
crowd, of
Four
storm.
political
world-famous
because
arose
body FIFA.
Aires,
Bernabeu
rules,
the
Marti
recognized
of
Real
was at
the
that
and approached
by FIFA
Madrid,
interview
106. Author's
details
107. For further
El Mundo Deportivo,
the
as Di Stefano's
however,
contact
was not
with
another
River
in
the
Plate
football
club.
so respectful
the Millionarios
club
governing
followed
of
107
of
club
partly
"private"
manufacturer,
proper
the
The problems
by the world
textile
the Catalan
of
was playing
Carreto,
centre
phenomenal
procedure
correct
FC Barcelona
Argentine
league
Colombian
the
later,
years
Buenos
Santiago
the
FIFA
of Bogota,
thus hoping
to steal
Marti
on
march
1a
an aeroplane
before
Kolowny;
Di St
fano
to
by Baa
he had actually
of practically
was far
ill
Nevertheless,
arrived
108
arrived.
signed
Luis
remarkable
109
'Because of this,
all
stronger,
sign
in Spain in August
FIFA procedure.
report
arrived
earlier,
Islands
Canary
clubs
In the opinion
FC Barcelona
the
Carreto.
of the neutral
to intervene.
observers,
110
the case of
because of their
having
exactly
followed
having
received
a full
at the unexpected
and bizarre
decision
details
108. For further
of Bernabeu, see either
about the efforts
Marca, throughout June and July 1953, or Boletin del Real Madrid
CF, Nos. 25 and 26 July and August 1953.
for the signature
109. The battle
of Molowny marked the beginning
of the
dramatic transfer
war between the two giant clubs, a war that
moment with the Di St4fano affair
and still
reached its most bitter
details
For further
of the Molowny
continues in the present day.
19-27 May 1944.
transfer,
see Marca, and El Mundo Deportivo,
110.
letters
to the RFEF
In the archives
of the RFEF, were uncovered
dated 20 and 22 August
from Real Madrid and FC Barcelona,
for that
to intervene
in the
organization
respectively,
asking
their
own case. As was usual in these cases
affair
whilst
stating
the RFEF passed the problem up to the
between clubs,
of arbitration
DND.
327
by
that
should be shared,
Di Stefano
season by season,
clubs. 113
Carreto
That Marti
in a docile
manner should
in an incident
role
was, for
obvious
recalled
by Nicolau
in
famous
the
terraces
War exiles
in
ambassador
Manuel
Valdes
Carreto
that
Larranaga
the
flag
accusations
Barca
was obviously
Marti
obedient
waver,
of
On this
thus
his
causing
treachery
the
indignant
and collaboration
the
Spanish
exiled
with
of
for
the
to
match
RFEF
f
Mart
Catalans
Franco
begin.
because
the
nonetheless,
Joan Prado
the
of
Catalan
could
a demand,
Spain;
type
and
club
the
to make such
assistant
years,
demanded
before
outside
This
the
President
and angarily
illegal
despatched
Carreto
Falangist
had no right
not
occasion,
be removed
flag
of
playing
FC Barcelona
Franco
the
As
on the
flag.
at
significance
was present,
offending
ambassador
during
political
passive
The episode
Catalan
national
was frequent
and former
Venezuela
The Falangist
senyera
the
and emigrants.
the
of his
same year.
an exiled
a senyera
and France
demonstrates
with
waving
America
clearly
the
tournament,
nationalism
South
ruling
not recounted
defiant
in
in the light
come as no suprise
enthusiastically
matches
unprecedented
Mundialito
of
this
reasons,
manifestation
Civil
have accepted
should
to
restrain
to
direct
regime
at
the
President.
n
in
113. The descision
DND,
the
the
Bolet
was published
of
Oficial
la DND, No. 1,26 October 1953 and in Marca, and El Mundo
Deportivo,
of 12 September 1953.
114. Author's
interview
with Nicolau Casaus.
328
de
in comparison
was as nothing
to resign
of most Barr
campaign,
fans that
encouraged
by the
the
the
symbolic
over-the
FC Barcelona
following
into
115.
to
Di Stefano.
by the
an unstoppable
a record
for
the
to Real
sell
116
ruling
team,
the
it
Madrid
complete
rights
European
a total
the running
DND that
Argentinian
in a
apply
the
of
him
the view
to
took over
injustice
The supposed
inspiring
forced
reasons. 115
political
that
about
by Real Madrid
authorities,
because
five
club
Presidents
about
angrily
largely
years,
championships,
period
of
contract
against
Real
decision
sporting
of the Catalan
was so indignant
club
Francoist
of ex-Barr
committee
in September.
sharing
Di Stefano
however,
of them largely
the majority
the presidency,
in Barcelona
Di Stefano.
in Caracas,
Carreto
to the reaction
of Kart
to the servility
The reaction
took
committed
the
proportions
over
immediately
transformed
of
eight
World
league
Club
Cup in
the
1954-1964.
held
That the majority
of FC Barcelona
supporters
and directors
has been alleged
in print
this
affair
of the Di Stefano
opinion
by Vazquez Montalbn,
Sarbartes,
pp. 59,64,
op. cit.,
op. cit.,
has been alleged
Furthermore,
this
to
op. cit..
and by Cerecdo,
following:
Agustf
in
interviews
Montal,
the
Nicolau
with
author
Juan Jose Castillo,
Casaus, Manuel Vazquez Montalban,
Alex J.
Botines,
and Joan Josep Artells.
by
the
in El Mundo Deportivo,
116. The press reports of the Bam decision,
17
September 1953, for example, do not convey the ambience in which
the decision was taken, because of the fear of breaking the rules
the
of the DND's Comision de Prensa Y Propaganda about reporting
decisions
A fuller
authorities.
sporting
of the Francoist
account
in
found
Sabartes, op. cit.,
be
the
can
of
episode
p. 60. Agusti
to the author that his
Montal, interviewed
recalled
op. cit.,
father,
the chairman of the BarCa committee of ex-Presidents,
was
extremely angry about the DND'srsruling.
329
Of even greater
was the
fact
that
Di
turning
point
in
the
Spain.
Up until
football,
in
the
but
sporting
struggle
the
caused
the
that
of
of
the
the
by the acquisition
Bar
in
beginning
with
December
Moscardo
the
upon visiting
Press. 11e
this
It
118.
1953,
in
Les Corts
has even
DND.
of
Spanish
they
period,
of
were
consciousness
FC Barcelona
always
of
the
be raised.
to
as being
regarded
that
afraid
forward,
in order
would
to weaken
and later
a hostile
being
made in
Moscard
allegation
is
reception
any
the
was so infuriated
exactly
by)the
has been made to the author
This allegation
interviewees:
Joan Josep
Manuel Vazquez Montalbn,
Casaus, and Alex J. Botines.
330
Davila
de Deportes,
without
that
visiting
Sancho
in the
on many occasions
with
were granted
obvious
this
and the
Nacionales
Delegados
1955,
been alleged
to support
Madrid
RFEF, beginning
the
March
Real
It
increase
was a noticeable
both
and the
for
hostility,
dominated
an injustice
there
towards
a crowd
Presidents
various
of
clubs
of the Argentine
and so committed
the
Fernandez
mention
of
were
leaders
two giant
club. 1"7
the Catalan
hostility
Franco
political
supporters
authorities
sporting
to dominate,
continue
the
Madrid.
affair
strengthened
the
had completely
the
however,
was undoubtedly
between
throughout
and especially
The Francoist
Real
at
FC Barcelona
Real
The Di Stefano
a4,
arrival
afterwards,
shadow of
direction
Stefano's
1953,
Barga fans,
to the aggrieved
significance
by
Nicolau
he had to be restrained
reacting
violently
Barcelona
Presidents,
elections
with
vote,
is
affair.
respectful
first
all
Catalan
date onwards,
of this
when neccessary.
tributes
presidential
of the Di Stefano
were markedly
less
120
The
knowledge
Francoist
towards
about
that
such
authorities.
and another
a cautious
to
allowed
was essentially
to make flattering
of ex-FC
authorities.
of the
manufacturer,
popular
the sporting
committee
taken in spite
Sans. 119
members being
adults
change of attitude
elections,
would infuriate
19,000
towards
to hold
to be a consequence
From that
of the club's
considered
the presidental
Nir
in October 1953,
generally
manifestation
elections
decision
The controversial
Mire
Franfesc
from
121
prosperous
Barra
President
example,
he did his
best
listed
119. This has been alleged by the four interviewees
at the
beginning of the above footnote,
of whom, however, only Casaus, was
Not surprisingly,
the incident
present at that particular
match.
of the match.
was not mentioned in Press reports
by Sabartes,
has been made in print
120. This allegation
op. cit.,
p. 31, and by Vazquez Montalban,
interviewees:
following
Manuel
Joan
Castillo,
Alex J. Botines,
Candau, and, most significently
by the
with
331
to
ingratiate
during
himself
the
Foreign
1958 respectively.
of
the honorary
the
because
the
of
ingratiate
that
any other
club.
123 Moreover,
defiance
of
the
Di
the
decision
bases
approach
the
Stefano
of
his
insist
partisan
caused
for
problems
that
was provoked
was the
condemnation
from
and the
the
Sans frequently
at
but
of
complained
arrived
During
to
at
the
spirit
the
Marti
of
the
and
Catalan
of
club
One of
his
to
by
agreement
124
affirmation
referees.
and even
the
complete
elections.
treatment
referees125
he was in
presidential
affair,
1950s. 122
regime,
the
authorities
Di Stefano
construct
the
Franco
the
reflected
campaign
Mire
of
exactly
with,
Committee
to
in
Sans almost
popular
election
President,
have
To begin
affair.
the
levels
Inauguration
forced
the
offered
Miro
that
Vega and
1957,
numbers
membership
highest
would
sporting
upon fair
allegedly
the
Miro
to hold
in
docility
Barca
however,
With
himself
had been
club
in
increase
It
the
Alonso
August
the
of
same occurred
April
in
Sans,
Mire
presidency
which
massive
in
and the
Camilo
General
Castiella,
Furthermore,
himself
Caudillo
'Maria
Fernando
Minister
Moscardo,
visiting
Minister
Interior
of
visits
the
with
with
the
Carreto's
the
eight
need
years
to
as
RFEF about
extreme,
in
details
122. For further
of Franco, see Barnea, No. 88,
of the nomination
_,
20
August
1957.
Deportivo,
Mundo
El
22 August 1957, and
mainly
triumphs of the team led by the Hungarian exile
to the spectacular
Ladislas Kubala, the members of FC Barcelona had increased from
26,459 in January 1950 to 38,966 in January 1957.
123. This is the view of Augusti Montal and Juan Jose Castillo.
124. Mir' Sans expressed his approval of the holding of popular
in El Mundo Deportivo,
27 October 1957.
elections
presidential
125. As revealed by the examination of the archives of FC Barcelona,
Miro Sans sent letters
about specific
complaining
referees to the
RFEF in March 1955, September 1955, May 1956, February 1959 and
February 1960.
