A Math 360 Sol 29 Sept 2014 PDF

Additional Maths 360 solutions
(Unofficial) [29 Sept 2014]

Visit sleightofmath.com for up-to-date pdf and video solutions.
Authors:
Daniel and Samuel from Sleight of Math
Disclaimer:
Sleight of Math has no affiliations with the publisher of Additional Maths 360 i.e. Marshall Cavendish
Table of Contents
Ex 1.1 ......................................................................................................... 3
Ex 6.1 ................................................................................................... 143
Ex 1.2 ......................................................................................................... 9
Ex 6.2 ................................................................................................... 149
Ex 1.3 .......................................................................................................20
Ex 6.3 ................................................................................................... 153
Ex 1.4 .......................................................................................................29
Ex 6.4 ................................................................................................... 162
Rev Ex 1..................................................................................................35
Rev Ex 6 .............................................................................................. 167
Ex 2.1 .......................................................................................................42
Ex 7.1 ................................................................................................... 174
Ex 2.2 .......................................................................................................51
Ex 7.2 ................................................................................................... 180
Ex 2.3 .......................................................................................................55
Ex 7.3 ................................................................................................... 184
Ex 2.4 .......................................................................................................60
Ex 7.4 ................................................................................................... 189
Rev Ex 2..................................................................................................63
Ex 7.5 ................................................................................................... 193

Rev Ex 7 .............................................................................................. 196
Ex 3.1 .......................................................................................................67
Ex 3.2 .......................................................................................................72
Ex 8.1 ................................................................................................... 202
Ex 3.3 .......................................................................................................78
Ex 8.2 ................................................................................................... 209
Ex 3.4 .......................................................................................................81
Rev Ex 8 .............................................................................................. 224
Ex 3.5 .......................................................................................................86
Ex 3.6 .......................................................................................................91
Ex 9.1 ................................................................................................... 233
Rev Ex 3..................................................................................................98
Ex 9.2 ................................................................................................... 242

Rev Ex 9 .............................................................................................. 252
Ex 4.1 .................................................................................................... 103

Ex 4.2 .................................................................................................... 108
Ex 10.1 ................................................................................................. 259
Rev Ex 4............................................................................................... 114
Ex 10.2 ................................................................................................. 266

Ex 10.3 ................................................................................................. 272
Ex 5.1 .................................................................................................... 118
Rev Ex 10............................................................................................ 280
Ex 5.2 .................................................................................................... 127

Rev Ex 5............................................................................................... 138
Ex 11.1 ................................................................................................. 288

Ex 11.2 ................................................................................................. 291
Ex 11.3 ................................................................................................. 298
Rev Ex 11............................................................................................ 319
Daniel & Samuel

A-math tuition 9133 9982
sleightofmath.com
Additional Maths 360 solutions

(Unofficial) [29 Sept 2014]
Visit sleightofmath.com for up-to-date pdf and video solutions.
Authors:
Daniel and Samuel from Sleight of Math
Disclaimer:
Sleight of Math has no affiliations with the publisher of Additional Maths 360 i.e. Marshall Cavendish
Ex 12.1 ................................................................................................. 326
Ex 18.1 ................................................................................................. 495
Ex 12.2 ................................................................................................. 330
Ex 18.2 ................................................................................................. 503
Rev Ex 12 ............................................................................................ 339
Ex 18.3 ................................................................................................. 509

Ex 18.4 ................................................................................................. 512
Ex 13.1 ................................................................................................. 347
Rev Ex 18............................................................................................ 517
Ex 13.2 ................................................................................................. 356

Ex 13.3 ................................................................................................. 366
Ex 19.1 ................................................................................................. 523
Rev Ex 13 ............................................................................................ 376
Ex 19.2 ................................................................................................. 530

Rev Ex 19............................................................................................ 535
Ex 14.1 ................................................................................................. 383

Ex 14.2 ................................................................................................. 390
Ex 20.1 ................................................................................................. 539
Ex 14.3 ................................................................................................. 396
Rev Ex 20............................................................................................ 548
Ex 14.4 ................................................................................................. 400

Rev Ex 14 ............................................................................................ 407
Ex 15.1 ................................................................................................. 410
Ex 15.2 ................................................................................................. 418
Ex 15.3 ................................................................................................. 421
Ex 15.4 ................................................................................................. 423
Rev Ex 15 ............................................................................................ 430
Ex 16.1 ................................................................................................. 436
Ex 16.2 ................................................................................................. 445
Rev Ex 16 ............................................................................................ 454
Ex 17.1 ................................................................................................. 460
Ex 17.2 ................................................................................................. 470
Ex 17.3 ................................................................................................. 479
Rev Ex 17 ............................................................................................ 488
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
A math 360 sol (unofficial)
Ex 1.1
2(a)
Ex 1.1
1(a)
y = 2x + 1
(1)
2
y = x + 2x 3 (2)
sub (1) into (2):
2x + 1
= x 2 + 2x 3
2
x 4
=0
(x + 2)(x 2) = 0
x = 2
or x = 2
y|x=2 = 2(2) + 1
y|x=2 = 2(2) + 1
= 3
=5
1(b)
y=2+x
y = 2x 2 5x 6
y=2x
2x 2 + xy + 1 = 0
sub (1) into (2):
2x 2 + x(2 x) + 1
2x 2 + 2x x 2 + 1
x 2 + 2x + 1
(x + 1)2
x = 1
y|x=1 = 2 (1)
(1,3)
2(b)
(1)
(2)
y = 1 3x
x2 + y2 = 5
(1)
(2)
=5
=5
=0
=0
=0
or
x=1
y|x=2 = 1 3 ( )
y|x=1 = 1 3(1)
11
= 2
5
2 11
2x + y = 4
y
= 4 2x (1)
( ,
5
2(c)
(1, 2)
3x + 2y = 1
2y
= 1 3x
y
13x
2
(1)
3x 2 + 2y 2 = 11 (2)
sub (1) into (2):
3x 2 + 2 (
3x 2 + 2 (
13x 2
2
16x+9x2
4
= 11
)
= 11
6x 2 + (1 6x + 9x 2 ) = 22
15x 2 6x 21
=0
5x 2 2x 7
=0
(5x 7)(x + 1)
=0
x=
or x = 1
y|x=7 =
7
5
13( )
=
7
2
8
5
( , )
Daniel & Samuel

=3
x=
y 2 4x = 0
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
(4 2x)2 4x
=0
2
(16 16x + 4x ) 4x = 0
4x 2 20x + 16
=0
2
x 5x + 4
=0
(x 1)(x 4)
=0
x=1
or x = 4
y|x=1 = 4 2(1)
y|x=4 = 4 2(4)
=2
= 4
=0
=0
=0
=0
sub (1) into (2):

x 2 + (1 3x)2
x 2 + (1 6x + 9x 2 )
10x 2 6x 4
5x 2 3x 2
(5x + 2)(x 1)
sub (1) into (2):

2+x
= 2x 2 5x 6
2
2x 6x 8 = 0
x 2 3x 4
=0
(x + 1)(x 4) = 0
x = 1
or x = 4
y|x=1 = 2 + (1)
y|x=4 = 2 + (4)
=1
=6
1(c)
(1)
(2)
sleightofmath.com
y|x=1 =
13(1)
2
=2
(1,2)

3
x2
Ex 1.1
+ =3
(1)
x + y= 8
y
=8x
(2)
5(ii)
Perimeter
2x + 2y
x+y
y
sub (2) into (1):

x2
4
(8x)
(3x 2 ) + (32 4x) = 36

3x 2 4x 4
=0
(3x + 2)(x 2)
=0
2
3
4(i)
4x + 4y = 32
x+y
=8
y
=8x
(1)
x 2 + y 2 = 34
(2)
4(iii) sub (1) into (2):

x 2 + (8 x)2
= 34
2
2
x + (64 16x + x ) = 34
2x 2 16x + 30
=0
2
x 8x + 15
=0
(x 3)(x 5)
=0
x=3
or
x=5
y|x=3 = 5
y|x=5 = 3
the length of the sides are 3cm & 5cm
5(i)
= 60
= 60
= 30
= 30 x (2)
sub (2) into (1):

x(30 x)
= 216
2
(30x x )
= 216
2
x 30x + 216 = 0
(x 12)(x 18) = 0
x = 12
or
y|x=12 = 30 (12)
= 18
12 m by 18 m
x = or x = 2
4(ii)
(1)
=3
Area = 216
xy = 216
Area = xy
Perimeter = 2x + 2y
Daniel & Samuel

6(a)
x = 18
y|x=18 = 30 (18)
= 12
3x 2y = 1
2y
= 3x 1
y
3x1
2
(1)
(x 2)2 + (2y + 3)2 = 26

sub (1) into (2):
(x 2)2
+ [2 (
3x1
2
) + 3]
(2)
2
= 26
x 2 4x + 4 + (3x 1 + 3)2 = 26
x 2 4x + 4 + (3x + 2)2
= 26
2
2
(9x
x 4x + 4 +
+ 12x + 4) = 26
10x 2 + 8x + 8
= 26
10x 2 + 8x 18 = 0
5x 2 + 4x 9
=0
(5x + 9)(x 1) = 0
x=
or
y|x=9 =
9
3( )1
5
sleightofmath.com
2
16
5
x=1
y|x=1 =
3(1)1
2
=1

6(b)
Ex 1.1
x 2 2xy + y 2 = 1
x 2y
2y
=2
= x + 2
= x1
7(a)
(1)
xy + 20 = 5x
(1)
x 2y 3 = 0
2y
= x + 3
(2)
= x
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

1
x 2 2x ( x 1) + ( x 1)
2
x x + 2x
2x
1 2
x
4
1 2
x
4
2
sub (2) into (1):
=1
+x
=0
y|x=0 = (0) 1
2
1 2
x
2
2
= 1
2
13
2
x + 20
y|x=5 = (5)
=0
= 3
7(b)
= x + 1 (1)
(5,1)
2
5
y|x=8 = (8)
=1
= (4) 1
3y x = 3
3y
=x+3
y
= 5x
x 13x + 40
=0
(x 5)(x 8)
=0
x=5
or x = 8
x = 4
y|x=4
2
3
=0
=0
or
( x 2 x) +20 = 5x
=1
=1
x ( x ) + 20
=1
+x+1
x + 4x
x(x + 4)
x=0
6(c)
2
1
+ ( x 2 x + 1)
4
1 2
+( x x + 1)
4
2
5
(8, )
2
2x y = 4
y
= 2x + 4
y
= 2x 4
(1)
2x 2 + 4xy 3y = 0
(2)
3y
=2
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

2
1
3
3( x+1)
2
x+3
1
1
=2
2x
(x + 3)
2x
x 3
x3
0
2x 2 + 5x + 3
(2x + 3)(x + 1)
3
x=
= 2x(x + 3)
= 2x 2 + 6x
= 2x 2 + 6x
= 2x 2 + 5x + 3
=0
=0
or
3
1
y|x=3 = ( ) + 1
2
sub (1) into (2):

2x 2 + 4x(2x 4) 3(2x 4)
2x 2 + (8x 2 16x) 6x + 12
(10x 2 16x)
6x + 12
10x 2 22x + 12
5x 2 11x + 6
(5x 6)(x 1)
=2
=
2
Daniel & Samuel

x=
or
5
6
y|x=6 = 2 ( ) 4
x = 1
y|x=1 = (1) + 1
3
2
5
8
5
( , )
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
x=1
y|x=1 = 2(1) 4
= 2
(1, 2)
sleightofmath.com

7(c)
Ex 1.1
3x + y = 1
y
= 1 3x
9
4
By Pythagoras Theorem,
(4x)2 + (3x)2 = 152
16x 2 + 9x 2 = 225
25x 2
= 225
2
x
=9
x = 3 or x = 3 (rej)
(x + y)(x + 2y) = 3
(2)
(1)
(2):
sub
into
[x + (1 3x)][x + 2(1 3x)] = 3
(1 2x)(x + 2 6x)
=3
(1 2x)(2 5x)
=3
(5x 2)(2x 1)
=3
2
10x 9x + 2
=3
2
10x 9x 1
=0
(10x + 1)(x 1)
=0
x=
y|x= 1 = 1 3 (
10
=
(
8
2x
y
10
y|x=1 = 1 3(1)
13
10
13
(1, 2)
10 10
(1)
3x y = 2
3x 2 = y
y
= 3x 2 (2)
sub (2) into (1):
2x
10(i)
= 2
+ =3
3x2
2
Width = 4(3) = 12 inch

Height = 3(3) = 9 inch
or x = 1
10
(1)
3x2
=3
x
2
2x + (3x 2)
= 3(3x 2 2x)
2x 2 + (9x 2 12x + 4) = 9x 2 6x
11x 2 12x + 4
= 9x 2 6x
2
2x 6x + 4
=0
2
x 3x + 2
=0
(x 1)(x 2)
=0
x=1
or x = 2
y|x=1 = 3(1) 2
y|x=2 = 3(2) 2
=1
=4
A(1,1)
B(2,4)
Daniel & Samuel

x 2 + y 2 = 52
x 2 + y 2 = 25
(1)
10(ii) y x = 1
y
=x+1
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
x 2 + (x + 1)2
= 25
2
2
x + (x + 2x + 1) = 25
2x 2 + 2x + 1
= 25
2x 2 + 2x 24
=0
2
x + x 12
=0
(x + 4)(x 3)
=0
x = 4
or
x=3
y|x=4 = (4) + 1
y|x=3 = (3) + 1
= 3
=4
10(iii) length cannot be negative,
x = 3, y = 4
sleightofmath.com
Ex 1.1
11(i) x 2 + xy + ay = b
at {x = 2, y = 1}
(2)2 + (2)(1) + a(1) = b
6+a
=b
b
=a+6
(1)
2ax + 3y = b
at {x = 2, y = 1}
2a(2) + 3(1) = b
4a + 3
=b
sub (1) into (2):
4a + 3 = 6 + a
3a
=3
a
=1
b|a=1 = 7
12(i) 1st eqn

12x 2 5y 2 = 7
At (1, p),
12(1)2 5(p)2 = 7
12 5p2
=7
2
5p
= 5
p2
=1
p
= 1
(2)
2nd eqn
2p2 x 5y = 7
At (1, p),
2p2 (1) 5(p) = 7
2p2 5p 7 = 0
(2p 7)(p + 1) = 0
11(ii) Put a 1, b = 7 into both equations,

x 2 + xy + y = 7
(1)
= x + (2)
3
7
x + x ( x + )
2
x + ( x 2 + x)
3
3
1 2
7
x + x
3
3
1 2
5
7
2
x + x+
3
1 2
x
3
2
3
5
3
14
+ x
or p = 1
p = 1 (common sol)
(1)
2x 5y = 7
5y
= 2x + 7
sub (2) into (1):

2
12(ii) At p = 1,
12x 2 5y 2 = 7
2x + 3y = 7
3y
= 2x + 7
y
p=
y
2
3
2
3
7
3
2
3
7
= x
+ ( x + ) = 7
+ ( x + ) = 7
sub (2) into (1):
+ ( x + ) = 7
12x 2 5 ( x )
=7
12x 2 5 (
=0
x + 5x 14 = 0
(x + 7)(x 2) = 0
x = 7
or
x = 2 (taken)
2
y|x=7 = (7) +
=7
{x = 7, y = 7}
7 2
x2
25
12x 2 x 2 +
28
56 2
x
5
49
56 2
x
5
28
5
28
5
(2)
x
x
=7
28
25
x+
49
5
=0
(2x + 3)(x 1)
=0
or
x = 1 (taken)
y|x=3 = ( )
2
=7
=0
2x 2 + x 3
x=
) =7
=7
5
84
49
25
= 2
3
( , 2)
2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
Ex 1.1
13(i)
14(ii) If k = 1,
(7 20)2 + (6 + 10)2 = 200
r
Total surface area = 32
2r 2 + 2rh
= 32
2
r + hr
= 16 [shown] (1)
13(ii) h = 4 + r
sub (2) into (1):
r 2 + (4 + r)r = 16
2r 2 + 4r
= 16
2
2r + 4r 16 = 0
r 2 + 2r 8 = 0
(r + 4)(r 2) = 0
r = 4
or
(rej r > 0)
y
r=2
h|r=2 = 4 + (2)
=6
) + 10]
(7x 20) + (20 21x)
(x2.86)2
(2.02)2
=0
49x 2 112x + 60
=0
(112)(112)2 4(49)(60)
2(49)
112784
98
or x =
7
Daniel & Samuel

5 2
62 (y+ )
3
5 2
(y+ )
3
200
62
=1
2
5
3
(y( ))
=1
2
200
( 2 )
6
2
5
3
(y( ))
(
=1
200
102
)
6
(y(1.67))
=1
=1
(2.36)2
20
7
, )
3
horizontal radius =
200
72
200
490x 2 1120x + 600
centre (
= 200
= 200
5 2
20 2
7
2
102
(
)
7
= 200
490x 1120x + 800
6
10
(x )
= 200
10
1021( )
7
20 2
7
2
200
( 2 )
7
(2)
(49x 2 280x + 400)

+(400 840x + 441x 2 )
(x )
(7x 20)2 + [(10 21x) + 10]2 = 200
y|x=10 =
) + 62 (y + ) = 200
20 2
(x )
7
200
72
(1)
1021x
20 2
72 (x
sub (1) into (2):
x=
Ellipse
(7x 20)2 +(6y + 10)2 = 200
200
10
, )
= x+
20
72 (x )
7
Ellipse
(7x 20)2 + (6y + 10)2 = 200
x=
Line
21x + 6y = 1
6y
= 21x + 1
1021x
(7x 20)2 + [6 (
20
= +
(2)
14(i) If k = 10,
Line
21x + 6y = 10
6y
= 10 21x
y
y|x=6 =
vertical radius =
62
Using the graphing calculator to plot curves, the

line and ellipse dont intersect.
Hence, there are no solutions
=
11228
98
14(iii) Geometrically, a line and ellipse can only intersect

twice at most.
6
7
1021( )
6
4
3
sleightofmath.com
Ex 1.2
4(i)
Ex 1.2
1(a)
3x 2 + 9x
=1
2
3x + 9x 1 = 0
i.e. a = 3, b = 9, c = 1
Roots: &
Sum of roots
1(b)
Sum of roots
b
a
(1)
(3)
=
3
1 2
=( )
2(ii)
b
a
(4)
=4
(1)
(2)
2+2
= (4 )
+ =
5(i)
b
a
= (1)
2(3)
(1)
(3)
= (1) = 3
(1)
=
=
=1
= 6
33
2
x 2 4x + c = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c = c
Roots: & ( + 2)
b
a
(4)
(1)
2 + 2
=4
2
=2
=1
+2 =3
5(ii)
Sum of roots = + =
2 + 2
40x 138x + 119 = 0

i.e. a = 40, b = 138, c = 119
Roots: & are heights of two men
= 2
Sum of roots
Average height =
33
= + ( + 2) =
(2 1)(2 1)
= 4 2 2 +1
= 4 2( + ) +1
= 4(1) 2(3)
+1
= 11
2(2)
=+ =
2(+)
(2)
( )2 = 2 2 + 2
= (2 + 2 ) 2
=2
= (1)
x + 3x + 1 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 3, c = 1
Roots: &
(2)
(4)
Product of roots =
(1)
=4
Sum of roots
2(2)
2
1
=+ =
Product of roots =
( + )2
= 2 + 2 + 2
( + )2 2 = 2 + 2
2 + 2
= ( + )2 2
4x + 2x 2
= 3x 2 + 2
x 2 4x + 2 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c = 2
Roots: &
Sum of roots
(9)
= (3) = 3
4(ii)
2(i)
=+ =
Product of roots =
=+ =
Product of roots =
2x 2 x 4 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 4
Roots: &
69
20
b
a
=
69
40
Product of roots
c
= ( + 2) =
a
( + 2) = c
1(1 + 2)
=c =1
c
=3
(138)
(40)
69
20
6(a)
Roots: = 2 & = 5
Sum of roots
= + = (2) + (5)
Product of roots =
= (2)(5)
=7
= (10)
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 7x + 10
=0
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com

6(b)
Ex 1.2
Roots: = 1 & = 3
Sum of roots
= + = (1) + (3) = 2
Product of roots =
= (1)(3)
= 3
8(i)
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 2x 3
=0
7(i)
Sum of roots
1st equation
2x 2 4x + 5 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 4, c = 5
Roots: &
= 5
= p
=
= 42
=+ =
Product of roots =
c
a
b
a
(4)
(5)
= (2)
(2)
=2
=
From (1):
5 = p
p
=
(1)
c
a
=q
(2)
(3)
= + 4
Product of roots = (4)
8(ii)
Sum of roots
x 2 + px + q = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = p, c = q
Roots: & 4
sub (3) into (2):

2nd equation
Roots: ( 1) & ( 1)
Sum of roots
Product of roots
= ( 1) + ( 1)
= ( 1)( 1)
= ( + ) 2
=
+1
(2)
=
2
= ( + ) +1
5
=0
= ( ) (2)
+1
4p2
4p
9(i)
3
2
x (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
3
2x 2 + 3
7(ii)
2x 2 x 2 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 2
Roots: &
=+ =
=
b
a
=
=
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1
2
= 1
=0
2 + 2
= ( + )2 2()
3rd equation
Recall + = 2,
= 25q [shown]
Product of roots =
=0
Sum of roots
x 2 0x +
=q
25
4 ( p) = q
1 2
=( )
2(1)
2
1
Roots: 2 & 2
=2
4
Sum of roots
= 2 + 2 = 2( + ) = 2(2) = 4
9(ii)
2 +2
(2 )
4
= (1)
= 2
1
4
Product of roots
= (2)(2) = 4()
= 4 ( ) = 10
9(iii)
4 + 4
= (2 + 2 )2 22 2
= (2 + 2 )2 2()2
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 4x + 10
=0
1 2
= (2 )
4
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
49
16
2(1)2
10

10(i)
Ex 1.2
x2
= (k 1)x + k
2
(1
x + k)x k = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = (1 k), c = k
Roots: & ( + 3)
12(i)
Sum of roots
= + ( + 3) =
Sum of roots
2 + 3
k
=k1
= 2 + 4
=+ =
Product of roots =
a
(1k)
2 + 3
3
2
3
2
=3
(1)
2nd equation
(1)
Roots:
&
Sum of roots =
Product of roots
c
= ( + 3) =
( + 3) =
1st equation
2x 2 3x + 6 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 3, c = 6
Roots: &
a
(k)
22 +22
2[(+)2 2]
(1)
2(2 +2 )
3 2
2[( ) 2(3)]
2
5
2
Product of roots = ( ) ( ) = 4
= k
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
( + 3)
= (2 + 4)
2
+ 3
= 2 4
2
+ 5 + 4
=0
( + 1)( + 4) = 0
= 1
or
= 4
+3=2
+ 3 = 1
(rej negative roots)
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
5
x 2 ( ) x +4
=0
x2 + x
2
2x +5x
+4
=0
+8
=0
12(ii) 3rd equation

3
Recall + = , = 3
2
10(ii) Put = 4 into (1):

k|=4 = 2(4) + 4
= 4
11
Roots: (3 + ) & ( + 3)
Sum of roots
= (3 + ) + ( + 3)
= 4 + 4
= 4( + )
3x 2 3kx + k 6 = 0
i.e. a = 3, b = 3k, c = k 6
Roots: &
= 4( )
2
Sum of roots
=+ =
Product of roots =
2 + 2
( + ) 2
k
2 (
k6
3
=
=
c
a
b
a
=
=
(3k)
(3)
(k6)
(3)
=6
=k
=
k6
3
20
3
20
3
20
3 2
= 3 [( ) 2(3)]
2
3k 2 2k + 12
= 20
2
3k 2k 8
=0
(3k + 4)(k 2) = 0
k=
4
3
Product of roots
= (3 + )( + 3)
= 32 + 10 + 32
= 3(2 + 2 )
+10
= 3[( + )2 2] +10
75
4
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
or k = 2
x 2 (6)x +
75
4
4x 2 24x +75
Daniel & Samuel

+10(3)
sleightofmath.com
=0
=0
11

13(i)
Ex 1.2
1st equation
2x 2
= 8x + 3
2x 2 8x 3 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 8, c = 3
Roots: &
13(iii) 4th equation

Recall + = 4, =
=+ =
Product of roots
b
a
=
=
(8)
(2)
3
Sum of roots
= ( ) + ( )
=0
=4
Product of roots
= ( )( )
= (a )2
= [( + )2 4]
2nd equation
1
2
&
= [(4)2
Sum of roots =
=
(+)2 2()
()2
2 +2
2 2
3
2
(4)2 2( )
4 ( )]
2
= 22
3 2
( )
2
Product of roots = ( 2 ) ( 2 ) = ()2 =
Roots: ( ) & ( )
Sum of roots
Roots:
1
3 2
( )
2
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 (0)x + (22) = 0
x 2 22
=0
76
9
14(i)
2x 2 71x + 615 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 71, c = 615
Roots: & are base and height
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
76
x2 ( ) x + ( )
=0
Sum of roots = + =
9x 76x +4 = 0
Product of roots =
c
a
71
2
615
2
71
= 307.5
13(ii) 3rd equation

Recall
+ = 4, =
Roots:
2 & 2
Area = = 307.5
3
2
71
Perimeter = 2( + ) = 2 ( ) = 71
2
Sum of roots = 2 + 2
= ( + )
14(ii)
= ( ) (4) = 6
Base
Product of roots
3 3
27
= (2 )(2 ) = ()3 = ( ) =
) =0
8x 2 + 48x 27
Daniel & Samuel

Base
Perimeter is not valid because

the height is not the side of the quadrilateral
27
8
Height
Area is valid because

area = base height
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 (6)x + (
Height
=0
sleightofmath.com
12

15
Ex 1.2
kx 2 + (k 1)x + 2k + 3 = 0
i.e. a = k, b = (k 1), c = (2k + 3)
Roots: & 2
Sum of roots
= + (2) =
3
1st equation
x 2 3x 2 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 3, c = 2
Roots: &
b
a
k1
Sum of roots
Product of roots =
1k
k
1k
3k
(1)
2nd equation
x 2 6x + p = 0
i.e. a2 = 1, b2 = 6, c2 = p
(2)
Roots:
Product of roots
c
= (2) =
2
a
2k+3
k
2(
2(
3k
k2 2k+1
9k2
2k2 4k+2
9k2
2
=
=
=
2k+3
= +
k
2k+3
1
16
k+k
k(+)
k
2k+3
&
c
a
=
=
2
1
=3
= 2
b2
a2
6
1
=6
= 4
or k = 2
=6
k(3)
(2)
2k 4k + 2
= 18k 2 + 27k
16k 2 + 31k 2 = 0
(16k 1)(k + 2) = 0
k=
Sum of roots
sub (1) into (2):

1k 2
=+ =
Product of roots
rej k is a
(
)
non zero integer
c2
a2
(p)
= ( )( ) =
k2
k2
= (1)
=p
k2
(2)
=p
=
=
k2
k = 4
2
(4)2
2
= 8
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
13
Ex 1.2
17(a) 3x 2 + kx + 96 = 0
i.e. a = 3, b = k, c = 96
Roots: & 2
18
5x 2 102x + 432 = 0
i.e. a = 5, b = 102, c = 432
Roots:
& are lengths of the two shorter sides of a
Sum of roots
= + 2 =
Sum of roots
a
k
9
k
=k
= 9
Product of roots =
3
k
=
=
(102)
(5)
102
5
432
5
2 + 2
Hypotenuse = 2 + 2
a
96
3
2
= 32
2
= 16
= 4 or = 4 (rej positive roots)
k|=4 = 9(4)
= 36
2
Product of roots
c
= (2) =
2
=+ =
1 432
)= 43.2cm2
Perimeter = + + 2 + 2
= + + ( + )2 2
=(
17(b) p + q = 13
pq = 6
Roots: p2 & q2
Sum of roots
= p2 + q2 = 13
Product of roots = p2 q2
= (pq)2 = 62
Area = () = (
102
5
) + (
102 2
5
) 2(
432
5
= 36cm
= 36
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 13x + 36
=0
(x 4)(x 9)
=0
x=4
or x = 9
p2 = 4
p2 = 9
p = 2
p = 3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
14
Ex 1.2
19(a) 2x 2 + px + 24 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = p, c = 24
Roots: &
19(b) 1st equation

3x 2 x + 2 = 0
i.e. a = 3, b = 1, c = 2
Roots: &
=4
= + 4 (1)
Sum of roots
=+ =
Product of roots =
Sum of roots
=+
( + 4) + =
(1)
(3)
1
3
2
3
b
a
p
2nd equation
Roots: 2 & 2
2
p
2
p
2 + 4
= 4 8
Sum of roots = 2 + 2
= ( + )2 2()
1 2
=( )
2 ( )
Product of roots
c
=
=

a
24
11
9
( + 4)
= 12
2 + 4
= 12
2
+ 4 12 = 0
( + 6)( 2) = 0
= 6
or
p|=6 = 4(6) 8
= 16
(rej p < 0)
2 2
Product of roots = 2 2 = ()2 = ( ) =

x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 (
11
9
)x +
=0
9x 2 + 11x + 4
=2
p|=2 = 4(2) 8
20(i)
= 16
=0
1st equation
4x 2 x + 36 = 0
i.e. a = 4, b = 1, c = 36
Roots: 2 & 2
= 2 + 2 =
Sum of roots
2 2
Product of roots =
c
a
b
a
=
=
(1)
(4)
(36)
(4)
1
4
=9
2nd equation
Roots:
1
2
&
1
2
Sum of roots
2
1
2 +
Product of roots = ( 2 ) ( 2 ) =
2 +2
2 2
1
2 2
=
=
1
4
( )
(9)
1
1
36
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x2
2
1
36
x+
1
9
36x x + 4
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
=0
=0
15
Ex 1.2
20(ii) 3rd equation:

2
Recall + = ,
4
21(ii) 2nd equation

Roots: ( + 2) & ( + 2)
2 2
=9
Roots: &
Sum of roots
=+
Product of roots
=
= ( +
= 9
= 3
+ 2
= ( ) + 2
2 2
)2
Sum of roots
= ( + 2) + ( + 2)
= ( + ) + 4
b
= [a( + 2)( + 2)]

a
1
+4
= (4a 2b + c)
a
x 2 (SOR)x
Product of roots
= ( + 2)( + 2)
+ (POR)
a
1
=0
x 2 ( + 4) x + [ (4a 2b + c)] = 0
For = 3:
25
SOR = + 2(3) =
x + ( 4) x
+ (4a 2b + c)
a
ax 2 + (b 4a)x + (4a 2b + c)
=0
=0
For = 3:
1
23
4
5
24
SOR = + 2(3) =
(rej)
SOR = , POR = 3
2
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
5
x 2 ( ) x + 3
=0
=0
2x 5x + 6
21(i)
1st equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
Roots: &
Sum of roots
=+ =
Product of roots =
b
a
a( + 2)( + 2) = a( + 2 + 2 + 4)
= a[ + 2( + ) + 4]
c
= a [( ) + 2 ( ) + 4]
= c 2b + 4a
= 4a 2b + c [shown]
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
16
Ex 1.2
1st equation
4x 2 + kx
=1
4x 2 + kx 1 = 0
i.e. a = 4, b = k, c = 1
22(ii) 3rd equation

k
Recall + = ,
Roots:
=+ =
Product of roots =
b
a
=
=
k
4
1
Sum of roots
= 5( + )
9
9
=
1
+ 2( + ) + 4 ( ) + 2 ( k) + 4
4
4
36
=
15 2k
= 5 ( )
4
= k
4
Product of roots
x2
= (2 + 3)(3 + 2)
2
= 6 + 13 + 6
23(i)
+13
k2 + )
Sum of roots
x 2 + kx
4
8x + 10kx
=+ =
Product of roots =
x (SOR)x +(POR)
x ( k) x
) =0
= 0
1st equation
2x 2 + 4x + 5 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 4, c = 5
Roots: &
152k
13
2
2
)x +(
+13
= k
152k
=0
36
(15 2k)x +(3k 48)x +36
2)
k 2
483k
= 6 [( ) 2 ( )] +13 ( )
(SOR)x +(POR)
x2
= 6[( + )2 2]
3 + 6 + 3 + 6
3( + ) + 12
=
+ 2( + ) + 4 + 2( + ) + 4
16
+2
3
3
9
)(
)=
=(
( + 2)( + 2)
+2 +2
= 5 + 5
= 6(
Product of roots
= (2 + 3) + (3 + 2)
= 6( +
+2
&
k
3 ( ) + 12
48 3k
4
=
=
1
k
( ) + 2 ( ) + 4 15 2k
4
4
2nd equation
Roots: (2 + 3) & (3 + 2)
Sum of roots
3
3
3( + 2) + 3( + 2)
=
+
=
( + 2)( + 2)
+2 +2
Roots: &
Sum of roots
3
+ ( k2
8
=0
1
Roots:
+3k 2
4
2
= 2
23(ii) 2nd equation
)=0
+ k2
&
=0
Sum of roots
=0
= +
Product of roots = ( ) ( ) =
=
=
2
5
2
1
5
2
=
=
4
5
2
5
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
4
x 2 ( ) +
2
5x + 4 + 2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
=0
=0
17
Ex 1.2
23(iii) 1st equation

ax 2 + bx + c = 0
Roots: &
Sum of roots
25
=+ =
Product of roots =
b
a
Sum of roots
=+ =
2nd equation
Roots:
&
2x 2 kx + k
=2
2
2x kx + k 2 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = k, c = (k 2)
Roots: &
+ =
Sum of roots
= +
=
=
a
c
a
=
=
c
a
b
a
k
2
= 2 + 2
a
c
Product of roots
c
= =
=
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
a
k2
2
x 2 ( ) x + ( )
=0
sub (1) into (2):
cx 2 bx
=0
+a
(1)
(2)
(2+2)2
2
= + 1
24(i)
x(2 x)
=3
2
x 2x + 3 = 0
is root
2 2 + 3 = 0
2 = 2 3
If < 0, < 0
LHS = > 0
RHS = + 1 < 0
LHS RHS
both roots cannot be negative
(1)
(1) :
3 = 22 3
(2)
(1)
(2):
sub
into
3 = 2(2 3) 3
3 = (4 6) 3
3 = 6 [shown]
24(ii) Roots: &
Sum of roots
=+ =
Product of roots =
c
a
b
a
=
=
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
=2
=3
Following the same manipulation in (i)

3 = 6
3 + 3 = ( 6) + ( 6)
= ( + ) 12
= (2) 12
= 10
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
18

26
Ex 1.2
x 2 + 4(c + 2)
= (c + 4)x
2
(c
x + 4)x + 4(c + 2) = 0
i.e. A = 1, B = (c + 4), C = 4(c + 2)
Roots: a & b
Sum of roots
=a+b
a+b
B
A
(c+4)
1
a+b
=c+4
2
(a + b)
=c+4
2
2
a + 2ab + b = c 2 + 8c + 16
(1)
Product of roots
= ab =
ab =
ab
C
A
4(c+2)
1
= 4c + 8
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

a2 + 2(4c + 8) + b2 = c 2 + 8c + 16
a2 + (8c + 16) + b2 = c 2 + 8c + 16
a2 + b2
= c2
sides are related by pythagoras theorem,
it is a right angle triangle
& 90 is the largest angle
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
19
Ex 1.3
2(c)
Ex 1.3
1(a)
y = 3(x 1)2 1
turning pt (1, 1)
shape
= 3( 1)2 1
2
(1, 1)
y|x=0 = 2
y intercept = 2
1(b)
y = 2(x + 1)2 3
turning pt (1, 3)
shape
y|x=0 = 5
y intercept = 5
1(c)
(2,1)
y = 3(x 2)2
turning pt (2,0)
shape
3(a)
(2,0)
12
y = 3(x 2)2
Quadratic equation
px 2 6x + p = 0
i.e. a = p, b = 6, c = p
Discriminant
For equal real roots:
b2 4ac
=0
(6)2 4(p)(p) = 0
36 4p2
=0
2
p 9
=0
(p + 3)(p 3) = 0
p = 3 or p = 3
Quadratic equation
5x 2 x 2 = 0
i.e. a = 5, b = 1, c = 2
3(b)
Quadratic equation
3x 2 + 2x p = 0
i.e. a = 3, b = 2, c = p
Discriminant
For two distinct real roots:
b2 4ac
>0
(2)2 4(3)(p) > 0
4 + 12p
>0
12p
> 4
Quadratic equation
9x 2 + 6x + 1 = 0
i.e. a = 9, b = 6, c = 1
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (6)2 4(9)(1)
=0
2 Real Roots
Daniel & Samuel

Quadratic equation
(x 2)2
= 6
2
x 4x + 4 = 6
x 2 4x + 10 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c = 10
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (4)2 4(1)(10)
= 24
<0
0 Real Root
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (1)2 4(5)(2)
= 41
>0
2 Real roots
2(b)
2(d)
1
= ( + 2)2 + 1
4
2
y|x=0 = 2
y intercept = 2
2(a)
y = (x + 2)2 + 1
y|x=0 = 12
y intercept = 12
5
= 2( + 1)2 3
turning pt (2,1)
shape
1(d)
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (1)2 4(3)(1)
= 11
<0
0 Real Root
(1, 3)
Quadratic equation
x 2 + x + 1 = 2x 2
3x 2 + x + 1 = 0
i.e. a = 3, b = 1, c = 1
sleightofmath.com
>
3
20

3(c)
Ex 1.3
Quadratic equation
2x 2 + 3x + 2p = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 3, c = 2p
4(c)
Discriminant
For real roots:
b2 4ac
0
2
(3) 4(2)(2p) 0
9 16p
0
16p
9
p
3(d)
9
16
Discriminant
For no x intercepts:
b2 4ac
<0
2
(2) 4(p)(3) < 0
4 12p
<0
12p
>4
5(a)
4(a)
1
16
Quadratic curve
y = 4x 2 4x p
i.e. a = 4, b = 4, c = p
k
5(b)
>
2
Quadratic Inequality
3x 2 + 6x + k 1 is always negative
i.e. a = 3, b = 6, c = k 1
2 conditions
(i) a < 0
3 < 0
(ii) b2 4ac
(6)2 4(3)(k 1)
36 + 12(k 1)
36 + 12k 12
12k
k
Quadratic curve
y = 9x 2 px + 1
i.e. a = 9, b = p, c = 1
Discriminant
For one x intercept:
b2 4ac
=0
(p)2 4(9)(1) = 0
p2 36
=0
(p + 6)(p 6) = 0
p = 6 or p = 6
Daniel & Samuel

2x 2 + 2x + k is always positive
i.e. a = 2, b = 2, c = k
(ii) b2 4ac
<0
(2)2 4(2)k < 0
8k
>4
Discriminant
For two x intercepts:
b2 4ac
>0
2
(4) 4(4)(p) > 0
16 + 16p
>0
p
> 1
4(b)
2 conditions
(i) a > 0
2>0
Discriminant
For no real roots:
b2 4ac
<0
2
(1) 4(p)(4) < 0
1 + 16p
<0
<
>
Quadratic equation
px 2 x 4 = 0
i.e. a = p, b = 1, c = 4
Quadratic curve
y = px 2 2x + 3
i.e. a = p, b = 2, c = 3
sleightofmath.com
<0
<0
<0
<0
< 24
< 2
21

5(c)
Ex 1.3
y = 2x 2 + x 2k lies entirely above x axis
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 2k
7(b)
2 conditions
(i) a > 0
2>0
<
1
16
Discriminant
For curve to meet x axis:
B 2 4AC
0
2
(2) 4(3)(c 1) 0
4 12(c 1)
0
4 12c + 12
0
16
12c
13
(2,1)
does not cut x axis

discriminant < 0
negative
7(c)
2
1
= (x 4)2
2
turning pt (4,0)
shape
f(0) = 8
y intercept = 8
= ()
+3
+3
= 2[(x 1)2 12 ] +3
= 2(x 1)2
turning pt (1,5)
shape
+8
= [(x 4)2 42 ] +8
= 2(x 2 2x)
+8
2
1
2
1
f(x) = 2x 2 + 4x
f(x) = x 2 4x
= [x 2 8x]
7(a)
Quadratic equation
y = 3x 2 2x + c 1
i.e. A = 3, B = 2, C = c 1
+13
+13
+13
+1
f(0) = 13
y intercept = 13
= ()
(ii) b2 4ac
<0
(1)2 4(2)(2k) < 0
1 + 16k
<0
k
f(x) = 3x 2 12x
= 3(x 2 4x)
= 3[(x 2)2 22 ]
= 3(x 2)2
turning pt (2,1)
shape
+5
(4,0)
cuts x axis once

discriminant = 0
zero
f(0) = 3
y intercept = 3
(1,5)
3
= ()
cuts x axis twice

discriminant > 0
positive
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
22

7(d)
Ex 1.3
f(x) = 4x 2 8x
= 4[x 2 + 2x]
= 4[(x + 1)2 12 ]
= 4(x + 1)2
turning pt (1, 1)
shape
5
5
5
1
8(c)
Discriminant
For two unequal real roots:
b2 4ac
>0
(1)2 4(2)(1 p) > 0
1 8(1 p)
>0
1 8 + 8p
>0
8p
>7
f(0) = 5
y intercept = 5
(1, 1)
5
= ()
8(d)
does not cut x axis

b2 4ac < 0
negative
8(a)
Quadratic equation
3x 2
= 2x + p 1
2
3x 2x + 1 p = 0
i.e. a = 3, b = 2, c = 1 p
Discriminant
For distinct real roots:
b2 4ac
>0
2
(2) 4(3)(1 p) > 0
4 12(1 p)
>0
4 12 + 12p
>0
12p
>8
p
Quadratic equation
p(x + 1)(x 3)
= x 4p 2
2
p(x 2x 3)
= x 4p 2
px 2 2px 3p
= x 4p 2
2
px (2p + 1)x + p + 2 = 0
i.e. a = p, b = (2p + 1), c = p + 2
Discriminant
For no real roots:
b2 4ac
[(2p + 1)]2 4(p)(p + 2)
(4p2 + 4p + 1) 4p(p + 2)
(4p2 + 4p + 1) 4p2 8p
4p + 1
4p
4p
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
< 1
>1
>
1
4
Quadratic equation
x 2 + p2
= 3px 5
2
2
x 3px + p + 5= 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 3p, c = p2 + 5
Quadratic equation
x 2 2kx + k 2
=3+x
2
2
(2k
x
+ 1)x + k 3 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = (2k + 1), c = 3
Discriminant
For real roots:
b2 4ac
0
2
2
[(2k + 1)] 4(1)(k 3) 0
(4k 2 + 4k + 1) 4(k 2 3) 0
4k 2 + 4k + 1 4k 2 + 12
0
4k + 13
0
Discriminant
b2 4ac
=0
2
2
(3p) 4(1)(p + 5) = 0
9p2 4p2 20
=0
2
5p 20
=0
p2 4
=0
(p + 2)(p 2)
=0
p = 2 or p = 2
Daniel & Samuel

>
>
9
8(b)
Quadratic equation
(x + 1)(2x 1) = p 2
2x 2 + x 1
=p2
2
2x + x + 1 p = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 1 p
k
least value of k is
sleightofmath.com
13
4
13
4
23

10
11
Ex 1.3
Quadratic equation
2x 2 + p
= 2(x 1)
2x 2 + p
= 2x 2
2
2x 2x + 2 + p = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 2, c = 2 + p
12(b) Quadratic inequality

kx 2 + 1
> 2kx k for all real values of x
kx 2 2kx + k + 1> 0
i.e. a = k, b = 2k, c = k + 1
2 conditions
(i) a > 0
k>0
Discriminant
For no real roots:
b2 4ac
(2)2 4(2)(2 + p)
4 8(2 + p)
1 2(2 + p)
1 4 2p
2p
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<3
> [shown]
(ii) b2 4ac
<0
2
(2k) 4(k)(k + 1) < 0
4k 2 4k(k + 1)
<0
2
2
4k 4k 4k
<0
4k
<0
4k
>0
k
>0
3
2
Quadratic equation
px 2 + 3px + p + q = 0
i.e. a = p, b = 3p, c = p + q
13(a) Line & curve

y = kx 5
x 2 = 2y + 1
Discriminant
For two equal real roots:
b2 4ac
=0
2
(3p) 4(p)(p + q) = 0
9p2 4p2 4pq
=0
2
5p 4pq
=0
p(5p 4q)
=0
(1)
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

x2
= 2(kx 5) + 1
2
x
= 2kx 10 + 1
2
x 2kx + 9 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 2k, c = 9
Discriminant
For line to be tangent to curve:
b2 4ac
=0
2
(2k) 4(1)(9) = 0
4k 2 36
=0
2
k 9
=0
(k + 3)(k 3)
=0
k = 3 or k = 3
p = 0 (rej p 0) or p = q [shown]
5
12(a) Quadratic inequality

3x 2 3x > x + k for all real values of x
3x 2 4x k > 0
i.e. a = 3, b = 4, c = k
2 conditions
(i) a > 0
3>0
(ii) b2 4ac
<0
(4)2 4(3)(k) < 0
16 12(k)
<0
12k
< 16
k
Daniel & Samuel

<
3
sleightofmath.com
24
Ex 1.3
13(b) Line & curve

x + 3y = k 1
3y
=k1x
y
k1x
13(d) Line & curve

y=x+k1
(1)
(y 1)2 = 4x
(2)
(1)
y 2 = 2x + 5
sub (1) into (2):

(x + k 1 1)2
= 4x
2
(x + k 2)
= 4x
2
[x + (k 2)]
= 4x
x 2 + 2(k 2)x + (k 2)2
= 4x
2
2
x + (2k 4)x +(k 4k + 4) = 4x
x 2 +(2k 8)x +(k 2 4k + 4) = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = (2k 8), c = (k 2 4k + 4)
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

(
k1x 2
3
(k1x)2
9
= 2x + 5
= 2x + 5
(k 1 x)2
= 18x + 45
(1)2 (x + 1 k)2 = 18x + 45
[x + (1 k)]2
= 18x + 45
2
x + 2(1 k)x + (1 k)2
= 18x + 45
2
2
x + (2 2k)x + (1 2k + k )
= 18x + 45
2
2
x + (16 2k)x +(k 2k 44) = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = (16 2k), c = (k 2 2k 44)
Discriminant
For line to meet curve:
b2 4ac
0
(16 2k)2 4(1)(k 2 2k 44)
0
2
2
(4k + 64k + 256) 4k + 8k + 176 0
72k + 432
0
k
6
13(c) Line & curve
y = kx + 2
y 2 = 8x x 2
Discriminant
For line to not meet curve:
b2 4ac
(2k 8)2 4(1)(k 2 4k + 4)
22 (k 4)2 4(k 2 4k + 4)
(k 2 8k + 16) k 2 + 4k 4
4k + 12
4k
k
14(i)
(1)
(2)
(1)
y=xk
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

kx(x + 2)
=xk
2
kx + 2kx
=xk
2
kx + (2k 1)x + k = 0
i.e. a = k, b = (2k 1), c = k
sub (1) into (2):

(kx + 2)2
= 8x x 2
k 2 x 2 +4kx +4
= 8x x 2
(k 2 + 1)x 2 +(4k 8)x +4 = 0
i.e. a = (k 2 + 1), b = (4k 8), c = 4
Discriminant
For line to intersect curve at two distinct points:
b2 4ac
>0
2
2
(4k 8) 4(k + 1)(4) > 0
42 (k 2)2 42 (k 2 + 1)
>0
2
2
(k 2) (k + 1)
>0
(k 2 4k + 4) k 2 1
>0
4k + 3
>0
4k
<3
k
Line & curve

y = kx(x + 2)
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
< 12
>3
Discriminant
For curve to meet the line:
b2 4ac
0
2
(2k 1) 4(k)(k) 0
4k 2 4k + 1 4k 2 0
4k + 1
0
4k
1
1
14(ii) k = 1
4
<
4
14(iii) 1 is greater than 1 and it does not satisfy the

4
inequality to have any intersections,

0 intersections
Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
25

15(i)
Ex 1.3
Quadratic inequality
5x 2 + 20x + c
< 50 for all real values of x
5x 2 + 20x + c 50 < 0
i. e. A = 5, B = 20, C = c 50
17(i)
2 conditions
(i) A < 0
5 < 0
(ii) B 2 4AC < 0
(20)2 4(5)(c 50)
400 + 20(c 50)
400 + 20c 1000
20c
c
15(ii) y = 5x 2 + 20x
= 5(x 2 4x)
= 5[(x 2)2 22 ]
= 5(x 2)2
turning pt (2,40)
shape
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (4)2 4(1)(1)
= 20
>0
intersects x axis twice
<0
<0
<0
< 600
< 30
17(ii) Quadratic curve

When p = 2:
y = x 2 + (2)x (2) + 3
= x 2 2x + 5
i.e. a = 1, b = 2, c = 5
+20
+20
+20
+40
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (2)2 4(1)(5)
= 16
<0
y is always positive
y|x=0 = 20
y intercept = 20
17(iii) Quadratic curve

y = x 2 + px p + 3
i.e. a = 1, b = p, c = p + 3
(2,40)
20
= 5( 2)2 + 40
15(iii) Indeed as c = 20 < 30, the baseball does not reach

the height of 50m (at most 40m).
16(i)
k 2 4k + 12 = (k 2)2 22 + 12
= (k 2)2 +8 [shown]
16(ii) Quadratic equation

x 2 + kx
=3k
2
x + kx + k 3 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = k, c = k 3
Discriminant
For curve to be tangent to x-axis,
b2 4ac
=0
(p)2 4(p + 3) = 0
p2 + 4p 12
=0
(p + 6)(p 2) = 0
p = 6 or p = 2
At p = 6,
At p = 2,
2
y = x 6x + 6 + 3 y = x 2 + 2x 2 + 3
= x 2 6x + 9
= x 2 + 2x + 1
At y = 0,
x 2 6x + 9 = 0
(x 3)2
=0
x
=3
(3,0)
Discriminant
b2 4ac = k 2 4(1)(k 3)
= k 2 4k + 12
= (k 2)2 + 8
>0
(k 2)2 0
real for all real values of k
Daniel & Samuel
Quadratic curve
When p = 4:
y = x 2 + (4)x (4) + 3
= x 2 + 4x 1
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c = 1
sleightofmath.com
At y = 0,
x 2 + 2x + 1 = 0
(x + 1)2
=0
x
= 1
(1,0)
26

18(i)
Ex 1.3
Quadratic equation
f(x)
= g(x)
2
x + 6x 5
= 8x + c
2
x 2x 5 c = 0
i.e. A = 1, B = 2, C = 5 c
19(ii) Quadratic function

At C = 80:
1.2n2 14.4n + 53.7 = 80
1.2n2 14.4n 26.3 = 0
i.e. a = 1.2, b = 14.4, c = 26.3
Discriminant
For y = f(x) to intersect y = g(x):
B 2 4AC
0
(2)2 4(1)(5 c) 0
4 + 4(5 + c)
0
1+5+c
0
c
6
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (14.4)2 4(1.2)(26.3)
= 333.6
>0
Possible to reach 80 thousand dollars
18(ii) Quadratic inequality

f(x)
> g(x) for all real values of x
2
x + 6x 5
> 8x + c
2
x 2x 5 c > 0
i.e. A = 1, B = 2, C = 5 c
19(iii) Quadratic inequality

C
>x
1.2n2 14.4n + 53.7
>x
2
1.2n 14.4n + 53.7 x > 0
i.e. a = 1.2, b = 14.4, c = 53.7 x
2 conditions
(i) A > 0
1.2 > 0
(i) A > 0
1>0
(ii) B 2 4AC
(2)2 4(1)(5 c)
4 + 4(5 + c)
1 + (5 + c)
6+c
c
19(i)
(ii) b2 4ac < 0

(14.4)2 4(1.2)(53.7 x)
207.36 4.8(53.7 x)
43.2
53.7 + x
10.5 + x
x
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
< 6
<0
<0
<0
<0
< 10.5
Combine inequalities:
x < 10.5 and x > 0
0 < x < 10.5
Quadratic function
At C = 10:
1.2n2 14.4n + 53.7 = 10
1.2n2 14.4n + 43.7 = 0
i.e. a = 1.2, b = 14.4, c = 43.7
20(i)
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (14.4)2 4(1.2)(43.7)
= 2.7
<0
not possible to have a cost of production of 10
thousand dollars
y = 0.5t 2 + 7t + k
Height is 26m after 10s,
y|t=10
= 26
2
0.5(10) + 7(10) + k = 26
50 + 70 + k
= 26
k
=6
20(ii) y = 0.5t 2 + 7t + 6
y|t=0 = 6
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
27
Ex 1.3
20(iii) y
> 30
2
0.5t + 7t + 6 > 30
0.5t 2 7t + 24 < 0
t 2 14t + 48 < 0
(t 6)(t 8) < 0
+
22(ii)
=
=
+
8
22
20(iv) Axis of symmetry

= average of t intercepts
23
6+8
2
=7
Maximum point
= y|t=7 = 0.5(7)2 + 7(7) + 6 = 30.5
20(v) y = 0.5(t 7)2 + 30.5
(a)
20(v)
(b)
= 0.5 2 + 7 + 30.5
(7,30.5)
No.
The graphs have different domain.
1st: t 0
2nd : t
21
22(i)
23
2a
2a
(b)2 (b2 4ac)

4a2
4ac
4a2
c
a
[shown]
Yes?
Regardless b2 4ac is less than 0 or not,
LHS is proven to equal RHS
A:
B:
2
y
y = 0.3x + 3
= 0.2x 2 + 1.8
C:
y = 0.08x 2
+2.4
2.4
1.8
30
Comparing x-intercepts,
C
>A >B
30 > 10 > 3
C will send water the farthest
y
= 10
0.5x 2 + 2x + k
= 10
2
0.5x + 2x + k 10 = 0
x 2 4x 2k + 20
=0
(2k
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c =
+ 20)
For water jet to send water to height of 10 m,
b2 4ac
0
(4)2 4(1)(2k + 20) 0
16 4(2k + 20)
0
4 (2k + 20)
0
2 (k + 10)
0
2 + k 10
0
k
8
2a
bb2 4ac
b+b2 4ac
2a
23(iii) Compare modulus of coefficient of x 2 :

A
>B
>C
|0.3| > |0.2| > |0.08|
A will produce the narrowest path
b+b2 4ac
+ =
bb2 4ac
23(ii) Comparing y-intercepts,

A> C
>B
3 > 2.4 > 1.8
A will send water the highest
Incorrect.
He forgets to include m 0
m = 0 Linear equation
=
)(
23(i)
2a
10
(7,30.5)
6
b+b2 4ac
=(
=
6< t<8
bb2 4ac
2a
2b
2a
b
=
a
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
28
Ex 1.4
1(f)
Ex 1.4
1(a)
x2 4
0
(x + 2)(x 2) 0
(x 1)(x + 2) < 0
+ +
2 1
+
2
2 x 2
2 < x < 1
2
2
1
2
1(b)
(x + 3)(x 4) 0
2x 2 4x 3 > x
2x 2 5x 3 > 0
(2x + 1)(x 3) > 0
+ +
3 4
3 x 4
+
3
x < or x > 3
2
3
1(c)
3(a)
(2x + 3)(x 2) > 0

+
x(x 2)
<3
x 2 2x 3 < 0
(x 3)(x + 1) < 0
+ +
1 3
+
2
1 < x < 3
x < or x > 2
2
1(d)
3(b)
+ +
2 6
x(x 5) 0
+
x2
> 4x + 12
2
x 4x 12 > 0
(x 6)(x + 2) > 0
x < 2 or x > 6
+
5
3(c)
x 0 or x 5
4x(x + 1)
3
2
4x + 4x 3
0
(2x + 3)(2x 1) 0
+
0
1(e)
x 2 4x
x(x 4)
+
3(d)
0x4
+
1
0
0
(1 x)2
17 2x
2
x 2x + 1 17 2x
x 2 16
0
(x + 4)(x 4) 0
+ +
4 4
Daniel & Samuel

x 4 or x 4
sleightofmath.com
29

3(e)
(x + 2)2
x 2 + 4x + 4
2x 2 36
x 2 18
(x + 18)(x 18)
+
Ex 1.4
< x(4 x) + 40
< 4x x 2 + 40
<0
<0
<0
6(b)
Discriminant
For two real roots:
b2 4ac
0
2
(2p) 4(9)(1) 0
4p2 36
0
p2 9
0
(p + 3)(p 3) 0
18 18
18 < x < 18
4
S = 600 + 520T 20T 2

S
> 3800
2
600 + 520T 20T > 3800
20T 2 520T + 3200 < 0
T 2 26T + 160
<0
(T 16)(T 10)
<0
+
10
6(c)
< 150
< 150
<0
<0
18
6(a)
5
18
Quadratic equation
px 2 2x + 2p + 1 = 0
i.e. a = p, b = 2, c = 2p + 1
Discriminant
For no real roots:
b2 4ac
(2)2 4(p)(2p + 1)
4 4p(2p + 1)
1 2p2 p
2p2 + p 1
(2p 1)(p + 1)
C = 5x 2 38x + 222
+
3
p 3 or p 3
16
C
5x 2 38x + 222
5x 2 38x + 72
(5x 18)(x 4)
10 < T < 16
5
Quadratic equation
9x 2 + 2px + 1 = 0
i.e. a = 9, b = 2p, c = 1
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
>0
+
1
2
1
<x<4
p < 1 or p >
2
Quadratic equation
x 2 px + p = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = p, c = p
Discriminant
For two distinct real roots:
b2 4ac
>0
(p)2 4(1)p > 0
p2 4p
>0
p(p 4)
>0
+
+
4
p < 0 or p > 4
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
30

6(d)
Ex 1.4
Quadratic equation
2x 2 2px + p2 + p = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 2p, c = p2 + p
Discriminant
For real roots:
b2 4ac
(2p)2 4(2)(p2 + p)
4p2 8(p2 + p)
p2 2(p2 + p)
p2 2p2 2p
p2 2p
p2 + 2p
p(p + 2)
Quadratic equation
3kx 2 + (k 5)x
= 5x 2 + 2
2
(3k 5)x + (k 5)x 2 = 0
i.e. a = (3k 5), b = (k 5), c = 2
Discriminant
For no real roots:
b2 4ac
(k 5)2 4(3k 5)(2)
k 2 10k + 25 +8(3k 5)
k 2 10k + 25 +(24k 40)
k 2 + 14k 15
(k + 15)(k 1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
+ +
15 1
+ +
2 0
15 < x < 1
2 p 0
9
7(a)
1st inequality
x 2 + ax
<b
2
x + ax b < 0
2nd inequality
2 < x < 4 is the solution:
k[x (2)](x 4) < 0
k(x + 2)(x 4)
<0
Compare x 2 : k = 1
Discriminant
For real roots:
b2 4ac
[(2p + 4)]2 4(p)(10 p)
4p2 + 16p + 16 4p(10 p)
p2 + 4p + 4 p(10 p)
p2 + 4p + 4 10p + p2
2p2 6p + 4
p2 3p + 2
(p 1)(p 2)
(x + 2)(x 4) < 0
x 2 2x 8
<0
Compare x: a = 2
Compare x 0 : b = 8
7(b)
Quadratic equation
px 2 p + 10
= 2(p + 2)x
2
px p + 10
= (2p + 4)x
2
px (2p + 4)x + 10 p = 0
i.e. a = p, b = (2p + 4), c = 10 p
1st inequality
2x 2 + a
> bx
2
2x bx + a > 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
+
2
p 1 or p 2
2nd inequality
x < 2 or x > 3 is the solution:
k[x (2)](x 3) > 0
k(x + 2)(x 3)
>0
2
Compare x : k = 2
The opposite is true

p cannot lie between 1 and 2
2(x + 2)(x 3)
>0
2
2(x x 6)
>0
2
2x 2x 12
>0
Compare x: a = 12
Compare x 0 : b = 2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
31

10
Ex 1.4
Quadratic equation
(p + 2)x 2 12x + 2(p 1) = 0
i.e. a = p + 2, b = 12, c = 2(p 1)
Discriminant
For real and distinct roots:
b2 4ac
(12)2 4(p + 2)[2(p 1)]
144 8(p + 2)(p 1)
18 (p2 + p 2)
p2 p + 20
p2 + p 20
(p + 5)(p 4)
12
(1)
2xy + 6 = 0
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
2x(2x + c) + 6 = 0
4x 2 + 2cx + 6
=0
i.e. A = 4, B = 2c, C = 6
Discriminant
For line not to intersect curve:
B 2 4AC
<0
2
(2c) 4(4)(6)
<0
2
4c 4(4)6
<0
2
c 24
<0
(c + 24)(c 24) < 0
+
x 2 xy + y 2 = 1
(2)
Discriminant
For two distinct points:
B 2 4AC
(3k)2 4(3)(k 2 1)
9k 2 12(k 2 1)
3k 2 4(k 2 1)
3k 2 4k 2 + 4
k2 4
(k + 2)(k 2)
5 < x < 4
Line & curve
y = 2x + c
(1)
sub (1) into (2):

x 2 x(2x k) +(2x k)2
x 2 2x 2 + kx +(4x 2 4kx + k 2 )
x 2 + kx
+(4x 2 4kx + k 2 )
3x 2 3kx + k 2
3x 2 3kx + (k 2 1)
i.e. A = 3, B = 3k, C = k 2 1
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
<0
<0
+ +
5 4
11
Line & curve

2x y = k
y = 2x k
=1
=1
=1
=1
=0
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
<0
<0
+ +
2 2
2 < k < 2
13(i)
d
80
2
0.15v + v
80
2
3v + 20v 1600 0 [shown]
13(ii) (3v + 80)(v 20) 0

+
24 24
24 < c < 24
80
+
20
80
v 20
3
Max speed = 20ms 1
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
32
Ex 1.4
14
Compare x:
=6
Total surface area

2r 2 + 2r(6)
2r 2 + 12r 224
r 2 + 6r 112
(r + 14)(r 8)
Compare x 0 : 16 = 4k
k =4
> 224
> 224
>0
>0
>0
+ +
14 8
3(x 5)
3x 15
8
4
Quadratic equation
(k 6)x 2 8x + k = 0
i.e. a = (k 6), b = 8, c = k
Discriminant
b2 4ac
>0
2
(8) 4(k 6)(k) > 0
64 4(k 2 6k)
>0
16 k 2 + 6k
>0
2
k 6k 16
<0
(k 8)(k + 2)
<0
15
x(2x + 1)
>6
2
(i)(b) 2x + x 6
>0
(2x 3)(x + 2) > 0
+
2
(2)
= 12
17
(1)
sub (2) into (1):

p = (4 + 2(4))
r < 14 (rej r > 0) or r > 8

15
5x 7
(i)(a) 5x 7
2x
x
p = (4 + 2k)
+ +
2 8
2 < k < 8
3
2
For minimum point,

(k 6) > 0
k
>6
x < 2 or x >
2
3
2
Combine inequalities,
2 < k < 8 and k > 6
6<k< 8
15
(ii)
3
4 2
4 x < 2
16
or
18(a) x 2 + 2x < 0
x(x + 2) < 0
and x 2 x
>2
2
x x2
>0
(x 2)(x + 1) > 0
+ +
2 0
+ +
1 2
2 < x < 0
x < 1 or x > 2
x>
2
1st inequality
2x 2 + px + 16 < 0
2nd inequality
2 < x < k is solution
A(x 2)(x k)
Compare x 2 : A = 2
2(x 2)(x k)
2(x 2 2x kx + 2k)
2[x 2 (2 + k)x + 2k]
2x 2 4(4 + 2k)x + 4k
Daniel & Samuel

2 1
<0
2 < x < 1
<0
<0
<0
<0
sleightofmath.com
33
Ex 1.4
18(b) x 2
4
2
x 4
0
(x + 2)(x 2) 0
and x 2 6
> 5x
2
x 5x 6 > 0
(x 6)(x + 1) > 0
+ +
2 2
+ +
258.36 258.03
258.36 x 258.03
19(iii) 1 + 2n + 3 n(n 1) 100 000
2
258.36 n 258.03
Largest integer satisfying the above inequality
258
+
4
0x4
20
4
3< x 4
18(d) x x 2 < 9
x
x2
x2 x 0
x(x 1) 0
+
x 2 2x 3 > 0
(x + 1)(x 3) > 0
+ > or x 3 > 0
x > 1 x > 3
3rd step is incorrect
and x 2
<9
2
x 9
<0
(x + 3)(x 3) < 0
We cannot indiscriminately distribute the same

inequality sign to both factors.
+ +
3 3
x 0 or x 1
100 000
3x 2 + x 199 998 0
18(c) 0 < x(x 3) x

0 < x(x 3)
and x(x 3) x
x 2 4x 0
+ +
x(x 4) 0
3
0
2(3)
x = 258.36 or x = 258.03
x 2 or x > 6
112 4(3)(199 998)
19(ii) 1 + 2x + 3 (x 1)x
x < 0 or x > 3
x=
x < 1 or x > 6
1 + 2x + (x 1)x = 100 000

2 + 4x + 3(x 1)x = 200 000
2 + 4x + 3x 2 3x = 200 000
3x 2 + x 199 998 = 0
+ +
1 6
x 2 or x 2
2 1
19(i)
Correct Solution
x 2 2x 3 > 0
(x + 1)(x 3) > 0
3 < x < 3
+ +
1 3
3 < x 0 or 1 x < 3
Daniel & Samuel

x < 1 or x > 3
sleightofmath.com
34
Rev Ex 1
A3(i)
Rev Ex 1
A1
x + 2y = 5
2y
= x + 5
y
= x+
(1)
Sum of roots
2x + y = 2xy
sub (1) into (2):
(2)
x+
5
5
x x+
2x 7x + 5
(2x 5)(x 1)
x=
5
2
or
1 5
2 2
5
y|x=5 = ( ) +
c
a
=
=
1
2
5
2
2 ( )
=5
4
=0
=0
1 2
= ( )
=0
a2 + 2 = ( + )2 2
= x 2 + 5x
2
7
=+ =
Product of roots =
2x + ( x + ) = 2x ( x + )
3
1st equation
2x 2 + x 5 = 0
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 5
Roots: & , where <
A3(ii) ( )2 = 2 2 + 2
= (2 + 2 ) 2
x =1
1
y|x=1 = (1) +
=2
=5
=
2 ( )
4
41
4
1
= 10
4
A2
Perimeter
2x + 2y = 36
x+y
= 18
y
= 18 x
(1)
A3(iii) = 41 or = 41
2
(rej < )
A3(iv) 2nd equation
Square of diagonal length

2
Recall + = ,
2
5
2
(x 2 + y 2 ) = 164
x2 + y2
= 164
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

x 2 +(18 x)2 164
=0
2
2
x +(x 36x + 324) 164 = 0
(2x 2 36x + 324) 164
=0
2
2x 36x + 160
=0
2
x 18x + 80
=0
(x 8)(x 10)
=0
x=8
or x = 10
y|x=8 = 18 (8)
y|x=10 = 18 (10)
= 10
=8
Dimensions are 8 m by 10 m
Roots: 2 & 2
Sum of roots = 2 + (2)
= 2( )
= 2 (
41
)
2
= 41
Product of roots = (2)(2)

= 4
5
= 4 ( ) = 10
2
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
x 2 (41)x +10 = 0
x2 + 41x +10
=0
35
Rev Ex 1
A4(a) Quadratic equation

x2 + 3
= 2x + p
x 2 2x + 3 p = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 p
Discriminant
For real roots:
b2 4ac
(2)2 4(1)(3 p)
4 4(3 p)
1+p3
p
A5(a) x 2 5x + 3 > 5 4x
x2 x 2
>0
(x 2)(x + 1) > 0
+ +
1 2
x < 1 or x > 2
0
0
0
0
2
A4(b) Quadratic equation

2x 2 + 23x + p
= p(x 2 + 2)
2x 2 + 23x + p
= px 2 + 2p
(2 p)x 2 + 23x p = 0
i.e. a = 2 p, b = 23, c = p
1 2
A5(b) Quadratic inequality
3x 2 6x + c
> 4 for all real values of x
2
3x 6x + c 4 > 0
i.e. A = 3, B = 6, C = c 4
2 conditions
(i) A > 0
3>0
a
0
(2 p) 0
p
2
Discriminant
For distinct real roots:
b2 4ac
2
(23) 4(2 p)(p)

12 4(p2 2p)
12 4p2 + 8p
p2 2p 3
(p 3)(p + 1)
(ii) B 2 4AC
(6)2 4(3)(c 4)
36 12(c 4)
3 (c 4)
3c+4
7c
c
c
>0
>0
>0
>0
<0
<0
+ +
1 3
1 < p < 3
Combine inequalities
1 < p < 3 and p 2
1 < p < 2 or 2 < p < 3
A6(i)
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
< 7
>7
Quadratic equation
x 2 + px + 8
=p
2
x + px + 8 p = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = p, c = 8 p
Discriminant
b2 4ac = (p)2 4(1)(8 p)
= p2 32 + 4p
= p2 + 4p 32
= (p + 8)(p 4)
For equal roots:
b2 4ac
=0
(p + 8)(p 4)
=0
p = 8 or p = 4
36
Rev Ex 1
A6(ii) For distinct real roots:

b2 4ac
>0
(p + 8)(p 4) > 0
A7(b) Line & curve

y = px 3
(1)
2
y = 4x + 5
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
px 3
= 4x 2 + 5
2
4x px + 8 = 0
i.e. a = 4, b = p, c = 8
+ +
8 4
p < 8 or p > 4
A6(iii) For a positive & a negative root:
POR < 0
<0
c
<0
Discriminant
For line to intersect curve:
b2 4ac
0
2
(p) 4(4)(8)
0
2
p 128
0
(p + 128)(p 128) 0
8p <0
p
< 8
p
>8
+
2
A7(a) 2x 4x + 5
= 2(x 2 2x)
+5
2
2
= 2[(x 1) 1 ] +5
= 2(x 1)2
+3
turning pt (1,3)
y intercept = 5
shape
= 2( 1)2 + 3
5
(1,3)
p 128 or p 128
largest negative integer is 12
A8(i)
Discriminant
For line to be tangent to the curve:
B 2 4AC
=0
2
(6) 4(2)(5 c) = 0
36 8(5 c)
=0
36 40 + 8c
=0
8c 4
=0
2
=+ =
Product of roots =
1st equation
x 2 4x + 6 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c = 6
Roots: &
Sum of roots
128 128
Line & curve

y = 2x 2 4x + 5 (1)
y = 2x + c
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
2x 2 4x + 5
= 2x + c
2
2x 6x + 5 c = 0
i.e. A = 2, B = 6, C = 5 c
c
a
b
a
=
=
6
1
4
1
=4
=6
2 + 2 = (2 + 2 )
= [( + )2 2]
= ( + )2 3 [shown]
A8(ii) 3 + 3 = ( + ) (2 + 2 )
= ( + ) [( + )2 3]
[42
= (4)
3(6)]
= 8
A8(iii) 2nd equation
Roots: 3 & 3
Sum of roots = 3 + 3 = 8
Product of roots = 3 3 = ()3 = (6)3 = 216
x 2 (SOR)x +POR = 0
x 2 (8)x +(216) = 0
x2 + 8x + 216
=0
37

B1
Rev Ex 1
B2(b) 3 2x x 2 0
x 2 + 2x 3 0
(x + 3)(x 1) 0
x + 2y = 10
2y
= x + 10
1
= x+5
2
2y 7y + x = 1
sub (1) into (2):
+ +
3 1
(2)
3 x 1
(1)
2 ( x + 5) 7 ( x + 5) + x
2
=1
2 ( x 2 5x + 25) + ( x 35) + x
1
( x 2 10x + 50) + ( x 35)

1 2
x
2
1 2
x
2
2
11
2
11
2
=1
x + 15
=1
x + 14
=0
x 11x + 28
(x 4)(x 7)
x=4
=0
=0
y|x=4 = (4) + 5
=3
A(4,3)
3
2
3
b
a
2(p+1)
= 2p + 2
2p+2
(1)
a
p2 +p
2 ( ) (p + 1)
3
8
(p2
9
2
(2)
= p2 + p
+ 2p + 1)
d+c
cd
12
1
(1)
= 12
=1
= 23 [shown]
B3(ii) 2nd equation

Roots:
1
c
&
1
d
Sum of roots
= +
= 23
cd
= (1) = 1
=p +p
= (3) =
8p + 16p + 8
= 9p + 9p
2
p 7p 8
=0
(p + 1)(p 8) = 0
p = 1
or
p=8
|p=1 = 0
a|p=8 = 6
(rej roots are non zero)
2k
6
k
3
k
12
(1)
Product of roots
=p +p
=0
B4(a) 6x 2 2kx + k = 0
Roots: & 3
Sum of roots
= + 3 =
1
2
2p+2 2
+ =
x2 23x + 1
22
=p +p
sub (1) into (2):
3
2 2
(12)
x 2 (SOR)x + (POR) = 0
Product of roots
c
= (2) =
2(
Product of roots = cd =
Sum of roots = c + d = =
B (7, )
= + 2 =
x 2 12x + 1 = 0
i.e. A = 1, B = 12, C = 1
Roots: c & d
B2(a) x 2 2(p + 1)x + p2 + p = 0

Roots: & 2
Sum of roots
1st equation
y|x=7 = (7) + 5
B3(i)
or x = 7
=1
k
6
k
6
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

k 2
3( )
12
k2
48
2
=
=
k
6
k
6
k
= 8k
k 2 8k = 0
k(k 8) = 0
k = 0 (rej k is positive) or k = 8
38
Rev Ex 1
B4(b) x 2
= 3x + 5
2
x 3x 5 = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 3, c = 5
Roots: &
Sum of roots
B5(a) Quadratic inequality

y = x 2 + 2(k 3)x 25 < 0 for all x
i.e. a = 1, b = 2(k 3), c = 25
=+
Product of roots =
1
2
=
=
=
=
b
a
c
a
2 +2
2 2
(+)2 2
()2
32 2(5)
(5)2
19
25
(1)
=
=
3
1
5
1
=3
2 conditions
(i) a < 0
1 < 0
= 5
(ii) b2 4ac
<0
[2(k 3)]2
4(1)(25) < 0
4(k 2 6k + 9) 4(25)
<0
2
(k 6k + 9) 25
<0
2
k 6k 16
<0
(k 8)(k + 1)
<0
+ +
1 8
Show = +
= 5
=
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

1
2
1
2
+
+
1
5 2
( )
25
4
25 +
4
4
4
4
=
=
19
25
19
25
= 192
= 192 25
= 19(3 + 5) 25
= 57 + 95 25
= 57 + 70
1 < k < 8
B5(b) y = (x 3)(x + 1)
(i)
= x 2 2x 3
= (x 1)2 12 3
= (x 1)2 4
turning pt (1,4)
shape
y intercept = 3
= ( 1)2 4
1
Method 2
is a root
2 = 3 + 5
(1)
(1) 2 :
4 = 33 + 52
(2)
(1, 4)
sub (1) into (2):

4 = 3(3 + 5) + 5(3 + 5)
4 = 9a2 + 15 + 15 + 25
4 = 92 + 30 + 25 (3)
sub (1) into (3)
4 = 9(3 + 5) + 30 + 25
4 = 27 + 45 + 30 + 25
4 = 57 + 70
39

B5(b) Quadratic equation
(x 3)(x + 1) = p
(ii)
x 2 2x 3
=p
2
x 2x 3 p = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 p
Discriminant
b2 4ac
=0
(2)2 4(1)(3 p) = 0
4 +12 + 4p = 0
4p
= 16
p
= 4
Quadratic equation with =
x 2 2x 3 (4) = 0
x 2 2x + 1
=0
(x 1)2
=0
x
=1
B6(a) Quadratic equation
(x + 1)2
= h(x + 2)
2
x + 2x + 1
= hx + 2h
2
(2
x + h)x + 1 2h = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = (2 h), c = 1 2h
Discriminant
For real root x:
b2 4ac
0
2
(2 h) 4(1)(1 2h) 0
(h2 4h + 4) 4(1 2h) 0
(h2 4h + 4) 4 + 8h
0
2
h + 4h
0
h(h + 4)
0
+ +
4 0
h 4 or h 0
The opposite is true
h cannot lie between 4 and 0 if x is real
Rev Ex 1
B6(b) Line & curve
y = 3x + k
(1)
y2 = 1 x2
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

(3x + k)2
= 1 x2
9x 2 + 6kx + k 2
= 1 x2
10x 2 + 6kx + k 2 1 = 0
i.e. a = 10, b = 6, c = k 2 1
Discriminant
For 2 distinct points:
b2 4ac
(6k)2 4(10)(k 2 1)
36k 2 40(k 2 1)
9k 2 10(k 2 1)
9k 2 10k 2 + 10
k 2 + 10
k 2 10
(k + 10)(k 10)
+
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
<0
<0
10 10
10 < k < 10
Tangent
k = 10
B7(a) (1 + x)(6 x)
(x + 1)(x 6)
x 2 5x 6
x 2 5x 14
(x 7)(x + 2)
8
8
8
0
0
+ +
2
7
x 2 or x 7
40
Rev Ex 1
B7(b) 2x(x + 2)
< (x + 1)(x + 3)
2
2x + 4x
< x 2 + 4x + 3
2
x 3
<0
(x + 3)(x 3) < 0
B8(ii) Discriminant
b2 4ac = (4)2 4(1)(28)
= 128
0
real roots
3 3
B8(iii) product of roots = = 28 < 0

one root is positive and the other is negative.
time can only be positive and the negative root
is rejected hence the rate is 40
mg/s only at one particular time
3 < x < 3
3 3
B8(i)
Quadratic equation
At r = 40:
(t 10)2 2(t 4)2
(t 2 20t + 100) 2(t 2 8t + 16)
(t 2 20t + 100) 2t 2 + 16t 32
t 2 4t + 68
t 2 + 4t 28
= 40
= 40
= 40
= 40
= 0 [shown]
B8(iv) r = t 2 4t
+68
2
= [t + 4t]
+68
2
2
= [(t + 2) 2 ] +68
= (t + 2)2
+72
turning pt (2,72)
shape
y intercept = 68
(2,72)
68
= ( + 2)2 + 72
41
Ex 2.1
4
Ex 2.1
(7 + 32)
1(a)
18 = 9 3
= 32
(5 25)
= (7)2 + 2(7)(32) +(32)
2
2
[(52 ) 2(5)(25) +(25) ]

1(b)
1(c)
1(d)
2(a)
2(b)
300 = 100 3
= 103
= 49 +422 +9(2) [25 205 +4(5)]
80 = 16 5
= 45
(45 205)
= 67 +422
45 +205
= 22 + 422 205
48 = 16 3
= 43
5(a)
6
3
42
=
=
23 + 53 33 = 43
3
63
+50
5(b)
2
23
2
23
6
2(3)
6
6
(2 + 5)(2 5)= (2)2 (5)

=4
5
= 1
5(c)
12
254
(1 27)
(1)2
2(1)(27) +(27)
=1
47
= 29 47
3(d)
(5 + 18)
=
=
(1 + 3)(2 3) = 1(2 3) +3(2 3)

= 2 3
+23 3
= 1 + 3
3(c)
=
3(b)
= 23
= 42 4 2 +25 2
= 42 22 +52
= 72
3(a)
= 67 +422
12
254
25+4
25+4
245+48
2
(25) (4)2
245+48
2016
245+48
4
= 65 + 12
+4(7)
6(a)
324
4+32
= (5)2 +2(5)18 +(18)
= 25 +1018 +18
= 43 +109 2
= 43 +10(32)
=
=
= 43 +302
324
4+32
432
432
32(432)
4(432)
2
(4)2 (32)
122 9(2)
16+122
169(2)
34+242
2
= 17 122
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
42

6(b)
3+22
322
=
=
=
=
=
6(c)
8
(6+2)
3+22
322
(3)
Ex 2.1
3+22
+23(22)
2
(3) (22)
3
6(d)
3+22
+(22)
50 48
+46
18 12
+4(2)
34(2)
11+46
18 12
50 48
=
=
=
=
=
(6)
=
=
+(2)2
+26(2)
8
6
12(50 + 48)
2
(50) (48)
8
2
50 + 48
18(50 + 48)
5
1146
50 + 48
+ 46
+4
8
10 + 46
8
10 + 46
80 326
(10)2 (46)
80 326
100 16(6)
80 326
=
4
30 + 25 33
106 24
2
6 + 25 33
106
2
6 + (22.5 )(31.5 )
2
106
6 + (22 2)(33)
2
106
6 + 126
106
600 576
50 48
=
10 46
10 46
900 + 864
2
6 + 26
2
= 3 + 6
7(a)
= 20 86
x3 x = 2
x(3 1) = 2
x
=
=
=
=
=
2
31
2
3+1
31
3+1
23+2
2
(3) (1)2
23+2
31
23+2
2
= 3 + 1
Daniel & Samuel

7(b)
2x 3 = 5
2x 3 = 25
= 14
7(c)
21 x = 3
4(1 x) = 3
sleightofmath.com
1x
4
1
4
43

7(d)
8(a)
8 x = x 2
8x =x2
2x
= 10
x
=5
Ex 2.1
9(ii)
= 1800
= 100 18
= 1018
= 109 2
a + b3 = 2 3
= 10(32)
= 302
Equate rational terms:

a=2
Equate irrational terms:
b = 1
8(b)
8(c)
a + b7 = 47 12 7
= 12 + 37
a = 12
b=3
Change in velocity = 302 202

= 102
10(i)
80 3
3 + 25
Total Length
= 2(square perimeter) +4(height)
a + b2 = 3(1 2) + 42
= (3 32) + 42
= 3 + 2
a=3
b=1
9(i)
v|s=90 = 20(90)
v = 20s
= 2(4)(3 + 25)
+4(80 3)
= 8(3 + 25)
+416 5 12
= 24 + 165
+4(45) 12
= 24 + 165
+165 12
= 12 + 325
10(ii) Volume
= (square base)
(height)
= (3 + 25)
v|s=40 = 20(40)
(80 3)
2
= 800
= [(3)2 + 2(3)(25) + (25) ] (16 5 3)
= 100 8
= (9
= 108
+ 125
+ 20)
(45 3)
= 104 2
= (125 + 29)
(45 3)
= 10(22)
= 125(45 3)
+29(45 3)
= 48(5) 365
+1165 87
= 202
= 153 + 805
11(a) 412
3
3
2
= 44 3 3
3
= 4(23)
= 83
3
3
2
3
3
18
3
18
3
3
3
183
3
63
= 3
3
Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
44