332
November
126
abroad.
in
1957,
he frequently
Furthermore,
a bitter
tone,
RFEF import
the
that
suggesting
of
these
without
to
referred
comments
being
from
referees
the
Di
Stefano
by
reproduced
affair
the
Press. 12T
Mire
other
folkloric
that
activities
During
the
example,
groups,
ceremony
in
The winning
in this
was celebrated
be a politically
which
there
Catalan
Catalan
the
was under
the
was reproduced
and Castilian,
version,
also
promotion
1957
direct
issue
of
editorial
the
as well
toU
singing
official
control
as the
autfrities.
for
famous
from
the
of
Stadium"
poem Blau
Josep
celebro
the
onwards
Sans proved
promotion
to
of
the celebrations
of songs in
club
magazine
club
President,
in
Baarrca,
in
written
Grana
Mari
L'Orfeo
1957
gradual
began during
with
"Hymn of
a fanciful
attributed
sung by the
his
and
by folklore
were danced
concerns
two
cultural
Frciaicoist
President
This
were
songs
in
sardanas
league
every
significant
of the inauguration
In
gigantic
way.
language.
the Catalan
Catalan.
of
the
of
Catalan
traditional
while
Gracienc.
1957,
Catalan
several
upon by the
frowned
were
inauguration
of
September
significant
he encouraged
Firstly,
main ways.
.Ba_ryca President
only
de Segarra,
both
a
a name
by Bar9a,
126. Mir Sans issued a note to the Press, which was published
6 November
No. 99,7 November 1957, and by El Mundo Deportivo,
incompetent
1957, in which he denounced the "habitually
and, on
refereeing
which is systematically
partial
occasions,
clearly
football,
the whole Spanish professional
prejudicing
and of which
been the victim".
our club has frequently
127. This has been alleged in print by Sabartes, op. cit.,
p. 42, and to
the author by Augusti Montal, Nicolau Casaus and Juan Jose
Castillo.
333
that
12e
period.
Catalan
Thenceforth,
During
onwards,
violent,
130 partly
of the domestic
Madrid spectacularly
1960 by their
Catalan
popularity
stadium
this
caused
a massive
five
a with
field
and
from 1955
Real
in November
due to having
won the
in season 1959/1960.131
March
club
on the
editions
rivals,
in
Bar
magazine
entering
eliminated
highly-acclaimed
evaporated
the
Franco
Despite
in
the
chamption
being controversially
until
appeared
during
the presidency
potentially
"Jose"
129
frequency.
ever-increasing
to
Castilianized
always
was almost
Real,
Miro'
The construction
of
victory
1961.
debt,
which
over
in
turn
led
to
Sans'
the
the
new
sale
of
334
star
midfider
Internazionale
which followed
textile
Jaume Fuset,
with
of the team.
another
the shipping
agent
270 fortunate
only
to
resignation,
defeated
Llaudet,
Enric
manufacturer,
of Real,
deterioration
of Milan,
In the elections
wealthy
Suarez,
Luis
to vote.
In his
as FC Barcelona
years
six
of defiance
launched
furthermore,
in football.
Bam
the growing
reflected
to a varying
classes
1961,
began his
Llaudet
the
for
televizing
controversially
132. Author's
the
with
had earlier
entry
the
dispute
in
the
the
RTVE
Baraa-Real
Madrid
system
cameras
to
just
to
of
before
38,000.
compensating
achieve
with
protests,
120,000
he managed
of
reflected,
these middle
of
his
of
crowd
change
and this
matches,
long-standing
spite
capacity
a complete
forbidding
interview
In
in the
132
an expected
reducing
campaigned
for
(RTVE).
television
on entering
thus
Llaudet
highly-
exactly
classes
and ineffectiveness
the docility
September
national
middle
and,
of democracy
a young,
Llaudet
Montal
authorities.
insisted
clubs
and Agusti
Carreto
and folklore,
the lack
of club
majority
the Francoist
Spanish
sporting
language
period,
of the Catalan
the greated
Sans, Marti
extent,
this
vis-a-vis
In
clash,
during
defiance
the Francoist
supporter
intensified
Llaudet
campaign against
a powerful
According
politicized
towards
of the Catalan
authorities
President,
by
the
games
threatening
with
Francoist
of further
entry
Spanish national
this
challenged
Cubilla
foreign
Llaudet
arbitration.
135
the failure
adopted after
in favour
important
matches,
a fierce
After
was forced
referees,
debate
of support
issue
clubs. 134
especially
of strongly
of English
idea of Mire
from the other
protesting
the original
to
at the 1963
of the importation
by the lack
of the
Llaudet
a motion
isolated
unpopular
league.
with
defeats
by
of the
of support
partisan
home match
Joao Silveira,
Llaudet
continued
about allegedly
the
in 1963 by signing
prohibition
the
of
because of lack
concerned
players,
and then
the practices
campaigns against
authorities
sporting
1962,
1963.133
January
of Llaudet's
October
transmission
the
of
prohibition
in
Madrid
Real
in
April
similar
Another
play
in
Valencia
against
referees
to partial
Llaudet
for
proposed
the most
Presidents.
details
133. For further
of these prohibitions
and these threats,
see
26-28 April 1962,7-8
October 1962,20-23
El Mundo Deportivo,
January 1963.
134. For further
details
of this debate, see El Mundo Deportivo,
and
Marca, 13 July 1963.
135. On each occasion,
Llaudet complained by issuing
a note to the
in El Mundo Deportivo,
4 March 1964 and 10
Press, published
November 1966, and writing
to the RFEF. In the course of
a letter
he recommenced the campaign for the
these notes and letters,
importation
of foreign
referees.
336
In
in
attacks
the
the
system
club
adult
the
In
declined
other
club
Presidents
being
to
lack
136
once
again,
proposal.
In
favour
of
of backing
He organized
democracy by voting.
had a point
With regard
eight-year
old
members demonstrated
however,
this
bulk
of
case,
with
in
the
power
137
At any other
stadium,
their
club,
Llaudet
clubs,
would simply
and all
the
continuing
them to continue
permitted
old
These
significant
decision
the
and directors,
48,000 FC Barcelona
club
Barca
in
mostly
that
decide
the
support
were
a return
because,
nothing
RFEF
the
own Presidents.
their
the
of
popular.
especially
the lack
against
to
system
Annoyed by this
decided,
for
of
several
style
at
motions
favour
launched
dictatorial
the
RFEF President
the
came to
clubs
without
for
voting
how Llaudet
against
and 1966. in
initiatives
democracy"
detail
he proposed
addition,
1963,1965
clubs
in
Barca
magazine
other
"organic
was seen
members voting
progressive
the
club
RFEF.
of
it
Four,
Chapter
support
gesture
a referendum
to
football
such a straightforward
by the directors.
Those of Barca,
to prove.
to the language
question,
details
136. For further
of these motions of Llaudet,
see El Mundo
Deportivo,
July 1965, and 15 July 1966.
and Marca, 14 July 1963,10
137. For further
details,
8-9 and 29-31
August
see El Mundo Deportivo,
1965, and Barca, Nos. 508-511,12
August -2 September 1965.
337
to
play
very
much the
Catalan
promoting
traditional
trophy,
singing
while
memorate
the
continued
and dancing
to
of
displays
were
the
festival
the
13e
presidency.
There
celebrate
folkloric
anniversary
Llaudet
with
and folklore.
culture
an extensive
tenth
the
Llaudet
same way,
during
role
positive
an extremely
winning
of
in
of
of
every
to
was organized
In
com-
September
1967.
It
the Francoist
sporting
that
the challenge
authorities
encouraged
of their
messages. 139
of the Catalan
138.
139.
140.
stadium
During
political
Communist Party
campaign for
to the
opposition
as a means of expression
the 1960s,
the walls
particularly
of the
by
the regime's
by Llaudet
the underground
grafitti,
These graffiti
movement CNT-FAI.
and execution
presented
a "yes"
their
peak during
Grimau in April
vote
in the
of December 1966.140
in
the Cau d'Orella
From March 1965 onwards,
column was written
in November 1965, all
begining
Catalan,
whilst,
of the declarhimself
in regional
were reproduced
and speeches by Llaudet
ations
language.
by
This allegation,
never made in print,
was made to the author
Manuel Vazquez Montalbn
and Joan Josep Artells,
as well as by
highly-politicized
Barca supporters.
several. radical,
Because of the censorship
of the Press
no written
evidence
can be
to the-author
This was alleged
by the
as proof.
offered
in the above footnote,
interv,. ewees mentioned
by
and confirmed
Casaus and Juan Jose Castillo.
Agusti
Montal,
Nicolau
338
Llaudet
in
to
opposition
democratization
of
Real
of
Madrid,
141
players.
the
an agreement
for
earning
Francoist
to build
having
of
spent
failure
this
between
the
and in
favour
a team to
heavily
by Narcis
supremacy
non-Catalan
de Carreras,
at
the
club
a
and
he resigned
field,
a club
of
the
challenge
on leading
on the
of
language
Catalan
of
factions
various
image
the
in
result
without
of
elections
necessary.
In his
fighter
Presidents,
manufacturer
conscious
politically
of power, Carreras,
period
short
of textile
tradition
a lawyer
proved
Barga leader
and controversial
who broke
the
to be the most
the Civil
since
War
Josep Sunyol.
Franjesc
the Lliga.
party
Carreras
or political
persons
prevented
political
past,
141.
system,
despite
the
FC Barcelona
sporting
however,
Because
1967,
September
being
the
Be failed,
culture.
in
succeeded
secretary
of the centre-right
had supported
the Republic
after
post.
his
as private
and leader
from holding
unlike
had served
to
Catalanist
during
the Civil
the conflict
any sporting
due to their
close
friend
office
Nicolau
Casaus.
Nevertheless,
339
of
he quickly
became an object
as he
of suspicion,
himself:
recounted
"I accepted
the presidency,
it
to torpedo
even though they tried
from Madrid.
The President
(Jose Luis
Federation
of the (Football)
Costa) rang to ask me if I was a Falangist,
and I answered that I
that I was of the Lliga. "142
wasn't,
As can be expected
Carreras
questioning,
Francoist
sporting
campaigns
of
in
Catalan
Bara. 143
campaign
in
that
on a Wednesday evening,
the
trip
than
Saturday,
crowd,
would
as usual.
Bam
hail
with
and his
himself
the
trophy
photographs.
of
to
of
the
venue
which
as they
ministers,
medals,
shows
the
clearly
make
on a
of
the
and
on the
presented
up quite
hostility
an angry
The disappointment
missiles.
could
been played
and the
caused
addition,
supporters
final
own
cup final
in
and,
the
of
of
his
1968
the
play
all
promotion
he launched
Catalan
had the
of
faces
of
Bar ca players
in
all
of
the
145
the
the
with
speed
Bernabeu,
fewer
that
won 1-0,
and their
to
Estadio
club's
spite
the
especially
having
been able
In
surprisingly
unprecedented
Franco
'44
himself
Furthermore,
against
meaning
have
ingratiate
He accelerated
above,
Costa's
to
response
a man to
mentioned
magazine
Madrid
Real
against
defiant
authorities.
protest
vociferous
his
was not
Llaudet
the
from
Semanal, 12 October
1982.
a quarter
of
Barra
magazine
340
Quite
Madrid
for
severely
grounds
the dubious
blame for
than with
rather
Real. 147
Carreras
denounced this
a motion
that
Madrid
hooliganism
the anti-Barra
by Llaudet,
this
could
sports
The Real
Catalan
motion
victory
competition
Madrid
in
President
the
stadium
at the assembly.
should
to all
Santiago
bearing
and proposed
to the assembly
the other
clubs,
latent
be held
Bernabeu
his
While on holiday
of his
with
always
1968,
presented
the RFEF,
not be incorporated
still
the
the motions
to be popular
one proved
that
as "ridiculous",
of punishment
Unlike
themselves,
on
neutral
finalist.
the conclusion
with
At the annual
lack
the final
was a
lay
Real,
against
at a supposedly
with
Real
at the
supporters
whatsoever
was played
venue rather
of their
took no action
the final
that
for
called
behaviour
the violent
146
final.
Carreras
understandably,
name,
but even
into
the RFEF
the final
of all
in Madrid. 149
was indignant
and about
about
the
Carreras
sentiments:
341
was very
outburst
151
supporters.
were
infuriated
belligerent
Carreras
the
with
Carreras
to
great
followers
The FC Barcelona
and looked
1968,
September
popular
to
replied
majority
launch
Bernabeu
Real
however,
Catalans,
and most
to
of
In
a counter-attack.
by coining
his
own
catchprase:
because
reference
made a clear
nonetheless
the Madrid
this
significance
partiality
but was
punishment
from
of the club,
or even journalist.
in Catalonia,
of the Francoist
subjects
of
partly
catchphrase
of Bara,
any possible
by any director
to before
because it
significance
and discussion
Furthermore,
alleged
alluded
of Bernabeu,
significance
ambiguous to avoid
of the political
Henceforth,
articles
to the political
sufficiently
been publically
to the attack
response
authorities.
recognition
debate
perfect
referred
sporting
No. 416,27
quite
clearly
to the
authorities.
July
1968.
in print
by Sabartes,
This has been alleged
op.
Barca figures
the author
not only by well-known
Casaus, Manuel Vazquez Montalbn
and Joan Josep
journalists
Jose Maria Lorente,
by Madrid-based
"Belarmo"
and Miguel Vidal.
cit.,
p. 92, and to
such as Nicolau
but also
Artells,
Rodolfo
Belarmino
342
The first
of
recognition
to the debate
major contribution
the
Vazquez
Montalban
article
offered
political
in
significance
a vivid
1969 edition
illustration
of
the
FC Barcelona
of
October
the
by Carreras's
provoked
of
was made by
154
Triunfo.
hostility
Bernabeu's
with
His
Real
which
outburst
the
of
summer:
"In general,
this
a tolerant
crowd which does not vent its
anger on
Except for one exception:
team.
the visiting
Real Madrid.
The
to Real Madrid in the second half-of
which was dispensed
reception
league was memorable.
A reception
the last
which not even Miguel
(a pro-Real,
Francoist
Catalan
football
Orts himself
radio
in ABC, Madrid)
and columnist
commentator,
would have been able to
ignore.
butane gas sirens,
A constant
shouting,
whistles,
pipes.
The tarring
No way. It is
and feathering
of the madrilenos?
deeper,
to present
which is not restricted
something
concrete
but which rather
goes back to a historic
politics,
consciousness
of
". 155
the evils
of centralism,
Vazquez
Montalban
langauge
at
outlawed
senyera
politically
the
also
Camp Nou,
flags,
conscious
to
referred
the
and of
being
group
the
general
increasing
provocatively
Barya
use of
the
appearance
displayed
Catalan
formally
of
by the
most
supporters:
"Barca,
343
Barca,
J.
Barca! ",
#1
Triunfo,
25
In
the message: "Speak in Catalan".
flutters
the flag of Bam
and that
carry
slowly
the
upon by the
was Agustf
followed,
that
elections
DND permitted
was the
of
its
manufactures.
bourgeois,
a group that
this
solidarity
group by personally
Catalan
Montserrat.
'57
After
embroiled
only
six
the
with
personalities
1969 elections
the
being
the political
returned
however,
Montal,
a democratic
towards
1970s.
Montal
at the mountain-top
political
Catalan
defiant
objectives
the
and methods of
monastery
Montal
tc
proved to
of extensive
the
of
and glory.
in a controversy
President
of FC Barcelona
sense,
supporting
The winner
vote.
in
insisted
system
1964-1953
authorities
of leading
157.
in a political
to
members
success
textile
to Carreras
his
former
on the field.
organica
factor
decisive
the presidency
be similar
demonstrated
son of
meant that
Francoist
with
association
This result
283 Ba rga
only
there
frustrations
democracia
the
32 year-old
the
Montal,
Sans before
and Mire
in October
to resign
In
as both Llaudet
just
Carreras,
lock-in
of
found himself
significance,
in the
ibid.
Montal's
for the lock-in
for obvious
did
Although,
support
reasons,
it
to
in
the
by
the former FC
alleged
was
author
print,
not appear
that the majority
President
Barcelona
of the club's
supporters
has
his
This
to the
also been alleged
position.
of
aware
were
Casaus, Manuel Vazquez Montalbn,
Alex J. Botines
author by Nicolau
and Joan Josep Artells.
344
argument involving
bitter
the
most
shape of
the Di Stefano
was in charge
Guruceta
Spanish clubs
giant
of 1953.
affair
Guruceta
neutral
provoked
a violent
reacting
angrily
of injustices
series
invasion
decision,
of every
dubious
Catalan
decision
supporters,
as the latest
club
in a long
by the Francoist
to accept
of public
resignation
order
did extremely
that
Guruceta
and accordingly
however,
159.
by the furious
upon their
visited
an hour remaining,
This
158.
in the opinion
fictitious.
Emilio
sporting
1S9
authories.
problem
With half
to Real which,
against
since
pitch
and Madrid
club
awarded a penalty
observer,
his
by his deficient
little
of the allegedly
to satisfy
pro-Real
action".
months,
16o
"for
This
provoking
suspension,
for
the
345
referee's
ization
indignation
Catalan
in the Introduction
stated
to do with
had nothing
that
the injustice'that
alleged
a popular
injustice
pole
most affected
group of intellectual
informally
witessed
of the latter
the Barca
the
for
by the Guruceta
supporters
led by Va01
zquez Montalbn
Universitat
the first
of supporters
Autnoma.
time, an example of
for
the reaction
demonstrated
of resistance,
As
at Barcelona's
the majority
Furthermore,
years.
Nonetheless,
followers
1960s,
both lecturers
intellectuals
Many of these
Samaranch.
club.
gauche divine
this
their
named Delegado
the dismissal
affair.
the appointment
of FC Barcelona
The section
was surprisingly
thesis,
the Guruceta
campaign against
alleged
democrat-
complete
to Juan Antonio
to this
that
expected
supporters
secretary,
in succession
de DeporteS
Nacional
the
began to subside
only
the FC Barcelona
Juan Gich,
for
-and also
RFEF. 161
the
of
afair
Jose Plaza,
committee
to them that
occasionally
violent,
the club
could
of
serve
as
limited
161. These demands of Montal, and his disappointment
the
at
in
were expressed through interviews
nature of the RFEF's decision,
Bam,
Nos. 760,761 and 762,9,16
and 23 June 1970, as well as in
8 and 19 June, and Dicen, 10,16,19
El Mundo Deportivo,
and 22
June 1970.
(Barcelona) published
feature on this so162. Tele-Expres,
a special
divine
in
its
gauche
group
edition
of 23 October 1970, in
called
de Carreras,
the law lecturer
son of the former
which Franpesc
Barra President,
commented in the following
way on the Guruceta
affair:
"On the day of the Real Madrid game, the crowd jumped onto the
for an extra-footbalistic
field
reason, the famous penalty. "
346
The political
proportion
from Madrid
to prevent
championship
that. it
the Catalan
As-pointed
out
been uncovered
is
quite
to
in
about
that
this
theory
partly
of everybody
few native
Catalan
players
anti-Barr
this
the
_ 164.
very
little
of
had
thesis,,.
no evidence
alleged
campaign,
in
164 and
explain
field.
the important
to FC Barcelona.
at the club,
has
to
evolved
point
order
is
that
this
to the politi-
Llufs
illustrated
Pujol,
one the
the political
the
campaign:
163.
the league
the campaign
that
of the costly
however,
thesis,
to, this
or myth existed,
cization
to
theory
failures
in
of power. 163
this
theory
By around
conclusion
Introduction
the
from regaining
support
probable
With respect
at'the
corridors
club
won in 1960.
last
had arrived
these supporters
it
in strength
to the increase
increased
consciousness
in Sabartes,
This opinion
op. cit.,
was expressed
pp. 137-138,
and
in special
by many ordinary
Barga supporters
in
reports
published
1972, and 9 October 1972.
In addition,
17-20 April
Dicen,
this
by several
to the author
FC Barcelona
veteren
view was expressed
Nicolau
Casaus, Agusti
and by Manuel Vazquez Montalban,
supporters,
Montal and Alex J. Botines.
in the
that
The author
such evidence
was contained
expected
having been told
that
this
archives
of FC Barcelona,
was the case
Alex J. Botines
by Manuel Vazquez Montalbn,
and Joan Josep
The widely-held
Artells.
view that Barca had evidence
the
about
sporting
authorities
campaign waged by the Francoist
alleged
against
archives
no such
Nicolau
does not
is
disturbing,
championship
is being invented
obstacle
march of our club. 19165
importance
bought
player.
for
championship
fourteen
5-0 score-line
a historic
It-was
the Catalan
by Cruyff,
also in this
about FC Barcelona
The creator
being
club
spectacularly
years,
in their
own Estadio
season that
commissioned
presidential
election
frequently
been alleged
Montal's
re-election
won its
campaign against
as did
this
Lluis
leading
league
Real Madrid
by
significant
made its
club"
a slogan
phrase
the goals
first
defeating
that
the world's
the politically
FC Barcelona.
players,
then undoubtedly
ance.
ban on foreign
its
lited
for
Xavier
for
Agusti
just
of Johann Cruyff.
appear-
Casacuberta.
contributed
phrase
Montal's
It
has
as much to
166
1974, amidst
In April
Ftbol
Club
Barcelona.