11(b)
4
2
=
=
=
4
2
2
2
42
128
3
642
3
2
42
Ex 2.1
82
3
82
3
8
= 22
2
3
= 22
2
3
12(b)
(273)
8
2
42
2
22
1
2
1
2
+ 2
2
= 2
6
11(c)
=
=
2
6
26
6
1
= 6
3
= 6
3
4
27
4
93
4
4
33
( 3
9
37
=
=
=
37
37
37
=
=
=
=
813
2
93
2
9
+ 3
2
+
93
2
9
5
43
5
23
=
)
5
23
53
2(3)
3
3
1
4(7)
127
+9
37127
1
37127
37+127
37+127
37+127
2
(37)2 (127)
37+127
1369144(7)
37+127
361
247
361
1
2
(27) +2(27)(3)+(3)2
1
4(7)
37+127
1
37+127
432
43+2
43+2
43+2
2
(43) (2)2
43+2
37127
(37)2 (127)
37127
37127
361
38
= 44 3 +39 2
= 4(23) +2(32)
= 83
+92
= 83
+92
(52 + 23)
= 83
+92
52 23
43+2
44
1369144(7)
13(a) (3 3)2
16(3)4
37127
5223
38
5223
52+23
52+23
38(52+23)
2
(52) (23)
38(52+23)
25(2)4(3)
38(52+23)
38
= 42 + 63
37127
= 412 +318
+9
3)
6
+127
+ 3
2
12(c) 6(42 + 33)
(32)
27
5
12
(27)
2(27)(3) +(3)2
3)
432
9 2
27
243
2
1
2
1
(27+3)
18
27
37
3(3)
= 6
3
43
33
= 6
3
12(a)
2
43+2
2
43+2
834
2
(43) (2)2
= 12 63
= 12 63
10 53
23
2+3
= 9 63 + 3
432
432
5
23
2+3
10+53
43
= 2 113
834
16(3)4
834
44
643
44
3
22
1
11
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
45

13(b)
s2 +1
s+2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(15)
Ex 2.1
15(b) 6 5x x = 2x
= x
6 5x
6 5x
= x2
x 2 + 5x 6 = 0
(x + 6)(x 1) = 0
x = 6 or x = 1 (rej)
+1
(15)+2
(125+5) +1
35
725
35
3+5
3+5
7(3+5)
25(3+5)
(3)2 (5)
21+75
15(c) x + 5 + x
=1
=1x
x + 5
x+5
= x 2 2x + 1
x 2 3x 4 = 0
(x 4)(x + 1) = 0
x = 1 or x = 4 (rej)
65+2(5)
95
11+5
4
11
4
14(i)
+ 5
4
4+
16
(4 +
= (5 4 3) (4 +
= (5 23)
= (5 23)
(4 +
6
3
6
3
63
3
)
3
3
=
=
(4 + 23)
= 8 + 23
14(ii) By Pythagoras Theorem,
Square of the length of diagonal
2
+ (4 +
10
40 5
40 + 5
40 + 5
400 + 50
2
20 + 25 2
40 5
20 + 52
35
4 + 2
7
+
[given]
7
83 4(3)
= (5 12)
10
405
(40) (5)
= 5(4 + 23) 23(4 + 23)

= 20 + 103
= x5 + 10
(40 5) = 10
5 12
Area = (5 12)
x40
6
3
= (5)2 2(5)12 + (12) + (16 +
48
3
48
36
3
= 25 1012 + 12
+ (28 +
= 37 104 3
+ (28 +
= 37 10(23)
+ (28 +
= 37 203
+(28 + 163)
48
3
483
3
3
3

a=4
b=2
= 65 43
15(a) 2 + x x
=0
=x
2 + x
2+x
= x2
x2 x 2
=0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
x = 1 (rej) or x = 2
Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
46
Ex 2.1
17(a) 3 + a5 = b(3 5) 2(3 + 5)

= 3b b5
18
6 25
a + b7
= 3b 6
(b + 2)5
3 = 3b 6
3b = 9
b =3
(1)
a = (b + 2) (2)
sub (1) into (2):
a = ((3) + 2)
=
=
=
17(b) a b7 = (2 + 7)(2 7) +7
= (2)2 (7)
=47
= 3 + 7
a = 3
b = 1
= 1
+7
+7
324
2
(4)2 2(4)7 + (7)

324
16
87
324
+7
23 87
324
23 87
23 + 87
23 + 87
324(23 + 87)
2
(23)2 (87)
324(23 + 87)
529 64(7)
324(23 + 87)
81

a = 92
b = 32
+b8
2
13
= 92 + 327
= (3)2 2(3)(22) + (22)
+b4 2
=9
+b(22)
= 17 122
= 17 +(2b 12)2
a = 17
1 = 2b 12
18
47
= 4(23 + 87)
17(c) a + 2 = (3 22)2
122
18
47
=(
=
= 5
b=
a + b7 =
+ 4(2)
+2b2
19(a) (a + 32)(3 42)
= 18 + b2
a(3 2) +32(3 42) = 18 + b2

3a a2 +92 12(2)
3a 24 +(9 4a)2
= 18 + b2
= 18 + b2

3a 24 = 18
3a
=6
a
=2
(1)
9 4a = b
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
9 4(2) = b
b
=1
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
47

19(b) (3 23)(4 + a3)
3(4 + a3)
Ex 2.1
= b 233
19(d)
23(4 + a3) = b 233
12 + 3a3
83 2a(3)
12 6a
+(3a 8)3
12 6a = b
(1)
2+47
= 4 7
a+b7
2 + 47 = (4 7)(a + b7)
= b 233
= b 233
= 4(a + b7)
= 4a + 4b7
= 4a 7b
2 = 4a 7b
4a = 7b + 2

3a 8 = 23
3a
= 15
a
= 5
(2)
sub (2) into (1):
12 6(5) = b
b
= 42
7b+2

4 = 4b a (2)
sub (1) into (2):
4 = 4b (
7b+2
4
= 6 43
a(5 33)
+b3(5 33)
= 6 43
16 = 16b 7b 2
9b = 18
b = 2
5a 3a3
+5b3 3b(3)
5a 9b
+(5b 3a)3
5a 9b = 6
= 6 43
= 6 43
Put b = 2 into (1):
9b+6
5
a|b=2 =
20(i)
9b+6
5
= 4
(2 3) = (2)2 2(2)3 + (3)

+3
20(ii) 28 163= 4(7 43)

2
25b 27b 18 = 20
2b
= 2
b
=1
= 4(2 3)
The two square roots are 2(2 3)

i.e. 4 23 or 4 + 23
Put b = 1 into (1):

a|b=1 =
=4
43
= 7 43
sub (1) into (2):

5b 3 (
7(2)+2
=4
(1)

5b 3a = 4
(2)
a7 b(7)
+(4b a)7
(1)
19(c) (a + b3)(5 33)
7(a + b7)
9(1)+6
5
=3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
48
Ex 2.1
20(iii) 34 242 = c + d2
21(ii)
2
34 242 = (c + d2)
1
2
= (c)2 +2(c)(d2) +(d2)

= c 2 +2cd2
= c 2 + 2d2
34 = c 2 + 2d2 (1)
24 = 2cd
c
12
10
+d2 (2)
+2cd2
62+73
= (
34
34d2
144
d2
602703
36(2)49(3)
602703
75
4
) + 2d2
+ 2d2
= 144 + 2(d2 )2
14
+
1
3+32
1
3+32
332
332
332
2
(3) (32)
332
15
2 + 3
5
15
3 2
R2
15
3 + 5 2
R2
= 3 + 2
c|d=3 =
= 4
=4
V = IR
= 56 [
1
10
(62 + 73)]
= 6(62 + 73)
2
= 312
= 34 3
+ 18
2
1
R2
1
R2
32
3+2
3+2
32
= a + 1 a
=
4 + 32 or 4 32
1
R2
3+2
R2
3
12
1
R2
=0
12
1
R2
32
(d2 )2 17d2 + 72
c|d=3 =
1
R2
1
R2
R2
R2
a+a+1
332
39(2)
=0
22(i)
2(d2 )2 34d2 + 144
(d2 9)(d2 8)
=0
2
2
d =9
d =8
d = 3 d = 22
(rej non-surds)
21(i)
6273
12 2
d
6273
602703
sub (2) into (1):

34
(62) (73)
(2)
1
(62+73)
10
1
R1
1
a + a + 1
1
a + a + 1
a a + 1
a (a + 1)
a a + 1
1
a a + 1
a a + 1
= a + 1 a [shown]
+ 9 2
2
22(ii)
1+2
= (2 1)
= 3(23)
+ (32)
= 63
21
2
2+3
1
3+4
+ +
1
8+9
Method of Difference
[
]
Telescopic Sum Concept
+(3 2)
+(4 3)
+
+(9 8)
= 9 1
=31
=2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
49

23
Ex 2.1
x 2 x 2 + 3x 2 + x 6 = 0
x 2 x 2
= 3x 2 + x 6
x2 x 2
= 9(x 2 + x 6)
x2 x 2
= 9x 2 + 9x 54
8x 2 + 10x 52
=0
4x 2 + 5x 26
=0
(4x + 13)(x 2) = 0
x=
13
4
(rej) or x = 2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
50
Ex 2.2
2(b)
Ex 2.2
when y = 16:
3
2x 2 = 16
1(a)
1(b)
(23 32 )0 = 1
4
(23)
x2 = 8
2
= (8)3
x
x
= (23 )3
= 4
= 2 (3)
1
2
= 24 (3 )
= 16(3)2
= 144
1(c)
93 33
6
3(a)
16x = (24 )x
= (2x )4
= u4
3(b)
22x+3 = (22x ) (23 )

= (2x )2 (23 )
= 8u2
3(c)
4x1 = (22 )x1

= 22x2
= 22x 22
(32 )3 33
6
1
(27)3
6
1
(33 )3
6
3
6
1
=
2
1(d)
254
= (2x )2
53 56
= (52 )
1
4
1
3
1
6
1
3
1
6
=5
5 5
3(d)
1 1 1
52+3+6
=
= 51
=5
1(e)
33 30 93
2
273
30
33
42x = (22 )2x

= 212x
= (21 ) (2)2x
(2x )2
=2
(u)2
=2
(32 )3
2
(33 )3
1
33
= u2
5 5
1
2
33
4(a)
32
2
u2
2x 2y
= 23 2x 22
1 2
33+32
=
= 31
= 23+x2
=
3
2(a)
y=
4(b)
2x
42x+1
x
3
2x 2
3
y|x=9 = 2(9)2
3
21 (24x )
=2
= 2x
24x+2
21+4x
= 2x
+4x+2
1+4x
= 29x+1
= 2(32 )2
= 2(33 )
= 54
Daniel & Samuel

(22 )2x+1
(16x )
sleightofmath.com
51

4(c)
4 x1
Ex 2.2
6(b)
8y
2( a)+( a)
32
1
22x2
25
3
5
y
2
2
2x+1
7(a)
(23 )
x+2
15
2
17 (2 )
7(b)
17
2
+a3 b 3 a3 b 3 + b
= a3
=a
172
2
2
7(c)
= 33
23
=3
2( 9 + 6 + 4)
3
= 27 + 18 + 12
18 12 8
= 27
=1
+ (4)(5)(52x )
5x+2
+ 4(52x+1 )
( 3 2)( 9 + 6 + 4)
= 3( 9 + 6 + 4)
7(d)
(a2 + 2a4 b 4 + b 2 )
1
(a2 2a4 b 4 + b 2 )
1
= [(a2 + b 2 ) + 2a4 b 4 ] [(a2 + b 2 ) 2a4 b 4 ]

1
= (a2 + b 2 )
(2a4 b 4 )
= (a + 2a2 b 2 + b)
2a2 b 2
=a+b
= 5x
(a)
5x+2
52x+2
= (a3 + b 2 ) b 2
x+2
( a3 + b 2 + b) ( a3 + b 2 b)
522x
+ 20(52x )
5x+2
5(52x+1 )
53x
52x+1
= (a3 + b 2 + b)(a3 + b 2 b)
52x+1
52x+1
17
2
(52 )1x
+ 3(52x )
+ 17(52x )
52x+1
=a+b
53x 251x
52x+1 + 3(25x ) + 17(52x )
53x
= a a3 b 3 + a3 b 3
23x+2
= 162
17(23x+1 )
= 162
= a3 (a3 a3 b 3 + b 3 ) +b 3 (a3 a3 b 3 + b 3 )
23x+6
= 162
(a3 + b 3 ) (a3 a3 b 3 + b 3 )
17(2)(23x )
3 2x+1
(22 )
=2
6(a)
= 3a9
1
4
2
3a3
a9
(8)
+ a3
a9
3 5
222x+2y2
8x+2 34(23x )
2a3
1
5(b)
(a2 )9
(23 )y
= 22y2x2
5(a)
+(a6 )
23y5
= 222x 2
=
2(a3 )
a2
= (22 )x1
1 2
1
3
12
( a )
4
12
a4
= (a2 ) (a4 )
a4
= a2
=a
a4
a3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
52

8
(3) +(3)
33.5
Ex 2.2
+(3)
+32.5
12
+42(3) = 3k
+31.5
+423
= 3k
33 3 +32 3 +33
+423
= 3k
3(33 +32
+42)
= 3k
+3
2n1
P = (2 + 5)
2n
2n
3(81)
=3
1
2
(2 + 5)
2 + 5
(4 + 45 + 5)
2 + 5
(3 ) (34 ) = 3k
342
= 3k
33
11
6
17
6
5
2
5
2 )2
(23
= 2x 3y pz
3p
2 )2
x y z
=2 3 p
14(i)
(a)
(21 x 1 )r
u = 2x
v = yx
2x+1 +y 2 (y x2 ) = 11
2x 2 +y x
= 11
2u +v
= 11
= 2x 3y pz
1
(1)
,y = 3 ,z = 8
(2n )21
3(2n )
+4(2n+2 )
n)
n )22
3(2
+4(2
= 2n [21
+4(22 )]
= 2n (2
+16)
14(i)
(b)
(22 )
1
x+1
2
2x 22
4u
10(ii) 2n+1 3(2n ) + 4(2n+2 ) = 15(2n )

15 is a factor,
it is divisible by 15
4n
+5(4n+1 )
= 4n +5(4n )(4)
= 4n +20(4n )
= 4n +20(4n )
= 19(4)n
42x+1
2x+2
= 15(2n )
11
(22 32 p3 ) = 2x 3y pz
2n+1
=
(23 2 )8r
= 2244r x163r [shown]
3
2
2 2 32 p8
2
1 r
(8x 2 )8r ( )
= 2243r x162r (2r x r )
[shown]
2x
(24p2 )
(210 35 p5 )
11
13
=2 3 p
3 p
= 2x 3y pz
x y z
=2 3 p
13
2
x = 1 ,y = 2 ,z = 6
(144p2 )
= (5 2)(9 + 80)
x y z
p5
22 32 p 2
2 3 p
x=
(9 + 45) (2 5)
45
= (5 2)(9 + 165)
= 2x 3y pz
54p5
2 3 3 3 p4
10(i)
2 5
11
2 5
(36p6 )3
(24
= (5 2)(9 + 45)
(22 32 p6 )3
9(b)
9(a)
= (2 + 5) (2 + 5)
+51 y x = 4
1
+ yx
5
1
+ yx
5
1
+ yx
5
1
+ v
5
=4
=4
=4
=4
(2)
14(ii) 2(1) (2):

1
2v v = 22 4
5
9
5
22n+1
(22n )(2)
(22 )n (2)
4n (2)
= 18
= 10
(3)
sub (3) into (1):

2u + 10 = 11
u
=
2
19 is a factor,
it is divisible by 19
Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
53

15(ii) ax = b y = (a)w
14(iii) (4y)x = 4x y x
= (2x )2 y x
= (u)2 v
1 2
Ex 2.2
ax = b y
(10)
=( )
2
a = bx
(1)
=
2
15(i)
a w
by = ( )
sub (1) into (2):
= bx
(1)
(2)
by
sub (1) into (2):
= [b
yz
( +z)
x
by = b
yz
y = +z
= z(
xy
y+x
= w ( 1)
= w(
yx
x
y+x
= (b x1 )
y
xy
= z ( + 1)
=( )
wy
= [(b ) b]
y
+1
x
bx
b y = b x w
wy
y =
w
y
x
b
b y = (ab)z
by
(2)
ax = b y
x
yx
x
=w
=
xy
yx
[shown]
=z
=
xy
y+x
[shown]
Daniel & Samuel

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54

2(d)
Ex 2.3
1(a)
Ex 2.3
32x = 27
32x = 33
2x = 3
3
x
=
2
1(b)
4x = 32
22x = 25
2x = 5
1(c)
3x
3
x
2
3(i)
1
3
= 2
1 x+2
( )
=3
3
= 31
2x 4 = 1
2x4
22x
2x1
2x+1
= 10
= 10
= 101
=1
1
=
2(c)
3(2x1 )
= 2x + 4
x )(21 )
3(2
= 2x + 4
3(2x ) ( )
= 2x + 4
(2x )
= 2x + 4
(2x )
=4
sub u = 3x :
u
= (23 )2x
= 263x
5(a)
4x 6 16x+1 = 0
2
4x 6
= 16x+1
2
4x 6
= (42 )x+1
2
4x 6
= 42x+2
x2 6
= 2x + 2
x 2 2x 8 = 0
(x 4)(x + 2) = 0
x = 4 or x = 2
Daniel & Samuel

= 4 3 ( )
u
u2
= 4u 3
2
u 4u + 3
=0
(u 3)(u 1) = 0
u=3
or u = 1
x
sub u = 3 :
sub u = 3x :
x
3 =3
3x = 1
3x = 31
3x = 30
x =1
x =0
= 82x
=5
3x = 4 3 ( x )
=0
3x = 4 3(3x )
x + 1 = 6 3x
4x
x2 + x 2
2x1
=2x
33x
2x = 8
2x = 23
x =3
4x
x2
32x+2
3(ii)
2(b)
= 32x
27x
2
=8
sub u = 2x :
u=8
(32 )x+2
4x (52x )
22x (52x )
102x
2x
x
=3
2(a)
3x
2
1
1(d)
2
=2
3
x = 3
x
3x
x = 2 or x = 1
(2) =
(x + 2)(x 1) = 0
9x+1
3x
sleightofmath.com
52x 6(5x ) +5 = 0
(5x )2 6(5x ) +5 = 0
sub u = 5x :
u2 6u + 5
=0
(u 1)(u 5) = 0
u=1
or
u=5
x
sub u = 5 :
sub u = 5x :
x
5
=1
5x = 5
5x = 51
5x = 50
x =1
x =0
55

5(b)
7(a)
22x 10(2x ) +16

(2x )2 10(2x ) +16
sub a = 2x :
a2 10a
+16
(a 2)(a 8)
a=2
or
sub a = 2x :
2x = 2
x =1
2x+1
Ex 2.3
=0
=0
7(b)
3x
9y
=0
=0
a=8
sub a = 2x :
2x = 8
2x = 23
x =3
3x
32y
3x2y
35x (32y ) =
5x+2y
= 33
= 33
= 2y + 3
(1)
2nd eqn
1
42x (26y ) =
2
= 3(2 + 2
22x 2
= 3(2x ) + 2
(2x )2 2
= 3(2x ) + 2
x
sub u = 2 :
2u2
= 3u + 2
2u2 3u 2 = 0
(2u + 1)(u 2) = 0
1
u=2
u=
or
2
sub u = 2x :
sub u = 2x :
2x = 2
1
2x =
2
2x = 21
x
(rej 2 > 0)
x = 1[shown]
5x (252y )
=1
x ((52 )2y )
5
= 50
x (54y )
5
= 50
5x+4y
= 50
x + 4y
=0
x
= 4y
= 27
x 2y = 3
x)
35x (9y )
1st eqn
24x+6y
= 22
4x + 6y = 2
sub (1) into (2):
4(2y + 3) + 6y
8y + 12 + 6y
14y
y
(2)
= 2
= 2
= 14
= 1
Put y = 1 into (1):

x|y=1 = 2(1) + 3
=1
8(i)
2 4m = (2 4m )n
1
= (2 22m )n
1
= (22m+1 )n
(1)
=2
2m+1
n
[shown]
9
1
32
2
3
=3
5x + 2y = 2
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

5(4y) + 2y = 2
18y
= 2
1
y
=
9
Put y =
1
9
into (1):
1
x|y=1 = 4 ( )
9
=
9
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
56

8(ii)
Ex 2.3
1st eqn
n
2 4m = 8
2m+1
n
9(c)
2
=2
2m+1
=3
n
2m+1
(1)
27m
= 10(3x )
(32 )x+1
+1
= 10(3x )
32x+2
+1
= 10(3x )
(32x )(32 ) +1
= 10(3x )
9(3x )2
= 10(3x )
+1
= 81
9u2
= 34
9u2 10u + 1 = 0
3
= 34
3m 2n 2 = 4
3m 2n
=6
(9u 1)(u 1) = 0
9n+1
33m
32n+2
3m2n2
u=
(2)
3m 2 (
3m (
2m+1
3
4m+2
9m 4m 2
5m
m
=6
u=1
sub u = 3x :
3x = 1
3x = 30
x =0
=6
9(d)
= 18
= 20
= 4
2(4)+1
3
sub u = 4 :
1
4x =
2
22x = 21
2x = 1
1
x
=
9(e)
2(3x )
= 34 3x
3(3x )
= 34
3x
= 33
=3
(9)
2x
3x+2
32x 3x+2
= 3x 9
(3 )2 (3 )(32 )
= 3 9
(3 )2 9(3 )
= 3 9
u2 10u + 9
=0
(u 9)(u 1) = 0
= 9
or
x
sub u = 3 :
3x = 9
3x = 32
x =2
10(a) 8x (4y )
5(7x )
=5
7x
=1
2 2 22y
7x
= 70
2 2 +2y
=0
3x
3x
3x
2
sleightofmath.com
= 1
sub u = 3x :
3x = 1
3x = 30
x =0
= 322
1
= 25 (22 )
1
= 252
+ 2y = 5
3x + 4y
Daniel & Samuel
= 3x 9
sub u = 3x :
x
= 2(7x ) + 3
7(7x ) 2 = 2(7x ) + 3
= 34 3x
(3 )2 10(3 ) + 9 = 0
sub u = 4 :
4x = 2
22x = 21
2x = 1
1
x
=
6(3x1 )
6(3x )(31 ) = 34 3x
2(16x )
= 5(4x ) 2
2(4x )
= 5(4x ) 2
x )2
2(4
= 5(4x ) 2
sub u = 4x :
2u2
= 5u 2
2
2u 5u + 2 = 0
(2u 1)(u 2) = 0
1
u=2
u=
or
7x+1 2
or
=3
= 10u
3x = 32
x = 2
Put m = 4 into (1):

n|m=4 =
+1
sub u = 3 :
1
3x =
sub (1) into (2):
9(b)
+1
sub u = 3x :
2nd eqn
9(a)
9x+1
1
2
= 11 [shown]
(1)
57

10(b)
3y
Ex 2.3
12
= (3x )
9x
3y
1 (3x )
=3
32x
y2x2
3
= 31+x
2
y 2x = 1 + x
y
= 2x 2 + x 1 [shown]
10(c) sub (2) into (1):
3x + 4(2x 2 + x 1)
3x + (8x 2 + 4x 4)
8x 2 + 7x 4
8x 2 + 7x 15
(8x + 15)(x 1)
x=
15
8
y|x=15 = 4
8
11
r2
4
r2
4
r2
4
32
3r x r
( x 2 )
3 x
9x2
9
2 6r
( )
2 6r
r 2 (3r ) ( )
9
2 6r
r 2 (3r ) ( )
9
6r
u2
x3
27
2
9
4(3x )
9
x 3r12
= kx 3
=k
2 6(3)
(1)
13
(27) ( )
=k
=k
4u
x 2 8x 2 = 7
8
x2
(2)
(3)2 (3(3) ) ( )
9
2 3
u
= 12u 27
2
u 12u + 27 = 0
(u 3)(u 9) = 0
u=3
u=9
sub u = 3x :
sub u = 3x :
3x = 3 or
3x = 9
x
1
3 =3
3x = 32
x=1
x=2
y|x=1 = 2(1) 3
y|x=2 = 2(2) 3
= 1
=1
= kx 3
x 2r12 = kx 3
Compare power of x:
3r 12 = 3
3r
=9
r
=3
sub (2) into (1):
27
Compare coefficient:
3x
sub u = 3x :
6r
(1)
= 4 ( ) 1
27
(3x )2
y|x=1 = 2
(3x)r
32x
x=1
= 16x
= 24x
= 24x
= 4x
= 4x 6
= 2x 3
2nd eqn
3y = 4(3x2 ) 1
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
32x3
= 4(3x2 ) 1
2x
3
3 3
= 4(3x 32 ) 1
= 11
= 11
= 11
=0
=0
or
5
(2)
1st eqn
64(4y )
26 (22y )
26+2y
6 + 2y
2y
y
=7
x2
sub u = x 2 :
8
u
=7
u
u2 7u 8 = 0
(u 8)(u + 1) = 0
u=8
or
u=1
=
3
sub u = x 2 :
3
x2 = 8
3
x 2 = 23
x = 22
x = 4
14
sub u = x 2 :
3
x2 = 1
x =1
No.
Counter example
when a = 1 & b = 1,
(1)x (1)y = (1)2 (1)5
LHS = RHS when x, y
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
58

15
Ex 2.3
Method 1 (Substitution)
x 3x 4
=0
sub u = x:
u2 3u 4
=0
(u 4)(u + 1) = 0
u=4
or
u=1
sub u = x:
sub u = x:
x = 4
x = 1
x = 16
x = 1 (rej)
Method 2 (Square both sides)
x 3x 4
=0
x4
= 3x x 4 > 0, x > 0
2
(x 4)
= 9x
x 2 8x + 16 = 9x
x 2 17x + 16 = 0
(x 1)(x 16) = 0
x = 1 (rej) or x = 16
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
59
Ex 2.4
2(c)
Ex 2.4
1(a)
1 x
y = 4x
base 4 > 1, graph slopes up
= 2( )
3
1(b)
= 4
1 x
y=( )
3
1
0 < base < 1, graph slopes down
2(d)
1(c)
=( )
3
1(d)
3(i)
y = ex
base e > 1, graph slopes up
=
y = 3(5.1)x
base 5.1 > 1, graph slopes up
= 3(5.1)
y = 50 000(1.04)x
y|x=0 = 50 000(1.04)0
= $50 000
3(ii)
y|x=5 = 50 000(1.04 )5
= $60 833
4(i)
y = 40(1.4)x

3
= 2(3 )
2
y = 2(3x )
= 2(31 )x
y = x
base > 1, graph slopes up
y|x=0 = 40(1.4)0
= 40
2(a)
y|x=6 = 40(1.4)6
= 301
4(iii)
y|x=24 = 40(1.4)24
= 128 568
5(i)
T = 90(0.98)x
y = 6ex
base e > 1, graph slopes up
= 6
2(b)
4(ii)
T|x=0 = 90(0.98)0
= 90
5(ii)
T|x=10 = 90(0.98)10
= 73.5
5(iii)
T|x=60 = 90(0.98)60
= 26.8
y = 2e
= 2(e1 )x
1 x
= 2( )
e

e
= 2
2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
60

6
Ex 2.4
y = 3(5x )
9(ii)
y = 3(0.2)x
0 < base 0.2 < 1, graph slopes down
= 3(5 )
3
= 3(0.2)
y|x=10 = 45 000(1.02)10
= 54 855
y = 3(2x )
= 3(2 )
6
3
=6
7(iii)
One intersection
One solution
8(i)
P = 600(2 + e0.2t )
y = 45 000(1.02)x
base 1.02 > 1, graph slopes up
= 45 000(1.02)
f(x) = 3(5x )
f(x) = 3(5x )
= 3(51 )x
= 3(0.2)x
y = f(x) and y = f(x) are reflection of each other
in the y-axis
7(i)
7(ii)
45 000
P|t=12 = 600(2 + e0.2(12) )

= 1254
8(iii)
t , e0.2t 0,
P 600(2 + 0) = 1200
9(i)
y = 45 000(1.02)
10(i)
C = 4.86e0.047t
C|t=0 = 4.86e0
= 4.86g/ml
10(ii) C|t=10 = 4.86e0.047(10)

= 3.04g/ml
10(iii) C|t=24 = 4.86e0.047(24)
= 1.57g/ml
10(iv) t , e(0.047t) 0,
C 0
10(v) C = 4.86e0.047t
= 4.86(e0.047 )t
= 4.86 (
P|t=0 = 600(2 + e0 )
= 1800
8(ii)
end of 2021:
x = 2021 2011
= 10
1
e0.047
0 < base
e0.047
< 1, graph slopes down
4.86
= 4.86 0.047
end of 2015:
x = 2015 2011
=4
y|x=4 = 45 000(1.02)4
= 48 709
Daniel & Samuel

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61

11
Ex 2.4
1 x
12(iv) m
y = 2x = (21 )x = ( )
1
405 ( ) = 80

2
2 t
3
2
= 8(2 )
13(i)
= 2
16
( )
( )
3
t
=( )
3
=4
3
2 t
y = 8(2x )
( , 22)
= 80
2 t
81
2 4
V = Aekt
Initial value of the car is $60 000:
V|t=0
= 60 000
k(0)
Ae
= 60 000
A
= 60 000
y=2
(1)
y = 8(2x )
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
2x
= 8(2x )
22x = 8
22x = 23
2x = 3
3
x
=
(3)
Value of the car is $39 366 after 4 years:

V|t=4
= 39366
Aek(4)
= 39366
4k
60 000e
= 39366
A = 60 000
39 366
4k
e
=
(e
60 000
9 4
k 4
=( )
sub (3) into (1):

3
( )
V = 60 000 ( )
10
= 60 000(0.9)t [shown]
13(ii) V = 60 000(0.9)t
2 t
m = 405 ( )
3
2 0
m|t=0 = 405 ( )
3
= 405g
12(ii)
10
9 t
y = 2 2 = 21.5 = 22
3
( , 22)
12(i)
10
9
60 000
2 3
m|t=3 = 405 ( )
3
= 60 000(0.9)
= 120g
12(iii) Amount decayed in 3 years
= m|t=0 m|t=3
= 405 120
= 285g
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
62
Rev Ex 2
A2(b)
Rev Ex 2
A1(i)
(5 2)x = 5 + 2
x
5+2
5+2
52
5+2
5+2
(5) +2(5)(2) +(2)2

(5)
5
(2)2
+45
+4
54
= 9 + 45
A1(ii) x
= 9 + 45
1
x
1
9+45
1
= 9 + 45
= 9 + 45
= 9 + 45
= 9 + 45
+9 45
9+45
945
945
945
(9)2 (45)
= 42
945
50
25 2
2
3
2
52
2
2
= 42
52
2
2
= 42
52
2
2
= 42
52
2
2
23
12
96
3
2
2
166
3
2
2
2
2
( 6 6
3
3
2
2
( 6 6
3
3
2
2
( 6 6
3
3
2
2
( 6 6
3
3
2
2
(106)
2
2
46
3
2
6
26
6
1
6
3
4
4
3216
2
= k3
323 33
2
323 33
2
= k3
= k3
3(21.5 )(31.5 )
2
3(22)(33)
2
186
= k3
= k3
= k3
+96)
= k3
+96)
= k3
= k3
512
= k3
5(4 3)
= k3
5(23)
= k3
103
= k3
k = 10
= 42
8116(5)
= 18
A2(a) 42
128
3
52
3
3
3
2
2
+
+
+
+
+
A3(a) x 2 7
=3
2
x 7
=9
2
x 16
=0
(x + 4)(x 4) = 0
x = 4 or x = 4
7
72
7
362
7
62
7
62
7
6(2)
7
12
2
2
A3(b) 2x + 3 4x
3 4x
3 4x
4x 2 + 4x 3
(2x + 3)(2x 1)
x = or x =
A3(c)
x
18x
=0
= 2x
= 4x 2
=0
=0
(rej)
1
3
3x
= 1 8x
2
9x
= 1 8x
2
9x + 8x 1 = 0
(9x 1)(x + 1) = 0
x=
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
1
9
or x = 1 (rej)
63

A3(d)
4x
A5(b) 4x1 + 16x

= 66
(4x )(41 ) + (42 )x = 66
= 2(2x1 )
8
22x
= 22 (2x1 )
23
1
4
1
x
2
2x3
= 66
4u2 + u 264
=0
(4u + 33)(u 8) = 0
5
2
u=
1st eqn
8 4y
23 22y
23+2y
3 + 2y
2x
x
= 66
sub u = 4 :
u
+ u2
(4x ) + (4x )2
x
=2
2x 3 = x
A4
Rev Ex 2
2x1
=2
= 22x1
= 22x1
= 2x 1
= 4 + 2y
=y+2
33
or
sub u = 4x :
4x =
u=8
sub u = 4x :
33
4x = 8
4
x
4x = 23
22x = 23
2x = 3
(rej 4 > 0)
(1)
x
2nd eqn
3y 3x
A6(i)
= 81
x
= 34
=4
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

y+2
y+
=4
A6(ii) m|t=2 = 300e0.85(2)

= 54.8mg
A6(iii) y = 300e0.85t
= 300(e1 )0.85t
y + + 1= 4
3
1 0.85t
=3
m = 300e0.85t
m|t=0 = 300e0
= 300mg
(3y ) (32 ) = 34
3y+2
x
y+
= 300 ( )
e
=2

e
Put y = 2 into (1):

x|y=2 = (2) + 2
=4
x)
A5(a) 2(4
x)
2(4
x+2
+4
+
(4x )(42 )
2(4x ) + 16(4x )
x)
18(4
= 9(4
= 9(
sub u = 4x :
18u
1
4 0.5
1
4
B1(a) x 8 x
(x 8)x
4
1
4x
x
= 41
= 1
Daniel & Samuel

=3
=3
x 2 8x
=3
x 2 8x
=9
2
x 8x 9 = 0
(x 9)(x + 1) = 0
x = 9 or x = 1 (rej)
sub u = 4x :
=
A6(iv) p = 300 300e0.85t

= 300(1 e0.85t )
2
1
4x
= 9( )
300
0.5 )
= 300 0.85
sleightofmath.com
64
Rev Ex 2
B1(b) 18 x 1 = 4
18 x 1 = 16
=2
x 1
x1
=4
x
=5
B1(c)
11+4
x
2
B3(i)
1
2
1
2
33 (32 )
(BC)h
114
=
=
x
2
3x
3
9
3x
=3
3+
x
B2
=x
=
B
C
(83 22)
92
8322
92
83 22
83 + 22
83 + 22
92(83 + 22)
2
92(83 + 22)
64(3) 4(2)
92(83 + 22)
184
83 + 22
2
= 46
(83) (22)
(32 )3
3+
(83 22)h = 46
h=
x = 7 or x = 7
=
= 46
(83 22)h = 92
x
= 11 4
2
x 7
=0
(x + 7)(x 7) = 0
B1(d) 27(3)x
Area
2
3
2
3
11
3
22
3
= 43 + 2
(a 65)(2 + b5)
B3(ii) By Pythagoras Theorem,
= 82
AC = ( BC)
a(2 + b5) 65(2 + b5) = 82
+ h2
2a + ab5 125 6b(5) = 82

2a 30b +(ab 12)5
2a 30b = 82
a 15b = 41
a
= 15b 41
= [ (83 22)]
= 82
= (43 + 2)
+ (43 2)
+ (43 2)
(1)
[(43) + 2(43)(2) + (2) ]
+ [(43) 2(43)(2) + (2) ]

ab 12 = 0
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
(15b 41)b 1 = 0
15b2 41b 12 = 0
(15b + 4)(b 3) = 0
b=
or
15
a|b= 4 = 15 (
15
) 41
15
= 45
Daniel & Samuel

= 16(3) + 86 + 2
+ (16(3) 86 + 2)
= 100
= 10
b=3
a|b=3 = 15(3) 41
=4
sleightofmath.com
Perimeter = AB +AC +BC

= 10 +10 +83 22
= 20 +83 22
65

B4
At (3,4):
Rev Ex 2
= a(3)n 23
= a(3)n
= a(3)n
=a
= 33n
4
27
33
33n
a
At (9,220): 220
243
243
a(32n )
(1)
= a(9)n 23
= a(9)n
= a(32n )
= 243
(2)
At (1, k): k = a(1)n 23
B5(b) 9x + 10(3x )
(32 )x + 10(3x )
(3x )2 + 10(3x )
sub u = 3x :
u2 + 10u
u2 + u 12
(u + 4)(u 3)
u = 4 or
sub u = 3x :
3x = 4
(rej 3x > 0)
(3)
= 3x+2 + 12
= (3x )(32 ) + 12
= 9(3x ) + 12
= 9u + 12
=0
=0
u=3
sub u = 3x :
3x = 3
3x = 31
x=1
t
sub (1) into (2):

(33n )32n = 243
33+n
= 35
3+n =5
n
=2
B6(i)
Put n = 2 into (1):

a|n=2 = 332 = 3
B6(ii) | = 20 + 100(0.8)86
t=8
94.3
= 20 + 100(0.8)6
|t=0
=X
0
20 + 100(0.8)6
20 + 100(1)
X
Put a = 3, n = 2 into (3):

k = 3(1)2 23 = 20
B6(iii)
= 84
20 + 100(0.8)
x
x1 )
B5(a) 5 + 5 = 30(5
5x + 5 = 30(5x )(51 )
100(0.8)
5x + 5 = 30(5x ) ( )
5
5x + 5 = 6(5x )
sub u = 5x :
u + 5= 6u
5
= 5u
u
=1
sub u = 5x :
5x = 50
x =0
Daniel & Samuel

=X
=X
= 120C
t
6
= 84
t
6
= 64
(0.8)
t
6
= 0.64
(0.8)
t
6
= (0.8)2
=2
= 12s
t
B6(iv)
sleightofmath.com
t , 100(0.8)6 0
20C
66
Ex 3.1
3(b)
Ex 3.1
1(a)
Yes
Are exponents
Non-negative?
Integers?
= 15x 4 +5x 3 10x 2

+6x 3 +2x 2
4x
2
12x
4x +8
= 15x 4 + 11x 3 20x 2 8x + 8
True
True
4(a)
both conditions are met,

2
x 1 is a polynomial
3
1(b)
(2x 2 x + 1)(3x 2)
Coefficient of x 2
= (2)(2) + (1)(3)
= 7
Yes
Are exponents
Non-negative? True
Integers?
True
4(b)
both conditions are met,

4x 2 2x is a polynomial .
1(c)
(5x 2 + 2x 4)(3x 2 + x 2)
(x 2 + 3x + 2)(8x 2 5x 4)
Coefficient of x 2
= (1)(4) + (3)(5) +(2)(8)
= 4
15
+16
= 3
No
Are exponents
Non-negative? True
Integers?
False
4(c)
(2x 2 2x + 5)(x 2 3x + 1)
x has non-integer power of 2.
Coefficient of x 2
= (2)(1) + (2)(3) +(5)(1)
=2
+6
5
=3
both conditions are not met,

4x 3 + x + 3 is not a polynomial.
1(d)
No
4(d)
Are exponents
Non-negative? False
Integers?
True
3
x2
Coefficient of x 2
= (1)(6) + (2)(3)
= 6 6
= 12
has a negative power of 2.
both conditions are not met,

3
1 + 2 is not a polynomial.
5(a)
2(i)
Q(x) P(x) = (2x 2 3x + 2) (x 2 + x + 1)

= x 2 4x + 1
2(ii)
P(x) + 2Q(x) = (x 2 + x + 1) +2(2x 2 3x + 2)

= (x 2 + x + 1) +(4x 2 6x + 4)
= 5x 2 5x + 5
3(a)
(4x 3 x 2 + 7x 2)(2x 3 + 3x 2 + 6)
a(x 2) + b = 5 3x
sub x = 2:
a(2 2) + b = 5 3(2)
b
= 1
sub x = 0:
a(0 2) + b = 5 3(0)
2a + b
=5
2a + (1) = 5
a
= 3
b = 1
(7x 3)(2x 2 + 4x 1)
= 14x 3 +28x 2 7x
6x 2 12x +3
3
= 14x + 22x 2 19x + 3
Daniel & Samuel

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67

5(b)
Ex 3.1
a(x 1) + b(x + 3) = 3x + 1
6(i)
(3x 2 + 2)
sub x = 1:
a(1 1) + b(1 + 3)= 3(1) + 1
4b
=4
b
=1
(5x + 10)
1
A(x) = (5x + 10)(3x 2 + 2)

2
1
= [5x(3x 2 + 2) +10(3x 2 + 2)]

2
1
sub x = 3:
a(3 1) + b(3 + 3) = 3(3) + 1
4a
= 8
a
=2
5(c)
= (15x 3 + 10x +30x 2 + 20)

2
1
= (15x 3 + 30x 2 + 10x + 20)

=
2
15 3
x
2
+ 15x 2 + 5x + 10
a(x 2) + b(x 4) = x + 2
Yes. Exponents are non-negative integers
sub x = 2:
a(2 2) + b(2 4)= 2 + 2
2b
=4
b
= 2
6(ii)
= (3x 2 + 2)2
sub x = 4:
a(4 2) + b(4 4)= 4 + 2
2a
=6
a
=3
5(d)
5(e)
= 3x 4 + 37x 2 + 100x + 104

P(x)
= (5x + 1) + (3x 2 + 2)
+3x 4 + 37x 2 + 100x + 104
a =4
b =0
c = 1
3 = c + d
3 = (1) + d
d=2
= 3x 2 + 5x + 3
+3x 4 + 37x 2 + 100x + 104
No because 3x 4 + 37x 2 + 100x + 104 will have
non-integer exponent
x 3 6x 2 + 14x 8 = (x 2)3 + ax
7(i)
(a)
sub x = 2:
(2)3 6(2)2 + 14(2) 8 = (2 2)3 + 2a
4
= 2a
a
=2
5(f)
7(i)
(b)
= a(2 2)2 + b(2 + 1)3 +
Daniel & Samuel

2P(x)
[Q(x)]2
= 2(x + 1) (x 2 x + 1)2
= 2(x + 1) (x 2 x + 1)(x 2 x + 1)
Coefficient of x 2
= [(1)(1) +(1)(1) +(1)(1)]
= 3
= 27b + 8
= 27b
= 1
sub x = 1:
2(1)2 7(1) + 3
1)3 + (1)3
8
9
a
M(x) = P(x)Q(x)
= (x + 1)(x 2 x + 1)
Coefficient of x 2
= (1)(1) +(1)(1)
=0
2x 2 7x + 3 = a(x 2)2 + b(x + 1)3 + x 3

sub x = 2:
2(2)2 7(2) + 3
(2)3
19
27
b
+ (5x + 10)2
= (3x 4 + 12x 2 + 4) + (25x 2 + 100x + 100)
ax 3 x + 3 = 4x 3 + bx 2 + c(x 1) + d
Compare x 3 :
Compare x 2 :
Compare x:
Compare x 0 :
By Pythagoras Theorem
Hypotenuse
= a(1 2)2 + b(1 +
7(i)
(c)
= 9a 1
= 9a
=1
Q(x)[3x 2 + P(x)]
= (x 2 x + 1)(3x 2 + x + 1)
Coefficient of x 2
= (1)(1) +(1)(1) +(1)(3)
=1
1
+3
=3
sleightofmath.com
68

7(ii)
Ex 3.1
9(c)
Deg (M(x)) = 3
Deg [2P(x) [Q(x)]2 ] = 4
Deg [Q(x)[3x 2 + P(x)]] = 4
sub x = 2:
3(2)2 5(2) + 4 = a(2 2)2 + b(2 2) + c
6
=c
c
=6
8(i)
V(x) = (2x + 3)(3x 1) (2x + 5)

= (6x 2 + 7x 3) (2x + 5)
sub x = 0:
3(0)2 5(0) + 4
4
4
= 12x 3 +14x 2 6x
+30x 2 +35x 15
3
= 12x + 44x 2 + 29x 15
8(ii)
9(a)
A(x) = 2[(2x + 3)(3x 1) +(2x + 3)(2x + 5)

+(3x 1)(2x + 5)]
= 2[(6x 2 + 7x 3) +(4x 2 + 16x + 15)
+(6x 2 + 13x 5)]
= 2(16x 2 + 36x + 7)
= 32x 2 + 72x + 14
4
2b
b
9(d)
x 3 6x 2 x + c = (x 3)(ax 2 3x + b)
3
Compare x : a = 1
sub x = 3:
(3)3 6(3)2 3 + c = (3 3)(a(3)2 3(3) + b)
30 + c
=0
c
= 30
sub x = 0:
(0)3 6(0)2 (0) + c
b)
c
30
b
9(b)
= (0 3)(a(0)2 3(0) +
= 3b
= 3b c = 30
= 10
x 3 + cx 2 + x + 6 = (x + 1)(x 2)(ax + b)
Compare x 3 : a = 1
sub x = 0:
(0)3 + c(0)2 + (0) + 6 = (0 + 1)(0 2)(a(0) +
b)
6
= 2b
b
= 3
sub x = 2:
(2)3 + c(2)2 + 2 + 6
4c + 16
c+4
c
Daniel & Samuel

3x 2 5x + 4 = a(x 2)2 + b(x 2) + c

Compare x 2 : a = 3
= a(0 2)2 + b(0 2) + c

= 4a 2b + c
= 4(3) 2b + 6
a = 3, c = 6
= 18 2b
= 14
=7
x 3 + 3x 2 2x + 16 c(x + 2)
= ax 2 (x 1) + b(x 2)2 (x 1)
sub x = 1:
(1)3 + 3(1)2 2(1) + 16 c(1 + 2)
= a(1)2 (1 1) + b(1 2)2 (1 1)
18 3c
=0
3c
= 18
c
=6
sub x = 0:
(0)3 + 3(0)2 2(0) + 16 c(0 + 2)
= a(0)2 (0 1) + b(0 2)2 (0 1)
16 2c
= 4b
16 2(6) = 4b c = 6
4
= 4b
b
= 1
sub x = 2:
(2)3 + 3(2)2 2(2) + 16 c(2 + 2)
= a(2)2 (2 1) + b(2 2)2 (2 1)
32 4c
= 4a
32 4(6) = 4a c = 6
8
= 2a
a
=2
= (2 + 1)(2 2)(a(2) + b)
=0
=0
= 4
sleightofmath.com
69

10(i)
yz 2
Ex 3.1
+( z)2 y
+(2 y)
+y 2 z 4
= yz 2 +(x 2 2z + z 2 )y +4 4y + y +y 2 z 4
= yz 2 + y 2zy + z 2 y +4 4y + y +y 2 z 4
= yz 2 +y 2yz + yz 2 +4 4y + y +y 2 z 4
= yz 2 +y 2yz
+yz 2
+4 4y
+y
+y 2 z 4
= yz 2 +(y + 4) (2yz + 4y) +yz 2 + y + y 2 z 4
Yes, all exponents of x are non-negative integers
Degree is 3
10(ii) x 3 z 2
+(x z)2 +(2x )
+ z 4
= x 3 z 2 +(x z)2 +4x 2 4x + +z 2

= x3z2
+(x z)2
+
+4x 2 4x
+z 2
= [x 3 z 2 + (x z)2 + 1] +4x 2 4x +z 2
= z 2 +[x 3 z 2 + (x z)2 + 1]
4x +4x 2
No, exponents of y include fractions. y has non integer exponent

10(iii) x 3 y
+(x )2 y
+(2x y)
+y 2
2
+y 2
+y 2
+y 2
= x 3 y +(x 2 2x + )y +(2x y)
= x 3 y +x 2 y 2xy + y +(2x y)
= x 3 y +x 2 y 2xy + y +(2x y)
= x 2 y +x 2 y
+y
2xy
2
+(2x y)
+y 2
2
= [x 2 y + y] +x 2 y + (2x y) 2xy
= y 2 +[x 2 y + y]
2xy
+y 2
+x 2 y + (2x y)
Yes, all exponents of z are non-negative integers

Degree is 4
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
70

11(i)
Ex 3.1
A(t) = t 3 + at 2 + p
B(t) = bt(t 2)2 + 2t 2 + ct + q
12(ii) (x a)(x b)(x c)

(b)
= (x 2 (a + b)x + ab)(x c)
Yes. Exponents of t are non-negative integers
= x 3 (a + b)x 2
+abx
cx 2
+c(a + b)x abc
3
2
(a
= x + b + c)x + [ab + c(a + b)]x abc
= x 3 (a + b + c)x 2 + (ab + ac + bc)x abc
11(ii) A(0) = 300

p = 300
B(0) = 0
q=0
11(iii) A(t) would decrease until it becomes empty at
zero.
A(t) cannot be negative
11(iv) 300 A(t)
300 (t 3 + at 2 + p)
t 3 at 2 p + 300
Sub p = 300, q = 0:
t 3 at 2 300 + 300
t 3 at 2
12(ii) (x a)(x b) (x z)
= (x a)(x b) (x x) (x z)
= (x a)(x b) (0)
(x z)
=0
13
= B(t)
= bt(t 2)2 + 2t 2 + ct + q
= bt(t 2)2 + 2t 2 + ct + q
= bt(t 2)2 + 2t 2 + ct + 0
= bt(t 2)2 + 2t 2 + ct
A = 3, B = 2, C = 5 and D = 2
3(x 1) 2(x 1)(x + 1) + 5x(x 2 1) 2
= 3( 1) 2( 1)( + 1)
+5( 2 1) 2
= 3 3 2 2 + 4
Compare t 3 : b = 1
t 3 at 2 = t(t 2)2
The graphs are not aligned therefore James

answers are wrong.
+2t 2 + ct
t 3 at 2 = t(t 2 4t + 4) +2t 2 + ct
3x 3 2x 2 + x 4
= A(x 1) + B(x 1)(x + 1) + Cx(x 2 1) + D
t 3 at 2 = t 3 4t 2 + 4t +2t 2 + ct
t 3 at 2 = t 3 2t 2 + (4 + c)t
at 2
Compare x 3 : C = 3
= 2t 2 + (4 + c)t
Compare t 2 : a = 2
a =2
sub x = 1:
D = 2
sub x = 1:
10
10
2A
A
Compare t: 4 + c = 0
c
= 4
12(i)
(a)
(x a)(x b) = x 2 (a + b)x + ab
sub x = 0:
= 2A + D
= 2A + (2)
=8
=4
D = 2
4 = A B + D
B =4A+D
= 4 (4) + (2)
A = 4, D = 2
= 2
Daniel & Samuel

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71
Ex 3.2
2(b)
Ex 3.2
1(a)
1(b)
3x
+4
2
3x 2 9x
+6x
+2
(9x 2 6x)
12x
+2
(12x 8)
10
Quotient = 3x + 4
Remainder = 10
+3x
2x 2
3
2x +1 4x
+8x 2
(4x 3 +2x 2 )
6x 2
(6x 2
1(c)
+2
+7x 5
+8x
5x
4
x 2x 3 5x
2x 3
(5x 4 10x 3
8x 3
(8x 3
2
4x 2
+37
+6x 2
15x 2 )
+21x 2
16x 2
37x 2
(37x 2
4x
x 2
3x 2 )
+8x
2x 2
2 +2x)
(2x
6x
4
(6x +6)
10
2x 2 +2x 1 8x 4
+0x 3
(8x 4 +8x 3
8x 3
(8x 3
11
2
x 2
4x 2 )
+3x 2
8x 2
11x 2
(11x 2
+0x
+5
+0x
+4x)
4x +5
+11x 11)
2
15x + 21
2
+4x
8x 4 x 2 + 5
= (2x 2 + 2x 1) (4x 2 4x +
+4x
24x)
+28x 3
74x 111)
102x +108
+1
2x 2
3
2
x 2 2x
4x +x 2
(2x 3 4x 2 )
+x 2
(x 2)
0
2x 3 4x 2 + x 2 = (x 2)(2x 2 + 1)
Daniel & Samuel

+6
+8x
2(c)
Quotient = 5x 2 + 8x + 37
Remainder = 102x + 108
2(a)
+2x
x 2
3x 4 x 2 + 8x 4
= (x + 1)(3x 3 3x 2 + 2x + 6) 10
+7x
+3x)
4x
5
(4x +2)
7
2
Quotient = 2x + 3x + 2
Remainder = 7
2
3x 3
3x 2
x +1 3x 4
+0x 3
4
(3x +3x 3 )
3x 3
(3x 3
11
21
) 15x +
3(i)
Deg(Dividend)
= Deg(Divisor) +Deg(Q(x))
4
3
2
Deg (x + 2x 2x ) = Deg(x + 2) +Deg(Q(x))
2x + 4
(4)
= (1)
+Deg(Q(x))
Deg (Q(x))
=3
Deg(R(x)) < Deg(Divisor)

< Deg(x + 2)
<1
=0
2x
x3
4
3
x +2 x
+2x 2x 2
(x 4 +2x 3 )
2x 2
(2x 2
sleightofmath.com
+2
2x +4
2x
4x)
2x
+4
(2x +4)
0
72
Ex 3.2
3(ii)
Deg(Dividend)
4
3
2
Deg (x + 2x 2x ) = Deg(x + 2) +Deg(Q(x))
2x + 4
(4)
= (2)
+Deg(Q(x))
Deg (Q(x))
=2

< Deg(x 2 + x + 3)
<2
+x
x2
2 +x +3 x 4
x
+2x 3
(x 4 +x 3
x3
(x 3
6
2x 2
+3x 2 )
5x 2
+x 2
6x 2
(6x 2
3(iv)
Deg(Dividend)
(4)
= (3)
Deg (Q(x))
=1
+Deg(Q(x))

< Deg(x 3 x 2 + x 1)
<3
2x +4
x
2x
+3x)
5x +4
6x 18 )
x
+22
4(a)
2x 2
+x 2
3x 2
3x 2
2x +4
x)
x
+3x +4)
4x +4
= (2x 2 1)(3x + 2)
= 6x 3 + 4x 2 3x 2
Dividend
=x2
+16x
6x
3
x 2 6x
+4x 2
(6x 3 12x 2 )
16x 2
(16x 2
+29
3x
3x
32x)
29x
2
(29x 58)
56
(2x 2 1)(3x + 2)
= (x 2)(6x 2 + 16x + 29) + 56
2x +4
2x
2x)
+0x +4
+0x +1)
3
x
+3
4
+x 1 x
+2x 3
(x 4 x 3
3x 3
(3x 3

< Deg(x 2 1)
<2
1
2x 2
x 2 )
x 2
+0x
x 2
(x 2
Divisor
=2
+2x
x2
2 +0x 1 x 4
x
+2x 3
(x 4 +0x 3
2x 3
(2x 3
+Deg(Q(x))
4
3
2
3
2
Deg (x + 2x 2x ) = Deg (x x ) +Deg(Q(x))
2x + 4
+x 1
3(iii)
Deg(Dividend)
4
3
2
Deg (x + 2x 2x ) = Deg(x 2 1) +Deg(Q(x))
2x + 4
(4)
= (2)
+Deg(Q(x))
Deg (Q(x))
= Deg(Divisor)
4(b)
Dividend
Divisor
= 3x 3 x 2 + 2x + 3
= (x + 1)(x 1) = x 2 1
3x
1
3
+0x 1 3x
x 2
(3x 3 +0x
x 2
(x 2
+2x
3x)
+5x
+0x
5x
+3
+3
+1 )
+2
3x 3 x 2 + 2x + 2
= (x + 1)(x 1)(3x 1) + 5x + 2
Daniel & Samuel

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73

4(c)
Dividend
Divisor
Ex 3.2
5(c)
Dividend = 6x 4 3x 3 28x 2 x 10
Divisor
= 3 2x = 2x + 3
= 10x 7x 4x + 8x + 7
= (x + 1)(2x 3) = 2x 2 x 3
x
+5
5x 2
2 x 3 10x 4
3
2x
7x
4x 2 +8x +7
(10x 4 5x 3
15x 2 )
3
2x
+11x 2 +8x
+3x)
(2x 3 +x 2
2
+5x +7
10x
2 5x 15)
(10x
10x +22
4
3x 3 3x 2 + 19 x
11x
4x
3
2x +1 8x
18x 2
(8x 3 +4x 2 )
22x 2
(22x 2
+6
+x
2
59
2
59
2
10
10
x +
Dividend = 8x 3 18x 2 + x + 6
Divisor
= 2x + 1
2
2x +3 6x 4
x
3x 3 28x 2
4
3
(6x 9x )
6x 3
28x 2
3
(6x 9x 2 )
x
19x 2
2
(19x + 57 x)
10x 7x 4x + 8x + 7
= (2x 2 x 3)(5x 2 x + 5) + 10x + 22
5(a)
59
No, there is a remainder

6
+6
+x
11x)
12x
+6
(12x +6)
0
217
4
177
4
217
4
2x 5 x 3 + x 2 4 = (x 2 x 2)Q(x) + ax + b
2x 5 x 3 + x 2 4 = (x 2)(x + 1)Q(x) + ax + b
sub x = 2:
64 8 + 4 4 = 2a + b
56
= 2a + b
b
= 56 2a
(1)
Yes, it is 4x 11x + 6
sub x = 1:
2 + 1 + 1 4 = a + b
4
= a + b
(2)
(1)
(2):
sub
into
4
= a + (56 2a)
3a
= 60
a
= 20
5(b)
Dividend = 6x 4 25x 3 + 5x 2 + 60x 36
Divisor
= (x 2)(3x 2) = 3x 2 8x + 4
3x
9
2x 2
2 8x +4 6x 4
+60x 36
3x
25x 3 +5x 2
4
3
2
(6x 16x
+8x )
3
+60x
9x
3x 2
3
2
12x)
(9x +24x
2
+72x 36
27x
(27x 2 +72x 36)
0
Put a = 20 into (1):

b|a=20 = 56 2(20)
= 16
7(i)
Deg(Q(x)) = 1
Yes, it is 2x 2 3x 9
Daniel & Samuel

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74

7(ii)
Ex 3.2
x 4 2x 3 + ax 2 2
= x(x 1)(x + 1)Q(x) + 4x 2 + bx + c
sub x = 0:
c = 2
sub x = 1:
12+a2 =4+b+c
a3
=4+b2
a
=b+5
sub x = 1:
9
(i)(a)
(2)
Remainder = 4x 2 + bx + c
= 4x 2 + (2)x 2
= 4x 2 2x 2
8(ii)
32 24 + 1 = 2a 3
9
= 2a 3
a
=6
4x 3 6x 2 + 1
= (x 2)Q(x) + 6x 3
3
2
4x 6x 6x + 4 = (x 2)Q(x)
Q(x)
+16x
+0x 2
+26
6x
9
Remainder when P(x) + Q(x) is divided by x 2
(i)(b) = 3 + 47
= 50
4x 3 6x 2 + 1 = (x 2)Q(x) + ax 3
sub x = 2:
2x 3
+8x 2
x 2 2x 4
+4x 3
(2x 4 4x 3 )
8x 3
(8x 3
+0x 2
16x 2 )
6x
16x 2
2 32x)
(16x
26x
5
(26x 52)
47
Remainder when Q(x) is divided by x 2
= 47
Put b = 2 into (1):

a|b=2 = (2) + 5
=3
8(i)
+6
+4x
+4x
2x)
6x
9
(6x 12)
3
Remainder when P(x) is divided by x 2
=3
(1)
1+2+a2 =4b+c
a+1
=4b2
a
=1b
sub (1) into (2):
b + 5= 1 b
2b = 4
b
= 2
+x
3x 2
3
x 2 3x
5x 2
3
(3x 6x 2 )
x2
(x 2
Remainder of 2P(x) Q(x) is divided by x 2

= 2(3) 47
= 41
4x3 6x2 6x+4
+2x
4x 2
3
x 2 4x
6x 2
(4x 3 8x 2 )
2x 2
(2x 2
x2
2
6x
+4
6x
4x)
2x +4
(2x +4)
0
Q(x) = 4x 2 + 2x 2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
75
Ex 3.2
9(ii)(a)
2
10(ii) For x = 7:
Dispenser capacity
3x
2
3
x 2 3x
5x 2
(3x 3 3x 2
2x 2
(2x 2
+4x 9
6x)
+10x 9
+2x +4)
8x
13
2
Remainder when P(x) is divided by x x 2
= 8x 13
x
+6x
2x 2
2 x 2 2x 4
x
+4x 3
4
(2x 2x 3
6x 3
(6x 3
+10
+0x 2
4x 2 )
+4x 2
6x 2
10x 2
(10x 2
Number of Bottles
5
11
6x
12x)
+6x 5
10x 20)
16x
+15
2
Remainder when Q(x) is divided by x x 2
= 16x + 15
2x+y
12
Remainder when 3P(x) + Q(x) is divided by x 2 x 2

= 3(8x 13) +(16x + 15)
= 24x 39 +16x + 15
= 40x 24
Dispenser capacity = (3x 4 + x 3 + 6x + 2)
Number of bottles = (x 2 + 1)
+x 3
3x 2
2 +0x +1 3x 4
+6x +2
x
+x 3 +0x 2
4
3
2
(3x +0x +3x )
+6x
x3
3x 2
3
2
+x)
(x +0x
2
+5x +2
3x
2 +0x 3)
(3x
5x +5
= 5(7) + 5
= 40 cm3
3x
4y
2
2x +y 6x
5xy
4y 2
2 +3xy)
(6x
8yx
4y 2
(8yx 4y 2 )
0
6x2 5xy4y2
9(ii)(b)
Remainder when Q(x) P(x) is divided by x 2 x 2
= (16x + 15) (8x 13)
= 8x + 28
10(i)
= (7)2 + 1
= 50
Capacity of each bottle = 3(7)2 + 7 3

= 151 cm3
Amount of drink left
6x
= 3(7)4 + (7)3 + 6(7) + 2

= 7590 cm3
= 3x 4y
5yx
3x 2
3
x +2y 3x
+yx 2
(3x 3 +6yx 2 )
5yx 2
(5yx 2
+7y 2
3y 2 x
y 3
3y 2 x
10y 2 x)
7y 2 x
y 3
(7y 2 x +14y 3 )
15y 3
Quotient = 3x 2 5yx + 7y 2
Remainder = 15y 3
Capacity of each bottle = 3x 2 + x 3

Amount of drink left = 5x + 5
Daniel & Samuel

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76

13
Ex 3.2
3x 3 ax 2 bx + 72 = (x 2 + 5x + c)(dx + e)
Compare x 3 : d = 3
3x 3 ax 2 bx + 72
= (x 2 + 5x + c)(3x + e)
= 3x 3 +15x 2
+3cx
+ex 2
+5ex
+ce
3
2
= 3x + (15 + e)x +(3c + 5e)x +ce
Compare x 2 : a = 15 + e
(1)
Compare x:
(2)
b = 3c + 5e
Compare x 0 : 72 = ce
let c = 1, e = 72
Put e = 72 into (1):
a = 15 + 72
a = 87
Put c = 1, e = 72 into (2):
b = 3(1) + 5(72)
b
= 363
3x
+72
3
x +5x +1 3x
+87x 2
(3x 3 +15x 2
72x 2
(72x 2
2
Daniel & Samuel

+363x +72
+3x)
+360x +72
+360x +72)
0
sleightofmath.com
77

4(ii)
Ex 3.3
1(a)
Ex 3.3
Let f(x) = x 4 4x 3 + 3x 2 + x + 3
By Remainder Theorem,
Remainder
= g(2)
Remainder = f(1)
=1+4+31+3
= 10
1(b)
g(x) = 2x 3 bx 2 + 2ax 4
= 2x 3 (3a 5)x 2 +2ax 4
Let f(x) = [x(x 1)(1 2x)2 + x 2 3]
= 2(2)3 (3a 5)(2)2 +2a(2)
= 16 (3a 5)(4) +4a
= 16 12a + 20 +4a
= 32 8a
Remainder = f(2)
= 2(1)(9) + 4 3
= 19
1(c)
Let f(x) = [3(x + 4)2 (1 x)3 ]

Remainder = f(0)
= 3(4)2 1
= 47
Let f(x) = 8x 3 + ax 2 + bx 9
f(x) has remainder of 95 when divided by x + 2
f(2)
= 95
64 + 4a 2b 9 = 95
4a 2b
= 22
4a
= 2b 22
a
Let f(x) = x + 3x kx + 4
(1)
=3
f(2)
=k
8 + 12 2k + 4 = k
3k
= 24
k
=8
4
3
27 + a + b 9
9
Let f(x) = x 4 + x 3 + 2ax 2 14a4
=3
a+ b
= 15
9a + 6b
3a + 2b
= 60
= 20
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

3(
f(2a)
= 32
4
3
3
4
16a 8a + 8a 14a = 32
2a4
= 32
4
a
= 16
a = 2 or a = 2
b11
2
) + 2b
(3b 33) + 4b
7b
b
= 20
= 40
= 7
= 1
put b = 1 into (1):

a|b=1 =
4(i)
f(x) has remainder of 3 when divided by 2x 3

f( )
b11
f(x) = ax 2 + bx 6
(1)11
2
= 6
f(3)
=9
9a 3b 6 = 9
3b
= 9a 15
b
= 3a 5
Daniel & Samuel

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78

6(i)
Ex 3.3
f(x) = x 3 + ax 2 + bx 3
f(x) has remainder of 27 when divided by x 2,
f(2)
= 27
8 + 4a + 2b 3 = 27
4a
= 22 2b
a
11b
2
7(i)
(1)
f(x) has remainder of 3 when divided by x + 1,

f(1)
=3
1 + a b 3 = 3
ab
=7
(2)
f(x) has a remainder of p + 5 when divided by

x2
f(2)
=p+5
8 + 4a + 7
=p+5
4a
= p 10
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
sub (1) into (2):

8p 24 = p 10
7p
= 14
p
=2
11b
2
=7
11 b 2b = 14
3b
= 3
b
= 1
Put p = 2 into (1):

a|p=2 = 2(2) 6
Put b = 1 into (1):

a|b=1 =
= 2
11(1)
2
=6
6(ii)
f(x) = x 3 + ax 2 + 7
f(x) has remainder of 2p when divided by x + 1
f(1)
= 2p
3
2
(1) + a(1) + 7 = 2p
1 + a + 7
= 2p
a
= 2p 6
(1)
7(ii)
f(x) = x 3 + 6x 2 1x 3
f(x) = x 3 2x 2 + 7
Remainder = f(p)
= f(2)
= (2)3 2(2)2 + 7
= 8 8 + 7
= 9
Remainder = f(1)
= (1)3 + 6(1)2 1(1) 3
= 3
8
Let f(x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + 2x + c
f(1)
= 2f(1)
a + b + 2 + c = 2(a + b 2 + c)
a + b + 2 + c = 2a + 2b 4 + 2c
c
= 3a b + 6 [shown]
Daniel & Samuel

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79

9
Ex 3.3
Let f(x) = 2x 2 + 6x + 3
11(iii) P(x) (3x 2 x 2)

Remainder = ax + b
P(x) = (3x 2 x 2)Q(x) +ax + b
= (x 1)(3x + 2)Q(x) +ax + b
f(p)
= f(2q)
2(p)2 + 6(p) + 3 = 2(2q)2 + 6(2q) + 3
2p2 6p + 3
10
p2 3p
= 4q2 + 6q
3p + 6q
= p2 4q2
3(p + 2q)
= (p + 2q)(p 2q)
p 2q
=3
1 +
a
= 20
= 20
= 20
= 20
=0
=0
12
=1
f(x) (x 2 + x 2)
Remainder = ax + b
f(x) = (x 2 + x 2)Q(x) +ax + b
= (x 1)(x + 2)Q(x) +ax + b
when f(x) is divided by x + 2, remainder is 2

f(2) = 2
2a + b = 2
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
2(4 b) + b = 2
8 + 2b + b
= 2
3b
=6
b
=2
a|b=2 = 4 (2)
=2
11(ii) P ( 2) = 2 a + b
= a
When f(x) is divided by x 1, remainder is 4

f(1) = 4
a + b= 4
a
=4b
(1)
P(1)
=a+b
9352 =a+b
1
= a + b [shown] (1)
Remainder = ax +b
= (1)x +(2)
=x2
P(x) = 9x 3 3x 2 5x 2
= (x 1)(3x + 2)Q(x) + ax + b
Put a = 1 into (1):

1 = 1 + b
b = 2
f(x) = x 2 2x + p
g(x) = px 2 + x + 3
f(1)g(1)
[(1)2 2(1) + p][p(1)2 + (1) + 3]
(p + 3)(p + 2)
p2 + 5p + 6
p2 + 5p 14
(p + 7)(p 2)
p = 7 or p = 2
11(i)
(1) (2):
= 8q2 + 12q + 3
3
2
= a + b [shown] (2)
3
Remainder = 2x + 2
13
f(x) = 4x 3 (x 2)5 x 2 + xx 7
f(x) is not a polynomial because not all exponents
are non-negative integers
3
xx has exponent of
2
Daniel & Samuel

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80
Ex 3.4
3(ii)
Ex 3.4
1(a)
P(x) = 2x 4x + x 2
P(2) = 16 16 + 2 2
=0
+5x
2x 2
3
x 2 2x
+x 2
(2x 3 4x 2 )
5x 2
(5x 2
By Factor Theorem,
Yes
1(b)
+2
8x
8x
10x)
2x
4
(2x
4)
0
g(x) = 2x 3 + x 2 8x 4
= (x 2)(2x 2 + 5x + 2)
= (x 2)(2x + 1)(x + 2)
P(x) = 16x + 8x 6x 9
1
P ( ) = 2 + 2 + 3 9
2
= 6
0
By Factor Theorem,
No
4(a)
x 3 64 = x 3 43
= (x 4)[x 2 + x(4) + 42 ]
= (x 4)(x 2 + 4x + 16)
4(b)
27a3 + 125x 3
= (3a)3 + (5x)3
1(c)
P(x) = x 4 2x(x 2 8) 12x 2 + 11

P(3) = 81 2(3)(9 8) 12(9) + 11
= 10
0
= (3a + 5x)[(3a)2 3a(5x) + (5x)2 ]

= (3a + 5x)(9a2 15ax + 25x 2 )
4(c)
8 + 27x 3 = 23 + (3x)3
= (2 + 3x)[22 2(3x) + (3x)2 ]
By Factor Theorem,
No
2
= (2 + 3x)(4 6x + 9x 2 )
P(x) = 3x 4ax 4a
x + 2 is a factor of P(x)
By Factor Theorem,
P(2)
3(2)2 4a(2) 4a2
12 + 8a 4a2
a2 2a 3
(a 3)(a + 1)
a = 3 or a = 1
3(i)
4(d)
432x 3 2y 3
= 2(216x 3 y 3 )
= 2[(6x)3 y 3 ]
= 2(6x y)[(6x)2 + 6x(y) + y 2 ]
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
= 2(6x y)(36x 2 + 6xy + y 2 )
g(x) = 2x 3 + x 2 + px 4
x 2 is a factor of g(x)
By Factor Theorem,
g(2)
2(2)3 + (2)2 + p(2) 4
16 + 4 + 2p 4
2p
p
Daniel & Samuel

=0
=0
=0
= 16
= 8
sleightofmath.com
81

5(i)
Ex 3.4
f(x) = ax 3 + bx 2 5x + 2a
Quadratic factor: x 2 3x 4 = (x 4)(x + 1)
x 4 is a factor of f(x)
By Factor Theorem,
f(4)
=0
64a + 16b 20 + 2a = 0
66a + 16b
= 20
33a + 8b
= 10
x + 1 is a factor of f(x)
By Factor Theorem,
f(1)
=0
a + b + 5 + 2a= 0
a+b+5
=0
a
= 5 b
6(ii)
6(iii)
p = 2
f(x) = 2x 2 + 3px 2q
g(x) = x 2 + q
(2)
Put b = 7 into (2):

a|b=7 = 5 (7)
=2
2x
1
3
3x 4 2x
7x 2
(2x 3 6x 2
x 2
(x 2
(1)
x a is a factor of g(x)
By Factor Theorem,
g(a)
=0
a2 + q = 0
a2
= q
(2)
a = 0 (rej a 0) or a =
5x +4
8x)
+3x +4
+3x +4)
0
3p
4
(3)
Method 1
sub (3) into (1):
2 (
The third factor is (2x 1)

6(i)
x a is a factor of f(x)
By Factor Theorem,
f(a)
=0
2
2a + 3pa 2q = 0
sub (2) into (1)

2a2 + 3pa + 2a2 = 0
4a2 + 3pa = 0
a(4a + 3p)
=0
f(x) = 2x 3 7x 2 5x + 4
x2
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
(1)
sub (2) into (1):

33(5 b) + 8b = 10
165 33b + 8b = 10
25b
= 175
b
= 7
5(ii)
By Factor Theorem,
f(2)
(2p + 1)4 2p + 2p2
8p + 4 2p + 2p2
2p2 + 6p + 4
p2 + 3p + 2
(p + 1)(p + 2)
p = 1 or p = 2
2(
8
By Factor Theorem,
f(1)
=0
2
(2p + 1) + p + 2p = 0
2p2 + 3p + 1
=0
(2p + 1)(p + 1)
=0
9p2
9p2
f(x) = (2p + 1)x 2 + px + 2p2
3p 2
16
9p2
8
2
) + 3p (
)
9p2
4
9p2
4
2q
2q
2q
3p
4
) 2q = 0
=0
=0
=0
9p + 16q
= 0 [shown]
Method 2
sub (3) into (2):
p = or p = 1
3p 2
9p2
16
= q
= q
9p + 16q = 0 [shown]
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
82

8
Ex 3.4
10(a) 2x 4 + 54x = 2x(x 3 + 27)
= 2x(x 3 + 33 )
= 2x(x + 3)[x 2 x(3) + 32 ]
= 2x(x + 3)(x 2 3x + 9)
Part I
f(x) = 3x 3 5ax 2 + ka2 x + 4a3 , a 0
f(2a)
3(8a3 ) 5a(4a2 ) + ka2 (2a) + 4a3
24a3 20a3 2ka3 + 4a3
40a3 2ka3
2ka3 + 8a3
ka3 + 4a3
a3 (k + 4)
a = 0 (rej a 0) or k = 4
= 32a3
= 32a3
= 32a3
= 32a3
=0
=0
=0
10(b)
(1 + x)3 + 64
= (1 + x)3 + 43
= [(1 + x) + 4][(1 + x)2
(1 + 2x + x 2
= (x + 5)
= (x + 5)(x 2 2x + 13)
(1 + x)(4) + (4)2 ]
4 4x
+ 16)
f(x) = 3x 3 5ax 2 4a2 x + 4a3

Part II
Quadratic factor:
x 2 ax 2a2 = (x 2a)(x + a)
f(2a) = 3(2a)3 5a(2a)2 4a2 (2a) + 4a3

= 24a3 20a3 8a3 + 4a3
=0
By Factor Theorem, (x 2a) is a factor of f(x)
f(a) = 3(a)3 5a(a)2 4a2 (a) + 4a3
= 3a3 5a3 + 4a3 + 4a3
=0
By Factor Theorem, (x + a) is a factor of f(x)
x 2 ax 2a2 is a factor of f(x)
9
f(a) = a3 ba2 4b2 a + 4b3

f(2b) = (2b)3 b(2b)2 4b2 (2b) + 4b3
= 8b3 4b3 8b3 + 4b3
=0
By Factor Theorem,
(a 2b) is a factor of f(a)
when f(a) is divided by a + b,
Remainder = f(b)
= (b)3 b(b)2 4b2 (b) + 4b3
= b3 b3 + 4b3 + 4b3
= 6b3
Daniel & Samuel

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83
Ex 3.4
10(c) (x + y)3 (x y)3

= [(x + y) (x y)] [(x + y)2
+ (x + y)(x y) + (x y)2 ]
2
2
= 2y
[x + 2xy + y
+x 2 y
+(x 2 2xy + y 2 )]
= 2y
[2x 2 + 2xy + (x 2 2xy + y 2 )]
= 2y(3x 2 + y 2 )
10(d) 1000x 3 y 6 = (10x)3 (y 2 )3
= (10x y 2 )[(10x)2 + 10x(y 2 ) + (y 2 )2 ]
= (10x y 2 )(100x 2 + 10xy 2 + y 4 )
11(i)
x 6 64 = ( 3 )2 82
= (x 3 + 8)(x 3 8)
= (x 3 + 23 )(x 3 23 )
= (x + 2)[x 2 x(2) + 22 ] (x 2)[x 2 + x(2) + 22 ]
= (x + 2)(x 2 2x + 4) (x 2)(x 2 + 2x + 4)
11(ii) x 6 64
= (x 2 + 4)2 4x 2
(x + 2)(x 2 2x + 4)(x 2)(x 2 + 2x + 4)
= (x 2 + 4)2 (2x)2
(x 2 + 2x + 4)(x 2 2x + 4)(x + 2)(x 2)
= [(x 2 + 4) + 2x][(x 2 + 4) 2x]
(x 2 + 2x + 4)(x 2 2x + 4)(x + 2)(x 2)
= (x 2 + 2x + 4)(x 2 2x + 4)
(x 2 + 2x + 4)(x 2 2x + 4)(x 2 4 1)
=0
(x 2 + 2x + 4)(x 2 2x + 4)(x 2 5)
=0
(x 2 + 2x + 4)(x 2 2x + 4)(x 5)(x + 5) = 0

x = 5 or x = 5
12(i)
x 3 2x 3 + 3 = 0 has roots &

1
sub y = x 3 :
1
y 2 2y + 3 = 0 has roots 3 & 3

1
Sum of roots
= 3 + 3 =
1
3
Product of roots =
1
3
c
a
b
a
(2)
(3)
= (1)
(1)
=2
=3
12(ii) +
1
= (3 ) + (3 )
1
= (3 + 3 ) [(3 ) (3 ) (3 ) + (3 ) ] sum of cubes factorization

1
= (3 + 3 ) (3 3 3 + 3 )
2
= 2 (3 3 + 3 )
1
3 + 3 = 2, 3 3 = 3
1
= 2 [(3 + 3 ) 23 3 3]
a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 2ab
= 2[(2)2
2(3) 3]
= 2(4 6 3)
= 10
3 + 3 = 2, 3 3 = 3
Daniel & Samuel

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84

13
Ex 3.4
(2n + 1)3 (2n 1)3

= [(2n + 1) (2n 1)][(2n + 1)2
+ (2n + 1)(2n 1) + (2n 1)2 ]
2
(4n + 4n + 1 + 4n2 1
=2
+ 4n2 4n + 1)
= 2(12n2 + 1)
difference between the cube of two consecutive positive odd numbers
4
=
(2n + 1)3 (2n 1)3

4
2(12n2 + 1)
4
12n2 + 1
2
12n2 has to be an even number

12n2 + 1 has to be an odd number
(12n2 + 1) cannot be divisible by 2
difference between the cube of two consecutive positive
odd numbers can never be divisible by 4.
14
Difference in cubes
= (large cube) (small cube)
= a3 b3
red cuboid
= (a)(a b)(a)
= (a b)a2
green cuboid
= a(b)(a b)
= (a b)ab
blue cuboid
= (a b)(b)(b)
= (a b)b2
sum of cuboids
= (a b)a2 + (a b)ab + (a b)b2
= (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
Resultant Volume = sum of cuboids
a3 b3
= (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) [shown]
Daniel & Samuel

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85
Ex 3.5
3(b)
Ex 3.5
1(a)
1(b)
2(i)
x 3 2x 2 4x + 8
)
(x 2)(
)
(x 2)(x 2
2
= (x 2)(x
4)
= (x 2)(x + 2)(x 2)
= (x + 2)(x 2)2
3
(x 3)(4x 3)(x + 2) = 0
x = 3 or x =
3x 10x + 9x 2
(x 1)(
)
2
)
(x 1)(3x
2
(x
1)(3x
+2)
= (x 1)(3x 2 7x +2)
= (x 2)(3x 1)(x 2)
f(x)
x 3 3x 2 4x
x 3 3x 2 4x + 12
(x 2)(
)
2
(x 2)(x
)
(x 2)(x 2
6)
2
(x 2)(x
x 6)
x 3 4x 2 + x + 6
(x 2)(
(x 2)(x 2
(x 2)(x 2
(x 2)(x 2 2x
or x = 2
3(d)
x(x + 3)(x 1)
x(x 2 + 2x 3)
x 3 + 2x 2 3x
x 3 + 2x 2 4x 8
(x 2)(
)
2
(x 2)(x
+4)
(x 2)(x 2 +4x +4)
(x 2)(x + 2)2
x = 2 or x = 2
(x 2)(x 3)(x + 2) = 0
x = 2 or x = 3 or x = 2
3(a)
x3 + 4
= x(x + 4)
3
x +4
= x 2 + 4x
3
2
x x 4x + 4
=0
(x 1)(
)
2
(x 1)(x
)
(x 1)(x 2
4) = 0
(x 1)(x + 2)(x 2)
=0
x = 1 or x = 2 or x = 2
= 12
= 12
=0
=0
3(c)
f(x) = x 3 3x 2 4x
f(x)
=0
2
x(x 3x 4) = 0
x(x 4)(x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 4 or x = 1
2 (ii)
4x 3 + 18
= 7x 2 + 21x
4x 3 7x 2 21x + 18 = 0
(x 3)(
)
2
(x 3)(4x
)
2
(x 3)(4x
6)
(x 3)(4x 2 + 5x 6) = 0
=0
)
)
3)
3) = 0
=x+8
=x+8
=x+8
=0
=0
=0
P(x) = k[x (4)] [x (1)] [x (3)]

= k(x + 4)(x + 1)(x 3)
= 5(x + 4)(x + 1)(x 3)
coefficient of x 3 is 5
= 5(x 2 + 5x + 4)(x 3)
= 5(x 3 +5x 2 +4x
3x 2 15x 12)
= 5(x 3 +2x 2 11x 12)
= 5x 3 +10x 2 55x 60
(x 2)(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 2 or x = 3 or x = 1
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
86

5(a)
x 3 9x 2 + 25x 21
=0
(x 3)(
)
(x 3)(x 2
)
2
(x 3)(x
+ 7)
2
(x 3)(x
6x + 7) = 0
x = 3 or x =
=
5(b)
2(1)
68
622
2
= 3 2
1 3
x
6
3
113
6
717
4
9(i)
+ x
= 35
= 210
=0
4(4)2 4(1)(30)
2(1)
416120
2
4104
2
(not real)
f(x) = 2x 3 + 9x 2 + 7x + 3
f(k)
=9
3
2
2k + 9k + 7k + 3 = 9
2k 3 + 9k 2 + 7k 6 = 0 [shown]
Let f(x) = 2x 3 x 2 + 3x + 2
1
= 35
1 2
x
2
2
2(2)
x = 7 or x =
(7)(7)2 4(2)(4)
74932
(x 7)(
)
(x 7)(x 2
)
(x 7)(x 2
+ 30)
(x 7)(x 2 +4x + 30) = 0
2x 3 + 6x 6
= (13x 6)(x 1)
3
2x + 6x 6
= 13x 2 19x + 6
3
2
2x 13x + 25x 12 = 0
(x 3)(
)
2
(x 3)(2x
)
(x 3)(2x 2
+ 4)
(x 3)(2x 2 7x + 4)
(x 3)(2x 2 7x + 4) = 0
x = 3 or x =
x 3x + 2x
x 3 3x 2 + 2x 210
2(3)
6
N(x) = x 3 x 2 + x
N(x)
(1)(1)2 4(3)(1)
11+12
y = P(x) cuts the x-axis at 2,1 & 2:

P(x) = k[x (2)][x (1)] [x (2)]
= k(x + 2)(x 1)(x 2)
P(x) passes through (0,12):
12 = P(0)
= k[(0) + 2][(0) 1][(0) 2]
= k(2)(1)(2)
= 4k
k=3
P(x) = 3(x + 2)(x 1)(x 2)
63628
3x 3 + 5x 2
= 3x + 2
3
2
3x + 5x 3x 2 = 0
(x + 2)(
)
(x + 2)(3x 2
)
(x + 2)(3x 2
1)
(x + 2)(3x 2 x 1) = 0
6(i)
(6)(6)2 4(1)(7)
x = 2 or x =
5(c)
Ex 3.5
9(ii)
2k 3 + 9k 2 + 7k 6 = 0
f ( ) = 2 ( ) + 2
(k + 2)(
(k + 2)(2k 2
(k + 2)(2k 2
(k + 2)(2k 2
=0
By Factor Thm, (2x + 1) is factor
6(ii)
2x 3 + 4
2x 3 + 4
2x 3 x 2 + 3x + 2
= (x 1)(x 2)
= x 2 3x + 2
=0
(k + 2)(2k 1)(k + 3) = 0
k = 2 or k =
(2x + 1)(
(2x + 1)(x 2
(2x + 1)(x 2
(2x + 1)(x 2 x
1
x = or x =
)
)
+ 2)
+ 2) = 0
1
2
or k = 3
(1)(1)2 4(1)(2)
)
)
3)
+5k 3) = 0
2(1)
118
2
Daniel & Samuel

17
2
(not real)
sleightofmath.com
87

10
Ex 3.5
y = 2x 3
(1)
(2
y = x)(5x + 6)
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
2x 3
= (2 x)(5x + 6)
3
2x + (x 2)(5x + 6) = 0
2x 3 + 5x 2 4x 12
=0
(x + 2)(
)
(x + 2)(2x 2
6)
2
(x + 2)(2x
+x 6) = 0
(x + 2)(2x 3)(x + 2)
x = 2
or
y|x=2 = 2(2)3
11(i)
+5x
x2
2 x 2 x 4
x
+4x 3
(x 4 x 3
5x 3
(5x 3
=0
x=
3
2
3 3
y|x=3 = 2 ( )
=
=0
=0
+6
x 2
2x 2 )
+x 2
5x 2
6x 2
(6x 2
( ,
16x 12
16x
10x)
6x 12
6x 12)
0
27
4
(x 2)(x + 1)(x 2 + 5x + 6) = 0
(x 2)(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0
x = 2 or x = 1 or x = 2 or x = 3
3 27
2
=0
=0
= 16
(2, 16)
11(ii) P(x)
x 4 + 4x 3 x 2 16x 12
a = 4, b = 16
(x 2)(x + 1)Q(x)
(x 2 x 2)Q(x)
P(x) = x 4 + ax 3 x 2 + bx 12
P(x) is divisible by (x 2)
By Factor Theorem,
P(2)
=0
16 + 8a 4 + 2b 12 = 0
8a + 2b
=0
b
= 4a
P(x) is divisible by (x + 1)
By Factor Theorem,
P(1)
=0
1 a 1 b 12 = 0
a + b + 12
=0
a + (4a) + 12
=0
b = 4a
a
= 4
12(i)
f(x) = 2x 3 + ax 2 7a2 x 6a3

f(a) = 2(a)3 + a(a)2 7a2 (a) 6a3
= 2a3 + a3 + 7a3 6a3
=0
By Factor Theorem,
(x + a) is a factor of f(x)
12(ii) f(x)
=0
3
2
2
3
2x + ax 7a x 6a
=0
(x + a)(
)
(x + a)(2x 2
)
(x + a)(2x 2
6a2 )
(x + a)(2x 2 ax 6a2 ) = 0
(x + a)(2x + 3a)(x 2a) = 0
3
x = a or x = a or x = 2a
2
b|a=4 = 4(4) = 16
13(i)
x 2 (9 2x)
9x 2 2x 3
2x 3 9x 2 + 2
(2x 1)(
(2x 1)(x 2
(2x 1)(x 2
(2x 1)(x 2
4x
1
x = or x =
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
)
)
2)
2) = 0
(4)(4)2 4(1)(2)
=2
=2
=0
2(1)
416+8
2
424
2
426
2
= 2 6
88
Ex 3.5
13(ii) x 2 (3 + 2x)(3 2x) = 2

x 2 (9 2x)
=2
1
x = or x = 2 + 6 or x = 2 6
2
(
14
rej 2x )
would not exist
15(iii) P(x) = 0 has only 1 real root

0 real roots in quadratic factor
b2 4ac
<0
2
a 4(2)(a)< 0
a2 8a
<0
a(a 8)
<0
Intersects x = 1 or x = 3 only
P(x) = k(x + 1)(x 3)2
+
0
+
8
0<a<8
P(x) passes through (1,16):

16 = P(1)
= k(1 + 1)(1 3)2
= k(2)(4)
2 =k
16
P(x) = 2(x + 1)(x 3)2

P(3) = 144
P(x) = k(x + 1)2 (x 3)
5 32x 2
5 32x 2
12x 3 + 32x 2 + 3x 5
(2x + 1)(
)
(2x + 1)(6x 2
)
(2x + 1)(6x 2
5)
2
(2x + 1)(6x +13x 5)
= 3x(4x 2 + 1)
= 12x 3 + 3x
=0
=0
(2x + 1)(2x + 5)(3x 1) = 0
y = P(x) passes through (1,16):

16 = P(1)
= k(1 + 1)2 (1 3)
= k(4)(2)
2 = k
P(x) = 2(x + 1)2 (x 3)
P(3) = 48
15(i)
5 1
2 3
x = , ,
17(i)
29.7
2 + 2
21
P(x) = 4x 3 + 2ax 2 2x 2 + ax a
Compare area,
1 3
1 2
1 2
A(x) = xy
P ( ) = 4 ( ) + 2a ( ) 2 ( ) + a ( ) a
=
1
2
+ a
2
1
2
+ aa
2
Compare width,
=0
x 2 + y 2 + y = 21
By Factor Theorem,
(2x 1) is a factor of P(x)
15(ii) P(x) (2x 1)(
(2x 1)(2x 2
(2x 1)(2x 2
= (2x 1)(2x 2
(1)
)
)
+a)
+ax +a)
x 2 + y 2
x2 + y2
42y
= 21 y
= 441 42y + y 2
= 441 x 2
441x2
42
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

1
A(x) = x (
=
441x2
2
42
x(441x2 )
84
17(ii) 21 is the width of rectangle and this results in no

leftover area for A(x)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
89

17(iii)
x(441x2 )
= 15
84
Ex 3.5
3
7
2)
x(441 x
= 1296
x 2 441x + 1296= 0
x
=
=
(441)(441)2 4(1)(1296)
2(1)
441189297
2
x = 2.96 or x = 438 (rej x < 21)
(12.4,42.4)
= ()
17(iv) A(x) = 42.4 cm2 is max area
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
90
Ex 3.6
2(a)
Ex 3.6
1(a)
3x+1
(x2)(x+5)
x2
x+2
(x+1)2
Cover-up rule:
x = 5:
+ (x+1)2
Cover-up rule:
x+5
x = 1:
x = 2:
A
x+1
7
=A
( )(7)
14
=B
(7)( )
1
( )2
A=1
Substitution:
B=2
x = 0:
=B
B=1
= +
A =1
3x+1
(x2)(x+5) =
1(b)
x2
x+5
x+2
(x+1)2 =
x2
A
B
+
(x + 2)(x + 1) x + 2 x + 1
2(b)
Cover-up rule:
4
=A
( )(1)
3
=B
(1)( )
x = 2:
x = 1:
1(c)
x2
(x+2)(x+1)
x+5
x2 +x
x+5
4
x+2
x(x+1)
A
x
3
x+1
x = 1:
1(d)
x+5
x2 +x
x+10
x2 4
x+1
x+10
x2 4
2
x+2
+ (x2)2
=A
A=4
x = 2:
32
(4)( )2
=C
C=8
x = 0:
x+1
44
(2)(4)
B = 4
2(c)
14+7x3x2
x2 (x+2)
= +
(x+2)(x2)2 =
A=5
A
x
4
x+2
B
x2
B = 3
4
8
x2
+ (x2)2
C
x+2
Cover-up rule:
A
x+2
8
=A
( )(4)
12
=B
(4)( )
B
x2
Substitution:
64
( )(16)
x = 0:
14
( )2 (2)
x = 2:
12
(4)( )
3
x2
Daniel & Samuel

=7
B=7
x2
Cover-up rule:
x = 2:
A
x+2
x2 8x+44
x+10
(x+2)(x2)
x = 2:
x = 2:
5
=A
( )(1)
4
=B
(1)( )
x2 8x+44
(x+2)(x2)2
B = 3
Cover-up rule:
x = 0:
+ (x+1)2
Cover-up rule:
A=4
1
x+1
A = 2
Substitution:
B=3
x = 1:
sleightofmath.com
18
C = 3
= + +
14+7x3x2
x2 (x+2)
=C
7
x2
x+2
A=0
91

2(d)
4x2 9x+7
x(x1)2
Ex 3.6
3(c)
x1
+ (x1)2
Cover-up rule:
7x2 9x+29
(x3)(x2 +4)
x3
Bx+C
x2 +4
Cover-up rule:
x = 0:
7
( )(1)
x = 1:
2
(1)( )2
=A
=C
65
( )(13)
A=7
x = 3:
C=2
Substitution:
=A
29
(3)(4)
x = 0:
A=5
A
3
C
4
C = 3
Substitution:
5
(2)(1)2
x = 2:
3(a)
4x2 9x+7
x(x1)2
x1
8x2 11x+5
(2x3)(x2 +1)
= + +
2x3
B = 3
(x3)(x2
Bx+C
3(d)
x2 +1
Cover-up rule:
13
2
13
)( )
4
x= :
2
x = 1:
3(b)
=A
(1)(2)
8x2 11x+5
(2x3)(x2 +1)
x(x2 +3)
3
A
2
2x3
C = 1
1
B+C
2x3
B=2
x2 +4
Bx+C
x2 +5
A=2
B=3
3x1
x2 +1
(x1)(x2
4(a)
x2 +3
=A
4(b)
Bx+C
x2 +3
2
= +
x(x2 +3)
2
Compare coefficients:
x 2 : 1 = 5 + B B = 4
x:
C=2
5
4x+2
x2 +3
= +
C
5
2B+C
= +
x1
4x
x2 +5
C=4
B = 1
Deg(numerator) = 1
Deg(denominator) = 2
Deg(numerator) = 1
Deg(numerator) < Deg(denominator),
the fraction is proper
4(c)
Deg(numerator) = 2
Deg(numerator) = Deg(denominator),
the fraction is improper
4x2 +3
x2 2
Daniel & Samuel

+5)
A
1
Deg(numerator) < Deg(denominator),

the fraction is proper
A=5
5
20
(1)(9)
x = 2:
Bx+C
x2 +2x+15
x(x2 +3)
(1)(5)
x2 +5x+6
15
( )(3)
x2 +2x+15
x1
x = 0:
x + 2x + 15 = 5(x + 3)
+(Bx + C)x
2
= 5x + 15
+Bx 2 + Cx
= (5 + B)x 2 + Cx + 15
12
=
( )(6)
x = 1:
A=2
Cover-up rule:
x = 0:
5
x3
B+C
Substitution:
5
(3)(1)
x2 +2x+15
x2 +5x+6
(x1)(x2 +5)
Cover-up rule:
Substitution:
x = 0:
+4)
(2)(5)
7x2 9x+29
+ (x1)2
27
x = 1:
sleightofmath.com
4(x2 2)+11
x2 2
=4+
11
x2 2
92

4(d)
Ex 3.6
Deg(numerator) = 4
5(b)
x+3
(x2)(x2 4)
x2 (2x3)
x+3
1
2
3
2x 3x x
5(a)
x2 (2x3)
x+3
(x2)(x4)
+0x 2
= x+ +
A
x2
2x 2
+0x 2
x = 2:
x = 4:
7
(2)( )
x+3
(x2)(x4) =
=
1
( )(16)
=A
A=
x = 2:
5
(4)( )2
=C
C=
x = 0:
2x 2
15 2
x 2x2
4
x2 (2x3)
3
(2)(4)
= +
x4
A=
=B
x2
7
2(x4)
B=
5(c)
1
16(x+2)
A
Cover-up rule:
x = 2:
5
( )(8)
x+2
x2
7
2
1
16
5
4
2
1
16
1
16
x2
5
4
+ (x2)
2
1
16(x2)
5
4(x2)2
Bx+C
x2 +4
=A
A=
5
8
Substitution:
x4
x+3
(x2)(x2 +4)
5
2(x2)
x = 0:
3
(2)(4)
x = 1:
4
(1)(5)
x+3
(x2)(x2
+4)
=
=
Daniel & Samuel

1
16
x+3
5
2
+ (x2)2
x = 2:
(x+2)(x2)2 =
=A
B
x2
Substitution:
15 2
x )
4
15 2
x
4
Cover-up rule:
5
( )(2)
+x 3
3
(x 4 2 x 3 )
5 3
x
2
5
( x 3
2
(x+1)(x3 2)
x+2
Cover-up rule:
2x3 3x2
5
x4 +x3 2x2
(x2)(x+2)(x2)
= (x+2)(x2)2
Deg(numerator) > Deg(denominator),

the fraction is improper
(x+1)(x3 2)
x+3
sleightofmath.com
=
5
8(x2)
5
8(x2)
C=
A
1
B+C
5
1
4
B=
5
8
5
1
8
4
x2 +4
5x+2
8(x2 +4)
93

6(a)
2x3 +15x2 +39x+33
(x+2)(x+3)
Ex 3.6
2x3 +15x2 +39x+33
2x
+5
3
x +5x +6 2x
+15x 2
(2x 3 +10x 2
5x 2
(5x 2
2
2x3 +15x2 +39x+33
6(c)
x2 +5x+6
+39x
+12x)
+27x
+25x
2x
6x3 5x2 19x+28

(2x+3)(x1)2
+33
+33
+30)
+3
2x
2x+3
= 2x + 5 + (x+2)(x+3)
(x+2)(x+3)
2x + 5 +
A
x+2
6x3 5x2 19x+28

(2x+3)(x1)2
x+3
6(b)
1
( )(1)
x = 3:
3
(1)( )
=A
2x3 +15x2 +39x+33

(x+2)(x+3)
4x3 4x2 16x+7

(x+1)(x2)
x2
(x+1)(x2)
6x3 5x2 19x+28

2x3 x2 4x+3
2x2 7x+19
= 3 + (2x+3)(x1)2
A
2x+3
B
x1
+ (x1)2
A = 1
Cover-up rule:
=B
B=3
= 2x + 5
1
x+2
25
25
4
x= :
3
x+3
x = 1:
4x3 4x2 16x+7
=A
10
(5)( )2
A=4
=C C=2
Substitution:
x2 x2
x = 0:
4x
x 2 4x 3
4x 2 16x +7
(4x 3 4x 2 8x)
8x +7
4x3 4x2 16x+7
6x3 5x2 19x+28

2x3 4x2 +2x+3x2 6x+3
3+
x = 2:
2x+1)
3
4x +3 6x 3
5x 2 19x +28
(6x 3 3x 2 12x +9)
2x 2 7x +19
Cover-up rule:
6x3 5x2 19x+28
= (2x+3)(x2
19
(3)(1)
6x3 5x2 19x+28

=
(2x+3)(x1)2
A
3
3+
B
1
4
2x+3
C
1
3
x1
B = 3
2
+ (x1)2
78x
= 4x + (x+1)(x2)
4x +
x+1
B
x2
Cover-up rule:
x = 1:
15
( )(3)
x = 2:
9
3( )
4x3 4x2 16x+7

(x+1)(x2)
=A
=B
= 4x
Daniel & Samuel

A = 5
B = 3
5
x+1
3
x2
sleightofmath.com
94
Ex 3.6
6(d)
4x5 +2x4 +3x3 x2 x+1

x(x2 +1)
4x5 +2x4 +3x3 x2 x+1

x3 +x
+2x
4x 2
3
2 +x
5
+2x 4
x +0x
4x
5 +0x 4
(4x
2x 4
(2x 4
4x5 +2x4 +3x3 x2 x+1

x(x2 +1)
1
+3x 3
+4x 3 )
x 3
+0x 3
x 3
(x 3
x 2
x +1
x 2
+2x 2 )
3x 2 x
+0x 2 x)
3x 2 +0x +1
= 4x 2 + 2x 1 +
4x3 +12x2 x4
=x+3+
x+3+
Bx+C
x2 +1
x= :
=A
A=1
x= :
2
3x2 +1
x(x2 +1)
Bx+C
9(i)
x2 +1
3x 2 + 1 = (x 2 + 1) +(Bx + C)x
= x2 + 1
+Bx 2 + Cx
x(x2 +1)
6x2 21x+25
x(2x5)
4x
x2 +1
= 4x 2 + 2x 1 +
D
2x+1
1
=C
( )(2)
1
=D
(2)( )
C=
2
D=
2
a
3x2 +8x+1
x2 +2x+1
3
+2x +1 3x 2
(3x 2
+8x
+6x
2x
+1
+3)
2
6x2 21x+25
2x2 5x
2x2
3
21x +25
2x 5x 6x 2
2 15x)
(6x
6x +25
A=3
x(2x5)
h = 3 + (x+1)2
3+
6x2 21x+25
C
2x1
V = 3x 2 + 8x + 1
a = (x 2 + 2x + 1)
h=
Compare coefficients:
x 2 : 3 = 1 + B
B = 4
x: C = 0
4x5 +2x4 +3x3 x2 x+1
1
(2x 1)(2x + 1)
V = ah
= (1 + B)x 2 + Cx + 1
1
4x2 1
Cover-up rule:
Cover-up rule:
x = 0:
=x+3+
4x2 1
x(x2 +1)
A
x 4
x)
+0x 4
+0x 3)
1
A = 1, B = 3
3x2 +1
4x 2 + 2x 1 + +
1
( )(1)
x
+3
3
4x +0x 1 4x
+12x 2
3
(4x +0x 2
12x 2
(12x 2
2
=3+
9(ii)
x+1
+ (x+1)2
Cover-up rule:
x = 1:
4
( )2
=B
B = 4
6x+25
x(2x5)
B
C
3+ +
x
Substitution:
x = 0:
2x5
2
1
= +
A=2
Cover-up rule:
5
25
( )(5)
10
( )( )
x = 0:
x= :
5
2
=B
=C
Daniel & Samuel

h= 3 +
B = 5
C=4
10(i)
sleightofmath.com
2
x+1
(x+1)2
x 3 3x 2 + 4 = (x + 1)(x 2 4x + 4)
= (x + 1)(x 2)2
95
Ex 3.6
10(ii)
x 2 +3x
x 3x +0x +4 x 5 +0x 4
(x 5 3x 4
3x 4
(3x 4
3
10(ii)
x2 +8
11(ii)
2
x5 36x2 +53x+18
+9
+0x 3
+0x 3
+0x 3
9x 3
9x 3
(9x 3
36x 2
+4x 2 )
40x 2
+0x
40x 2
27x 2
13x 2
= (x 2 + 3x + 9) +
x3 3x2 +4
= (x 2 + 3x + 9) +
(x 2
+ 3x + 9) +
+53x
+12x)
+41x +18
+0x +36)
+41x 18
x = 2:
12
(3)( )2
=C
18
1(4)
x3 3x2 +4
13x2 +41x18
(x+1)(x2)2
A
B
x+1
x2
2
(4)( )
=B
B=
x2 +8
100x+250
x2 +5x
x+1
A
x4
5
x2
+ (x2)2
12(iii)
x = 2:
6
(6)( )
11(i)
2x+16
(x4)(x+2)
x+2
2(x+8)
2
+
(x4)(x+2)
x+2
2
1
2
2(
x4
4
x4
4
x4
4
x
)+
x+2
2
x+2
A=2
=B
x4
x+2
2
x+2
x2 +2
1
2
x+2
1
2(x+2)
1
2
1
2
x2
1
2(x2)
x+5
50
x
=A
=B
50
x+5
A = 50
B = 50
50
x
50
Time for to journey

Time for return journey
x+2
=A
x+8
(x4)(x+2) =
x2 +5x
x+5
Cover-up rule:
12
( )(6)
100x+250
x2 +2
1
12(ii) 50km
13(i)
x = 4:
x(x+5)
B
250
(5)( )
x 5 36x 2 + 53x + 18
x 3 3x 2 + 4
8
= (x 2 + 3x + 9)
x+8
(x4)(x+2)
x = 5:
B = 5
100x+250
250
( )(5)
11
(x2 4)(x2 +2)
x = 0:
x2
x = 2:
C=4
A=
Cover-up rule:
x+2
=A
A = 8
x2 +2
13x2 +41x18
12(i)
+ (x+2)(x2)
x2 +2
1
2
( )(4)
Substitution:
x = 0:
x2 +2
x = 2:
=A
Cover-up rule:
Cover-up rule:
72
( )9
x2 4
1
+53x +18
C
(x2)2
x = 1:
(x2 4)(x2 +2)
x 3 8 = (x)3 (2)3
= (x 2)[x + x(2) + 22 ]
= (x 2)(x 2 + 2x + 4)
B = 1
1
x+2
=1
=1
=1
=1
=1
=x4
=8
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
96

13(ii)
x2 +4
x3 8
Ex 3.6
x2 +4
= (x2)(x2
A
x2
14(iii)
2(3)
1
x2 +2x+4
2
1
3
1
3
1
4
1
=
+
Cover-up rule:
8
( )(12)
x = 2:
=A
A=
x = 0:
4
(2)(4)
x = 1:
5
(1)(7)
2
3
x3 8
x2
2
=
14(i)
1
(x+1)(x+2)
x+1
A
1
C=
B+C
B=
2
3
x2
3(x2 +2x+4)
1
( )(1)
x = 2:
1
(1)( )
(x+1)(x+2) =
15(i)
14(ii)
1
2(3)
++
4(5)
101(102)
1
101
1
102
2 102
25
81
5x2 3x+8
(x1)(x2 +4)
2
x1
3x+1
x2 +4
5x 3x + 8 = 2(x + 4) + (3x + 1)(x 1)
x+2
Compare constants:
8=81
8 = 7 [inconsistent]
A=1
15(ii)
=B
x+1
=A
101
Cover-up rule:
x = 1:
1
100
1
1
2
x
3
3
x2 +2x+4
3(x2)
A
2
3(4)
1
Substitution:
x2 +4
+2x+4)
Bx+C
B = 1
1
x+2
5x2 3x+8
(x1)(x2 +4)
x1
Bx+C
x2 +4
Cover-up rule:
x = 1:
10
( )(5)
=A
A=2
Substitution:
x = 0:
8
(1)(4)
x = 2:
22
(1)8
5x2 3x+8
(x1)(x2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
+4)
2B+C
= +
2
x1
3x
x2 +4
C
4
C=0
B=3
97
Rev Ex 3
A3(i)
Rev Ex 3
A1(i)
g(x) = x 3 + ax 2 + x + 5
g(2)
= 31
3
2
2 + a(2) + 2 + 5 = 31
8 + 4a + 2 + 5
= 31
4a
= 16
a
=4
Difference in volumes is 189 cm3 :

(x + 3)3 x 3 = 189
9(x 2 + 3x + 3) = 189
x 2 + 3x + 3
= 21
2
x + 3x 18 = 0
(x + 6)(x 3) = 0
x = 6
or x = 3
(rej x 0)
x+3=6
=c+5
=c+5
=c+5
=6
g(2)
8 + 4a + 2 + 5
15 + 4(4)
31
b
A2(i)
A4(a)
= 2(1)(2 b) + 2c + 5
= 2(2 b) + 2c + 5
= 2(2 b) + 2(6) + 5
= 2(2 b) + 17
= 5
1x2
7x+3
x2 1
7x+3
(x+1)(x1)
A
B
x+1
x1
x = 1:
10
( )(2)
x = 1:
4
(2)( )
7x3
1x2
x+1
2
=
=0
=0
=0
=0
=3
Cover-up rule:
f(1) = (1)3 + (k 2) (k 7) 4
= 1
+k 2
k + 7 4
=0
By Factor Theorem, (x + 1) is a factor of f(x)
A4(b)
1x
10x5
(x+1)(x2 +4)
A = 5
=B
B = 2
x1
5
x+1
=A
x+1
Bx+C
x2 +4
Cover-up rule:
15
=
( )(5)
x = 1:
f(x) = x 3 + (3 2)x 2 + (3 7)x 4

= x 3 + x 2 4x 4
(x + 1)(
)
2
(x + 1)(x
)
2
= (x + 1)(x
4)
(x
= + 1)(x + 2)(x 2)
A = 3
Substitution:
x = 0:
5
(1)(4)
= +
x = 1:
5
(2)(5)
= +
10x5
(x+1)(x2
the third factor (x 2)
Daniel & Samuel

7x3
f(x) = x 3 + (k 2)x 2 + (k 7)x 4
A2(ii) By Factor Theorem,

f(2)
8 + (k 2)4 + (k 7)(2) 4
4k 8 2k + 14 12
2k 6
k
+ x2]
+ x2 )
A3(ii) x shorter side

x + 3 longer side
A1(ii) g(x) = x(x 1)(x b) + cx + 5

g(1)
1+a+1+5
1+4+1+5
c
(x + 3)3 x 3
= [(x + 3) x][(x + 3)2
+ (x + 3)x
2
(x + 6x + 9 + x 2 + 3x
=3
(3x 2 + 9x + 9)
=3
= 9(x 2 + 3x + 3)
sleightofmath.com
+4)
3
x+1
B+C
C=7
3x+7
x2 +4
B=3
98

A4(c)
x3
(x4)2
Rev Ex 3
x3
x
+8
3
x 8x +16 x
+0x 2
3
(x 8x 2
8x 2
(8x 2
2
x3
(x4)2
A6
f(x) = 4x 3 16x 2 9x + 40
(a)(i)
f(4) = 4(4)3 16(4)2 9(4) + 40
=4
x2 8x+16
+0x
+16x)
16x
64x
48x
+0
+0
+128)
128
A6
f(x) = x
(a)(ii) x = 4 is a root
4x 3 16x 2 9x + 40
4x 3 16x 2 10x + 40
2x 3 8x 2 5x + 20
(x 4)(
)
(x 4)(2x 2
)
(x 4)(2x 2
5)
2
(x 4)(2x
5)
48x128
(x4)2
A
B
+ (x4)2
x4
=x+8+
x+8+
Cover-up rule:
x = 4:
48(4)128
( )2
B = 64
Substitution:
x = 0:
128
16
A
4
B
16
=x
=0
=0
=0
(x 4) (x + ) (x ) = 0
A = 48
x = 4 or x =
x3
(x4)2 = x + 8 +
A5(i)
48
x4
64
+ (x4)2
A6(b) P(x) = x 3 + 2x 2 y 5xy 2 6y 3
x 3 + 3x 2 6x 8
=0
(x 2)(
)
2
(x 2)(x
)
(x 2)(x 2
+ 4)
2
(x 2)(x
+5x + 4) = 0
(x 2)(x + 4)(x + 1)
=0
x = 2 or x = 4 or x = 1
P(2y) = (2y)3 + 2(2y)2 y 5(2y)y 2 6y 3

= 8y 3 + 8y 3 10y 3 6y 3
=0
By Factor Theorem, (x 2y) is a factor of P(x)
P(x) (x 4)(
)
2
(x 4)(x
)
(x 4)(x 2
+ 3y 2 )
(x 4)(x 2 +4xy + 3y 2 )
= (x 2y)(x + 3y)(x + y)
A5(ii) f(x) = 22x 3 + 15x 2 4x 6

(a)
g(x) = 2 + 14x 12x 2 5x 3
f(a)
= g(a)
22a3 + 15a2 4a 6
= 2 + 14a 12a2 5a3
27a3 + 27a2 18a 8 = 0 [shown]
The other 2 factors are (x + 3y) & (x + y)
A5(ii) (3a)3 + 3(3a)2 6(3a) 8 = 0

(b)
sub y = 3a:
y 3 + 3y 2 6y 8 = 0
y=2
y = 4
y = 1
sub y = 3a:
sub y = 3a: sub y = 3a:
3a = 2
3a = 4
3a = 1
a=
2
3
a=
Daniel & Samuel

4
3
a=
3
sleightofmath.com
99

A7
Rev Ex 3
f(x) (x 2 x 2)
Remainder = ax + b
f(x) = (x 2 x 2)Q(x) + ax + b
= (x + 1)(x 2)Q(x) + ax + b
f(x) has a remainder of 5 when divided by x + 1
f(1) = 5
a + b = 5
b
=a5
(1)
f(x) has a remainder of 7 when divided by x 2
f(2)
=7
2a + b = 7
(2)
sub (1) into (2)
2a + (a 5) = 7
3a
= 12
a
=4
b|a=4 = (4) 5
= 1
B2(a) y = x(16x 19)

(1)
3
y = 4x 6
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
x(16x 19)
= 4x 3 6
16x 2 19x
= 4x 3 6
4x 3 16x 2 + 19x 6 = 0
(x 2)(
)
2
(x 2)(4x
)
2
(x 2)(4x
+ 3)
(x 2)(4x 2 8x + 3) = 0
(x 2)(2x 1)(2x 3) = 0
x = 2 or x =
Sub back x = a2 & y = b2 :

g(a) = (a2 4b2 )(a2 + 3b2 )
= (a + 2b)(a 2b)(a2 + 3b2 )
B3(i)
B1(b) f(x) = 3(x + 2)5 + (x + k)2
Daniel & Samuel

=0
=0
=0
=0
Sub x = a2 & y = b2 :
g(a) = x 2 xy 12y 2
= (x 4y)(x + 3y)
1+14 =A5
A
=3
f(1)
=7
5
2
(k
3(1) + 1) = 7
k 2 2k + 1
=4
2
k 2k 3
=0
(k 3)(k + 1)
=0
k = 3 or k = 1
With k = 12,
g(a) = a4 a2 b2 12b4
4 = (1)(1) + B
B = 5
Remainder = Ax + B
= 3x 5
or x =
g(2b)
16b4 (2b)2 b2 + kb4
16b4 4b4 + kb4
b4 (12 + k)
b = 0 or k = 12
B1(a) x 3 + x 4 = (x 2 + x 1)(x 1) + Ax + B
x = 1:
B2(b) g(a) = a4 a2 b2 + kb4
Remainder = ax + b
= 4x 1
x = 0:
B3(ii)
81x 3 + 24y 3
= 3[(3x)3 + (2y)3 ]
= 3(3x + 2y)[(3x)2 (3x)(2y) + (2y)2 ]
= 3(3x + 2y)(9x 2 6xy + 4y 2 )
81x3 +24y3
9x2 6xy+4y2
3(3x+2y)(9x2 6xy+4y2 )
9x2 6xy+4y2
= 3(3x + 2y)
sleightofmath.com
100

B4(i)
(a)
2x2 7x+14
(x+2)(x4)
Rev Ex 3
2x2 7x+14
B5(a) Let f(x) = x 2 + 5px + p2 + 5
x2 2x8
2(x2 2x8)3x+30
=2
f(x) is divisible by x + 2
By factor Theorem,
f(2)
=0
(2)2 + 5p(2) + p2 + 5 = 0
4 10p + p2 + 5
=0
2
p 10p + 9
=0
(p 9)(p 1)
=0
p = 1 or p = 9
f(x) is not divisible by x + 3
(x+2)(x4)
303x
+ (x+2)(x4)
A
B
2+
x+2
x4
Cover-up rule:
x = 2:
36
( )(6)
x = 4:
18
(6)( )
B4(i)
(b)
2x2 7x+14
(x+2)(x4)
42
(2x5)(x+1)2
A = 6
=B
=2
=A
B=3
6
x+2
3
x4
2x5
By Factor Theorem,
f(3)
9 + 5p(3) + p2 + 5
p2 15p + 14
(p 14)(p 1)
p 14 or p 1
p= 9
+ (x+1) + (x+1)2
Cover-up rule:
5
42
( )( )
x= :
7 2
2
x = 1:
=A
42
(7)( )2
24
A=
=C
B5
(b)
C = 6
Substitution:
42
A
B C
=
+ +
(5)(1)2
5
1
1
12
x = 0:
42
(2x5)(x+1)2 =
B4(ii)
2x4 7x2 +14

(x2 +2)(x2 4)
24
7(2x5)
=2
=2
2
6
x2 +2
6
x2 +2
6
x2 +2
12
(x+1)2
3
x2 4
3
A
x+2
B
x2
Cover-up rule:
x = 2:
3
( )(4)
x = 2:
3
(4)( )
2x4 7x2 +14

(x2 +2)(x2 4)
=A
A=
=B
=2
=2
B=
6
x2 +2
6
x2 +2
+
+
x 2 (x + 3)
= 10x + 24
3
2
x + 3x
= 10x + 24
x 3 + 3x 2 10x 24 = 0
(x 3)(
)
2
(x 3)(x
)
2
(x 3)(x
+ 8)
(x 3)(x 2 +6x + 8) = 0
(x 3)(x + 2)(x + 4) = 0
x = 3 or x = 2 or x = 4
7(x+1)
+ (x+2)(x2)
+
3
4
x+2
3
4(x2)
3
4
u = 4
sub u = 3x :
3x =
3
4
x2
B5(b) 9x (3x + 3)
= 10(3x ) + 24
(32 )x (3x + 3) = 10(3x ) + 24
(i)
(3x )2 (3x + 3) = 10(3x ) + 24
sub u = 3x :
u2 (u + 3) = 10u + 24
u=3
u = 2
x
sub u = 3 :
sub u = 3x :
3x = 3
3x = 2(NA)
4 (NA)
x=1
3
4(x+2)
B5
25x 2 (5x + 3) = 50x + 24
(b)(ii) (5x)2 (5x + 3) = (10)5x + 24
sub y = 5x
y 2 (y + 3) = 10y + 24
y=3
or y = 2
or y = 4
5x = 3
5x = 2
5x = 4
x=
Daniel & Samuel

0
0
0
0
sleightofmath.com
3
5
x=
2
5
x=
5
101

B6(i)
f(x) = a[x (1)][x (3)][x (k)]

= a(x + 1)(x 3)(x k)
= 2(x + 1)(x 3)(x k)
highest power term is 2x 3
Rev Ex 3
B7(i)
f(x) g(x)
(x 4 x 3 7x 2 + x + 6)
(x 4 2x 3 10x 2 + 5x + 18)
x 3 + 3x 2 4x 12
(x 2)(
)
(x 2)(x 2
)
(x 2)(x 2
+ 6)
2
(x 2)(x +5x + 6)
(x 2)(x + 2)(x + 3)
x = 2 or x = 2 or x = 3
f(4)
= 20
2(5)(1)(4 k) = 20
4k
=2
k
=2
B6(ii) f(x) = 2(x + 1)(x 3)(x 2)
f(2) = 2(1)(5)(4)
= 40
f(x) = x 4 x 3 7x 2 + x + 6
g(x) = x 4 2x 3 10x 2 + 5x + 18
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
B7(ii) f(x) g(x)= 0

f(x)
= g(x)
f(2)
f(2)
f(3)
= g(2) = 12
= g(2) = 0
= g(3) = 48
By Factor Theorem:
(x + 2) is a factor of f(x) & g(x)
= 2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
102

Ex 4.1
1(a)
|5 9| = |4|
=4
1(b)
|3 1| = |2 |
= (2 )
=2
1(c)
2|5| |8| = 2(5) 8

= 2
2(i)
Given: y = |x 2 8x + 2|
Ex 4.1
4(ii)
y = 18:
2|3 x| + 4 = 18
|3 x|
=7
3 x= 7
or 3 x = 7
x
= 4
x
= 10
5(a)
|x 4| = 6
x 4 = 6 or
x = 10
5(b)
|2x + 3| = 5
2x + 3 = 5
2x + 3 = 5
2x
=2
2x
= 8
x
=1 x
= 4
5(c)
|x 2| + 3 = 5
|x 2|
=2
x 2= 2
x 2= 2
x
=4 x
=4
6(a)
y = |f(x)|
y|x=1 = |(1)2 8(1) + 2|

= |5|
=5
2(ii)
y|x=1 = |(1)2 8(1) + 2|

= |11|
= 11
2(iii)
y|x=2 = |(2)2 8(2) + 2|

= |10|
= 10
3(a)
x 4 = 6
x
= 2
(1,4)
|2 2| +| 1|
(3,5)
(2,3)
= 2 2 +(1)
= 3 2
3(b)
|2 5|
= (2 5) +3 5
= 5 2
=1
3(c)
2|6 3|
+|3 5|
+3 5
6(b)
y = |f(x)|
+|3 6|
(1,4)
= 2(6 3) +[(3 6)]

= 2(6 3) +(6 3)
4(i)
6(c)
y = |f(x)|
= 3(6 3)
= 36 33
3
1
Given: y = 2|3 x| + 4
O
y|x=8 = 2|3 (8)| +4

= 2|5|
+4
[
]
= 2 (5) +4
= 2(5)
+4
= 14
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
103

6(d)
Ex 4.1
y = |f(x)|
10
7(a)
c
<0
c > 0
6 c> 6
>0
|6 c| = 6 c
y = |x 3| for 0 x 4
y
(1,4)
3
f(c) = (6 c) c 2
= 6 c c2
(4,1)
(3,0)
f(x)
|6 x| x 2
7(b)
y = |x + 2| for 3 x 3
(3,5)
(2,0) O
y = |3x 5|
x=
9
=0
=0
For x < 0,
6 x x2
=0
2
x +x6
=0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 3 or x = 2 (rej x < 0)
(3,1)
f(x) = |6 x| x 2
f(c) = |6 c| c 2
5
3
f(x) = x + 2 |3 2x|
f(a) = a + 2 |3 2a|
a
>2
2a < 4
3 2a < 1
<0
|3 2a| = (3 2a)
11(a) 2|x + 1| + 3 = 9
2|x + 1|
=6
|x + 1|
=3
x + 1 = 3 or x + 1 = 3
x
=2
x
=2
11(b) 11 2|x + 3| = 1
2|x + 3|
= 10
|x + 3|
=5
x + 3 = 5 or
x + 3= 5
x
=2
x
=2
12(a) |2x 3| = x
2x 3 = x or
x
=3
12(b) |5x 8| = 3x
5x 8 = 3x or
2x
=8
x
=4
2x 3 = x
x
=3
5x 8 = 3x
2x
=8
x
=4
f(a) = a + 2 [(3 2a)]

= a + 2 +(3 2a)
= 5 a [shown]
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
104
Ex 4.1
14(c) |x(x 2)| = 2x 3
x(x 2) = 2x 3 or
x 2 2x = 2x 3
x 2 4x + 3
=0
(x 1)(x 3) = 0
x = 1 (rej) or x = 3
12(c) 4|x 6| 5x = 0
|x 6|
x 6=
x
=
5x
4
5x
4
or
x 6=
x
= 6
13
= 6
x
= 24
(rej x 0)
5x
x
= 24
(rej x 0)
14(d) Method 1
2|x| = x 2 4x
|x y| = |y 5|
2
|x|
y
>5
y5 >0
|y 5| = y 5
1
2
1
2
1
x y= y
3
2
=x+
2
1
x y= y
3
= x+
x2 4x
2
=x+
5
2
= x+
x2 4x
2
2x
= x 2 4x
x 2 6x = 0
x(x 6) = 0
x = 0 or x = 6
x = 6 or x = 6
15
y = |2x 6|
14(b) Method 1
|x|2 + x 2
=4
2
2
x +x
=4
2
2x
=4
2
x 2
=0
(x + 2)(x 2) = 0
6
3
x = 2 or x = 2
Method 2
|x|2 + x 2
=4
|x 2 | + x 2
=4
2
|x |
= 4 x2
x2
= 4 x 2 or x 2
2x 2 = 4
2x 2
2
x
=2
x2
x
= 2
x
Daniel & Samuel

or
Method 2
2|x|
= x 2 4x
2
4|x|
= (x 2 4x)2
4x 2
= (x 2 4x)2
4x 2
= x 4 8x 3 + 16x 2
x 4 8x 4 + 12x 2
=0
x 2 (x 2 8x 2 + 12) = 0
x 2 (x 2)(x 6) = 0
x = 0 or
x = 2 or x = 6
(rej)
14(a) |x 2 4| = 2
x2 4
= 2 or x 2 4
=2
2
2
x 6
=0
x 6
=0
(x + 6)(x 6) = 0
(x + 6)(x 6) = 0
x = 6 or x = 6
2
5
x2 4x
x y = (y 5)
2x
= x 2 4x
x 2 6x = 0
x(x 6) = 0
x = 0 or x = 6
|x y| = (y 5)
x y = (y 5) or
x(x 2)
= 2x 3
2
x 2x
= 2x 3
2
x 4x + 3
=0
(x 1)(x 3) = 0
x = 1 (rej) or x = 3
15(i)
=4x
=4
=2
= 2
y = 2|x 3|
= |2x 6|
15(ii) y = |6 2x|
= |(2x 6)(1)|
= |2x 6||1|
= |2x 6|
sleightofmath.com
105
Ex 4.1
16(a) y = |1 x 2 |
= |(1 + x)(1 x)|
(2,3)
(0,1)
(1,0) (1,0)
17(ii) y = |2x 4|
16(b) y = |x 2 4|
= |(x + 2)(x 2)|
(0,4)
(2,0)
18(i)
16(c) y = |(x 1)(x 3)|
(5,8)
(2,1)
(1,0)
(3,0)
y = 2|x + c| 5
At (1,3):
3
= 2|(1) + c| 5
8
= 2|c 1|
|c 1| = 4
c 1 = 4 or c 1 = 4
c
=5
c
= 3
(2,0)
18(ii) y = |2x + 5|
17(i)
(4,0)
y = |2x 3|
16(d) y = |x 2 4x|
= |x(x 4)|
(2,4)
3
2
19(i)
y = |2x + c|
At (1,2),
2
= |2(1) + c|
2
= |2 + c|
|c + 2| = 2
c + 2 = 2 or c + 2 = 2
c
=0
c
= 4
c = 4
y = |3 kx|
(5,12):
12
= |3 k(5)|
|3 5k| = 12
3 5k = 12 or 3 5k = 12
5k
= 9
5k
= 9
At (0,4),
4 =
|2(0) + c|
|c| = 4
c = 4
k
19
(ii)(a)
=
5
(1,6)
3
O 1
= |3 3|
(5,12)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
106

|3 kx| = 3
19
(ii)(b) |3 3x| = 3
3|1 x| = 3
|1 x| = 1
1 x= 1
or
x
=0
20(i)
Ex 4.1
22
k = 0 or k > 4
(ii)(a)
22
k=4
(ii)(b)
1 x= 1
x
=0
22
0<k<4
(ii)(c)
= |2 5|
=+2
23(a) No.
It can be 0
5
2
23(b) |x| 0
5
2
23(c)
24
20(ii) 2 intersections
2 solutions
21(i)
y = |x 2 + 2x 3|
= |(x + 3)(x 1)|
= | 2 + 2 3|
(1,4)
3
=2
3 1
Method 2
x 2 |x| 2 = 0
|x|
= x2 2
x
= x 2 2 or x
= x2 2
x2 x 2
=0
x2 x 2
=0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
x = 2 or x = 1
x = 2 or x = 1
(rej)
(rej)
21(ii) |x 1|
= |x+3|
|x 1||x + 3| = 2
|x 2 + 2x 3| = 2
25
x 2 = x
(i)(a) Not true
x 2 = |x|
Draw y = 2
4 intersections
4 solutions
22(i)
y = |x 2 6x + 5| for 1 x 7
= |(x 1)(x 5)|
(1,12)
(3,4)
5
1
5
|x 2
Method 1
x 2 |x| 2
=0
|x|2 |x| 2
=0
(|x| 2)(|x| + 1) = 0
|x| = 2
|x| = 2
or
or
x = 2
x = 2
25
x 2 = x
(i)(b) By definition, square root results in only positive
number
25(ii) |x|
(7,12)
6x + 5| = k
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
107
Ex 4.2
2(a)
Ex 4.2
1(a)
y = 3x
power of 5 is positive & odd (except for 1),
graph is similar to y = x 3
y = x4
(0 < power
1
4
< 1)
2(b)
1(b)
y = x3
2
(0 < power < 1)
3
y = 3x 4
power of 4 is positive & even,
graph is similar to y = x 2
O
2(c)
y = x2
3
(power > 1)
2
1(c)
y = 3 = 2x 3
x
power of 3 is negative & odd,
1
graph is similar to y =
2(d)
y = 3x 2
3
(power > 1)
2
1(d)
y = 4 = 2x 4
x
power of 4 is negative & even,
1
graph similar to y = 2
x
coefficient is negative,
reflect in x axis
O
2(e)
y = 3x 2
3
(power > 1)
2
coefficient 3 is negative,
reflect in x axis
108

3(a)
Ex 4.2
4(c)
y = x 3
1
(power < 0)
x = y 2
y=
O
3(b)
x2
1
(0 < power < 1)
y = x 3
2
(power < 0)
3
5(i)
O
3(c)
y=
3
(power < 0)
=
5(ii)
2
10
x2
5(iii)
4
3
5(iv)
410
x2
= 10
2
= (10)
= 2.5
1
4
y = 2
=
10
x2 =
10
2
(40)2
y = :
10
= 24
= 4
y = x 3
y|x=40 =
4(b)
10
y = 4x 2
10
x
10
= 2
4(a)
y = 2
3
x 2
2
10
x
10
1
x2
1
(0 < power < 1)

2
109

6
Ex 4.2
9(b)
= 2 6
= 2 6
Reflection of each other in the x-axis

7
y=
y = 8x = 2x 3
1
(0 < power < 1)
3
coefficient 2 is negative, reflect in x-axis
= 2x 2
x
1
(power < 0)
2 = 2 3
9(c)
1 =
y=
32x2
2
2x5
= 2x 5
(power < 0)
5
1 sol
8
y=
1
(0 < power < 1)
3
10(i)
1 = 4 3
2 = 4 2
1
3
1
3
4x + x = 4
y = 2x + 1
(1)
1
y=
(2)
x
(1)
(2):
sub
into
1
2x + 1
=
x
2x 2 + x
=1
2x 2 + x 1
=0
(2x 1)(x + 1) = 0
1
x=
or
x = 1
2
4x
=4x
y1
= y2
1 sol
9(a)
1
4x 3
= 2( ) + 1
y|x=1
=2
10(ii)
= 1
y = 6x = 6x 2
1
(0 < power < 1)
= 2 + 1
1
(1, 1)
y|x=1 = 2(1) + 1
( , 2)
2
11(i)
5x 2
= 2x 6
1
5x 2 2x 6
1
6
=0
1
3
x (5x 2) = 0
1
x6 = 0
x =0
or
x6 = 0
x =0
110
Ex 4.2
11(ii) y|x=0 = 0
(0,0)
y|x=
22
5
8
125
12(iii) Sub P = 18:
= 5(
1
23 2
1
2
8
125
) = 5 ( 3)
5
21.5
51.5
=5
22
55
2(18)
L
36
36
L
36
= 2
I
= 36I 2
power of 2 is negative & even,
1
it is similar to y = 2
= 512
= 2 6
8 210
( ,
)
125
5
(0,0)
Note:
Verify which graph is higher at x-coordinates
8
bigger & smaller than
125
12(i)
210
=5
5
5
8 210
125
O
13(i)
2 = 4 5
I=
2P
L
O
L = 8:
2P
4
1
I = (8) = =
1 =
= P2
2
13(ii) 1 sol
(0 < power < 1)

2
12(ii) Sub P = 18:

I=
2(18)
L
36
L
= 6L2
(power < 0)
2
111

14(i) y =
4
x
Ex 4.2
15(iii) 2x = 4x 12
for 0.5 x 4
x2 = 2
x 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

y 5.66 4.00 3.27 2.83 2.53 2.31 2.14 2.00
= 23
2
y|
= 2(2)3 = 23
2
x=23
2
3
(2 , 23 )
16(i)
2x 3x 2
=0
(2x + 1)(x 2) = 0
1
x = 2
(rej x 0)
16(ii) y = 2x 2
y = 3x
or
x = 2
x =4
(1)
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

2x 2
= 3x
2x 3x 2 = 0
x=4
y|x=4 = 2(4) 2
=6
(4,6)
= 2 2
= 3
(4,6)
O
2
1
3x 2
1
y = 3x =
(0 < power < 1)
2
17(i)
14(ii) (1 x)x = 4
1x
At (8,1),
At (8,1),
1 = a 8
4
x
y=
1 = a(2)
1 sol
15(i)
y = a x
a=
1=
2x
b
2(8)
b = 16
1 = 2
1
2 = 4 2
1
4x 2
y=
1
(power < 0)
2
15(ii) 1 solution
112

17(ii)
Ex 4.2
17(iii) (8, 1)
(8,1) = 1 3
2
Symmetrical about O
113
Rev Ex 4
A2(d) | 3x 1| = 3
Rev Ex 4
or
x 1 = 3
3
=4
x
x
= 43
x
= 64
A1(a) f(x) = |3x 1|

f(2) = |3(2) 1|
= |7|
=7
x 1 = 3
= 2
x
x
= (2)3
x
= 8
3
A3(a) y = |3x 2| for 2 x 1

f(2) = |3(2) 1|
= |5|
=5
(1,5)
(2,4)
f(x)
=3
|3x 1| = 3
3x 1 = 3
or
3x
=4
x
3x 1 = 3
3x
= 2
2
3
=
3
A3(b) y = |9 x 2 |
A1(b) g(x) =
|x 2
2x|
(0,9)
g(1) = |(1)2 2(1)|

= |1 2|
= |1|
=1
(3,0)
(3,0)
A3(c) y = |4x 2 1| for 1 < x < 1
g(3) = |(3)2 2(3)|

= |9 6|
= |3|
=3
(1,3)
( , 0)
x=
Daniel & Samuel

2
3
( , 0)
2
A3(d) y = |(2x + 1)(x 2)|
2x 3 = x
3x
=3
x
=1
( ,3 )
A2(b) |x + 1| = 2x 3
x + 1 = 2x 3 or x + 1 = (2x 3)
x + 1 = 2x + 3
x
=4
3x = 2
A2(c) |x 2 + 6| = 5x
x 2 + 6 = 5x or
x 2 5x + 6 = 0
(x 2)(x 3) = 0
x = 2 or x = 3
(1,3)
(0,1)
2
A2(a) |2x 3| = x
2x 3 = x or
x
=3
( , 0)
(2,0)
A4
(rej)
x2 + 6
= 5x
x 2 + 5x + 6 = 0
(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0
x = 2
or x = 3
(rej)
(rej)
sleightofmath.com
y = |x 2| 5
At x axis,
y
=0
|x 2| 5 = 0
|x 2|
=5
x 2 = 5 or
x
=7
P(7,0)
x 2 = 5
x
= 3
Q(3,0)
114

A5(i)
Rev Ex 4
A6(ii)
A6(iii)
y = 2x 3
1
(0 < < 1)
3
y=
16x
x 2
16
1
16 2 = | 16|
1
(25,9)
1 = 2 4
(25,4.5)
16
( < 0)
1
16
= 2
A5(ii) y = 2x 13
(1)
y=
16x
1 1
16
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

2x
1
3
16
1
1 1
x 3+2 =
x
5
6
A6(iv) 2x 14 = |x 16|
2 solutions
1
3
B1(a)
|2x + 4| = x 2 + 1
2x + 4
= x 2 + 1 or
x 2 2x 3 = 0
(x + 1)(x 3) = 0
x = 1 or x = 3
2x + 4
= (x 2 + 1)
x 2 + 2x + 5 = 0
x=
=
B1(b) |x 2 1| = x 2
x2 1 = x2
or
1
= 0 (NA)
=
= 26
y|x= 1 = 2(26 )
2x 4
or x =
1
2
=8
1
4
1
3
x
=4
x
= 44
x = 256
64
= 2(22 )
2x 4 3 = 5
2x 4 3 = 5 or
sub (3) into (1):
(NA)
B1(c) |2x 14 3| = 5
(3)
64
x=
6
5
x2
32
(25 )
2(1)
216
x 2 1 = x 2
2x 2
=1
= 25
x
x
(2)(2)2 4(1)(5)
2x 4
x
= 2
1
4
= 1
(NA
1
x4
0)
, )
64 2
1
A6
y = 2x 4
(i)(a)
y = 4:
1
2x 4 = 4
1
x4 = 2
x = 24
x = 16
B1(d)
|x 2| = x 4
= x 4 or x 2
= (x 4)
x 2
x x 2
=0
x + x 6
=0
2
(x) x 2 = 0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
(x) + x 6 = 0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 2
x =4
x = 3
(rej)
x = 1
(rej)
x = 2
x=4
1
A6
y|x=25 = 2(25)4
(i)(b)
4.5
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
115

B2(i)
Rev Ex 4
B3(b) 2x + 3y = 19
3y
= 19 2x
= |2 5|
5
4
5
2
=4
|x (
|x
B2(ii) y = |2x 5| (1)

y=4x
(2)
192x
3
19
| x
3
19
3
5
B3(a) 2x + y = 3
y
= 3 2x
y|x=1 = 4 (1)
=3
(1,3)
=3
=3
2x 5 = (4 x)
2x 5 = 4 + x
x
=1
y|x=28 =
B4(ii)
or
28
3
28
5
5
3
5
3
28
5
192( )
13
5
19
= 3
10
3
=2
x
y|x=2 =
192(2)
3
=5
B4(i)
(2)
+ x| = 3
3
5
(1)
)| = 3
3
3
19
=
y|x=2 = 4 (3)
=1
(3,1)
|x y| = 3
sub (1) into (2):
sub (1) into (2):

|2x 5| = 4 x
2x 5 = 4 x or
3x
=9
x
=3
192x
For unhealthy temperature,

|x 36.9| 0.9
(1)
= | 36.9|
y = |2x 1|
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
|2x 1| = 3 2x
2x 1 = 3 2x or 2x 1 = (3 2x)
4x
=4
2x 1 = 3 + 2x
2
= 0 (NA)
x
=1
y|x=1 = 3 2(1)
=1
36.9
= 0.9
36.0 36.9 37.8
|x 36.9|
= 0.9
x 36.9 = 0.9 and
x
= 36
x 36.9
x
= 0.9
= 37.8
For healthy temperature,

36 < x < 37.8
B5(i)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
|x 2 10x + 8| = 8
x 2 10x + 8 = 8 or
x 2 10x
=0
x(x 10)
=0
x = 0 or x = 10
x 2 10x + 8 = 8
x 2 10x + 8 = 8
x 2 10x + 16 = 0
(x 2)(x 8) = 0
x = 2 or x = 8
116

B5(ii)
Rev Ex 4
B6(b) y = 2x + 1
= | 2 10 + 8|
y=
(5,17)
8
5 17 5 + 17
2(1)
10217
(2)
2x + 1
(10)(10)2 4(1)(8)
1068
(1)
sub (1) into (2):
|x 2 10x + 8| = 0
x 2 10x + 8 = 0
x=
6
x
2x + x
=6
2x + x 6
=0
(2x 3)(x + 2) = 0
1010032
2
x = 2 or x = 2 (rej x 0)
= 5 17
x=
B5(iii) Solutions for x in (i) are the x-coordinates of the

intersection points between the graph in (ii) and
the line y = 8
9
4
9
sub x = into (1):

4
y|x=9 = 2 + 1 = 2 ( ) + 1 = 4
B6(a)
( , 4)
2 =
1
2
= 6
1
1 = 2 = 2 2
(3,23)
y = 2x =
1
2x 2
1
(0 < power < 1)

2
y=
= 6x 2
x
1
(power < 0)
2
y1 = 2x
y2 =
(1)
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

2x =
6
x
x=3
(3)
sub (3) into (2):

y2 |x=3 =
6
3
6
3
3
3
63
3
= 23
(3,23)
Daniel & Samuel

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117
Ex 5.1
Ex 5.1
1(a)
2! 3! = (2 1)(3 2 1)
= (2)(6)
= 12
1(b)
6!
3!
6543!
3!
=654
= 120
1(c)
5!
5
( ) = (51)!(1)!
1
5!
=
4!
=5
1(d)
9!
9
( ) = (92)!(2)!
2
9!
=
7!2!
98
2
= 36
2(a)
2(b)
n
0
1
2
3
4
5
Binomial Coefficients
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
4
6
4
1
1
5
10
10
5
1
(1 2x)4
= [1 + (2x)]4
= 1 +(4)(2x)1
= 1 +(4)(2x)
= 1 8x
+(6)(2x)2
+(6)(4x 2 )
+24x 2
+(4)(2x)3
+(4)(8x 3 )
32x 3
+(1)(2x)4
+(1)(16x 4 )
+16x 4
(1 + 3x)5
= 1 +(5)(3x)1
= 1 +(5)(3x)
= 1 +15x
+(10)(3x)2
+(10)(9x 2 )
+90x 2
+(10)(3x)3
+(10)(27x 3 )
+270x 3
+(5)(3x)4
+(5)(81x 4 )
+405x 4
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
+(1)(3x)5
+(1)(243x 5 )
+243x 5
118

3(a)
n
0
1
2
3
4
5
1
6
1
7
1
7
8
1
8
9
1
9
36
10 1
10
45
(1 + 2x)9
= 1 +(9)(2x)
= 1 +18x
3(b)
4(a)
Ex 5.1
Binomial Coefficients
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
4
6
4
5
10
10
6
15
20
15
21
35
35
28
56
70
56
84
126
126
120
210
252
210
+(36)(4x 2 )
+144x 2
1
5
1
6
21
1
7
28
84
1
8
36
120
1
9
45
1
10
+(84)(8x 3 ) +
+672x 3 +
(1 x 2 )10
= [1 + (x 2 )]10
= 1 +(10)(x 2 ) +(45)(x 4 )
= 1 10x 2
+45x 4
+(120)(x 6 ) +
120x 6 +
(1 + x)10
10 (x)1
)
1
+(10)(x)
+10x
+(
=1
=1
=1
10
+ ( ) (x)2
2
+(45)(x 2 )
+45x 2
10 (x)3
)
+
3
+(120)(x 3 ) +
+120x 3 +
+(
4(b)
(1 3x)8
= [1 + (3x)]8
8
8
8
=1
+ ( ) (3x)1 + ( ) (3x)2 + ( ) (3x)3 +
3
1
2
=1
+(8)(3x) +(28)(9x 2 ) +(56)(27x 3 ) +
=1
24x
+252x 2
1512x 3 +
4(c)
(1 2x 2 )7
= [1 + (2x 2 )]7
7
7
=1
+ ( ) (2x 2 )1 + ( ) (2x 2 )2
1
2
=1
+(7)(2x 2 )
+(21)(4x 4 )
=1
14x 2
+84x 4
4(d)
7
+ ( ) (2x 2 )3 +
3
+(35)(8x 6 ) +
280x 6 +
16
(1 x 3 )
2
16
= [1 + ( x 3 )]
2
1
2
1
1
16
16
= 1 + ( ) ( x 3 ) + ( ) ( x 3 )
2
2
1
2
1 3
1 6
= 1 +(16) ( x ) +(120) ( x )
2
= 1 8x 3
Daniel & Samuel

+30x 6
3
1
16
) ( x 3 ) +
2
3
1
+(560) ( x 9 ) +
+(
70x 9 +
sleightofmath.com
119

5(i)
n
n!
n(n1)(n2)!
( )= (n2)!2! = (n2)!(21)
2
(
=
(
n(n1)
(n+1)!
(n+1)!
n+1
) = [(n+1)2]!(3)! = (n2)!(3)!
3
5(ii)
Ex 5.1
(n+1)(n)(n1)(n2)!
(n2)!(3.2.1)
(n+1)(n)(n1)
n
= 4( )
2
n+1
)
3
(n+1)(n)(n1)
= 4[
(n + 1)(n)(n 1)
n(n1)
2
= 12n(n 1)
(n)(n 1)[(n + 1) 12] = 0

(n)(n 1)(n 11)
=0
n=0
or n = 1
or n = 11
(rej n 2) (rej n 2)
6(i)
(1 + x) (1 x)
= (1 + x) [1 + (x)]
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
= [( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x)
+ ( ) (x) ]
0
3
5
1
2
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
[( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x) + ( ) (x) ]
0
3
5
1
2
4
= [1
[1
= (1
(1
+(5)(x)
+(5)(x)
+(10)(x)
+(10)(xx)
+(5)(x 2 )
+(1)(x 2 x)]
+(10)(x)
+(10)(xx)
+(5)(x 2 )
+(1)(x 2 x)]
+5x
5x
+10x
+10x
+10xx
10xx
+5x 2
+5x 2
+x 2 x)
x 2 x)
=10x +20xx
6(ii)
+2x 2 x [shown]
(1 + 2) (1 2)
= 102
= 102
= 582
+20(2)2
+402
Daniel & Samuel

+2(2)2 2
+82
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120

7(i)
(2 x) (1 + x)
Ex 5.1
8 1 0
8 1 3
8 1 1
8 1 2
= (2 x)[( ) ( x) + ( ) ( x) + ( ) ( x)
+ ( ) ( x) + ]
0 2
3 2
1 2
2 2
1
1 2
1
= (2 x)[1
+(8) ( x) +(28) ( x ) +(56) ( x 3 ) + ]
2
= (2 x)(1
+4x
+7x
+7x + )
= 2 +8x +14x 2 +14x 3

x
4x 2 7x 3 +
= 2 +7x +10x 2 +7x 3 +
7(ii)
Substitution
1.9 (1.05)8 = (2 0.1) (1 + 0.05)8
1
= [2 (0.1)] [1 + (0.1)]
= 2 +7(0.1) +10(0.1)2 +7(0.1)3 +

= 2 +0.7
+0.1
+0.007 +
2.807
8(i)
(1 + x)10 000
10 000 (x)0 10 000 (x)1
)
)
=(
+(
+
0
1
=1
+10 000x +
8(ii)
Substitution
(1.1)10 000 = [1 + (0.1)]10 000
= 1 + 10 000(0.1) +
= 1 + 1000 +
= 1001 +
> 1000
10 000
1.1
is larger
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
121

9(i)
Ex 5.1
(1 + x)20
20
20
20
= ( ) (x)0 + ( ) (x)1 + ( ) (x)2 +
0
1
2
2
= 1 + 20x + 190x +
10(ii) (1 + 4x)6 (1 2x)14

= (1 + 24x + 240x 2 + )(1 28x + 364x 2 + )
Estimated amount (at r = 4, t = 5)

= 1 28x
+24x
) ]|
400
= 20 000 [(1 +
= 20 000 [1 + (
4t
= [20 000 (1 +
4
400
1
100
t=5,r=4
(45)
)]
20 000 [1 + 20 (
20
= 1 4x 68x 2 +
) + 190 (
100
+364x 2
673x 2
+240x 2 +
1
100
) ]
$24 380
9(ii)
E = 24 380
A = 20 000 [1 + (
)]
20
100
= 24 403.8008
AE
A
100%
(24 403. 8008) (24 380)

100%
(24403. 8008)
0.10%
=
9(iii)
Yes
10(i)
(a)
(1 + 4x)6
6
6
= ( ) (4x)0 + ( ) (4x)1
0
1
6
+ ( ) (4x)2 +
2
=1
+6(4x)
+15(16x 2 ) +
=1
+24x
+240x 2 +
10(i)
(b)
(1 2x)14
= [1 + (2x)]14
14
14
14
= ( ) (2x)0 + ( ) (2x)1 + ( ) (2x)2
0
1
2
+
=1
+14(2x)
+91(4x 2 ) +
=1
28x
+364x 2 +
Daniel & Samuel

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122

11(i)
Ex 5.1
(1 x)6 = [1 + (x)]6
6
6
6
= ( ) (x)0 + ( ) (x)1 + ( ) (x)2
0
1
2
=1
+6(x)
+15x 2
2
3
= 1 6x + 15x 20x +
6
+ ( ) (x)3 +
3
+20(x 3 ) +
11(ii) Method 1 (factorize & multiply)

(1 + x 2x 2 )6
= [(1 x)(1 + 2x)]6
= (1 x)6 (1 + 2x)6
6
6
6
6
= (1 6x + 15x 2 20x 3 + )[( ) (2x)0 + ( ) (2x)1 + ( ) (2x)2 + ( ) (2x)3 + ]
0
3
1
2
= (1 6x + 15x 2 20x 3 + )[1
+(6)(2x) +(15)(4x 2 ) + (20)(8x 3 ) + ]
= (1 6x + 15x 2 20x 3 + )(1 + 12x + 60x 2 + 160x 3 + )
= 1 +12x +60x 2
6x 72x 2
+15x 2
+160x 3
360x 3
+180x 3
20x 3
= 1 + 6x + 3x 2 40x 3 +
Method 2 (substitution)
(1 + x 2x 2 )6
= [1 (x + 2x 2 )]6
= 1 6(x + 2x 2 )
+15(x + 2x 2 )2
20(x + 2x 2 )3
= 1 6(x + 2x 2 )
+15[x(1 2x)]2
20[x(1 2x)]3
= 1 6(x + 2x 2 )
+15(x)2 (1 2x)2
20(x)3 (1 2x)3
= 1 6(x + 2x 2 )
+15x 2 (1 2x)2
+20x 3 (1 2x)3
= 1 6(x + 2x 2 )
+15x 2 (1 4x + )
+20x 3 (1 + )
= 1 +6x 12x 2
+15x 2
60x 3
+20x 3 +
= 1 + 6x + 3x 2 40x 3 +
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
123

12
Ex 5.1
(1 x)(1 + ax)6 = 1 + bx 2 +
14(i)
(1 x)4
(1 x)(1 + ax)6
6
6
6
= (1 x)[( ) (ax)0 + ( ) (ax)1 + ( ) (ax)2 +
0
1
2
= (1 x)[1 +(6)(ax) +(15)(a2 x 2 ) + ]
= (1 x)(1 +6ax +15a2 x 2 + )
+15a2 x 2
6ax 2
= 1 +6ax
x
Compare x 2 : 15a2 6a
+(4)(x 3 ) +(1)(x 4 )
= 1 4x
+6x 2
4x 3
+x 4
=b
1 2
15 ( ) 6 ( ) = b a =
13(i)
+(6)(x 2 )
S = y 4 4y 3 + 6y 2 4y + 1
= 1 4y + 6y 2 4y + 1
= (1 y)4
= 1 + (4)(x)
Sub y = 1 x 3 :
6a 1 = 0
a
4
4
4
4
= 1 + ( ) (x)1 + ( ) (x)2 + ( ) (x)3 + ( ) (x)4
3
1
2
4
14(ii)
S = (1 x 3 )4 4(1 x 3 )3 + 6(1 x 3 )2 4(1 x 3 ) + 1
= 1 +(6a 1)x +(15a2 6a)x 2 +

Compare x:
= [1 + (x)]4
7
12
Sub back y = 1 x 3 :
S = [1 (1 x 3 )]4 = (x 3 )4 = x12
n
n
(1 2x)n = 1 + ( ) (2x)1 + ( ) (2x)2 +
1
2
n
= ( ) (4x 2 ) +
2
n
=4 ( ) x2 +
2
n
Coefficient of x 2 = 4 ( ) [shown]
2
13(ii) Coefficient of x 2 = 24
n
4( )
= 24
2
n
( )
=6
2
n!
(n2)!2!
=6
n(n1)(n2)!
(n2)!2!
=6
n(n1)
2
=6
n(n 1)
= 12
n2 n
= 12
n2 n 12
=0
(n 4)(n + 3) = 0
n = 4 or n = 3 (rej n > 0)
Daniel & Samuel

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124

15(i)
Ex 5.1
(1 + x)5 (1 4x)4
= (1 + x)5 [1 + (4x)]4
4
4
4
5
5
5
= [( ) (x)0 + ( ) (x)1 + ( ) (x)2 + ] [( ) (4x)0 + ( ) (4x)1 + ( ) (4x)2 + ]
0
1
2
0
1
2
2)
2)
[
]
[
(5)(x)
(10)(x
(4)(4x)
(6)(16x
= 1
+
+
+
1
+
+
+]
2
2
(1 16x + 96x + )
= (1 + 5x + 10x + )
= 1 16x
+96x 2
+5x 80x 2
+100x 2 +
1 11x + 26x 2 [shown]
15(ii) Factor & multiply polynomials
(a)
(1 + x)5 (1 4x)5 = [(1 + x)5 (1 4x)4 ] (1 4x)
= [1 11x + 26x 2 + ] (1 4x)
= 1 11x
+26x 2
4x +44x 2 +
= 1 15x + 70x 2 +
15(ii) Substitute
(1 x)5 (1 + 4x)4 = [1 + (x)]5 [1 4(x)]4
(b)
1 11(x) +26(x)2
1 +11x
+26x 2
15(ii) Expand & substitute

(1 + x 2 )5 (1 2x)4 (1 + 2x)4 = (1 + x 2 )5 (1 4x 2 )4
(c)
= [1 + (x 2 )]5 [1 4(x 2 )]4
1 11(x 2 ) +26(x 2 )2
1 11x 2
Daniel & Samuel

+26x 4
sleightofmath.com
125
Ex 5.1
16
28x 6 30x 4 1 = 0
sub x = 1 + h:
28(1 + h)6 30(1 + h)4 1
=0
6 (h)0
6 (h)1
6 (h)2
28 [( )
+( )
+( )
+]
0
1
2
=0
4
4
4
30 [( ) (h)0 + ( ) (h)1 + ( ) (h)2 + ] 1
0
1
2
28(1 + 6h + 15h2 + )
30(1 + 4h + 6h2 + ) 1
18(ii) Selective expansion

(1 + y)7
sub y = x(1 + x):
[1 + x(1 + x)]7
= 1 +7x(1 + x)
+21[x(1 + x)]2
+35[x(1 + x)]3 +35[x(1 + x)]4
+21[x(1 + x)]5 +7[x(1 + x)]6 +[x(1 + x)]7
(1 + x)4
= 35x 4
+21x 5 (1 + x)5
+7x 6 (1 + x)6
(1 + x)7 +
+x 7
=0
28 + 168h + 420h2
=0
30 120h 180h2 1 +
240h2 + 48h 3
80h2 + 12h 1
(20h 1)(4h + 1)
h=
20
or h = (rej root greater than 1)

4
root x = 1 +
17(i)
4
= 35x 4 [ ( ) (x)3 ]
3
5 [ (5) (x)2
+21x
]
2
6
+7x 6 [ ( ) (x)1 ]
1
7
7
[ ( ) (x)0 ] +
+x
0
0
0
0
1
20
= 1.05
= [35(4) + 21(10) + 7(6) + 1]x 7 +

= 393x 7 +
(1 + 2x)2n
2n
2n
2n
= ( ) (2x)0 + ( ) (2x)1 + + ( ) (2x)r
0
1
r
2n (2x)2n
++ ( )
2n
17(ii) 22n
= [1 + (1)]2n
=(
=(
2n (1)0
2n
2n
)
+ ( ) (1)1 + ( ) (1)2
0
1
2
2n
+ + ( ) (1)2n
2n
2n
)
0
coefficent of x 7 = 393
18(iii) 1st Observation
(1 + y)7
= 1 + 7y + 21y 2 + 35y 3 + 35y 4 + 21y 5 + 7y 6 +
y7
2n
2n
2n
+ ( ) + ( ) + + ( ) [proven]
1
2
2n
18(i)
(1 + y)7
7
7
7
7
= ( ) (y)0 + ( ) (y)1 + ( ) (y)2 + ( ) (y)3
0
3
1
2
7 (y)4
7 (y)5
7 (y)6
7
+( )
+( )
+( )
+ ( ) (y)7
5
6
4
7
2
3
4
5
= 1 + 7y + 21y + 35y + 35y + 21y + 7y 6 + y 7
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
All the coefficients of the terms from the 2nd term

onwards are divisible by 7
except the last term.
2nd Observation
Last Term of y
= [x(1 + x)]7
= x 7 (1 + x)7
7
7
7
7
( ) (x)0 + ( ) (x)1 + ( ) (x)2 + ( ) (x)3
0
3
1
2
= x7 [
]
7
7
7
7 (x)4
+( )
+ ( ) (x)5 + ( ) (x)6 + ( ) x 7
5
6
7
4
= x 7 [(1)x + (7)x 2 + (21)x 2 + (35)x 3 + (35)x 4
+ (21)x 5 + (7)x 6 + (1)x 7 ]
126
Ex 5.2
Ex 5.2
1(a)
(2 x)3
= [2 + (x)]3
= 23
3
3
3
+ ( ) (2)31 (x)1 + ( ) (2)32 (x)2 + ( ) (2)33 (x)3
3
1
2
=8
+(3)(4)(x)
+(3)(2)(x 2 )
+(x)3
= 8 12x + 6x 2 x 3
1(b)
(x + 2y)4
= x4
4
4
4
4
+ ( ) (x)41 (2y)1 + ( ) (x)42 (2y)2 + ( ) (x)43 (2y)3 + ( ) (x)44 (2y)4
3
1
2
4
= x4
+(4)(x 3 )(2y)
+(6)(x 2 )(4y 2 )
+(4)(x)(8y 3 )
+(16y 4 )
= x 4 + 8x 3 y + 24x 2 y 2 + 32xy 3 + 16y 4

1(c)
(2 + x 2 )5
= 25
5
5
5
5
5
+ ( ) (2)51 (x 2 )1 + ( ) (2)52 (x 2 )2 + ( ) (2)53 (x 2 )3 + ( ) (2)54 (x 2 )4 + ( ) (2)55 (x 2 )5
3
5
1
2
4
= 25
+(5)(16)(x 2 )
+(10)(8)(x 4 )
+(10)(4)(x 6 )
+(5)(2)(x 8 )
+x10
= 32 + 80x 2 + 80x 4 + 40x 6 + 10x 8 + x10

2(a)
x 5
(4 ) = [4 + ( x)]
1
1
5
+ ( ) (4)51 ( x)
2
1
= 45
= (1024) +(5)(256) ( x)
2
2
1
5
+ ( ) (4)52 ( x)
2
2
3
1
5
+ ( ) (4)53 ( x) +
2
3
+(10)(64) ( x 2 )
+(10)(16) ( x 3 )
= 1024 640x + 160x 2 20x 3 +

2(b)
12
( + x2 )
2
1 12
2
=
=
2(c)
1
2x
12 1 121 (x 2 )1
12 1 122 (x 2 )2
+( )( )
+( )( )
2
1
2 2
=( )
1
+(12) (
4096
1
4096
2x 2 ) = [
1
2x
3
512
1 8
1
1
Daniel & Samuel

x4 +
55
128
+(66) (
1
1024
) (x 4 )
1
8x5
12 1 123 (x 2 )3
)( )
+
3 2
+(220) (
) (x 6 )
512
x6 +
+(8) (
256x8
256x8
) (x 2 )
8 1 81 (2x 2 )1
8 1 82 (2x 2 )2
+( )( )
+( )( )
1 2x
2 2x
2x
33
512
+ (2x 2 )]
=( )
=
x2 +
1
2048
+(
1
128x7
7
4x2
) (2x 2 )
+(28) (
1
64x6
) (4x 4 )
8 1 83 (2x 2 )3
+( )( )
+
3 2x
+(56) (
1
32x5
) (8x 6 ) +
14x +
sleightofmath.com
127

3(a)
Ex 5.2
For (x + 2y)5
5
Tr+1 = ( ) (x)5r (2y)r
r
3(b)
3(c)
Tr+1
4(a)
1 13
2y
= [3x 2 + (
1
2y
13
For coefficient of x 3 ,
1 r
13
= ( ) (3x 2 )13r ( )
2y
r
r=6
6(a)
10 (2)106 (x)6
)
6
= (210)(16)(x 6 )
= 2260x 6
(rej)
18
For ( x 2 )
For term independent of x,

3r 18 = 0
r
=6
r=3
Term independent of x
18
= ( ) (1)6 (x)0
6
= (18 564)(1)(x)0
= 18 564
9
4th term = ( ) (3x)93 (2)3
3
= (84)(729x 6 )(8)
= 489 888x 6
For (y 2x)10 = [y + (2x)]10
6(b)
10 (y)10r (2x)r
)
r
For middle term,
r=
10
2
= [x 1 + (x 2 )]18
18 (x 1 )18r (x 2 )r
)
r
18
(1)r x 2r
= ( ) x r18
r
18
= ( ) (1)r
x 3r18
r
For (3x 2)9 = [3x + (2)]9
Tr+1 = (
Tr+1 = (
9
Tr+1 = ( ) (3x)9r (2)r
r
4(c)
2r = 6 r = 3
1 3
15
10
Coefficient of x 6 = [( ) ( ) ] = ( )
4
8
3
7th term = (
For 4th term,
r=
4(b)
2r = 3
Coefficient of x 3 = 0
10
= ( ) (2)10r (x)r
r
For 7th term,
10
= [1 + ( x 2 )]
)]
For (2 + x)10
Tr+1
10
r
1
10
) ( x 2 )
4
r
1 r
10
= ( ) ( ) (x 2 )r
4
r
1 r
10
= ( ) ( ) x 2r
4
r
10 (2x)10r (3)r
)
For (3x 2
x2
Tr+1 = (
For (2x 3)10 = [2x + (3)]10

Tr+1 = (
For (1
For (x +
1
2x2
12
= [x + (2 x2 )]
12 12r
)x
r
12
= ( ) x12r
r
12 1 r
= ( )( )
r 2
Tr+1 = (
=5
10
Middle term = ( ) (y)105 (2x)5
5
= (252)(y 5 )(32x 5 )
= 8064x 5 y 5
For middle term,
( x 2 )
12
1 r
( ) x 2r
2
x123r
r=
12
2
=6
12 1 6 (x)123(6)
)( )
6 2
231
=
6
Middle term = (
16x
Daniel & Samuel

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128

7
Ex 5.2
(px 3)n
= [px + (3)]n
n
= ( ) (px)n0 (3)0
0
= (px)n
n
+ ( ) (px)n1 (3)1 +
1
+(n)(px)n1 (3) +
= pn x n
3npn1 x n1 +
= 512x 9
qx 8 + [given]
Compare 1st term: Compare 2nd term:
3npn1 x n1 = qx 8
pn x n = 512x 9
3(9)291 x 91 = qx 8
n =9
n = 9, p = 2
8 )x 8
27(2
= qx 8
pn = 512
q
= 6912
n = 9,
p9
= 512
p
=2
8(i)
x 7
(2 )
2
7
1
= [2 + ( x)]
2
1
1
7
= (2)7 + ( ) (2)71 ( x)
2
1
1
= 128 +(7)(64) ( x)
2
2
2
1
7
+ ( ) (2)72 ( x)
2
2
1 2
+(21)(32) ( x )
4
3
1
7
+ ( ) (2)73 ( x) +
2
3
1 3
+(35)(16) ( x ) +
8
= 128 224x + 168x 70x +

8(ii)
(1.995)7 = (2 0.005)7
= (2
0.01 7
2
= 128 224(0.01) + 168(0.01)2 70(0.01)3 +

125.7767
9(i)
(1 2x)9 = [(1) + (2x)]9

9
9
=1
+ ( ) (2x)1 + ( ) (2x)2 +
1
2
=1
+(9)(2x)
+(36)(4x 2 ) +
= 1 18x + 144x 2 +
5
5
+ ( ) (2)51 (x)1 + ( ) (2)52 (x)2
1
2
= 32 +(5)(16)(x)
+(10)(8)(x 2 )
= 32 + 80x + 80x 2 +
(2 + x)5 = 25
9(ii)
(1 2x)9 (2 + x)5 = (1 18x + 144x 2 + )(32 + 80x + 80x 2 + )
= 32 +80x
+80x 2
576x 1440x 2
+4608x 2 +
= 32 496x +3248x 2 +
Daniel & Samuel

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129

10(i)
Ex 5.2
(2x 1)6
= [(2x) + (1)]6
6
6
6
= (2x)6
+ ( ) (2x)61 (1)1 + ( ) (2x)62 (1)2 + ( ) (2x)63 (1)3
3
1
2
= (64x 6 ) +(6)(32x 5 )(1)
+(15)(16x 4 )(1)
+(20)(8x 3 )(1)
= 64x 6
192x 5
+240x 4
160x 3 +
10(ii) (2x 1)6 (x 2 2x + 3)