Barca's
of
culmination
Catalan
DND to
the
persuaded
folklore
permit
the
167
These
Montserrat
168
that
temporarily
was discussed
off
abated.
in dubious
nation
their
and bitterness
that
repressed
from
the
Escola
artistes
support
circumstances
the
promoting
for
the club's
culminated
to this
campaign against
1975, however,
exploded
during
to
thesis.
FC Barcelona
Johann Cruyff
in a game at Malaga.
All
the Guruceta
and
political
in the visit
in the Introduction
In February
of
all
These celebrations
The complaints
Gracienc,
title
original
was dancing
There
Nova Cans o-
its
constituted
of
Montal
celebrations,
to
revert
policy
culture.
Motta,
to the Press
to
title
celebrations
significance.
club
long-standing
and popular
de Dansa Popular,
had confessed
of the league
all
of
was sent
the indig-
affair
came to
the surface
Barcelona
vast
campaign unleashed
it
that
and everything
a typically
responded with
during
because Montal
expressed
with
of Franco
the dictator,
without
usual
in the
there
of FC Barcelona,
position
his
the Futbol
'To
illness
the long
was absolutely
himself
against
represents".
a future
aggressive
clarity:
The great
majority
of
optimism,
majority
Catalans,
anxious
were
was little
future.
reflected
172
supporters,
the
for
death
waiting
the
same as the
of
Barca
of
autonomy.
When this
As on many previous
the sentiments
club,
occasions,
of the supporters
the
dictator
would lead
death
but
Montal
great
with
to a return
finally-occurred,
rather
hope for
almost
perfectly
in the unequivocal
the
telegram
that
preside
of democracy:
The history
of the political
thesis
beginning
of this
San Sebastian
regime just
chapter,
completely
as effectively
fully
illustrated
FC Barcelona
Celta
during
that
being,
Athletic
in November 1975.
in the Epilogue
reflected
as well
transition
from dictatorship
Catalan
had an important
role
opposition.
obviously
did not
as shall
be
as clubs
out at the
to the Franco
football
thesis
the Francoist
On the contrary,
to this
of many more
as pointed
Basque opposition
of Spanish
More
than to the
club
against
de Bilbao
as FC Barcelona
significance
terminate
telegram.
to the Catalan
the truth
the general
reflected
The regionalist
this
and gestures
controversies
despite
authorities,
sporting
with
significant
politically
conclusion
Basque clubs,
two major
at its
arrived
during
of FC Barcelona
significance
such as Valencia
political
to play
both
and
significance
in the
to democracy.
This
to illustrate
has attempted
study
life
in general
reflected
Spanish
continued
to be a reflection
during
during
1980 than it
changing
forty
personalities
and Adolfo
of the majority
a limited
of Spaniards
degree of regional
autonomy,
years.
in the political
Suarez,
transformation
the President
the king,
or overlord,
was Benito
the role
presided
sport
in general.
along
with
his
for
into
good friend
competent
and respected
appointed
to be the last
Juan Antonio
sports
Delegado Nacional
with
of Spanish football
it
could be said
Castejon
was, the
that
an who
to democracy in Spanish
to this
thesis,
Samaranch, a rare
administrator
352
whilst
Porta.
from dictatorship
to translate
reality.
Castejon,
by Pablo
of
of the
democracy,
a pluralist
in the transformation
Speaking metaphorically,
from
from 1976 to
years
The game
the transition
to democracy,
of the country
dictatorship
in Francoist
de Deportes
he was,
example of a
Spain.
He was
in September
task of dissolving
1976, with'the
the Falangist
supervised
the transformation
long-sightedness
organizational
opinion
the
of
2 the
footballers,
3 partly
popular
was twice
re-elected
to
from
the
retire
socialist
in March 1977,
five
months later,
institution
a testimony
who himself
the
the
Franco
because
of
to
from
of office.
It kell
remain
the
still
to the
from
retired
in
remaining
in
to Porta
being
power
for
a record
nine
Presidents
for
more than
of
of
compelled
a decree
various
from
sports
two four-year
the democratic
He
years.
1984 because
terms
principles
of
1.
details,
For further
November 1979.
2.
3.
This criticism
mostly came from Marca, and, to a far lesser extent,
As, for concrete examples, see Marca, 30 October 1977.28
June
February 1983,10
1978,2 October, 1981,17
April,
1983.
353
feature
criticism
was
the
to apply
and obedient
Porta
the
and
vociferous
Catalan,
November
preventing
officials
Despite
in
and,
many short-lived
as President
in
presidency
the
years.
his
unopposed,
government
federations
of
last
was the
journalists,
sports
efficient
most
during
RFEF Presidents
Madrid,
of
majority
Porta
Castejon,
way to
a similar
sufficiently
of Castejon,
Castejn
in June 1981.
life
In
democracy.,
The latter
sport,
by the
regarded
firstly,
and secondly,
remains
from
de Deportes.
public
man to implement
de Deportes,
General
the Direction
because of being
sport
government
on Castejn
in As, 7-11
despite,
to
aspects
the
Introduction,
reduce
the
significance
As shall
be seen
combined
to
with
assist
important
the
in
had existed
that
in
the
in
of
aspects
in this
thesis.
about
Spain's
the
of
Porta
also
politicizing
during
the
Franco
years.
largely
circumstances
de-politicizing
regionalist
the
game,
aspect.
be to illustrate
will
enthusiasm,
past.
various
Epilogue,
this
with
Falangist
during
the fate
of football
this
Before
out
football
the
Epilogue
of the politicization
of
mission
from dictatorship
the transition
discussion
of
his
exception
his
Spanish
course
Porta
he carried
task
in
as seen
attempted
and this
football,
to
Castejon
systematic
approach
is
adopted,
staging
isolated
period
a brief
tournament
is necessary.
suggested,
undoubtedly
in order
because,
frequently
4.
mainly
tournament
former
both before
as a catalyst
it,
to stage
incompetent
and after
to change
One example of the RFEF having
in
World Cup finals
was the appointment,
for the first
time in
officer,
relations
organization.
354
served
ways. 4
It
the tournament,
was
that
the
its
former
ways for the
February
1980, of a public
the history
of the
or
Spain for
failure
on the fields
not unfavourable.
is
It
aspect,
the
Fascist
period,
it
in
very
politics
thesis,
Fascist
Falangist
5.
6.
the
team, the
to the watching
influence
much the
that
that
over
Spanish
With
regard
the
influence
world
was
largely
in
general
in
the
Franco
of
the
Movimiento.
was made in
allegation
during
the immediately
for example
defects,
ational
system to cope with the one
journalists
and the lack of
See, for example,
manifest.
the
the
Franco
from
from
Two of
this
in
and football
period
first
disappeared
Chapter
in
only
to
disappeared
sport
could
football's
game during
quickly
As illustrated
football
This
both
of
in
existed
this
therefore,
1976.
same way as it
and society.
influence
fate
the
since
was institutionalized
1976 onwards,
and despite
the
and
examine
politicization
must be stated
Spanish
particular
to
now necesssary
of
football
for
these problems
journalists
the finals,
if
problems
'
aspects
seven
Despite
impression
overall
organizational
footballers,
who visited
embarrassing
foreign
one million
fewer
with
through
the
From
be completely
de-
practically
every Spanish publication
the tournament,
after
when the organizthe inadequacy
transport
of the public
million
visiting
supporters
and
translators
competent
available,
were
As, 13 July and 4 August 1982, or
15 July 1982.
has also been
This allegation
El Mundo Deportivo,
of his interviewees,
made to the author by the majority
especially
by overseas sports journalists
such as Brian Glanville
of the Sunday
Times, David Lacey of The Guardian, Keir Radnedge of World Soccer,
organization
of the
and Jaques Ferran of L' Equipe the near-perfect
tournament in the Argentina
of General Videla four years earlier.
This was the opinion
of the
out that
above, who pointed
shortcomings.
organizational
journalists
four visiting
Spanish hospitality
partly
355
mentioned
mitigated
the
fascistified
for
of the country's
by the majority
immediate
completely
because of this
Partly
dismal
critical
in September 1976.
immeasurably
more respected
( reform-minded
aperturista
By the
beginning
in
the
direction
of
the
pillars
of
of
of
) with
of Spanish
1977,
Francoism,
both
it
the
In March
dissolved
of sports
administration
7.
8.
9.
Benito
clear
and the
this
Castejn,
more
of the DND
that
Spain
consequent
was heading
dismantling
Movimiento
and the
A temporary
was to create
Ros was
sport.
democracy
process.
Games, Pelayo
was quite
even if
Ros. 8
because of the
and partly
to the dissolution
regard
was the
Tomas Pelayo
Olympic
by the sporting
pluralist
1977,
campaign,
The
a freedom
His successor,
future
eager to assert
de Deportes
at the Montreal
Spanish performance
dismissed
during
Delgado Nacional
incompetent
allegedly
denied to it
Press.?
sporting
extensive
object
of expression
the abolition
with
DND were
solution
to the problem
General
de
in
This campaign was headed by Don Balon and Sport,, both published
For concrete examples, see Don Bal6n, No. 23,7 March
Barcelona.
June 1976, No. 38,22
1976, No. 27,6 April 1976, No. 35,1
June
1976, No. 57,3 November 1976, and Sport, 8 June 1976,23
August
1976,8
December 1976 and 27 January 1977.
into question in all of the
The competence of Pelayo Ros was called
in the above footnote dated before his dismissal
in
articles
September 1976.
demonstrated when Castejon's
This respect was fully
appointment was
See, for example, As, 10 September 1976, and
announced.
Sport and Dicen, on 11 September 1976.
El Mundo Deportivo,
The
by Don Balon, No. 50,16
warmest welcome for Castejon was offered
September 1976.
356
Deportes,
taking
over
it
August
structure
Consejo
Superior
Ministry
the
Spanish
in
sport
de Deportes
distinct
attitude
staff
them that
Spanish
dynamic leadership.
he achieved
Fascist
Chapter
this
catalyst
for
surrounding
largely
In
administrative
Castejon
of the
to establish
from that
by either
which had
the
replacing
reform-minded
and
"
was limited
virulent
1970s, apart
football.