= (64x 6 192x 5 + 240x 4 160x 3 + )(x 2 2x + 3)
= (192x 5 )(3) +(240x 4 )(2x) +(160x 3 )(x 2 ) +
= 576x 5
480x 5
= 1216x 5 +
160x 5 +
11(i)
( 2x)
= [ + (2x)]
1 5
5 1 51 (2x)1
+( )( )
1 2
1
+(5) ( ) (2x)
=( )
=
=
2
1
32
1
32
5 1 52 (2x)2
+( )( )
2 2
1
+(10) ( ) (4x 2 )
16
5 1 53 (2x)3
+( )( )
+
3 2
1
+(10) ( ) (8x 3 ) +
4
x + 5x 20x +
8
11(ii) Expansion
1
(1 + ax + 3x 2 ) ( 2x)
2
= (1 + ax + 3x 2 ) (
= 5x 2
5a 2
x
8
3
+ x2
32
5a
= (5
163
32
x + 5x 2 20x 3 + )
8
20x 3
+5ax 3
=(
1
32
15 3
x +
8
3
) x 2 + (5a
32
5a
8
) x2
20
+ (5a
175
8
15
8
) x3 +
) x3 +
Coefficients
Coefficient of x 2 =
(
163
32
5a
5a
8
[given]
13
2
Coefficent of x
= 5a
32
9
4
= 5 ( )
4
265
8
45
175
9
13
175
8
a=
9
4
Daniel & Samuel

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130

12(i)
Ex 5.2
For (x + my)8
8
Tr+1 = ( ) x 8r (my)r
r
13(iii) For constant term,
Constant Term = (
12(ii) if m = 2:
8
(a)
Tr+1 = ( ) x 8r (2y)r
r
8 8r r r
= ( )x
2 y
r
8
= ( ) 2r x 8r y r
r
14(i)
For (x 3
2 10
x2
k r
9
Tr+1 = ( ) x 9r ( )
x
r
9 9r (kx 1 )r
= ( )x
r
9 9r r r
= ( )x k x
r
9 r 92r
= ( )k x
r
For coefficient of x 3 , For coefficient of x 3 ,
9 2r = 3
9 2r = 3
2r = 6
2r = 6
r
=3
r
=3
r=5
8 5
= ( )2
5
= 1792
= 1512x 5 y 3
Coefficient of x 3
Coefficient of x 3
9
9
= ( ) k3
= ( ) k3
3
3
3
= 84k
= 84k 3
Equate coefficients
Coefficient of x 3 = Coefficient of x [given]
84k 3
= 126k 4
2k 3
= 3k 4
3
4
2k 3k
=0
3
k (2 3k)
=0
= 1512x 5 y 3
= 1512x 5 y 3
= 1512x 5 y 3
= 1512
= 3
= [x 3 + (2x 2 )]10
10 (x 3 )10r (2x 2 )r
)
r
10
= ( ) x 303r (2)r x 2r
r
10 (2)r
=( )
x 305r
r
k = 0 (rej k is positive)or k =
Tr+1 = (
13(i)
Specific coefficients
k 9
For term (1512x 5 y 3 ),

r=3
13
= 13 440
For (x + ) ,
8 8r (my)r
12(ii) Recall: T
r+1 = ( ) x
r
(b)
T4
8
( ) x 83 (my)3
3
8
( ) x 5 m3 y 3
3
56m3 x 5 y 3
56m
m
10 (2)6 305(6)
)
x
6
For coefficient of x 3 y 5 ,
Coefficient of x 3 y 5
30 5r = 0
5r
= 30
r
=6
For term in x10 ,
Term in x10
30 5r = 10
5r
= 20
r
=4
10 (2)4 10
=( )
x = 3360x10
4
13(ii) For coefficient of 1 ,

5
30 5r = 5
5r
r
Coefficient of
1
x5
=(
= 35
=7
10 (2)7
)
= 15 360
7
Daniel & Samuel

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131
Ex 5.2
14(ii) Put k = 2,
3
(1 6x
2)
2
3
(x + )
x
= (1 6x 2 )[(term in x 3 ) + (term in x 5 ) + ]
[to be continued]
Specific terms
2
For (x + 3 ) = [x + ( x 1 )] ,
x
r
2
9
Tr+1 = ( ) x 9r ( x 1 )
3
r
9 9r 2 r r
( ) x
= ( )x
3
r
r
9 2
= ( ) ( ) x 92r
r 3
For term in x 3 , 9 2r = 3
2r
=6
r
=3
2 3
Term in x 3 = 84 ( ) x 3 =
3
224 3
x
9
For term in x 5 , 9 2r = 5
2r
=4
r
=2
2
2
9
Term in x 5 = ( ) ( ) x 5 = 16x 5
2 3
Expansion
(1 6x
2)
2
3
(x + )
x
= (1 6x 2 ) (
224 3
x
9
+ 16x 5 + )
= (1)(16x 5 ) + (6x 2 ) (
=
400 5
x
3
224 3
x )
9
Coefficient of x 5 =
Daniel & Samuel

400
3
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132

15(i)
Ex 5.2
x n
(2 )
2
= [2 + ( x)]
0
1
n
n
1
1
= ( ) (2)n0 ( x) + ( ) (2)n1 ( x)
2
2
0
1
1
2
n
1
+ ( ) (2)n2 ( x) +
2
2
n(n1)
= 2n
+n(2n1 ) ( x)
= 2n
n(2n1 ) ( ) x
= 2n
n(2n1 )(21 )x
+n(n 1)(23 )2n2 x 2 +
= 2n
n(2n2 )x
+n(n 1)2n5 x 2 +
1
2
(2n2 ) x 2 +
n(n1) n2 2
2 x
8
15(ii) (1 + 2x) (2 x)n

2
= (1 + 2x)[2n n(2n2 )x +n(n 1)2n5 x 2 + ]

= 2n
n(2n2 )x
+(2n+1 )x
+n(n 1)2n5 x 2
(n)2n1 x 2 +
= 2n +[2n+1 n(2n2 )]x

= a + bx 2 + [given]
+[n(n 1)2n5 (n)2n1 ]x 2 +
Compare x:
2n+1 n(2n2 )
=0
n2
3
n2
(2 )2 n(2 ) = 0
2n2 (23 n)
=0
n
=8
15(iii) Compare x 0 :
a = 2n
= 28 n = 8
= 256
Compare x 2 :
b = n(n 1)2n5 (n)2n1
= 8(8 1)285 (8)281 n = 8
= 576
Daniel & Samuel

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133

16
Ex 5.2
Expansion
(1 + x)(a bx)12
= (1 + x)[(term in x 7 ) + (term in x 8 ) + ]
[to be continued]
17(i)
Specific terms
For (a bx)12 = [a + (bx)]12 ,
12 12r (bx)r
)a
r
12
= ( ) a12r (b)r x r
r
For coefficient of x 2 , r = 2
n
n
Coefficient of x 2 = ( ) 32 = 9 ( )
2
2
Equate coefficients
(Coefficient of x 3 ) = 6(Coefficient of x 2 )
n
n
27 ( )
= 6 9( )
3
2
n
n
( )
= 2 ( ) [shown]
3
2
Tr+1 = (
For term in x 7 ,
Find specific coefficients

For (1 + 3x)n
n
Tr+1 = ( ) (3x)r
r
n r r
= ( )3 x
r
For coefficient of x 3 , r = 3
n
n
Coefficient of x 3 = ( ) 33 = 27 ( )
3
3
r=7
12
Term in x 7 = ( ) a5 (b)7 x 7
7
= 792a5 b7 x 7
17(ii)
For term in x 8 , r = 8
12 4 (b)8 8
)a
x
8
= 495a4 b8 x 8
Term in x 8 = (
n!
(n3)!3!
n(n1)(n2)(n3)!
(n3)!3!
n(n1)(n2)
3!
(n)(n1)(n2)
6
Expansion
(1 + x)(a bx)12
= (1 + x)[(792a5 b7 x 7 ) + (495a4 b8 x 8 ) + ]
= 1(495a4 b8 x 8 ) + x(792a5 b7 x 7 ) +
= 495a4 b8 x 8
792a5 b7 x 8 +
n!
= 2 (n2)!2!
=2
=2
=2
n(n1)(n2)!
(n2)!2!
n(n1)
2!
(n)(n1)
2
(n)(n 1)(n 2)
= 6(n)(n 1)
(n)(n 1)[(n 2) 6] = 0
(n)(n 1)(n 8)
=0
n=0
or n = 1
or n = 8
(rej n 2) (rej n 2)
= (495a4 b8 792a5 b7 )x 8 +
Coefficient of x 8
= 0 [given]
4 8
5 7
495a b 792a b = 0
5a4 b8 8a5 b7
=0
5a4 b8
= 8a5 b7
a
b
Daniel & Samuel

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134

18(i)
Ex 5.2
(2 + p)5
5
5
5
+ ( ) (2)51 (p)1 + ( ) (2)52 (p)2 + ( ) (2)53 (p)3 +
3
1
2
2
= (32) +(5)(16)(p)
+(10)(8)(p )
+(10)(4)(p3 )
+
2
3
= 32
+80p
+80p
+40p
+
= 25
18(ii) (2 + x 2x 2 )5
= [2 + (x 2x 2 )]5
= 32 +80(x 2x 2 ) +80(x 2x 2 )2
= 32 +80(x 2x 2 ) +80(x 2 4x 3 + )
= 32 +80x
160x 2
2
+80x
320x 3
+40x 3 +
= 32 +80x
19
80x 2
+40(x 2x 2 )3 +
+40(x 3 + )
280x 3 +
(a + bx + cx 2 )4 = 81 + 216x + 108x 2 + dx 3 + [given]

(a + bx + cx 2 )4 = [a + (bx + cx 2 )]4
4
4
= a4 + ( ) (a)41 (bx + cx 2 )1 + ( ) (a)42 (bx + cx 2 )2
1
2
4
+ ( ) (a)43 (bx + cx 2 )3 +
3
= a4 + 4a3 (bx + cx 2 )
+6a2 (b2 x 2 + 2bcx 3 + )
+4a(b3 x 3 + ) +
= a4 + 4a3 bx +4a3 cx 2
+6a2 b2 x 2 +12a2 bcx 3
+4ab3 x 3 +
= a4 + 4a3 bx + (4a3 c + 6a2 b2 )x 2 + (12a2 bc + 4ab3 )x 3 +

= 81 + 216x + 108x 2 + dx 3 + [given]
Compare x 0 : a4 = 81
a = 3 or a = 3
Compare x:
(rej a > 0)
4a3 b = 216
a3 b = 54
a = 3,
(3)3 b = 54
b
=2
Compare x 2 : 4a3 c + 6a2 b2

= 108
3
2 2
2a c + 3a b
= 54
a = 3, b = 2,
2(3)3 c + 3(3)2 (2)2 = 54
54c + 108
= 54
c
= 1
Compare x 3 : 12a2 bc + 4ab3
=d
a = 3, b = 2, c = 1,
12(3)2 (2)(1) + 4(3)(2)3 = d
d
= 120
Daniel & Samuel

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135

20(i)
For (2x 2
1 n
x
Ex 5.2
1
) = [2x 2 + (x 2 )]
21(i)
1 r
n
Tr+1 = ( ) (2x 2 )nr (x 2 )
r
1
n nr 2n2r
(1)r x 2r
= ( )2 x
r
5
n nr
= ( ) 2 (1)r x 2n2r
r
For (a + b)n ,
n
TR+1 = ( ) anR bR
R
For 2nd term, R = 1
n
2nd term: p = ( ) an1 b1 [given]
1
= nan1 b
For 3rd term: R = 2
n
3rd term: q = ( ) an2 b2 [given]
2
For term independent of x:

5
n!
2n r = 0
= (n2)!2! an2 b2
5
2
= 2n
5
n(n1) n2 2
a b
2
n!
= (n3)!3! an3 b3
For coefficient of x 7 x:
5
10 r = 7.5
2
For 4th term: R = 3

n
4th term: r = ( ) an3 b3 [given]
3
5 5r (1)r 2(5)52r
20(ii) T
x
r+1 = ( ) 2
r
5
5
= ( ) 25r (1)r x102r
r
n(n1)(n2)! n2 2
a b
(n2)!2!
= r
r is non negative integer,

smallest n = 5
5
2
n(n1)(n2)(n3)! n3 3
a b
(n3)!3!
n(n1)(n2) n3 3
a b
6
pr
q2
=1
nan1 b
Coefficient of x 7 x
5
= ( ) (2)51 (1)1
1
= (5)(16)(1)
= 80
n(n 1)(n 2) n3 3
[
a b ]
6
n(n 1) n2 2
[
a b ]
2
1 2
n (n 1)(n 2)a2n4 b4
6
=
1 2
n (n 1)2 a2n4 b 4
4
=
2(n 2)
[shown]
3(n 1)
21(ii) when p = 8, q = 24, r = 36:

(8)(36)
(24)2
1
2
=
=
2(n2)
3(n1)
2(n2)
3(n1)
3(n 1) = 4(n 2)
3n 3 = 4n 8
n
=5
Daniel & Samuel

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136
Ex 5.2
22
3
Given: a = 2 + 5 + 2 5
Prove: a3 = 4 3a
LHS
= a3
3
= [( 2 + 5) + ( 2 5)]
3
= ( 2 + 5)
31 3
1
32 3
2
3 3
3 3
( 2 5) + ( ) ( 2 + 5)
( 2 5)
+ ( ) ( 2 + 5)
1
2
3
+3 ( 2 + 5) ( 2 5)
= 2 + 5
3
+3 ( 2 + 5) ( 2 5)
33 3
3
3 3
( 2 5)
+ ( ) ( 2 + 5)
3
+2 5
= 4 +3 ( 2 + 5) ( 2 5) [( 2 5) + ( 2 + 5)]
3
= 4 +3( 4 5)
(a)
= 4 +3(1)
(a)
= 4 3
(a)
a = 2 + 5 + 2 5
= 4 3a
= RHS [proven]
a3
= 4 3a
3
a + 3a 4
=0
(a 1)( +
+ )
(a 1)(a2 +
+ )
2
(a 1)(a +
+ 4)
2
(a 1)(a + a + 4) = 0
a = 1 or a =
(1)(1)2 4(1)(4)
2(1)
Daniel & Samuel

115
2
(rej discriminant < 0)
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137
Rev Ex 5
A2(b)
Rev Ex 5
A1(i)
(a)
(1 + 3x)6
6
6
6
= 1 + ( ) (3x)1 + ( ) (3x)2 + ( ) (3x)3 +
3
1
2
= 1 + (6)(3x) +(15)(9x 2 ) +(20)(27x 3 ) +
= 1 + 18x + 135x 2 + 540x 3 +
A1(i)
(b)
(1 4x)5
For (x
2 12
x2
= [x + (2x 2 )]12
12 12r (2x 2 )r
)x
r
12
= ( ) x12r (2)r x 2r
r
12
= ( ) (2)r x123r
r
Tr+1 = (
12 3r = 3
3r
= 9
r
=3
= [1 + (4x)]5
5
5
5
= 1 + ( ) (4x)1 + ( ) (4x)2 + ( ) (4x)3 +
3
1
2
Coefficient of x 3
12
= ( ) (2)3
3
= 1760
= 1 + (5)(4x) +(10)(16x 2 ) +(10)(64x 3 ) +

= 1 20x + 160x 2 640x 3 +
A1(ii)
(1 + 3x)6 (1 4x)5
= (1 + 18x + 135x 2 + )(1 20x + 160x 2 + )
= (1)(160x 2 ) +(18x)(20x)
+(135x 2 )(1) +
= 160x 2
+135x 2 +
360x 2
= 65x 2 +
A2(a)
x 8
For (1 + ) ,
2
8 x r
Tr+1 = ( ) ( )
r 2
8 1 r
= ( ) ( x)
r 2
8 1 r
= ( ) ( ) xr
r 2
r=3
Coefficient of x 3
8 1 3
= ( )( )
3 2
=7
Daniel & Samuel

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138

A3(i)
Rev Ex 5
2 8
(x 2 )
x
2 8
= [x 2 + ( )]
x
= (x 2 )8
2 1
2 2
8
8
+ ( ) (x 2 )81 ( ) + ( ) (x 2 )82 ( )
x
x
1
2
= x16
+(8)(x14 ) ( )
2
x
2 3
8
+ ( ) (x 2 )83 ( )
x
3
+(28)(x12 ) ( 2 )
+(56)(x10 ) ( 3 )
= x16 16x13 + 112x10 448x 7 +

A3(ii)
2 8
(x 3 + 1)2 (x 2 )
x
= (x 6 + 2x 3 + 1)(x16 16x13 + 112x10 448x 7 + )
= (x 6 )(448x 7 ) +(2x 3 )(112x10 )
= (448x13 )
+(224x13 )
13
= 240x +
+(1)(16x13 ) +
+(16x13 ) +
Coefficient of x13 = 240

A4(i)
x n
(1 ) = [1 + ( x)]
0
1
n
n
1
1
= ( ) ( x) + ( ) ( x)
2
2
0
1
1
= (1)
+(n) ( x)
=1
nx
+(
+
A4(ii) (1 x)n = 1 + ax + 7x 2 +
2
n
1
+ ( ) ( x) +
2
2
n(n1)
) ( x2 ) +
n(n1) 2
x
8
[given]
Compare x 2 :
n(n1)
=7
8
2
n n
= 56
2
n n 56
=0
(n 8)(n + 7) = 0
n = 8 or n = 7 (rej n > 2)
A4(iii) Compare x:
1
n
2
1
=a
(8) = a
2
= 4
Daniel & Samuel

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139

A5(i)
Rev Ex 5
(1 + p)4
4
4
4
4
= ( ) (p)0 + ( ) (p)1 + ( ) (p)2 + ( ) (p)3
0
3
1
2
=1
+6p2
+4p
+4p3
B2
4
+ ( ) (p)4
4
4
+p
B2(i)
1 1
= [a2 x 2 + ( x 2 )]
For middle term,
r= =4
2
B2(ii) For coefficient of 1,

x
= 1 + 4x + 10x 2 + 16x 3 +
Coefficient of
A5(iii) (1.11)4 = [1 + (0.1) + (0.1)2 ]4

1 + 4(0.1) +10(0.1)2 + 16(0.1)3
1 + 0.4
+0.1
+0.016
1.516
B1(i)
x
)
a
8
Middle term = ( ) a1612 (1)4 x 44
4
= 70a4
= 1 +4x +4x 2 +6(x 2 + 2x 3 + ) +4(x 3 + ) +

= 1 +4x +4x 2
+6x 2 +12x 3
+4x 3 +
8r
= [(1) + (x + x 2 )]4
+4(x + x 2 )3 +
a2
1
1 1
8
( x 2 )
Tr+1 = ( ) (a2 x 2 )
a
r
1
1
8
= ( ) a162r x 2r4 (1)r ar x 2r
r
8
= ( ) a163r (1)r x r4
r
A5(ii)
(1 + x + x 2 )4
= 1 +4(x + x 2 ) +6(x + x 2 )2
For (
1
x
r=3
8
= ( ) a163(3) (1)(3)4
3
= (56)a7 (1)
= 56a7
(2 x)7
= [2 + (x)]7
7
7
= ( ) (2)70 (x)0 + ( ) (2)71 (x)1
0
1
7
+ ( ) (2)72 (x)2 +
2
= 128
+(7)(64)(x)
+(21)(32)(x 2 ) +
= 128 448x + 672x 2 +
B1(ii) 1.997 = (2 0.01)7
= 128 448(0.01) +672(0.01)2 +
= 128 4.48 +0.0672 +
123.587
B1(iii) (k x)(2 x)7
= (k x)(128 448x + 672x 2 + )
= k(672x 2 ) +(x)(448x) +
= 672kx 2 +448x 2 +
= (672k + 448)x 2 +
Coefficient of x 2 = 616 [given]
672k + 448
= 616
672k
= 168
k
=
4
Daniel & Samuel

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140
Rev Ex 5
B3(i)
5
(2 + 3)
0
5
= ( ) (2)50 (3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
+ ( ) (2)51 (3) + ( ) (2)52 (3) + ( ) (2)53 (3) + ( ) (2)54 (3) + ( ) (2)55 (3)
3
5
1
2
4
= (32)
+(5)(16)(3)
+(10)(8)(3)
+(10)(4)(33) +(5)(2)(9)
+(1)(1)(93)
= (32 + 240 + 90) + (80 + 120 + 9)3

= 362 + 2093
B3(ii) (2 3)5 = 362 2093
5
Show: (2 3) =
1
(2+3)
5 (2+3)
LHS = (2 3)
B4(i)
(2+3)
5
5
(43)5
(2+3)
1
(2+3)
= RHS [shown]
(a x)(1 + 2x)n = 3 + 47x + bx 2 +

sub x = 0:
n
(a 0)(1 + 2(0)) = 3 + 47(0) + b(0)2

a
=3
B4(ii)
(3 x)(1 + 2x)n = 3 + 47x + bx 2 + [given]
(3 x)(1 + 2x)n
= (3 x) [1
n
n
+ ( ) (2x)1 + ( ) (2x)2 + ]
1
2
n(n1)
(4x 2 ) + ]
+ (n)(2x) +
= (3 x)(1
+ 2nx
= (3 x) [1
= 3 +6nx
x
+ 2n(n 1)x 2 + )
+6n(n 1)x 2
2nx 2
= 3 +(6n 1)x +(6n2 6n 2n)x 2 +

= 3 +(6n 1)x +(6n2 8n)x 2 +
= 3 +47x + bx 2 + [given]
Compare x:
(6n 1) = 47
6n
= 48
n
=8
B4(iii) Compare x 2 :
(6n2 8n) = b
6(8)2 8(8) = b n = 8
b
= 320
Daniel & Samuel

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141

B5
Rev Ex 5
Expansion
(1 + ax)6 (2 + bx)5
6
6
= [1 + ( ) (ax)1 + ( ) (ax)2 + ]
1
2
5 (2)51 (bx)1
5
5
[2 + ( )
+ ( ) (2)52 (bx)2 + ]
1
2
= (1 + 6ax + 15a2 x 2 + )(32 + 80bx + 80b2 x 2 + )
+80b2 x 2
+480abx 2
+480a2 x 2 +
+(80b2 + 480ab + 480a2 )x 2 +
= 80bx
+192ax
= (80b + 192a)x
Equate coefficients
Coeff. of x = 112 [given]
80b + 192a = 112
b
=
=
112192a
80
712a
(1)
Coeff. of x 2
= 80 [given]
2
2
80b + 480ab + 480a = 80
b2 + 6ab + 6a2
=1
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
(
712a 2
5
144a2 +168a+49
25
+6a (
+
712a
5
42a72a2
) + 6a2 = 1
+6a2 = 1
(144a2 + 168a + 49)

210a 360a2 + 150a2
= 25
(144a2 + 168a + 49)

210a 210a2
= 25
66a2 42a
+24
11a2 +7a
+4
(11a + 4)(a + 1)
=0
=0
=0
a=
4
11
(rej a )
or
a = 1
b|a=1 =
712(1)
5
=1
Daniel & Samuel

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142
Ex 6.1
4(ii)
Ex 6.1
1(a)
Point:
D(1,4) or E(3,1)
(4)(1)
Gradient: mDE = (1)(3) =
A(4,5) B(6,9)
MAB = (
4+6 5+9
y (4)=
= (5,7)
1(b)
5+11 3+(7)
2(b)
C
= MAB
9+b (6)+b2
(3, 4) = ( 1 ,
)
3 =
2
a1 = 0
A(0,3)
4
13
A(9, 6) C(3, 4) B(b1 , b2 )
M
= MAB
a +6 a +7
(3,5) = ( 1 , 2 )
2
(a1 )+(6)
4
3
5(i)
A(a1 , a2 )
M(3,5) B(6,7)
[x (1)]
4
3
= x+
= (3, 2)
2(a)
y4 = x
A(5,3) B(11, 7)
MAB = (
y y1 = mDE (x x1 )
DE:
9+b1
(a2 )+(7)
and
5 =
a2 = 3
(6)+b2
3 =
and 4 =
2
2
b1 = 3
b2 = 2
B(3, 2)
5(ii)
M(2,6) B(4, 8) A(a1 , a2 )
Radius = |BC|
= [(3) 3]2 + [(2) (4)]2
M
= MAB
a +(4) a2 +(8)
(2,6) = ( 1
)
,
2
(a1 )+(4)
2 =
2
a1 = 0
A(0,20)
3(a)
and
= 40
(a2 )+(8)
6 =
a2 = 20
= 4 10
= 210
6(i)
A(2a, a) B(4a, 5a)

MAB = (
= 36 + 4
|AC| = (5 6)2 + [3 (4)]2
2a+4a a+5a
= 1 + 49 = 50
= (3a, 2a)
3(b)
|BC| = [5 (2)]2 + (3 4)2
A(2t, 5) B(4,1 2t)

MAB = (
= 49 + 1 = 50
(2t)+4 5+(12t)
|AC| = |BC|,
ABC is isosceles
= (t + 1,3 t)
4(i)
A(1,6) B(3,2)
C(5, 4)
6(ii)
MAB = (
6+(2) (4)+4
2
= (2,0)
D = MAB
=(
A(6, 4) B(2,4) C (5,3)
(1)+3 6+2
= (1,4)
E = MAC
=(
(1)+(5) 6+(4)
2
= (3,1)
Daniel & Samuel

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143

6(iii)
Ex 6.1
area of ABC
1
|AB||MAB C|
2
1 [6 (2)]2
(5 2)2 + (3 0)2
2 +[(4) 4]2
1
= 64 + 64
2
y = x 2 + 2x 3
9 + 9
1
12818
2
1
= 2304
2
1
= (48)
2
x=
=
= 24 unit 2
2
p2 +q2
2
2
442
= 2 2
y|x=2+2 = 1 2(2 + 2)
) = (5,1)
=5
4162
432
A(2 2, 3 + 22)
= (5,1)
2
2(1)
= 5 + 22
p2 +q2 p+q
(4)(4)2 4(1)(4)
y|x=22 = 1 2(2 2)
A(p2 , p) B(q2 , q)
MAB
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

1 2x
= x 2 + 2x 3
2
x + 4x 4 = 0
Points A & B
At A & B, 2x + y = 1 intersects y = x 2 + 2x 3.
2x + y = 1
y
= 1 2x
(1)
and
p + q = 10 (1)
sub (2) into (1):
p2 + (2 p)2
= 10
2
2)
(4
p + 4p + p = 10
2p2 4p 6
=0
2
p 2p 3
=0
(p + 1)(p 3)
=0
p+q
2
= 5 22
=1
B(2 + 2, 3 22)
q = 2 p (2)
p = 1
or
q|p=1 = 3
A = (p2 , p)
= ((1)2 , 1)
= (1, 1)
p=3
q|p=3 = 1
A = (p2 , p)
= ((3)2 , 3)
= (9,3)
B = (q2 , q)
= ((3)2 , 3)
= (9,3)
B = (q2 , q)
= ((1)2 , 1)
= (1, 1)
Midpoint of AB
MAB = (
(22)+(2+2) (5+22)+(522)
= (2,5)
9
B(2,5) C(c1 , c2 )
A(3,7)
MAC = (
(3)+(c1 ) (7)+(c2 )
2
MAC lies on x-axis (y = 0):

7+c2
2
c2
=0
= 7
MBC = (
(2)+(c1 ) (5)+(c2 )
)
,
2
2
MBC lies on y axis (x = 0):

2+c1
2
c1
=0
=2
C(2, 7)
Daniel & Samuel

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144

10(i)
Ex 6.1
A(6,8) B(8, 4) C(2, 2)

Point M
M = MAB = (
6+8 8+(4)
2
12(i)
O(0,0) P(4, r) Q(q1 , q2 ) R(3,4)

For rhombus OPQR:
|OP|
= |OR|
) = (7,2)
(4 0)2 + (r 0)2 = (3 0)2 + (4 0)2
Point N
N = MBC = (
Line MN
Points:
8+(2) (4)+(2)
M(7,2) or N(3, 3)
(2)(3)
Gradient: mMN =
(7)(3)
= 9 + 16
16 + r 2
r2
=9
r = 3 or r = 3 (NA)
) = (3, 3)
12(ii) O(0,0) P(4,3) Q(q1 , q2 ) R(3,4)
5
4
MPR = (
y y1 = mMN (x x1 )
MN:
35
+2
12(iii) O(0,0) P(4,3) Q(q1 , q2 ) R(3,4)

MOQ
Point P
5
27
At P, MN (y = x
y
5
4
5
P(
27
5
) cuts x-axis (y = 0).
27
4
27
q2
=
2
=7
For parallelogram PQRS,

MPR
= MQS
27
5
M = MAC = (
1+6 3+2
2
1+6
, 0) N(3, 3)
A(3, 2) B(b, 3) C(6,2)

3+6 (2)+2
2
) =(
2
3+s1
2
3+s1 5+s2
and
s1 = 4
S(4,0)
2
3+2
2
s2
)
5+s
2
=
2
=0
D(7, d)
9
) = ( , 0)
2
=M
b+7 3+d
and
2 2
0+q2
13(a) P(1,3) Q(3,5) R(6,2) S(s1 , s2 )
By similar triangles (using x-coordinates)

MP: PN = (2 0) : [0 (3)]
= 2: 3
2
b+7
7 7
)=( , )
M(7,2) P (
2
7
q1 = 7
Q(7,7)
, 0)
11(ii) MBD
10(ii) Ratio :
11(i)
= MPR
0+q1 0+q2
2
0+q1
=0
=0
27
2 2
5
27
x
4
4
7 7
= x
=( , )
y (2)= ( ) [x (7)]
y
4+3 4+3
2
9
2
) = ( , 0)
2
and
b =2
3+d
2
=0
d = 3
Daniel & Samuel

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145
Ex 6.1
13(b) P(1,3) Q(3,5) R(6,2) S(4,0) T(t1 , t 2 )
15(i)
T(t1 , t 2 ) lies on y = 2x:

t 2 = 2t1
T(t1 , 2t1 )
PT
M = MPR = (
N = MQS = (
15(ii) M
= (3 t1
)2
+ [5 (2t1
)]2
5(t1 )2 14t1 + 10
12t1
t1
= 5(t1 )2 26t1 + 34
= 24
=2
r4 7
6+0 (2)+s
s2
) = (3,
, )
) =(
2
0+d1
(1)+d1 6+d2
2
6+1
2
) =(
2
0+3
2
(1)+0 6+0
)
7
and
= 10
s2
s =9
0+b a+0
b a
) =( , )
2 2
b 2
a 2
b2
4
a2
4
0+d2
2
b 2
a 2
b 2
a 2
|AM| = (0 ) + (a )
|BM| = (b ) + (0 )
b2
4
b2
4
a2
4
a2
4
0+3 0+1
and
) =(
2
3+d1
|OM| = (0 ) + (0 )
2
6+d2
)
=
d2
d1
=4
D(4, 5)
Case 3
For parallelogram ACBD,
MAB
= MCD
2
(1)+0
s2
B(b, 0)
d1
=2
D(2,7)
Case 2
For parallelogram ABDC,
MAD = MBC
=3
M = MAB = (
0+d1 0+d2
and
16
d2 = 7
2
(1)+d1
, ) = (3,
D(d1 , d2 )
C(3,1)
(1)+3 6+1
2
(1)+3
=N
PQRS is a parallelogram
Case 1
For parallelogram ABCD,
MAC
= MBD
)=(
A(0, a)
A(1,6) B(0,0)
S(0, s)
15(iii) MPR = MQS ,
T(2,4)
R(r, 5)
(4)+r 2+5
r4 7
2
r4
(t1 )2 2t1 + 1
(t1 )2 6t1 + 9
=
+ 4(t1 )2 12t1 + 9
+4(t1 )2 20t1 + 25
Q(6, 2)
= QT
(1 t1 )2
+[3 (2t1 )]2
14
P(4,2)
and
d1
= 4
D(4,5)
17(i)
O(0,0)
P(2a, 0) Q(2b, 2c)
A = MOP = (
(0)+(2a) (0)+(0)
R(2d, 2e)
= (a, 0) [shown]
2
6+0
2
= 5
3+d1 1+d2
2
|OM| = |AM| = |BM|,

M is equidistant from the three vertices
0+1
B = MPQ
1+d2
2
=(
(2a)+(2b) (0)+(2c)
= (a + b, c) [shown]
d2 = 5
C = MQR = (
(2b)+(2d) (2c)+(2e)
= (b + d, c + e) [shown]
D = MRO = (
(2d)+(0) (2e)+(0)
2
= (d, e) [shown]
Daniel & Samuel
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146
Ex 6.1
17(ii) A(a, 0) B(a + b, c) C(b + d, c + e) D(d, e)

MAC = (
MBD = (
a+(b+d) 0+(c+e)
2
2
(a+b)+d c+e
)= (
)= (
a+b+d c+e
2
2
a+b+d c+e
2
19
O(0,0) B(2,4)
(a)(ii) Let A be (x, y)
)
OA
MAC = MBD ,
ABCD is a parallelogram
18
C(0, n)
B(m, n)
A(m, 0)
MAC = (
0+m 0+n
2
2
m+0 0+n
2
x2 + y2
4x
x
= x 2 + y 2 4x 8y + 20
= 8y + 20
= 2y + 5
(1)
m n
2 2
m n
) =( , )
2 2
MOB = MAC ,
diagonals of rectangle OABC bisect each other
= OM
1)2
+ (y
(x 2 2x + 1)
+(y 2 4y + 4)
2)2
= (0 1)2 + (0 2)2
= 12 + 22
(x 2 2x) + (y 2 4y) + 5
(x 2 2x) + (y 2 4y)
=5
=0
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

(2y + 5)2
2(2y + 5) +y 2 4y = 0
(4y 2 20y + 25) + (4y 10)
+y 2 4y = 0
(4y 2 16y + 15)
+y 2 4y = 0
5y 2 20y + 15 = 0
y 2 4y + 3
=0
(y 3)(y 1)
=0
y=3
or
y=1
x = 2(3) + 5
x = 2(1) + 5
= 1
=3
A(1,3)
or A(3,1)
C(3,1)
C(1,3)
19
As OABC is a square,
0+2 0+4
(a)(i) M
) = (1,2)
,
AC = MOB = (
Daniel & Samuel

(x 2 4x + 4)
+y 2 8y + 16
x 2 + y 2
AM
) =( , )
= AB
(x 0)2
= (x 2)2 + (y 4)2
+(y 0)2
(x
MOB = (
M(1,2)
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147

19(a)
(ii)
Ex 6.1
19
(a)
(iii)
(2,4)
19(b) M(1,2) (m + 1, m + 2)
A(1,3) (m 1, m + 3)
C(3,1) (m + 3, m + 1)

OB bisector of OB
Point:
MOB (1,2)
Gradient: mOB =
mOB
40
20
20
1
2
y y1 = mOB (x x1 )
OB :
y (2)= ( ) (x 1)
2
a+b
2
1
2
5
= x+
5
2
A (a1 , a1 + )
|AM|
= |OM|
(a1 1)2 + [( 1 a1 + 5) 2]
2
(a1 1)2 + [( a1 + ) 2]
1
1 2
(a1 1)2 + ( a1 + )
2
5
5
a a1 +
4 1
2
4
5
5
15
(a1 )2 a1
4
2
4
5(a1 )2 10a1 15
(a1 )2 2a1 3
(a1 + 1)(a1 3)
a1 = 1 or
1
a2 = (1) +
=3
A(1,3)
C(3,1)
Daniel & Samuel

) = (2,6)
=2
(0 1)2
+(0 2)2
=5
and
2a+b+3
2
=6
2a + b + 3 = 12
2a + b
=9
b
= 9 2a (2)
sub (1) into (2):
b = 9 2(4 b)
b = 9 8 + 2b
b = 1 + 2b
b = 1
b = 1
a|b=1 = 4 (1)
=5
A(5,10)
B(1,2)
=5
(a1 )2 2a1 + 1
+ (a1 )2 a1 +
a + b= 4
a
=4b
(1)
Point A
A(a1 , a2 ) lies on OB :
1
= (2,6)
a+b 2a+b+3
y2 = x+
a2 = a1 +
A lies on y = 2x
A(a, 2a)
B lies on y = x + 3 B(b, b + 3)
MAB
M(1,2) (4,5)
A(1,3) (2,6)
C(3,1) (6,4)
=5
=5
=0
=0
=0
=0
a1 = 3
1
a2 = (3) +
=1
A(3,1)
C(1,3)
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148
Ex 6.2
3
Ex 6.2
P(1,2) Q(5,0)
R(7,4)
S(1,6)
1(a)
A(3,5) B(2,7)
(5)(7)
mAB = (3)(2)
tan =
1(b)
(2)(0)
mPQ = (1)(5) =
(6)(4)
mSR = (1)(7) =
A(4, 3) B(4,6)
mPS = (1)(1) = 2
(0)(4)
(4)(4)
mPQ = mRS and mPS = mQR ,

P, Q, R and S are vertices of a parallelogram
A(5, 4) B(7, 4)
A(1,0)
(1)(5)
B(4,2)
(0)(2)
6
C(0, 3) D(3, 1)
3
c
2
3
(3)(1)
(0)(3)
B(2,7)
(1)(c)
= (0)(1)
=
1c
1
=1c
=4
2
3
5(a)
Point:
A(1,3)
Gradient: line y = 4x 1,
m=4
Line:
y y1 = m (x x1 )
y (3)= (4)[x (1)]
y 3 = 4x + 4
y
= 4x + 7
5(b)
Point:
mAB = mCD ,
AB CD
A(1,5)
B(2, 5) C(1, c)
A,B,C lie on same straight line,

mAB
= mAC
57
(0)(2)
2(b)
A(0,1)
(4)(4)
mAB = (1)(4) =
mCD =
mQR = (5)(7) = 2
(3)(6)
tan = 0
= 0
2(a)
(2)(6)
tan
= 90
mAB =
21.8
mAB =
1(c)
C(0,4)
D(1,3)
(5)(7)
mAB = (1)(2) = 2
(4)(3)
A(0,1)
mCD = (0)(1) = 1
Gradient: line 2x + y = 3
y
= 2x + 3
m = 2
mAB mCD ,
AB is not CD
Line:
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
y y1 = m (x x1 )
y (1)= (2)[x (0)]
y 1 = 2x
y
= 2x + 1
149

5(c)
Ex 6.2
Point:
A(2,0)
Gradient:
line x + 3y = 12
3y
= 12 x
Line:
y
m=
= x+4
2nd line
dx + ey + f = 0
ey
= dx f
= m(x x1 )
y (0)= [x (2)]
5(d)
= x
=
b
A(2,0)
Gradient:
line BC,
m = mBC =
Line:
6(a)
Point:
8
36
6
3
d
e
[shown]
P(k 2 , 3k) Q(k, k 2) R(k, k + 2)S(1,1)

For PQ RS:
mPQ
y y1 = m (x x1 )
y (1)= (2)[x (3)]
y 1 = 2x 6
y
= 2x 5
= mRS
3k(k2)
k2 k
2k+2
k2 k
2(k+1)
(1,2)
k(k1)
k+1 2
( 1)
k+1 2k
y y1 = m(x x1 )
y (2)= (4)[x (1)]
y 2 = 4x 4
y
= 4x 2
(k+2)1
k1
k+1
k1
k+1
k1
=0
k1 k
k1
=0
(k + 1)(2 k) = 0
k = 1 or k = 2
9
6(b)
=2
Gradient: line y = 4x 3,
m=4
Line:
(2)4
Lines are parallel:

m1 = m2
A(3,1) B(3, 2) C(6,4)

Point:
= x
y y1
1st line
ax + by + c = 0
by
= ax cy
a
c
y
= x
P(a + b, a) Q(a b, 2a)
R(b, c)
y intercept: c = 3
Gradient:
line y = 3x + 4,
m=3
P, Q, R are collinear points,

mPQ
= mQR
Line:
(a+b)(ab)
(a)(2a)
y = mx + c
= 3x + 3
a
2b
2aba2
2b
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
(2a)(c)
= (ab)(b)
=
2ac
a2b
= 2a c
2aba2
= 2a
= 2a a +
=a+
a2
2b
2b
a2
2b
150

10(i)
Ex 6.2
Gradient of AP:
3(5)
(2)p
mAP =
11(ii) Line
Point:
Gradient: Line 3x + 2y 6 = 0
2y
= 3x 6
Line & its gradient:

4x + 3y 5 = 0
3y
= 4x + 5
y
A(1, 1)
2p
= x+
y
m=
= x3
2
3
2
mline =
Line:
y y1
= m (x x1 )
3
y (1) = ( ) [x (1)]
AP line
mAP = mline
8
2p
24
p
= 8 + 4p
=4
10(ii) Line AP
Point:
12(i)
A(2,3) or P(4, 5)
8
mAP =
AP:
y y1 = mAP (x x1 )
2(4)
Gradient:
4
3
y3 =
4
3
(x + 2)
y3 = x
y
= x+
Point A
At A, x + y + 2 = 0 intersects 3x 2y + 1 = 0:
x+y+2 =0
y
= x 2 (1)
3x 2y + 1 = 0
= (x + 1)
y+1
= x
= x
2
3
2
3
2
5
A(3, 1) or P
Gradient:
AP y = 2x + 3,
mAP = 2
AP:
y y1 = mAP (x x1 )
y (1) = 2 (x 3)
y+1
= 2x 6
y
= 2x 7
12(ii) Point P
At P, AP (y = 2x 7) intersects y = 3x 11.
2x 7 = 3x 11
x
= 4
x
=4
y|x=4 = 2(4) 7
=1
P(4,1)
(2)
13(i)
sub (1) into (2):

3x 2(x 2) + 1 = 0
3x + 2x + 4 + 1
=0
5x
= 1
x
= 1 (3)
y|x=1 = (1) 2
= 1
A(1, 1)
Daniel & Samuel

Line AP
Point:
y (3)= ( ) [x (2)]
11(i)
y+1
4
3
sleightofmath.com
Point B
B = (6 3,2)
= (3,2)
151

13(ii) Line BC
Point:
Gradient:
Ex 6.2
B(3,2) or C
BC 2y + x = 0
2y
= x
BC:
C or D(0,5)
Gradient:
CD
= x
2
mCD =
y y1 = mBC
y2 = x+
y 5 = (x 0)
2
1
= x+5
= x+
Point C
1
At C, CD (y = x + 5) meets BC (y = x + )
A(6,2)
1
2
AD BC,
2
3
x+5= x+
mAD = mBC =
AD:
Gradient:
y y1 = mCD (x x1 )
CD:
13(iii) Line AD
Point:
= x
(x x1 )
y (2)= (x 3)
2y x = 0
2y
=x
y
mBC =
13(iv) Line CD
Point:
2
1
2
17
y|x=3 = ( ) + 5
y y1 = mAD (x x1 )
4
3 17
y (2)= ( ) (x 6)
2
C ( ,
2
y2 = x+3
= x+5
2
Point D
At D, AD cuts y axis (x = 0):
y|x=0 = 5
D(0,5)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
152
Ex 6.3
4(ii)
Ex 6.3
1
A(3,7) B(6,1) C(20,8)

(7)(1)
mAB = (3)(6) =
(1)(8)
mBC = (6)(20) =
14
1
2
) ( )
= 1
= 1
2t t 2
= 15
t 2 2t 15 = 0
(t 5)(t + 3) = 0
t = 5 or t = 3
AB BC
A(2, 1) B(5,4) C(15, 2)
5
mAB =
mBC =
(1)(4)
(2)(5)
(4)(2)
3
6
(5)(15)
10
mBC =
a2
(3)1
210
=
=
( ) (k)= 1
2
a2
4
AB BC: (mAB )(mBC ) = 1

(
)( )
a2
6
= 1
= 1
2a4
6
2a
a
mBC =
20
19
0t
96
=
=
2
8
t
3
=
=
1st line & its gradient

y = ax + b
m1 = a
(1, 2) lies on y = ax + b
2 = a + b
(1)
1
4
t
lines are :
m1 m2 = 1
a (3) = 1
ABC = 90:
(mAB )(mBC ) = 1
1
=2
2nd line & its gradient

y 3x = 4
y
= 3x + 4
m2 = 3
= 4 2a
= 2
= 1
A(1,2) B(9,0) C(6, t)

mAB =
Lines are :
m1 m2 = 1
A(a, 3) B(2, 3) C(10,1)

3(3)
= x+1
2nd line
y kx + 4 = 0
y
= kx 4
AB BC
ABC = 90
mAB =
1st Line
x + 2y 2 = 0
2y
= x + 2
y
(mAB ) (mBC ) = ( ) ( ) = 1
4(i)
5
2tt2
15
(mAB )( mBC ) = (2) ( ) = 1
2t
2t
AC BC:
(mAC )(mBC ) = 1
= 2
7
(2)(t)
mAC = (1)(6) =
= (2)
3
( ) ( ) = 1
t
12
sub (2) into (1):
= 1
2 = ( ) + b
= 12
b =
3
Daniel & Samuel

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153

7
Ex 6.3
(4,5)
Point:
10
Gradient: Line x + 2y 4 = 0
2y = x + 4
1
y
m=
1
( )
2
= x+2
2
y 2 = 6x 32
=2
Point A
At A, y = x 1 intersects y = x 2 x
x1
= x2 x
x 2 2x + 1 = 0
(x 1)2
=0
x
=1
bisector of AB
AB bisector of AB
y|x=1 = (1) 1
=0
A(1,0)
Line
Point:
A(1,0)
Gradient: line y = x 1
11(i)
A(3,3) B(7,3)
AB bisector of AB
AB :
x=
3+7
Gradient:
mAB =
AB :
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
y (3) = 1(x 11)
y+3
= x 11
y
= x 14
2
1
mAB
=1
A(3,6) or F
Gradient:
F is foot of from A to BC,
AF:
1
mBC
1
(1)(7)
( (2)(6) )
1
2
y y1 = mAF (x x1 )
1
y 6 = ( 3)
2
1
2
1
2
15
y6 = x+
y
Daniel & Samuel

1
(2)(8)
( (6)(16) )
Line AF
Point:
mAF =
=5
) = (11, 3)
MAB = (
y y1 = m (x x1 )
y 0 = 1(x 1)
y
= x + 1
6+16 2+(8)
Point:
m = (1) = 1
Line:
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

(8 x)2
= 6x 32
x 2 16x + 64 = 6x 32
x 2 22x + 96 = 0
(x 6)(x 16) = 0
x=6
or x = 16
y = 8 6 y = 8 16
=2
= 8
A(6,2)
B(16, 8)
y y1 = m(x x1 )
y 5 = 2 (x 4)
y
= 2x 3
Line:
Points A & B
At A & B, x + y = 8 meets y 2 = 6x 32:
x + y= 8
y
= 8 x (1)
sleightofmath.com
= x+
154

11(ii) Line BC
Point:
Ex 6.3
B(2, 1) or C(6,7)
(1)7
Gradient:
mBC =
BC:
y y1 = mBC (x x1 )
y (1) = 2 [x (2)]
y+1
= 2x 4
y
= 2x 5
26
=2
12(ii) Point P
At P, AP (y = 4x + 13) cuts x axis (y = 0).
y
=0
4x + 13 = 0
x
P(
15
).
15
2x 5 = x +
5
2
13
4
P(
=5
, 0)
13
4
, 0) A(3,1)
PA: AQ = (
11(iii) Perpendicular distance AF

A(3,6) F(5,5)
13(i)
= 4 + 1
= 5 units
Line AB
Point:
AB:
A(3,1) or P
y y1
y1
y1
y
3) : (3 0)
:3
A(4,13) or B(9,3)
(13)(3)
Gradient: mAB =
Gradient: AP x 4y = 8
4y = x + 8
AP:
13
= 1: 12
|AF| = (3 5)2 + (6 5)2
mAP =
Q(0,13)

[diagram?]
Line AP
Point:
12(iii) Ratio :
25
y|x=5 = 2(5) 5
=5
F(5,5)
12(i)
13
Point Q
At Q, AP(y = 4x + 13) cuts y-axis (x = 0).
y|x=0 = 13
Q(0,13)
Point F
At F, BC (y = 2x 5) intersects AF
(y = x +
1
1
4
( )
= x2
4
= 4
13(ii) Line
Point:
(4)(9)
= 2
= mAB (x x1 )
= 2(x 4)
= 2x + 8
= 2x + 21
y y1
y 13
y 13
y
C(10,8)
Gradient: Line y 4x = 5
y
= 4x + 5
= mAP (x x1 )
= 4(x 3)
= 4x + 12
= 4x + 13
m=
Line:
1
4
y y1 = m (x x1 )
1
y 8 = (x 10)
4
1
4
1
2
21
y8 = x+
y
Daniel & Samuel

10
5
sleightofmath.com
= x+
155
Ex 6.3
13(iii) Point P
1
21
At P, y = x +
1
21
x+
7
4
meets AB (y = 2x + 21):
= 2x + 21
14(iii) Ratio :
A(3,1) M(4,3) D(2,6)
AM: MD
= (3 4)2 + (1 3)2
21
: [4 (2)]2 + (3 6)2
=6
= 5 : 45
y|x=6 = 2(6) + 21
=9
P(6,9)
= 5 : 9 5
= 5 : 35
=1
14(i)
Line DM
Point:
Gradient:
D(2,6)
DM AB (y = 2x 5)
1
mDM =
mAB
15(i)
AB bisector of AB
y 6 = [x (2)]
2
1
y6 = x1
2
1
= x+5
bisector of AB
A(5,4) B(3, 2)
y y1 = mDM (x x1 )
DM:
:3
5+3 4+(2)
) = (4,1)
Point:
MAB = (
Gradient:
mAB =
AB :
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
1
mAB
1
(4)(2)
( (5)(3) )
1
6
2
( )
1
3
y 1 = (x 4)
14(ii) Point M
1
3
1
3
1
3
7
At M, DM (y = x + 5) intersects
y1 = x+
AB (y = 2x 5).
= x+
x + 5 = 2x 5
2
5
15(ii) Point P
= 10
At P, AB (y = x + ) intersects y = x + 5.
=4
3
4
x+ =x+5
1
y|x=4 = (4) 5
=3
M(4,3)
= 2
y|x=2 = (2) + 5
=3
P(2,3)
Point B
Let B be (b1 , b2 )
M
= MAB
(4,3) = (
4 =
3+b1 1+b2
2
3+b1
2
b1 = 5
B(5,5)
and
)
3 =
1+b2
2
b2 = 5
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
156

16(i)
Ex 6.3
bisector of AB
A(5,2) B(3,6)
AB bisector of AB
MAB = (
Point:
18(i)
) = (4,4)
2
1
m=
AB :
y y1 = m (x x1 )
(2)(6)
((5)(3))
1
4
)
2
Point C
At C, BC(y = 5x + 6) cuts y axis (x = 0).
y|x=0 = 6
C(0,6)
2
1
y4 = x2
2
1
= x+2
2
16(ii) Point P
At P, AB cuts x-axis
(y = 0)
1
2
Point Q
At P, AB cuts y-axis
(x = 0)
18(ii) Line AC
Point:
BD is bisector of AC,
mAC =
x
= 4
P(4,0)
A or C(0,6)
Gradient:
y|x=0 = (0) + 2
x+2=0
y y1 = mBC (x x1 )
y (1)= (5) [x (1)]
y 1 = 5x + 5
y
= 5x + 6
BC:
y 4 = (x 4)
B(1,1) or C
BC y = 5x
mBC = 5
5+3 2+6
Gradient:
mAB
Line BC
Point:
Gradient:
=2
Q(0,2)
AC:
1
mBD
1
(1)(7)
((1)(8))
3
2
y y1 = mAC (x x1 )
3
y 6 = (x 0)
17(a) bisector of PQ
P(3,5) Q(5,9)
PQ bisector of PQ
2
3
y6 = x
3+5 5+9
MPQ = (
Gradient:
m=
PQ :
y y1 = m (x x1 )
1
mPQ
2
1
(5)(9)
((3)(5))
18(iii) Point A
1
At A, AC (y = x + 6) cuts x axis (y = 0):

3
=0
3
y 7 = (x 4)
x + 6= 0
y7 = x+2
2
3
2
1
) = (4,7)
Point:
2
3
= x+6
2
1
= 6
x
=4
A(4,0)
= x+9
2
17(b) Point
At point where y = 6x intersects
Midpoint of AC
A(4,0) C(0,6)
PQ (y = x + 9).
2
M = MAC = (
6x = x + 9
4+0 0+6
2
) = (2,3)
13
2
x= 9
=
18
13
18
y|x=18 = 6 ( )
13
13
108
Point (
13
18 108
13
13
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
157
Ex 6.3
18(iv) Area of quadrilateral

A(4,0) B(1,1) C(0,6) D(8,7)
20(i)
|AC| = (4 0)2 + (0 6)2

= 52 = 4 13 = 213
Line AB
Point:
A(1, 1) or B(5,3)
Gradient:
mAB =
AB:
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
y (1) = (1) [x (1)]
y+1
=x1
y
=x2
|BD| = [(1) 8]2 + (1 7)2

= 117 = 9 13 = 313
M = MAB = (
20(ii) Line PQ
Point:
Line CD
A(2,3) B(6,7) C(7, t)
MAB = (
Point:
2+6 3+7
2
) = (4,5)
CD:
y y1
y5
y5
y
mAB
(2)(6)
= (3)(7) = 4
= mCD (x x1 )
= (1)[x (4)]
= x + 4
= x + 9
(1)+(5) (1)+(3)
2
4
4
= 1
) = (3,1)
Gradient:
mPQ =
PQ:
y y1
y1
y1
y
1
mAB
1
1
= 1
= mPQ (x x1 )
= (1)(x 3)
= x + 3
= x + 4
Value of q
Q(7, q) lies on
PQ(y = x + 4),
(q) = (7) + 4
q = 3
20(iii) Area of quadrilateral APBQ

A(1, 1) P(0.5,3.5) B(5,3) Q(7, 3)
19(ii) Value of t
C(7, t) lies on y = x + 9:
(t) = (7) + 9
t =2
|AB| = (1 5)2 + [(1) 3]2
19(iii) Point D
C(7,2) D(d1 , d2 )
area of APBQ = |AB||PQ|
= 32 = 16 2 = 42
169
|PQ| = (0.5 7)2 + [3.5 (3)]2 =
4 =
7+d1 2+d2
2
7+d1
2
13
2
1
2
1
13
= (42) ( )
AB is bisector of CD,
MAB = MCD
(4,5) = (
=1
M(3,1) or P(p, 3.5) or Q(7, q)
Value of p
P(p, 3.5) lies on
PQ(y = x + 4),
(3.5) = (p) + 4
p
= 0.5
Gradient: CD is bisector of AB,

mCD =
(1)(5)
Midpoint of AB
Area of ABCD
1
= |AC||BD|
2
1
= (213)(313)
2
= 3(13)
= 39 unit 2
19(i)
(1)(3)
= 26
and
d1 = 1
5 =
2+d2
2
d2 = 8
D(1,8)
Daniel & Samuel

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158

21(i)
Ex 6.3

A(4,3) B(8, 3)
AB perpendicular bisector of AB
21(iii) C(p, q) lies on AB :

q = 2p 4
C(p, 2p 4)
C
A(4,3)
MAB B(8, 3)
C
Point:
MAB = (
(4)+(8) (3)+(3)
Gradient: mAB =
=
AB :
2
1
mAB
1
6
12
) = (2,0)
MAB = (
4+8 3+(3)
1
(3)(3)
|CMAB | = (p 2)2 + [(2p 4) 0]2
((4)(8))
= (p2 4p + 4) + (4p2 16p + 16)
=2
= 5p2 20p + 20
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
y 0 = 2 (x 2)
y
= 2x 4
|AB| = [(4) 8]2 + [3 (3)]2

= 180 = 36 5 = 65
21(ii) Show
If (10,16) lies on AB (y = 2x 4),
(16) = 2(10) 4
16 = 16 [consistent]
(10,16) lies on AB
ABC area
1
2
1
2
=6
|CMAB ||AB|
35p2 20p + 205
=6
5p2 20p + 205
=2
25p2 100p + 100
=2
25p2 100p + 100
=4
25p2 100p + 96
=0
(5p 8)(5p 12)
=0
or
2p 4 =
8
4
5
C( , )
sleightofmath.com
=6
5p2 20p + 20(65) = 6
p=
Daniel & Samuel

) = (2,0)
p=
12
5
2p 4 =
C(
4
5
12 4
5
, )
5
159
Ex 6.3
21(iii) Shoelace formula

A
C
B
C(p, q) lies on AB (y = 2x 4)
q = 2p 4
C(p, 2p 4)
22
P(0,4)
4
| |
2 3
4 8
||
3 3
p
2p 4
p
2p 4
4
||
3
Line PQ
Pt:
P(0,4) or Q
=6
Grad: mPQ =
4
||
3
= 12
|30p 60|
PQ:
= 12
5
12
C(
12 4
5
4
1
2
( )
=2
y y1 = mPQ (x x1 )
y (4)= (2) [x (0)]
y
= 2x + 4
Line PR
Pt:
P(0,4) or R
, ) or C ( , )
5
y|x=4 = 4
Q(4, 4)
2p 4 = 2 ( ) 4
2p 4 = 2 ( ) 4
=
1
ml3
Point Q
At Q, PQ meets y = x
2x + 4 = x
x
= 4
=2
or 5p 10 = 2
5p
=8
12
l1 : x = 0
|12 + (16p 32) + 3p

= 12
24 (3p) (8p + 16)|
|5p 10|
5p 10 = 2
5p
= 12
=6
8
3
l2 : y = x
l3 : y = x
ABC area
1
Grad: mPR =
1
ml2
= (1) = 1
PR: y y1 = mPR (x x1 )
y (4)= (1)[x (0)]
y
= x + 4
Point R
1
At R, PR meets y = x
2
x + 4 = x
2
= 4
=8
y|x=8 = (8)
2
= 4
R(8, 4)
Daniel & Samuel

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160

23(i)
Ex 6.3
AO = OC, (radius)
AOC is isosceles
BO = OC, (radius)
BOC is isosceles
23(ii) = AOC = OCA

= OBC = OCB
sum of s in
= 180
23(iii) A(1,0) B(5,2) C(a, b)
O = MAB = (
B
= 180
2 + 2
= 180
2( + )
= 180
= 90
ACB
= 90
AC BC
Daniel & Samuel

) = (3,1)
= radius
|OC|
= (diameter AB)
|OC|
= |AB|
1
2
1
3)2
+ (b
1)2
2
1
= (1 5)2 + (0 2)2
2
1
(a 3)2 + (b 1)2 = 20
2
AOC + OCA
= 180
+OBC + OCB
+ + +
|OC|
(a
1+5 0+2
(a 3)2 + (b 1)2
= (20)
(a 3)2 + (b 1)2
= 5 [shown]
Note:
Alternate approach is to use right angle triangle in
semicircle.
By Pythagoras Theorem, |AC|2 + |BC|2 = |AB|2 .
23(iv) At (2,3),
[(2) 3]2 +[(3) 1]2 = 5
(1)2
+22
=5
1 +4
=5
5
= 5 [consistent]
(2,3) lies on circle
sleightofmath.com
161
Ex 6.4
3(i)
Ex 6.4
1(a)
A(2,3) B(5,6) C(1,4)
ABC area
ABC area
=| |
1 2
= |
2 3
5
6
1
2
1
4
2
|
3
2
1
= (12)
2
A(5,2) B(1,6) C(2, 3)

ABC area
1 2
6 3
A, B and C are collinear
4(a)
O(0,0) A(4,1) B(6,4) C(2,4)
5
|
2
Area of OABC
=
1
2
2
4
2
4
0
|
0
3 6
5 2
4(b)
2
||
4
1
= |10 + 6 + 24
2
1
= |6|
2
1
(42)
2
= 21 unit 2
ABC area
1
4 6
1 4
= [0 + 16 + 24 + 0 0 6 (8) 0]
A(2,4) B(3,5) C(6,2)
=| |
1 0
|
2 0
1
1
(48)
2
= 24 unit 2
2(a)
4 0 (10)|
3(ii)
= [30 + (3) + (4) 2 (12) (15)]

=
5
||
2
= 0 unit 2
= 6 unit 2
5
2
2 1
0 2
1
|0 + (4) + (2)
2
1
= |0|
2
= [12 + 20 + (3) 15 (6) 8]
=|
5
2
1(b)
A(5, 2) B(2,0) C(1,2)
P(1,4) Q(4,2) R(1, 2) S(4,0)

Area of PQRS
1 1 4 1 4 1
|
|
2 4 2 2 0 4
1
= [2 + 8 + 0 + 16 (16) 2 (8) 0]
2
1
= (48)
2
=
12 30 4|
= 3 unit 2
= 24 unit 2
2(b)
A(4, 2) B(2,4) C(6,0)

ABC area
1
=| |
2
4
2
2 6
4 0
4
||
2
1
|16 + 0 + (12)
2
1
= |56|
2
=
4 24 0|
= 28 unit 2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
162

5(i)
Ex 6.4
A(2, 3) B(3, 1) C(2,0) D(1,1) E(2, 1)
6(iii)
Area of ABC
1 2
3 2 2
|
= |
2 3 1 0 3
1
= [2 + 0 + (6) (9) (2) 0]
=
2
3
1
2
1
2
2
9
7(i)
unit 2
5(5) sin BAC
A(3,5)
| |
2
||
= 5 unit 2
= 11 unit 2
3
5
3
5
7(ii)
C(9, 1)
1
2
4
1
B(5,9) C(k, k + 2)
5
9
= 18
k
k+2
5
9
k
k+2
3
||
5
= 18
3
||
5
= 36
5 9
1 1
= 36
CF perpendicular distance of C from AB

Area of ABC = 18
Area of ABC
=| |
B(5,1)
A(4, 1)
2
5
|2k + 6|
=6
2k + 6 = 6 or 2k + 6 = 6
2k
=0
2k
= 12
k
=0 k
=6
Area of pentagon
3
|12k + 36|
= + +5
4
||
1
|AB||CF|
|CF|
= [4 + (5) + (9) (5) 9 (4)]

2
1
= |10|
2
= 5 unit 2
6(ii)
=5
|27 + (5k 10) + 5k

= 36
(25) 9k (3k + 6)|
6(i)
(AB)(AC) sin BAC = 5
Area of ABC
Area of ADE
1 2
1 2 2
|
= |
2 3
1 1 3
1
= [2 + 1 + 6 3 (2) (2)]
5(ii)
=5
sin BAC
Area of ACD
1 2
2 1 2
|
= |
2 3 0
1 3
1
= [0 + 2 + 3 (6) 0 2]
=
Area of ABC
unit 2
AC = 9 4
=5
8(i)
AB = (4 5)2 + [(1) 1]2
= 18
36
|AB|
36
80
=
=
36
[3(5)]2 +(59)2
36
516
36
45
9
5
= 5
5
A(2, t) B(3 + t, 2) C(3,4)

Area of ABC
1 2 3+t 3 2
|
= |
2 t
2
4 t
1
= (4 + 12 + 4t + 3t 3t t 2 6 8)
= 1 + 4
= 5 units [shown]
2
1
= (t 2 + 4t + 2) unit 2
2
Daniel & Samuel

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163

8(ii)
Ex 6.4
Area of ABC = 2
1
(t 2 + 4t + 2) =
11(i)
Area of ABC
1 3 4
6 3
|
= |
2 4
2 1 4
1
= [6 + 4 + 24 (16) 12 (3)]
2
1
= (41)
2
= 20.5 unit 2
t 2 + 4t + 2
=5
2
t 4t + 3
=0
(t 1)(t 3)
=0
t = 1 or t = 3
9(i)
A(1,3) B(5,1) C(3, r)

Area of ABC
=4
1 1 5 3 1
|
|
=4
2 3 1 r 3
1
(1 + 5r + 9 15 3 r) = 4
2
1
(4r 8)
A(3,4) B(4,2) C(6, 1) D(p, 3)
=4
2r 4
2r
r
=4
=8
=4
11(ii) Area of ABCD

1 3 4
6 p 3
|
= |
2 4
2 1 3 4
1
= [6 + 4 + 18 + 4p (16) 12 (p) 9]
2
1
= (23 + 5p) unit 2
2
11(iii) (Area of ABCD) = 3(Area of ABC)

1
2
9(ii)
Area of ACB
=4
1 1 3 5 1
|
|
=4
2 3 r 1 3
1
(r + 3 + 15 9 5r 1) = 4
2
1
(4r + 8)
=4
2r + 4
2r
r
10(i)
12(i)
=9
= 3x + 9
= x
3
2
AD line mAD =
1
mline
= MBD
2+1 1+4
2
2+1
= 123
= 100
= 20
3x 2y
2y
mline =
A(2,1) B(b1 , b2 ) C(1,4) D(0,2)
= 3(20.5)
23 + 5p
5p
p
=4
=0
=0
MAC
(23 + 5p)
) =(
2
b1 +0
2
b1 +0 b2 +2
2
and
b1 = 3
B(3,3)
Line BC
Point:
Gradient:
2
1+4
2
b2 +2
2
b2 = 3
BC:
2
3
B(4,7) or C
BC AD
mBC = mAD =
10(ii) Area of rhombus

1 2 3 1 0 2
|
= |
2 1 3 4 2 1
1
= (6 + 12 + 2 + 0 3 3 0 4)
3
2
1
3
( )
2
2
3
y y1 = mBC (x x1 )
2
y (7)= ( ) (x 4)
3
3
2
3
29
y7 = x+
2
1
= (10)
= x+
= 5 unit
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
164

12(ii) Line DE
Point:
Ex 6.4
12(iv) Area of quadrilateral ABFD
1
D(3,3) or E
A (1, )
2
DE BC (y = x +
Gradient:
mDE =
mBC
1
2
3
( )
29
3
Area of ABFD
0
1 1 4
= | 1 7 29
2
3
2
3
2
15
= x+
=
13(i)
Point E
1
15
3
29
At E, DE (y = x +
2
(y = x +
3
x+
2
13
6
15
2
=1
29
=9
E(1,9)
104
unit 2

A(3a, 4a + 1), a > 0
B(0,1)
=5
1]2
A(3,5)
13(ii) Line BC
Point:
12(iii) Point F
2
At F, BC (y = x +
3
29
y|x=0 = (0) +
=
(3a
+ [(4a + 1)
=5
2
2
9a + 16a
= 25
2
25a
= 25
a2 1
=0
(a + 1)(a 1)
=0
a = 1 (rej a > 0) or a = 1
0)2
13
y|x=1 = (1) +
+ 0 + (1) 0 (29) 3]
|AB|
29
) intersects BC
= x+
=
3
2
116
= (
3 1
1|
3
1 208
y 3 = (x + 3)
3
= [7 +
y (3)= ( ) [x (3)]
y3 = x+
y y1 = mDE (x x1 )
DE:
29
F (0, ) D(3,3)
B(4,7)
29
3
B(0,1) or C
) cuts y-axis (x = 0)
Gradient: BC AB,
mBC =
29
3
29
1
mAB
(0)(3)
4
3
= (1)(5) =
3
4
F (0, )
3
y y1 = mBC (x x1 )
BC:
y 1 = (x 0)
Point A
A(a1 , a2 ) B(4,7)
29
3
a1 +0
2
a1
)=(
4+(3)
2
At C, BC (y = x + 1) cuts x-axis (y = 0)
4
4+(3) 7+3
and
=1
29
a2 +( )
3
a2
Point C
For Parallelogram ABFD,

MAF
= MBD
29
= x+1
F (0, ) D(3,3)
a1 +0 a2 +( 3 )
4
3
x + 1= 0
)
=
=
4
3
= 1
7+3
2
1
4
3
C ( , 0)
3
A (1, )
3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
165
Ex 6.4
13(iii) bisector of AB
AB bisector of AB
MAB = (
Point:
13(iv) Area of quadrilateral ABCD
(3)+(0) (5)+(1)
2
A(3,5)
C ( , 0)
B(0,1)
) = ( , 3)
D(
11
2
, 0)
Area of ABCD
Gradient: mAB = mBC =
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
AB :
3
4
3
4
3
8
33
= x+
11
55
= (3 + 0 + 0 +
y 3 = (x )
y3 = x+
= |
0 0 0)
3
1 175
(
)
2 6
= 14
7
12
unit 2
Point D
At D, AB cuts x-axis (y = 0).
y
=0
3
33
4
3
x+
x
x
D(
=0
=
11
2
33
8
11
2
, 0)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
166
Rev Ex 6
A2(ii) Point D
at k = 2:
A(3,1) B(5,3)
Rev Ex 6
A1(i)
A(2,1) B(10,6) C(a, 6)
AB
D on x axis:
D(d, 0)
= BC
10]2
[(2)
+ (1
169
169
a2 20a + 75
(a 5)(a 15)
a = 5 or a = 15
6)2
= (10 a)2 + [6 (6)]2

= (100 20a + a2 ) + 144
= 244 20a + a2
=0
=0
BD AC:
mBD mAC = 1
30
5d
3
5d
Let D be (d1 , d2 )
For ABCD is rhombus,
MAC
= MBD
(2)+a 1+(6)
2
(2)+a
2
d1
) =(
2
10+d1
and
= a 12
2
1+(6)
2
d2
A(k + 1,1) B(2k + 1,3)
36
3
3
mBD =
= 1
= 1
30
58
tan = 1
= 45
6+d2
2
= 11
a = 5: D(7, 11)
a = 15: D(3, 11)
A2(i)
14
Obtuse angle that BD makes with x-axis
10+d1 6+d2
2
3
=d5
d
=8
D(8,0)
A1(ii) A(2,1) B(10,6) C(a, 6)
C(6,4)
obtuse = 180 45
= 135
A3(i)
A(6,7)
B(0,1)
C(9,4)
|BC| = (0 9)2 + (1 4)2
C(2k + 2,2k)
= 81 + 9
A, B, C are collinear,
mAB
= mBC
(1)(3)
(k+1)(2k+1)
2
k
2
= 9 10
= 310 units
(3)(2k)
= (2k+1)(2k+2)
=
32k
1
= 2k 3
= 90
2
= 2k 2 3k
2k 2 3k 2 = 0
(2k + 1)(k 2) = 0
1
k = or k = 2
2
A3(ii) Area of ABC

1 6 0 9 6
|
= |
2 7 1 4 7
1
= (6 + 0 + 63 0 9 24)
2
1
= (36)
2
= 18
A3(iii) Area of ABC = 18
1
2
1
2
|AF||BC|
|AF|(310) = 18
|AF|
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
= 18
36
310
12
10
1210
10
610
5
167
Rev Ex 6
A4(a) y = ax + b
m1 = a
A5(i)
2x + y = 8
y
= 2x + 8
m2 = 2
Line BC
Point:
B(1, 3) or C
Gradient:
mBC =
BC:
y y1
1
2
= mBC (x x1 )
1
y (3) = ( ) [x (1)]
2
y = ax + b 2x + y = 8
m1 m2 = 1
a(2)
= 1
a
A5(ii) Line AC
Point:
Gradient:
y = ax + b on y axis (x = 0):
y = a(0) + b
=b
(0, b)
A4(b) AB: y = 3x +
1
BC: y = x 1
F(3,2)
= x
mAB
1
8
( )
4
1
2
C
F(3,2)
2
1
2
13
1
2
5
2
13
= x+
1
3
1
3
9
2
=9
1
13
y|x=9 = (9) +
Gradient: AF BC,
1
=2
C(9,2)
= (1) = 1
A5(iv) Height of triangle ABC

A(3,5) B(1, 3) C(9,2)
Equating area of ABC,
1
Point A
At A, AF intersects AB (y = 3x + 1)
x + 5 = 3x + 1
4x = 4
x
=1
|BC||AD|
|BC||AD|
=4
= |
2
=|
sleightofmath.com
3
5
3
5
9
2
3
|
5
3
|
5
[(1) 9]2
9 2 + 45
|AD| = [
]
2
(50) (27) 6
[(
]
+ 3) 2
125|AD|
55|AD|
= 60
|AD|
= 60
=
Daniel & Samuel
At C, AC intersects BC (y = x )
y=x1
y y1 = mAF (x x1 )
y (2)= (1)[x (3)]
y 2 = x + 3
y
= x + 5
= x+
A5(iii) Point C
mBC
y (5)= ( ) [x (3)]
y = 3x + 1
y y1 = mAC (x x1 )
mAF =
1
(3)(5)
((1)(3))
y5 = x+
Line AF
Point:
A or F(3,2)
y|x=1 = (1) + 5
A(1,4)
2
5
= x+
A(3,5) or C
BAC = 90,
AC:
AF:
2
1
y+3
mAC =
(0, b) lies on x + y + 3 = 0,
0+b+3 =0
b
= 3
12
5
125
5
168

A6(i)
Rev Ex 6
AD: 3x + 2y = 6
B
AB: 5y + 6 = 3x
A6(ii) Line BC
BC x axis,
BC is y = 6
Point B
At B, BC (y = 6)cuts AD (5y + 6 = 3x),
5(6) + 6 = 3x
36
= 3x
x
= 12
B(12,6)
Line CD
Pt:
C or D(0,3)
Grad: CD AB,
Point A
At A, AD cuts x axis (y = 0):
3x + 2(0) = 6
3x
=6
x
=2
A(2,0)
Point D
At D, AD cuts y axis (x = 0):
3(0) + 2y = 6
y
=3
D(0,3)
mCD = mAB =
CD: y y1
5
3
0 =
2+e1 0+e2
2+e1
= x+3
5
Point C
At C, CD cuts BC (y = 6),
= MAE
,
= mCD (x x1 )
3
(0,3) = (
y (3)= [x (0)]
A6(ii) Point E
Let E be (e1 , e2 )
D
5
3
and
e1 = 2
E(2,6)
3 =
0+e2
x+3=6
x
=3
x
=5
C(5,6)
e2 = 6
Area of trapezium ABCD

Area of ABCD
1 2 12 5 0 2
|
= |
2 0 6 6 3 0
1
= (12 + 72 + 15 + 0 0 30 0 6)
2
1
= (63)
2
= 31.5 unit 2
B1(a) A(1,2) B(3,10) C(p, 8)
A, B and C lie on the same line:
mAB
= mBC
210
(1)3
8
4
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
=
=
108
3p
2
3p
2
3p
p
=1
=2
3p
169

B1(b) AC BC
mAC mBC
28
108
(1)p 3p
6
2
1p 3p
6
2
Rev Ex 6
B2(iii) :
3
= 1
A ( , 0) P(1, 1) B(0, 3)
2
= 1
By similar triangles
(using x-coordinates) [diagram?]
= 1
= 1
p+1 3p
AP: PB = ( 1) : (1 0)
2
12
= (p + 1)(p 3)
12
= p2 + 2p 3
2
p 2p 15 = 0
(p + 3)(p 5) = 0
p = 3 or p = 5
B2(i)
:1
= 1: 2
B3(i)
Point P
At P, x y 2 = 0 intersects 2x 5y 7 = 0.
xy2 =0
y
= x 2 (1)
Show =
A(2,6) B(6, 2) C(a, 8 3a)
8 3a < 0
3a < 8
a
2x 5y 7 = 0
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
2x 5(x 2) 7 = 0
2x 5x + 10 7 = 0
3x
= 3
x
=1
>
8
3
Area of ABC
= 10
6
a
2
||
= 10
2 8 3a 6
2 6
a
2
|
|
= 20
6 2 8 3a 6
| 4 + (48 18a) + 6a
= 20
36 (2a) (16 6a)|
|8 4a|
= 20
8 4a = 20
or 8 4a = 20
4a
= 28
4a
= 12
a
= 7
a
=3
8
(rej a > )
3
Point C
C(3, 1)
1
| |
2
y|x=1 = (1) 2
= 1
P(1, 1)
B2(ii) Line AB
Point:
P(1, 1) or A or B
Gradient: mAB = 2
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
y (1) = (2) [x (1)]
y+1
= 2x 2
y
= 2x 3
Point A
Point B
At A, AB cuts x-axis At B where cuts y-axis
(x = 0).
(y = 0).
y
=0
y|x=0 = 2(0) 3
2x 3 = 0
= 3
3
B(0, 3)
x
=
AB:
2
6
B3(ii) Line AB
Point:
A(2,6) or B(6, 2)
(6)(2)
mAB =
AB:
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
y (6)= (2)[x (2)]
y 6 = 2x + 4
y
= 2x + 10
(2)(6)
Gradient:
= 2
A ( , 0)
2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
170
Rev Ex 6
B3(iii) Line (through C & to AB)

Point:
C(3, 1)
B4(iv) Line CD
Point:
C(8,2) or D
Gradient: CD AB,
(4)(9)
Gradient: line AB (y = 2x + 10)

m=
1
mAB
1
2
mCD = mAB = (2)(7) =
= m (x x1 )
y y1
y (1) = ( ) [x (3)]
2
2
1
2
5
y+1
= x
= x
B3(iv) Point F (Foot of )

C
A
2
5
2
x
x
y|x=3 = (3) 6
= 3
D(3, 3)
= 2x + 10
=
B5(i)
25
2
=5
1
y|x=5 = (5)
Show
P(1,0) Q(0,2) R(2,3)
|PQ| = [(1) (0)]2 + [(0) (2)]2
= 1 + 4 = 5
=0
F(5,0)
B4(i)
= mCD (x x1 )
= (1) [x (8)]
=x8
=x6
y y1
y (2)
y2
y
=1
B4(v) Point D
At D, BM (y = 3x 12) intersects CD (y = x 6).
3x 12 = x 6
2x
=6
x
=3
At F, y = x meets AB (y = 2x + 10).
1
CD:
Line:
|QR| = [(0) (2)]2 + [(2) (3)]2

= 4 + 1 = 5
Show =
A(2,4) B(7,9)
C(8,2)
|PQ| = |QR|,
PQR is isosceles
AB = [(2) (7)]2 [(4) (9)]2 = 50

BC = [(7) (8)]2 + [(9) (2)]2 = 50
B5(ii) Area of
1
area of PQR = | |
AB = BC [shown]
1
0
0
2
2
3
1
||
0
= |2 + 0 + 0 0 4 3|
B4(ii) Point M
M = MAC = (
(2)+(8) (4)+(2)
2
1
= |5|
) = (5,3)
=
B4(iii) Line BM
Point:
2
5
2
unit 2
B(7,9) or M(5,3)
(9)(3)
Gradient: mBM = (7)(5) = = 3

2
BM:
y y1 = mBM (x x1 )
y (9)= (3) [x (7)]
y 9 = 3x 21
y = 3x 12
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171
Rev Ex 6
B5(iii) Line QS
B6(ii) Angle that BC makes with the positive x-axis

230
mBC = (12)12
R
Q
tan =
S
49.4
P
Point:
Q(0,2) or S
Gradient: QS PR (using kite property),
1
mQS =
mPR
1
(0)(3)
((1)(2))
1
3
( )
1
y y1 = mQS (x x1 )
QS:
1
3
B6(iii) Angle ACB

ACB =
= 69.4 49.4
= 20.0
B6(iv)
C(12,30)
y (2)= ( ) [x (0)]
3
y2 = x
3
1
= x+2
3
= x+2
Point D
D(d1 , d2 )
BC = BD:
B
= MDC
(1)
(12,2) = (
x y= 5
sub (1) into (2):
A(3, 10)
B5(iv) Point S
At S, QS (x + 3y = 6) intersects x y = 5.
x + 3y = 6
3y
= x + 6
1
3y
= x + 6
x + 3y = 6
B(12,2)
(2)
12 =
d1
d1 +12 d2 +30
2
d1 +12
2
and
2 =
= 36
d2 +30
2
d2 = 26
x ( x + 2) = 5
3
4
3
4
3
x2
=5
=7
D(36, 26)
B6(v) Line AD
Point:
21
4
A(3, 10) or D(36, 26)
1 21
y|x=21 = ( ) + 2
3
=
S(
B6(i)
tan =
AD:
y y1
, )
4
(10)30
(3)12
8
(10)(26)
(3)(36)
16
33
= mAD (x x1 )
16
y (10) = ( ) [x (3)]
Angle that AC makes with the positive x-axis

A(3, 10)
(12,30)
B(12,2) C(12,30)
mAC =
mAD =
21 1
4
Gradient:
(12,2)
69.4
Daniel & Samuel

y + 10
33
16
48
33
16
33
282
33
x+
x
33
(3, 10)
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172
Rev Ex 6
B6(vi) Angle ADB

mAD =
tan =
16
33
16
33
25.9
ADB =
= 29.4 25.9
23.5
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173
Ex 7.1
2(e)
Ex 7.1
1(a)
ln 4 + lg 6 2.16
1(b)
3 lg 2 ln 2 0.210
1(c)
ln 7.1
2 lg 5
1(d)
= log 2 (5 22)
Is base 2 > 0 ?
True
Is base 2 1 ?
True
Is input 5 2 > 0 ? True
1.40
lg 9ln 3
ln(e2 1)
Yes
0.0778
3(a)
2(a)
log x (5 2x)|x=2
log x (5 2x)|x=0.5
= log 0.5 (4)
32
log 3
Is base 0.5 > 0 ? True

Is base 0.5 1 ? True
Is input 4 > 0 ? True
3(b)
10n
=
1
9
1
9
= 2
=5
log10 5 = n
lg 5
=n
Yes
3(c)
2(b)
log x (5 2x)|x=3
= log 3 (1)
ex
=4
log e 4 = x
ln 4
=x
Is base 3 > 0 ?
True
Is base 3 1 ?
True
Is input 1 > 0 ? False
3(d)
2x
=p
log 2 p = x
No
2(c)
3(e)
log x (5 2x)|x=2.5
= log 2.5 (0)
Is base 2.5 > 0 ?
Is base 2.5 1 ?
Is input 0 > 0 ?
=y
log a y = 3
True
True
False
No
2(d)
a3
4(a)
53
4(b)
log x (5 2x)|x=1
= log1 (3)
Is base 1 > 0 ? True
Is base 1 1 ? False
Is input 3 > 0 ? True
No
log 5 125 = 3
lg 100
=2
log10 100 = 2
102
4(c)
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=x
log x 3 = 4
x4
Daniel & Samuel

= 100
ln x = 2
log e x = 2
e2
4(d)
= 125
=3
174

4(e)
log 4 x = 2
4
x
x
y
log 2 = 3
3
=x
= 16
16
8
2
y
=y
=8
=b
6(a)
log 4 4 3 log 2 2 = 1 3(1)

= 2
6(b)
log 2 1 +4 log 5 5 = 0 +4(1)

=4
6(c)
(3 log 3 3)3 = [3 (1)]3

= 23
=8
6(d)
8(a)
3 logx x+2 2
3(1)+2 2
42 log5 1
42(0)
5 2
) =[
8(b)
=
6(e)
6(f)
7(a)
16
8(c)
8(d)
9(a)
=x
=8
ln x = lg 2
log e x = lg 2
=x
1.35
lg(3x) = 9
log10 3x = 9
109
= 3x
= (109 )
3.33 108
e2x
1
3
=k
log e k = 2x
ln k = 2x
9(b)
10x4 = 9
log10 9 = x 4
lg 9
=x4
log 2 x = 3
23
x
= e3
5.65 or 0.177
elg 2
x
log 2 (4 2 lg 10) = log 2 [4 2 log10 10]

= log 2 [4 2(1)]
= log 2 2
=1
= 100.61
4.07
(ln x)2 = 3
ln x = 3
x
x
log 2 (6 5 log 7 7) = log 2 [6 5(1)]

= log 2 (1)
=0
lg x
= 0.61
log10 x = 0.61
log e x = 3
=( )
4
25
x
x
log y b = 2
x1
=a
y2
x
=a
2
xy = (a)(b) = ab
=2
log x a = 1
log 4 8 = x
4x
=8
22x
= 23
2x = 3
=y
5(b)
7(c)
log 3 y = n
3n
5(a)
Ex 7.1
9(c)
x4
=2k
log x (2 k) = 4
7(b)
log x 9 = 2
x2
=9
x = 3 or x = 3
(rej)
Daniel & Samuel

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175

9(d)
em+5
=x2
Ex 7.1
12
log 3 p = a
p
log e (x 2) = m + 5
ln(x 2)
= m+5
= 3a
log 27 q = b
10(a) log 3 y = n + 1
3n+1
33b
a3b
= 3c
13(a) log 2 (2x + 1) = 3
=xy
2x + 1
= 23
2x
= 4y
13(b) log 3 (x 2 1)
log 4 y = a
= 4a
= 21+2a
= 21+2a
= 1 + 2a
= 3b 1 [shown]
7
8
7
16
=1
x2 1
= 31
2
x 4
=0
(x + 2)(x 2) = 0
x = 2 or x = 2
(1)
log 8 (2y) = b
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
log 8 [2(4a )] = b
log8 [2(22a )] = b
log 8 (21+2a ) = b
8b
23b
3b
2a
= 3c
3
= 3c
c = a 3b
10(d) log 2 (4y) = p + 1
= 3c
27b
3a
=k
102
11
p
q
3a
10(c) lg(x y)
= 2
log10 (x y) = 2
2p+1
= 27b
=y
10(b) ln k = x 3
log e k = x 3
x3
13(c)
log x (6x 8) = 2
x2
= 6x 8
x 2 6x + 8
=0
(x 2)(x 4) = 0
x = 2 or x = 4
13(d) log x 64 = 3
2
x2
= 64
3
2
= 26
x
x
x
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
= (26 )3
= 24
= 16
176
Ex 7.1
13(e) log 9 27 = x + 1
9x+1
15(b) log y x = 2
= 27
2x+2
= y2
3
2
(1)
=3
2x + 2 =
xy = 8
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
(y 2 )y = 8
y3
= 23
y =2
3
2
1
2x
2
1
4
14(a) ln 2 ln(4x)= 3
3
ln(4x)
log e (4x)
4x
= eln 2
x|y=2 = (2)2
ln 2
3
16
ln 2
=4
log 2 (log 3 x) = ln e
log 2 (log 3 x) = 1
log 3 x
= 21
3
ln 2
= e
18.9
= 32
=9
x
x
14(b) lg(x 2) = (lg 3)2

log10 (x 2) = (lg 3)2
17(a) For lg(x + 2) to be defined,

2
= 10(lg 3)
x2
= 2 + 10(lg 3)
3.69
x
x
x + 2> 0
x
> 2
17(b) For ln(x 2 2x) to be defined,

14(c) ln(4x) = lg 3 lg 5
log e 4x = lg 3 lg 5
4x
= elg 3lg 5
= e(lg 3lg 5)
0.349
x 2 2x
x(x 2)
+
17(c) For log x (3 x) to be defined,

x > 0, x 1 and 3 x > 0
3
>x
x
<3
0 < x < 3, x 1
15(a) log x 16 = 4
x4
= 16
x = 2 or x = 2 (rej) (1)
+
2
x < 0 or x > 2
14(d) lg(x 1) = lg(e2 1)

x 1 = e2 1
x
= e2
x
7.39
log 2 y = x
sub (1) into (2):
log 2 y = 2
>0
>0
(2)
18(a) ln(y + 1) x = 0
ln(y + 1)
=x
log e (y + 1) = x
y+1
y
= ex
= ex 1
= 22
=4
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177

18(b) 2 lg y
lg y
Ex 7.1
=x2
20(ii) log 9 (31 + log x 16) = log 2 8
x2
log 9 (31 + log x 16) =
2
x2
log10 y =
log 9 (31 + log x 16) =
2
x2
2
= 10
= 102x1
= (9)2
31 + log x 16
31 + log x 16
31 + log x 16
log x 16
= (32 )2
= 33
= 27
= 4
x 4
x 4
= 16
= 24
= (24 )4
= 21
=x
=x4
= ln(x 4)
2
3
= log e (x 4)
2y
2
3
31 + log x 16
18(c) e2y + 4
e2y
18(d) ln(x + y) 4x = 0
ln(x + y)
= 4x
log e (x + y)
= 4x
= e4x
= e4x x
x+y
y
19
ln(x 2 + 1 e3 lg 10 )
21

b2 4ac
=0
2
(4) 4(1)(log 2 p) = 0
16
= 4 log 2 p
log 2 p
=4
p
= 24
p
= 16
=3
log e (x 2 + 1 e3 lg 10 ) = 3
x 2 + 1 e3 lg 10
x 2 + 1 e3(1)
x2
= e3
= e3
= 2e3 1
x
= 2e3 1
x
= 6.26
[textbook answer is wrong]
20(i)
p = log 2 8
3
p = log 2 22
3
p=
2
x 2 4x + log 2 p = 0
i.e. a = 1, b = 4, c = log 2 p
22(i)
(a)
(b)
(c)
lg 546
2.74
lg 12 458
4.10
lg 464 777 399 8.67
22(ii) Number of digits in integer k from lg k

lg k + 1 if lg k
={
lg k
if lg k
22(iii) Number of digits in 342 = lg 342
= 20.03
= 21
Number of digits in 732 = lg 732
= 27.02
= 27
Daniel & Samuel

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178
Ex 7.1
22(iv)
As we use the base-10 numeral system,
The index of base 10 is very indicative of the number of
digits.
1 digit: k = 1 to 9
lowest k = 1 = 100
2 digits: k = 10 to 99
lowest k = 10 = 101
3 digits: k = 100 to 999 lowest k = 100 = 102
Observe that the lowest k for each digit range is always
10integer
Every integer increase in index results in increase in digits
but increase in index smaller than 1 will not result in
increase in digits and still be registered as the same
number of digits.
for k with lg k is an integer, the no. of digits is lg k + 1
1 digit: k = 100
no. of digits = lg 100 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
2 digit: k = 10 = 101
no. of digits = lg 101 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
for k with lg k is a non-integer, the no. of digits is lg k
(round to the next higher integer)
1 digit: k = 5 100.699
no. of digits = lg 100.699 = 0.699 = 1
2 digit: k = 55 101.74
no. of digits = lg 101.74 = 1.74 = 2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
179
Ex 7.2
4(a)
Ex 7.2
1(a)
1(b)
log 3 27 + log 3 = log 3 (27 )
4(b)
log5 4log2 10
log25 10
= log 6 (6)
=1
log 5 4 +2 log 5 3 3 log 5 2

= log 5 4 + log 5 32 log 5 23
23
= log 5
2
2(b)
lg
2 lg
75
3
5
+4 lg
3 2
3 4
75
8 3 4
( )
75 2
3 2
( )
5
= lg [
5(a)
= lg
2
+2 log 3 5 log 3
3(52 )
33
5(b)
= log 3 2025
3(a)
log 5 7 =
3 ln 3
ln 3
lg 4 lg 10
lg 5 lg 2
lg 10
lg 25
lg 4 lg 10
lg 5
lg 22
lg 5
2 lg 2
lg 5
2 lg 2
lg 5
2
lg 5
lg 2
1
lg 2
1
lg 2
1
lg 2
lg 25
lg 10
lg 52
1
lg 102
2 lg 5
1
2
lg 10
2 lg 5
1
2
lg 10
2 lg 5
1
2
4
1
2
y = 100x1.5
lg y = lg(100x1.5 )
= lg 100 + lg x1.5
= 1.5 lg x + lg 102
= 1.5 lg x +2
m = 1.5
X = lg x
c =2
1
27
= log 3 3 + log 3 52 log 3 33

= log 3 [
ln 3
=8
= lg ( ) lg ( ) + lg ( )
2(c)
= log 6 ( 2 )
= log 5 [
ln 33
=3
log 6 54
2 log 6 3
= log 6 54 log 6 32
4(32 )
ln 5
ln 3
54
2(a)
ln 27
ln 27
ln 3
log 2 8 = log 2 23
=3
= log 3 (3)
=1
1(c)
ln 5
log 3 5 log 5 27 =
ln 7
ln 5
y = 0.1(1000)x
y = (101 )(103 )x
y = 103x1
lg y = 3x 1
1.21
3(b)
log 1 5.3 =
2
m = 3
X= x
c = 1
ln 5.3
ln
1
2
2.41
6(a)
log a 8 2 log a 4
= log a 8 log a 42
8
= log a ( 2 )
4
= log a
2
Daniel & Samuel

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180

6(b)
2 log x 5 3 log x 2 + log x 4

= log x 52 log x 23 + log x 4
= log x [
= log x
6(c)
Ex 7.2
52 (4)
23
25
2
8(iv)
log a 3 = 0.477
log a 5 = 0.699
loga 25
loga 3a
=
=
loga 52
loga 3+loga a
2 loga 5
(0.477)+1
9
5a
log 4 3 = a
3
= 4a
= (4a )(4b )
= 4a+3b
9
2
= log a 9
log a 5a
= log a 32 (log a 5 + log a a)

= 2 log a 3 log a 5 log a a
= 2(0.477) 0.699 1
= 0.745
log 4 3 = a
log 4 5 = b
= 2(lg 3 + lg x)
(lg lg x 2 )
3
4
(lg 2 lg x)
= 2 lg 3 + lg x
lg + 2 lg x
= 3 lg x
+2 lg 3 lg
+ lg 32 lg
+ lg
= lg x
+ lg
2
9
= lg x
+ lg
log 4 20= log 4

5)
2
= log 4 2 + log 4 5
=1
+b
3
4
2
lg 22 +3 lg x
2
2 lg 2+3 lg x
2
2
32
+ lg 2
4
3
32 2
4
3
27
x = 10p
y = 10q
y2
lg 4+lg x3
lg y
=q
log10 y =
100x
lg 4x3
lg 100
+ lg 2 + lg x
lg x
=p
log10 y =
lg (
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+
+
(22
Daniel & Samuel

3x2
= 2 (lg 3 + lg x)
10(i)
8(ii)
+ log100 4x 3
lg
= lg x
log 4 45= log 4 (32 5)

= log 4 32 + log 4 5
= 2(log 4 3) + log 4 5
= 2a +b
2 lg 3x
= 3 lg x
8(i)
375 = 3 53
log a (5a ) = log a 5 + log a a

= 0.699 +2
= 2.699
log a
a+2b
log 4 5 = b
5
= 4b
2(0.699)
=
1.477
0.947
7(iii)
= log a 8a
7(ii)
log 4 42
log 4 (3 52 )
2
=
log 4 3 + log 4 52
2
=
log 4 3 + 2 log 4 5
a6
2
log4 75
23 (a6 )
log4 16
log 75 16 =
3 log a 2 4
+2 log a a3
= log a 23 log a a4 + log a (a3 )2
= log a [
7(i)
8(iii)
) = lg 100 + lg x lg y 2
1
=2
+ lg x
2 lg y
=2
+ p
2q
2
1
2
181
Ex 7.2
10(ii) lg(y x ) = x lg y
= 10p (q)
= q(10p )
11
14
log 8 5 =
ln K = ln a ln b + ln c
t
bc
ln K = ln (a c e
b
lg(y + 1) = lg
y+1
x
100
x
34
15(ii) lg(3 2) = lg [
(1)(m)
3(m)
1m
3m
3+2
3+2
1
3+2
= lg 1 lg(3 + 2)
15(iii) k = log 2 (9 + 5)
log 2 (9 5) = log 2 [(9 5)
= log 2 (
95
9+5
9+5
9+5
= (x + 2)3
= log 2 4 log 2 (9 + 5)
= 81(x + 2)3
3
2
or y = 9(x + 2)
(rej y > 0)
12(c) 3
+ log 2 (x + y)
3
log 2 2
+ log 2 (x + y)
log 2 8(x + y)
8(x + y)
8x + 8y
= x 2y
10y
= 7x
7
3+2
= 3 log 3 (x + 2)
= log 3 (x + 2)3
y2
10
3 lg 2
3 + 2
1
=
[shown]
= log 3 (x + 2)3
lg 10lg 2
32
34
= log 2 (x 2y)
= log 2 (x 2y)
= log 2 (x 2y)
= x 2y
16(i)
y = 3, x = 2:
log 2 (3 + 1) = 2 log 2 (2) + c
log 2 22
=2+c
2
=2+c
c
=0
log2 22
1
log2 22
2
1
2
log2 (9+5)
1
log2 22
log2 (9+5)
1
2
=4
2 log 2 (9 + 5)
=4
2k
= 2(2 k)
log 2 (y + 1) = 2 log 2 x + c
log 2 (y + 1)
log 2 (y + 1)
y+1
y
10
2
lg 23
lg( )
= lg(3 + 2)
y2
3
2
3 2 = (3 2)
x
100
y = 9(x + 2)
13
lg 8
100
y2
15(i)
t
bc
lg x
lg x
12(b) 2 log 3 y 4
log 3 y 2 log 3 34
log 3
[shown]
12(a) lg(y + 1) = 2
lg(y + 1) = lg 102
lg 5
t
bc
ln K = ln a ln b + ln c + ln e
ac t
e bc
b
m = lg 2
16(ii)
p
log a p
log a p
p
1
q
= aloga x
= log a aloga x
= log a x
=x
3 =3
1
log4 3
=3
1
1
log3 4
= 3log3 4 = 4
= 2 log 2 x
= log 2 x 2
= x2
= x2 1
Daniel & Samuel

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182

17
Ex 7.2
Method 1 (prime factorization)

(lg 5)2 + lg 2 lg 50 = (lg 5)2 + lg 2 lg(2 52 )
= (lg 5)2 + lg 2 (lg 2 + 2 lg 5)
= (lg 5)2 + 2 lg 5 lg 2 + (lg 2)2
= (lg 5 + lg 2)2
= (lg 10)2
=1
1 2
18
un = (1 )
n
(ii)(a)
1 2
lg u4 = lg (1 )
4
= 2 lg [shown]
4
lg u
Method 2 (selective factorization)
(lg 5)2 + lg 2 lg 50
= (lg 5)2 + lg 2 lg(5 10)
= (lg 5)2 + lg 2 (lg 5 + lg 10)
= (lg 5)2 + lg 2 (lg 5 + 1)
= (lg 5)2 + lg 2 lg 5 + lg 2
= lg 5 (lg 5 + lg 2) + lg 2
= lg 5 lg 10
+ lg 2
= lg 5
+ lg 2
= lg 10
=1
18(i)
998
998
999
999
999
lg + lg + lg + + lg
1
4
3
2
1
= lg [( ) ( ) ( ) (
= lg (
)(
+ lg
1000
= lg (1
= 2 lg (
1
10k
10k 1
10k
lg u2 + lg u3 + lg u4 + + lg u10k
18
(ii)(b)
1 2
1 2
3
= lg (1 ) + lg (1 ) +2 lg
2
+ + 2 lg
= 2 lg
1
2
1
= 2(lg
+2 lg
+ lg
2
3
+2 lg
+ lg
+ + 2 lg
+ + lg
4
10k 1
10k
= 2 lg [( ) ( ) ( ) (
10k 1
10k
10k 1
10k
10k 1
10k
)]
1
= 2 lg ( k )
10
= 2 lg(10k )
= 2(k)
= 2k
999
1000
)]
1000
3 )
= lg(10
= 3
(10k )
19
1
lg 0.301 < 0
2
When you multiply both sides of an inequality
with a negative number, switch the reverse the
inequality sign from 2nd line onwards
20
lg[(2)(5)] lg(2) + lg(5)
20(i)
x = 2, y = 5
20(ii) x = 2, r = 2
Daniel & Samuel

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183
Ex 7.3
Ex 7.3
1(a)
log 5 (x + 1) = log 5 3
x+1
=3
x
= 2
1(b)
log 2 (x 1)
x1
3x
x
1(c)
2(a)
2(b)
3(a)
3(b)
= log 2 (4x 7)
= 4x 7
=6
= 2
3(c)
log 2 (x 1)2
=2
+ log 2 (x + 2)
2
2
(x
log 2 1)
= log 2 2 + log 2 (x + 2)
log 2 (x 1)2
= log 2 4(x + 2)
2
(x 1)
= 4(x + 2)
2
x 2x + 1
= 4x + 8
2
x 6x 7
=0
(x 7)(x + 1) = 0
x = 7 or x = 1
4(a)
log 3 x = 9 log x 3
log 3 x =
log 3 x + log 3 (x + 2)= 1

log 3 [x(x + 2)]
= log 3 3
x(x + 2)
=3
x2 + 2
=3
2
x + 2x 3
=0
(x + 3)(x 1)
=0
x = 3 (rej) or x = 1
log x 25 + log x 5
log x (125)
125
x
=3
= log x x 3
= x3
=5
9
log3 x
sub u = log 3 x:
u=
9
u
u2 = 9
u
=3
log 3 x = 3
x
x
4(b)
or
u
= 3
log 3 x = 3
= 33
= 27
= 33
1
27
log 3 x + 2 = 3 log x 3
3
log 3 x + 2 =
log3 x
3 log x 2 + log x 18 = 2
log x 23 + log x 18 = log x x 2
log x (23 18)
= log x x 2
log x 144
= log x x 2
144
= x2
x = 12 or x = 12 (rej)
sub u = log 3 x:
lg[(x + 2)(x 2)] = lg(2x 1)

(x + 2)(x 2) = (2x 1)
x2 4
= 2x 1
2
x 2x 3
=0
(x 3)(x + 1)
=0
x = 3 or x = 1 (rej)
u+2
3
u
u2 + 2u 3
=0
(u + 3)(u 1) = 0
u
= 3
or u
=1
log 3 x = 3
log 3 x = 1
= 33
=
1
27
=3
log 2 [(x 2)(8 x)] log 2 (x 5)= 3

log 2 [
(x2)(8x)
(x5)
(x2)(8x)
(x5)
= log 2 23
= 23
(x 2)(x 8)
= 8(x 5)
2
(x 10x + 16) = 8x 40
x 2 2x 24
=0
(x 6)(x + 4)
=0
x = 6 or x = 4 (rej)
Daniel & Samuel

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184

5
Ex 7.3
ln(3x y) = ln 36 ln 9
7(a)
36
ln(3x y) = ln ( )
2 log 5 x + (
3x y = 4
y
= 3x 4 (1)
2 log 5 x + (
(ex )2
2 log 5 x + (
=e
ey
e2xy
= e1
2x y = 1
= 55
2
log 2 x log 4 (x + 6) = 0
log 2 x = log 4 (x + 6)
=[
=[
=[
=2
= 5q p
= 5q 1
log2 (x+6)
2
]
]
= x + 6
=x+6
=0
x = 3 or x = 2 (rej)
7(c)
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

2 + 3q = 5q 1
2q
=3
3
log 5 (5 4x) = log 5 (2 x)

log 5 (5 4x) =
log5 (2x)
log 5 (5 4x) =
log5 (2x)
log 5 (5 4x) =
log5 (2x)
log5 5
1
log5 52
1
2
log 5 (5 4x) = 2 log 5 (2 x)
log2 22
(x 3)(x + 2) = 0
=2
1
p
log2 (x+6)
x2 x 6
=2
5qp
log2 4
= log 2 2
15q3p
log2 (x+6)
= log 2 x + 6
2p+2
= 24 (23q )
2p+2
= 24+3q
p + 2 = 4 + 3q
p
= 2 + 3q
(1)
log 2 6 log 2 (15q 3p) = 1
= log 5 55
= (55 )5
= 52
= 25
15q3p
6
= log 5 55
4 [(22 )2q ]
log 2 (
) = log 5 55
= log 5 55
= 16 (4 )
log5 52
log5 x
5
2
3
q
2
p+2
) = log 5 55
log5 25
log5 x
log 5 x
Put x = 3 into (1):

y|x=5 = 3(3) 4
=5
2
=5
log 5 x 2
7(b)
p+2
log5 x
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

2x (3x 4) = 1
x + 4
=1
x
= 3
x
=3
2 log 5 x + log 25 x
log 5 (5 4x) = log 5 (2 x)2

Put q =
3
2
into (1):
3
p|q=3 = 2 + 3 ( )
2
13
2
5 4x
= (2 x)2
5 4x
= 4 4x + x 2
x 2 + 1
=0
x2 1
=0
(x + 1)(x 1) = 0
x = 1 or x = 1
Daniel & Samuel

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185

8(b)
log 9 y + log 3 y
log3 y
+ log 3 y
log3 9
log3 y
+ log 3 y
log3 32
1
log 3 y + log 3 y
2
3
log 3 y
2
3
Ex 7.3
= 2 log 3 x +3 log 3 2
= log 3 x
9(c)
+ log 3 2
= log 3 [(x 2 )(23 )]

= log 3 (8x 2 )
= log 3 (8x 2 )
log 3 3x + 1 = log 3 (2x)

3x + 1
= 2x
3x + 1
= 4x 2
4x 2 3x 1 = 0
(4x + 1)(x 1) = 0
y2
= 8x 2
= (8x 2 )3
2
2 4
(23 )3 x 3
4
22 x 3
log 3 (3x + 1) = log 3 (2x)
x = (rej) or x = 1
= (8)3 (x 2 )3
9(d)
3 log 4 x log16 x = 3.75

log 4 x 3
= 4x 3
log 4 (6 x) log 2 8
log 4 x 3
= log 9 3
log 4 x 3
log 4 (6 x) log 2 23 = log 9 92
log4 x
= log 4 43.75
log4 16
log4 x
log4
log4 x
= log 4 4
log 4 x 2
15
x2
= 44
log 4 (6 x)
6x
= 42
= (22 )2
= 27
= 122
15
= (22 ) 4
15
x2
= 22
2
15 5
2
= (2 )
= 23
=8
log 7 (9x + 38) log 7 (x + 2) = log 9 81

log 7 (
log 7 (
9x+38
= log 9 92
=2
x+2
9x+38
x+2
9x+38
x+2
9x+38
x+2
9x+38
x+2
9(e)
log 5 x log 25 (x + 10) = 0.5

log 5 x
= log 7 7
= 72
log 5 x
= 49
log 5 x
9x + 38
40x
= 49x + 98
= 60
15
4
( )
= log 4 4
x2
7
15
4
( )
2
7
log 7 (
15
4
( )
log 4 (6 x) 3
15
4
( )
= log 4 4
42
log 4 x 3 log 4 x 2 = log 4 4
9(b)
= log 3 (2x)
log3 32
9(a)
= log 3 (2x)
log3 9
log3 (3x+1)
= log 3 (8x 2 )
log 3 y 2
log 9 (3x + 1) = log 3 x + log 3 2

log3 (3x+1)
log5 (x+10)
log5 25
log5 (x+10)
log5 52
log5 (x+10)
2
log 5 x log 5 x + 10
log 5 (
x+10
x
x+10
x2
x+10
= log 5 50.5
= log 5 5
= log 5 5
= log 5 5
= log 5 5
= 5
=5
x2
= 5x + 50
x 2 5x 50
=0
(x 10)(x + 5)
=0
x = 10 or x = 5 (rej x > 0)
Daniel & Samuel

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186

10
Ex 7.3
+ log a (7x 10a)
2 log a x
=1
log a x 2
= log a a + log a (7x 10a)
1st eqn
log 2 (2y 3x) log 2 3 = 4 log 4 2
= log a [a(7x 10a)]
log 2 (
= a(7x 10a)
log 2 (
log a x
x
x
12
log 2 (
= 7ax 10a
x 2 7ax + 10a2 = 0
log 2 (
(x 2a)(x 5a) = 0
x = 2a or x = 5a
11
27 3lg x
= 91+lg(x20)
(33 )(3lg x )
= (32 )1+lg(x20)
33+lg x
= 32+2 lg(x20)
3 + lg x
= 2 + 2 lg(x 20)
1 + lg x
= 2 lg(x 20)
lg 10 + lg x
= lg(x 20)2
lg(10x)
= lg(x 20)2
10x
= (x 20)2
2y3x
3
2y3x
3
2y3x
3
2y3x
3
2y3x
= 4 (log 4 42 )
= 4( )
=2
= log 2 22
1
2
= 22
2y 3x
2y
= 12
= 3x + 12
= x + 6 (1)
3
2
2nd eqn
log 3 6 + log 3 (x + y)
log 3 6 + log 3 (x + y)
log 3 [6(x + y)]
6(x + y)
6x + 6y
= log 3 (x) + log 3 (1 x)

= log 3 [(x)(1 x)]
= log 3 (x 2 x)
= x2 x
= x2 x
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

3
10x
= x 40x + 400
6x + 6 ( x + 6)
= x 2 50x + 400
x 2 50x + 400
=0
6x + 9x + 36
= x2 x
15x + 36
= x2 x
x 2 16x 36
=0
(x 18)(x + 2)
=0
x = 18
or x = 2
= x2 x
(x 40)(x 10) = 0
x = 40 or x = 10 (rej)
y|x=2 = (2) + 6
(rej x > 0)
=3
12(ii) log 3 6 + log 3 (x + y) = log 3 (x 2 x)
x + y > 0 x2 x > 0
On top of x = 2, y = 3, the solution includes
3
x = 18, y|x=18 = (18) + 6 = 33

2
Daniel & Samuel

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187
Ex 7.3
13(i)
log 2 (x 3 + 1) 2 log 2 x = log 2 (x 2 x + 1) 2
log 2 (x 3 + 1) log 2 x 2 = log 2 (x 2 x + 1) log 2 22
log 2 (
x3 +1
x2
= log 2 (
x3 +1
x2
(x+1)(x2 x+1)
x2
x+1
x2
22
x = 2 22 or
(rej x > 0)
+ log a2 x
1
x
loga ( )
1
x
x2 x+1
loga ( )
22
x2 x+1
1
2
+ log a x
+ log a x
x
1 2
loga x
loga a2
loga x
2
+ log a4 x = c
+
+
loga x
loga a4
loga x
4
1
4
log a ( )
x
1 2
= log a ac
416+16
2
432
2
442
2
x = 2 + 22
(x 3
log a [(x 1 )2 x 4 ]
= log a ac
log a [(x 2 )x 4 ]
= log a ac
(x 2
13(ii) log 2
+ 1) log 2 x = log 2
x + 1) 2
3
2
log 2 (x + 1) 2 log 2 x = log 2 (x x + 1) 2
x = 2 22
log a (x 4 )
= log a ac
x 4
x
15
= log a ac
+ log a x 4 = log a ac
log a [( ) x 4 ]
=
= log a ac
= log a ac
2 log a ( ) + log a x
(4)(4)2 4(1)(4)
2(1)
log a ( ) + log a x
loga a
= x2
=0
4x + 4
x 2 4x 4
x=
x2 x+1
14
= ac
= a4c
2 log a b + 4 log b a = 9
2 log a b + 4 (
1
loga b
)=9
sub u = log a b:
2u +
=9
2u2 9u + 4 = 0
(2u 1)(u 4) = 0
u=
1
2
sub u = log a b:
log a b =
b
b
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
u=4
sub u = log a b:
log a b = 4
2
1
2
=a
= a
b
= a4
(rej a > b > 1)
188
Ex 7.4
3(ii)
Ex 7.4
1(a)
1(b)
4x
= 9(5x )
4 x
( )
5
5x = 9
lg 5x = lg 9
x lg 5 = lg 9
lg ( ) = lg 9
5
x lg ( ) = lg 9
5
lg 9
1.37
4e2x
lg 5
= 21
2x
=9
4 x
4(a)
21
2x
= ln
= ln
0.829
4
21
4
21
lg 9
0.985
2x . 3x
6x
lg 6x
x lg 6
= 10
= 10
= lg 10
=1
lg
4
5
1
lg 6
1.29
1(c)
4 72x
72x
72x
lg 72x
2x lg 7
=1
= 3
=3
= lg 3
= lg 3
0.282
4(b)
2x+1
= 3x
(2x )(21 ) = 3x
2x
3x
2 x
( )
lg 3
2 lg 7
2 x
lg ( )
3(i)
3x+1 12
3x+1
lg 3x+1
(x + 1) lg 3
=0
= 12
= lg 12
= lg 12
x+1
1.26
lg 3
x lg ( ) = lg
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
lg( )
3
lg
1.71
lg 12
lg 3
lg 12
2
1
= lg
1(d)
4(c)
1
3x+1
. 2x2
= 21
x
x
2
(3 )(3) (2 )(2 ) = 21
32
(3x )(2x )
= (3)(22 )
y = 5e
6x
lg 6x
x lg 6
= 28
= lg 28
= lg 28
y = 12:
5e0.2x = 12
0.2x
0.2x
= ln
= 5 ln
4.38
4x
5x
4 x
lg 6
1.86
12
e0.2x
lg 28
5
12
5
5(i)
9x 4
= 3x+1
(32 )x 4
= (3x )(3)
(3x )2 3(3x ) 4 = 0
5(ii)
(3x 4)(3x + 1) = 0
3x = 4
or 3x = 1 (rej)
lg 3x = lg 4
x lg 3 = lg 4
12
5
x)
= 9(5
=9
( ) =9
5
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
lg 4
1.26
lg 3
189

6(i)
6(ii)
7(a)
Ex 7.4
3
8x + 11(2x )
= 4x+2 20
(23 )x + 11(2x )
(2x )3 + 11(2x )
(2x )3 + 11(2x )
(2x )3 8(2x )2 + 11(2x ) + 20
sub u = 2x
u3 8u2 + 11u + 20
(u + 1)(u2 +
+ 20)
= (22 )x+2 20
= (22x )(23 ) 20
= 8(2x )2 20
=0
(u + 1)(u2 9u + 20) = 0
(u + 1)(u 5)(u 4) = 0
u = 1 or u = 5 or
sub u = 2x
sub u = 2x
x
2 = 1
2x = 5
(rej 2x > 0) x lg 2 = lg 5
=0
u
=4
sub u = 2x
2x = 22
x =2
7(d)
2.32
1
2
lg 2
sub y = ex :
ex =
1
2
(NA ex > 0)
ex
x
2y 7y + 3
1
y=
1
4
sub y = ex
ex =
8(a)
1
4
1
= ln
1.39
x 3 = e6x1
ln x 3 = ln e6x1
3 ln x = 6x 1
ln x = 2x
12
ex
sub y = ex
y
=7
12
a=2
b=
y2
= 7y 12
2
y 7y + 12 = 0
(y 3)(y 4)= 0
y = 3 or
y=4
x
sub y = e
sub y = ex
x
e =3
ex = 4
x = ln 3
x = ln 4
x 1.10
x 1.39
Daniel & Samuel

=0
y = 3
y=9
sub y = ex
ex = 9
x = ln 9
x 2.20
y = 2 or
= 7 12ex
=7
2ex = 7ex 3
(2y 1)(y 3) = 0
y=2
sub y = ex :
ex = 2
x = ln 2
x 0.693
or
y=2
sub y = ex
ex = 2
x = ln 2
x 0.693
lg 5
e3x + 2ex
= 3e2x
(ex )3 + 2ex
= 3(ex )2
x
sub y = e
y 3 + 2y
= 3y 2
y 3 3y 2 + 2y = 0
y(y 2 3y + 2) = 0
y(y 1)(y 2) = 0
y=0
or y = 1 or
x
sub y = e
sub y = ex
x
e = 0 (NA) ex = 1
x =0
2ex = 7(ex )2 3
sub y = ex
2y = 7y 3
2e2x 3ex
=2
x )2
x
2(e
3e
=2
x
sub y = e
2y 2 3y
=2
2y 2 3y 2 = 0
(2y + 1)(y 2) = 0
y=
7(b)
7(c)
1
3
1
3
8(b)
xex
ln xex
ln x + ln ex
ln x + (x)
ln x
= 2.46
= ln 2.46
= ln 2.46
= ln 2.46
= x + ln 2.46
a=1
b = ln 2.46
0.9
sleightofmath.com
190

8(c)
Ex 7.4
(xex )2
x 2 e2x
x2
ln x 2
2 ln x
2 ln x
= 30ex
= 30ex
= 30e3x
= ln(30e3x )
= ln 30 + ln e3x
= ln 30 + (3x)
ln x
= x + ln 30
9(d)
3x 102x
= 4 20x2
(3)x (102 )x = 4 (20)x (20)2

(3)x (102 )
= 4(20)2
(20)x
a=
2
b = ln 30
2
(3)(102 )
(20)
=
=
lg(15)x
= lg
x lg 15
= lg
5x1 3x+2
= 10
(5x )(51 ) (3x )(32 ) = 10
=
15x
x lg 15
= lg
=
100
1
100
1
100
1
100
lg
lg 15
1.70
10
(51 )(32 )
50
(5x )(3x )
(15)x
1.70
9(a)
4
202
9
50
9
50
9
lg
lg 15
0.633
9(b)
22x 5x+1
=7
2
x
x
(2 ) (5) (5) = 7
(4)x (5)x
7
5
7
20
x lg 20
= lg
5
7
5
lg
7
5
lg 20
0.112
9(c)
4(32x )
4(32 )x
(32 )
= ex
= ex
ex
9 x
( )
e
9 x
=
=
1
4
1
4
ln ( )
= ln
x ln
= ln
e
9
1
4
1
4
1
4
9
ln
e
ln
1.16
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
191

10
Ex 7.4
1st eqn
4x+3
= 32(2x+y )
(22 )x+3
= (25 )(2x+y )
22x+6
= 25+x+y
2x + 6
=5+x+y
=y1
(1)
2nd eqn
9x + 3y = 10
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

9y1 + 3y = 10
(32 )y1
32y2
+3y
= 10
+3y
= 10
(32y )(32 ) +3y

1
(3y )2 ( ) +3y
= 10
1
9
(3y )2
= 10
+3y 10 = 0
sub u = 3y
1 2
u
9
+ u 10
=0
u2 + 9u 90
=0
(u + 15)(u 6)
=0
u = 15 or
=6
3y = 15
3y
=6
(rej)
lg 3y = lg 6
y lg 3 = lg 6
lg 6
1.631
lg 3
x|y=1.631 (1.631) 1
0.631
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
192
Ex 7.5
Ex 7.5
1(a)
y = log 2 x
base = 2 > 1, graph slopes up
y
O
2(ii)
pH = lg(7.8 106 )
5.11
Blue
3(i)
T = 85(0.96)x
T|x=0 = 85(0.96)0
= 85C
3(ii)
T|x=15 = 85(0.96)15
46.1
3(iii)
T
= 30
85(0.96)x = 30
y = log 6 x
y
O
1(c)
pH = lg(5.6 107 )
6.25
Pink
1(b)
2(i)
y = log 0.2 x
y
O
1(d)
(0.96)x
x lg 0.96
= lg
25.5
17
6
17
lg
6
17
lg 0.96
4(i)
N = 100(1.65)t
N|t=0 = 100(1.65)0
= 100
4(ii)
N|t=4 = 100(1.65)4
741
4(iii)
N
100(1.65)t
(1.65)t
t lg(1.65)
= 400
= 400
=4
= lg 4
2.77
y = log 1 x
4
1

4
y
O
1(e)
y = lg x
y
O
5(i)
R = 100e0.000427 9t
R|t=10 000 = 100e0.0004279(10 000)
= 100(1 e4.279 )
1.39g
5(ii)
1(f)
y = ln x
base = e > 1, graph slopes up
lg 4
lg(1.65)
= (100)
2
100e(0.0004279)t = 50
O
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
e(0.0004279)t
0.0004279t
= ln
1620 yrs
2
1
2
193

6(i)
6(ii)
Ex 7.5
I = 0.87T
I|T=1.5 = (0.87)1.5
0.811
9(ii)
I
= 0.5
T
0.87
= 0.5
T lg 0.87 = lg 0.5
ln(t + 1)
ln e 6
t+1
e6
t
t
e6 1
7.72
13
lg 0.5
13
4.98 mm
lg 0.87
t= 8
13
ln(t + 1)
13
7(i)
S
62
75 6 ln(t + 1) 62
6 ln(t + 1)
13
= ln
= lg
x
9(iii)
S
= 75 6 ln(t + 1)
6 ln(t + 1) = 75 S
1
ln(t + 1) = (75 S)
(75S)
7(ii)
(a)
Range of values of x:
x>1
lg x > 0
0<x1
lg x 0
7(ii)
(c)
x>1
ln x > lg x
8(ii)
10(i)
A = 5000(1.04)t
A|t=5 = 5000(1.04)5
$6083
>
5000
t
9(i)
1500
1+1499e0.85(6)
1500
1+1499e5.1
0.4(1500)
1500
1+1499e0.85t
1500
5
3
1 + 1499e0.85t
1499e0.85t
2
3
e0.85t
2998
ln (
t
3
2998
3
)
2998
ln(
(1.04)
0.85
5000
S = 75 6 ln(t + 1) 0 t 12
S|t=4 = 75 6 ln(4 + 1)
= 75 6 ln(5)
= 75 6 ln 5
65.3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
600
1 + 1499e0.85t
600
lg 1.04
1+1499e0.85t
10(ii) y
= log1.04 (
(75S)
1500
y=
lg 1.6
= 5000(1.04)
=
= e6
(75S)
148
> 11.98
t = 12
8(iii)
= e6
y|t=6 =
A
> 8000
t
5000(1.04) > 8000
(1.04)t
> 1.6
t lg(1.04) > lg(1.6)
t
t+1
7(ii)
(b)
8(i)
ln(t + 1) = ln e6
0.85t
t
8.13
t
t= 9
8.13
194

11
t = 2.35 ln (
Ex 7.5
T24.5
12.4
13(ii)
3.5 = Ce
t|T=28.8 = 2.35 ln (
28.824.5
12.4
3.5
12.4
2h 58min before 7:29am 4: 31am [verified]
log 4 x
29
60
4.3
[shown]
35
k = ln ( )
43
13(iii) T = T0 + Cekt
T0 = 24.5, C = 12.4, k 0.426:
T = 24.5 + 12.4e0.426t
2
1
2
x
x
3.5
k
0.426
t = 0, T = 36.9C (assumption of normal body
temperature of 36.9C at death in Q11)
36.9 = 24.5 + Ce0.426k(0)
36.9 = 24.5 + C
C = 12.4
2.97h 2h 58min
=1
29
60
=e
e60k =
7: 29am: T = 28.0C
t|T=28.0 = 2.35 ln (
Cekt1
29
2h 29min before 7:00am 4: 31am
=4
=2
T24.5
ln (
= 2 log 4
=1
x
1 2
t
14(i)
12(iii) 2 log x 4 1
0<x2
13(i)
= e0.426t
12.4
T24.5
12(ii) y = 2 log 4 x
29
)
60
4.3
28.024.5
k(t1 +
Ce
4.3
3.5
2.49h 2h29min
2 log 4 x
(2)
(2) (1):
7: 00am: T = 28.8C
12(i)
29
60
k(t1 + )
14(ii)
29
60
k(t1 + )
28.0 = 24.5 + Ce
= 0.426t
2.35 ln (
T24.5
12.4
C1 : y = 2 ln x [x > 0]
C2 : y = ln x 2
[x 2 > 0]
2
C3 : y = (ln x) [x > 0]
All different.
C1 C2 because of the different domain
C1 C3 Evident by algebriac observation
C2 C3 Evident by algebraic observation
T = T0 + Cekt
7: 00am T = 28.8C, T0 , 24.5C, t = t1
28.8 = 24.5 + Cekt1
4.3 = Cekt1
(1)
7: 29am T = 28.0C, T0 , 24.5C, t = t1 +
12.4
29
60
C3 : y = (ln x)2
C2 : y = ln x 2
C1 : y = 2 ln x
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
195
Rev Ex 7
A2(b) 2 log 5 x
Rev Ex 7
A1(a) log x 27 = 1.5
x1.5
= 27
3
= 33
x2
= (33 )
= 32
=9
x
x
x
A1(b) log 2 x log 8 x

log 2 x (
log 2 x (
log2 x
) = 12
1
64
A1(c) log 3 (x 2)
log 3 (x 2)
log 3 (x 2)
x2
2 log 5 x
=5(
log5 x
log5 52
log5 x
2
log5 x
=5( )
u
=3
log 3 (x + 4)
3
= log 3 3 log 3 (x + 4)
= log 3 (
=
= 52
= 25
1
2
=5
= 5
33
A3(a) log 3 (x 19)

x 19
x
x
x
lg x
x+4
=4
= 34
= 34 + 19
= 81 + 19
= 100
= lg 102
=2
33
x+4
A3(b) lg(x + 2) + 7 lg 2
(x 2)(x + 4) = 33
x 2 + 2x 8
= 27
2
x + 2x 35 = 0
(x + 7)(x 5) = 0
x = 7 or x = 5
(rej x 2 > 0)
A2(a) log 3 xy log 3 (x 1)
log 3 xy log 3 (x 1)
xy
log 3
=5(
= 12
= 26
x = 64 or
2 log 5 x
log5 25
2u2
= 5u 2
2
2u 5u + 2 = 0
(2u 1)(u 2) = 0
1
u
=2
u
=
or
2
log 5 x = 2
1
log 5 x =
(log 2 x)2 = 36
log 2 x
= 6
x
=5(
2u
) = 12
log2 23
2 log 5 x
sub u = log 5 x:
= 12
log2 8
log2 x
(log2 x)2
2
3
= 5 log x 25
x1
xy
x1
xy
y
Daniel & Samuel

= log 3 9
+ lg(2x + 1)
lg(x + 2) + lg 27
= log 3 32 + lg(2x + 1)
lg[(x + 2)27 ]
=2
+ lg(2x + 1)
lg[(x + 2)27 ]
= lg 102
+ lg(2x + 1)
lg[128(x + 2)]
= lg[100(2x + 1)]
128(x + 2)
= 100(2x + 1)
= log 3 6x 1
= log 3 6x 2 log 3 3
= log 3 2x 2
32(x + 2)
= 25(2x + 1)
32x + 64
= 50x + 25
= 2x 2
18x
= 39
= 2x 2 (x 1)
= 2x(x 1)
A3(c) e2x + ex 6 = 0
(ex )2 + ex 6 = 0
sub u = ex :
u2 + u 6
=0
(u + 3)(u 2) = 0
u = 3
sub u = ex
ex = 3
(NA ex > 0)
sleightofmath.com
13
6
u=2
ex = 2
sub u = ex :
x = ln 2
x 0.693
196

A4(i)
Rev Ex 7
A5(ii) P
> 90 000
0.07n
12 000e
> 90 000
log 2 x = a
= 2a
log 8 y = b
= 8b
x 2 y = (2a )2 (8b )
= 22a+3b
x
2a
8b
2a
23b
A6
= 2a3b
53b
2
2a3b
= 21
a 3b = 1
53b
2
>
> 28.78
0.07
log b (xy 2 )
=m
log b x + log b y 2 = m
log b x +2 log b y = m (1)
2nm
5
[shown] (3)
sub (3) into (1):

(
2nm
) + 2 log b y = m
2 log b y
=
9
=m+
2 log b y
a|b=7 =
log b y
Let P be the population of a town after n years

from the beginning of 1990
P = 12000e0.07n
log b
A5(i)
log b x
5 3b 6b = 2
9b
=7
15
2
(2)
) 3b = 1
ln
15
sub (2) into (1):

log b x +2(n 3 log b x) = m
log b x +2n 6 log b x = m
5 log b x = m 2n
sub (1) into (2):

(
> ln
(1)
= 0.5
0.07n
log b (x 3 y)
=n
log b x 3 + log b y = n
3 log b x + log b y = n
log b y
= n 3 log b x (2)
A4(ii) x 2 y
= 32
2a+3b
2
= 25
2a + 3b = 5
a
>
1990 + 28.78 = 2018
= 22a (33b )
15
e0.07n
1990 n = 0
2005 n = 2005 1990 = 15
y
x
m2n
5
6m2n
5
3mn
5
= log b y log b x
=
3mn
=[
=
2nm
5
5
(3mn)(2nm)
5
4m3n
5
log b xy = log b xy
P|n=15
2
1
= (log b x + log b y)
0.07(15)
= 12000e
34 292
2
1 2nm
= (
2
5
1 2m+n
= [
=
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
2
5
2m+n
10
3mn
5
197
Rev Ex 7
B1(c) log 2 x 2 log 2 (2x + 5) = 2
A7
y = 2 lg x
(i)(a)
y|x=4 = 2 lg 4
1.20
log 2 (
A7
y = 1.5
(i)(b) 2 lg x = 1.5
lg x = 0.75
log10 x = 0.75
A7
(ii)
x2
= 22
2x+5
=4
2x+5
x2
= 8x + 20
x 2 8x 20
=0
(x 10)(x + 2) = 0
x = 10 or x = 2
B1(d) log 2 x
y = 2 lg x
y
x
A7
(iii)
x10 = 10x
1
2
x (10 ) = 10
= log 2 22
2x+5
x2
= 100.75
5.62
x
x
x2
B2(i)
x
4
= 4 log x 2
1
log 2 x
= 4(
log 2
= 2
22 = 4 or
log2 x
1
4
log 2 x = p
log 4 y = q
x 1
= 1042
4
1
lg x
2 lg x
= x1
log 2 xy = log 2 x + log 2 y

= log 2 x +
= log 2 x +
= log 2 x +
y= x1
2
B1(a) log 9 (3+1 )

9x
= 3x+1
2
32x
= 3x+1
2x 2
=x+1
2
2x x 1
=0
(2x + 1)(x 1) = 0
=
=
=
43x + log 2 2
43x 3
43x
(22 )3x
26x
6x
x
=5
=5
=5
=8
= 23
= 23
=3
log2 x
log 4 y
log2 4
p
log2 22
p
2
p
log 4 y
log 4 y
q
B2(iii) log 4y = log2 4y = log2 [4(22q )]

x
log2 x
log2 [22 (22q )]
B2(iv) log 2 x = p
log2 (22+2q )
p
2+2q
p
log 4 y = q
y
= 4q
y
= 22q
x 2 y = (2p )2 (22q ) = 22p+2q
x
Daniel & Samuel

1
2
8
3
log4 4 2
log4 y
B2(ii) log 4 x = log 4 x log 4 y
x = or x = 1
B1(b) 43x + log (1)
2
log4 2
log4 y
= log 2 x +2 log 4 y
=p
+2q
= x2
log4 y
sleightofmath.com
= 2p
198
Rev Ex 7
B3(a) 2x = 128(4y )
2x = 27 (22y )
2x = 27+2y
x = 7 + 2y
(1)
ln(4x + y) = ln 40 2 ln 2
ln(4x + y) = ln 40 ln 22
ln(4x + y) = ln 10
4x + y
= 10
(2)
B4(i)
ln 2 = a
ln 5 = b
1
ln 10e = ln 10e
3
1
= (ln 10 + ln e)
3
1
= [ln(2 5) + ln e]
3
1
= [ln 2 + ln 5 +1)
3
1
= (a + b +1)
sub (1) into (2):

4(7 + 2y) + y = 10
(28 + 8y) + y = 10
28 + 9y
= 10
9y
= 18
y
= 2
3
1
= (a + b + 1)
3
B4(ii) ln x = b2a
=
=
x|y=2 = 7 + 2(2)
=3
2
(ln 5)2(ln 2)
2
ln 5ln 22
2
ln 5ln 4
1
2
5
= ln
B3
lg(1 + 2x) lg x 2 = 1
lg(2 + 5x)
2
(b)(i) lg(1 + 2x) lg x = lg 10 lg(2 + 5x)
lg
1+2x
= lg
x2
1+2x
= lg
x2
= ln
10
x =
2+5x
10
2+5x
(2x + 1)(5x + 2) = 10x 2

10x 2 + 9x + 2 = 10x 2
9x + 2
=0
2
B3
3y+2
= 5y
y
2
(b)(ii) (3) (3 ) = (5)y
(3)y
(5)y
3 y
( )
5
3 y
lg ( )
5
1
32
1
9
= lg
y lg ( ) = lg
5
1
9
1
9
1
9
3
lg
5
lg
4.30
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
199

B5
Rev Ex 7
y = ln(2x + e2 )
At (0, h),
h = ln[2(0) + e2 ]
h = ln e2
h =2
B6(b) log 3 5 + log 3 (4 + x) = log 3 (10 x) + 2 log 4 2

1
log 3 5 + log 3 (4 + x) = log 3 (10 x) + 2 log 4 42

1
log 3 5 + log 3 (4 + x) = log 3 (10 x) + 2 ( )

2
y = ln(2x + e2 )
At (k, 0),
0
= ln[2(k) + e2 ]
0
= log (2 + 2 )
0
1e2
2
y = eax
2
At (h, k) i.e. (2,

1e2
2
2
= log 3 (10 x) + 1
= log 3 (10 x) + log 3 3
= log 3 [3(10 x)]
= 3(10 x)
= 30 3x
= 10
5
4
e
= 2k + e
1
= 2k + e2
1 e2 = 2k
log 3 5 + log 3 (4 + x)
log 3 5 + log 3 (4 + x)
log 3 [5(4 + x)]
5(4 + x)
20 + 5x
8x
1e2
2
).
= ea(2)
B6(c) 102x+1 +7(10x )

= 26
x
2
x
(10 ) (10) +7(10 )
= 26
x )2
x)
10(10
+7(10 26 = 0
sub u = 10x :
10u2 +7u 26
=0
(10u 13)(u + 2)
=0
13
u = 2
u=
or
10
10x = 2 (rej)
13
x
10 =
10
2
1 2
e
2
1
ln ( e2 )
2
1
1 2
sub x = lg a:
e2a
2a
= ln ( e )
2
1
2
1
2
1
= lg
13
e2 = e2a
lg a = lg
a
13
10
10
13
10
= (ln + ln e2 )
= (ln 21 + 2)
2
1
= ( ln 2 + 2)
2
= 1 ln 2
2
B6
m = 32e0.02t
(a)(i)
m|t=20 = 32e0.02(20)
21.5
1
B6
m
= m|t=0
2
(a)(ii)
1
0.02t
32e
= [32e0.02(0) ]
2
32e0.02t = 16
1
e0.02t
0.02t
= ln
= 50 ln
34.7
2
1
2
Daniel & Samuel

1
2
sleightofmath.com
200

B7(i)
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

y -1.61 -0.92 -0.51 -0.22 0.00 0.18
Rev Ex 7
B7(ii) xe2x
= e3
3
xe2x
= e2
ln(xe2x )
ln x + 2x =
ln x
B7(iii)
3
2
3
2
3
= 2x +
y = 2x +
3
2
B7(iv) Intersection pt (0.84,0.16)

x = 0.84
There is only 1 intersection
(and thus only 1 solution)
as both curves would not turn around.
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
201

1(b)
Ex 8.1
1(a)
Ex 8.1
Method 1 (No action)

xy = 3x 5
Y = 3X 5
m=3
c = 5
Y = X 2
m=1
c = 2
Method 2 (Divide by )
y = x 2 2x
Method 2 (Divide by x)
xy = 3x 5
y
x2
y
=3
= 5 ( ) + 3
xy
1
Y = 2X +1
m = 2
c=1
xy
Method 3 (Divide by y)
y = x 2 2x
1 =
y
3
xy
x2
y
= 1
=
= 2 ( ) + 1
y
3
x2
5y
5
3 1
1
5 y
5
3
1
Y = X
x2
=1 +
2x
y
2x
y
= 2 ( ) +1
y
Y = 2X +1
m=2
c=1
= ( )
5
1 =
x2
Method 3 (Divide by )
xy = 3x 5
xy
1
=1
Y = 5X +3
m = 5
c=3
y = x 2 2x
y
= x 2
m=
5
1(c)
c=
Method 1 (Multiply denominator)

y
3
x2
xy 2y = 3
xy
= 2y +3
Y
= 2X +3
m=2
c=3
Method 2 (Swap y and )
y
x 2=
3
x2
3
y
3
+2
= 3 ( ) +2
y
1
y
Y
= 3X
m=3
c=2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
+2
202

1(d)
Ex 8.1
Method 1 (Multiply x)
5
3y = 2x
3xy= 2x 2
xy = x 2
3
2
xy = (x 2 )
3
2
Y = X
3
2(a)
y 2 = 2x + 3
Y = 2X + 3
2
5
3
5
m=
3
2(b)
c=
3
xy = 2y 2 5
Y = 2X 5
3y
= 2x
3( )= 2
y
x
y
3
5
= ( 2)
= X
3 x
5
3
5
x2
5
3x2
2
3(a)
3
2
3
xy 2 = 2x
+5y
y
2
y =2
+5
x
m=
= 5 ( ) +2
x
Y = 5X +2
Log both sides

y = 10 2x
lg y = lg(10 2x )
= lg 10
+ lg 2x
=1
+x lg 2
= lg 2 (x) +1
Y = (lg 2)X +1
m = lg 2
c=1
xy 2 = 2x
+5y
x
xy = 2 ( ) +5
y
+5
Y = 2X
3(b)
3xy= 5y 2x
y
3y = 5 ( ) 2
y
1(f)
c=
3
1(e)
-5
x
5
Log both sides

y = 5x 7
lg y = lg(5x 7 )
= lg 5 + lg x 7
= lg 5 +7 lg x
= 7 lg x + lg 5
Y = 7X + lg 5
m=7
c = lg 5
x
5 y
3 x
5
3
2
Y = X
3
3xy= 5y 2x
x
2 ( )
3x = 5
5
2 x
( )
= ( ) +
3 y
2 x
3 y
2
3
5
Y = X
3
Daniel & Samuel

= ( )
sleightofmath.com
+
3
203

4(i)
Ex 8.1
5
Non-linear eqn:
(c)(ii)
= 5x 2
3
2
lg y = lg (5x )
lg y = lg 5 + lg x
= (x + y) +2
3
2
y
x
lg y = lg 5 + lg x
2
lg 5
5(a)
(i)
3
lg x + lg 5
2
lg
(0,1) (4,9)
Gradient:
m=
Y-intercept:
c=1
19
04
2+x
2x
) =
y
5
Points:
(d)(i) Gradient:
Points:
= x +2
y(
lg y =
+ y
lg
y ( + ) = x +2
lg y = lg x + lg 5 [shown]
4(ii)
= x y +2
2
x(4x)
x+2
(0, 2) (4,1)
m=
Y intercept:
Linear eqn:
=2
4x
(2)(1)
(0)(4)
3
4
3
4
c = 2
Y = mX +c
3
= ( ) X + (2)
4
= X 2
4
Linear eqn:
5(a)
(ii)
Non-linear eqn:
Y = mX + c
= 2X + 1
Y intercept:
Linear eqn:
5
Non-linear eqn:
(b)(ii)
5
Points:
(c)(i) Gradient:
Y-intercept:
Linear eqn:
A(4,5) (0,1)
(5)(1)
m = (4)(0) =
4
4
y = x 3 +
Point:
(1,3) or (2,2)
Gradient:
m=
Linear eqn:
Y Y1 = m (X X1 )
Y (3) = (1)[X (1)]
Y 3 = X
+1
Y
= X
+4
04
c=2
Y = mX
2
4
32
12
lg y = lg (
(0,2) (4,0)
=
2x
= 1
Non-linear eqn: lg y = lg x +4
lg y = lg x + lg 104
xy = x 3 + 1
20
4
3 2
x
4
= 1
c=1
Y = mX +c
= (1)X + 1
= X +1
m=
= x 2
y=
y = 2x 2 + 1
6(a)
5
Points:
(b)(i) Gradient:
5
Non-linear eqn:
(d)(ii)
y =
1
2
6(b)
+c
104
x
10 000
x
Point:
(1,3) or (3,4)
Gradient:
m=
Linear eqn:
Y Y1
34
13
1
2
1
2
= ( ) X +(2)
2
= X
2
+2
= m (X X1 )
1
Y (3) = ( ) [X (1)]
2
Non-linear eqn:
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2
1
2
5
2
1
2
5
Y3
= X
= X+
x+y
x
= x+
x+y
2
2
1 2
5
x + x
2
2
1 2
3
x + x
2
2
204

7(i)
Ex 8.1
Method 1 (non-linear to linear)

Non-linear eqn:
y = pqx
ln y = ln(pqx )
= ln p + ln qx
= ln p +(x ln q)
= (ln q)x + ln p
8(i)
Points:
(1,8) or (4,2)
Gradient:
m = (1)(4) =
Linear eqn:
Y Y1
Y (8)
Y8
Y
(yx)
= m (X X1 )
= (2)[X (1)]
= 2X +2
= 2X +10
= 2(x) + 10
= 2x +
(8)(2)
Non-linear eqn:
Linear eqn:
Y = (ln q)X + ln p
8(ii)
y|x=16 = 216 +
Y-intercept = 2
ln p
=2
p
= e2
7.4
= 2(4) +
=
8(iii)
Gradient =
ln q
7(i)
2
3
2
m=
10
16
10
4
C(9, 8) lies on graph of yx against x
yx = 8
y(9) = 8
3y
= 8
y
=
3
9(i)
Y = X +2
2
Non-linear eqn:
Points:
(1, 3) (0,0) (1,3)
Gradient:
m = (1)(0) =
y-intercept:
c=0
Linear eqn:
Y = mX + c
= (3)X + (0)
= 3X
Non-linear eqn:
y x = 3x 3
y
= 3x 3 + x
ln y = x + 2
2
3
2
x+2
3
= e2 (e2x )
2
Equate Y(yx):
Linear eqn:
Y = mX +c
=e
Method 2 (linear to non-linear)

Point:
(0,2)
Y-intercept: c = 2
10
Equate X(x):
x=9
=e 2
0.2
Gradient:
= 2
11
6
3
= (ee 2 ) (e2 )
9(ii)
(3)(0)
=3
y|x=2 = 3(2)3 + (2) = 24 + 2 = 26
= pqx [given]
p = e2 7.4
3
q = e2 0.2
7(ii)
y = pqx
= 7.4(0.2)x
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9(iii)
Ex 8.1
m + 2n = 18
m
= 18 2n
11(b) y = ab1x
lg y = lg(ab1x )
= lg a
= lg a
= lg a
= lg b (x)
lg y = lg b (x)
(1)
n2 m = 17
sub (1) into (2):
n2 (18 2n) = 17
n2 + 2n 18
= 17
2
n + 2n 35
=0
(n 5)(n + 7) = 0
n=5
or
m|n=5 = 18 2(5)
=8
C(8,5)
(2)
n = 7
m|n=7 = 18 2(7)
= 32
C(32, 7)
(rej graph slopes up)
11(c) aey
= b2x
ln(aey )
= ln(b2x )
ln a + ln ey = (2x) ln b
ln a + y = 2x ln b
y
= 2x ln b
ln a
y
= 2 ln b (x) ln a
12
Equate X (x 3 ) coordinate:
x3 = 8
x =2
Equate Y (y x) coordinate:
yx
=5
y (2)= 5
y
=7
10(i)
Gradient:
m=
Linear eqn:
Y Y1 = m(X X1 )
Y (10) = 3 [X (3)]
Y 10 = 3X 9
Y
= 3X + 1
Non-linear eqn:
y|x= 1 = 3 ( )
2
=
=
=
=
11(a) x
yb =
3
2
3
2
32
2
32+1
2
18
6
=3
1
x
= 3x + x 2
1
+( )
+
2
= 3( ) + 1
x2
y
10(ii)
m=q
c = lg p
(3,10) or (9,28)
(3)(9)
y = p(x + 1)q
lg y = lg[p(x + 1)q ]
= lg p
+ lg(x + 1)q
= q lg(x + 1) + lg p
= q lg(x + 1) + lg p
Plot lg y against lg(x + 1)
Point:
(10)(28)
+ lg b1x
+[(1 x) lg b]
+ lg b lg b (x)
+ lg a + lg b
+ lg ab
+
+
1
2
1
2
1
2
a
yb
a
x
a
= +b
= a( ) + b
1
x
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13(i)
Method 1 (non-linear to linear)

Non-linear eqn:
ax
y
=
Ex 8.1
14(i)
xb
yx yb = ax
yx
= yb +ax
y
y
= (b) +a
x
Point:
A(3,1) or B (8,3 )
2
Gradient:
mAB =
Linear eqn:
Y Y1
Linear eqn:
Y = bX +a
Non-linear eqn:
1
2
= m (X X1 )
3
2
1
2
1
Y1
= X
= X
1 1
2 x
1
xy
= ( )
2xy
= 1 (shown)
x
4y
2
1
8
(1)
y=x
2(2)y = 1
14(iii) 2xy = 1 1
2
(2)
sub (2) into (1):
Linear eqn:
Y = mX +c
= 3X +2
2x(x 2 )
= 1
2x 3
= 1
x
1
x
2x 4
=1x
4
2x + x 1 = 0
Non linear eqn:

y
= 3 ( ) +2
x
3y
let f(x) 2x 4 + x 1
f(1) = 2(1)4 + (1) 1
=0
x = 1
=2
x
3
y (1 ) = 2
x
y(
14(ii) when x = 2,
Y-intercept = 2
a
= 2
5
2
Method 2 (linear to non-linear)

Gradient: m = 3
Y-intercept: c = 2
Gradient = 3
b
=3
(3)(8)
Y (1) = ( ) [X (3)]
= (b) +a
1
2
(1)(3 )
x3
=2
=
=
2x
x3
ax
xb
a=2
b=3
13(ii) y =
2x
x3
x=y
(1)
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

(x)
2x
x3
x 2 3x = 2x
x 2 5x = 0
x(x 5) = 0
x = 0 or x = 5
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15
Ex 8.1
He connected the dots with a straight which is not

necessarily the correct shape as verified by the
graphing calculator
= 7 14 5 + 49 3 35
y|x=4 = 5044 4
(4, 4) does not lie on graph
y|x=4 = 5044 4
(4,4) does not lie on graph
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Ex 8.2
Ex 8.2
1(i)
Linearization
y = ax 2 + b
x2
y
1(ii)
1
4
9 16 25
6.2 5.6 4.6 3.2 1.4
Gradient & Y-intercept

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0,6.4)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (20,2.4)
Gradient
(6.4)(2.4)
(0)(20)
1
Y intercept 6.4
b
6.4
2(i)
Linearization
1
y
= ax + b
x
1
y
2(ii)
0.40 0.90 1.41 1.89 2.38

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0, 0.1)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (4.5,2.15)
Gradient
a
(0.1)(2.15)
(0)(4.5)
0.50
Y intercept 0.1
b
0.1
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3(i)
Ex 8.2
Linearization
y
= ax 2 + x b
y x = ax 2 b
1
4
9 16 25
x2
y x 40.5 36 28.5 18 4.5
3(ii)

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0,42)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (20,12)
Gradient
(42)(12)
(0)(20)
1.5
Y intercept 42
b
42
b
42
4(i)
Linearization
a
N
a
=4
=
N
1
N
1
+4
t
b
at
b 1
= ( ) +
1
t
1
N
4(ii)
4
a
4
a
1.00 0.50 0.30 0.25 0.20

0.75 0.99 1.09 1.12 1.15

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0,1.25)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (0.88,0,80)
Gradient
b
a
(1.25)(0.80)
(0)(0.88)
0.51
(1)
Y intercept 1.25
4
1.25
3.2
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

b
3.2
0.51
1.6
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5(i)
Ex 8.2
Linearization
xy = h(x + k)
xy = hx + hk
hk
=h+
= hk ( ) + h
x
1
x
1
x
5.00 2.50 1.67 1.25 1.00
y 5.25 3.38 2.75 2.44 2.23

5(ii) Gradient & Y-intercept
(X1 , Y1 ) = (0,1.5)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (4,4.5)
Gradient
hk
(1.5)(4.5)
(0)(4)
0.75
Y intercept 1.5
h
1.5
(1)
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

(1.5)k 0.75
k
0.5
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6(i)
Ex 8.2
Linearization
y
= ax +
b
x
xy = ax 2 + b
x 2 0.25 1.00 2.25 4.00
xy 7.3
6.8
6
4.8
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(7.3)(4.8)
(7.3) [(0.25)(4.00)] (0.25)

7.47
Domain = [0,4]
X-interval =
(4)(0)
10
= 0.4 0.25
X scale: 1 cm to 0.25 units

Range
= [4.8,7.47]
Y-interval =
6(ii)
(7.47)(4.8)
12
0.23 0.2
Y-scale: 1 cm to 0.2 units

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0,7.5)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (3,5.48)
Gradient =
a
(7.5)(5.48)
(0)(3)
0.67
Y intercept 7.5
b
7.5
6(iii) Substitution
y 0.67x +
7.5
x
y|x=1.7 0.67(1.7) +
7.5
1.7
3.3
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7(i)
Ex 8.2
Linearization
y = ax 2 + bx
y
= ax + b
x
x
y
x
7(ii)
1.6 3.6 5.6 7.6

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0, 0.4)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (3.7,7)
Gradient
(0.4)(7)
(0)(3.7)
Y intercept 0.4
b
0.4
7(iii)
Intersection
Put = 2, = 0.4 into = + ,
= 2 0.4
2 2 0.4 = 10
2 0.4
=
=
x
y
x
2.0
2.5
10
10
3.0
3.5
4 .0
5.00 4.00 3.33 2.86 2.50
Intersection Pt (2.35,4.3)
X 2.35
2.35
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213

8(i)
Ex 8.2
Linearization
P
En
R
ln P = ln
En
R
ln P = ln E n ln R
ln P = n ln E ln R
ln E 1.61 2.30 2.89 3.00 3.22 3.40
ln P 0.92 2.30 3.48 3.69 4.14 4.50
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(0.92)(4.50)
(0.92) [(1.61)(3.40)] (1.61)

2.3
Domain = [0,3.4]
X-interval =
(3.4)(0)
10
= 0.34 0.25
X scale: 1 cm to 0.25 units

Range
= [2.3,4.5]
Y-interval =
8(ii)
(4.5)(2.3)
12
0.57 0.5

The graph produces a straight line
true
8(iii) Gradient & Y-intercept

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0, 2.3)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (3.25,4.2)
Gradient
n
(2.3)(4.2)
(0)(3.25)
Y intercept 2.3
ln R
2.3
R
10.0
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214

9(i)
Linearization
f = kn
lg f = lg[kn ]
= lg k + lg n
= lg k +n lg
= n(lg ) + lg k
lg 2.40 2.67 2.81 3.08 3.18
lg f 3.08 2.81 2.67 2.40 2.30
9(ii)

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0, 5.48)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (3,2.48)
Gradient =
n
Ex 8.2
(5.48)(2.48)
(0)(3)
Y intercept = 5.48
lg k
= 5.48
k
301 995
9(iii) Intersection
kn = 102.5n
= 102.5
lg = 2.5
= 2.5
= 2.5
= 1
Intersection Pt (2.97,2.5)
X = 2.97
lg = 2.97
933
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215

10(i)
Ex 8.2
Linearization
y
= Cx +
D
x
xy = Cx 2 + D
x 2 0.04 0.16 0.36 0.64
xy 1.55 1.69 1.93 2.27
(X1 , Y1 ) = (0,1.5)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (0.6,2.22)
Gradient
C
(1.5)(2.22)
(0)(0.6)
1.2
Y intercept 1.5
D
1.5
10(ii) Intersection
Cx 2 + D = 2
=2
Intersection Pt (0.42, 2):
X 0.42
x 2 0.42
x 0.65
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11(i)
Ex 8.2
Linearization
yx
= kx n
lg(y x) = lg(kx n )
= lg k + lg x n
= lg k + n lg x
= n lg x + lg k
lg x
0.30 0.48 0.60 0.70 0.78
lg(y x) 1.00 1.26 1.45 1.59 1.71
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(1.00)(1.71)
(1.00) [(0.30)(0.78)] (0.30)

0.56
Domain = [0,0.78]
X-interval =
0.780
10
= 0.078 0.05
X-scale: 1 cm to 0.05 units

= [0.56,1.71]
Range
Y-interval =
(1.71)(0.56)
12
0.096
0.05
(X1 , Y1 ) = (0,0.55)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (0.68,1.56)
Gradient =
n
(0.55)(1.56)
(0)(0.68)
1.5
Y intercept 0.55
lg k
0.55
k
3.5
11(iii) Substitution
= 3.5 1.5
(1)
= + 4.5
(2)
(2) (1):
( + 4.5) = 3.5 1.5
4.5
= 3.5 1.5
9
7
= 1.5
1.18
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12(i)
Ex 8.2
Linearization
y = Aebx
ln y = ln[Aebx ]
= ln A + ln ebx
= ln A bx
= bx + ln A
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
ln y 2.59 2.29 1.99 1.69 1.39 1.10
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(2.59) [
(2.59)(1.10)
(1)(6)
] (1)
2.89
Domain = [0,6]
X-interval =
(6)(0)
10
= 0.6 0.5

= [1.10,2.89]
Range
Y-interval =
(2.89)(1.10)
12
0.15 0.1

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0,2.88)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (5.8,1.16)
Gradient
b
b
(2.88)(1.16)
(0.2)(5.8)
0.307
0.3
Y intercept 2.88
ln A
2.88
A
18
y = (18)e(0.3)x
= 18e0.3x
At y = 6:
6 = 18e0.3x
1
= e0.3x
3
1
ln = 0.3x
3
ln
1
3
0.3
3.66
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Ex 8.2
13(i) Linearization
y=a+
b
x
= b( ) + a
Plot y against
1
x
1
x
2.50 0.59 0.50 0.39 0.31 0.25 0.20
Y -0.5 0.8 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.75 1.8

Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(0.5)(1.8)
(0.5) [(2.50)(0.20)] (2.50)

2
Domain = [0,2.5]
X-interval =
(2.5)(0)
(10)
= 0.25 0.25

Range
= [0.5,2]
Y-interval =
(2)(0.5)
12
0.21 0.2

13
Correction
(ii)(a) Abnormal reading: y = 0.8 (2nd data)
Correct reading:y 1.4

13
(ii)(b) (X1 , Y1 ) = (0,2)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (2,0)
(2)(0)
gradient (0)(2)
b
Y intercept = 2.0
a
2
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14(i)
Ex 8.2
Linearization
T
= kx n
ln T = ln(kx n )
= ln k + ln x n
= ln k +n ln x
= n ln x + ln k
ln x
ln T
4.06
-1.43
4.68
-0.48
5.43
0.63
6.66
2.47
7.26
3.38
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(1.43)(3.38)
(1.43) [ (4.06)(7.26) ] (4.06)

7.53
Domain = [0,7.26]
X-interval =
(7.26)(0)
10
0.73 0.5

Range
= [7.53,3.38]
Y-interval =
(3.38)(7.53)
12
0.91 0.5

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0, 7.5)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (5,0)
Gradient
n
(7.5)(0)
(0)(5)
1.5
Y intercept 7.5
ln k
7.5
k
5.5 104
Put 1.5, 5.5 104 = ,
T = (5.5 104 )(x)1.5
149.6 106 km = 149.6 million km
T|149.6 = (5.5 104 )(149.6)1.5
1
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Ex 8.2
15(i) The graph shows an upward sloping

curve instead of a line.
15(ii) Linearization
Plot P against ln t
P = a ln t + b
[P] = a[ln t] + b
ln t 0.00 0.69 1.61 2.30 2.71 3.00 3.40
P 30 42 50 65 73 77 85
Scale (optional)
c = 30
Domain = [0,3.4]
X-interval =
(3.4)(0)
10
= 0.34 0.25

Range
= [30,85]
Y-interval =
(85)(30)
12
4.58 2.5

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0.9, 44)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (3.2, 80)
(44)(80)
Gradient = (0.9)(3.2)
a
15.7
Y intercept 30
b
30
P = 15.7 ln t + 30
P = 95:
(95)
= 15.7 ln t + 30
15.7 ln t
= 65
ln t 4.15
t 63.6s
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16(i)
Ex 8.2
Quadratic eqn
y = ax 2 + bx
y
= ax + b
x
Plot
y
x
against x
x 2 3
4
5
6
7
y
9 11 13 15 17 19
x
Exponential eqn
y = khx
lg y = lg k
+ lg hx
= x lg h + lg k
= lg h (x) + lg k
Plot
y
x
x
lg y
against x
2
3
4
5
6
7
1.26 1.52 1.72 1.88 2.01 2.12
By inspection, Quadratic equation fits better

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0,5)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (6.5,18)
(5)(18)
Gradient (0)(6.5)
a
Y intercept = 5
b
=5
y
= 2x 2 + 5x
y|x=4.5 = 2(4.5)2 + 5(4.5)
= 63
16(iv) No.
x = 1 is outside the data range and thus the computed
value is not reliable.
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17
Ex 8.2
Quadratic Equation
It is the only one among the 3 that has a turning point
to fit the data given that increases then decreases.
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Rev Ex 8
A2
Rev Ex 8
A1(a) Points:
m=
Y-intercept:
Linear eqn:
Non-linear eqn:
(0,5) (6,1)
Gradient:
51
06
2
3
= X+
Gradient = 0.75
a
= 0.75
) =5
= ( )+
2xy
=5
3
b x
Linear eqn:
=5
2x
2
b
2
3
2
3
y (1 +
a 1
b x
a 1
= ( ) +
= xy + 5
y+
= +2
y
1
= mX + c
= X+5
2xy
y
1
+ =2
x
b
c=5
Y
Method 1 (linear)
Non-linear eqn:
5
2
1+ x
3
15
3+2x
= 0.75b
Y intercept = 0.5
= 0.5
A1(b) Points:
Gradient:
A(1,1) or B(2,7)
mAB =
Linear eqn:
Y Y1
Y (1)
Y1
Y
Non-linear eqn: (lg y)
lg y
lg y
y
17
(1)2
6
(3)
(1)
= 4
b
=2
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

a|b=4 = 0.75(4)
=3
= m(X X1 )
= 2[X (1)]
= 2X + 2
= 2X + 3
= 2(lg x) + 3
= lg x 2 + lg 103
= lg 1000x 2
= 1000 x 2
Method 2 (non-linear)
Gradient:
m = 0.75
Y intercept: c = 0.5
Linear eqn:
Y = mX +c
0.75X 0.5
Non-linear eqn:
1
( )
= 0.75 ( ) 0.5
3
x
a
x
0.75
x
4
y
b
y
1
y
0.75
x
0.5
= 0.5
=2
=2
a=3
b = 4
A3
y = ax + b
y 2 = ax + b
Plot y 2 against x
gradient = a
y 2 intercept = b
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224
Rev Ex 8
A4(i) Linearization
y = Aebt
ln y = ln(Aebt )
= ln A + ln ebt
= ln A + [(bt) ln e]
= bt + ln A
= bt + ln A
t
1
2
3
4
5
ln y 2.50 1.95 1.39 0.83 0.26
A4(ii) Gradient & Y-intercept
(X1 , Y1 ) = (0, 3.06)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (4.3, 0.65)
Gradient =
b
b
(3.06)(0.65)
(0)(4.3)
0.56
0.56
Y intercept 3.06
ln A
3.06
A
21.3
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225

A5(i)
1
u
1
v
Rev Ex 8
0.050 0.040 0.033 0.025 0.020

0.050 0.059 0.067 0.077 0.080
A5(ii) Linearization
1
u
1
u
+ =
1
v
1
f
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(0.05)(0.08)
(0.05) [(0.05)(0.02)] (0.05)

0.1
Domain = [0,0.05]
X-interval =
(0.05)(0)
10
= 0.005 0.005

Range
= [0.05,0.1]
Y-interval =
(0.1)(0.05)
12
0.0042
0.0025
2 cm to 0.005 units
Y intercept = 0.10
1
f
= 0.10
10
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226

A6(i)
Rev Ex 8
Linearization
xm yn
lg(x m y n )
lg x m + lg y n
m lg x + n lg y
n lg y
= 200
= lg 200
= lg 200
= lg 200
= m lg x + lg 200
lg y
m
n
lg x +
lg 200
n
lg x 0.00 0.48 0.70 0.86

lg y 1.15 0.43 0.10 -0.12
Scale (optional)
c = 1.15
Domain = [0,0.86]
X-interval =
(0.86)(0)
10
= 0.086 0.05

Range
= [0.12,1.15]
Y-interval =
(1.15)(0.12)
12
0.11 0.1

A6(ii) Gradient & Y-intercept
(X1 , Y1 ) = (0.1,1.0)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (0.78,0)
(1.0)(0)
Gradient = (0.1)(0.78)
m
n
1.47
(1)
Y intercept = 1.15
lg 200
n
= 1.15
2
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

m
1.47
2
m
3
A6(iii) Substitution
x 3 y 2 = 200
y = 10:
x 3 (10)2 = 200
x3
=2
x
1.26
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B1(i)
Rev Ex 8
Method 1 (linear)
Non-linear eqn:
y
1
y
1
y
=
=
B1(i)
Method 2 (non-linear)
Points:
A(10,1) B(0, 4) C(r, 2)
Gradient:
2x+k
2x+k
(1)(4)
(10)(0)
1
2
Y intercept: c = 4
h
2
= ( )x +
Linear eqn:
Y = mX +c
1
Linear eqn:
2
Y = X+
m =
= X 4
2
Non-linear eqn:
1
At A(10,1):
2
1 = (10)
1 =
h
20+k
k
h
At B(0, 4):
k
h
k
= (0) +
2
x
2
x8
2
2
x8
4
2x16
h
2x+k
h=4
k = 16
4h = k
(1)
y
1
h = 20 + k
= (x) 4
y
1
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

4(20 + k) = k
80 4k
=k
80
= 5k
k
= 16
B1(ii) C(r, 2) lies on Y = 1 X 4.
Put k = 16 into (1):

h = 20 + (16) = 4
B2(a) y =
(2) = (r) 4
2
1
2
=4
x
y
=2
x
px+q
= px + q
B2(b) y = pqx
lg y = lg(pqx )
= lg p
+ lg qx
= lg p
+(x) lg q
= lg q (x) + lg p
B2(c) ey = px 2 qx
ey
x
Daniel & Samuel

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= px q
228

B3(i)
Rev Ex 8
Linearization
axy b = a(x 2 + bx)
axy b = ax 2 + abx
axy ax 2 = abx + b
a(xy x 2 ) = abx + b
xy x 2
= bx
x
1
2
3.00
xy x
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
b
a
2
1.00
3
-0.99
4
-3.00
(3)(3)
(3) [ (1)(4) ] (1)

5
Domain = [0,4]
(4)(0)
X-intercept =
10
= 0.4 0.25

2 cm to 0.5 units
Range
= [3,5]
(5)(3)
Y-intercept =
12
0.67 0.5

B3
Graphical Reading
(ii)(a) x = 1.5
X = 1.5
Pt (1.5,2.0)
Y
xy x 2
(1.5)y (1.5)2
y
=2
=2
=2
2.83
B3(ii) Gradient & Y-intercept

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0,5)
(b)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (3.5, 2)
(5)(2)
Gradient = (0)(3.5)
2
(1)
Y intercept = 5
b
=5
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

(2)
a
=5
= 0.4
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229

B4(i)
Rev Ex 8
Linearization
y = Kax
lg y = lg(Kax )
= lg K + (lg ax )
= lg K + (x) lg a
= lg a (x) + lg K
x 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
lg y 1.19 0.99 0.79 0.48 0.38 0.18 -0.05
B4
Graphical reading
(ii)(a) Flawed reading
y = 3.0 (4th data)
Correct reading
Y 0.59
lg y 0.59
y 3.89
B4
(ii)(b) (X1 , Y1 ) = (0,1.4)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (6.9,0)
(0)(1.4)
Gradient = (6.9)(0)
lg a
a
= 0.2
1.58
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(1.19) [
Y intercept = 1.4
lg K
= 1.4
K
= 101.4
= 25.1
(1.19)(0.05)
(1)(7)
] (1)
1.38
Domain = [0,7]
X-interval =
(7)(0)
10
= 0.7 0.5

B4
Graphical Reading
(ii)(c) y = 10
lg y = 1
Y =1
Range
= [0.05,1.38]
Y-interval =
(1.38)(0.05)
12
0.12 0.1
Y-scale: 1 cm to 0.1 unit
Point (2,1)
X =2
x =2
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B5(i)
Rev Ex 8
Linearization
y = ln(ax 2 + b)
ey = ax 2 + b
x2
ey
0.04 0.16 0.36 0.64 1.00

1.38 1.62 2.02 2.58 3.30

(X1 , Y1 ) = (0,1.3)
(X 2 , Y2 ) = (0.9,3.1)
Gradient
a
(1.3)(3.1)
(0)(0.9)
Y intercept 1.3
b
1.3
B5
Graphical Reading
(iii)(a) y = ln 3
ey = 3
Y =3
Pt (0.85,3)
X = 0.85
x 0.92
B5
Graphical Reading
(iii)(b) x = 0.1
x 2 = 0.01
X = 0.01
Pt (0.01,1.32)
Y 1.32
y 0.28
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(1.38) [
1.3
Domain
(0.04)(1)
] (0.04)
= [0,1]
X-interval =
(1)(0)
10
= 0.1 0.1
X-scale:
1 cm to 0.1 units
Range
= [1.3,3.3]
Y-interval =
Y-scale:
Daniel & Samuel