As seen in
nationalism.
in Italy,
used as a
The rhetoric
less
tournament
framework,
team being
football
blow to what
a powerful
to the national
and aggressive
the national
European Championship
dealt
remained in Spanish
influence
influence
the
permanent
Office.
required
the
of
sport
'
of Benito
he had inherited
that
Falangist
a democracy,
It
the
about
was created,
existed
debate
President's
the
of
functions
and the
offices
control
an extensive
of Culture.
completely
the
staff,
under
after
for
the
potent
after
1976,
at the 1980
as
357
the host
potent
and politically
steady
decline
in
players
Don Baln
into
Burgos
that
club,
there
Three,
during
the
only
the
footballers
was always
Franco
one professional
the
of
suffered
during
Antonio
Fascist
Fuerza
influence
the transition
hooliganism
has increased
Connections
between this
hooliganism
been widely
accepted. 16
minority
of
Maria
Nozal
Nueva party.
in Spanish
and ultra-right-wing
of
the
14
football
to
football
country,
dramatically
by
revealed,
from dictatorship
footballing
other
steeply.
footballers
the
player,
democracy.
declined
of
increased
a sizeable
years.
sympathies
political
was a supporter
Nevertheless,
has actually
the formerly
significant
Chapter
Falangist
however,
Furthermore,
In addition,
As seen
12
ten years. 15
groupings
have
successor
for victory
like
Ultra-nationalistic
such as "we battled
phrases
in the face of all
team triumphed
true Spaniards"
or "the national
in
can",
which had, as illustrated
adversity,
as only Spaniards
been systematically
thesis,
Chapter
Two of this
employed by the
faded away in the
the Franco years,
Press during
gradually
sporting
disappeared
by
1980.
had
1970s,
completely
and
early
been employed,
in part
due
13. Since 1976, this
phrase has very rarely
disappointing
to the consistently
team.
performances
of the national
May 1977.
14. See Don Baln, No. 86,30
in Spain in 1977, but
did not exist
hooliganism
15. Organized
football
in the words of Jose Barrionuevo,
into,
itself
has since converted
Spanish Minister
the current
of the Interior,
quoted in AS, 29 April
1987, "a very worrying
order".
of public
problem
to some extent
in
have been discussed
16. These connections
or other
Spanish publication,
in
practically
every contemporary
especially
by Real Madrid's
the wake of the serious
Ultra
problems
provoked
Sur
&tadio
hooligans
Bernabeu during
the April
the
1987 European
at
Cup
For a detailed
Bayern Munich.
against
semi final
expose of these
connections,
April
see As, 27-1 May 1987, or World Soccer.
1987.
12.
358
both
Nacional,
the'Frente
Pinar,
in-building
are
de Madrid,
visiting
foreign
in
response
to
and of
these
respectively.
Catalan
1e
the
in
unpopular
Madrid
Norte
biggest
Madrid
specialized
Real
Sur of
which
teams
the
with
groupings
groups,
factions
Fascist or neo-Fascist
Fascist
attacking
and sub-
or
Frente
reo-Fascist
Atlgtico
supporters
Basque
have
of
of
and Catalan
emerged
at FC Barcelona
clubs.
'?
the
and Athletic
influenced
by radical
in Spanish football,
therefore,
Front
supporters.
and the
there
Blas
-National
within
young football
violent
Ultra
the
Atletico
Partly
influence
up a significant
Falangist
de
19
influence
history
17. The most vicious hooligan
attack in Spanish football
was
FC Barcelona
by the Ultra Sur against the visiting
perpetrated
by
1984,
Ba_rca winning the
in
September
provoked
partly
supporters
hospital,
half of
Catalan supporters
were admitted too
match 3-0.16
in the stoning of one of their coaches.
The visit
whom were injured
for a cup match with Real
de Bilbao supporters
of the Athletic
Madrid in February 1985 produced numerous fights
and the blocking
of
The Ultra Sur
the Paseo de la Castellana.
the famous thoroughfare
joined
forces
to
Atletico
Frente
combat supporters
the
and
In
February
1987,
team.
these
national
visiting
a
accompanying
brawls
followers
forces
with
countless
of the
provoked
combined
treatment.
England team, three of whom needed hospital
18.
19.
during
the football
The Boixos Nois group came into
existence
season
Norte approximately
1981/1982,
a year later.
and Herri
in El Mundo_Deportivo,
10 February
in detail
1986,
As illustrated
in favour
the Boixos Nois regularly
chant slogans
of the neoLliure.
The Herri
faction
Ter
Norte group at
terrorist,
a
separatist
in
favour
heard
be
frequently
Bilbao
chanting
of ETA, for
can
Valladolid
1987, the
the match against
on 7 March,
example during
home game since the death in Algeria
first
Athletic
of the ETA
Domingo.
leader
Txomin Iturbe
359
continues
during
framework
the institutional
long after
accompanied it,
utilization
holidays
public
Arias
scheduled
did
insisted
Navarro,
of the
in
reduced.
This proved
televized
football
subjected
control
political
Madrid-FC
to
Suarez,
the
of
match
1 May and
In
this
way,
the
on the first
extent,
May
partially
of liberal
in the other
as existed
May Day
Friday
because,
soporific,
the
Barcelona
(RTVE). 2
such blatant
The
government
to an incalculable
to be the last
as a political
during
short-lived
Real
manipulation
disappeared.
Day after
the
television
and students
game's
Adolfo
forward
brought
national
the
matches
upon the
numbers of workers
democratic
immediately.
Movimiento
the
by Spanish
transmitted
which
has completely
football
terminate
not
of
for
influence
and mystification
Spain,
soporific,
televized
of
Minister-Secretary
Carlos
Francoist
as a political
regime
blatant
in
football
of
politicization
by the
groups,
have disappeared.
is a matter
It
imposed this
that
hooligan
significant
guidelines
and
Western pluralist
democracies.
Nevertheless,
Felipe
Gonzalez
it
has possibly
revived
that
the
of these events
360
the
socialist
tradition
is offered
of
government
of
RTVE transmitting
in Garcia
Candau, op.
football
matches on politically
example,
that
it
between
match
broadcast
and Austria
by RTVE, thus
of
the
Gonzalez
claimed
that
22 June
1986,
would
Spain
commemorations
knowing
The suspicion
football
during
days
the
fancied
symbol
of
the
before
were
certainly
set
in
the
the
election
The impressive
did
flashed
scorer
nothing
of
slogan
their
the
on to
fifth
damage the
Continued
of
the
Mexico.
Mexico.
With
credibility
fist
clenched
together
highlyand red
this
rose
instead
with
the
team in
of
three
70% of
screens
Advancing
national
RTVE's
only
team defeat
goal,
23
by an occurrence
television
Spanish
"T. o
of
the
as
team
national
in
the
also
elections
when an estimated
PSOE's
is
It
been manipulating
national
the
performance
to
in
elections,
style,
Spanish
was fuelled
tournament
watching
general
may have
purposes
general
cavalier
the
22
Cup quarter-finals
government
Cup finals
the
same day
1985 and
away from
death.
fourth
the
World
the
political
was "accidentally"
name of
on the
in
for
date
the
a friendly
attention
Franco's
for
claimed,
20 November
distract
of
anniversary
that
excitedly
Denmark
government's
Road".
for
1976 World
remaining
Spaniards
tenth
that
coverage
to
is
It
that
for
was arranged
contributing
be playing
probably
dates. 21
significant
Mexico
vote-catching
slogan.
361
The third
lack
the complete
period,
the aspect
with
the great
half
approximately
st profound
of football
majority
directors.
are at least
as democratic
clubs,
with
the result
every
to football
and in
at the
four
for
years
supporters
the club
alike,
President,
in practically
every
country.
25
It
the return
This
"If
the
sectors,
capaign
of democracy to football
federations
every adult
to vote at least
which is denied
a right
that
level
into
converted
football
regional
that
24
as their
Furthermore,
expected
of football.
As
and with
and local
regional
to the world
return
have,
These expectations
reality.
was widely
of democracy at national,
1976.
of democracy was
supporters,
It
the game, is
changes since
lack
this
thesis,
of the club
the re-establishment
other
democracy throughout
of authentic
that
in the Franco
of football
of the politicization
aspect
that,
by Agusti
was
because of the
Montal,
interviewed
is experiencing
in various
a democratization
country
that
this
then it is logical
should reach football.
by the Barcelona
Publications
was spearheaded
by
"
Barrabs.
Don Balon, Sport, Dicen and the short-lived
El Mundo Deportivo,
towards
and As, were luke-warm in their attitude
in the few articles
the return of democracy to football,
that
whilst
for example 15 September 1976, the
Marca, dedicated to the subject,
to raise
accused of "attempting
would-be reformers were myopically
the level of political
content in Spanish sport to an intolerable
ironic
bizarre
height",
accusation
and
a
given Marca's history,
discussed in the Introduction
of this thesis.
362
campaign in favour
strength
of this
without
adjectives"
of Benito
appointment
step
but
that
he took
was to decree
federations
after
winter
that
of
all
road,
the
at least
every
President
the earlier
in September 1976,
just
his
Spanish
of
one month
of
the
within
These elections
himself.
RFEF Presidents,
was the
27
sport".
various
six
The first
taking
after
office,
sports
duly
took place
was alleged
power by skilfully
in the
that
arranging
28
in the anti-
priorities
in some cases it
managed to retain
was elected
was a demonstration
one of
elections
years.
of the election
Pablo Porta
that
of 1977, although
and spring
the conditions
four
Nevertheless,
Presidents
face
would have to
the incumbent
unlike
declared
down this
26
democratization
complete
of "democracy
the well-received
as Delegado_Nacibnal
had characterized
immediately
Castejn
to change until
ironically,
that
style
the arrival
inevitable.
was really
Castejn
that,
an appointment
"gradual
not begin
did
the situation
democratic
to football
of reform,
His victory
belief
that
he
363
Barcelona,
Athletic
democratic
clubs,
Porta
in detail
as illustrated
1977, Porta
executive
democratic
of Porta
commission,
Gregorio
this
for
to democracy.
the future
franchise
more extensive
29
than had
In addition,
he planned
federation.
unanimously
were almost
of Porta
clubs
new
These
accepted
Paunero,
the return
at the annual
to draft
of internal
in January
was to establish,
1977, a
proposals
for
reform.
member of at least
four
years,
three
the President,
and directors.
years
standing
would vote,
This proposal
was criticised
Vice-
Three
club
for
voted
1977.30
months later,
most
Four,
for
rules
The response
President
a far
with
President
FC
and of all
proposals
special
in Chapter
drafted
he personally
year,
committee,
for
existed
the three
lived
election
Indeed,
in office.
In March of that
reform
de Bilbao
to continue
During
democracy in football,
campaign for
about his
Was genuine
at least
choose his
adult
every
own Vice-
by certain
364
the democratic
with
War. 31
Civil
Press,
of the sporting
sections
favourably
at the football
these criticisms,
the proposals
Despite
by practically
at the July
accepted
presidential
in
democracy
for
year
of
the
that
to
regard
was completely
footballers.
power
forty
almost
31.
of
the
for
the re-establishment
the
The speed
consequence
the
of
clubs
campaign
for
reform.
With
however,
during
an improvement
in
status
level.
football
the
unequal
significant
the
Both
they
of
of
players
different.
was the
national
RFEF nor
politicization,
consequence,
the
at
powerful
by the
to history.
did
the
the
clubs
the
practically
quo that
poor,
Franco
years,
and the
working
RFEF
conditions
in
everything
had existed
for
years.
grievances,
For
No.