(1.38)(3.30)
(3.3)(1.3)
12
0.17 0.1
1 cm to 0.1 units
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231
Rev Ex 8
B6(i) Linearization
P
= kc t
lg p = lg(kc t )
= lg k
+ lg c t
= lg k
+t lg c
= lg c (t) + lg k
t
1
2
3
4
5
lg P 1.14 1.40 1.67 1.93 2.20
Scale (optional)
Y1 = mX1 + c
c = Y1 mX1
(1.14) [
(1.14)(2.20)
] (1)
(1)(5)
0.88
= [0,5]
Domain
X-interval =
(5)(0)
10
= 0.5 0.5
X-scale:
1 cm to 0.5 units
Range
= [0.88,2.2]
Y-interval =
Y-scale:
(2.2)(0.88)
12
0.11 0.1
1 cm to 0.1 units

(x1 , y1 ) = (0,0.87)
(x2 , y2 ) = (3.5, 1.8)
Gradient =
lg c
c
(0.87)(1.8)
(0)(3.5)
= 0.27
1.86
Y intercept = 0.87
lg k
= 0.87
k
7.41
B6(iii) Substitution
P = (7.41)(1.86)t
P|t=10 = (7.41)(1.86)10
3.7 103
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Ex 9.1
1(c)
Ex 9.1
1(a)
1(b)
x
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
y 3.16 2.83 2.45 2.00 1.41 0
y 2 = 4x for 0 x 5
x
0
1
2
3
y
0
2 2.83 3.46
Line of symmetry: y = 0
y 2 = 2x for 5 x 0
4
4
5
4.47
y 2 = 0.5x for 0 x 10
x
y
0
1
2
3
4
0 0.71 1.00 1.22 1.41
5
6
7
8
9
10
1.58 1.73 1.87 2.00 2.12 2.24
2(i)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
(2,4) lies on y 2 = 4ax,

(4)2 = 4a(2)
16 = 8a
a
=2
233

2(ii)
Ex 9.1
y 2 = 4(2)x
= 8x
4(i)
Points A & B
At A & B, y = 2x + 4 meets y = x 2 4,
2x + 4
= x2 4
x 2 2x 8
=0
(x + 2)(x 4) = 0
x = 2
or x = 4
y|x=2 = 2(2) + 4
y|x=4 = 2(4) + 4
=0
= 12
A(2,0)
B(4,12)
4(ii)
Length of AB
x 0
1
2
3
4
5
y 0 2.83 4 4.90 5.66 6.32
|AB| = [(2) 4]2 + (0 12)2

= 36 + 144
= 180
= 36 5
= 65
5(i)
Line & Curve

y 2 = 2x 1
y = mx
(1)
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

(mx)2
= 2x 1
2 2
m x 2x + 1 = 0
Discriminant
For line & curve to meet at one point:
b2 4ac
=0
(2)2 4m2 (1) = 0
4 4m2
=0
2
m 1
=0
(m + 1)(m 1) = 0
m = 1 or m = 1
2y = x + 3
y
= x+
(1)
y 2 = 2x + 3
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
1
3 2
2
3
2
1
4
3
( x+ )
1 2
x
4
1 2
x
4
2
= 2x + 3
+ x+
x
= 2x + 3
5(ii)
=0
x 2x 3 = 0
(x + 1)(x 3) = 0
x = 1
or x = 3
1
y|x=1 = (1) +
=1
(1,1)
Daniel & Samuel

y|x=3 = (3) +
=3
(3,3)
sleightofmath.com
Point ( = )
y 2 = 2x 1 (1)
y = x
(2)
Point ( = )
y 2 = 2x 1
(1)
y=x
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

(x)2
= 2x 1
2
x 2x + 1 = 0
(x 1)2
=0
x=1
y|x=1 = 1
(1, 1)
sub (2) into (1):

x2
= 2x 1
2
x 2x + 1 = 0
x 2 2x + 1 = 0
(x 1)2
=0
x=1
y|x=1 = 1
(1, 1)
234

6(i)
y2 = x + 4
Ex 9.1
7(i)
x -4 -3 -2
-1
0
y 0 1 1.41 1.73 2
x 5
6
7
8
y 5.48 6.00 6.48 6.93
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
y 2.24 2.45 2.65 2.83 3 3.16
6(ii)
6(iii)
4x 2 13x
= 5
2
4x 12x + 9 = x + 4
(2x 3)2
=x+4
y 2 = 6x
x 0 1
2
3
4
y 0 2.45 3.46 4.24 4.90
7(ii)
y>3
x > 1.5
7(iii)
4x 2 10x + 1 = 0
4x 2 4x + 1 = 6x
(2x 1)2
= 6x
2
(2x 1)
= y2
y
= (2x 1)
Draw y = 2x 1:
4x 13x = 5
(2x 3)2 = x + 4
(2x 3)2 = y 2
y
= (2x 3)
Draw y = 2x 3 or y = 2x + 3
x = 0.45 or 2.8
x = 0.1 or 2.4
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235

8(i)
Ex 9.1
Points A and B
10(i)
2
At A and B, y = x + meets y = 2x 1:
x
x+
= 2x 1
x1
=0
x2 x 2
=0
(x + 1)(x 2) = 0
x = 1
or
y|x=1 = 2(1) 1
= 3
B(1, 3)
8(ii)
x=2
y|x=2 = 2(2) 1
=3
A(2,3)
Points A and B
At A and B, y 2 = 3x meets y = 6 x
(6 x)2
= 3x
2
x 12x + 36 = 3x
x 2 15x + 36 = 0
(x 3)(x 12) = 0
x=3
or x = 12
y|x=3 = 6 (3)
y|x=12 = 6 (12)
=3
= 6
A(3,3)
B(12, 6)
10(ii) Area of triangle OMB

1
Area of triangle PAB

P(5,0) A(2,3) B(1, 3)
Area of OMB = (Area of OAB)

2
1 1
0 12 3 0
|
0 6 3 0
= [0 + 36 + 0 0 (18) 0]
= |
2 2
1
Area of PAB
1 5
= |
2 0
2
3
1
3
5
|
0
4
1
= (54)
4
= [15 + (6) + 0 0 (3) (15)]
= 13 unit 2
= [9 (18)]
11(i)
=
9(i)
27
2
unit 2
Points A & B
1
At A & B, y = meets y = 2x + 1:
x
= 2x + 1
1
= 2x 2 + x
2x 2 + x 1
=0
(x + 1)(2x 1) = 0
x = 1
or x =
y|x=1 =
1
(1)
y|x=1 =
2
= 1
B(1, 1)
9(ii)
Points A & B
At A & B, y 2 = 12 2x meets y = 2 x
(2 x)2
= 12 2x
2
x 4x + 4
= 12 2x
2
x 2x 8
=0
(x + 2)(x 4) = 0
x = 2
or
x=4
y|x=2 = 2 (2)
y|x=4 = 2 (4)
=4
= 2
A(2,4)
B(4, 2)
11(ii) bisector of AB
1
( )
2
AB bisector of AB
=2
1
A ( , 2)
2
Point:
Point M
At M, y = 2x + 1 cuts y-axis (x = 0):
y|x=0 = 1
M(0,1)
MAB = (
(2)+4 4+(2)
Gradient: mAB =
=
2
1
mAB
1
6
)
6
) = (1,1)
1
(4)(2)
((2)(4))
=1
Ratio :
1
AB :
Recall A ( , 2) M(0,1) B(1, 1)

2

1
AM: MB = ( 0) : [0 (1)]
y y1 = m (x x1 )
y 1 = (1)(x 1)
y1 =x1
y=x
1
2
=1
:1
:2
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236

12(i)
Ex 9.1
Points A & B
At A & B, y = x 2 + x 2 meets y = 2x
x2 + x 2
= 2x
2
x x2
=0
(x + 1)(x 2) = 0
x = 1
or x = 2
y|x=1 = 2(1)
y|x=2 = 2(2)
= 2
=4
B(1, 2)
A(2,4)
13(i)
A(2, 4) lies on y = x + k:
4 = 2 + k
k = 6
Point B
At B, y = x 6 meets y 2 = 8x
(x 6)2
= 8x
2
x 12x + 36 = 8x
x 2 20x + 36 = 0
(x 2)(x 18) = 0
x = 2 or x = 18
(taken) y|x=18 = (18) 6
= 12
12(ii) Length of AB
|AB| = [(1) 2]2 + [(2) 4]2
= 9 + 36
= 45
13(ii) bisector of AB
= 9 5
= 35 units
Recall A(2, 4) B(18,12)
12(iii)
Recall A(2,4) B(1, 2) C(3,4) |AB| = 35
AB bisector of AB
Point:
F Foot of from C to AB
|CF| distance from C to AB
MAB = (
2+18 (4)+12
2
Gradient: mAB =
Equating Area of ABC:
1
2
1
2
(base)(height) = area by shoelace formula

|AB||CF|
|AB||CF|
35 |CF|
35 |CF|
|CF|
3 1 2
|
4 2 4
2 3 1 2
|
=|
4 4 2 4
8 + 6 + (4)
]
=[
(12) (4) (4)
1
= |
2
2
4
AB :
1
mAB
1
16
(
)
16
) = (10,4)
1
(4)(12)
( (2)(18) )
= 1
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
y (4)= (1) [x (10)]
y 4 = x + 10
y
= x + 14
= 30
=
=
=
30
35
10
5
105
5
= 25
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237

14(i)
Ex 9.1
Points A & B
At A & B, y 2 = 2x 3 meets 2x + 3y = 7
y 2 = 2x 3
(1)
14(iii) distance from P to AB

F Foot of from P to AB
|PF| = distance from P to AB
2x + 3y = 7
3y
= 2x + 7
y
Area of PAB =
1
= x+
2
1
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

( x + )
3
4 2
x
9
4 2
x
9
2
= 2x 3
28
9
46
9
x+
x+
|AB||PF|
2
1 513
7 2
(base)(height) =
49
) |PF|
|PF|
= 2x 3
9
76
=
=
=0
2x 23x + 38 = 0
(x 2)(2x 19) = 0
x=2
or
2
y|x=2 = (2) +
x=
15
19
2
2 19
y|x=19 = ( ) +
2
=1
= 4
A(2,1)
B ( , 4)
35
2
35
2
35
2
35
2
14
13
14
13
units
13 units
Point B
B(b1 , b2 ) lies on y 2 = 2x:
(b2 )2 = 2b1
1
= (b2 )2
b1
B ( (b2 )2 , b2 )
2
19
2
Midpoint of AB
1
Length of AB
A(2,6) B ( (b2 )2 , b2 )
2
19 2
|AB| = (2
) + [1
2+ (b2 )2 6+b2
2
(4)]2
MAB = (
325
513
2
= (x, y)
52 13
x=
1
2
2+ (b2 )2
2
[shown]
y =
14(ii) Area of triangle PAB
6+b2
2
2y = 6 + b2
b2 = 2y 6
(2)
sub (2) into (1):
19
P(6,3) A(2,1) B ( , 4)
2
19
1 6 2
6
2
|
Area of PAB = |
2
3 1 4 3
1
57
19
= [6 + (8) +
6
2
(24)]
1
2
2+ (2y6)2
= 1 + (2y 6)2
= 1 + (4y 2 24y + 36)
2
1
4
1
4
x = 1 + (y 2 6y + 9)
x = y 2 6y + 10
0 = y 2 6y x + 10
y 2 6y x + 10 = 0
= (35)
2
= 17 unit 2
2
Daniel & Samuel

(1)
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238

16(i)
Ex 9.1
Point P
P(a, b) lies in y 2 = 8x:
b2 = 8a
b = 8a or b = 8a (rej b > 0)
17(ii) Line AC
Point:
P(a, 8a)
A(0,2at) or C(at 2 , 2at)
Gradient:
mAC =
AC:
y y1
(2at)(2at)
(0)(at2 )
4at
at2
4
t
= m(x x1 )
4
y (2at) = [x (0)]
Length of PF
P(a, 8a) F(2,0)
y
2
PF = (a 2)2
+ (8a)
( x + 2at)
t
16 2
x
t2
16 2
x
t2
2
= (a2 4a + 4) + 8a
=
= x + 2at
t
Another point of intersection

At point where AC meets y 2 = 4ax
+ (8a 0)
= (a 2)2
a2
t
4
+ 4a + 4
2)2
= (a +
= a + 2 units
16(ii) Length of PQ
PQ = (x coordinate of P) (x coordinate of Q)
=a
(2)
=a+2
PF = PQ [shown]
16(iii) Area of triangle PQF
P(a, 8a) PQ = a + 2
= 4ax
16ax + 4a2 t 2
= 4ax
20ax + 4a2 t 2
=0
16x 20at 2 x + 4a2 t 4 = 0

4x 2 5at 2 x + a2 t 4
=0
(4x at 2 )(x at 2 )
=0
x=
y|
at2
or
at2
x=
4
4 at2
= (
t
x = at 2 (taken)
) + 2at
= at + 2at
= at
Another point of intersection (
at2
4
, at)
Area of PQF = (base)(height)

2
1
= (PQ) (y coordinate of P)
2
1
= (a + 2)(8a)
2
1
= (a + 2)(4 2a)
2
1
= (a + 2)22a
2
= (a + 2)2a
17(i)
D(at 2 , 2at)
2 = 4
A(0,2at)
B(0, 2at)
C(at 2 , 2at)
A(0,2at), B(0, 2at) & C(at 2 , 2at)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
239
Ex 9.1
17(iii) A(0,2at)
18(i)
l2 : y = x
l1 l2
2
2 1 C(at , 2at)
= OA
OM
+AM
2
= OA
+
AC
OA
)
+ (OC
3
2
= OA
+ OC
3
2
2 =
0
) + ( at )
3 2at
2at
=(
3
2
= OA
= (
at 2
2
at
19(i)
= (2.2)2 + 12
= 5.84
2.416609195
Method 2
Let M be (xm , ym )
MC
Distance in km
= (2.416609195)(93 106 )(1.609)
361 106
3.61 108
2
1
x coordinates
xm xa
=2
xc xm
x1 0
y coordinates
ym ya
=2
yc ym
y1 2at
=2
at2 x1
2aty1
=2
3x1
= 2at 2 2x1 y1 2at = 4at

2y1
2
3y1
= 2at
= 2at
x1
= at 2
x1
3
2
S(0.1,0) C(2.3,1)
|SC| = [(0.1) (2.3)]2 + [(0) (1)]2
M ( at , at)
AM
OA
+ OC
1
3
1
18(ii)
2+1
2
= OA
l1 : y 2 = x
y = x
y1
= at
3
M ( at , at)
3
17(iv) Line (through M and )

A(0,2at) B(0, 2at) C(at 2 , 2at) D(at 2 , 2at)
2
Point:
M ( at 2 , at)
Gradient:
m =
=
Line:
mAC
1
(
4at
)
at2
1
(2at)(2at)
(
)
(0)(at2 )
4
t
t
4
= m(x x1 )
y y1
2
4
t
4
t
6
1
y ( at) = [x ( at 2 )]
2
y + at
= x at 3
= x at 3 at
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
240
Ex 9.1
19(ii) S(0.1,0) C(c1 , c2 )

C(c1 , c2 ) lies on x = 2.3y 2
c1 = 2.3(c2 )2
C(2.3(c2 )2 , c2 )
|SC| = [(0.1) (2.3(c2 )2 )]2 + (c2 )2
= [2.3(c2 )2 0.1]2 + (c2 )2
= [5.29(c2 )4 0.46(c2 )2 + 0.01] + (c2 )2
= 5.29(c2 )4 + (0.54)(c2 )2 + 0.01
f(c2 ) = 5.29(c2 )4 + (0.54)(c2 )2 + 0.01
f(c2 )=
21.16(c2 )3 +(1.08)(c2 )
25.29(c2 )4 +(0.54)(c2 )2 +0.01
Minimum |SC|
f (c2 )
=0
21.16(c2 )3 +(1.08)(c2 )
25.29(c2 )4 +(0.54)(c2 )2 +0.01
21.16(c2 )3 + (1.08)(c2 )
c2 (21.16c 2 + 1.08)
=0
=0
=0
c2 = 0
Sign Test
c2
0 0 0+
f(c2 ) sign 0 +
f(c2 ) is minimum
1 AU = 93 million miles
= 93 106 miles
= 93 106 [1.609] km
= 93 106 [1.609][103 ]m
= 93 106 [1609] m
d = |SC||c
2 =0
f(0)
93 106 [1609]
93 106 [1609]
[0.01] 93 106 [1609]

1.49637 1010
V=
k
d
1.171010
1.496371010
Daniel & Samuel

95645ms 1
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241
Ex 9.2
2(a)
Ex 9.2
1(a)
1(b)
Centre (0,1)
Radius: r = 4
Circle: (x a)2 +(y b)2 = r 2
(x 0)2 + (y 1)2 = 42
Comparing coefficients:
2g = 2
2f = 10
g=1
f = 5
Radius: r = f 2 + g 2 c = (5)2 + 12 1 = 4
2
(3, 2)
Method 2 (standard form)

x 2 + y 2 + 2x 10y + 1
x 2 + 2x
+y 2 10y
(x + 1)2 12 +(y 5)2 52
(x + 1)2
+(y 5)2
2
[x (1)]
+(y 5)2
Centre: (3, 2)
Radius: r = 2
Circle: (x a)2 + (y b)2
= r2
(x 3)2 + [y (2)]2 = 22
(x 3)2 + (y + 2)2
= 22
1(c)
2(b)
3
(3,4)
Radius: f 2 + g 2 c = (3)2 + (2)2 4 = 3

Method 2 (standard form)
x 2 + y 2 4x 6y + 4
x 2 4x +y 2 6y
(x 2)2 22 +(y 3)2 32
(x 2)2
+(y 3)2
(x 2)2
+(y 3)2
(2,2)
Centre: (2,2)
Radius: r = 2
Circle: (x a)2
+(y b)2 = r 2
[x (2)]2 +[y (2)]2 = 22
(x + 2)2
+(y 2)2 = 22
Daniel & Samuel

c=4
Centre: (g, f) = (2,3)
Method 1 (general form)

x 2 + y 2 4x 6y +4 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx +2fy +c = 0
2g = 4
2f = 6
g = 2
f = 3
Centre: (3,4)
Radius: r = 3
Circle: (x a)2
+(y b)2 = r 2
2
[x (3)] +(y 4)2 = 32
(x + 3)2
+(y 4)2 = 32
=0
= 1
= 1
= 25
= 52
Centre: (1,5)
Radius: 5
1(d)
c=1
Centre: (g, f) = (1,5)
Method 1 (general form)

x 2 + y 2 + 2x 10y +1 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx +2fy +c = 0
=0
= 4
= 4
=9
= 32
Centre: (2,3)
Radius: 3
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242

3
Method 1
Ex 9.2
A(8,0)
B(0, 4)
10
C(0, 16)
= 10
5(i)
centre (8, 10)

radius = 10
=5
= 25
= 20
= 20
Centre C
C(0,0)
= x3
(1)
y 2x = 0
sub (1) into (2):
(2)
=0
At A(8,0):
(8)2 + (0)2 + 2g(8) + 2f(0) + c
64 16g + c
(1)
At B(0, 4),
(0)2 + (4)2 + 2g(0) + 2f(4) + c
16 8f + c
(2)
=0
=0
( x 3) 2x = 0
2
=0
=3
= 2
=0
=0
y|x=2 = (2) 3 = 4
2
P(2, 4)
Radius r
r = |CP| = [(2) 0]2 + [(4) 0]2 = 20
Circle
(x a)2 + (y b)2
Solving (1), (2) & (3):

g = 8, f = 10, c = 64
x + y + 2(8)x + 2(10)y + 64
x 2 + y 2 + 16x + 20y + 64
x3
2
3
At C(0, 16),
(0)2 + (16)2 + 2g(0) + 2f(16) + c = 0
256 32f + c
=0
(3)
Daniel & Samuel

=5
Point P on circle
At point P on circle, where x 2y = 6 meets y
2x = 0,
x 2y = 6
2y
=x6
Circle:
(x a)2
+(y b)2
= r2
[x (8)]2 +[y (10)]2 = 102
(x + 8)2
+(y + 10)2
= 102
5 c
5c
c
c
(4)+(16)
g2
12 + (2)2 c = 5
y coordinate of centre
Method 2
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
=5
f 2
x coordinate of centre
= 8
C(2, 1) = (g, f)
g = 2
f=1
(x 0)2 + (y 0)2
x + y2
=0
=0
5(ii)
sleightofmath.com
= r2
2
= (20)
= 20
Check point (2,6) lies on circle

(2)2 + (6)2 = 20
40
= 20 [inconsistent]
No, (2,6) does not lie in circle
243

6(i)
Ex 9.2
Points A & B
At A & B, 12x 5y = 11 cuts x 2 + y 2 6x +
2y 15 = 0
12x 5y= 11
5y
= 12x + 11
y
12x+11
(1)
or
12x+11 2
5
144x2 +264x+121
y|x=1 = 2(1) y|x=3 = 2 ( )

5
=2
=0
6x + 2 (
) 6x +
25
x=
(2)
12x+11
5
24x+22
P(1,2)
x +(
Points P & Q
At P & Q, x 2 + y 2 + 4x 6y + 3 = 0 & y = 2x meet
x 2 + (2x)2 + 4x 6(2x) + 3 = 0
x 2 + 4x 2 + 4x 12x + 3
=0
2
5x 8x + 3
=0
(x 1)(5x 3)
=0
x=1
x 2 + y 2 6x + 2y 15 = 0
sub (1) into (2):
x 2 + y 2 6x + 2y 15
x +(
7(i)
3 6
Q( , )
5 5
) 15 = 0
15 = 0
7(ii)
bisector of PQ
3 6
P(1,2) Q ( , )
5 5
x2
+
144 2
x
25
264
25
PQ bisector of PQ
121
25
Point:
6x
+
24
5
234
25
144
13
A (
6(ii)
x=
24
13
12( )+11
24
13
6
13
13
=
)
B(
6
13
12( )+11
5
13
29
13
29
8(i)
43
13
43
A (
13
29
) B(
13
43
)
2
24
6
29
43
|AB| = [( ) ( )] + [( ) ( )]
13
13
13
mPQ
6
5
4 8
)= ( , )
5 5
= (2)(6 =
)
5
3
(1)( )
5
1
4
( )
5
2
( )
5
1
2
(x x1 )
=m
8
5
2
1
= x+
= x+2
2
x 2 + y 2 2x + 8y 23 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx +2fy +c
=0
c = 23
Centre: (g, f) = (1, 4)

Radius: f 2 + g 2 c
= (4)2 + (1)2 (23)
= 36
=6
Daniel & Samuel

Comparing coefficients
2g = 2
2f = 8
g = 1
f=4
13 13
13
2+
13 13
Length of AB
24
y y1
3
5
y ( ) = ( ) [x ( )]
y|x= 6 =
PQ :
=0
=0
or
13
=0
=0
25
24
y|x=24 =
Gradient: m =
169x +234x 144

(13x + 24)(13x 6)
x=
MPQ = (
22
15
169 2
x
25
2
1+
= 40 = 4 10 = 210
sleightofmath.com
244

8(ii)
Ex 9.2
Tangent AB
10
P(3, 10)
210
AB
bisector of AB
AB bisector of AB
C(1, 4)
Point:
Point:
P(3, 10)
Gradient: mAB =
Points on circle
A(2,3) B(1,6)
1
mPC
1
(10)(4)
( (3)(1) )
1
6
)
2
1
AB :
y y1
9(i)
= x 11
3
1
bisector of AB
9(ii)
9(iii)
(2)+4
2
= 1
Centre C
At C, y = 6 2x meets AB (x = 1)
y|x=1 = 6 2(1)
=4
C(1,4)
2 2
1
(3)(6)
[(2)(1)]
= 3 =
3
= m (x x1 )
1
9
2
=x
1
2
=x+4
Radius r
r = |AC| = [2 (3)]2 + (3 1)2 = 29
Circle
(x a)2
Radius r
r = |AC| = [(2) 1]2 + (0 4)2 = 25 = 5
Circle
(x a)2 +(y b)2 = r 2
(x 1)2 +(y 4)2 = (5)2
1 9
)=( , )
Centre C
At C, AB (y = x + 4) meets 2x + 5y = 1
2x + 5(x + 4) = 1
2x + 5x + 20 = 1
7x
= 21
x
= 3
y|x=3 = (3) + 4
=1
C(3,1)
Points on circle
A(2,0) B(4,0)
x=
mAB
y (10) = ( ) [x (3)]
y ( ) = (1) [x ( )]
= x1
y y1
= mAB (x x1 )
y + 10
(2)+(1) (3)+(6)
Gradient: mAB =
AB:
MAB = (
+(y b)2
= r2
[x (3)]2 +(y 1)2 = (29)

(x + 3)2 +(y 1)2
= 29
11(i)
Points A & B
At A & B, x 2 + y 2 4x + 6y 12 = 0 cuts x
axis (y = 0).
x 2 + (0)2 4x + 6(0) 12 = 0
x 2 4x 12
=0
(x + 2)(x 6)
=0
x = 2 or x = 6
A(2,0)
B(6,0)
Length of AB
|AB| = 6 (2) = 8
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
245
Ex 9.2
11(ii) Centre C
x 2 + y 2 4x + 6y 12 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
12(ii)
2g = 4
2f = 6
g = 2
f=3
= MAD
(2, 3) = (
2 =
(2)+(d1 ) (0)+(d2 )
2
(2)+(d1 )
2
and
12(i)
3 =
d1 = 6
D(6, 6)
Centre C of
At C, AB (y = x) cuts circle (x 2 + y 2 = 36)
x 2 + (x)2 = 36
2x 2
= 36
2
x
= 18
x
= 18 = 9 2 = 32
x = 32
or
x = 32
y|x=32 = 32
y|x=32 = 32
)
(0)+(d2 )
2
d2 = 6
=
5
5
C(32, 32)
C(32, 32)
Radius r of
r = |BC|
5
Centre: A(5, 5) or B(5,5)
Radius: r = 5
C1 :
C2 :
Circle with centre (, ) & radius 6

(x 0)2 + (y 0)2 = 62
x2 + y2
= 36
Point D
D(d1 , d2 )
C

AB : y = x
= (g f) = (2, 3)
Centre C
= (5 32) + [5 (32)]
[x (5)]2 + [y (5)]2 = 52
(x 5)2 + (y 5)2 = 52
= (25 302 + 18) + (25 + 302 + 18)

= 96
Circle
C3 :
[x (32)]
or [x (32)]
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
2
2
+[y (32)]
+[y (32)]
2
2
= (96)
2
= (96)
246

13(i)
Ex 9.2
Tangent
x + 2y = 5
2y
= x 5
y
= x
Normal
Point:
14
C(1,3)
P
x + 2y = 5
Normal:
1
mtan
1
1
2
( )
=2
y y1 = mnorm (x x1 )
[x (1)]
y (3)= (2)
(x + 1)
y3 =2
y 3 = 2x + 2
y
= 2x + 5
Centre C
x 2 + y 2 4x 8y 5 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Point P on circle
1
At P, tangent (y = x ) meets normal

(y = 2x + 5)
1
2g = 4
2f = 8
g = 2
f = 4
x = 2x + 5
5
2
15
2
= 3
Centre C
y|x=3 = (3)
Area of ABC = | |
13(ii) Centre
C(1,3)
Radius
r = |CP| = [(3) (1)]2 + [(1) 3]2 = 20
2
1
5
8
2
4
2
||
1
1 16 + 20 + (2)
|
|
2 (5) 16 8
1
|15|
2
= 7.5 units 2
= r2
[x (1)]2 +(y 3)2 = (20)

(x + 1)2 +(y 3)2
= 20
Daniel & Samuel

= (g, f) = (2,4)
Area of triangle ABC

A(2, 1) B(5,8) C(2,4)
= 1
P(3, 1)
Circle
(x a)2 +(y b)2
=0
=0
=0
10x 2 70x + 100 = 0

x 2 7x +10
=0
(x 2)(x 5)
=0
x=2
or x = 5
y|x=2 = 3(2) 7
y|x=5 = 3(5) 7
= 1
=8
A(2, 1)
B(5,8)
C(1,3) or P
Gradient: mnorm =
Point A & B
At A & B, (y = 3x 7) cuts
(x 2 + y 2 4x 8y 5 = 0)
x 2 + (3x 7)2
4x 8(3x 7) 5
2
2
x + (9x 42x + 49) 4x 24x + 56 5
(10x 2 42x + 49)
28x + 51
sleightofmath.com
247

15
Ex 9.2
x 2 + y 2 + 4x +6y 12 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx +2fy +c = 0
2g = 4
2f = 6
g=2
f=3
16
Line & Circle

y = mx 1
x 2 + y 2 4x + 3 = 0
(1)
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

x 2 + (mx 1)2
4x + 3 = 0
2
2 2
x +(m x 2mx + 1) 4x + 3 = 0
(1 + m2 )x 2 + (2m 4)x + 4
=0
c = 12
Centre C = (g, f) = (2, 3)

Radius r = f 2 + g 2 c
Discriminant
b2 4ac
(2m 4)2 4(1 + m2 )(4)
(4m2 + 16m + 16) 16(1 + m2 )
(4m2 + 16m + 16) 16 16m2
12m2 + 16m
3m2 4m
m(3m 4)
= 32 + 22 (12) = 25 = 5
(3, 1)
(2, 3)
= [(2) (3)]2 + [(3) (1)]2

=
+
4
Distance from centre to point (3, 1)

12
>0
>0
>0
>0
>0
<0
<0
0 < m < [shown]
(2)2
= 5
< radius
point lies inside circle
17
any line passing through (-3,-1) cannot be

tangent to circle
Centre
x 2 + y 2 + 2x 2y 3 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
C(1,1)
2g = 2 2f = 2
g=1
f = 1
P(1,2)
Tangent
Centre: C(g, f) = (1,1)

Tangent
Point:
P(1,2) or C(1,1)
Gradient: mtan =
=
1
mnorm
1
(1)(2)
[(1)(1)]
1
mCP
1
1
)
2
= 2
Tangent: y y1 = mtan (x x1 )
y (2)= (2)[x (1)]
y 2 = 2x + 2
y
= 2x + 4
Daniel & Samuel

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248

18(i)
P(x, y)
Ex 9.2
19(ii) bisector of PQ ( )
P(2, 2) Q(6,0)
A(a, 0) B(a, 0)
Point:
PA
= 2PB
[x (a)]2 + (y 0)2
= 2(x a)2 + (y 0)2
(x + a)2 + y 2
= 2(x a)2 + y 2
(x + a)2 + y 2
= 4[(x a)2 + y 2 ]
(x 2 + 2ax + a2 ) + y 2
= 4[(x 2 2ax + a2 ) + y 2 ]
x 2 + 2ax + a2 + y 2
= 4x 2 8ax + 4a2 + 4y 2
3x 2 + 10ax 3a2 3y 2
=0
x2
10
3
ax + a2 + y 2
2
Gradient: mPQ =
=
PQ :
19(iii)
2
3
5
+ a2 + y 2 = 0
(x a) + y 2
(x x1
)2
+ (y y1
)2
16 2
a
9
= r [shown]
1
1
2
= 2
(x a)2 + (y b)2
= r2
(x 6)2 + [y (5)]2 = (5)2
(x 6)2 + (y + 5)2
= 25
[wrong answer in textbook]
4
3
Circle
Centre: P(2, 2)
Point: Q(6,0)
Radius: r = |PQ|
20(i)
= (2 6)2 + [(2) 0]2

(4)2
(x x1 )2 + (y y1 )2 = r 2
(x 2)2 [y (2)]2 = (20)
(x 2)2 + (y + 2)2 = 20
x 2 + y 2 4x 4y = 1
y=x+c
(1)
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

x 2 + (x + c)2
4x 4(x + c)
2
2
2
x + (x + 2cx + c ) 4x 4x 4c
(2x 2 + 2cx + c 2 )
8x 4c
2
2
(2c
2x +
8)x + c 4c 1
(2)2
= 20
Daniel & Samuel

19(iv) C2 :
radius = a
C1 :
2
4
1
(2)(0)
[ (2)(6) ]
Radius of C2 = 5
Centre of C2 =(6, 5)
) = (4, 1)
18(ii) centre (5 a, 0)
19(i)
y y1 = mPQ (x x1 )
y (1) = (2) [x (4)]
y+1
= 2x + 8
y
= 2x + 7
25 2
a
9
mPQ
(6,0)
(x a)
[(x a) ( a) ] + a + y = 0
3
2+6 (2)+(0)
=0
MPQ = (
x 2 + (c 4)x +
c2 4c1
2
=1
=1
=1
=0
=0
[shown]
sleightofmath.com
249
Ex 9.2
20(ii) Sum of roots

Roots: x1 & x2
21
b
Sum of roots = x1 + x2 =
(c4)
1
(2)]2
=4c
P(9,2)
C(2, 1)
|PT|2 = |PC|2
Midpoint of PQ
=(
=(
=(
=(
2
x1 +x2
2
x1 +x2
2
4c
2
4c
2
2
x1 +x2 +2c
2
x1 +x2 +2c
2
(4c)+2c
2
4+c
(x, y) = MPQ (
x =
2x
c
4c 4+c
2
= 72 + 32
= 58
= 45
)
)
PT
22
y=
= 45
Method 1 (graphical inspection)
x = (y k)2 + h
4c
2
(h, k)
4+c
2
two y intercepts
(2)
Method 2 (solution)
x = a(y k)2 + h
sub (1) into (2)

y=
13
13
= 35
=4c
= 4 2x (1)
y=
= 9 5
20(iii) Curve traced by midpoint
|CT|2
= [(9 2)2 + [2 (1)]2 ] (13)
(x1 +c)+(x2 +c)
= (13)
Q(x2 , y2 ) lies on y = x + c:
y2 = x2 + c
Q(x2 , x2 + c)
x1 +x2
= 13
(1)]2
[x
+ [y
Centre: C(2, 1)
Radius: r = 13
Points P & Q
P(x1 , y1 ) lies on y = x + c:
y1 = x1 + c
P(x1 , x1 + c)
MPQ = (
Circle
(x 2)2 + (y + 1)2
4+(42x)
2
82x
At y axis (x = 0):
0
= a(y k)2 + h
2
a(y k) = h > 0
h<0
y = x + 4
(y k)2
(y k)
= k
>0
a>0
h
a
h
a
two y intercepts
Daniel & Samuel

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250

22
Ex 9.2
Method 3 (discriminant)
a(y k)2 + h
=0
a(y 2 2ky + k 2 ) +h = 0
ay 2 2aky +ak 2 + h = 0
i.e. A = a, B = 2ak, C = ak 2 + h
23
9
4
Grad: mAB =
AB :
1
mAB
=
=
31
8
31
18
31
y|x=31 = 2 ( )
18
18
D(
31
9
31 31
18
31
31
= [(3) ( )] + [(1) ( )]
18
) = ( , 3)
2465
324
(1)(5)
[(3)(4)]
Circle
(x x1 )2 + (y y1 )2
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
1
(x
y (3)= ( ) [x ( )]
1
4
1
y3 = x+
y
Radius r
r = |AD|
3+4 1+5
2

AB bisector of AB
,
x + 3 = 2x
Points
A(3,1) B(4,5) C(1,3)
Point: MAB = (
At D, AB (y = x + 3 ) meets AC (y = 2x).
Discriminant
B 2 4AC = (2ak)2 4(a)(ak 2 + h)
= 4a2 k 2 4a2 k 2 4ah
= 4ah
>0
a > 0, h < 0
two y-intercepts
23
Centre D
= x+3
4
31 2
) + (y
18
31 2
9
= r2
2
= (
2465
324
7
8

AC bisector of AC
Point: MAC = (
Grad: mAC =
AC :
3+(1) 1+3
2
1
mAC
) = (1,2)
1
(1)(3)
[(3)(1)]
=2
y y2 = mAC (x x2 )
y (2)= (2) (x 1)
y 2 = 2x 2
y
= 2x
Daniel & Samuel

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251
Rev Ex 9
A2
Rev Ex 9
A1(i)
Line AC
A(4,4) C(6,0)
Point:
A(4,4) or C(6,0)
(4)(0)
Gradient: mAC = (4)(6) =
4
2
(1)
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

(mx + 1)2
=x
2 2
m x + 2mx + 1
=x
2 2
m x + (2m 1)x + 1 = 0
= 2
y y1 = m (x x1 )
y (0)= (2)[x (6)]
y = 2x + 12
AC:
Line & Curve

y = mx + 1, m > 0
y2 = x
Point B
At B, AC meets y 2 = 4x
(2x + 12)2
= 4x
2
4x 48x + 144 = 4x
4x 2 52x + 144 = 0
x 2 13x + 36
=0
(x 4)(x 9)
=0
x=4
or x = 9
(taken)
y|x=9 = 2(9) + 12
= 6
B(9, 6)
Discriminant
b2 4ac
(2m 1)2 4(m2 )(1)
(4m2 4m + 1) 4m2
4m + 1
4m
>0
>0
>0
>0
> 1
<
1
4
m > 0 and m <
1
4
0 < m < [shown]

4
A1(ii) A(4,4) B(9, 6) C(6,0)

|AC| = (4 6)2 + (4 0)2
=
(2)2
A3(i)
(10,18)
42
= 4 + 16
13
= 20
= 4 5
= 25 units
13
Radius: r = 13
Point: (10,18)
y coordinate of centre C = 13
|CB| = (6 9)2 + [0 (6)]2

C1 : (x a)2 + (y b)2
= r2
2
2
(x a) + (y 13)
= 132
[(10) a]2 + [(18) 13]2 = 169
(10 a)2 + 52
= 169
2
(10 a)
= 144
a2 20a + 100
= 144
2
a 20 44
=0
(a + 2)(a 22)
=0
a = 2
or
a = 22
C(2,13)
C(22,13)
= (3)2 + (6)2
= 9 + 36
= 45
= 9 5
= 35
A1(iii) AC: CB
= 25: 35
= 2: 3
[x (2)]2 + (y 13)2 = 132

or (x 22)2 + (y 13)2 = 132
Daniel & Samuel

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252
Rev Ex 9
A3(ii) Centre: (2, 13) or (22, 13)

Radius: r = 13
[x (2)]2 + [y (13)]2 = 132
C2 :
or (x 22)2 + [y (13)]2 = 132
A4(iii) Radius
1
r = |AB|
2
= [(2) 6]2 + [4 (2)]2

2
1
A4(i)
= 100 = 5
2
Points on circle
A(2,4) B(6, 2)
Circle
(x x1 )2 + (y y1 )2 = r 2
[x (2)]2 + [y (1)]2 = (5)2
(x 2)2 + (y 1)2 = 25
Centre C
C = MAB = (
(2)+6 4+(2)
2
) = (2,1)
A4(ii) Line DE
Point:
C(2,1)
Gradient: DE AB,
mDE =
DE:
1
mAB
Points D & E
=
1
(4)(2)
[(2)(6)]
1
[
6
]
8
4
3
y y1 = mDE (x x1 )
y (1)=
4
3
4
[x (2)]
y1 = x
y
3
4
3
5
+ [( x ) 1]
(x 2)2
+( x )
25 2
x
9
25 2
x
9
2
= x
(x 2)2
100
9
100
9
3
3
16 2
64
+( x x
9
9
100
x+
x
= 25
= 25
64
9
)= 25
= 25
=0
=0
=0
or x = 5
y|x=1 = (1)
= 3
E(1, 3)
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9
125
x 4x 5
(x + 1)(x 5)
x = 1
Daniel & Samuel

3
2
8 2
(x 2 4x + 4)
At D & E, circle meets DE (y = x )
y|x=5 = (5)
=5
D(5,5)
253

A5(i)
Rev Ex 9
Circle & Line

x 2 + y 2 + 6x 8y = 0
y = mx
B1(i)
(1)
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

1 2
x 2 + (mx )
+6x 8 (mx ) = 0
x +
(m2 2
3
2
9
1
3
8
x mx + ) +6x 8mx +
(1 + m2 )x 2 mx +
(1 + m2 )x 2 + (6
26
3
+(6 8m)x +
m) x +
25
=0
=0
=0
Discriminant
b2 4ac
= (6
26
3
m)
B1(ii) Length of AB
A(9, 6) B(4,4)
25
4(1 + m2 ) ( )
|AB| = [(9) (4)]2 + [(6) 4]2
= (36 104m +
= (36 104m +
676
9
676
9
m2 )
100
2)
100
9
9
= 125
(1 + m2 )
100
9
= 25 5
= 55 units
224
= 64m2 104m +
B1(iii) Area of triangle CAB

A(9, 6) B(4,4) C(4, 4)
For line to intersect circle at two distinct points:

b2 4ac
>0
224
Area of CAB
1 4 4 9 4
|
|
2 4 4 6 4
1
= [(16) + 24 + 36 16 (36) 24]
2
1
= (40)
2
24
= 20 unit 2
64m2 104m +
>0
576m2 936m + 224 > 0

72m2 117m + 28
>0
(24m 7)(3m 4)
>0
+
m<
24
or m >
3
A5(ii) For line to be tangent to circle:

b2 4ac
=0
64m2 104m +
m=
Points A & B
At A & B, y 2 = 4x meets y = 2x + 12
(2x + 12)2
= 4x
2
4x + 48x + 144 = 4x
4x 2 + 52x + 144 = 0
x 2 + 13x + 36
=0
(x + 9)(x + 4)
=0
x = 9
or x = 4
y|x=9 = 2(9) + 12
y|x=4 = 2(4) + 12
= 6
=4
A(9, 6)
B(4,4)
7
24
224
9
B1(iv) distance from C to AB

F Foot of from C to AB
|CF| = distance from C to AB
=0
Equate area of CAB:
2
1
or m =
A5(iii) For line to not meet circle:

b2 4ac
<0
64m2 104m +
224
9
|AB||CF|
= 20
(55)|CF| = 20
CF
40
55
8
5
85
5
units
<0
(24m 7)(3m 4) < 0

+
7
24
24
<x<
4
3
Daniel & Samuel

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254

B2(i)
Line & circle

y = mx
x 2 + y 2 4mx + 3 = 0
Rev Ex 9
(1)
(2)
B2(iii) Line & Circle

line is parallel to y = x,
y=x+c
x 2 + (x + c)2 4x + 3 = 0
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
x 2 + (x + c)2
4x + 3 = 0
2
2
2
x + (x + 2cx + c ) 4x + 3 = 0
(2x 2 + 2cx + c 2 )
4x + 3 = 0
2x 2 + (2c 4)x + (c 2 + 3)
=0
sub (1) into (2):

x 2 + (mx)2 4mx + 3 = 0
x 2 + m2 x 2 4mx + 3 = 0
(1 + m2 )x 2 4mx + 3 = 0
Discriminant
For no intersection:
b2 4ac
(4m)2 4(1 + m2 )(3)
16m2 12(1 + m2 )
4m2 3(1 + m2 )
4m2 3 3m2
m2 3
(m + 3)(m 3)
+
(1)
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
Discriminant
For line to be tangent to circle:
b2 4ac
=0
2
2
(2c 4) 4(2)(c + 3)
=0
2
2
(4c 16c + 16) 8(c + 3) = 0
(4c 2 16c + 16) 8c 2 24 = 0
4c 2 16c 8
=0
2
c + 4c + 2
=0
c=
3 3
3 < m < 3
m is positive integer,
m=1
(4)(4)2 4(1)(2)
2(1)
422
2
48
2
= 2 2
Line with =
y = x + (2 2)
= x 2 2
Daniel & Samuel

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255

B3
Rev Ex 9
Method 1 (algebraic)
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(13,0): 132 + 2g(13) + c = 0
169 + 26g + c = 0
(27,0): 272 + 2g(27) + c = 0
729 + 54g + c = 0
B3
Method 2 (graphical)
bisector of PQ
PQ bisector of PQ
PQ : x =
(1)
(13)+(27)
2
= 20
(0,9)
O
bisector of PR
Point:
(2)
MPR = (
=(
(0,9):
02 + 92 + 2f(9) + c = 0
81 + 18f + c
= 0 (3)
Gradient: mPR =
PR :
(1) (2): 560 28g = 0

28g
= 560
g
= 20
13+0 0+9
2
13 9
2
, )
2
mPR
y y1
(27,0)
(13,0)
9
]
13
13
9
(x x1 )
=m
1
(0)(9)
[(13)(0)]
13
13
y ( ) = ( ) [x ( )]
2
9
2
Put g = 20 into (1):

169 + 26(20) + c
=0
c
= 351
=
=
9
13
169
9
13
18
44
x
x
Centre C
At C, PQ (x = 20) meets PR (y =
Put g = 20 & c = 351 into (3):

81 + 18f + 351 = 0
f
= 24
y|x=20 =
13
9
(20)
13
9
44
9
44
9
= 24
C(20,24)
Radius r
C(20,24) P(13,0) Q(27,0) R(0,9)
r = |CP| = (20 13)2 + (24 0)2
= 625 = 25
Circle
(x x1 )2 + (y y1 )2 = r 2
(x 20)2 + (y 24)2 = 252
B4(i)
x 2 + y 2 6x 2y 15 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
2g = 6,
2f = 2,
g = 3
f = 1
Centre:
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
c = 15
Z(3,1)
256

B4(ii)
Rev Ex 9
B4(iii)
(2,3)
(3,1)
AB:
(3,1)
Chord AB
Point: M(2,3)
Grad: mAB =
1
mZM
1
(1)(3)
[(3)(2)]
1
2
)
1
1
2
Line CD
Point:
Z(3,1)
Gradient: CD AB
y y1 = mAB (x x1 )
mCD = mAB =
y (3)= [x (2)]
2
1
1
2
y y1 = m(x x1 )
CD:
y3 = x1
y
y (1)= ( ) [x (3)]
2
1
= x+2
y 1= x
3
2
= x
(1)
Points C & D
1
At C & D, CD (y = x ) meets
circle (x 2 + y 2 6x 2y 15 = 0)
1 2
x2 + ( x )
2
1
2
x + ( x2
4
5 2
1
2
1
x+ )
( x x+ )
4
5 2
x
4
2
2
15
2
4
55
=0
6x x + 1 15
=0
7x 14
=0
=0
(6)(6)2 4(1)(11)
2(1)
y|x=325
645
2
= 3 25
y|x=3+25
= (3 25)
=0
5x 30x 55
x 2 6x 11
x=
6x 2 ( x ) 15
= (3 + 25)
3
1
3
1
= ( + 5)
= ( 5)
2
2
2
2
= 1 + 5
= 1 5
C(3 25, 1 5) D(3 + 25, 1 + 5)
Daniel & Samuel

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257

B5
Circle & line
x 2 + y 2 4x 2y + 1
x 2 4x + y 2 2y + 1
x 2 4x + (y 1)2 12 + 1
x 2 4x + (y 1)2
Rev Ex 9
B5(i)
=0
=0
=0
=0

b2 4ac
>0
4k(3k + 4) > 0
+
(1)
3
4
k < or k > 0
kx y = k + 1
y
= kx + k + 1
y
= kx k 1
B5(ii) For intersection at one exact point:

b2 4ac
=0
4k(3k + 4) = 0
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

x 2 4x + [(kx k 1) 1]2
x 2 4x +(kx k 2)2
x 2 4x +[kx (k + 2)]2
x 2 4x +[k 2 x 2 2k(k + 2)x + (k + 2)2 ]
(1 + k 2 )x 2 +[4 2k(k + 2)]x +(k + 2)2
(1 + k 2 )x 2 +(4 2k 2 4k)x +(k + 2)2
(1 + k 2 )x 2 +(2k 2 4k 4)x +(k + 2)2
k = 0 or k =
3
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
B5(iii) For no points of intersection:

b2 4ac
<0
4k(3k + 4) < 0
+
4
3
+
0
<k<0
3
Discriminant
b2 4ac
= (2k 2 4k 4)2 4(1 + k 2 )(k + 2)2
= (2)2 (k 2 + 2k + 2)2 4(k 2 + 1)(k 2 + 4k + 4)
= 4(k 2 + 2k + 2)2
4(k 2 + 1)(k 2 + 4k + 4)
k 2 (k 2 + 2k + 2)
k 2 (k 2 + 4k + 4)
]
= 4 [+2k(k 2 + 2k + 2)] 4 [
+1(k 2 + 4k + 4)
2
+2(k + 2k + 2)
= 4(k 4
4(k
+2k 3
+2k 3
4
= 4(k 4
4(k 4
+4k
+4k 3
+4k 3
= 4k 4
+16k 3
4k 4
16k 3
= 12k 2 + 16k
= 4k(3k + 4)
+2k 2
+4k 2
+2k 2
+4k 2
+k 2
+4k
+4k
+4)
+4k
+4)
+8k 2
+5k 2
+8k
+4k
+4)
+4)
+32k 2
20k 2
+32k
16k
+16
16
Daniel & Samuel

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258
Ex 10.1
Ex 10.1
1(i)
1(ii)
AD = CD
(S)
BDA = BDC (A)
BD = BD
(S)
ABD CBD
(D is mid pt of AC)
(BD AC)
(common side)
(SAS congruency)
(corr. s of s)
ABD = CBD
i. e. BD bisects ABC
2(i)
(given)
AP
= QE
AP + PQ = QE + PQ
AQ
= EP
AQ = EP
(S)
BAQ = DEA (A)
BQA = DPE (A)
D
C
(Proven)
(Given)
(iso. CPQ with
CP = CQ)
(AAS congruency)
ABQ EDP
2(iii)
QBA = PDE
(corr. s of s)
2(ii)
D
C
A
D
C
A
3(i)
BOA ~ BYT
AB
BO
BT
BY
(given)
(corr. s of s)
A
B
3(ii)
(SS)
AB
BO
BT
BY
(A) ABT = OBY

BAT ~ BOY
(proven)
ABC = AMN (A)

ACB = ANM (A)
ABC ~ AMN
Daniel & Samuel

(opp. )
(SAS similarity)
4(i)
(corr. )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
sleightofmath.com
259

4(ii)
AC
BC
Ex 10.1
AN
(corr. s of s)
MN
AC MN = AN BC
NC AC = AN BC (MN = NC;
equal sides of iso. MNC
with NMC = NCM)
5(i)
CAB = BCD (A)

ACB = CBD (A)
ABC ~ CDB
(90)
(alt. )
(AA similarity)
B
5(ii)
AC
CB
CB
(corr. s of s)
BD
AC BD = CB 2
6
AC GF
AC GE
GE BD
AC BD
(BG = GA, BF = FC, mid pt thm)
(given)
E
G
7(i)
DE BC
AD = DB, AE = EC,
mid pt thm
7(ii)
DE = BC
2
1
= (2x)
2
(AD = DB, AE = EC, mid pt thm)
(BC = 2x)
=x
2
C
8(i)
SDM = TCM (A)

DMS = CMT (A)
DM = CM
(S)
SDM TCM
(given)
(opp. )
(M is mid-pt of DC)
(AAS congruency)
D
A
S
M
C
Daniel & Samuel

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260

8(ii)
Ex 10.1
In DSB & CTA,

DSB = CTA(A)
DS = CT
(S)
SDM = TCM
2SDB = 2TCA
SDB = TCA(A)
( SDM TCM)
( SDM TCM)
( SDM TCM)
(DB bisects SDM &
CA bisects TCM)
DSB CTA
SB = TA
(AAS congruency)
(corr. sides of s)
D
A
S
Prove: ANT ELR
10
(A) (iso. AGE with AG = EG)

(given)
(given)
R
I
(S)
(SAS congruency)
11(i)
ZX = ZQ
(S) (given)
JXZ = FQZ
(A) (iso. QZX with QZ = XZ)
JQ
= XF
JQ + QX = XF + QX
(given)
JX
= FQ
(S)
JZX FZQ
AR
= ET
(given)
AR (TR) = ET (TR)
AT
= ER
(S)
NAT = LER
AG
= EG
NG
= LG
Subtracting sides,
AG NG = EG LG
AN
= EL
ANT ELR
(SAS congruency)
JX = FQ
BAE = DAC (A)
(AE bisects BAD)
AEB = DEC
= DCE
= ACD (A)
(opp. )
(iso. CDE with DE = DC)
(common )
ABE ~ ADC
(AA similarity)
A
D
11(ii)
AB
AE
AD
AC
E
B
( ABE ~ ADC)
AB AC = AD AE
Daniel & Samuel

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261

12(i)
DEB = FDE (A)
(alt. )
BDE = CEF
= EFD (A)
(90)
(alt. )
BDE ~ EFD
(AA similarity)
12(ii) EFD = CEF (A)
13(i)
Ex 10.1
A
FED = DBE
= ECF (A)
( BDE ~ EFD)
(iso. ABC with AB = AC)
EFD ~ CEF
(AA similarity)
13(ii) FAC = EBC (A)

FCA = ECB (A)
AFC ~ BEC
(alt. s)
AFC = 180 ACF CAF

180)
= 180 (BCE) (EAF)
= 180 BCE (EBF)
= BEC
180)
(s in AFC =
(common )
(EAF = EBF)
(s in BEC =
(EAF = EBF)
(common )
(AA similarity)
13(iii)
CF
CA
CE
CB
( AFC ~ BEC)
CF CB = CE CA
14(i)
In DEC & ABC,

EDC = BAC
(A)
DCE = ACB
(A)
DEC ~ ABC
CD
CA
=
=
(right angles)
(common )
(AA similarity)
(corr. sides of ~ s)
CE
CB
1
E
B
(E is mid-pt of BC)
D is the mid-point of AC
14(ii) In ADE & CDE,
DA = DC
(S)
ADE = CDE (A)
DE = DE
(S)
ADE CDE
AE = CE
AEC is isosceles
Daniel & Samuel
(D is mid-point of AC)
(90)
(common side)
(SAS congruency)
(corr. sides of s)
( with 2 equal s)
E
B
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262

15(i)
DBG = ABC
= ACB
= DGB
DBG is isosceles
DG = BD
= CE
15(ii) DG = EC
(S)
DFG = EFC (A)
DGF = ECF (A)
DGF ECF
Ex 10.1
A

(corr. )
( with 2 equal s)
(equal sides of iso. DBG)
(BD = CE)
(proven)
(opp. )
(alt. )
(AAS congruency)
15(iii) DF = FE
(corr. sides of s)
16(i)
BP = AC
AB = QC
(S)
(S)
(Given)
(Given)
FBP = 90 FPB
= 90 EPC
= ECP
ABP = QCA (A)
(FBP)
(opp. )
(ECP)
A
F
E
P
B
C
ABP QCA
16(ii) BAP = CQA
AP = QA
QAP is isosceles
CQA = APQ
BAP = APQ
(SAS congruency)
(corr. s of s)
(corr. sides of s)
( with 2 equal sides)
(equal s of iso.)
A
F
E
P
B
C
16(iii) QAP = FAQ + BAP

= FAQ + (CQA)
( ABP QCA)
= FAQ + (90 FAQ) (FAQ)
= 90
AP AQ
A
F
E
P
B
C
Daniel & Samuel

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263

17(i)
In FEC & BAC

FCE = BCA (A)
FEC = BAC (A)
FEC ~ BAC
CF
CB
=
=
CE
CA
1
Ex 10.1
B
(Common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
BF: BC = 1: 2
17(ii) AB = 2EF
(CE = EA, CF = FB,

midpt thm)
In DCA & FEA,

DAC = FAE (A)
DCA = FEA (A)
DCA ~ FEA
CD
EF
CD =
AC
AE
AC
AE
(common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
(corr. sides of~ s)
EF
= 2EF
AB: CD = 1: 1
18(i)
AC
= 3EC
(Given)
AE + EC = 3EC
= 2EC
= 2(2EF) (F is mid pt of EC)
= 4EF
E
G
B
18(ii) BE DF
AG
AD
AG =
AE
AF
AE
AF
4
5
AG
GD
E
G
B
F
D
AD
= AD
(common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
(corr. sides of ~ )
(CD = DB, CF = FE,

mid pt thm)
In GAE & DAF,

GAE = DAF (A)
AGE = ADF (A)
GAE ~ DAF
(AE = 4EF)
=4
Daniel & Samuel

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19
Ex 10.1
1st pair of similar triangles

In EFC & ABC,
EFC = ABC (A)
ECF = ACB (A)
EFC ~ ABC
A
AC = BC = 1cm
E
EF
FC
=
=
AB
BC
AB
AB
(AB = BC)
=1
EF = FC
B
(1)
DF
BD = DC = 0.5cm
2nd pair of similar triangles

In BFE & ABD,
BFE = ABD
(A)
(90)
EBF = ABD ABE
= 90 ABE (ABD = 90)
= BAD (A)
(BAD)
BFE ~ ABD
(AA similarity)
BF
FE
AB
BD
AB
=1
2
BC
AB
=1
2
AB
(D is midpoint of BC)
(AB = BC)
=2
BF = 2EF
(2)
Sum of sides
BF + FC
=1
sub (1) & (2) into (3):
(2EF) + (EF)
=1
3EF
=1
EF
(3)
1
3
20(i)
ADB = CDA
(A)
ABD = 90 BAD
= CAD
(A)
ABD ~ CAD
20(ii)
BD
AB
BD =
BD
DC
AD
AB
AD
AB
=
=
=
AD
CA
AD2
CD
AD2
CD2
CD
CA
AB
AC
(90)
( BAD)
(BAC = 90)
(AA similarity)
(1)
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

BD
DC
AB2
AC2
Daniel & Samuel

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265
Ex 10.2
Ex 10.2
1(i)
1(ii)
AEB = ECD (A)

AE = CE
(S)
BE = DE
(S)
ABE CDE
(opp. )
(AC and BD bisects at E)
(AC and BD bisects at E)
(SAS congruency)
E
B
ABCD is a parallelogram (diagonals bisect

each other)
E
B
2(i)
BF = DE
(S)
AFB = CED (A)
AF = CE
(S)
ABF CDE
(Given)
(90)
(Equal sides of square)
(SAS congruency)
2(ii)
AB = CD
(= sides)
BF = ED
FC = EA
ABD = CDB (A)

ADB = CBD (A)
BD = DB
(S)
ABD CDB
ABF CDE
(2 pairs of equal
opp. sides)
(alt. )
(alt. )
(common side)
(AAS congruency)
3(ii)
( ABD CDB)
AB = CD (= sides)
( ABD CDB)
AD = CB (= sides)
ABCD has 2 pairs of equal
sides
4(i)
A + B + C + D
A + B + (A) + (B)
2(A + B)
A + B
4(ii)
A = C (= )
(Given)
B = D (= )
(Given)
ABCD is a parallelogram (2 pairs of equal opp. s)
Daniel & Samuel

(given)
(equal sides of
square AFCE)
Adding sides,
BF + FC = ED + EA
BC
= DA (= sides)
3(i)
= 360 (s of quad = 360)

= 360 (A = C, B = D)
= 360
= 180
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266

5
Ex 10.2
In ABC & CDA,

BAC = DCA
AC = CA
(A)
(S)
(given)
(common side)
XBA
= YDC
180 XBA = 180 YDC
ABC
= CDA (A)
ABC CDA
BA = DC (= )
BC = DA (= )
(given)
(s in a line = 180)
(AAS congruency)
(corr. sides of s)
(corr. sides of s)
(2 pairs of equal opp. sides)
( ) (alt. , BAC = ACD)

BA CD
(corr. , BA CD)
XBA = XCD
XBA = YDC
(given)
XCD = YDC
( ) (alt. )
BC AD
(2 pairs of sides)
6)
( sides of ABCD)
AD BC
DX BY
AD
AX = CY
( )
= CB
AD + (AX) = CB + (CY)
DX
= BY (= )
(Equal opp. sides of

ABCD)
(given)
(AX = CY)
B
C
D
Y
XBYD is a parallelogram (1 pair of equal

& opp. sides)
7(i)
BE = DF
AB = CD
(S)
(S)
EBA = FDC (A)

ABE CDF
7(ii)
(given )
(Equal opp sides of
ABCD)
(alt. )
(SAS congruency)
D
F
E
(= )
AE = CF
( ABE CDF)
AEB
= CFD
( ABE CDF)
180 = 180
D
F
E
( )
AE CF
(alt. )
AECF is a parallelogram (1 pair of equal
& opp. sides)
Daniel & Samuel

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267

7(iii)
AE = CF
= 7cm
Ex 10.2
( ABE CDF)
(CF = 7cm)
D
F
E
8(i)
AC = AC
(S)
AB = AD
(S)
BC = DC
(S)
ABC ADC
(common side)
(equal adj. sides of kite)
(equal adj. sides of kite)
(SSS congruency)
E
B
D
C
8(ii)
CE = CE
(S)
BEC = DEC (A)
BE = DE
(S)
BCE DCE
(common side)
(Diagonals are )
(Longer diagonal bisects
shorter diagonal)
(SAS congruency)
E
B
D
C
8(iii)
BD AC
(Diagonals of kite are )
E
B
D
C
9?
(incomplete)
Diagonals are only equal if x = y = z = 90
x
A
1)
Statements
x = z
2)
3)
4)
5)
BAD = x
ABC = y
BCD = z
BAD + ABC = 180
6)
AD BC
7)
ABC + BCD = 180
8)
AB DC
Daniel & Samuel

Reasons
x + y = y + z
x = z
opp.
opp.
opp.
BAD + ABC
= x + y
= 180
Supplementary int. s
ABC + BCD
y + z
= 180
Supplementary int. s
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268

10(i)
EH BD
GF BD
EH GF
Ex 10.2
(AE = ED, AH = HD, Mid pt thm)

(CF = FB, CG = GD, Mid pt thm)
D
H
A
G
E
I
B
EID = 90
EFG = 90
(BD DF)
(corr. )
D
H
A
G
E
I
B
10(ii) EH GF
EFG = 90
1
(proven) [ ]
(proven) [ ]
(AE = ED, AH = HD, mid pt thm)
GF = BD
(CF = FB, CG = GD, mid pt thm)
EFGH is a
rectangle
In EBF & ABD,

EBF = ABD (A)
EFB = ADB (A)
EFB ~ ADB
BF
=
=
I
C
( & equal opp. sides & 1 right )
EF BC
BD
G
E
[. ]
EH = GF
11(i)
D
H
EH = BD
2
1
BE
BA
1
(AE = EB, AF = FC, midpt thm)
A
F
(common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
(corr. s of ~ s)
F is midpt of BD
11(ii) In FDG & BDC,
FDG = BDC
DFG = DBC
DFG ~ DBC
DG
DC
=
=
DF
DB
1
2
(common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
(corr. s of ~ s)
D
F
G
(F is midpt of BD)
G is midpt of CD
11(iii) AF = FC
(Given)
BF = FD
(F is midpt of BD)
ABCD is a parallelogram (Diagonals bisect each
other)
Daniel & Samuel

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269

12(i)
Ex 10.2
In BAD & CDA,

BA = CD
(S)
AD = DA
(S)
Draw line through A to DC
ABC = AFB
= DCB
BAD = CDA
BAD CDA
(given)
(common side)
(A)
(equal s of iso.
ABF)
(corr. )
(supple. int. s)
(SAS congruency)
D
E
C
A
D
E
F
B
( BAD CDA)
12(ii) ADB = DAC
ADE is isosceles ( with 2 equal s)
(equal sides of iso.)
AE = DE
D
E
B
12(iii) BD
= CA
BD (DE) = CA (AE)
BE
= CE
BEC is isosceles
( BAD CDA)
(AE = DE)
D
E
B
13(i)
AE = AD
(S)
EB = DC
(S)
AED
= ADE
AED + 90 = ADE + 90
AEB
= ADC (A)
ABE ACD
13(ii) AE = AD
(S)
(given)
(equal opp. sides of rect.)
(iso. AED)
( of rect. )
(SAS congruency)
D
F
( ABE ~ ACD)
AED = ADE
AEF = ADG (A)
(iso. AED)
AEF ADG
(AAS congruency)
D
F
2EF
1
(BF = 2EF)
(1)
E
Daniel & Samuel

D
F
30 (2)
60
EBF = 30
ABC = 60
13(iii) sin EBF = EF

=
(given)
EAB = DAC
EAF = DAG (A)
BF
EF
60
C
(Complementary )
sleightofmath.com
270
Ex 10.2
AB = AC
iso. ABC
ABC = ACB = 60
ABC is equilateral
14(i)
AE XY
( ABE ACD)
(equal s of iso.)
( with 2 s = 60)
(CX = XA, CY = YE, mid pt thm)
A
X
C
D
Y
F
E
14(ii) AE XY
XY BF
AE BF
(Proven)
(DX = XB, DY = YF,mid-pt thm)
A
X
C
D
Y
F
E
14(iii) AB DC
EF DC
AB DC ( )
( )
AE BF
BAEF is a
parallelogram
(ABCD is a )
(CDEF is a )
A
X
(proven)
( opp. sides )
C
D
Y
F
E
15
In ADE & CBF,

AE = CF
(S)
EAD = FCB
(A)
given
alt.
JH GI [= ] (given)
ED BF [= ] ( opp. sides of EBFD)
JG IH
HJGI is a
parallelogram
AD = CB
(S)
(equal opp. sides of ABCD)
ADE CBF
(SAS congruency)
DE = BF
[= ]
AED = CFB
DEF = BFE
(s in a line = 180)
DE BF
[ ] (alt. )
EBFD is a parallelogram (1 pair of equal & opp.
sides)
E
A
( opp. sides)
1)
C
F
2)
2)
E
A
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
1)
G
I
B
271
Ex 10.3
Ex 10.3
1
ABC + ABD = 90 + ABD

( in semicircle)
= 90 + 90
( in semicircle)
= 180
i.e. C, B and D lie on a straight line
D
B
C
3(i)
APB = ABP
= 180 ABC
= ADC
CDP = CPD
CDP is isosceles
CD = CP
(iso APB with AB = AP)

(s in a line = 180)
(s in opp segment)
C
B
P
A
( with 2 equal s)
AEF + CDA
= AEF + (180 CBA)
= AEF + (ABF)
= AEF + (180 AEF)
= 180
(s in opp. segment)
C
B
(s in a line st. line)

(s in opp. segment)
D
F
A
E
3(ii)
AEF + CDA = 180

CD FE
(Proven)
(Supplementary int. s)
C
B
D
F
A
E
PB = PA
= PC
(Equal tangents from ext pt)

(Equal tangents from ext pt)
C
B
A
5(i)
ABC = ACB
= BAT

(alt. segment thm)
B
O
Daniel & Samuel

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272

5(ii)
ABC = BAT
CB ST
Ex 10.3
(proven)
(alt. s)
B
O
6(i)
OA = OD
OD = OC
(S)
(S)
(radius)
(radius)
B
O
AOD = OBC
= OCB
= DOC (A)
(corr. )
(iso. OCB with OC = OB)
(alt. )
C
A
D
AOD DOC
AD = CD
6(ii)
(SAS congruency)
(corr. sides of s)
B
O
C
A
D
CDE = 180 ODC

ODA
= 180 ODC
(OCD)
= COD
7(i)
(s in a line = 180)
( AOD DOC)
s in = 180
EDC = DAC + DCA (ext. = sum of int. opp. s)

= DAC +
(iso. ADC with AD = DC)
(DAC)
= 2DAC
E
D
A
C
7(ii)
ABD = ACD
= CAD
= CBD
(s in same segment)
(iso. ADC with DA = DC)
(s in same segment)
E
D
A
C
Daniel & Samuel

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273

8(i)
APB = 90
= PQA
Ex 10.3
(A)
( in semicircle)
(Given)
B
P
PBA = QAP
(A)
ABP ~ PAQ
(alt. segment thm)

(AA similarity)
8(ii)
1)
AP
AB
PQ
ABP ~ PAQ
PA
(AP)2 = AB QP
= AB QP
AP
9
BFD = BAF + ABF

(ext. = sum of int. opp. s)
= BAF + (BAF) (iso. AFB with FA = FB)
= 2BAF
(alt. segment thm)
= 2ACB
B
O
10(i)
APC = BPA (A)

PAC = PBA (A)
APC ~ BPA
(common )
(alt. segment thm)
(AA similarity)
C
A
10(ii)
PC
AP
PA
BP
( APC ~ BPA)
BP CP = AP 2
11
In BAN & BPL,

BAN = 90
= BPL (A)
BNA
= ALN
= BLP (A)
BAN ~ BPL
ABN = PBL
ABL = PBL
12(i)
PBL = ABN (A)

BPL = 90
= BAN (A)
BPL ~ BAN
(tan rad)
( in semicircle)
P
L
O
(iso. ALN with AN = AL)

(opp. )
(AA similarity)
(corr. of ~ s)
(BN bisects ABP)

( in semicircle)
(tan rad)
(AA similarity)
B
P
L
M
A
Daniel & Samuel

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274
Ex 10.3
12(ii) BPL = 90
= BMA (A)
= AMN (A)
( in semicircle)
( in semicircle)
(s in a line = 180)
B
P
L
13
14(i)
PBL = ABM
= MAN (A)
(BN bisects ABP)

(alt. segment thm)
BPL ~ AMN
(AA similarity)
M
A
PQ + QR + RP
= PQ + QT + TR
+RP
= PQ + (QU) + TR +RP (Equal tangents QT = QU)
= PQ + QU + (RS) +RP (Equal tangents TR = RS)
= (PQ + QU) +(RS + RP)
= PU
+PS
= PU
+PU
(Equal tangents PS = PU)
= 2PU
BAC = CAP (A)
(common )
ABC = CAX
= ACP (A)
(alt. segment thm)

(alt. )
ABC ~ ACP
(AA similarity)
T
P
Q
14(ii)
AC
AB
AC2
AB
16(i)
AC
= AP
PA =
15
AP
AC2
AB
PCB = PCA
= CAX
= PBC
PBC is isosceles
PB = PC
BEC = 90
= DAC
(PC bisects BCA)

(alt. )
(alt. segment thm)
( with 2 equal s)
C
X
CE AB
(A) ( in semicircle)
(s in same segment)
CBA = CDA
CBE = CDA (A)
(AA similarity)
EBC ~ ADC
Daniel & Samuel

O
A
B
sleightofmath.com
E
D
275
Ex 10.3
16(ii) area of ABC
= (AB)(CE)
2
EC
BC
EC =
AC
( EBC ~ ADC)
DC
BCAC
A
E
DC
area of ABC
1
= (AB)(CE)
2
1
BCAC
2
1
DC
BCAC
= (AB) (
= (AB) (
=
=
17(i)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
5)
6)
2
2r
ABBCAC
2(2r)
ABBCAC
4r
)
)
(diameter DC = 2r)
AP BR = PQ2
PQ2 = PC PA
(AP) BR = PC (PA)
RB = PC
AB = AC
given
Tangent-secant thm
(1,2)
AQ is line of symmetry
of iso APR
[Trigonometric proof]
[geometric]
2
2
2
Pythagoras thm
AQ = AP PQ
2
2
[
]
AQ = AP PC PA tangent
secant thm
= AP[AP PC]
= AP[AC]
2
(4)
AQ = AP AB
17(ii) (work in progress)

(S) AQ = AQ
(A) AQP = AQR
(S) QP = QR
AQP AQR
(common side)
(90)
(AQ is line of symmetry)
[Trigonometric proof]
SAS(1,2,3)
R
17(ii) (R) ABQ = ACQ

(H) AQ = AQ
(S) AB = AC
ABQ ACQ
rt in semicircle
common side
[trigonometric proof]
RHS(1,2,3)
Daniel & Samuel

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276

17(iii) AP = AR
AP
=1
AR
AC = AB
AC
AB
AP
AR
=1
=
AC
AB
=1
Ex 10.3
(1,2)
AP AB = AR AC
Daniel & Samuel

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277

17
Ex 10.3
Proposition
Given
AE is tangent to diameter CD
AB = EF
Then
CD is line of symmetry
Proof
0 < < 90
cos =
tan =
AB
AD
2r
AD
AD =
AD =
AB
cos
2r
tan
Equate AD:
AB
2r
=
cos tan
(AB) tan = 2r cos
(AB) sin = 2r cos 2
(AB) sin = 2r[1 sin2 ]
(AB) sin = 2r 2r sin2
2r sin2 + (AB) sin 2r = 0
(2r)[sin ]2 + (AB)[sin ] 2r = 0
sin =
(AB)(AB)2 4(2r)(2r)
2(2r)
sin =
(AB) (AB)2 + 16r 2

4r
(AB)+(AB)2 +16r2
4r
or sin =
(AB)(AB)2 +16r2
4r
<0
[rej sin > 0 for 0 < < 90]

There could only be 1 angle for a certain fixed length AB
Similarly, there could be only 1 angle for the same fixed length EF
AB = EF
=
CAD CED
CD is line of symmetry
Alternate proof
Increasing function of sine when is increasing from 0 to 90 and adjacent is increasing
Daniel & Samuel

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278

18
Ex 10.3
area of ABC
= area of ABO + BCO + CAO
1
2
1
= (AB)r + (BC)r + (CA)r

= r(AB + BC + CA)
2
1
= r(AB + BC + CA)
2
1
= r(perimeter of ABC)
2
1
= r(2s)
2
(S is semi-perimeter of ABC)
= rs
Daniel & Samuel

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279
Rev Ex 10
Rev Ex 10
A1(i)
Prove: GHI ABC
H
I
HI = BC
GHI = ABC
(S)
(A)
(Given)
(alt. )
AH
= GB
AH (AG) = GB (AG)
GH
= AB
(S)
GHI ABC
A1(ii) Prove: CA GI
(Given)
G
A
C
B
(SAS congruency)
H
I
HGI = BAC
( GHI ABC)
AGI = GAC (s in a line = 180)
(alt. )
CA GI
G
A
C
B
A2(i)
Prove: APQ ~ ABC

APQ = ABC (A)
PAQ = BAC (A)
APQ ~ ABC
A2(ii) Prove: AQ =
AQ
AP
AQ = (
=(
=
A3(i)
AB
AC
AB
AC2
2AB
(Given)
(Common )
AA similarity
AC2
2AB
AC
AB
AC
( APQ ~ ABC)
) AP
AC
)( )
2
(AP =
AC
2
Prove: AEF ~ DEG

(A) AEF = DEG
(A) EAF = EDG
AEF ~ DEG
A
F
(opp. )
(alt. )
(AA similarity)
E
B
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
G
C
280
Rev Ex 10
A3(ii) Prove: BF = 4AF
(1)
DG
AF
DE
AE
(4)
(AE = AD)
=2
In FCB & GCD,

FCB = GCD (A)
FBC = GDC (A)
FCB ~ GCD
BF
(2)
DG = 2AF
GD
(common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
BC
DC
=2
BF = 2DG
= 2(2AF)
= 4AF
A3(iii) Find: |AB|
(D is midpt of BC)
(DG = 2AF)
A
1 cm
A4(i)
AB = AF + BF
= AF + (4AF)
= 5AF
= 5cm
Prove: DPC = BQA
In PDC & QBA,
PD = QB
(S)
PDC = QBA (A)
DC = BA
(S)
BF = 4AF
4 cm
AF = 1cm
G
C
D
A
B
Q
(given)
(equal opp. s of ABCD)
(equal opp. sides
of ABCD)
(SAS congruency)
PDC QBA
DPC = BQA
A4(ii) Prove: AQCP is parallelogram
DPC = BQA
DPC = PCQ
PCA = BQA
PC QA ( )
PC = QA (= )
AQCP is a parallelogram
Daniel & Samuel

B
Q
(proven)
(alt. )
P
D
(corr. )
(1 pair of & eq. sides)
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281

A5(i)
Rev Ex 10
Prove: TU = PQ
There is only 1 straight line connecting T & U.
If V is the midpoint of PR,

TV SR
(PT = TS, PG = GR, mid pt thm)
VU PQ
(RU = RQ, RG = GP, mid pt thm)
U
V
Q
TU = TV + VU
TU SR PQ (SR PQ)
TU = TV
+VU
= ( SR) +VU
2
(PT = TS, TV = VR, midpt thm)
+ ( PQ) (RV = VR = RU =
= SR
2
UQ, midpt thm)

1
2
1
= ( PW) + PQ
1 1
(equal height of trapezium)
= ( PQ) + PQ
2 2
1
2
1
= PQ
+ PQ
4
3
= PQ
4
A5(ii) TU = 3 PQ
4
3
8 = PQ
PQ =
A6(i)
4
32
3
Prove: CE DG
C
In ABD & ACD,

AB = AC
(H)
AD = AD
(S)
ADB = 90
= ADC (R)
ABD ACD
BD = CD
CE DG
(given)
(common side)
( in semicircle)
(s in a line = 180)
(RHS congruency)
(corr. sides of s)
D
F
A
(BD = CD, BG = GE,

mid pt thm)
A6(ii) Prove: AF = 1 AD
(A) FAE = DAG

(A) AFE = ADG
FAE ~ DAG
AF
AD
=
=
AE
AG
1
2
1
(common )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
(corr. sides of~ s)
D
F
A
(AE = AG)
= AD
2
Daniel & Samuel

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282

A7(i)
Rev Ex 10
C
D
A
Prove: PDF ~ POC

DPF = OPC
(A) (common )
PDF = 180 CDF (s in line = 180)

= CAE
(s in opp. segments)
= 2OAC
(OA bisects CAE arc AC =
arc AE)
= OAC
(iso. OCA with 2 sides as radius)
+ OCA
= POC (A) (ext. = sum of int. opp. s)
(AA similarity)
PDF ~ POC
A7(ii) Prove: PD PC = PF PO
PD
PF
PO
( PDF ~ POC)
PC
PD PC = PF PO
A7(iii) Prove: PB PA = PF PO
In PBD & PCA,
BPD = CPA (A)
PDB = 180 BDC
= PAC (A)
PBD ~ PCA
PB
PD
(common )
(s in a line)
(s in opp. segments)
(AA similarity)
PC
PA
PB PA = PD PC
= PF PO
A8(i)
from (ii)
P
F
D
Q O
ADQ + QDC + CDF

= ADQ + (90) + CDF
= ADQ + 90 + (CFD)
= ADQ + 90 + (OFA)
= ADQ + 90 + (OAF)
= ADQ + 90 + (90 ADQ)
= 180
i.e. A,D and F lie on straight line
Daniel & Samuel

(tan rad)
(iso. CDF with CD = CF)
(Common )
(iso. OAF with OA = OF as radius)
(ADQ)
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283
Rev Ex 10
A8(ii) Prove: AD AF = AQ AB
[
AD
AQ
AB
AF
] or
AD
AB
In ADQ & ABF,

DAQ = BAF (A)
ADQ = 90
= AFB ()
ADQ ~ ABF
B1(i)
AD
AQ
P
F
AQ
AF
(common )
(given)
( in semicircle)
(AA similarity)
Q O
AB
AF
AD AF = AQ AB
Prove: ABF = EDF
(given)
ABD
= EDB
(given)
FBD
= FDB
Subtracting angles,
ABD FBD = EDB FDB
ABF
= EDF
B1(ii) Prove: ABF EDF
F
C
(proven)
(iso. ACE with CA = CE)
(iso. DBF
with FBD = FDB)
(AAS congruency)
ABF EDF
B1(iii) Prove: F is the mid point of AE
ABF = EDF(A)
BAF = DEF(A)
BF = DF
(S)
F
C
AF = EF
( ABF EDF )
F is the mid-point of AE
B2(i)
Prove: YDC ~ XYB

YCD = XBY(A)
YDC = XYB(A)
YDC ~ XYB
X
Y
(corr. )
(corr. )
(AA similarity)
B2(ii) Prove: YC = 2XB

YC
XB
=
=
=
DC
YB
AB
YB
(2YB)
X
A
( YDC ~ XYB)
(DC = AB;
equal opp. sides of ABCD)
(AB = 2YB)
YB
(1)
(2)
D
=2
YC = 2XB
Daniel & Samuel

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284

B3(i)
Rev Ex 10
Prove: CE = GE
A
D
In CAE & GAE,

CAE = GAE (A)
(AE bisects BAC)
ACB = 90
= ADF
= AGE (A)
(given)
(AB CD)
(corr.)
G
B
AE = AE
(S)
CAE GAE
CE = GE
B3(ii) Prove: CF = CE
B4(i)
(Common side)
(AAS congruency)
(corr. sides of s)
A
CEA = 90 CAE
= 90 DAF
= DFA
= CFE
iso. CEF
CF = CE
Prove: SM = 2TU
( ACE)
(AE bisects BAC)
( AFD)
(opp. )
( with 2 equal s)
SM QT
(PS = SQ, PM = MT,

mid pt thm)
In RSM & RUT,

SRM = URT (A)
RSM = RUT (A)
RSM ~ RUT
SM
RM
UT
RT
=2
SM = 2TU
B4(ii) Prove: 4TU = QT
QT = 2SM
= 2(2TU)
= 4TU
4TU = QT
D
F
G
B
common
corr.
(AA similarity)
(2)
(1)
U
Q
(RM = 2RT)
P
(PS = SQ, PM = MT,
mid pt thm)
(SM = 2TU)
T
U
Q
B4(iii) Find: area of TQR
area of TQR
= (QT)(height)
= (4TU)(height)
2
= 4 [ (TU)(height)]
1
2
1
QT = 4TU
U
Q
T
R
= 4(area of UTR)
= 4x
Daniel & Samuel

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285

B5(i)
Rev Ex 10
Prove: BXDY is a parallelogram

EX BY
XD BY
(AE = EB, AX = XY,

mid pt thm)
FY BX
BX YD
(CF = FB, CY = YX,

mid pt thm)
A
X
E
Y
B
(S)
E
Y
B
(equal opp. sides

of BXDY)
(SAS congruency)
AXB CYD
B5(iii) Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram
AB = CD (= )
CAB = ACD
AB CD( )
ABCD is a
( AXB CYD)
( AXB CYD)
(alt. )
(1 pair of equal & opp.
sides)
B6
Prove: BCD = 2BDA
B7
BCD = BCA + DCA

= (BDA) + DCA (s in same segment)
= BDA + (DBA) (s in same segment)
= BDA + (BDA) (iso. ABD with AB = AD)
= 2BDA
Prove: BC QR
D
X
E
Y
B
F
C
D
B
R
QRP = PQC
= PBC
BC QR
D
X
(S) (given)
YXB = XYD
(alt. )
AXB = CYD (A) (s in a line = 180)
XB = YD
( opp. sides)
BXDY is a
B5(ii) Prove: AXB ~ CYD
AX = CY
C
P
(alt. segment thm)

(s in same segment)
(alt. )
B
Q
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286
Rev Ex 10
B8(i)
A
C
C
O
H
R
Prove: PC 2 = PA PB AC BC
In APQ & QPB,
APQ = QPB
PQA = PBA
APQ ~ QPB
PQ
AP
(common )
(alt. segment thm)
(AA similarity)
PB
QP
PQ2 = PA PB
PC 2 = PH 2 + HC 2
= (PQ2 QH 2 ) + HC 2
= PQ2 + (HC 2 QH 2 )
= PQ2 + (HC + QH)(HC QH)
= PQ2 + (CH + HR)(QC)
= PQ2 QC RC
= PQ2 AC BC
= PA PB AC BC
B8(ii) Prove:
PC 2
PC
= (
2 PA
1
PB
(pythagoras thm)
(pythagoras thm)
[a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)]
QH = HR
(QC RC = AC BC)
(PQ2 = PA PB)
(tangent secant thm)
(not in syllabus)
= PA PB AC BC
= PA PB (PC PA) (PB PC)
= PA PB + (PA PC) (PB PC)
= PA PB + (PA)(PB) (PA + PB)(PC) + PC 2
= 2(PA)(PB) (PA + PB)(PC) + PC 2
PC(PA + PB) = 2(PA)(PB)

PC
1
PC
=
=
2(PA)(PB)
PA+PB
PA+PB
2(PA)(PB)
1 1
1
= (
2 PA
PB
Daniel & Samuel

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Ex 11.1
4(b)
Ex 11.1
1(a)
sin 45
cos 30+sin 60
1(b)
2
2
3 3
+
2
2
2
2
2
23
6
6
1st quadrant
= 390 360
= 30
=1
+1
=2
sin cos
=
=
3
6
3
3
( )( )
2
2
3
4
5
+ cos
+
+
4(c)
2
1
tan
3
sin tan +cos

3
4
6
=
1(d)
3
(
3
3
)(1)+( )
2
2
3
3
1 2
=1
sin =
4(d)
= 100
=
4
= 2(2)
1
tan A
1
2
Method 2 (non-graphical)
= 100 260
3rd quadrant
= 180
= 260 180
= 80
3rd quadrant
= 180 100
= 80
+ tan(90 A)
= 2 tan A +
= 60
2 tan A
= 60 300
4th quadrant
= 360
= 360 300
= 60
4th quadrant
= 60
sin cos(90 ) = sin sin

= (sin )2
=( )
= 390 30
1st quadrant
=
= 30
tan 45 + tan 30 tan 60

= (1) + ( ) (3)
1(c)
= 390

tan A = 2
=4
2
4(a)
= 250
3rd quadrant
= 250 180
= 70
= 250
3rd quadrant
= 180
= 250 180
= 70
5(a)
= 20
= , 180 , 180 + , 360
= 20, 160, 200, 340
5(b)
= 70
= , 180 , 180 + , 360
= 70, 110, 250, 290
5(c)
= 35
= , 180 , 180 + , 360
= 35, 145, 225, 315
6(a)
= , , + , 2
2 4 5
= , , ,
3
6(b)
= , , + , 2
4 6 9
= , , ,
5
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288

6(c)
7(i)
Ex 11.1
= 0.3
= , , + , 2
= 0.3, 2.84, 3.44, 5.98
R=
2(v0 )2
g
9(i)
Right angle triangle

sin A =
By Pythagoras Thm,
sin cos
adj = (3) 12
If v0 = 10, g = 10, = 30:

2(10)2
R =
3 1
A
adj
10
= 3 1
= 2
sin 30 cos 30
1
3
2
cos A =
= 20 ( ) ( )
2
2
3
, tan A =
1
2
= 53
Trigonometric ratio
7(ii)
If v0 = 7, g = 9.8, = 45:
2(7)2
R =
=
sin 45 cos 45
9.8
98 2
( )
9.8 2
2
2
( )
2
=
9(ii)
= 10 ( )
4
1
2
5
A
3
3
5
By Pythagoras Thm,
52
opp =
32
= 2
10(i)
+ tan ( A)
2
4
3
= +
= +
3
= tan A +
8(ii)
sin(90 A)tan 60
= cos A
(3)
= ( )
Trigonometric ratio
=2
9(iii)
=4
sin A = , tan A =
tan A

cos A =
tan A sin 45 = ( ) ( )
=5
8(i)
3
2
3
2
cos A cos 30 = ( ) ( )
A = 230
tan A
= 230 180
= 50
1
12
4 sin A
For 0 < B < 360

B = , 180 , 180 + , 360
= 50, 130, 230, 310
+ cos ( A)
2
= 4 sin A + sin A
= 5 sin A
10(ii)
= 5( )
=4
A = 320
= 360 320
= 40
For 0 < B < 360
B = , 180 , 180 + , 360
= 40, 140, 220, 320
Daniel & Samuel

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289

11(i)
Ex 11.1

opp
sin A = k =
12
A
adj
hyp

cos 35 = k
By Pythagoras Thm,
By Pythagoras Thm,
opp = 1 k 2
adj = 1 k 2
tan 35 =
Trigonometric ratio
cos A = 1 k 2
= 1 k 2 ( )
3
1k2
11(iii)
2 cos
6
tan(90A)
3
2( )
2
1
tan A
= (3) tan A
= 3 (
= k
1k2
k
Trigonometric ratio
tan 35
+ tan 45 + tan 55
11(ii) sin(90 A)tan 30

= cos A tan 30
1 opp
35
k
)
2
1k2
k
+1
=1
=1
=1
=1
=1
+ tan(90 35)
1k2
k
1k2
1k2
k
k
1k2
k
1k2 +k2
k1k2
1
k1k2
1
tan 35
1
k
1k2
1k
3
1k2
Daniel & Samuel

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290
Ex 11.2
3(a)
Ex 11.2
cos 330 = cos 30

=
Coordinates
x = 1
3
2
A
330
T
C
= 360 330 = 30
y = 3
3(b)
sin 225 = sin 45
r = (1)2 + (3) = 2
cos 240 =
tan 240 =
sec 240 =
csc 240 =
cot 240 =
2(a)
y
r
x
r
y
x
T
C
= 360 225 = 45
(3)
=
=
(2)
(1)
(2)
1
sin 240
1
tan 240
3
2
3(c)
=
=
=
sin 230 < 0
cos 350 > 0
tan 340 < 0
sin 160 > 0
cos
3
4
1
1
2
( )
1
3
( )
2
1
(3)
= 2
=
=
2
3
1
3
9
8
5
6
3(e)
cos(150) = cos 30
3(f)
A
350
C
A
340
) = tan ( )
3
sin = 0.2
3rd or 4th quadrant
11.5
S A
T C
3
2
3
tan = 3
2nd or 4th quadrant
71.6
0 < < 360
0 < < 360
= 180 + , 360
191.5, 348.5
4(b)
S A
150
T C
= 180 150 = 30
=
4(a)
A
160
tan (
= 3
= 180 , 360
108.4, 288.4
>0
tan(45) = tan 45 S A
= 1
45
T C
= 45
<0
3(d)
A
230
T
tan
2(f)
= 3
T
2(e)
= sin
2
T
2(d)
T
2(c)
T
2(b)
sin
(1)
cos 240
(3)
A
225
Trigonometric ratio
sin 240 =
A
9
8
T
Daniel & Samuel
C
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291

4(c)
cos =
Ex 11.2
5(a)
1st or 4th quadrant
=
4
S
T
tan A =
8
15
< 0 2nd or 4th quadrant
90 < A < 180 2nd quadrant

2nd quadrant
0 < < 2
= , 2
7
= ,
4
Quadrant
Coordinates
tan A =
8
15
r A
15
4(d)
cos = 0.7
2nd or 3rd quadrant
0.795
x = 15, y = 8,
r = 82 + (15)2 = 17
Trigonometric ratio
0 < < 2
= , +
2.35,3.94
4(e)
tan2 = 3
tan = 3
1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th quadrant
= 60
5(b)
S
(17)
8
17
15
17
2
5
< 0 3rd or 4th quadrant
90 < B < 270 2nd or 3rd quadrant

3rd quadrant
Coordinates
sin B =
2
5
3 sin = 2
2
sin
sin
3
2
y = 2, r = 5,
Quadrant
sin B =
= , 180 , 180 + , 360

= 60, 120, 240, 300
(15)
r
y
sin A = =
0 < < 360
4(f)
cos A = =
x = (5) (2)2
= 5 4 = 1
Trigonometric ratio

0.955
cos B = =
r
0 < < 2
cot B =
= , , + , 2
= 0.955 2.19, 4.10, 5.33
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
1
tan B
1
5
1
y
x
1
(2)
(1)
=
2
292

6
Ex 11.2
Quadrant
8(i)
cos A = > 0
Coordinates
sin 20 = k =
1st or 4th quadrant
y
r
y = k, r = 1,
cos A & sin A have same sign

1st or 3rd quadrant
20
x
x = 1 k 2
1st quadrant
Trigonometric ratio
sin 200 = sin 20 = k
Coordinates
1
cos A = =
A
8(ii)
x = 1, r = 2,
y = 22 12 = 3
8(iii)
Trigonometric ratio
y
sin(A) = sin A = =
r
tan A = =
x
7(i)
3
1
8(iv)
5
12
9(a)
<0
12
y
x
9(b)
5
(5)2
13
sin A = =
= 13
x
12
13
, cos A = =
cos(A) = cos A =
7(iii)
7(iv)
12
y
x
cos(9070)
k
1k2
1
cos 20
1
1k2
100 + 71 sec x = 0
71 sec x
= 100
sec x
cos x
13
13
tan A
Daniel & Samuel

71
71
1
5
12
( )
100
= 180 , 180 +
135.2, 224.8
5 cot x + 3 = 2 + 3 cot x
2 cot x
= 1
=
1
2
0 < x < 360
cos ( A) = sin A =
100
x = 180 , 360
= 116.6, 296.6
tan(A) = tan A = (
tan ( A) =
1
sin 70
tan x
= 2
63.4
2nd or 4th quadrant
Trigonometric ratio
7(ii)
csc 70 =
cot x
y = 5, x = 12,
r=
tan(20) = tan 20 =
Coordinates
122
= 1 k 2
0 < x < 360
4th quadrant
12
44.8
2nd or 3rd quadrant
tan A & cos A have opp. signs

3rd or 4th quadrant
[typo in book]
2nd or 4th quadrant
tan A =
1k2
= 3
Quadrant
tan A =
cos 20 = =
) =
12
5
12
12
5
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293

9(c)
Ex 11.2
10(a) 2 sin x 3 = 0
5 cos x = 3 sin 60
3
2
5 cos x = 3 ( )
5 cos x =
cos x
sin x
2
3
10
0 < x < 360
2 sin(x) = 0.3
2 sin x = 0.3
sin x
= 0.15
8.6
3rd or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 2
72.5
1st or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 360
x = ,
2
= ,
3
10(b)
cos x1
0.5cos x
=2
cos x 1 = 1 2 cos x
3 cos x = 2
cos x
S
0.841
1st or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 2
x = 180 + , 360
188.6, 351.4
9(e)
3
2
1st or 2nd quadrant
x = , 360
= 72.5, 287.5
9(d)
S
T
x = , 2
0.841,5.44
2 cos x = sec x
2 cos x =
cos 2 x =
cos x
10(c)
cos x
1
=7
4
= 7 14 tan2 x
14 tan2 x = 3
4
12 tan2 x
1
2
= 45
0 < x < 360
tan2 x
tan x
14
3
14
0.434
x = , 180 , 180 + , 360

= 45, 135, 225 , 315
0 < x < 2
9(f)
3 sin x + 2 = cot 15
3 sin x
= cot 15 2
1
sin x
= tan 15
0 < x < 360

x = , 180
35.3, 144.7
Daniel & Samuel

x = , , + , 2
0.434, 2.71, 3.58, 5.85
sin x
0.57735
35.3
1st or 2nd quadrant
11(i)
sin (x ) = sin [ ( x)]

= sin ( x)
2
= cos x [shown]
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294
Ex 11.2
11(ii) 3 sin (x ) + 3 = 3 cos x

2
13
3( cos x) + 3 = 3 cos x
3 3 cos x
= 3 cos x
23 cos x
=3
cos x
=
3
2
3 sin B + 2 = 0
3 sin B
= 2
S
1st or 4th quadrant
12
= <0
3
3rd or 4th quadrant

A & B are in different quadrant,
Case 1: A in 1st quadrant, B in 3rd quadrant
Case 2: A in 1st quadrant, B in 4th quadrant
Case 3: A in 3rd quadrant, B in 4th quadrant
Coordinates of A
1st quadrant:
y
x1 = 1
tan A = 2 =
x
in 1st or 3rd quadrant y1 = 2
x = , 2
11
sin B
0 < x < 2
= ,
Quadrant
tan A = 2 > 0
1st or 3rd quadrant
Quadrant
tan = 7 > 0 1st or 3rd quadrant
0 < < 180 1st or 2nd quadrant
1st quadrant
r1 = 12 + 22 = 5
r1
Coordinates
y
tan = 7 =
y = 7, x = 1,
1
2
3rd quadrant:
x2 = 1
y2 = 2
1
r2
r2 = 12 + 22 = 5
3rd quadrant:
y3 = 2
r3 = 3
Coordinates of B
r = 12 + 72
sin B = =
= 50 = 25 2 = 52
in 3rd or 4th quadrant
x3 = 32 (2)2 = 5
Value
v=
=
770 sin 135

sin
3852
7
52
770 sin 45
= 3852
y
r
52
7
770(
2
)
2
x3
7
52
385(5)(2)
7
2
= 550
x4
4th quadrant:
2 y4 = 2
r4 = 3
3 3
x4 = 32 (2)2 = 5
Values
Case 1: 3 sin A tan B
y
r1
2
x3
2
= 3 ( 1) ( 3)
= 3( ) (
) =
4
5

y
r1
2
x4
2
= 3 ( 1) ( 4)
=3 ( )( ) =

y
r2
2
x4
2
= 3 ( 2) ( 4)
=3 ( )( ) =
Daniel & Samuel

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14(i)
Ex 11.2
Coordinates
y
sin 130 = k =
15(i)
1 130
k
x
y = k, r = 1,
x = 1 k 2
k
1
14(ii) Coordinates
y
sin 50 = k =
r
50
y = k, r = 1,
x = 1 k 2
y
( )
x
k
1k2
1k2
k
15(ii)
y = 1
r=
k 2
k2, x
= k,
=0
40 1
k
x
r
T C
x 180 + , 360
185.7, 354.3
Combine answers:
x = 161.6, 198.4
cos(220)
( )
Trigonometric ratio
18.4
3rd or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 360
= 1 k 2 + k 2
=1
sec(220) =
1
10
10 sin x + 1 0
k2
2
k2)
+ (1
3
10
sin x
<0
x=
10
5.7
161.6, 198.4
3rd or 4th quadrant
y
x
3+10 cos x
10 sin x+1
14(iii) Coordinates
1k2
sin x
Combine answers:
x = 161.6
Trigonometric ratio
tan 40 = cot(90 40)
tan 50
10 sin x + 1 0
18.4
2nd or 3rd quadrant 0 < x < 360
0 < x < 360
S A
S A
T
C
x 180 + , 360
T C
198.4, 341.6
x = 180 , 180 +
161.6, 198.4
sin 50 = sin(180 130) = = k
tan 40 =
=0
10 sin x + 1
3 + 10 cos x = 0
= 3
10 cos x
cos x
Trigonometric ratio
3 + 10 cos x
k
1
1
cos(220)
1
=
k
1
cos(40)
16(i)
(a)
3 sin x 2 = 0
sin x
2
3
41.8
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 < x < 360
x = , 180
41.8, 138.2
Daniel & Samuel

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16(i)
(b)
tan x 4 = 0
tan x
=4
76.0
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 < x < 360
x = , 180 +
76.0, 256
Daniel & Samuel

Ex 11.2
16(ii) 3 sin x tan x 12 sin x 2 tan x + 8 = 0
3 sin x (tan x 4) 2(tan x 4) = 0
(tan x 4)(3 sin x 2)
=0
S
tan x = 4 or sin x =
2
3
x = 41.8, 76.0, 138.2, 256.0
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Ex 11.3
1(e)
Ex 11.3
1(a)
(sin x 1)(sin x + 1) = 0
sin x = 1
or sin x = 1
0 x 360
0 x 360
90 180 270 360
1(b)
90 180 270 360
x = 90
x = 270
(3 sin x 1)(tan x + 1) = 0
1
tan x = 1
sin x =
or
3
= 45
19.5
2nd or 4th quadrant
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 x 360
0 x 360
S A
S A
T
C
T C
x = 180 , 360
x = , 180
= 135, 315
= 19.5, 160
2(a)
1 sin x
1
7 7 sin x
7
10 7 sin x 3 4
90 180 270 360
90 180 270 360

1
x = 0, 360
x = 180
sin x (2 cos x 3) = 0
3
sin x = 0
or
cos x =
2
0 x 360
(no solution)
90 180 270 360
For y = 7 sin x 3,
min = 10
sin x = 1
0 x 360
x = 270
x = 0, 180, 360
1(d)
1(f)
0 x 360
1(c)
(cos x 1)(cos x + 1) = 0
cos x = 1
or cos x = 1
T C
x = 0, 180, 360 x = 180 , 360
104.0, 284.0
90 180 270 360
0 x 360
0 x 360
sin2 x (tan x + 4) = 0
tan x = 4
sin2 x = 0
or
76.0
sin x = 0
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 x 360
tan x (2 cos x 1) = 0
tan x = 0
or cos x = 1
90 180 270 360
0 x 360
= 60
1st or 4th quadrant
max = 4
sin x = 1
x = 90
0 x 360
90 180 270 360
x = 0, 180, 360
T C
x = , 360
= 60, 300
Daniel & Samuel

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298

2(b)
1
5
3
Ex 11.3
cos x
1
5 cos x
5
5 cos x + 2 7
For y = 5 cos x + 2,
min = 3
cos x = 1
0 x 360
x = 180
90 180 270 360
max = 7
cos x = 1
x = 0, 360
2(c)
1 sin x
1
3 3 sin x
3
1 4 3 sin x 7
For y = 4 3 sin x,
min = 1,
sin x = 1
0 x 360
x = 90
90 180 270 360
max = 7
sin x = 1
x = 270
Daniel & Samuel

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Ex 11.3
3(a) y = 3 cos(2x) + 2
i.e. a = 3, b = 2, c = 2
y = 3 cos(2x) + 2
5
Amplitude = |a| = |3| = 3

Period =
360
b
360
= 180
180
360
Workings
Domain
0 x 360
Axis with
y=23
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
3600
Cycle
180
=2
3(b) y = 5 sin 2x
= sin 2x + 5
i.e. a = 1, b = 2, c = 5
Period
2
b
2
2
y = 5 sin 2x
5
4
Workings
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
y=51
Amplitude
Shape
sin
20
Cycle
3(c)
=2
y = 4 sin 8x
i.e. a = 4, b = 8, c = 0
Period
360
b
360
8
= 45
y = 4 sin(8x)
45
-4
90
Workings
Domain
0 x 90
Axis with
y=04
Amplitude
Shape
+sin
Cycle
900
45
=2
Daniel & Samuel

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Ex 11.3
3(d) y = 6 cos (x) 4
i.e. a = 6, b = , c = 4
2
b
2
1
2

=
Period
= 6 cos ( ) 4
10
= 4
Workings
Domain
0 x 4
Axis with
y = 4 6
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
40
Cycle
=1
3(e) y = 2 sin(3x) 1
i.e. a = 2, b = 3, c = 1
Period
360
b
360
3
= 120
1
1
= 2 sin(3)
120 180
Workings
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
y = 1 2
Amplitude
Shape
+sin
1800
Cycle
3(f)
120
= 1.5
y = 2(2 cos 5x)

= 4 2 cos 5x
= 2 cos 5x + 4
i.e. a = 2, b = 5, c = 4
y = 2(2 cos 5x)

6
4

Period
360
b
360
5
= 72
72
144 180
Workings
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
y=42
Amplitude
Shape
cos
Cycle
1800
72
Daniel & Samuel

= 2.5
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301
Ex 11.3
3(g) y = 1 2 sin x
y = 2 sin ( x) + 1
= 2 sin ( x) + 1
3
i.e. a = 2, b = , c = 1
360
b
360
1
3
810
-1 O

Period
= 1080
Workings
Domain
0 x 810
Axis with
=12
Amplitude
Shape
8100
3
Cycle
=
1080
3(h) y = 1.3 + 1.2 cos 2t

= 1.2 cos 2t + 1.3
i.e. a = 1.2, b = 2, c = 1.3
y = 1.3 + 1.2 cos 2t

2.5
Amplitude = |a| = |1.2| = 1.2

Period
2
2
1.3
0.1
Workings
Domain
0 2
Axis with
= 1.3 1.2
Amplitude
Shape
+
20
Cycle
=2
4(ii) y|t=4 = 1.2 cos[2(4)] + 1.3

= 1.2 cos 8 + 1.3
= 1.13m
5(i)
y = p cos ( ) + q
2
i.e. a = p, b = , c = q
2
Period
2
b
2
1
2
= 4
Daniel & Samuel

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302
Ex 11.3
5(ii) q = min+max = (5)+(3) = 1

2
|p| =
maxmin
2
(3)(5)
=4
p = 4 or p = 4
5(iii) p < q
p = 4, q = 1
y = 4 cos ( x) 1
2
3
x
y = 4 cos ( ) 1
2
-1
Amplitude = 4
Period
= 4
-5
Workings
Domain
0 x 4
Axis with
y = 1 4
Amplitude
Shape
cos
40
Cycle
6(i)
=1
y1 = 4 sin 2x
i.e. a = 4, b = 2, c = 0
Period
360
b
360
2
= 180
y2 = 2 cos x 1
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 1
Period
360
b
360
1
4
1
3
4
180
2 = 2 cos 1
360
1 = 4 sin 2
= 360
Workings
1 = 4 sin 2
Domain
0 < x 360
Axis with
y=04
Amplitude
Shape
+sin
Cycle
3600
180
=2
2 = 2 cos 1
Domain
0 < x 360
Axis with
y = 1 2
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
Cycle
3600
360
Daniel & Samuel

=1
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303
Ex 11.3
6(ii) 4 sin(2x) + 1 = 2 cos x

4 sin 2x
= 2 cos x 1
y1
= y2
4 Intersections
4 real roots
7(a) y = 5 tan x
i.e. a = 5, b = 1, c = 0
Period
180
b
180
1
= 180
y = 5 tan
x
360
180
= 90
= 270
Workings
Domain
0 x 360
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
+
3600
Cycle
=2
180
7(b)
y = 4 tan 3x
i.e. a = 4, b = 3, c = 0
180
180
Period =
=
= 60
b
= 4 tan 3
60
= 30
120
= 90
180
= 120
Workings
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
1800
Cycle
=3
60
Daniel & Samuel

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304

7(c)
Ex 11.3
y = 3 tan 2x
i.e. a = 3, b = 2, c = 0
Period
= 3 tan 2
2
=
3
4
3
2
5
4
7
4
Workings
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
+tan
20
Cycle
=4
7(d) y = 1.5 tan 4x

i.e. a = 1.5, b = 4, c = 0
Period
= 1.5 tan 4
3
8
5
8
7
8
Workings
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
0
Cycle
=4
Daniel & Samuel

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8(a)
Ex 11.3
10(d) A = maxmin = (3.5)(0.5) = 1.5
sin1 ( ) =
2
= 30
8(b) cos 1 ( 1) = 180
2
= 180 60
= 120
8(c)
tan1 (3) =
3
1
2
b=
c=
A = sin1 ( )
4th quadrant
B = cos 1 h, h < 0 2nd quadrant

C = tan1 k
1st or 4th quadrant
A and B cannot be in the same quadrant
9(ii) For A and C to be in the same quadrant,
they have to be in the 4th quadrant.
k<0
10(a) A = maxmin = (5)(1) = 3
2
c=
10(b) A =
=
=
2
(3.5)+(0.5)
2
=2
11(ii) 1 sin 4t 1
20 20 sin 4t 20
max = 20
20 sin 4t = 20
sin 4t = 1
4t =
t
0.393
11(iii) I = 20 sin 4t
i.e. a = 20, b = 4, c = 0
Amplitude
= |a| = |20| = 20
=
2
b
2
4
=
2
a = 3
360
Period
T = 90
b=
T
4
max+min
) =
=
9(i)
a = 1.5
11(i) I = 20 sin 4t
i.e. a = 20, b = 4, c = 0
Amplitude
= |a| = |20| = 20
=
8(d) sin1 (
T = 4
360
T
90
max+min
2
maxmin
= 20 sin 4
= 4
20
(5)+(1)
2
1(3)
2
=2
0
-20
= 2
T=
Workings
a=2
b=
c=
max+min
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
= 0 20
Amplitude
Shape
+
= 2
(1)+(3)
2
= 1
10(c) A = maxmin = (4)(2) = 3

2
Cycle
T = 180
0
1
=2
a = 3
b=
c=
360
T
180
max+min
2
=2
=
(4)+(2)
2
Daniel & Samuel

=1
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306
Ex 11.3
12(a) y = |6 sin 3x + 2|
i.e. a = 6, b = 3, c = 2

Period
2
b
8
4
2
y = |6 sin 3x + 2|
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
=26
Amplitude
Shape
+
0
3
Cycle
2 =
2
12(b) y = |4 cos (x) 1|
i.e. a = 4, b = , c = 1
2

Period
2
b
2
1
2
= 4
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
= 1 4
Amplitude
Shape
+
0
1
Cycle
=
4
Daniel & Samuel

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Ex 11.3
12(c) y = |2 tan 3x|

i.e. a = 2, b = 3, c = 0
Period
y = |2 tan 3x|
3
=
2
3
=
5
6
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
+
0
Cycle
=3
12(d) y = |5 + 3 sin x|
= |3 sin x + 5|
i.e. a = 3, b = 1, c = 5
8
Period
2
b
2
1
= |5 + 3 sin |
= 2
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
=53
Amplitude
Shape
+
0
1
Cycle
=
2
Daniel & Samuel

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308
Ex 11.3
12(e) y = |sin 2x + 1| for 0 x .

i.e. a = 1, b = 2, c = 1
= |sin 2 + 1|
2
Period
2
b
2
2
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
=11
Amplitude
Shape
+
0
Cycle
=1
12(f) y = |1.5 cos 4x 2| for 0 x .

i.e. a = 1.5, b = 4, c = 2
Amplitude = |a| = |1.5| = 1.5
Period
2
4
=
2
= |1.5 cos 4 2|
3.5
2
0.5
-2
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
y = 2 1.5
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
0
Cycle
=2
13(i) Amplitude = 4
a=4
Period
360
b
= 120
= 120
=3
c = max amplitude
=24
= 2
Daniel & Samuel

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309

13(ii) y = 4 sin 3x 2
13(iii) Amplitude = 4
Period
= 120
y = b + c cos ax
= 3 2 cos 4x
= 2 cos 4x + 3
Amplitude = 2
Period
360
4
Ex 11.3
y
5
2
1
-2
= 3 2 cos 4
90
180
= 4 sin 3 2
-6
= 90
Workings
= 4 3 2
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
= 2 4
Amplitude
Shape
+
1800
Cycle
= 1.5
120
y = b + c cos ax
= 3 2 cos 4x
= 2 cos 4x + 3
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
=32
Amplitude
Shape
1800
Cycle
=2
90
Daniel & Samuel

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310
Ex 11.3
14(i) y = a sin (x) + c
16(i) Vertical
component
r sin
Amplitude = 4
a=4
Period
2
1
b
( )
2b
b
14(ii) c
a=
40
= 20
2
2
= 4
b=
= 4
c = 25
= 4
=2
16(ii)
( , sin )
360
180
y
y = 20 sin
45
= min + amplitude
=1+4
=5
180
t + 25
25
5
14(iii) y = 4 sin ( x) + 5
Amplitude = 4
Period
= 4
16(iii) y
20 sin
9
5
(, 9)
sin
(5, 9)
180
180
= 40
t + 25 = 40
3
4
0.848
1
y = 4 sin ( x) + 5
2
(3, 1)
6
Workings
180
180
180
t 2
t = ,
t = 0.848,2.29
= 48.6s, 131. s
Domain
0 x 6
Axis with
=54
Amplitude
Shape
+
60
Cycle
15
3
2
y = a sin bt
Period
2
b
=4
=4
=
Max = 0.55 a = 0.55
y = 0.55 sin t
2
Daniel & Samuel

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311

17
Ex 11.3
y1 = 2 cos 2x
i.e. a = 2, b = 2, c = 0

Period
2
b
2
2
y2 = 1 + sin x
= sin x + 1
i.e. a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
1 = 2 cos 2
2
1
O
2 = sin + 1
x
-2

Period
2
b
2
1
= 2
Workings
1 = 2 2
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
=02
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
=2
2 = + 1
[0,2]
Domain
Axis with
=11
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
2
=1
17(i) 2 cos 2x = sin x + 1

y1 = y2
4 intersections
4 distinct values of x
17(ii)
y
= 2 cos 2
2
O
= sin + 1
x
-2
7 intersections
7 distinct values of x
Daniel & Samuel

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312
Ex 11.3
18(i) y1 = sin x
i.e. a = 1, b = 1, c = 0
Period
2
b
= 2
y2 = 2 cos x
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 0
Period
2
b
2
1
y
2
1

-1 2
2 = 2 cos
x
2
1 = sin
-2
= 2
18(ii) 2 intersection 2 roots
<x<
Workings
1 =
Domain
0 2
Axis with
=01
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
2
=1
2 = 2
Domain
0 2
Axis with
=02
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
2
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=1
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313

19
Ex 11.3
y1 = tan 3x
i.e. a = 1, b = 3, c = 0
Period = =
b
y2 = tan 2x
2
2 tan 3x
= 5 tan 2x
tan 3x
= tan 2x
i.e. a = , b = 2, c = 0
2
2 = tan 2
Period =
1 = tan 3
5
2
y1
= y2
6 intersections
6 solutions
5
6
Workings
1 = 3
Domain
0x
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
+
0
Cycle
=3
y2 = tan 2x
2
Domain
0x
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
Cycle
=2
20(a) tan [cos 1 (1)] = tan()

2
= tan ( )
3
= 3
20(b) sin[tan1 (1)] = sin()
= sin ( )
4
= sin ( )
4
20(c) cos [sin1 ( 3)] = cos()

2
= cos ( )
3
= cos
3
1
=
2
Daniel & Samuel

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314

20(d) cos 1 [cos 4]
Ex 11.3
= cos 1 ( cos )
= cos 1 ( )
2
2
3
21(i) y = 3 cos x + 2
i.e. a = 3, b = 1, c = 2
Period
2
b
2
1
= 2
21(ii) x = is line of symmetry

+
2
y
= 3 cos + 2
5
2
-1
= 2
Workings
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
=23
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
2
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=1
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315
Ex 11.3
22(i) y1 = 2 + cos x
= cos x + 2
i.e. a = 1, b = 1, c = 2
Amplitude
= |a| = |1| = 1
Period
= 2
y
4
3
= 2 + cos
y2 = 4 sin x
2
i.e. a = 4, b = , c = 0
1
= 4 sin
2
x
2

Period
2
b
2
1
2
= 4
Workings
1 = 2 +
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
=21
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
2
=1
1
2 =
2
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
=04
Amplitude
Shape
+
Cycle
20
4
1
2
22(ii) 2 sin 1 x k cos x = 1

2
1 k cos x
= 2 sin x
2
2 + 2k cos x
= 4 sin x
y1
= y2
2 + cos x
= 4 sin x
2
Compare coefficient of cos x

2k = 1
1
k=
2
22(iii) x = is line of symmetry

a+c
2
=
= 2 a
Daniel & Samuel

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23
Ex 11.3
y1 = 3.1 tan 2x
i.e. a = 3.1, b = 2, c = 0
Period
180
180
2
= 90
1 = 3.1 tan 2
2
y2 = 2 cos 4x
i.e. a = 2, b = 4, c = 0
Period
360
360
4
90
2 = 2 cos 4
180
= 90
= 45
= 135
Workings
1 = 3.1 2
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
1800
Cycle
90
=2
2 = 2 4
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
= 0 2
Amplitude
Shape
+
1800
Cycle
90
=2
T = 90
45 < < 90
2 cos 4x + 3.1 tan 2x = 0
3.1 tan 2x
= 2 cos 4x
3.1 tan 2x = 2 cos 4x
y1
= y2
Period = 90
x = , + 90, + 180, + 270
24(a) Let A = cos 1 ( 1)
5
2nd quadrant
1
cos A = =
5
1
x = 1, r = 5
y = 52 (1)2 = 24
= 26
sin [cos 1 ( )] = sin A=
Daniel & Samuel

26
5
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317
Ex 11.3
24(b) Let B = sin1 ( 2)
4th quadrant
2
sin B = =
y = 2, r = 3,
x = 32 (2)2 = 5
2
tan [sin1 ( )] = tan B =
2
5
25(a) y = cos x tan x

Familiar
y = sin x
25(b) y = sin2 x
y = cos 2 x
Complementary shape
26(a) [check for error]
sin1 (sin x) = x
Dgf = Df =
True
26(b) sin(sin1 x) = x

Dgf = Df = [ , ]
2 2
False
26(c) cos 1 (cos x) = x
Dgf = Df =
False
26(d) tan(tan1 x) = x

Dgf = Df = ( , )
2 2
False
26(e) < x <
2
2
1 (tan
tan
x) = x

Dgf = Df = ( , ) = ( , )
2 2
2 2
True
26(f) If cos x = 0.2 then x = cos 1 0.2
Not necessarily true.
x can assume other values depending on the domain restriction
Daniel & Samuel

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Rev Ex 11
A2(i) Quadrant
Rev Ex 11
tan A = > 0
A1(a) 2 cos x 1 = 4 cos x
2 cos x
= 1
cos x
cos B = < 0 2nd or 3rd quadrant

5
Same quadrant 3rd quadrant
1
2
= 60
2nd or 3rd quadrant
0 x 360
x = 180 , 180 +
= 120, 240
Coordinates of A
sin x
=
-3
r = (3)2 + (4)2 = 5
Coordinates of B
3
x2
r2
cos B = =
3
2
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th quadrant
-3
y2
x2 = 3, r2 = 5
y2 = 52 (3)2 = 4
Trigonometric ratio
0 x 2
x = , , + , 2
2 4 5
= , , ,
3
-4
r
y = 3, x = 4,
tan A = =
A1(b) 4 sin2 x = 3
sin2 x
1st or 3rd quadrant
sin A = =
A2(ii) tan(B) = tan B = (y2 ) = (4) = 4

x2
A1(c) (2 sin x + 1)(2 cos x + 5) = 0

sin x =
1
2
or
cos x =
A2(iii) sec A tan B =
(no solution)
= 30
3rd or 4th quadrant
0 x 360
S
=
=
1
2
or
x
r
( )
1
4
5
( )
x2
( )
3
A3(i) y = a cos bx + c
cot x =
tan x =
Amplitude = 3
|a|
=3
a = 3 or a = 3
(rej a is a positive integer)
3
2
2
3
1st or 4th quadrant 0.588

2nd or 4th quadrant
0 x 2
S
T C
x = , 2
5
= ,
3
tan B
cos A
1 y2
A1(d) (2 cos x 1)(2 cot x + 3) = 0

=
T C
x = 180 + , 360
= 210, 330
cos x =
Daniel & Samuel

0 x 2
Period = 60
360
b
T C
x = , 2
= 2.55,5.70
= 60
=
360
6
=6
A3(ii) c
(a)
sleightofmath.com
= min + |a|
=4
+3
= 7
319

A3(ii)
(b)
Rev Ex 11
A4(ii) 3 intersections
3 sol
= 3 cos 6 + 7
10
7
A5(a) 4 tan1 1 cos 1 ( 3)

2
60
120
180
= 4( )
( )
( )
Workings
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
y=73
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
1800
Cycle
=3
A5(b) cos [sin1 (
1
2
)] = cos()
= cos ( )
60
= cos
=
1
2
A4(ii) y = 5 tan 2x
i.e. a = 5, b = 2, c = 0
Period
2
= 5 tan 2
Workings
Domain
0 x 2\pi
Axis with
Amplitude
Shape
+tan
20
Cycle
=4
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Rev Ex 11
A6(i) y1 = cos 2x
i.e. a = 1, b = 2, c = 0
Amplitude
= |a| = |1| = 1
Period
2
b
2
2
y2 = 2 sin x
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 0
Amplitude
= |a| = |2| = 2
Period
2
b
2
1
= 2
y
2
1
1 = cos 2
-1
2 = 2 sin
-2
Workings
y1 = cos 2x
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
y=01
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
20
Cycle
=2
y2 = 2 sin x
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
y=02
Amplitude
Shape
+sin
20
Cycle
=1
2
A6(ii) cos 2x = 0.6 for 0 x 2

(a)
y1 = 0.6
4 intersections 4 sol
1
O
1 = cos 2 = 0.6
-1
A6(ii) cos 2x = 2 sin x for 0 x 2
(b)
y1 = y2
2
1
O
1 = cos 2
-1
4 sol
2 = 2 sin
-2
A6(ii) cos 2x 2 sin x = 1
for 0 x 2
(c)
cos 2x
= 2 sin x + 1
y1
= 2 sin x + 1
y
3
1
O
= 2 sin + 1
1 = cos 2
-1
Daniel & Samuel

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Rev Ex 11
A6(ii) 2|sec 2x| = |csc x| for 0 x 2

2
1
(d)
=
|cos 2x|
|cos 2x|
2
|sin x|
= |sin x|
|cos 2x| = |2 sin x|

|y1 |
= |y2 |
= 2|sin |
= |cos 2|
4 sol
B1(a) (2 sin2 x + sin x)(tan x 3 cos 20) = 0
sin x (2 sin x + 1)(tan x 2.82)
=0
1
sin x = 0
or
sin x =
or
2
0 x 360
= 30
3rd or 4th quadrant

1
90 180 270 360
x = 0, 180, 360
Daniel & Samuel

0 x 360
S
T C
x = 180 + , 360
= 210, 330
tan x = 2.82
70.5
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 x 360
S
T C
x = , 180 +
= 70.5, 250.5
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322
Rev Ex 11
B1(b) |3 tan x 1| = 2
3 tan x 1 = 2
3 tan x
=3
tan x
=1
= 45
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 x 360
S
tan x
0 < x < 2
r = 12 + (2)2 = 5
Trigonometric ratio
1
tan A
1
2
=
2
B3(iii) sin ( A) cos 150

2
( cos 30)
= cos A
0 < x < 2
y = 2, x = 1
B3(ii) cot A =
S A
T C
x = , +
3
5
= ,
x=
Coordinates
y
tan A = 2 =
sin(A) = sin A = = ( ) =
2nd or 3rd quadrant
B3(i) Quadrant
A = tan1 (2) 4th quadrant
T C
x = 180 , 360
= 161.6, 341.6
B1(c) tan x (2 cos x + 1) = 0

tan x = 0
cos x =
18.4
2nd or 4th quadrant
T C
x = , 180 +
= 45, 225
B1(d)
0 x 360
90 180 270 360
B2(iv) q = 6
p = 2 8 = 6
3 tan x 1 = 2
3 tan x
= 1
=
=
=
1
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
15
10
3
)
2
3
)
2
3
)
2
=3
sec x1
sec x 1 =
sec x
cos x
2
3
5
3
3
5
0.927
1st or 4th quadrant
S
T
0 < x < 2
x = , 2
= 0.927,5.36
B2(i) A = maxmin = (2)(6) = 4
2
2
B2(ii)
T = 8
a = 4
b=
c=
T
8
max+min
2
=
=
4
2+(6)
2
= 2
B2(iii) (6 + 8, 2)
(14, 2)
Daniel & Samuel
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323
Rev Ex 11
B4(i) y1 = |2 cos x 1|
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 1
B5(ii) y = 3 tan x + 1
i.e. a = 3, b = 1, c = 1
180 180
Period =
=
= 180
b
1

Period
2
b
2
1
= 2
3
1
1 = |2 cos 1|
2
y = 3 tan x + 1
y2 =
2x
3
+1
150
330
= 90
Workings
Domain
0 < x < 2
Axis with
y = 1 2
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
20
Cycle
=1
360
180
= 270
Workings
Domain
0 x 360
Axis with
y=1
Amplitude
Shape
+tan
3600
Cycle
=2
180
B4(ii) 2x + 3 = 3|2 cos x 1|
2x
3
+1
= |2 cos x 1|
B5(iii) 3 tan x + 1 0
y2
= y1
3 sol
0 x < 90 or 150 x < 270

or 330 x 360
B5(i) 3 tan x + 1 = 0
tan x
1
3
= 30
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 x 360
x = 180 , 360
= 150, 330
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Rev Ex 11
B6(i) y = cos 2x
i.e. a = 1, b = 2, c = 0

Period
2
b
2
2
2
1
1
2
= cos 2
x
= 2 sin 6
y = 2 sin 6x
i.e. a = 2, b = 6, c = 0
Period
2
b
2
6
Workings
y1 = cos 2x
Domain
0x
Axis with
y=02
Amplitude
Shape
+sin
0
Cycle
=3
y2 = 2 sin 6x
Domain
0x
Axis with
y=01
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
0
Cycle
=1
B6(ii) cos 2x = 2 sin 6x

[Symmetry]
x = is vertical line of symmetry for y = cos 2x

2
( , 0) is point of symmetry for y = cos 2x

2
x=+( )
2
Period of collective graph =

x = + ()
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Ex 12.1
2(i)
Ex 12.1
1(a)
sec x cos x =
1
cos x
1(d)
sin x cot x = sin x (
cos x
sin x
3rd quadrant:
y = 1, r = 3,
x = 32 (1)2 = 8
4th quadrant:
y2 = 1, r2 = 3,
sin x
(1cos x)(1+cos x)
sec =
sin x
1cos2 x
sin x
sin2 x
1
sin x
sin =
2(ii)
cos = 1 sin2
sec =
tan =
x
r
2
1(1)
3
1
8
= 8 =
3
3
8
3(a)
3
8
3
8
or
1
8
3
3
8
= sin sec
1
3
1
x
1
8
1
=(
cos
= ( ) (
y
1
or
1
cos x
LHS = sec x
sin
or
8
3
1sin2
1
tan =
=
cos = 1 sin2
cos
-1
cos
1
=
-1
x2
x2 = 32 12 = 8
Values
= csc x
2(ii)
(sec x + 1)(sec x 1)
= sec 2 x 1
= (tan2 x + 1) 1
= tan2 x
2(i)
3rd or 4th quadrant
= cos x
1(c)
sin = = < 0
cos x
=1
1(b)
Coordinates
sin x
) sin x
sin x
cos x
= tan x
= RHS [proven]
3(b)
LHS = cos x tan x

= cos x (
sin x
cos x
= sin x
= RHS [proven]
3(c)
LHS =
=
cos2 x+sin2 x
1cos2 x
1
sin2 x
= csc 2 x
= RHS [proven]
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3(d)
3(e)
Ex 12.1
LHS = 2 + 3 sin2 x
= 2 + 3(1 cos 2 x)
= 2 + (3 3 cos 2 x)
= 5 3 cos 2 x
= RHS [proven]
6(ii)
1
cos2 x
sin2 x
cos2 x
2
1
sin2 x
1
sin x
sin x
sin (
7(c)
2+2 cos 2+2 cos
1
cos2 x
LHS
= (1 +
=(
sin x
1
cos x
1
) (1 +
)
+
cos x cos x
sin x sin x
cos x+sin x1
cos x
sin x+cos x+1

sin x
(sin x + cos x)2 12

sin x cos x
= 4 cot [shown]
sin2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x 1

sin x cos x
x
= 3 cos
x
cos =
= sin (
=
sin2
4 cos
sin
= 2 tan
=2
(1)
sin
1
2
(2)
=2
= RHS [proven]
sub (1) into (2):

1
2
xy
2 sin x cos x + sin2 x + cos 2 x 1

sin x cos x
2 sin x cos x + (1)
1
=
sin x cos x
2 sin x cos x
=
sin x cos x
cos
sin = y cos
= (1 + tan x sec x) (1 + cot x + csc x)
1cos2
xy
= tan2 x
= RHS [proven]
1cos
1+cos
2(1+cos )2(1cos )
= sin (
6(i)
LHS = sin2 x + tan2 x sin2 x

= sin2 x (1 + tan2 x)
= sin2 x (sec 2 x)
= sin2 x (
LHS = (sin + cos )2

= sin2 + 2 sin cos + cos 2
= sin2 + cos 2 +2 sin cos
=1
+2 sin cos
= RHS [shown]
2
7(b)
= csc x cot x
= RHS [proven]
4
xy 2
LHS = sin4 x cos 4 x

= (sin2 x)2 (cos 2 x)2
= (sin2 x + cos 2 x) (sin2 x cos 2 x)
(sin2 x cos 2 x)
=1
= sin2 x cos 2 x
= RHS [proven]
) cos x
cos x
+ (6
7(a)
LHS = (1 + cot 2 x) cos x

= (csc 2 x) cos x
=(
= 4x 2
= 4(9 cos 2 ) +36 sin2

= 36 cos 2 +36 sin2
= 36(sin2 + cos 2 )
= 36
= tan x
= RHS [proven]
3(f)
+x 2 y 2
+(xy)2
= 4(3 cos )2 +(6 sin )2 x = 3 cos , sin =
LHS = sin2 x (1 + tan2 x)

= sin2 x (sec 2 x)
= sin2 x (
4x 2
= 4x 2
sin = y ( )
sin =
Daniel & Samuel

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7(e)
Ex 12.1
LHS
=
8(ii)
LHS = csc 2 x + sec 2 x
3 6 cos 2 x
sin x cos x
=
=
3(sin2 x + cos 2 x)
6 cos 2 x
=
sin x cos x
2
3 sin x + 3 cos x
6 cos x
sin x cos x
3 sin2 x 3 cos 2 x
sin x cos x
1
sin2 x
1
cos2 x
cos2 x+sin2 x
sin2 x cos2 x
1
sin2 x cos2 x
= csc 2 x sec 2 x
= RHS [proven]
8(iii)
3(sin2 x cos 2 x)
=
sin x cos x
3(sin x + cos x)(sin x cos x)
=
sin x cos x
LHS = (cot x + tan x)2

= (csc x sec x)2
= csc 2 x sec 2 x
= csc 2 x + sec 2 x
= 3(sin x + cos x)
= RHS [deduced]
= RHS [proven]
9
7(f)
LHS
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
tan2 x
=
cot x)
1
1 (tan2 x + 1)
1
1
1 sec 2 x
LHS
= (sec x + tan x)(sec x tan x)
+(csc x + cot x)(csc x
1
1 + cot 2 x
= sec 2 x tan2 x
+ csc 2 x cot 2 x
= (tan2 x + 1) tan2 x
+(cot 2 x + 1) cot 2 x
=1
+1
=2
1
1
1
csc 2 x
1
1
=
=
= sec 2 x = RHS
2
1 sin x cos 2 x
= RHS [proven]
10
LHS
= (sin + cos )2 (sin + cos )(sin cos )
= (sin + cos )[(sin + cos ) (sin cos )]
[proven]
= (sin + cos )(2 cos )

8(i)
LHS = cot x + tan x

=
=
=
cos x
sin x
= 2 cos (sin + cos )
sin x
= RHS [proven]
cos x
cos2 x+sin2 x
sin x cos x
1
sin x cos x
= csc x sec x
= RHS [proven]
Daniel & Samuel

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11
Ex 12.1
sin x + sin y = a
sin y
= a sin x
13
(1)
cos x + cos y = a
cos y
= a cos x
1sin x
LHS =
1+sin x
1sin x
1+sin x
(2)
(1)2 + (2)2 :
sin2 y + cos 2 y = (a sin x)2
+(a cos x)2
2
2
1
= (a 2a sin x + sin x) +(a2 2a cos x +
cos 2 x)
1
= 2a2 2a(sin x + cos x) + sin2 + cos 2 x
1
= 2a2 2a(sin x + cos x) +1
2a(sin x + cos x) = 2a2
sin x + cos x = a
k=
1
k
=
=
=
=
=
1sin x
1sin x
(1sin x)2
12(i)
1sin2 x
(1sin x)2
=
=
cos2 x
1sin x
cos x
(1 sin x) > 0
[
]
cos x > 0
for acute x
= sec x tan x
= RHS [proven]
Different restriction results in different output of
trigo f(x)
1+sin x
cos x
13(i)
cos x
1+sin x
cos x
1+sin x
1sin x
1+sin x
1sin x
1sin x
cos x(1sin x)
1 sin x 1 sin x
1 + sin x 1 sin x
(1 sin x)2
1 sin2 x
(1 sin x)2
cos 2 x
1sin2 x
cos x(1sin x)
cos2 x
1sin x
cos x
[proven]
12(ii) k + 1 = 1+sin x + 1sin x

k
k2 +1
k
cos x =
cos x
2
cos x
2k
k2 +1
Put cos x =
2k2
k2 +1
2k
k2 +1
into k =
= 1 + sin x
=
=
=
sin x = 1
sin x
1 sin x
cos x
x is obtuse, (1 sin x) > 0, cos x < 0
= sec x + tan x
= tan x sec x
cos x
1+sin x
cos x
,
13(ii)
2k2
k2 +1
2k2
k2 +1
2k2
k2 +1
k2 1
k2 +1
={
k2 +1
1 sin x
1 + sin x
14
k2 +1
sec x tan x , for x in 1st or 4th quadrant
tan x sec x for x in 2nd or 3rd quadrant
4 sin A cos A +(cos 2 A 10 sin A cos A + 25 sin2 A)

+9 cos 2 A + 6 sin A cos A + sin2 A
= 10 cos 2 A + 26 sin2 A
= 10 cos 2 A + 26(1 cos 2 A)
= 26 16 cos 2 A
= p cos 2 A + q
p = 26
q = 16
Daniel & Samuel

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Ex 12.2
2(b)
Ex 12.2
1(a)
5 cos x + 2 sin x = 0
2 sin x
= 5 cos x
tan x
5
2
90 180 270 360
0 < x < 360

x = , 180 +
53.1, 233.1
3(b)
0 < x < 360

x = 180 , 360
= 149.0, 329.0
T C
x = 180 + , 360
= 191.5, 348.5
90 180 270 360
x = 270
2 tan2 x 3 tan x 2 = 0
(2 tan x + 1)(tan x 2) = 0
1
tan x =
or tan x = 2
2
63.4
26.6
1st or 3rd quadrant
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 x 360
S
sin x sin x tan x = 0

sin x (1 tan x) = 0
sin x = 0
or
tan x = 1
= 45
1
1st or 3rd quadrant
90 180 270 360
0 < x < 360
T C
x = , 180
= 30, 150
41.0
2nd or 4th quadrant
11.5
3rd or 4th quadrant
2 sin2 x + sin x 1
=0
(2 sin x 1)(sin x + 1) = 0
1
sin x =
or sin x = 1
2
0 x 360
= 30
1st or 2nd quadrant

1
0 x 360
3 cos x + 7 sin x = 2 sin x

5 sin x
= 3 cos x
tan x
2(a)
3(a)
53.1
1st or 3rd quadrant
1(c)
0 < x < 360

x = 180
3(sin x cos x) = cos x

3 sin x 3 cos x = cos x
3 sin x
= 4 cos x
0 < x < 360

x = 180 , 360
111.8, 291.8
tan x
68.2
2nd or 4th quadrant
1(b)
tan x + 5 tan x sin x = 0

tan x (1 + 5 sin x) = 0
tan x = 0
or sin x = 1
T C
x = 180 , 360
= 153.4, 333.4
0 x 360
S
T C
x = , 180 +
= 63.4, 243.4
0 < x < 360
0 < x < 360

x = 180
T C
x = , 180 +
= 45, 225
Daniel & Samuel

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3(c)
Ex 12.2
6 cos 2 x 5 cos x 1
=0
(6 cos x + 1)(cos x 1) = 0
1
cos x =
or cos x = 1
4(a)
4 sin x cos x 3 sin x = 0

sin x (4 cos x 3) = 0
3
sin x = 0
or
cos x =
4
0 x 2
80.4
0 x 360
2nd or 3rd quadrant
0.723
1st or 4th quadrant
0 x 2
0 x 360
S A
T C
x = 180 , 180 +
= 99.6, 260.4
3(d)
90 180 270 360
90 180 270 360
1
3
x = 0, , 2
x = 0, 360
4(b)
or sec x = 2
cos x = 3
(no solution)
3 sec 2 x 7 sec x + 2 = 0
(3 sec x 1)(sec x 2) = 0
sec x =
cos x =
3 sin2 x + sin x cos x

sin x (3 sin x + cos x)
sin x = 0
or
0 x 2
= 60
1st or 4th quadrant
90 180 270 360
x = 0, , 2
0 x 360
S
T C
x = , 360
= 60, 300
3(e)
x = 0, 180, 360
Daniel & Samuel

4(c)
0 x 360
S
=0
=0
3 sin x = cos x
tan x =
1
3
0.322
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 x 2
S
T C
x = , 2
= 2.82,5.96
7 sin3 x + sin2 x = 0
sin2 x (7 sin x + 1) = 0
sin x = 0
or sin x = 1
7
0 x 360
8.2
3rd or 4th quadrant

1
90 180 270 360
T C
x = , 2
= 0.723,5.56
2 csc 2 x 7 csc x 4 = 0
(2 csc x + 1)(csc x 4) = 0
1
csc x = 4
csc x =
or
2
sin x = 2
(no solution)
sin x =
1
4
0.253
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 x 2
T C
x = 180 + , 360
188.2, 351.8
T C
x = ,
= 0.253, 2.89
sleightofmath.com
331

4(d)
Ex 12.2
2 cos 2 x cos x 1 = 0
(2 cos x + 1)(cos x 1) = 0
1
cos x =
or cos x = 1
=
0 x 2
1
90 180 270 360
S A
T C
x = , +
4(e)
2 4
3
x 60 = , 180 +
= 30, 210
x
= 90, 270
x = 0, 2
5(c)
3 sin 2x + 2 = 0
sin 2x
2
3
41.8
3rd or 4th quadrant
2 cos x 3 cos x sin x = 0

cos x (2 3 sin2 x) = 0
cos x = 0
or 3 sin2 x = 2
0 x 2
0 < x < 360

0 < 2x < 720
2
3
2
sin x =
90 180 270 360

1
x= ,
2
5(a)
sin2 x =
1
3
0 < x
< 360
60 < x 60 < 300
0 x 2
tan(x 60) =
= 30
1st or 3rd quadrant
2nd or 3rd quadrant
5(b)
2x = 180 + , 360 , 540 + , 720

= 221.8, 318.2,
581.8, 678.2
x = 110.9, 159.1,
290.9, 339.1
0.955
1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th quad.
0 x 2
S A
T C
x = , , + , 2
= 0.955,2.19,4.10,5.33
cos 2x = 0.5
= 60
1st or 4th quadrant
5(d)
0 < x
< 360
40 < 2x 40 < 680
2x 40 = ,
, 360 ,
360 + , 720
= 36.9, 36.9, 323.1, 406.9, 683.1

x
1.6,
38.4, 181.6, 218.4
T
0 < x < 360
0 < 2x < 720
2x = , 360 , 360 + , 720
= 60, 300, 420, 660
x = 30, 150, 210, 330
cos(2x 40) = 0.8

36.9
1st or 4th quadrant
6(a)
10 sin 2x = 3
sin 2x
3
10
0.305
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 < x < 2
0 < 2x < 4
2x = , ,
2 + , 3
= 0.305, 2.84, 6.59, 9.12
x = 0.152, 1.42, 3.29, 4.56
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
332

6(b)
Ex 12.2
cot 2x = 2
tan 2x =
R
= 55
64 sin 2 = 55
0.463
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 2
0 < 2x < 4
sin 2
tan ( x) =
0.983
1st or 3rd quadrant
S
0 < x < 2
0< x<
2
1
2
x
6(d)
3 sin x + 2 cos x = 2(sin x + 3 cos x)

3 sin x + 2 cos x = 2 sin x + 6 cos x
sin x
= 4 cos x
tan x
=4
76.0
1st or 3rd quadrant
S A
0 < x < 360

T C
x = , 180 +
76.0, 256.0
8(b)
sin x3 cos x
5
4
4
5
2x = , + ,
2.50, 3.79
x 1.25, 1.89
Daniel & Samuel

2 sin x+cos x
=2
sin x 3 cos x = 4 sin x + 2 cos x

3 sin x
= 5 cos x
0.644
2nd or 3rd quadrant
0 < x < 2
0 < 2x < 4
8(a)
4 sec 2x + 5 = 0
cos 2x
64
2 = , 180
59.2, 120.8
29.6, 60.4
0.983
1.97
55
0 < < 90
0 < 2 < 180
x = , +
sec 2x
59.2
1st or 2nd quadrant
2x = , 2 , 3 , 4
= 2.68, 5.81,
8.96, 12.1
x = 1.34,2.91,
4.48, 6.05
6(c)
R = 64 sin 2
tan x
5
3
59.0
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 360

x = 180 , 360
121.0, 301.0
3 , 3 +
8.78, 10.1
4.39, 5.03
sleightofmath.com
333

9(a)
2 sin x
Ex 12.2
= tan x
2 sin x
9(d)
sin x
cos x
2 sin x cos x
= sin x
sin x (2 cos x 1) = 0
sin x = 0
or cos x = 1
2
0 < x < 360
6 2 cos 2 x
6 2(1 sin2 x)
6 2 + 2 sin2 x
2 sin2 x 9 sin x + 4
(2 sin x 1)(sin x 4)
sin x =
= 60
1st or 4th quadrant
= 9 sin x
= 9 sin x
= 9 sin x
=0
=0
or sin x = 4
1
2
(no solution)
= 30
1st or 2nd quadrant
90 180 270 360
T C
x = , 360
= 60, 300
x = 180
9(b)
0 < x < 360
0 < x < 360
sec 2 x
= 4 sec x 3
2
sec x 4 sec x + 3
=0
(sec x 1)(sec x 3) = 0
sec x = 1
or sec x = 3
1
cos x = 1
cos x =
T C
x = , 180
= 30, 150
9(e)
90 180 270 360
no solution
9(c)
70.5
1st or 4th quadrant
cos x =
1
2
1
cos2 x
or
cos x = 3
0 < x < 360
T C
x = , 360
70.5, 289.5
T C
x = , 360
= 60, 300
9(f)
2 tan x
= 3 + 2 cot x
2 tan x
= 3 + 2(
1
tan x
2 tan x
= 3 tan x + 2
2
2 tan x 3 tan x 2
=0
(2 tan x + 1)(tan x 2) = 0
or cos x = 3
= 60
(no solution)
2nd or 3rd quadrant
tan x =
1
2
or tan x = 2
26.6
63.4
2nd or 4th quadrant 1st or 3rd quadrant
0 < x < 360
S A
T C
x = 180 , 180 +
= 120, 240
Daniel & Samuel

7 cos x 3
2
sec2 x
2
(no solution)
= 60
1st or 4th quadrant
2 sin2 x + 5 cos x + 1
=0
2
2(1 cos x) + 5 cos x + 1 = 0
2 2 cos 2 x + 5 cos x + 1 = 0
2 cos 2 x + 5 cos x + 3
=0
2
2 cos x 5 cos x 3
=0
(2 cos x + 1)(cos x 3) = 0
cos x =
0 < x < 360
7 cos x 3
7 cos x 3
= 2 cos 2 x
2
2 cos x 7 cos x + 3 = 0
(2 cos x 1)(cos x 3) = 0
0 < x < 360
0 < x < 360

S
T C
x = 180 , 360
153.4, 333.4
sleightofmath.com
0 < x < 360

S
T C
x = , 180 +
63.4, 243.4
334
Ex 12.2
10(a) 2 tan2 x 1
= 5 sec x
2
2(sec x 1) 1
= 5 sec x
(2 sec 2 x 2) 1
= 5 sec x
2
2 sec x 5 sec x 3 = 0
(2 sec x + 1)(sec x 3) = 0
sec x =
1
2
11(b)
|2 cos x + 3 sin x| = sin x
2 cos x + 3 sin x = sin x or
2 sin x
= 2 cos x
tan x
= 1
45
2nd or 4th quadrant
or sec x = 3
cos x = 2
(no solution)
cos x =
0 < x < 180
0 x 2
T C
x = 180 , 360
135
T C
x = , 2
= 1.23, 5.05
2nd or 4th quadrant

0 x 2
0 x 2
S
T C
x = , +
= 0.785, 3.93
Daniel & Samuel

0 < x
< 360
10 < 2x + 10 < 730
0
2x + 10 = 180 , 360 , 540 , 720
116.6, 296.6,
476.6, 656.6
x
0 < x < 180

x = , 180 , 180 + , 360
= 55, 125
T C
x = 180 , 360
= 153.4
12(b) cot(2x + 10) = 0.5

tan(2x + 10) = 2
63.4
2nd or 4th quadrant
1sin 20
= 55
2x 20 = ,
, 360 ,
360 + , 720
= 18.2, 18.2, 341.8, 378.2, 701.8

x
= 0.9,
19.1, 180.9, 360.9
11(a) 2 cos 2 x + sin 20 = 1

2 cos 2 x
= 1 sin 20
=
0 < x < 180
cos x
26.6
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 < x
< 360
20 < 2x 20 < 700
1st or 3rd quadrant
T C
x = , 2
= 2.82, 5.96
12(a) cos(2x 20) = 0.95

18.2
1st or 4th quadrant
10(b) csc 2 x
+2 cot x = 4
2
(cot x + 1) + 2 cot x = 4
cot 2 x + 2 cot x 3 = 0
(cot x + 3)(cot x 1) = 0
cot x = 3
or
cot x = 1
1
tan x = 1
tan x =
3
=
0.322
tan x
1.23
1st or 4th quadrant
2 cos x + 3 sin x = sin x

4 sin x
= 2 cos x
53.3, 143.3,
233.3, 323.3
sleightofmath.com
335
Ex 12.2
12(c) csc(2x + 60) = 4

sin(2x + 60) =
13(b) sin (3x + 5) = 3

2
14.5
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 < x
< 360
60 < 2x + 60 < 780
<x
<
0.833 <
2x + 60
= , 180 , 360 + , 540 , 720 + , 900
= 14.5, 165.5, 374.5, 525.5

734.5, 885.5
x 52.8,
157.24, 232.8, 337.2
3x
2
0 < x
< 360
60 < 2x 60 < 660
2x 60
= , 180 , 360 ,
+
+
6
5
6
< 3 +
5
6
< 10.258
= , , 2 + , 3 ,
4 + ,
= 0.448,2.69, 6.73, 8.97,

= 1.24,
3.93, 5.43
13.0
sin(2x 3)
0.216
3rd or 4th quadrant
14
3
3
14
0 <x
< 2
3 < 2x 3 < 4 3
3 < 2x 3 < 9.57
495, 675
2x 3
= 2 , + , ,
3 + , 4 ,
277.5
x = 7.5, 97.5, 187.5

13(a) cot(3x + 0.5) = 3
+ , 2 ,
= 6.50
2.93, 0.216, 3.36, 6.06,
9.64, 12.4
1
3
0.22
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 <x
< 2
0.5 < 3x + 0.5 < 6 + 0.5
0.5 < 3x + 0.5 < 19.3
3x + 0.5
= , + ,
2 + , 3 + ,
6 +
x 0.988,
6.22
2
3x
< 2
5
csc(2x 3)
540 , 720 ,
= 45, 135,315,
0.322,3.46,
19.2
3x
13(c) 3 csc(2x 3) + 15 = 1
12(d) tan(2x 60) = 1

= 45
2nd or 4th quadrant
tan(3x + 0.5) =
0.448
1st or 2nd quadrant
14(a) sin(3x + 70) = 0.2

11.5
1st or 2nd quadrant
4 + , 5 + ,
6.60, 9.75,
12.88, 16.03,
2.04, 3.08,
4.13, 5.17
Daniel & Samuel

= 0.0372, 1.39, 3.18, 4.53
sleightofmath.com
0 < x
< 180
70 < 3x + 70 < 610
3x + 70 = , 180 ,
= 11.5, 168.5,
x
= 32.8,
360 + , 540
371.5, 528.5
100.5, 152.8
336
Ex 12.2
14(b) 8 csc 2x cot 2x

8(
1
sin 2x
)(
cos 2x
sin 2x
=3
)
=3
8 cos 2x
8 cos 2x
8 cos 2x
3 cos 2 2x + 8 cos 2x 3
(3 cos 2x 1)(cos 2x + 3)
cos 2x =
1
3
16
= 3 sin2 2x
= 3(1 cos 2 2x)
= 3 3 cos 2 2x
=0
=0
1
cos
or cos 2x = 3
2
3
=4
cos
2
2
cos =
1
4
is obtuse
2nd quadrant
(rej cos
< 0 in 2nd quadrant)
is obtuse
2nd quadrant
0 < x < 180

0 < 2x < 360
3
-2
T C
2x = , 360
= 70.5, 289.5
x = 35.3, 144.7
x = 2, r = 3,
y = (3)2 (2)2
= 5
y
tan = =
x
2 sin x cos x cos x

+4 sin x 2
(2
= cos x sin x 1)
+2(2 sin x 1)
= (2 sin x 1)(cos x + 2)
15(ii) 2 sin x cos x 2

= cos x 4 sin x
2 sin x cos x cos x + 4 sin x 2 = 0
(2 sin x 1)(cos x + 2)
=0
1
cos
x
= 2
sin x =
or
2
(no solution)
= 30
1st or 2nd quadrant
360 x 360
S
cos =
(no solution)
70.5
1st or 4th quadrant
15(i)
2 tan2
= 5 sec + 10
2
2(sec 1)
= 5 sec + 10
2 sec 2 2
= 5 sec + 10
2
2 sec 5 sec 12 = 0
(2 sec + 3)(sec 4) = 0
3
sec = 4
sec =
or
5
2
5
2
17(a) 3 cos 2 2x + 4 sin 2x

3(1 sin2 2x) + 4 sin 2x
3 3 sin2 2x + 4 sin 2x
3 sin2 2x 4 sin 2x 2
sin 2x =
=
sin 2x =
=1
=1
=1
=0
4(4)2 4(3)(2)
2(3)
4210
6
2+10
3
1.72
(no solution)
440
6
4410
6
210
3
sin 2x =
210
3
0.387
22.8
3rd or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 360
0 < 2x < 720
T C
x = 360 + , 180 ,
, 180
T C
2x = 180 + , 360 ,
540 + , 720
= 330, 210,
30, 150
202.8, 337.2,
562.8, 697.2
x
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
101.4, 168.6,
281.4, 348.6
337

17(b) sec x (tan x 2)
(
1
cos x
Ex 12.2
= 2 csc x
) (tan x 2)
sin x
cos x
= 2(
(tan x 2)
=
=
sin x
2
cos
sin x
)
cos x
tan x
223
2
212
2
243
2
(
tan x = 1 + 3
69.9
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 < x < 360
T C
x = 180 , 360
= 143.8, 323.8
3x = ,
2
2,
x
3
2
+ 2

6 2
= ,
(2)
2010 sin A 2
F
) +(
(3)
10 cos A 2
=1
100 cos2 A
=1
F2
400 400 sin A + 100 sin2 A + 100 cos 2 A = F 2
T C
x = , 180 +
= 69.9, 249.9
2010 sin A
F2
400 400 sin A + 100(sin2 A + cos 2 A)
= F2
400 400 sin A + 100
= F2
F2
= 500 400 sin A
F = 500 400 sin A or F = 500 400 sin A
(NA)
18(ii)
tan =
sin
cos
2010 sin A
)
F
10 cos A
(
)
F
2010 sin A
10 cos A
2sin A
cos A
[shown]
18(iii) Put A = 30 in F = 500 400 sin A,
0x
0 3x 3
400400 sin A+100 sin2 A
17(c) sin 3x (4 sin 3x 3 cos 3x)

=4
2
4 sin 3x 3 sin 3x cos 3x
=4
2
4(1 cos 3x) 3 sin 3x cos 3x = 4
(4 4 cos 2 3x) 3 sin 3x cos 3x = 4
4 cos 2 3x 3 sin 3x cos 3x
=0
cos 3x (4 cos 3x + 3 sin 3x)
=0
cos 3x = 0
3 sin 3x = 4 cos 3x
4
0x
tan 3x =
3
0 3x 3
0.927
2nd or 4th quadrant

1
90 180 270 360
(1)
sin2 + cos 2 = 1
sub (1) & (2) into (3):
= 1 3
tan x = 1 3
36.2
2nd or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 360
10
cos A
sin
tan x 2 tan x
=2
2
tan x 2 tan x 2 = 0
2(1)
10 sin A + F sin = 20
F sin
= 20 10 sin A
2(2)2 4(1)(2)
= cos
cos A
tan x =
10 cos A = F cos
10
(tan x 2)
tan x 2
18(i)
F|A=30 = 500 400 sin 30

1
= 500 400 ( )
2
= 500 200 = 300 = 103
Put A = 30 in tan =
tan =
T C
3x = , 2 ,
3
2sin 30
cos 30
1
2
3
2
2sin A
cos A
3
2
3
2
= 3
= 60
= 2.21, 5.36,
8.50
x
Daniel & Samuel

= 0.738, 1.79,
2.83
sleightofmath.com
338
Rev Ex 12
A2(a) 5 sin2 x 8 sin x cos x = 0
sin x (5 sin x 8 cos x) = 0
sin x = 0
or
5 sin x = 8 cos x
Rev Ex 12
A1(a) x = a sin (1)
(i)
a2 x 2
(2)
sub (1) into (2):
= a2 (a sin )2
= a2 a2 sin2
= a2 (1 sin2 )
= a2 cos 2
tan x =
90 180 270 360
0 x 360
x = 0, 180, 360
= (1
A2(b) 5 cot 2 x
5(
3
sin2 )2
=
= cos 3
A1(b) Coordinates of
(i)
2 cos = sin
y
tan
= 2 =
x
is obtuse 2nd quadrant

y = 2, x = 1,
2
1
1
( )
3
cos2 x
sin2 x
2
-1
+7
= 11 csc x
) +7
11
sin x
= 3
T C
x = , 180
= 30, 150
Trigonometric ratio
tan() = tan = (2) = 2
x
r
0 x 360
r = (2) + (1)2 = 3
5 cos x +7 sin2 x
= 11 sin x
2
2
5(1 sin x) +7 sin x= 11 sin x
5 5 sin2 x +7 sin2 x = 11 sin x
2 sin2 x 11 sin x + 5 = 0
(2 sin x 1)(sin x 5) = 0
1
sin x = 5
sin x =
or
2
(no solution)
= 30
1st or 2nd quadrant
3
(cos 2 )2
A1(b) sec = 1 =
cos
(ii)
0 x 360
T C
x = , 180 +
58.0, 238.0
(a sin )2 2
a2
58.0
1st or 3rd quadrant
3
A1(a)
x2 2
(1 2 )
(3)
(ii)
a
sub (1) into (3):
= (1
A2(c) 1 + 2 cos (3 x + 75) = 0

2
cos ( x + 75)
2
1
1
A1(b) csc(90 ) =
=
= 3
sin(90)
cos
(iii)
1
2
= 60
2nd or 3rd quadrant
0 x
360
A
C
75 x + 75 615
2
3
2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
x + 75 = 180 , 180 + , 540 , 540 +

= 120, 240,
= 30, 110,
480, 600
270, 350
339
Rev Ex 12
A3(a) 10 cos 3x + 8 = 0
cos 3x
A4(b) Prove:
LHS =
A5(i)
C
=
=
=
3x2
4
3x2
4
< 14.5
1
cos
1
1
1
sin cos
1
sin
1
sin
sin
1cot x
1+cot x
= + , 2 , 3 + , 4 ,
5 +
3.87, 5.55,
16.4
16.4
sin
cos )
1cos2
cos
sin2
cos
sin
cos
= tan
10.2, 11.8,
0 < x < 360

0 < 2x < 720
2x = , 180 + ,
= 45, 225,
360 + , 540 +
405, 585
x = 22.5, 112.5, 202.5, 292.5

A4(a) Prove:
LHS =
1csc x
cot x
1csc x
cot x
= RHS
cos
A5(ii) sec 2x csc 2x cot 2x = 1

tan 2x
=1
45
1st or 3rd quadrant
< 20
= RHS [proven]
0.730
3rd or 4th quadrant
x
Prove: sec csc cot = tan
A3(c) 3 sin (3x2) = 2

=
tan x+1
tan x
1
tan x tan x
tan x
1
+
tan x tan x
LHS = sec csc cot
2x 70 = 180 , 180 + , 1260 , 1260 + ,

1620 , 1620 +
= 110,250,
1190, 1330,
1550, 1690
x
= 700
tan x1
LHS = ln(sec x + tan x)(sec x tan x)

= ln(sec 2 x tan2 x)
= ln[(tan2 x + 1) tan2 x]
= ln 1
=0
= RHS [proven]
1+cot x
A4(c) Prove: ln(sec x + tan x) + ln(sec x tan x) = 0
A3(b) cos(2x 70) = sin 200

= sin 20
= cos 70
= 70
S
2nd or 3rd quadrant
T
x
< 800
2x 70 < 1530
sin (
1cot x
[proven]
3x = , + , 3 , 3 + , 5 , 5 +
, 7
= 2.50, 3.79, 8.78, 10.1, 15.1, 16.4,
21.3
x 7.12
4
3x2
tan x+1
0.644
2nd or 3rd quadrant
x >6
3x > 18
tan x1
= tan x sec x
1
sin x
cos x
sin x
sin x1
sin x
cos x
sin x
sin x1
cos x
= tan x
sec x = RHS [proven]
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
340

A6(i)
Rev Ex 12
1st curve
y = 4 cos 3x
Point P
y|x=0 = 4 cos[3(0)]
P(0,4)
=4
Intersection point
At intersection point,
y = 4 cos 3x cuts x axis (y = 0)
4 cos 3x = 0
cos 3x = 0
3x =
90 180 270 360
( , 0)
2nd curve
y = 2 sin x + k
At ( , 0),
6
2 sin ( ) + k = 0
6
2( ) + k = 0
2
= 1
y = 2 sin x 1
Point Q
At max, x =
y|
x=
2
= 2 sin 1
2
= 2(1) 1
=1
Q ( , 1)
2
Daniel & Samuel

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Rev Ex 12
A6(ii) y1 = 4 cos 3x
i.e. a = 4, b = 3, c = 0

Period
360
b
360
3
= 120
y2 = 2 sin x 1
i.e. a = 2, b = 1, c = 1
4
1
180
= 2 sin 1
= cos 3
3
4

Period
360
b
360
1
= 360
Workings
1 = 4 cos 3
Domain
0 180
Axis with
=04
Amplitude
Shape
+
1800
Cycle
= 1.5
120
2 = 2 sin 1
Domain
0 180
Axis with
= 1 2
Amplitude
Shape
+
1800
1
Cycle
=
360
Daniel & Samuel

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A7
P = 105 20 cos (
Rev Ex 12
16t
B1(b) 4 sin x cos x
4 sin x cos x
= 100
105 20 cos (
20 cos (
cos (
16t
7
16t
7
16t
7
) = 100
= 5
16t
7
16t
7
16t
7
> 10
>
160
7
sin x = 0
0 x 2
90 180 270 360
x = 0, ,2
B1(a) sec 2x = 2
1
cos 2x =
2
=
3
1st or 4th quadrant
A
3 3
5
= ,
6
,
,
2 + , 4
7 11
3
3
7 11
6
Daniel & Samuel

1
2
2 4 5
= ,
3
B1(c) (tan x + 1)(2 tan x 1) = 5

2 tan2 x + tan x 1
=5
2
2 tan x + tan x 6
=0
(2 tan x 3)(tan x + 2) = 0
3
2
tan x = 2
0.983
1.11
1st or 3rd quadrant 2nd or 4th quadrant
0 x 2
S
= ,
S A
T C
x = , , + , 2
tan x =
1
cos x
1
0 x 2
= , 2 , 22 + , 24
2x = , 2 ,
1.32,4.97, 70.4,74.1
10.3
) =0
cos x
> 71.8
0 x 2
0 2x 4
cos x
cos 2 x =
sin x
cos x
1
4 cos x =
sin x (4 cos x
1.318
1st or 4th quadrant
t
= tan x
T C
x = , +
= 0.983,4.12
sleightofmath.com
0 x 2
S
T C
x = , 2
= 2.03,5.18
343
Rev Ex 12
B2(i) x = 4 sin + 3 cos

y = 4 cos 3 sin
B3(b) Prove:
LHS =
y
= 2x
4 cos 3 sin = 2(4 sin + 3 cos )
4 cos 3 sin = 8 sin + 6 cos
11 sin
= 2 cos
tan
2
11
10.3
2nd or 4th quadrant
obtuse
90 < < 180
cos x
1sin x
= 180 , 360
= 169.7, 349.7
B2(ii) x 2 + y 2
= (4 sin + 3 cos )2 + (4 cos 3 sin )2
cos x
1sin x
1
cos x
= tan x
1
cos x
cos 2 x
(1 sin x)
(1 sin x) cos x
cos 2 x
1 + sin x
(1 sin x) cos x
(1 sin2 x) 1 + sin x
(1 sin x) cos x
sin x sin2 x
(1 sin x) cos x
sin x (1 sin x)
(1 sin x) cos x
sin x
cos x
= tan x
= RHS [proven]
= (16 sin + 24 sin cos + 9 cos )

+(16 cos 2 24 sin cos + 9 sin2 )
= 25 sin2 + 25 cos 2
= 25(sin2 + cos 2 )
= 25 [shown]
B3(a) LHS
2
1 tan x
1 + tan2 x
1 (sec 2 x 1)
sec 2 x
2 sec 2 x
sec 2 x
2
=
1
sec 2 x
2
=
1
1
cos 2 x
=
B3(c) LHS = ln(1 + cos x) + ln(1 cos x)

= ln(1 cos 2 x)
= ln(sin2 x)
= ln[(sin x)2 ]
= 2 ln(sin x)
= RHS [proven]
B4(a) tan 5x = 0.6
2
0.540
1st or 3rd quadrant
x
5x
2
5x
2
>4
> 10
= , 2 + , 3 , 4 +
0.540,2.60, 6.82, 8.88,
5.24
13.11
= 2 cos 2 x 1
= RHS [proven]
Daniel & Samuel

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344
Rev Ex 12
B4(b) csc 2x = 6
sin 2x =
1
6
0.167
1st or 2nd quadrant
x <5
2x < 10
2x
63.4
18.4
= 26.6
2nd or 4th quad. 2nd or 4th quad. 1st or 3rd quad.
cos ( )
0 < < 180

S
4
3
3
2x
> 666.67
3
2x
A
C
, 900 +
138.6,221.4,
858.6, 941.4
x 1287.9
3
0 < < 180

S
T C
= 180 ,
360
= 161.6
or tan =
0 < < 180

S
T C
= , 180 +
= 26.6
1
cos 2x
cos 2x 1 + sin 2x
(1 + sin 2x) cos 2 2x

cos 2x (1 + sin 2x)
(1 cos 2 2x) + sin 2x

=
cos 2x (1 + sin 2x)
= 180 , 180 + , 540 , 540 + ,
or tan = 3
B6(i) f(x)
> 1000
T C
= 180 ,
360
= 116.6
41.4
2nd or 3rd quadrant
x
tan = 2
sec ( )
3
2x
=2
= 4
6 tan3 + 11 tan2 3 tan
B4(c) 3 sec (2x) + 4 = 0

3 sec ( )
= 2 cot
6(tan )3 + 11(tan )2 3(tan ) 2 = 0
2x = , , 2 + , 3 , 4 +
= 0.167,2.974, 6.451,9.257 12.734
x 4.63
3
2x
B5(ii)
6 tan2 + 11 tan 3
900
=
sin2 2x + sin 2x
cos 2x (1 + sin 2x)
sin 2x (sin 2x + 1)
cos 2x (1 + sin 2x)
sin 2x
cos 2x
498.6,581.4
B5(i) 6x + 11x 3x 2
=0
2
(x + 2)(6x + + )
(x + 2)(6x 2 + 1)
(x + 2)(6x 2 x 1)
=0
(x + 2)(3x + 1)(2x 1) = 0
1
= tan 2x [shown]
x = 2 or x = or x =
Daniel & Samuel

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345
Rev Ex 12
B6(ii) y = f(x)
= tan 2x
i.e. a = 1, b = 2, c = 0
Period
180
b
B7(i)
t
2
i.e. a = 1.6, b = , c = 0
v = 1.6 sin
T=
180
= 90
B7(ii) v
= ()
90
180 270
t
2
Workings
= 4s
t
2
t
2
= 1.3
=
13
16
0.948
1st or 2nd quadrant
x = 45 x = 135 x = 225
= 1.3
1.6 sin
sin
= ,
0.948,2.193
0.604, 1.40
Domain
0 x 270
Axis with
y=0
Amplitude
Shape
+tan
Cycle
2700
90
Daniel & Samuel

=3
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346
Ex 13.1
Ex 13.1
1(a)
1(b)
1(c)
LHS = sin(90 + )
= sin 90 cos + cos 90 sin
= (1) cos +(0) sin
= cos
= RHS [proven]
LHS = cos(90 + )
= cos 90 cos sin 90 sin
= (0)
cos (1) sin
= sin
= RHS [proven]
LHS = sin (
3
2
3
3(a)
sin 15 cos 75 + cos 15 sin 75