In
the
democratic-
same way as it
the
of
from
lose
to maintain
The obvious
major
received
had much to
the
their
aspect
treatment
situation
obviously
of
by embracing
year
leadership
the
fourth
the
patronized
the
lose
the
of
very
was consigned
democracy
of
re-establishment
neither
had much to
in
football,
democratization
this
fact
Spanish
to vote
therefore,
were received
approximately
able
the
before
clubs
Thenceforth,
system of only
1977,
of the clubs,
all
elections
democracy"
who unfavourably
details
232,11
way for
the footballers
discussed
in detail
of Spain to resolve
in Chapter
Five of this
April
see Dicen,
of these criticisms,
1977 and Don Baln,
No. 79,11
April
365
their
seven
thesis,
1977, Barrabs
April
1977.
attempts
of the clubs
opposition
however,
1976 onward,
partly
climate.
The-first
took place
union
Chapter
tentative
in Madrid
Eight,
arranged
this
sporting
in January
from
goal
The
1968
From
authorities.
became
to unite
and challenging
towards
step
done. 32
the implacable
of the footballers
political
the formation
of a trade
black
de Bilbao
of the Athletic
organizer
toward
stronger,
had already
the desire
as the pro-
or association,
countries
onwards,
union
of most others
players
players
trade
armbands gesture
a meeting
of the captains
start,
the Association
the
discussed
in
of the 54 professional
teams.
Despite
promising
Footballers
two-year
put every
players
this
possible
themselves
"conditioned
obstacle
causes.
Firstly,
until
December 1977.
the clubs
were extremely
to be docile,
existence
of Spanish
passive
unquestioning
due to having
robots
for
33
Secondly,
the
been
so many years".
This
34
that
366
were intelligent
footballers
their
and demands.
opinions
Press into
their
to gain respect
easier
The three
conditions.
number of enquiries
discovered,
quickly
retention
when a player's
contract
had expired
the clubs
America,
the biggest
right
brief
in Argentina
players'
problems
in the
1979.
how desperate
the football
clubs
several
in 1969
in South
strikes
in 1971.
demonstrated
with
three
been on strike
Apart
from these
was unprecedented,
The sporting
notable
and
authorities,
exceptions,
35. See, for example, Dicen, 8 October 1976 and 11 May 1977, or
1976 and No. 86,30
May 1977.
Don Balon, No. 30 27 April,
36.
of
and to compel
in January
action
had unsuccessfully
working
the action
few examples,
was
of these
In frustration,
to strike
occurring
in their
abolished,
of the clubs
the settlement
it
that
their
however,
system,
out by the
objectives
concrete
security
negotiations
the players
carried
improvement
than a material
to the social
progress
for
new respect
affiliation
Largely
for
of respect
views. 35
political
of this
A sign
achieved
`deserving
professionals,
"
to the rule
to the strike
The exception
of hostile
reaction
were
Madrid daily
Don Baln and the centre-left
Pafs and
newspapertEl
16.
For concrete
Diario
examples,
see any of these publications
1979.
from 12 January
to 7 February
367
hostility,
with
reacted
just
as hostile,
that
and this
their
grievances
to
were conceded
footballers
Western
were
Europe:
movement after
the
From the
AFE.
to
recognized
showmen as during
expiry
of
the
Franco
protesting
37.
locking
in some other
of
September
1981,
any meaningful
the
colleagues
security
system:
workers,
Spanish
throughout
freedom
labour
than
rather
April
reforms
1984 onwards,
a proper
that
so rigid
as their
contract;
them as professional
and consequently
of unpaid players
social
their
of
contract
as artists
or
years.
autumn
the
in
before
same rights
affiliation
RFEF remained
players
necessary
to enjoy'the
the
had to
with
and the
clubs
by the
1984 were
the
explains
weeks on strike
strikes
which
of
controversial
would be
of supporters
would be examined. 30
The intransigence
further
the majority
largely
three
to work after
return
that
however,
had. expected. 37
an attitude
clubs,
there
however,
are still
themselves
dramatic
several
in their
way. 39
has still
dressing
Despite
not been,
this
room or
remaining
had expected
was alleged
That the players
such a reaction
Bilbao
by Caries
Rexach, by the former Athletic_de
author
by Luis Aragones,
Clemente,
Jose Angel Iribar
and Javier
Real Madrid
de Madrid player,
Atletico
and by the former
Manuel Velazquez.
to the
players
the former
player
however,
problem,
improve
their
political
level.
The fifth
in
presence
1970s,
but
were
The country
instead,
footballing
Ministry
can be said
a full
final
into
completely
dictatorship
in-the
late
"anti-
1976 of
since
Spain.
ostracized
and isolated,
but
-aspect of politicization
from
football
the
years,
in Francoist
of advantage
significance
Franco
of football
any kind
successes
The regionalist
and
in the 1950s.
diplomatically
on the contrary,
to extract
social
to an
transition
converted
attempt
the
struggle.
and coaches,
Spanish
the Hungarians
is no longer
Spanish Foreign
the
entered
not
the
players
of the politicization
aspect
that
during
during
certainly
way, little
In a similar
is
hard
of
European
Yugoslavs
like
Communist symbols"
the sixth
East
significance
Several
they
years
struggle
of
of politicization
the
of
any remaining
to democracy.
years
to
managed considerably
40
aspect
Spain
ten
through
of the players
consciousness
unprecedented
lost
these
of
have
Spain
of
conditions
working
consequence
major
footballers
the
In consequence,
the necessity
aspect during
nor desire
to
or of the national
of Spanish football,
isolated
the
in this
thesis,
the transition
team.
the seventh
and
has undoubtedly
from dictatorship
to democracy.
than
during
giant
have
never
further
in
tension
supporters
of
for
support
the
the
football
during
arena for
Chapter
Basque
to claim
the expression
even before
Basque
this
it
these
years
is
to the events
during
away
political
the
two
addition,
players
and
demonstrating
clearly
should
43
as illustrated
incidents
,
their
Spanish
as an important
The principle
in Chapter
and gestures
in
Eight,
football
and gestures
the transition
that
have served
sentiment.
that,
of regionalist
incidents
by the
In
was inevitable
of regionalist
claim
fiercer
between
42
present.
created
clubs
Eight,
at
the passing,
autonomy.
that
argument to support
there
of
than
even
Relations
years.
has been
two major
cause
Franco
been worse
football
is possible
It
the
has assumed
Madrid
that
41 the rivalry,
tension,
regionalist
and Real
FC Barcelona
clubs
To the surprise
should
from dictatorship
be seen as a prelude
to democracy.
41. Caries Rexach, Agusti Montal and Nicolau Casaus and most people
connected with FC Barcelona expected that this tension would
Manuel Vazquez Montalban
decrease with the death of the dictator.
journalist,
however, claimed
late
Dicen
the
Alex
J.
Botines,
and
that this was an unrealistic
given the stormy history
expectation,
War Barca-Real Madrid relations
and the amount of
of pre-Civil
dictatorship
years of centralist
antagon si that forty
regionalist
had stored up.
42.
43.
is
by
fact
demonstrated
the
that,
1981,
This state
affairs
since
of
the President
of both giant
clubs have consistently
and directors
by
in
to
the
the
their
attend
refusing
match
counterparts
snubbed
to greet each other
at the annual
and by refusing
opposing
stadium,
is the unprecedented
in July.
Further
RFEF assemblies
evidence
by Bam
1979, which
"transfer
on Real in February
war" declared
at the time of writing.
still
continues
by Manuel Vazquez Montalbn,
This claim has been made to the author
Julian
Garcia Candau and Alex J. Botines,
and in Vicente
Marco,
1981, -. pp. 203-205.
Madrid,
del deporte,
Historias
370
of
The second
explosion
in
of
Valencia,
these
the
This
to be finally
expected
for
support
the
re-establishment
their
support
whilst
the
for
football
to
remain
Franco,
the
in
of
national
democracy
of
with
so by means of
the
clubs
their
gestures
Galicia,
life
of
in
from
apart
regional
clubs
their
open with
these
formerly
in
aspects
come out
two causes
did
supporters
all
veritable
principally
extent
to
and players
these
a lesser
of
1975,
after
affected
death
permitted
The directors
autonomy.
for
the
concerns
occurred
explosion
long-awaited
the
claim
and to
was impossible
and it
After
process.
that
and Catalonia,
and Andaluia.
regions,
this
support
sentiment
regionalist
Basque Country
the
to
arguement
and regional
largely
demonstrated
and-. comments,
flags
outlawed
and
songs.
It
political
forces
disaffected
regions
politicizing
or clandestine
had gradually
major
football
events
that
the political
come to realize
clubs
of their
contributed
significance
themselves.
the regionalist
existence,
the social
regions.
most to these
of Bam
1975 controversial
in football-of-the
as inevitable
was just
regionalist
exile
the involvement
During
as the clubs
the'long
parties
political
were-the
expulsion
of-the
years
of
and politicians
importance'of
and political
In a Catalan
context,
activists
the
the two
recognizing
in a brief
interview
44. This is evidenced by Josep Tarradellas,
that:
9 February 1979, declaring
E1 Mundo Doportivo,
__
44
With
with
371
armbands protest
to be expected
that
Camp Nou in
Javier
ArzalluS
clubs
and
1aki
Sabadell
expressions
of regionalist
years,
for
Catalan
'the
situation,
continued
sentiment,
1970s. 46
and Jordi
Carlos
Garaicoechea,
enjoyed
the ambience
whilst
as a focus
from clandestinety,
to the Catalan
was only
made by these
post-Franco
de Bilbao
have served
With reference
the black
memory, it
visits
or emerging
It
late
from exile
stadium.
immediate
in their
publicized
to be found receiving
and Athletic
of either
three
the
fresh
still
events
upon. returning
politicians.,
. occurrence'was
of September 1975.
Pujol
the significant
regard
however, 'that
only
these
or Basque sentiment.
home matches of both
the
to serve as collective
do in the.
mention
should
be made of
again
is
Pamplona
which
in
role
significant
fact
the
debate
the
the
has,
Osasuna
that
over
the, region
whether
be part
should
capital,
for
directors,
their
or
not. 47
return
to
the
all-Basque
player
policy
that.
War,
and the
team has,
in
consequence,
the
Civil
mixture
of
regions,
with
the
Basque
causing
violent
smaller
Basque
acted
in
extent
and Alava.
flag
during
Sestao
for
as arenas
to
proportion
the
their
de Bilbao
Osasuna
and,:
the
less
Madrid.
expression
of-Basque.
for
in
As,
The
have
a lesser
sentiment"to
26 April
4'
of. supporters.,;,
by
by
example,
only. FCBarcelona,
as_a, focus
r';; ..,,.
47.
of
Osasuna
unequivocally,
visitsofReal.
number
provinces
sympathies
of, Vitoria,,
should
the
be a
Spanish
Basque
of
to
before-
to
other
and Alaves
reduced
autonomous
maintained
the, other
of.
refused
continued
section
Navarre,
have
part,
theirrpolitical
ikurrifia,
that
incidents
A large
48
demonstrated
have
clubs,
from
no players
of
Basque
and imports-from
players
practically
however,
supporters,
also
Navarrese
Vizcaya
Guipzcoa,
waving
local
the
of
region
The club
1975,
,.
-,played
since
1983 and, in
Don-Balon,,
for, Catalan
.,
No.. 431,
373
between football
connection
to these
moved towards
been traditionally
in contrast
regarded
to local
Ramos Costa,
Socialista
dialect
blue
in October
and ordered
in both Castilian
to be written
flag,
red,
1975,
of
Ramos Costa
the monthly
club
was
of the Partit
and supporter
promises
election
traditional
businessman
having
change of posture
President,
Immediately
of Catalan. 51
edge, for
This
the Valencia
image, after
as the non-valencianista
successful
de Valencia.
magazine Mestalla
to democracy,
a regionalist
Levante. 5
rivals
carried
exact
adopting
Antoni
the
since
from dictatorship
the transition
gradually
largely
and regionalism
be supposed that
two regions.
During
club
sentiment,
it
should
neither
that
a shirt
and yellow
stripes
was an
with
all-white
stripe.
reception
because of its
the first
significance
political
a hostile
received
when it
Real Madrid
in the Estadio
Bernabeu. 52
Three other
transition
clubs
from dictatorship
details,
50. For further
February 1980.
51.
52.
had a regionalist
significance
to democracy,
see a special
a significance
report
December 1975
hostile
recep
significance
op. cit.,
pp.
374
during
in Don Baln,
the
that
was
No. 230 17
onwards.
tion, see Marca and As, 23
of this reception
was also
25/26.
in
reflected,
of
the
a team uniform
particular
of
the
the
Valencia
and design
same colours
de Vigo; 53 Real
Celta
region:
of
Betis
the
of
of
by the
club,
flag
Seville;
wearing
that
of
54 Las
Palmas. 55
is appropriate
It
political
the
of
gauche divine
should
provoked
intellectual
to follow.
The Catalan
supporters
by these
developed
positive
into,
Franco
of
articles
the
the club
with
The death
period.
by' the
club's
of Barca
to democracy that
from dictatorship,
was
56
club
President
the
avalanche
a veritable
be in the transition
expected
during
projection
regionalist
dictator
stage,
significance
sharpest
the
at this
Agusti
he largely
intellectuals.
role
demonstrated,
in
the role
for
accepted
He was-eager-to
and influential
Montal
the club
see FC Barcelona
in political
the
events. -; Montal,
fully
a-
himself
founder
formed or reconstituted
stage
Catalan
the policy
He also continued
increasing
national
In February
consciousness
Cruyff
flag,
1977, a controversy
of the Barra
was expelled
against
for
Malaga, on this
produced a pitch
dubious
invasion
Cruyff
received
a verdict
which provoked
media. 58
Montal
57.
launched
which
referee
a harsh
an outraged
a bitter
raised
to new heights.
further,
scoreboard.
the
Antonio
three-match
response
attack
the political
Dutch star
Johann
in a match
The sending-off
electronic
similar
of
in'the'"Cmp-Nou.
reasons
occasion
to
free
completely
number of senyeras,
occurred
supporters
tendencies
predecessors-in
a wholly'Catalan
which appeared
newly-
increasing
the
complemented
scoreboard
allowed
political
ofthis
language
Catalan
of all
parties
charge. 57
This
party,
in the club's
rallies
i"Unix
Conaeraincia
member of Pujol's
the Guruceta
Melero
affair
was violently
suspension
on'the
"dictatorial
the PalauBlaugrana
In June 1976, for example,
was used for the
Catalunya,
inaugural
at which
assembly of the PartitSocialistade
Torres-were
Rexach and Antoni
Caries
the Barca players
present,
and
de Catalunva
L'Assemblea
by the broad-based
to
two monfhs later
i
Libertat,
launch its campaign Per L'Amnistia
a meeting
which
-la
Agustr'
featured
speeches from both the then Barra President
Niiccollau Casaus.
For further
Montal and the future Vice-President
No.
Don
Balon,
details
`"39, June'1976,
and No.
of these events, see
'=
45,10 August 1976.
v
58.
'and
Cruyff
details
the
For further
. the reaction
expulsion
of
of
from 7 to 18
Catalan
and Sport,
media, see El Mundo Deportivo
1977.
February
376
the
for
Montal's
the
was cynically
of
more strongly
and the
Catalan
by demanding
autonomous
himself
presidential
in Chapters
1977,
July
the
lack
Partit
Socialista
Catalan
This
allegation
the
of
away from
annual
club
Autonomy
of-Catalonia's
of
objective
attention
delighted
Montal
in January
with
a clear
Generalitat,
the
1978.
Montal
Statute
traditional
significance:
political
was prevented
Antoni
de Catalunya,
militant
from holding
Ferran
declined
to
Esguerra_Republicana
Catalanist
Unificat
the real
during
that
body. 61
re-election
candidates
office
60
restoration
governing
for
field.
re-establishment
Because of this
present
in
when,
Barra
subsequent
at the time
suggested
on the
attack
failures
assembly
the RFEF
of
Pablo Porta. 59
President
It
the resignation
Arino,
Nicolau
who, as seen
any sporting
a member of the
whose candidature
was supported
February 1977, as
59. Agusti Montal was quoted in Don Balon, No. 72,21
of the suspension
about the RFEF, in the light
saying the following
of Cruyf f:
for
has
happened,
"The principal
what
responsible
persons
what
is happening and what can happen are the leaders of the RFEF.
The structure
of Spanish football
-have'to be radically
changed
and brought up to date with the growing democratization
of the
country. "
in
Lorente
Marca, 11 February
by
Maria
60. This allegation
Jose
was made
1977, and by his colleague Antonio Valencia in the same newspaper
ten days later.
61.
in
Marca 27 July 1977 -'by Jose
This allegation
was affirmed
Lorente,
President
unpopular
who spoke of "an increasingly
in order
to cover-up
for-the
to political
stunts
resorting
for the past three years".
trophies
377
Maria
who is
lack of
by the
adopt
an all-Catalan
clubs.
62
Josep
Lluis
Vizcaya
the
of
majority
of
Nunez,
factors
practical
sporting
Barcelona
members. 64
In spite
a far
of his
low political
and of having
although
by accusing
consistently
without
allegations.
65
1979: a "transfer
the bizarre
Real Madrid
benefited
He then proceeded
war" on Real,
situation
in
Madrid
and Casaus,
to claim
considerations
of having
been. "Franco's
with
This
that
the FC
to be
the RFEF,
these
in February
to raise
reached
by 20%
presidential
election
campaign and the
El Mundo Deportiyo,
see either
Diceg or
to 10 January 1978.
Dicen, 17 December 1977 and 4 January
23 December 1977, and 7 January 1978,
Nu ez in Dicen,
378
t-
the
team"
by Agusti
has been made to the author
This allegation
Montal,
Nicolau
Rexach and Juan Jose Castillo;
Casaus, Cartes
and in
Barcelona
the presidential
after
sport
newspapers
elections,
10 January 1977,5-8
December 1981 and 27-30 May 1985.
in
Nildez immediately
to support
evidence
with
Nfiez proved
than Montal.,
to declare,
of Barca agreeing
born
of power. 63
corridors
due to dominating
which,
was
actually
Real
put
Basque
The winner
however,
profile,
any concrete
offering
to
political
Barca President
more controversial
both Montal
outweigh
the
of
to
re-election
that
millionaire
promised
who aggressively
was elected.
construction
a self-made
to
similar
however,
two,
these
intellectuals,
divine
policy
player
Neither
province,
gauche
29 January
1978.
the
i. e.
8-
made to
any offer
of
the
low-in
Throughout
there
the
club's
Catalans
players
touch
their
with
Practically
level
or
to use
all
other,
their
did
high
players,
them learnt
and they
the
not
and the
supporters
of
remained
share
The Basque
supporters.
contrast
possibly
were
profile
the
and this
Basque
community
difficult
and popularity
in Chapter
just
Basque
as, - shall
to-further
Eight,
and that
of
during
as clear
to be
meant
political
in, contrast,
willing,
all
aspirations.
were
of
completely
the
in
as a whole.
language
shortly
to
one
be seen,..:
the 'cause
of
gesture
made a political
demonstrated:
was clearly
that
Basque
transmitted.
and Athletic
when
armbands gestureof-September-1975.
66.
giant
Rt
This willingness
the local
two
There continued
autonomy.
controversy
the
of FC Barcelona
to democracy.
from dictatorship
as seen in detail
the early
because
to improve.
substantially
Largely
between
relations
clubs
that
Nunez,
and provocative
aggressive
by Real-66
any player
about
any club
-to-the
de Bilbao
Before
whole of
players
ran out
379
ikurrifia
together
holding
the still-outlawed
capacity
crowd.
the stadium
During
prevented
microphones
down, in order
had to be turned
in favour
of an amnesty for
The ikurrifia
idea of the Athletic
significant
completely
personal
international
his
had been
HASI,
which
later
of
national
goalkeeper's
by the
requested
which
team in
manager
political
stance.
Ladislas
7
to
views,
political
national
was alleged
largest
According
member,
that
to
to
in'the
to
maximum attention
69 or
Kubala
Basque
the
overlook
Irrbar,
never
that
refuse
to
to
the
himself,
because
neither
party
Batasuna
continue
Bilbao,
of
of
the
his=
these
380
made
Iribar
nationalist)
Herri
49
record
The most
was a'
component
draw
' however,
`"
had played'a
Iribar
(radical
abertzale
was the
the national
he was a prominent
order
from being
prisoners
of Iribar,
By June 1975,
became the
the crowd's
armbands gesture,
goalkeeper
gesture
It
appearance.
coalition,
the
one.
matches for
fiftieth
the earlier
de Bilbao
and controversial
the television
to prevent
Basque political
'
physically,
match,
on
Spain. 67
like
gesture,
exactly
the'same
the
of
to impound
-'attempted
of Real Sociedad
but officials
terraces,
to the delight
actually
present
the flag,
chants
flag,
in
is correct:
allegations
"
.:
jeers
he used to receive
that
cheers
boycott
throughout
for
throwing.
72
It
is not only
Spain'gradually',
example,
Iribar,
however,
to democracy.
connecting
stadia
at, Iribar
to
today,
de Bilbao-
fa;
with
turned
Chants of "Viva
and,
directed;
still,
dictatorship
greeted
outside
The applause
motivated
(crudely
is
A degree of hostility
when he travels
reserve
was enormous..
the transition
from
ETA terrorism)
de. Bilbao
politically
"
have frequently
and Real-Sociedad.
of Spanish flags
-,
and'even,
interview
71. Author's
with Jose Angel Irrbar.
72. Irihar
to the author that he has been struck by missiles
recalled
in, Madrid, Sevilla,.
thrown from the crowd on four occasions,
Burgos
and Santander.
interview
73. Author's
with Irrbar.
381
in
stated
of
burning
the
on occasions,
hooligans,
young
travelling
successful
Irrbar,
Clemente
political
is
have
yet
of
gained
Euzkadi".
to
account
75
for
our
is
violence
of
de Bilbao
of
has nevertheless
team goalkeeper.
In
Real
Athletic's
Madrid,
on
the
freedom
from
Basque
injustice",
Spanish
State",
he has frequently
76;
the
his
ex-
"we Basques
that
". the
an integral
used' racial,
victories.
,_
is
but
of
that
' the
Unlike
Party,
declared
"Navarre
and that
bard-fought
1986.
to
Nationalist
has, boldly,
the
1981
Clemente,
higher-than-that
remained
from
of, Javier
coach
Clemente
addition,
by groups,
attacks
surrounding
declarations
a supporter
national
mother
tension
controversial
Athletic
profile
not
Sur of
as already
_.,
significant
by the
highly
been violent
also
Ultra
the
4-, Furthermore,
supporters.
politically
was fuelled
ikurrina.?
have
especially
Basque
This
the
there
Epilogue,
this
of
part
explanations
;, -',
r_
in
After
the decisive
away to Valencia
victory
their
Spanish
would retain
meant that Athletic
that:
Clemente was quoted as saying
"We won because we are Basques, a special
April'1984,
championship
which
crown,
people".
had
beaten
Athletic
FC Barcelona in a
The following
month, after
Bilbao
the
team had achieved the
that
final,
violent
meaning
cup
league and cup "double", -he declared to the Press. that:
prestigious
"We Basques are a tough people.
with superioropponents
against
triumph. "
For details
of Clemente's declarations,
1984.
5-6
May
23
As,
April
and
see
382
and-thereaction
to them,
The politically-motivated
and Clemente,
Iribar
defensive
of their
of this
It
is necessary
ship
respect
lack
a certain
for
Athletic
the Spanish
of
The majority
league
of appreciation
tactics.
over-physical
failed
Spanish
as the host
team at
tournament.
stage to arrive
at this
during
football
of Spanish
politicization
domination
complete
was lost
team unexpectedly
national
by a general
and occasionally
however,
respect,
offset
1980s, despite
in the early
championship
towards
was partly
de Bilbao
hostility
about the
at a conclusion
the transition
from dictator-
to democracy.
changes that
The radical
1975 reflect
Football
system.
manipulated
as a political
and Fascist
influence
hooliganism
groups,
democratized
level,
and club
four
the players
previously
to them.
no longer
converted
into
victories
of the Spanish
regional
during
aspect
the Spanish
for
after
whilst
working
between
years
eight
football
Spanish
the fundamental
"anti-Communist
both at
of struggle
rights
and coaches
and respect
in Spain are
was clearly
of the politicization
responsible
383
for
capturing
and
symbols",
position
and the
classes,
the connection
since
society
since
the transition,
football
systematically
has disappeared.
have gained
denied
for
institutional
strikes,
is no longer
soporific
and ultra-Right
Spanish
the radical
Spanish political
have transformed
of
the country.
to improve
The
one
and contributing
ators.
Football
expression
to keeping
continues
of regionalist
future
mainly
the stadia
filled
with
to serve as an important
sentiment,
appears likely
with
regard
politicization.
384
and indeed
impassioned
to this
for
arena
the political
to be maintained
particular
spectthe
signific-
in the
aspect
of
Date
Name
Place
Luis Aragones
Joan Josep Artells
Antonio Bars
Rodolfo Belarmo
Alex J. Botines
Paul Breitner
Nicolau Casaus
Javier Castedo
Benito Castejd
Juan Jose Castillo
Javier Clemente
Enrique Collar
Juan Crespo
Ferdinand Daucik
Julio De Miguel
Sheelagh Ellwood
Jacques Ferran
Juan Pablo Fusi
Jose Maria Garcia
Julian Garcia Candau
Enrique Gil de la Vega,
Jordi Golobart
Brian Glanville
Antonio Hernez
Jose Angel Iribar
Sandor Kocsis
Ladislao
Kubala
David Lacey
Julio Lamana
Jose Maria Lorente
Madrid
Barcelona
Barcelona
Madrid
Barcelona
Paris
Barcelona
Madrid
Madrid
Barcelona
Bilbao
Madrid
Bilbao
Barcelona
Valencia
Madrid
Saint Etienne
Madrid
Madrid
Madrid
Madrid
Barcelona
London
Barcelona
Bilbao
Barcelona
Barcelona
Paris
Bilbao
Madrid
22 November 1986
23 May 1986
10 May 1986
3 May 1986
10 October 1984
19 June 1984
21 May 1986
21 November 1986
7 January 1986
3 September 1984
2 June 1986
22 November 1986
30 June 1986
14 April
1985
28 September 1985
23 April 1985
8 June 1984
22 October 1984
9 February 1986
22 July 1986
28 November 1985
27 May 1987
12 August 1984
10 October 1984
1 July 1986
12 April 1985
14 April 1985
27 June 1984
1 July 1986
3 May 1986
Jose
Madrid
11 December
London
Madrid
22 August 1984
20 January 1986
Luis
Karin
David Miller
Luis Molowny
385
1986
Name
Place
Date
i
Agust
Montal
Robin Mortensen
Manuel Orantes
Jose Luis Orbegozo
Jesus Pereda
Jose Luis Perez Pay
Pablo Porta
Matias Prats
Keir Radnedge
Caries Rexach
Joaquim Rife
Sir Stanley Rous
Iaki Sez
Raimundo Saporta
Juan Jose Totono
Manuel Vz5uez Montalba
Manuel Velazquez
Miguel Vidal
Sir Kenneth Volstenholme
Barcelona
Barcelona
Madrid
San Sebastian
Barcelona
Madrid
Barcelona
Madrid
London
Barcelona
Barcelona
London
Bilbao
Madrid
Madrid
Barcelona
Madrid
Madrid
London
30
24
4
28
26
17
4
10
26
3
25
29
29
23
13
21
17
27
11
386
April
1986
May 1987
November 1986
June 1986
May 1987
February 1987
May 1986'November 1986
January 1984
May 1986
May 1987
June 1985
June 1986
October 1986
December 1986
May 1986
February 1986
October 1984
August 1987
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PRIMARY SOURCES
1. Interviews
with protagonists
For complete list
of people
2. Unpublished
interviewed,
see Appendix.
documents
mpico
of the Comite O1
the
preparations
in the various
Espafiol:
uncatalogued
documents
by Spanish
2.3 Archives
(RFEF): in
Espanola de Ftbol
of the Real Federacion
,
the uncatalogued
particular
collections
of correspondence
of the various
RFEF Presidents
Regionales
With the DND, the Federaciones
and the
football
in addition
to the monthly
issued
Circulares
by the
clubs,
RFEF.
publications
mpico Espafiol, Madrid
fiolas, Madrid
Es a
on Nacional de Deportes,
387
Madrid
4. Sorts
Dublications
4.1 Daily
newspapers:
sports
As, Madrid
Dicen,
Barcelona
L'EQuipe,
Paris
Marca, Madrid
Barcelona
El Mundo Deportivo,
Barcelona
Sport,
4.2 Weekly or monthly
Barcelona
Barrabs,
Deportes,
sports
Bilbao
Mexico
Domingo Deportivo,
Barcelona
Don Bal6n,
Paris
France Football,
Madrid
Futbolin,
Goal, London
Bilbao
Jornada,
Murcia
Murcia Deportiva,
London
World Soccer,
City
Mestalla,
journals:
club
CF, Madrid
Valencia
5. General publications
5.1 Daily newspapers
ABC, Madrid
Madrid
El Alczar,
Madrid
Arriba,
Diario 16, Madrid
El Diario de Barcelona,
Barcelona
La Gaceta del Norte,. Bilbao
The Guardian,
London
388
journals:
Madrid
Sabado Grafico,
The Sunday Times, London
Tiempo,
Madrid
Triunfo,
Barcelona
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of Spanish football
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Arnoriaga,
Artells,
Botines,
Cerecedo,
1975.
Madrid,
balon,
de orodel
Tomas, Los esclavos
1972.
Barcelona,
Barca,
Joan Josep, Barga, Barca,
1975.
B
del fu
Alex,
La gran estafa
Tcelona,
espafSol,
insolente
del futbol
"La sociologia
espafiol",
Francisco,
Po ible,
Madrid,
1975.
Madrid,
de Jose Maria Garcia,
Jose Maria,
El bisturi
Garcia,
futbolismo",
"Cuarenta
Garcia CSpdau, Julin,
allos del nacional
1977.
27 February
Madrid,
El Pals,
El futbol,
Garcia Candau, Julian,
sin ley, Madrid, 1980.
1982.
Sabartes, Jaume, Barca: cara i creu, Barcelona,
Shaw, Duncan, "The Politics
August 1985.,
of
"Futbol"",
in
History
in
Today,
Madrid,
1974.
in
London,
1979.
of Spanish sport
Alcoba, Antonio,
1980.
El periodismo
deportivo
en la sociedad
moderna, Madrid,
studies
of Francoist
Spain
389
Maravell,
1978.
Jose Maria,
The Transition
to
Democracy
Maravall,
Jose Maria, Dictatorship
and Political
Students in Franco's Spain, London, 1978.
Payne, Stanley,
1961.
Falange, Stanford,
in
Spain,
Dissent:
London,
Workers and
Pollock,
London, 1987.
Policy,
Benny, The Paradox of Spanish Foreign
Poulantzas,
Portugal,
Spain and
Nicos,
The Crisis
of the Dictatorships:
Greece,
London, 1976.
390
more Catalan
were Catalan
the Espanol
whilst
autonomy,
supporters
who favoured
immigrants
to Catalonia
officials,
Practically
and a provocation
to the native
was widely
slight
In this
was important
rivalry
considerably
In April
towards
contributed
battle
1912, a pitched
clubs
led
The hostility
more ferocity
towards
Espanol.
General
Miguel
closed
and it
a
authorities
violent
local
and supporters
these
suspending
clashes
and
of
derby
in October
occurred
actual
however,
Primo de Rivera,
stadium
the centralist
the military
for
6.
7.
8.
This view
interview
author in
Montalban
six
was
of Castilian
manifestations
of the century,
towards
speak Catalan,
Similarly
personnel.?
and military
of the FC Barcelona-Espanol
beginning
to the local
two years.
men, state
Catalans. 9
context
middle-class
both
been
had
as
chosen
name
that
thought
majority
regional
professional
members could
club
The great
were mostly
regions,
The gulf
rival.
was huge. 6
speakers
from other
local
governor
directed
with
thaa
centralism
dictatorship
of
of Barcelona
by Artells,
op.
cit.,
p.
25-28.