= sin(15 + 75)
= sin 90
=1
3(b)
sin 50 cos 20 cos 50 sin 20

= sin(50 20)
= sin 30
1
=
2
3(c)
=
)
3
= sin ( )
cos cos ( ) sin
3(d)
= [ sin ( )] cos cos ( ) sin

= (1)
cos (0) sin
= cos
= RHS [proven]
1(d)
3(e)
2(c)
2(d)
sin 15 sin 30 cos 15 cos 30

= (cos 15 cos 30 sin 15 sin 30)
= cos(45)
=
2
2
tan 35+tan 10
1tan 35 tan 10
1+tan 2 tan
(0)tan
1+(0) tan
LHS = sin cos 2 + cos sin 2

= sin( + 2)
= sin 3
= RHS [proven]
LHS = sin 2 cos cos 2 sin
= sin(2 )
= sin
= RHS [proven]
Prove: LHS = cos 3 cos 2 + sin 3 sin 2
= cos(3 2)
= cos
= RHS [proven]
Prove: LHS =
tan 3tan 4
1+tan 3 tan 4
= tan(3 4)
= tan()
= tan
= RHS [proven]
Daniel & Samuel

= tan(35 + 10)
= tan 45
=1
tan 2tan
3(f)
= tan
= RHS [proven]
2(b)
3
2
LHS = tan(2 )
=
2(a)
cos 70 cos 40 + sin 70 sin 40

= cos(70 40)
= cos 30
tan 30tan 75
1+tan 30 tan 75
= tan(30 75)
= tan(45)
= tan 45
= 1
4(a)
cos 75 = cos(30 + 45)

= cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 sin 45
2
3
2
2
62
= ( )( )
=
4(b)
2
2
sin 15 = sin(45 30)

= sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30
2
3
2
2
62
= ( )( )
=
5(a)
( )( )
2
2
( )( )
2
LHS
= sin(A + B)
+ sin(A B)
= sin A cos B + cos A sin B + sin A cos B
cos A sin B
= 2 sin A cos B
= RHS [proven]
sleightofmath.com
347
Ex 13.1
5(b)
LHS
= cos(A + B)
cos(A B)
= cos A cos B sin A sin B (cos A cos B + sin A sin B)
= cos A cos B sin A sin B cos A cos B sin A sin B
= 2 sin A sin B
= RHS [proven]
6(d)
LHS
6(a)
LHS
1
cos( )
1
1
cos cos
=
=
cos cos + sin sin cos cos + sin sin
cos cos
sec sec
1 + tan tan
= RHS [proven]
sin(A + B) sin(A B)
cos(A + B) cos(A B)
(sin A cos B + cos A sin B) (sin A cos B cos A sin B)

(cos A cos B sin A sin B) (cos A cos B + sin A sin B)
sin A cos B + cos A sin B

=
cos A cos B sin A sin B
2 cos A sin B
=
2 sin A sin B
7(a)
LHS = tan(A + 45) tan(A 45)

=

cos A cos B sin A sin B
=
=
= cot A
7(b)
sin(A + B)
=
cos(A B)
tan A(1)
1+tan A(1)
tan2 A1
1tan2 A
LHS = tan A + tan B

=

cos A cos B + sin A sin B
cos A cos B
=
cos A cos B + sin A sin B
cos A cos B
tan A + tan B
=
1 + tan A tan B
7(c)
LHS
= RHS [proven]
= cot(x + y)
sin A
cos A
sin A
cos B
sin A cos B +sin A cos A

cos A cos B
sin(A+B)
cos A cos B
= RHS [proven]
6(c)
LHS
1
tan(x + y)
1
= tan x + tan y
1 tan x tany
sin(A + B)
=
sin(A B)
cos A cos B
=
=
sin A cos B cos A sin B sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos A cos B
tan A + tan B
=
tan A tan B
Daniel & Samuel

tan Atan 45
1+tan A tan 45
= RHS [proven]
LHS
= RHS [proven]
tan A+(1)
1tan A(1)
= 1
= RHS [proven]
6(b)
tan A+tan 45
1tan A tan 45
1 tan x tan y
1 tan x tan y
cot x cot y 1
tan x tan y
=
= tan x + tan y =
tan x + tan y
cot y + cot x
tan x tan y
=
cot x cot y 1
cot x + cot y
= RHS [proven]
sleightofmath.com
348
Ex 13.1
7(d)
LHS
9(i)
cos A sin B =
10
cos A sin B
9(ii)
= RHS [proven]
2
2
2
= 2 [sin A ( ) + cos A ( )] [cos A ( )
2
2
2
2
sin A ( )]
2
2
2
= 2 ( ) (cos A + sin A) (cos A sin A)
2
2
2
2
sin A cos B =
10
1
5
=
5
10
sin A cos B =
=
9(iii)
tan A
tan B
=
=
=
=
= cos A (1 cos A)
= 2 cos 2 A 1
= RHS [proven]
9
10
7
10
, cos A sin B =
1
5
sin A
cos A
sin B
cos B
sin A
cos A
cos B
sin B
sin A cos B
sin B cos A
7
10
1
5
sin A cos B =
7
10
, cos A sin B =
1
5
=
2
10
LHS
= cos(A + B + C)
= cos[(A + B) + C]
sin(A+B)
sin A cos B+cos A sin B
= cos A cos B cos C sin A sin B cos C

sin A cos B sin C cos A sin B sin C
= RHS [proven]
= cos A sin A cos A

sin2 cos A cos A sin2 A
sin A cos B
= cos A 3(1 cos A) cos A
= 5
cos A sin B
= 5
tan A cot B
tan(A B)
tan Atan B
1+tan A tan B
3
tan B
4
3
1+ tan B
4
=
=
=
25
24
25
24
25
tan A =
24
18 24 tan B = 25 +
4
= cos A 3 sin A cos A

2
= 5 cos A sin B
sin A cos B
3 sin A cos B + 3 cos A sin B = 2 sin A cos B 2 cos A sin B
171
3
sin A cos Bcos A sin B
11
LHS = cos 3A
= cos A cos A cos A sin A sin A cos A
sin A cos A sin A cos A sin A sin A
sin(AB)
= cos(A + B) cos C sin(A + B) sin C

= (cos A cos B sin A sin B) cos C
(sin A cos B + cos A sin B) sin C
2
1
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
= 2 ( ) (cos A sin A)
8(ii)
2
1
=( )+( )
7(e)
LHS = 2 sin(A + 45)
cos(A + 45)
= 2[sin A cos 45 + cos A sin 45] [cos A cos 45
sin A sin 45]
8(i)
cos A sin B
sin y cos x sin x cos y sin(y x)

=
sin y cos x + cos y sin x sin(y + x)
4
2
sin A cos B cos A sin B =
sin y sin x sin y cos x sin x cos y

tan y tan x cos y cos x
cos x cos y
=
=
=
sin
y
sin
y
cos
x + cos y sin x
sin
x
tan y + tan x
+
cos y cos x
cos x cos y
=
sin(A B)
tan B
tan B
75
4
3
4
tan B
= 7
=
28
171
= cos 3 A 3 cos A + 3 cos 3 A

= 4 cos 3 A 3 cos A
= RHS [proven]
Daniel & Samuel
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349

12(i)
Ex 13.1
Quadrant
13(i)
tan A = > 0
1st or 3rd quadrant
Coordinates of A
cos A = for 90 < A < 180
5
3
5
-4
sin B =
12
13
for 0 < B < 90
13
B 12
x = 132 122 = 5
y = 12, r = 13,
Coordinates of B
sin B = in 3rd quadrant
Coordinates of B
r = (4)2 + (3)2 = 5
sin A = = , cos A = =
sin A = = , tan A = =
-3
y = 4, x = 3,
-4
y = 52 (4)2 = 3
Coordinates of A
3
-3
13
cos B = =
12
tan B = =
Trigonometric ratio
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
y = 3, r = 5,
x = (5)2 (3)2 = 4
12
33
13
13
65
= ( )( ) + ( )( ) =
x
cos B = = , tan B = =
tan A+tan 45
1tan A tan 45
13(ii)
4
( )+(1)
3
4
1( )(1)
3
tan(A + B) =
13(iii) sec(A B)=

=
= ( )( ) +( )( )
=
5
24
25
tan A+tan B
1tan A tan B
= 7
12(ii) cos(A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

3
Trigonometric ratio
tan(A + 45) =
x = 4, r = 5,
same quadrant 3rd quadrant
tan A = in 3rd quadrant
sin B = < 0 3rd or 4th quadrant
3
12
)+( )
4
5
3
12
1( )( )
4
5
33
56
1
cos(AB)
1
cos A cos B+sin A sin B
1
4
5
3 12
)( )+( )( )
5
13
5 13
65
16
12(iii) sin(B A) = sin B cos A cos B sin A

3
= ( )( )
=
7
25
( )( )
Daniel & Samuel

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350

14
Ex 13.1

hyp =
(24)2
sin =
7
25
72
, cos =
24 hyp
= 625 = 25
24
25
, tan =
= cos(x 50)
cos x cos 10 sin x sin 10 = cos x cos 50 + sin x sin 50
24
15(c)
cos(x + 10)
cos x cos 10 cos x cos 50 = sin x sin 10 + sin x sin 50

Trigonometric ratio
sin A = sin( + 60)
= sin cos 60 + cos sin 60
7
24
= ( )( )
=
25
2
7+243
50
cos x (cos 10 cos 50)

cos 10cos 50
= tan x
sin 10+sin 50
3
2
+( )( )
25
= sin x (sin 10 + sin 50)
tan x
cos A = cos( + 60)

= cos cos 60 sin sin 60
24
= ( )( )
=
25
2
2473
50
3
2
tan A = tan( + 60)

=
tan +tan 60
1tan tan 60
7
24
( )+(3)
7
1( )(3)
24
7+243
2473
15(a) sin(x + 30)

= 2 cos x
sin x cos 30 + cos x sin 30 = 2 cos x
3
sin x ( )
2
3
sin x ( )
2
+ cos x ( )
2
= 2 cos x
= 20
1st or 3rd quadrant
= 3
cos x cos 60sin x sin 60

2
0 < x < 360
= 5 sec(x 20)
1
2
cos x( )sin x(
=
=
3
)
2
5
cos(x20)
5
cos x cos 20+sin x sin 20
5
cos x cos 20+sin x sin 20
5
5
2
3 sin x + 2 sin x sin 20
= cos x 2 cos x cos 20

2
sin x ( 3 + 2 sin 20)

2
x = , 180 +
= 60, 240
= cos x ( 2 cos 20)

2
tan x
=5
2
2
2
2
2
= 3 sin x
= 3 sin x
tan x
7.1
1st or 3rd quadrant
2 [cos x ( ) sin x ( )]
= 3 sin x
2 cos x 2 sin x
2 cos x
= 3 sin x
= (3 + 2) sin x
tan x
17.8
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 < x < 360
2 cos x cos 20 + 2 sin x sin 20 = cos x 3 sin x

2
2
15(b) 2 cos(x + 45)

2(cos x cos 45 sin x sin 45)
= ( ) cos x
0 < x < 360

x = , 180 +
= 20, 200
1050
= tan 20
cos(x+60)
10+50
1050
) sin(
)
2
2
10+50
1050
2 sin(
) cos(
)
2
2
2 sin(
tan x
15(d)
2 sec(x + 60)
tan x
= 60
1st or 3rd quadrant
sin 10+sin 50
= tan (
( )( )
25
cos 10cos 50
2
3+2
0 < x < 360

x = , 180 +
= 7.1, 187.1
5
2 cos 20
2
3+2 sin 20
0.124
S
x = , 180 +
= 17.8, 197.8
Daniel & Samuel
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351

16(a)
tan x+tan 15
1tan x tan 15
Ex 13.1
17(a) sin x cos 1 cos x sin 1 = 0.2
sin(x 1)
= 0.2
0.201
S A
1st or 2nd quadrant
T
C
0 <x
< 2
1 < x 1 < 2 1
=2
tan(x + 15) = 2
63.4
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 < x
< 360
15 < x + 15 < 375
x 1 = ,
= 0.201,2.94
x
= 1.20, 3.94
x + 15 = , 180 +
63.4, 243.4
x
48.4, 228.4
17(b)
16(b) 2 tan x + 3 tan(x 45) = 0

2 tan x + 3 (
2 tan x + 3 [
2 tan x +
tan xtan 45
1+tan x tan 45
tan x(1)
1+tan x(1)
3 tan x3
1+tan x
2 tan x
T C
x = , 180 +
= 26.6, 206.6
tan(2x 1) =
)= 0
1
2
1
2
0.464
1st or 3rd quadrant
=0
=0
=
33 tan x
0 <x
< 2
1 < 2x 1 < 4 1
1+tan x
2 tan x + 2 tan2 x
= 3 3 tan x
2 tan2 x + 5 tan x 3
=0
(2 tan x 1)(tan x + 3) = 0
1
tan x = 3
tan x =
2
71.6
26.6
2nd or 4th quadrant
1st or 3rd quadrant
0 < x < 360
tan 2xtan 1
1+tan 2x tan 1
2x 1 = , + ,
= 0.464, 3.61,
x
= 0.732,2.30,
T C
x = 180 , 360
= 108.4, 288.4
16(c) tan 5x
sin 5x
cos 5x
sin 5x cos 2x
sin 5x cos 2x sin 2x cos 5x
sin(5x 2x)
sin 3x
2 + , 3 +
6.75, 9.89
3.87, 5.44
sin 2x
cos 2x
cos 0.4
tan x
tan x
0.339
1st or 3rd quadrant
0.353
0 < x < 2
x = , +
0.339, 3.48
= tan 2x
=
17(c) cos(x 0.4)

= 3 sin x
cos x cos 0.4 + sin x sin 0.4 = 3 sin x
cos x cos 0.4
= sin x (3 sin 0.4)
0 < x < 360

S
3sin 0.4
= sin 2x cos 5x
=0
=0
=0
1
0 < x < 360

0 < 3x < 1080
90 180 270 360
3x = 0,180, 360,540
720,900,
1080
x = 60,
120, 180, 240, 300
Daniel & Samuel

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352

17(d) 3 cos x
3 cos x
3 cos x
3 cos x + 4 cos x sin 2
cos x (3 + 4 sin 2)
tan x
Ex 13.1
= 4 sin(x 2)
= 4(sin x cos 2 cos x sin 2)
= 4 sin x cos 2 4 cos x sin 2
= 4 sin x cos 2
= 4 sin x cos 2
=
cos(A + B) =
cos(A + B) =
5
A
2
<0
5
13
Recall
12
13
10
y = 3, r = 10,
x = (10) 32 = 1
1+tan B tan A
13
13
, cos(A + B) =
( )
13
56
65
13
( )
19(ii) Coordinates of C
acute C 1st quadrant
sin C =
12
13
13
C 12
= ,
r
x = 132 122 = 5
x
13
cos C = =
=3
tan Btan A
12
y = 12, r = 13,
Trigonometric ratio
tan(B A) =
-5
cos A = ,
12
and B is acute
A+B
sin A = ,
=( )
13
sin B = sin[(A + B) A]
= sin(A + B) cos A cos(A + B) sin A
18(ii) Coordinates
tan B = =
Q2 or Q3
sin(A + B) =
tan A = = [shown]
18(iii)
13
Q1 or Q2
Q2
Trigonometric ratio
sin(A + B) = =
y = (13)2 (5)2 = 12
y = (5) 22 = 1
Coordinates of ( + )
A and B are acute
and A is acute
10
x = 5, r = 13,
x = 2, r = 5,
sin B =
A
3
y = 52 32 = 4
4 cos 2
18(i) Coordinates
2
cos A = for acute A
sin A = = ,
3+4 sin 2
tan x
3.99
1.33
S A
2nd or 4th quadrant
T C
0 < x < 2
x = , 2
1.82, 4.96
cos A =
19(i) Coordinates of A
3
1
1
2
3 1
1+( )( )
1 2
( )( )
=1
Recall
sin C =
12
13
cos C =
sin(A + B) =
B A = 45
5
13
12
13
13
, cos(A + B) =
sin(A + B + C)
= sin[(A + B) + C]
= sin(A + B) cos C + cos(A + B) sin C
=
12
13
( )
13
12
13
13
+( )
=0
19(iii) sin(A + B + C) = 0
0 < A + B + C < 270
A + B + C = 180
Yes, A, B and C are angles of triangle
Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
353

20
Ex 13.1
Show: sin(A + B) sin(A B) = sin2 A sin2 B

LHS = (sin A cos B + cos A sin B)(sin A cos B
cos A sin B)
= sin2 A cos 2 B
cos 2 A sin2 B
2 (1
2
= sin A sin B)
(1 sin2 A) sin2 B
= sin2 A sin2 A sin2 B sin2 B +
sin2 A sin2 B
= sin2 A sin2 B
= RHS [shown]
tan( + )
tan +tan
90 180 270 360

90 180 270 360
5
x
( )+tan
5+x tan
x5 tan
tan (x +
tan (
20(ii) LHS = sin 15 sin 75

= sin 75 sin 15
= sin(45 + 30) sin(45 30)
= sin2 45 sin2 30
=
=
2
4
1
1 2
( )
2
1
4
10
x
10
x
10
tan =
5
x
10
x
= 10
50
x
tan
50
x
) = 10 5
x2 +50
x
) =5
tan
5x
x2 +50
21(ii) tan(2 + ) = tan[ + ( + )]

=
2x = , 180 ,
4x = 0,180,
= 0,180,
360,540,
720 x = 0, 45,
x = 0, 45,
90, 135, 180
2
2
5
1( ) tan
x
=( )
1tan tan
5 + x tan
20(i) sin2 3x
= sin2 x
sin2 3x sin2 x
=0
sin(3x + x) sin(3x x) = 0
sin 4x sin 2x
=0
sin 4x = 0
sin 2x = 0
0 x 180
0 x 180
0 2x 360
0 4x 720
21(i) tan = 5
360 +
360
180
tan +tan(+)
1tan tan(+)
5
x
10
x
5 10
1( )( )
x
x
( )+( )
10
tan = , tan( + ) =
=
=
15
x
x2 50
x2
15x
x2 50
0 < 2 + < 90
tan(2 + ) > 0
15x
x2 50
>0
x
>0
(x+50)(x50)
x
>0
(x+52)(x52)
= RHS [shown]
52
+
0
+
52
52 < x < 0 or x > 52 ?
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
354

21(ii) tan(2 + )
=
=
Ex 13.1
tan 2+tan
0 < 2 + < 90
tan(2 + )
1tan 2 tan
2 tan
(
)+tan
1tan2
2 tan
1(
) tan
1tan2
5x
x2 +50
tan = , tan =
>0
15x[x2 +25]
>0
x2 25x2 +25
25+(25)2 4(1)(25)
25(25)2 4(1)(25)
[x
][x
]
2(1)
2(1)
tan(2 + )
>0
25+525
25525
[x
][x
]
2
2
5
2( )
x ] + ( 5x )
[
x 2 + 50
5 2
1( )
x
=
5
2( )
x ] ( 5x )
1[
5 2 x 2 + 50
1( )
x
+
0
25525
2
22
A+B+C
tan(A + B + C)
10
5x
)
[ 2 x
]+( 2
x 25
x + 50
x2
=
10
5x
)
1[ 2 x
]( 2
x 25 x + 50
x2
tan(A+B)+tan C
1tan(A+B) tan C
tan(A + B) + tan C
tan A+tan B
1tan A tan B
25525 25+525
2
0<x<
>0
+ tan C
or x >
25+525
2
= 180
= tan(180)
=0
=0
=0
tan A + tan B + tan C tan A tan B tan C = 0

tan A + tan B + tan C
= tan A tan B tan C [shown]
10x
5x
[ 2
]+( 2
)
x
25
x
+ 50
=
10x
5x
](
)
1[ 2
x 25 x 2 + 50
10x
5x
(x 2 25)(x 2 + 50)
2 25] + (x 2 + 50)
x
=
2
10x
5x
(x 25)(x 2 + 50)
](
)
1[ 2
x 25 x 2 + 50
[
10x(x 2 + 50) + 5x(x 2 25)

(x 2 25)(x 2 + 50) 50x 2
10x 3 + 500x + 5x 3 125x

x 4 + 25x 2 + 25 50x 2
15x 3 + 375x
x 4 25x 2 + 25
15x[x 2 + 25]
= 2
x 25x 2 + 25
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
355
Ex 13.2
2(b)
Ex 13.2
1(a)
Coordinates
1
A = cos 1 ( ) for obtuse A

1
cos 2 22 sin2 22 = cos(45)

=
2
2
cos =
1
2
-1
y = (2)2 (1)2 = 3
1(b)
2 sin cos
= sin ( )
=
1(c)
2 cos 2
12
2
2
3
,
2
cos =
1
2
Trigonometric ratio
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
1 = cos ( )
6
3
2
=
1(d)
sin =
(cos 75 + sin 75)2

= cos 2 75 + 2 sin 75 cos 75 + sin2 75
= (sin2 75 + cos 2 75) +2 sin 75 cos 75
= (1)
+ sin 150
(1)
=
+ sin 30
=1
3
2
= 2( )( )
3
2
1 2
3
2
cos 2A = cos 2 A sin2 A = ( ) ( )

2
1
2
tan 2A =
2 tan A
1tan2 A
2(
3
)
1
1(
3
)
1
23
13
= 3
=
2
1(e)
3(i)
sin2 67.5 =
=
=
=
1(f)
2 tan 15
1tan2 15
1cos(135)
3(
2
1( cos 45)
1(
1
3
3(ii)
sin 2x
=
9
3(iii)
5
cos 8x = cos[2(4)]
= 2 cos 2 4x 1
1 2
= 2( )
x = 52 32 = 4
= ,
5
tan =
3
4
4(a)
Trigonometric ratio
3
24
25
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A= 2 ( ) ( ) =
LHS =
=
3 2
25
4(b)
LHS =
=
2 tan A
1tan2 A
3
4
3 2
1( )
4
2( )
24
7
9
79
81
cos 2A
cos A+sin A
cos2 Asin2 A
cos A+sin A
(cos A+sin A)(cos Asin A)

cos A+sin A
cos A sin A = RHS [proven]
4 2
cos 2A = cos 2 A sin2 A = ( ) ( ) =
tan 2A =
sin = for acute A
2 2
cos =
=1
cos 4x = cos[2(2)]
= 1 2 sin2 2x
=1
= 1 2( )
Coordinates
sin 2x
2
)
2
2
2+2
sin 2x
= tan 30
=
2(a)
3 sin x cos x = 1
4(c)
LHS =
1cos 2A
sin 2A
sin A
cos A
1(12 sin2 A)
2 sin A cos A
2 sin2 A
2 sin A cos A
= tan A = RHS [proven]
1cos 2A
1+cos 2A
2
1(12 sin2 A)
1+(2 cos2 A1)
2 sin2 A
2 cos2 A

Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
356

4(d)
Ex 13.2
LHS = 4 sin A cos 3 A 4 sin3 A cos A

= 4 sin A cos A (cos 2 A sin2 A)
1
6(i)
(cos 2 A sin2 A)
= 4 ( sin 2)
2
sin A =
= 2 sin 2 cos 2
= sin 4A
= RHS [proven]
5(a)
1
cos A
)(
LHS =
=
1
sin A
)=
1
sin A cos A
=1
2
1
sin 2A
sin 2A
5(c)
LHS =
Trigonometric ratio
cos 2A = cos 2 A sin2 A
6(ii)
=
2
cos 4A = 2 cos 2A 1
1 2
= 2 ( ) 1
2
)(
cos A
sin A
)=
1
sin A cos A
=1
2
1
sin 2A
A
sec 2
2
1
cos2
A
2
1
1+cos A
2
2
1+cos A
6(iii)
sin 4A = 1
1 2
6(iv)
cos A
cos
21
2
= 2 cos
2
2 tan A
)
1tan2 A
A =
1+cos A
1cos A
1
2
1
1[12 sin2 ( A)]
2
1+[2 cos2 ( A)1]
1
cot 2 ( A)
2
3
2
A1
1+cos A
1tan2 A
tan A
2
1
2
1+cos A
cos A =
tan 2A
cos 2 4
= 1 ( )
= 2 csc 2A = RHS [proven]
LHS = 2 cot 2A =
LHS =
1
2
1+( )
2
= cot A tan A = RHS [proven]

5(e)
3
2
RHS [proven]
5(d)
1 2
1
)
cos2 A
sin A
(
)
cos A
= ( ) ( )
tan A
2
sin 2A
cos2 A
cos A = = , tan A = = 3
sec2 A
=(
2 A
3
2
= 2 csc 2A = RHS [proven]

5(b)
3
2
x = (2)2 (3) = 1
LHS = sec A csc A

=(
Coordinates
obtuse A 2
1+cos A
or cos A =
rej cos A > 0

2
1
for 45 < A < 90
1
2
1
2 sin2 ( A)
2
2 cos2 ( A)
1
2
= RHS [proven]
=
2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
357

7(i)
Ex 13.2
Coordinates
2
tan A =
3
3
<A<
3
-3
-2
8(i)
Coordinates
1
1
cot = k tan = =
= 1, = ,
r = 12 + k 2 = 1 + 2
r=
(2)2
sin =
(3)2
2
13
= 13
, cos =
sin =
1
1+ 2
, cos =
1+ 2
13
Trigonometric ratio
Trigonometric ratio
tan 2A =
7(ii)
7(iii)
tan 3A =
2 tan A
1tan2 A
2
2( )
3
2 2
1( )
3
tan 2A+tan A
1tan 2A tan A
tan A
sin 2 = 2 sin cos = 2 (

=
1
2
1
1tan2 A
2
12
5
2
3
12 2
1( )( )
5
3
6 tan A
tan A =
2
1
313
8(ii)
=
46
9
1tan tan 45
tan +tan 45
8(iii)
sec 2 =
=
1
2 tan2 A
2
0
=
or tan A =
8(iv)
313
2
7(iv)
Recall sin =
csc 2A =
=
1
sin 2A
1
12
13
2
13
=
13
12
rej tan A < 0
2
1
for < A <
, cos =
1
2 sin A cos A
1
k
1( )(1)
1
k
( )+(1)
cos 2
2k
1+k2
1
cos2 sin2
1+k2
k2 1
k
1
(
) (
)
2
1 + k
1 + k 2
1
1+k
k2 1
1+k2
tan +tan 45
1tan tan 45
k1
k2
1 + k2
1
1 + k2
tan 2+tan
1tan 2 tan
2 tan
)+tan
1tan2
2 tan
1(
) tan
1tan2
2 tan +(tan tan3 )

(1tan2 )2 tan2
3
13
1
2
3
2(
)(
)
13 13
=
9(a)
3 tan tan3
3 1
k k3
3
1 2
k
LHS =
1
2
1
cos A
2
9(b)
9(c)
sleightofmath.com
3k2 1
k3 3k
sin A
1+cos A
1 3
k
1 2
13( )
k
1
k
3( )( )
3k2 1
k(k2 3)
1
2
1
2
2 sin A cos A
1
2
1+(2 cos2 A1)
1
2
1
2
2 sin A cos A
1
2
2 cos2 A
LHS =
=
13 tan2
sin A
Daniel & Samuel

) =
2
1
k
1+k2
tan 3 = tan(2 + )
=
3+13
tan(+45)
cot( + 45) =
2(1)
)(
=2
2
1
21
2 tan A + 6 tan A 2 =
2
2
1
21
tan A + 3 tan A 1 =
2
2
1
3(3)2 4(1)(1)
tan A =
( )+( )
2 tan A
12
1
1+k2
1+tan2 A
1tan2 A
cos2 A+sin2 A
cos2 Asin2 A
sin2 A
cos2 A
sin2 A
1 2
cos A
1+
1
cos 2A
cos2 A+sin2 A
cos2 A
cos2 Asin2 A
cos2 A
= sec 2A = RHS [proven]
LHS = cos 4 A sin4 A

= (cos 2 A + sin2 A) (cos 2 A sin2 A)
(cos 2A)
=1
= cos 2A
= RHS [proven]
358

9(d)
9(e)
LHS = cos 4A
= cos(2 2)
= 1 2 sin2 2A
= 1 2 (sin 2A)2
= 1 2(2 sin A cos A)2
= 1 2(4 sin2 A cos 2 A)
= 1 8 sin2 A cos 2 A
= 1 8 sin2 A (1 sin2 A)
= 1 8 sin2 A + 8 sin4 A
= 8 sin4 A 8 sin2 A + 1
= RHS [proven]
Ex 13.2
10(a) 4 sin 2x
4(2 sin x cos x)
8 sin x cos x
sin x (8 cos x 1)
=
=
=
0 < x < 360
82.8
1st or 4th quadrant
90 180 270 360
0 < x < 360
T C
x = , 360
= 82.8, 277.2
x = 180
1cos 2A 2
2
12 cos 2A+cos2 2A
4
10(b) 4 sin x cos x = 1

4(
4
24 cos 2A+1+cos 4A
2 sin 2x
=1
sin 2x
= (3 4 cos 2A + cos 4A)

= RHS [proven]
1+cos 2A+sin 2A
1 + (2 cos 2 A 1) + (2 sin A cos A)

1 (1 2 sin2 A) + (2 sin A cos A)
2 cos 2 A + 2 sin A cos A

2 sin2 A + 2 sin A cos A
2 cos A (cos A + sin A)

2 sin A (sin A + cos A)
= cot A
=1
1
2
0 < x < 360

0 < 2x < 720
1cos 2A+sin 2A
= 30
1st or 2nd quadrant
LHS =
sin 2x
1+cos 4A
12 cos 2A+(
)
2
9(f)
or cos x = 8
sin x = 0
LHS = (sin2 A)2

=(
= sin x
= sin x
= sin x
=0
2x = , 180 ,
= 30, 150,
x = 15, 75,
360 + , 540
390, 510
195, 255
10(c) (sin x cos x)2

=2
sin2 x 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x = 2
(sin2 x + cos 2 x) 2 sin x cos x = 2
1 sin 2x
=2
sin 2x
= 1
0 < x < 360

0 < 2x < 720
= RHS [proven]
90 180 270 360
2x = 270,
x = 135,
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
270 + 360
315
359
Ex 13.2
10(d) cos 2x 3 cos x + 2

=0
(2 cos 2 x 1) 3 cos x + 2 = 0
2 cos 2 x 3 cos x + 1
=0
(2 cos x 1)(cos x 1)
=0
1
cos x =
or cos x = 1
2
0 < x < 360
= 60
1st or 4th quad.

1
0 < x < 360
90 180 270 360
T C
x = , 360
= 60, 300
90 180 270 360
x = 0,
x = 0, 2
cos x [5 (
sin 2
2
0 x 2
0.927
3rd or 4th quadrant
2
90 180 270 360
(no solution)
x= ,
2
2 tan x
1tan2 x
2
11(c) cos 2x
1 2 sin2 x
2 sin2 x sin x 1
(2 sin x + 1)(sin x 1)
=3
) tan x = 3
=3
= 3 3 tan2 x
=3
tan2 x
sin x =
=
3
5
37.8
or
= sin x
= sin x
=0
=0
sin x = 1
7 11
6
3 + , 4
10.4, 11.6
5.18, 5.82
90 180 270 360
T C
x = + , 2
=
sleightofmath.com
0 x 2
x = , 180 , 180 + , 360

= 37.8, 142.2, 217.8, 322.2
Daniel & Samuel

3rd or 4th quad.

0 x 2
2x = + , 2 ,
4.07,5.36,
x 2.03, 2.68,
2 tan x
5 tan2 x
tan x
0 x 2
0 2x 4
x = 180
1tan2 x
2 tan2 x
=0
or sin 2x = 5
cos x = 0
=0
=0
=0
+ 2]
cos x ( sin 2x + 2)
tan 2x tan x
sin x =
or
90 180 270 360
10(f)
= 3 sin x
= 3 sin x
= 3 sin x
= 2 sin2 + 3 sin
=0
=0
0 < x < 360
90 180 270 360
11(b)
5 sin x cos 2 x + 2 cos x
cos x (5 sin x cos x + 2)
10(e) cos 2x 1
(1 2 sin2 x) 1
2 sin2 x
0
2 sin2 x + 3 sin x
sin x (2 sin x + 3)
sin x = 0
11(a) 2 sin x
= sin 2x
2 sin x
= 2 sin x cos x
sin x
= sin x cos x
sin x (cos x 1) = 0
sin x = 0
or cos x = 1
0 x 2
0 x 2
x =
2
360
Ex 13.2
11(d) 2 cos 2x
= 11 cos x + 1
2
2(2 cos x 1)
= 11 cos x + 1
4 cos 2 x 2
= 11 cos x + 1
2
4 cos x 11 cos x 3 = 0
(4 cos x + 1)(cos x 3) = 0
1
cos x = 3
cos x =
4
(no solution)
1.32
2nd or 3rd quadrant
12(i)
At x-axis,
y
=0
2
3 sin 2x + 2 cos x
=0
3(2 sin x cos x) + 2 cos 2 x = 0
6 sin x cos x + 2 cos 2 x
=0
2
3 sin x cos x + cos x
=0
cos x (3 sin x + cos x)
=0
cos x = 0
3 sin x = cos x
0 x 2
S A
T C
x = , +
= 1.82, 4.46
11(e) tan 2x
90 180 270 360
0 < x < 360
2 tan x
= 3 tan x 3 tan3 x
3 tan3 x tan x
=0
2
tan x (3 tan x 1) = 0
tan x = 0
or tan2 x = 1
tan x =
3
1
0 x 2
1st, 2nd, 3rd or

4th quadrant
x = 0, , 2
0 x 2
S
Daniel & Samuel

12(ii) y
=2
2
3 sin 2x + 2 cos x
=2
2
3(2 sin x cos x) + 2(1 sin x) = 2
6 sin x cos x + (2 2 sin2 x) = 2
6 sin x cos x 2 sin2 x
=0
2
3 sin x cos x sin x
=0
sin x (3 cos x sin x)
=0
sin x = 0
3 cos x = sin x
tan x = 3
1
71.6
1st or 3rd quadrant

90 180 270 360
1
5 7 11
6
18.4
2nd or 4th quadrant
x = 180 , 360
= 161.6, 341.6
0 < x < 360
x = , , +
, 2
= ,
T C
x = , 360
= 90, 270 0 < x < 360
= 3 tan x
1tan2 x
tan x
= 3 tan x
2 tan x
90 180 270 360
y = 3 sin 2x + 2 cos 2 x
0 < x < 360

S
x = 180
sleightofmath.com
T C
x = , 180 +
= 71.6, 251.6
361

13(i)
Ex 13.2
14(ii) 8 cos 3 x
8 cos 3 x 6 cos x
2(4 cos 3 x 3 cos x)
2 cos 3x
a = cos x + sin x
b = cos x sin x
a + b = 2 cos x
a+b
cos x =
a b = 2 sin x
sin x =
cos 3x
a+b 2
2
a2 +2ab+b2
4
= 60
2nd or 3rd quadrant
ab
2
0 < x < 180

0 < 3x < 540
cos 2x = cos 2 x sin2 x

=(
= 6 cos x 1
= 1
= 1
= 1
ab 2
1
2
A
C
2
a2 2ab+b2
3x = 180 , 180 + ,
= 120, 240,
x = 40, 80,
4ab
4
= ab
=
540
480
160
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

= 2(
ab
2
)(
a+b
2
) = 2(
a2 b2
4
) =
a2 b2
2
13(ii) a2
+b2
= (cos x + sin x)2
+(cos x
sin x)2
= (cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x + sin2 x) +(cos 2 x
2 sin x cos x + sin2 x)
= 2 cos 2 + 2 sin2
= 2(cos 2 + sin2 )
= 2 [proven]
14
14(i)
LHS = cos 3x
= cos(2x + x)
= cos 2x cos x
= (2 cos 2 x 1) cos x
= 2 cos 3 x cos x
= 2 cos 3 x cos x
= 2 cos 3 x cos x
= 4 cos 3 x 3 cos x
= RHS [shown]
sin 2x sin x
(2 sin x cos x) sin x
2 cos x (sin2 x)
2 cos x (1 cos 2 x)
2 cos x + 2 cos 3 x
8 cos 3 10
6 cos 10
3
= 2(4 cos 10 3 cos 10)
= 2 cos 30
3
2
= 2( )
= 3
Daniel & Samuel

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15
Ex 13.2
Prove: tan x = cot x 2 cot 2x
16
Prove: cos 6 + sin6 =
RHS = cot x 2 cot 2x

2
= cot x
tan 2x
2
= cot x 2 tan x
= cot x
1tan2 x
1tan2 x
tan x
= (sin cos )2 + (
tan x
= cot x 2 cot 2x
2 cot 2x = cot x tan x
=
LHS
= cos 6 + sin6
= (cos 2 )3 + (sin2 )3
= [cos 2 + sin2 ] [(cos 2 )2 (cos 2 )(sin2 ) +
(sin2 )2 ]
[(cos 2 )2 sin2 cos 2 +
=1
(sin2 )2 ]
= sin2 cos 2 +(cos 2 )2
+(sin2 )2
= cot x cot x + tan x

= tan x
= LHS [proven]
cot 2x
5+3 cos 4
= ( sin 2)
cot xtan x
= sin 2
Show: 2 tan 20 + 4 tan 40 + 8 tan 80 =

9(cot 10 tan 10)
1 1cos 4
= (
=
LHS = 2 tan 20
+4 tan 40
+8 tan 80
= 2(cot 20 2 cot 40) +4(cot 40
2 cot 80) +8(cot 80 2 cot 160)
=
=
=
4
2
cos 41
8
cos 41
8
cos 41
8
5+3 cos 4
+
+
+
+
1+cos 2 2
2
1+2 cos 2+cos2 2

4
2+2 cos2 2
+(
+
1cos 2 2
12 cos 2+cos2 2
4
4
2+2(
1+cos 4
)
2
4
2+1+cos 4
4
3+cos 4
4
6+2 cos 4
8
= RHS [proven]
= 2 cot 20 4 cot 40
+4 cot 40 8 cot 80
+8 cot 80 16 cot 160
= 2 cot 20 16 cot 160
= 2 cot 20
= 2 cot 20
16
tan 160
16
tan 20
= 2 cot 20 +16 cot 20

= 18 cot 20
= 18 (
cot 10tan 10
2
cot 2x =
cot xtan x
2
= 9(cot 10 tan 10)

= RHS [shown]
Daniel & Samuel

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363

17(i)
Ex 13.2
3 +4 cos 2 x
= 3 +4 (
1+cos 2x
2
= 3 +2 + 2 cos 2x
= 2 cos 2x + 5
17(ii) y = 3 + 4 cos 2 x
= 2 cos 2x + 5
7
5.5
5
4
3
2.5
i.e. = 2, = 2, = 5
Amplitude = || = |2| = 2
Period
2
2
= 3 + 4 cos 2
= 4 3 sin cos
17(iii) y = 4 3 sin x cos x

1
= 4 3 ( sin 2x)
2
= sin 2x + 4
2
i.e. = , = 2, = 4
2
Amplitude = || = | | =
Period
2
2
17(iv) 4 cos + 3 1 = 0
4 2
= 1 3
2
3 + 4
= 4 3
Workings
1 = 2 cos 2 + 5
Domain
0 x 2
Axis with
y=52
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
20
Cycle
=2
2 = 4 3 sin cos
Domain
0 x 2
3
Axis with
y=4
2
Amplitude
Shape
sin
20
Cycle
=2
Daniel & Samuel

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18
R=
1 2
v sin cos
4.9
R|v=16
1
4.9
(16)2
19
x
Show: 2 + 2 + 2 cos x = 2 sin
LHS = 2 + 2 + 2 cos x
= 25
sin cos = 25
sin cos
1
Ex 13.2
sin 2
sin 2
=
=
=
= 2 + 2 + 2 [2 cos 2 ( x) 1]
245
512
245
512
490
= 2 + 2 + 4 cos 2 ( x) 2
2
512
73.1
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 < < 90
0 < 2 < 180
= 2 + 4 cos 2 ( x)
2
= 2 + 2cos 2 ( x)
2
2 = , 180
73.1,106.9
36.6, 53.4
= 2 + 2 [ cos ( x)]
2
cos x < 0 for 135 < < 180

1
= 2 2 cos ( x)
2
= 2 2 [1 2 sin2 ( x)]
4
= 2 2 + 4 sin2 ( x)
4
= 4 sin2 ( x)
4
= 2sin2 ( x)
4
= 2 sin
x
4
1
sin ( ) > 0 67.5 < < 90

= RHS [shown]
Daniel & Samuel

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Ex 13.3
4(a)
Ex 13.3
1(a)
R = 32 + 42 = 5
4
= tan1 ( ) 53.1
3
y = 5 sin( 53.1)
cos + sin
R = 12 + 12 = 2
1
= tan1 ( ) = 45
1
max = 5
sin( 53.1) = 1
0 <
< 360
53.1 < 53.1 < 306.9
53.1 = 90
143.1
cos + sin = 2 cos( 45)

1(b)
3 cos sin
2
R = (3) + 12 = 3 + 1 = 2
= tan1 ( ) = 30
3 cos sin = 2 cos( + 30)

1(c)
R = 32 + 42 = 5
(4)
= tan1 [(3)] 53.1
3 sin + 4 cos = 5 sin( + 53.1)

1(d)
4(b)
R = 12 + (2) = 1 + 2 = 3
=
2
tan1 ( )
1
3(i)
1.18
90 180 270 360
I = 15 sin(120t) 8 cos(120t)
Min = 10
+ 71.6 180
108.4
R = 152 + 82 = 17
8
= tan1 ( ) 0.489 96
15
I = 17 sin(120t 0.489 96)

3(ii)
R = 12 + 32 = 10
3
= tan1 ( ) 71.6
Max = 10
cos( + 71.6) = 1
0 <
< 360
71.6 < + 71.6 < 431.6
+ 71.6 0, 360
288.4
R = 52 + 122 = 13
12
tan1 ( )
5
= 54.7
5 sin 12 cos = R sin( )
90 180 270 360
y = 10 cos( + 71.6)
sin 2 cos = 3 sin( 54.7)

2
= sin
y = cos 3 sin
sin 2 cos
min = 5
sin( 53.1) = 1
53.1 = 270
323.1
3 sin + 4 cos
y = 3 sin 4 cos
A = 17
Daniel & Samuel

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366

4(c)
Ex 13.3
y = 6 cos + 5 sin
62
5(a)
3 cos x 4 sin x = 1
R = 32 + 42 = 5
4
= tan1 ( ) 53.1
3
5 cos(x + 53.1)= 1
52
R=
+
= 61
1 (5)
= tan
39.8
6
y = 61 cos( 39.8)
cos(x + 53.1)
max = 61
cos( 39.8) = 1
0
<
< 360
39.8 < 39.8 < 320.1
39.8 0
39.8
90 180 270 360
x + 53.1 , 360
78.5,281.5
x
25.3, 228.4
5(b)
3 sin x cos x = 1
2
R = (3) + 12 = 3 + 1 = 2
= tan1 ( ) = 30
2 sin( 30) = 1
sin( 30)
y = 35 sin( + 63.4)
min = 35
sin( + 63.4) = 1
x + 63.4 270
x
206.6
0 < x
< 360
53.1 < x + 53.1 < 413.1
R = 32 + 62 = 45 = 9 5 = 35
6
= tan1 ( ) 63.4
max = 35
sin( + 63.4) = 1
0 <
< 360
63.4 < + 63.4 < 423.4
x + 63.4 90
x
26.6
y = 3 sin + 6 cos
78.5
1st or 4th quadrant
min = 61
cos( 39.8) = 1
39.8 180
219.8
4(d)
1
2
= 30
1st or 2nd quadrant
= sin
90 180 270 360
0 < x
< 360
30 < x 30 < 330
x 30 = , 180
= 30,150
x
= 60, 180
5(c)
6 cos x 2 sin x = 3.5
R = 62 + 22 = 40 = 4 10 = 210
2
= tan1 ( ) 18.4
6
10 cos(x + 18.4) = 3.5

cos(x + 18.4)
3.5
210
56.4
1st or 4th quadrant
0 < x
< 360
18.4 < x + 18.4 < 378.4
S
T
x + 18.4 , 360
56.4,303.6
x
38.0, 285.2
Daniel & Samuel

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5(d)
Ex 13.3
6(i)
sin x + 2 cos x = 2
12
R=
+
= 5
1 (2)
= tan
63.4
1
R = 82 + 62 = 10
6
= tan1 ( ) 0.643 50
8
G(t) = 10 cos(4t 0.643 50)
5 sin(x + 63.4) = 2
sin(x + 63.4)
G(t) = 8 cos 4t + 6 sin 4t
22
6(ii)
39.2
1st or 2nd quadrant
0 < x
< 360
63.4 < x + 63.4 < 423.4
1 cos(4t 0.643 50)

1
10 10 cos(4t 0.643 50) 10
min = 10
10 cos(4t 0.643 50) = 10
cos(4t 0.643 50)
= 1
x + 63.4 , 180 , 360 +

39.2,140.8, 399.2
x
77.3, 335.8
t
>0
4t 0.643 50 > 0.643 50
90 180 270 360
5(e)
4t 0.643 50 =
t
0.946
2.1 cos x sin x = 1.6
R = (2.1)2 + (1)2 =
1
= tan1 ( )
2.1
1
10
541
25.5
7(i)
541 cos(x + 25.5) = 1.6

10
cos(x + 25.5)
16
541
46.5
1st or 4th quadrant
0 < x
< 360
25.5 < x + 25.5 < 385.5
= 5(1 + 0)
= 5 coulombs
7(ii)
16
R = 12 + ( ) =
= tan1 ( 4 ) 0.245
17
4
R=
+ 17.26
1 ( e )
= tan
40.9
17.26 cos(x 40.9) 2
17
q=
e2
cos(x 40.9)
1 2
cos x + e sin x = 2
2
q= 5e10t (cos 60t + sin 60t)

4
x + 25.5 , 360
46.5,313.5
x
21.1, 288.0
5(f)
1
q = 5e10t (cos 60t + sin 60t)
4
1
10(0) (cos
q|t=0 = 5e
0 + sin 0)
17
5e10t [ cos(60t
4
517 10t
A =
4
517
4
0.245)]
cos(60t 0.245)
B = 0.245
2
7(iii)
17.26
61.2
1st or 4th quadrant
0
<x
< 360
40.9 < x 40.9 < 319.1
S
T
10t
e
0
q
0
x 40.9 , 360
61.2,298.8
x
102.1, 339.6
Daniel & Samuel

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368

8(a)
Ex 13.3
y = 4 sin + 3 cos 2
8(c)
R=
+
=5
1 (3)
= tan
36.9
4
y = 5 sin( + 36.9) 2
42
32
1 sin( + 36.9)
5 5 sin( + 36.9)
7 5 sin( + 36.9) 2
1
5
3
max = 3
sin( + 36.9) = 1
0 <
< 360
36.9 < + 36.9 < 399.9
+ 36.9 90
53.1
R = 12 + (2) = 3
= tan1 ( )
2
1
54.7
1 sin( 54.7)
1
3 3 sin( 54.7) 3
33 3 sin( 54.7) 53
max = 53
sin( 54.7) = 1
0
<
< 360
54.7 < 54.7 < 305.3
54.7 90
144.7
= sin
90 180 270 360
= sin
min = 33
sin( 54.7) = 1
54.7 270
324.7
y = 3 7 cos + 24 sin
= 3 + (24 sin 7 cos )
R = 242 + 72 = 25
7
= tan1 ( ) 16.3
24
y = 3 + 25 sin( 16.3)
8(d)
y = 7 + 15 cos 2 + 8 sin 2
= 7 + (15 cos 2 + 8 sin 2)
max = 24
cos(2 28.1) = 1
90 180 270 360
= sin
90 180 270 360
1 cos(2 28.1)
1
17 17 cos(2 28.1)
17
10 17 cos(2 28.1) + 7 24
max = 28
sin( 16.3) = 1
0
<
< 360
16.3 < 16.3 < 343.7
16.3 90
106.3
1
90 180 270 360

1
R = 152 + 82 = 17
8
= tan1 ( ) 28.1
15
y = 7 + 17 cos(2 28.1)
1 sin( 16.3)
1
25 25 sin( 16.3)
25
22 3 + 25 sin( 16.3) 28
min = 22
sin( 16.3) = 1
16.3 270
286.3
y = 3 sin( 54.7) + 43
min = 7
sin( + 36.9) = 1
+ 36.9 270
233.1
8(b)
y = sin 2 cos + 43
= (sin 2 cos ) + 43
0
<
< 360
28.1 < 2 28.1 < 691.9
2 28.1 = 0, 360
= 14.0, 194.0
min = 10
cos(2 28.1) = 1
2 28.1 180, 180 + 360
104.0, 284.0
Daniel & Samuel

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369

9(i)
Ex 13.3
10(a)
h = 1.6 + 0.5 sin ( ) 1.2 cos ( )
h = 1.6 + 1.3 sin (

1
sin (
x
6
1.3 sin (
x
6
x
6
1.18)
1.18)
1.3 1.3 sin (

0.3
1.3
sin (
x
6
x
6
4
13
0.313
1st or 2nd quadrant
0
<x
< 24
x
1.18 < 1.18 < 11.39
5 cos(2x 26.6) = 2
=
2
5
26.6
2nd or 3rd quadrant
1.18
, ,
2 + , 3
0.313,2.83,
6.60,9.11
x 2.84h, 7.64h,
14.8h, 19.6h
2h 51 min, 7h 39 min
14h 51min, 19h 39min
02: 51, 07: 39,
14: 51, 19: 39
Daniel & Samuel

R = 22 + 12 = 5
1
= tan1 ( ) 26.6
cos(2x 26.6)
10(b) 2 cos 2x + sin 2x + 2 = 0

2 cos 2x + sin 2x
= 2
x 56.3 , 180
56.3,123.7
x
112.6, 180
1.18) = 2
1.18)
3
13
0
<x
< 360
56.3 < x 56.3 < 303.7
=2
1.6 + 1.3 sin (
56.3
1st or 2nd quadrant
1.18) + 1.6 2.9
sin(x 56.3)
max. = 2.9
min. = 0.3
9(ii)
R = 22 + 32 = 13
3
= tan1 ( ) 56.3
13 sin(x 56.3) = 3
1.18)
=2
sin x+cos x
4 sin x cos x 3 = 2 sin x + 2 cos x

2 sin x 3 cos x = 3
R = 0.52 + 1.22 = 1.69 = 1.3

1.2
= tan1 ( ) 1.18
0.5
4 sin xcos x3
sleightofmath.com
0
<x
< 360
26.6 < 2x 26.6 < 693.4
2x 26.6
180 , 180 + ,
153.4,206.6,
x 90, 116.6,
A
C
540 , 540 +
513.4, 566.6
270, 296.6
370
Ex 13.3
10(c) sin 1 x cos 1 x +2 cos x = 1

2
1
2
10(e) 2 sin x(2 sin x cos x) = 1

4 sin2 x
2 sin x cos x = 1
sin x
+2 cos x = 1
4(
1 2
17
R = ( ) + 22 =
= tan1 ( 1 ) 76.0
17
2
17
sin(x
2
+ 76.0) = 1
sin(x + 76.0)
17
x + 76.0 , 180 ,
29.0,151.0
x
75.0,
cos x
sin x
= 3 + 2(
1
sin x
x 45,
11(i)
1
5
360 + , 540 ,
720 +
386.6, 513.4,
746.6
161.6, 225,
341.6
V = 70 sin t + 85 cos t
R = 702 + 852 110.11

85
= tan1 ( ) 0.881 87
70
V = 110.11 sin(t + 0.881 87)
13 cos(x + 56.3) = 2
=
2x + 63.4
, 180 ,
26.6, 153.4,
R = 22 + 32 = 13
3
= tan1 ( ) 56.3
cos(x + 56.3)
R = 12 + 22 = 5
2
= tan1 ( ) 63.4
0 < x
< 360
63.4 < 2x + 63.4 < 783.4
360 + , 540
389.0, 511.0
313.1
2 cos x
= 3 sin x + 2
2 cos x 3 sin x = 2
=1
=1
26.6
1st or 2nd quadrant
= 3 + 2 csc x
)
2 2 cos 2x sin 2x
sin 2x + 2 cos 2x
sin(2x + 63.4)
0 < x
< 360
76.0 < x + 76.0 < 436.0
2(
=1
5 sin(2x + 63.4) = 1
29.0
1st or 2nd quadrant
10(d) 2 cot x
) sin 2x
1cos 2x
2
13
56.3
1st or 4th quadrant
0 < x
< 360
56.3 < x + 56.3 < 416.3
S
T
11(ii) 1
sin t
1
110.11 110.11 sin(t + 0.881 87) 110.11
max = 110.11
110.11 sin(t + 0.881 87) = 110.11
sin(t + 0.881 87)
=1
x + 56.3 , 360 , 360 +

56.3,303.7 416.3
x
247.4
t
0
t + 0.881 87 0.881 87
= sin
90 180 270 360
t + 0.881 87
t
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
0.689 ms 1
371
Ex 13.3
11(iii) V
= 50
110.11 sin(t + 0.881 87) = 50
sin(t + 0.881 87)
0.471
1st or 2nd quadrant
t
0
t + 0.881 87 0.881 87
13(i)
In QRS, cos =
110.11
SR
8
R = 22 + 82 = 68 = 4 17 = 217
8
= tan1 ( ) 76.0
2
OR = 217 sin( + 76.0)

max = 217
sin( + 76.0) = 1
0 <
< 90
76.0 < + 76.0 < 166.0
+ 76.0 = 90
14.0
10
x = 149 cos(8t 0.611)

12(ii) 1
cos t
1
149 149 cos(8t 0.611) 149
90 180 270 360
13(ii) OR
=6
217 sin( + 76.0) = 6
max. = 149
sin( + 76.0)
x
= 149
149 cos(8t 0.611) = 149
cos(8t 0.611)
=1
t
0
8t 0.611 0.611
3
17
46.7
1st or 2nd quadrant
90 180 270 360
0 <
< 90
76.0 < + 76.0< 166.0
+ 76.0 , 180
46.7,133.3
57.4
8t 0.611 0
t
0.0763
12(iii) x
=9
149 cos(8t 0.611) = 9
=
14(i)
9
0
<t
<1
0.611 < 8t 0.611 < 7.39
8t 0.611 , 2 ,
0.741, 5.54,
t
0.169, 0.769,
3 sin + 4 cos(60 )
=2
[
]
3 sin + 4 cos 60 cos + sin 60 sin = 2
1
149
0.742
1st or 4th quadrant
Daniel & Samuel

OR = OS +SR
= PT +SR
= (2 sin +8 cos ) cm [shown]
R = 102 + 72 = 149
7
= tan1 ( ) 0.611
cos(8t 0.611)
SR = 8 cos
x = 10 cos 8t + 7 sin 8t
PT
PT = 2 sin
50
t + 0.881 87 ,
0.471,2.67
t
1.79 ms
12(i)
In PQT, sin =
=2
3 sin + 2 cos + 23 sin

(3 + 23) sin + 2 cos
=2
=2
S
T
3
2
3 sin + 4 [( ) cos + ( ) sin ]
2 +
7.02
0.954
sleightofmath.com
372
Ex 13.3
14(ii) For (3 + 23) sin + 2 cos
15(ii) OM
=4
29 cos( 68.2) = 4
R = (3 + 23) + 22
cos( 68.2)
= (9 + 123 + 12) + 4
= tan1 (
2
3+23
25 + 123 sin( + 17.2) = 2
15
17.2
1st or 2nd quadrant
tan =
AC
16(i)
360 +
377.2
360
= 2 cot
sin
sin
(5,2)
2
5
OM
OA
OM
5+2 cot
cos
sin
18
16
tan x
90 180 270 360
= tan x
=
9
8
48.4
1st or 3rd quadrant
R = 22 + 52 = 29
5
= tan1 ( ) 68.2
0 < x < 90
x = , 180
48.4, 131.6
OM = 29 cos( 68.2)
max = 29
cos( 68.2) = 1
0
<
< 90
68.2 < 68.2 < 28.8
68.2 = 0
= 68.2
16
area of COD = 2(area of AOB)
(ii)(b) 18 cos x
= 2(8 sin x)
18 cos x
= 16 sin x
For 2 cos + 5 sin
Daniel & Samuel

+18 cos x [shown]
Max = 297
sin(x + 66.0) = 1
0 <
< 90
66.0 < + 66.0 < 156.0
x + 66.0 = 90
x
24.0
= 5 sin +2 cos
= 2 cos +5 sin [shown]
= 8 sin x
sin (5 + 2 cot ) = OM
OM
= sin (5 + 2 cot )
15(i)
+ (6)(6) sin(90 x)
S = 297 sin(x + 66.0)
= sin (5 + 2
= (4)(4) sin x
16
For 8 sin x + 18 cos x,
(ii)(a) R = 82 + 182 = 297
18
= tan1 ( ) 66.0
OA = OC +CA
=5
+2 cot [shown]
S = area of AOB +area of COD

2
68.2 ,
, 360
42.0
42.0, 318.0
26.2
25+123
AC
sin( + 17.2)
+ 17.2 , 180 ,
17.2,162.8,
0, 146,
0
<
< 90
68.2 < 68.2 < 28.8
) 17.2
0
360
17.2 + 17.2 377.2
29
42.0
1st or 4th quadrant
= 25 + 123
90 180 270 360

1
17(i)
p = A sin(t)
+B sin(t + c)
= A sin(t)
+B[sin(t) cos(c) + cos(t) sin(c)]
= A sin(t)
+B cos(c) sin(t) + B sin(c) cos(t)
= [A + B cos(c)] sin(t) +B sin(c) cos(t)
= B sin (c) cos(t) +[A + B cos (c)] sin(t)
sleightofmath.com
373
Ex 13.3
17(ii) Why?
R2 = [Bsin (c)]2
18(v) In ABC,
+[A + B cos(c)]2
= B 2 sin2 (c)
In OBN,
+A2 + 2AB cos(c)
cos =
ON
AM = AC
= AC
= 2 cos
= 6 sin
2 cm
sin =
+CM
+BN
+6 sin
+2 cos
AM = R sin( + )
18(vi) OAM area = 1 (base)
2
1
(height)
= OM
AM
2
1
ON = 6 cos
In ABC,
BN
2 cm
sin =
= A2 + B 2 + 2AB cos c [shown]

In OBN,
BN = 6 sin
= B 2 [sin2 (c) + cos 2 (c)] +A2 + 2AB cos(c)
18(i)
AC
AC = 2 cos
+A2 + 2AB cos(c)

+B 2 cos 2 (c)
= B 2 [1]
cos =
= R cos( + ) R sin( + )
BC
2
1
= R2 ( ) [2 sin( + ) cos( + )]
2
1
BC = 2 sin
= R sin 2( + )
4
1
2
(40) sin 2( + )
4
= 10 sin 2( + ) [shown]
OM = ON
MN
= ON
BC
= 6 cos 2 sin [shown]
18(ii)
R = 62 + 22 = 40 = 4 10 = 210
2
= tan1 ( ) 18.4
18(vii) 1 sin 2( + )
1
10 10 sin 2( + ) 10
OM = 210 cos( + 18.4)
max
10 sin 2( + )
sin 2( + )
18(iii) OM
=5
210 cos( + 18.4) = 5
cos( + 18.4)
0 <
< 90
36.9 < 2( + 18.43) < 216.9
5
210
37.8
1st or 4th quadrant
0 <
< 90
18.4 < + 18.4 < 108.4
= 10
= 10
=1
S
T
90 180 270 360
2( + 18.43) = 90
26.6
+ 18.4 , 360
37.8, 322.2
19.3
18(iv) OA = R cm [pythagoras thm]
AOB =
Daniel & Samuel

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19
Ex 13.3
P = (k 1) sin 4t + (2 + k) cos 4t
R = (k 1)2 + (2 + k)2
= (k 2 2k + 1) + (4 + 4k + k 2 )
= 2k 2 + 2k + 5
max = 2k 2 + 2k + 5
= 2(k 2 + 1) + 5
1 2
1 2
= 2 [(k + ) ( ) ] + 5
1 2
= 2 (k + ) + 5
1 2
= 2 (k + ) +
1 2
(k + ) 0
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
max cannot be less than 2

2
Daniel & Samuel

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Rev Ex 13
A1(b) y = 2 cos (3 2x) + 3
Rev Ex 13
A1(a) cos 105 = cos(60 + 45)

= cos 60 cos 45
1
2
( )
2
2
13
2
( )(
)
2
2
26
=( )
=
=
sin 60 sin 45
3
2
( )
2
2
= 2( sin 2) + 3
= 2 sin 2 + 3
i.e. = 2, = 2, = 3
( )
Amplitude
= || = |2| = 2
Period
5
3
2
3
2x)
+ sin ( ) sin(2x)
= cos ( ) cos(2x)
+ [ sin ( )] sin 2x
= (0) cos 2
= sin 2x
= RHS [shown]
+(1) sin 2
2
2
= 2 sin 2 + 3
Workings
Domain
0x
Axis with
y=32
Amplitude
Shape
sin
Cycle
Daniel & Samuel

3
3
= cos ( ) cos(2x)
2
A1(b) Show: cos (3 2x) = sin 2x

LHS = cos (
sleightofmath.com
=1
376

A2(i)
Rev Ex 13
Coordinates of
90 < < 180 2nd quad.
4
cos = =
= 4,
y=
52
5
13
= 5,
-4
(4)2
=3
sin x =
Coordinates of
180 < < 270 3rd quad.
sin =
=5
A3(a) 4 cos 2x +2 sin x

4(1 2 sin2 x) +2 sin x
4 8 sin2 x +2 sin x
8 sin2 x 2 sin x 1
(4 sin x + 1)(2 sin x 1)
13
= 13
0 < x < 360

S
tan tan 45
tan( 45) =
1+tan tan 45
24
25
3
)(1)
4
3
1+( )(1)
4
cos 2 = 1 2 sin2 = 1 2 (
cos 2 =
1
2 cos 2 ( )
2
1+cos
7(
5 2
119
13
169
) =
1
2
sin 2x
2
sin 2x
1+cos
2
T C
x = , 180
= 30, 150
=2
=
4
7
34.8
1st or 2nd quadrant
cos
A3(b) 7 sin x cos x = 2
= 2( )( ) =
0 < x < 360
T C
x = 180 + , 360
194.5, 345.5
7
A2(ii) sin 2 = 2 sin cos
A2(iv) cos
sin x =
-5
x = 132 (5)2 = 12
Trigonometric ratio
A2(iii)
or
14.5
= 30
3rd or 4th quadrant 1st or 2nd quadrant
=3
=3
=3
=0
=0
cos < 0
2
1
for 90 < < 135
0 < x < 360

0 < 2x < 720
12
)
13
1+(
2
1
= 13
2
=
=
26
1
26
2x , 180 ,
34.8,145.2,
17.4, 72.6,
360 + , 540
394.9, 505.2
197.4, 252.6
A3(c) sin 2x
= sin2 x
2 sin x cos x
= sin2 x
sin x (2 cos x sin x) = 0
sin x = 0 or
2 cos x = sin x
tan x = 2
1
63.4
1st or 3rd quadrant

90 180 270 360
1
0 < x < 360

x = 180
0 < x < 360

S
T C
x = , 180 +
= 63.4, 243.4
Daniel & Samuel

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A3(d) cot 2x
Rev Ex 13
= 1 + cot x
A5(i) 7 cos x + 24 sin x 12
= 25 cos(x 73.7) 12
= 1 + cot x
tan 2x
1
=1+
2 tan x
1tan2 x
1tan2 x
2 tan x
1 cos(x 73.7)
1
25 25 cos(x 73.7)
25
37 25 cos(x 73.7) 12 13
1
tan x
tan x+1
tan x
1 tan2 x
= 2 tan x + 2
2
tan x + 2 tan x + 1 = 0
(tan x + 1)2
=0
tan x
= 1
= 45
S A
2nd or 4th quadrant
T
C
0 < x < 360
max = 13
cos(x 73.7) = 1
x 73.7 0
x
73.7
sin A
cos A
sin A
cos A
cos(x 73.7)
(2 cos 2 A 1)
= (cos 2 2A sin2 2A)
2
5
x
> 0
x 73.7 > 73.7
sec 2 2A
= cos(2 2A)
66.4
1st or 4th quadrant
= tan A (cos 2A)

= cos 2A tan A
= RHS [proven]
A4(b) LHS = cos 4A
A5(ii) 7 cos x
= 10 24 sin x
7 cos x + 24 sin x = 10
25 cos(x 73.7) = 10
tan A
= 2 sin A cos A
90 180 270 360
min = 37
cos(x 73.7) = 1
x 73.7 180
x
253.7
x = 180 , 360
= 135, 315
A4(a) LHS = sin 2A
x 73.7 360 + , ,
293.6, 66.4,
x
7.3
cos2 2A
1
cos2 2A
= 1 tan 2A
= RHS [proven]
, 360
66.4,293.6
A6(i) LHS = 1cos +sin

1+cos +sin
A4(c) LHS =
sin(A+B)
sin A cos B
sin A cos B+cos A sin B

sin A cos B
=1+
cot A tan B = RHS [proven]

A5(i) 7 cos x + 24 sin x = R cos(x )
R = 72 + 242 = 25
24
= tan1 ( ) 73.7
7
2
2
1+(2 cos2 1)+(2 sin cos )

2
2
2
2
2
2
2 cos2 +2 sin cos

2
2
2
2
2
2
2 cos (cos +sin )

2
2
2
1(12 sin2 )+(2 sin cos )
2 sin2 +2 sin cos
2 sin (sin +cos )
= tan
= RHS [proven]
Daniel & Samuel

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Rev Ex 13
A6(ii) 1 + sin
= 2 cos
sin 2 cos = 1
B1(i)
cos(A+B)
cos A cos B+sin A sin B
R = 12 + 22 = 5
2
= tan1 ( ) 1.11
7
5
7
5
5 cos A cos B + 5 sin A sin B = 7 cos A cos B

7 sin A sin B
cos A cos Bsin A sin B
5 sin( 1.11) = 1
sin( 1.11)
cos(AB)
1
5
0.464
3rd or 4th quadrant
0
<
<
1.11 < 1.11 < 2.03
2 cos A cos B
= 12 sin A sin B
cos A cos B
= 6 sin A sin B
[proven]
tan A tan B
B1(ii) tan( + )
1.11 , ,
2.68, 0.464,
0.644
+ , 2
3.61,5.82
= tan(45)
tan +tan
=1
1tan tan
tan +tan
1
(1)
=1
1
6
tan + tan =
6
A7(i)
2.5
1 A
m
1.5
cos 2 A =
= 1,
y=
4
1
7.25 cos( 68.2) = 1.5
68.2 360 + , ,
303.9, 56.1,
12.1
3
2
3
2
= ( )( ) ( ) ( )
7.25
0
<
< 90
68.2 < 68.2 < 21.8
-1
3
2
1.5
56.1
1st or 4th quadrant
2 A
(1)2 = 3
Trigonometric ratio
cos(A + 60) = cos A cos 60 sin A sin 60
=2
22
sin =
R = 12 + 2.52 = 7.25
2.5
= tan1 ( ) 68.2
cos( 68.2)
cos A = = =
A +B
= 1.5
1 cos +2.5 sin = 1.5
cos + 2.5 sin = 1.5 [shown]
A7(ii)
B2(i) Coordinates
A is obtuse 2nd quadrant
= 1
S
T
, 360
56.1, 303.9
B2(ii) Recap
sin =
3
, cos
2
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A=
2
1
3
2( )( )
2
2
3
2
B2(iii) cos 2A = 2 cos 2 A 1= 2 (1) 1 = 1

4
B2(iv) sin 3A = sin 2A cos A + cos 2A sin A

1
3
)( )
2
2
3
3
4
4
= (
=
3
2
+ ( ) ( )
2
=0
Daniel & Samuel

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379
Rev Ex 13
B3(a) 4 sin 3x cos x 4 cos 3x sin x + 1 = 0

4(sin 3x cos x cos 3x sin x)
= 1
4 sin(3x x)
= 1
sin(2x)
B3(d) cos 2x 3 cos x

(2 cos 2 x 1) 3 cos x
2 cos 2 x 3 cos x 2
(2 cos x + 1)(cos x 2)
1
4
cos x =
14.5
3rd or 4th quadrant
0 < x < 180
0 < 2x < 360
2nd or 3rd quadrant
0x
S A
T C
x = , +
=
= 2 cos x
= 2 cos x
=0
=0
sin x = 1
0 < x < 360
3(
90 180 270 360
x = 90, 270
x = 90
1
cos 2x
= 8 sin 2x
) = 8 sin 2x
= 8 sin 2x cos 2x
= 8(
= 4(sin 4x)
sin 4x
0
<x
< 360
63.4 < 2x 63.4 < 656.6
2 + , 3
7.13, 8.58
1.78, 2.14
B4(a) sin(x y)
=p
(i)
sin x cos y cos x sin y = p
q cos x sin y = p
qp
= cos x sin y
cos x sin y
=
(1)
26.6
1st or 2nd quadrant
sin cos
360 + , 540
386.6, 513.4
225, 288.4
(2)
sin(x + y) = sin(x) cos(y) + cos(x) sin(y)

=q
+q p (2) & (3)
= 2q
p
B4(a)
(ii)
tan x
tan y
=
=
=
Daniel & Samuel

4x = , ,
0.848,2.29,
x 0.212, 0.573,
5 sin(2x 63.4) = 1
2x 63.4 , 180 ,
26.6,108.4,
x
45, 108.4,
sin 4
0x
0 4x 4
R = 12 + 22 = 5
2
= tan1 ( ) 63.4
=
0.848
1st or 2nd quadrant
B3(c) sin 2x
= 2 cos 2x + 1
sin 2x 2 cos 2x = 1
sin(2x 63.4)
2 4
B3(e) 3 sec 2x
90 180 270 360
or
2x = 180 + , 360
194.5, 355.5
x 97.2, 172.8
B3(b) sin 2x
2 sin x cos x
sin x cos x cos x
cos x (sin x 1)
cos x = 0
or
0 < x < 360
=1
=1
=0
=0
cos x = 2
(no solution)
sleightofmath.com
sin x
cos x
sin y
cos y
sin x cos y
cos x sin y
q
qp
380
Rev Ex 13
B5(b) cos 2 x = 1+cos 2x
B4 (a) sin 2x sin 2y = 2 sin x cos x (2 sin y cos y)

(iii)
= 4 sin x cos y (cos x sin y)
= 4q (q p)
y = 4 cos 2 x
= 4(
B4(b)
A + B + C = 90
C
= 90 (A + B)
1+cos 2x
2
= 2 cos 2 + 1
180
-1
= 2 + 2 cos 2x 1
= 2 cos 2x + 1
i.e. = 2, = 2, = 1
Show: tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1

Amplitude = || = |2| = 2
LHS
= tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A
= tan A tan B + tan B tan[90 (A + B)]
Period
90
] tan A
(A + B)
= tan A tan B + tan B cot(A + B) + cot(A + B) tan A
= tan A tan B + cot(A + B) [tan B + tan A]
+ tan [
= tan A tan B +
= tan A tan B +
1
tan(A+B)
1
= tan A tan B + (
tan A+tan B
360
2
= 180
Workings
Domain
0 x 180
Axis with
y=12
Amplitude
Shape
+cos
(tan A + tan B)
1tan A tan B
360
max. = 1 + (2) = 3
min. = 1 + (2) = 1
(tan A + tan B)
tan A+tan B
1tan A tan B
) (tan A + tan B)
1800
Cycle
= tan A tan B +1 tan A tan B

=1
= RHS [shown]
180
=1
B5(a) For 2 cos x 3 sin x,

R = 22 + 32 = 13
3
= tan1 ( ) 56.3
2
B6(a) LHS = cos(x+y)
(2 cos x 3 sin x)2

= [13 cos(x + 56.3)]
= 13 cos 2 (x + 56.3)
13 [shown]
cos 2 (x + 56.3) 1
0 < x
< 360
56.3 < x + 56.3 < 416.3
x + 56.3 , 180 ,
360 + , 540
= 0,180,
483.7
x
= 123.7,
sin(xy)
(cos x cos ysin x sin y)+(cos x cos y+sin x sin y)
= (sin
Trigonometric equation
(2 cos x 3 sin x)2 = 13
13 cos 2 (x + 56.3) = 13
cos(x + 56.3)
= 1
Daniel & Samuel

+cos(xy)
sin(x+y)
x cos y+cos x sin y)(sin x cos ycos x sin y)
2 cos x cos y
2 cos x sin y
= cot y
= RHS [proven]
B6(b) LHS
90 180 270 360
1+sec 2
tan 2
=
180 + , 360 ,
1
cos 2
sin 2
cos 2
1+
(2 cos2 1)+1
2 sin cos
cos
sin
cos 2+1
cos 2
sin 2
cos 2
cos 2+1
sin 2
2 cos2
2 sin cos
= cot = RHS [proven]
360,
303.7
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381
Rev Ex 13
B6(c) LHS = sin2 2 (cot 2 tan2 )

= sin2 2 (
= sin2 2 (
= sin2 2 [
2
cos2
sin2
sin2
cos2
4
cos sin4
>0
17 sin( 28.1) > 0
sin2 cos2
(cos2 +sin2 )(cos2 sin2 )
(sin cos )2
= sin 2 [
B7(iii) Given: 0 < < 90
(1) cos 2
2
1
2
AB
AB = 17 sin( 28.1)
118.1
O 28.1
( sin 2)
cos 2
= sin2 2 (1
4
sin2 2
= 4 cos 2
= RHS [proven]
B7(i) AB = OB OA
= 15 sin 8 cos
R = 152 + 82
= 17
= tan1 ( ) 28.1
15
AB = 17 sin( 28.1)
B7(ii) AB
=5
17 sin( 28.1) = 5
sin( 28.1)
= 90
5
17
17.1
1st or 2nd quadrant
28.1 < < 90

B7(iv) shaded area
= area of OPB
1
= (15 sin )(15 cos ) (8 sin )(8 cos )

=
=
=
=
225
2
161
2
sin cos
sin cos
2
161
4
( sin 2)
2
sin 2
sin 2
161
4
161
4
max =
161
4
32 sin cos
161 1
B7(v) 1
0
<
< 90 [by inspection]
28.1 < 28.1 < 61.9
S A
28.1 , 180
17.1,162.9
T C
45.2
area of OAQ
sin2 =
sin 2
sin 2
161
4
161
4
161
=1
90 180 270 360
0 < < 90
0 < 2 < 180
2 = , 180
= 90
= 45
Daniel & Samuel

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Ex 14.1
3(a)
Ex 14.1
1(a)
d
dx
(3x 7 ) = 3
(x 7 )
dx
55
5 d
( x 2 ) =
dx 2
=
d
dx
(3x 2
d
d
dx
x3
3(c)
= 4
dx
d
dx
=
=
=
2(d)
d
dx
=
=
=
2(e)
d
dx
dx
(1)
d
dx
(x 2 )
= 4(3x 2 ) +5(2x)
= 12x 2
+10x
2(c)
(x)
dx
+5
2 x 2
3
2 d
2x4
5
(x 2 )
3(d)
3 dx
2
(2x)
3
22
3
20
3 d
dx
(12)
x9
11
8
(x )
100
x
2 d
(9x 2
d
dx
x2
dx 2
4(a)
dx
(x 2 )
dx x3
d
x3
+ 3)
x
dx
(x 3 )
4 )
d
dx
x4
2 )
d
dx
(3)
+0
x2
(3x + 2x 3)
d
dx
(x)
+2
(x 2 )
dx
1
1
+2 ( x 2 )
2
1
d
dx
(3)
(8x 2 + 3x x)
d
dx
(x 2 ) +3
d
dx
(x)
+3(1)
= 16x
+3
(x 1 )
(x
18
2x2 +4x
x
d
dx
(x 2 )
dx
1
1
( x 2 )
2
1
2x
(2x + 4)
d
dx
(x)
= 2(1)
=2
(x 3 )
2 dx
b
0
(3x 2 )
2
3b
x2
2
(x 2 )
= 8(2x)
b d
d
dx
=2
( )
= 18x
dx
d
x2
3(2x 3 )
=8
(x 9 )
11 dx
(9x 8 )
11
9
x 8
11
( x3 ) =
100
= 9(2x)
dx
d
(x 1 )
(x 2 ) 3
=3
3(f)
dx
= 3(1)
(x 2 ) +100
= 200x
=3
(x 4 )
5 dx
2
(4x 3 )
5
8 3
(3a) +b
+100(x 2 )
dx
= 100(2x)
=
3(e)
(3a + bx 2 )
dx
d
dx
2
x2
20 dx
3
(8x 7 )
20
6 7
x
5
(100x 2 +
= 6(3x
=0
+b(2x)
= 2bx
2(f)
=6
3x8
(x 1 )
=9
+4(1)
+4
(x 3 )
d
dx
=4
= 100
(x 5 )
(4x 3 + 5x 2 12)
d
(x) +2
+2(x 2 )
dx
+ 4x 1)
= 3(2x)
= 6x
dx
(x 2 ) +4
dx
= 4(1)
dx
=3
2(b)
( x 2 )
2 dx
5 2 3
( x 5)
2 5
1
2(a)
3(b)
2 dx
5 d
(4x + )
=4
= 3(7x 8 )
= 21x 8
1(b)
d
dx
d
dx
(4)
+0
dx 2
Daniel & Samuel

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4(b)
d
dx
=
=
Ex 14.1
x2 6x+4
6(b)
dx
d
dx
(x 6 + )
(x)
x
d
=1
dx
(6)
+4
d
dx
d
dx
(x 1 )
= 1.5 t
x2
6(c)
dx
=2
(x 2 )
dx
= 2(2x)
d
dt
( )
dx
=
=
( )
dx 2
2x2
( +
5(a)
d
dx
2
x2
6(d)
dx 2
dx
dx
6(e)
)
(3x1.5
d
dx
(x1.5 )
= x
2
dx
2x
d
dx
=3
(3x
d
dx
(x)
= 3(1)
=3
6(a)
d
dt
1
2
(x )
dx
1
1
+ ( x 2 )
2
1
6x2 x+2
x 2 )
+ x1.5
= 3(1.5x 0.5 )
dx
1
2
(x )
3
1
( x 2 )
2
1
2x
x 2
2
1 d
4(2.5t1.5 )
= 24t
10t 2
2xx
(x )
d
dx
6(f)
(x 1 )
1
x2
= 2(2t)
= 4t
+1
+1
+t
d
Daniel & Samuel

d
dt
d
dt
(9)
+0
d
dt
(t)
d
dt
(3)
2t 1 )
2
d
dt
(t 1 )
2(t 2 )
+
2
t2
y = 4x 2 6x + 1
dx
1)
(t)
+12(1)
+12
=2
dy
d
= (2t 2
dt
d
= 2 (t 2 )
(2t
= 2(1)
7(a)
(t + 1)(2t 1)
d
dt
=2
dt
d (2t + 1)(t 2)
[
]
dt
t
d 2t 2 3t 2
= (
)
dt
t
=
+(x 2 )
4xx
d
(2t + 3)2
dt
d
= (4t 2 + 12t + 9)
dt
d
d
= 4 (t 2 ) +12 (t)
= 4(2t)
= 8t
+ x 1 )
2 dx
3
1
1
( x 2 )
2
2
1
dt
dt
= 12(2t)
dt
dt
[4t 2 (3 t)]
=3
5(b)
(x 2 )
3x2 +x1
(1)
dt
+2(2x 3 )
4
dt
d
(12t 2 4t 2.5 )
dt
d
d
= 12 (t 2 ) 4 (t 2.5 )
( ) +2
x3
dt
d
dx 2
d 1
(1 + t)(1 t)
= 1
=0
=0
x2 +4
2x2
d 1
2(1)
dt
dt
d
(t)
d
(1 t)
dt
d
d
= (1) (t)
dx 2x
3 d
(x 1 )
2 dx
3
(x 2 )
2
3
= 4x
4(d)
0.5
d
dt
dx 2
d 5
= t
2
d
5 3
= (2x 2 )
dx
2 2x
d
d 5
2
= (2x ) ( )
2t)
4x3 5x3
2x
t(t 2)
d
= (t1.5
dt
d
= (t1.5 )
dt
+4(x 2 )
=1
4(c)
dt
= 8x 6
Gradient at (2,5):
(1)
dy
dx x=2
= 8(2) 6
= 10
sleightofmath.com
384

7(b)
Ex 14.1
8(b)
y = x(2 x)
= 2x xx
= 2x
dy
dx
1
2
y = 2x 2 + 3x
dy
= 4x + 3
dx
3
2
1
1
2 ( x 2 )
2
1
Curve at y = 2:
2x 2 + 3x
=2
2
2x + 3x 2 = 0
(2x 1)(x + 2) = 0
3 1
x2
2
3
x
2
x=
dy
dx x=9
=
=
9
2
9
1
Gradients at x = , 2:
2
dy
dx x=1
(3)
or x = 2
Gradient at x = 9:
25
6
= 4( ) + 3 = 5
2
dy
= 4(2) + 3 = 5
dx x=2
7(c)
y=
=
(x+1)(2x3)
x
2x2 x3
8(c)
= 2x 1
= x + 4x 1
= 2 0 3(x
=2
dx x=1
=1
Curve at y = 5:
=2+
x2 +4
3
(1)2
dx
=5
x
2
x +4
= 5x
2
x 5x + 4 = 0
(x 1)(x 4) = 0
x = 1 or x = 4
y = x 2 2x
dy
4
x2
x2
=5
8(a)
= x + 4(x 2 )
dx
2 )
Gradient at x = 1:
dy
dy
dx
=x+
= 2x 1 3x 1
dy
x2 +4
y=
= 2x 2
Gradients at x = 1,4:
Curve at y = 1:
x 2 2x
= 1
2
x 2x + 1 = 0
(x 1)2
=0
x=1
dy
dx
Gradient at x = 1:
|
dx x=1
= 2(1) 2
= 1 (4)2 =
3
4
= 4x 5
Gradient at y axis (x = 0):

dy
=0
Daniel & Samuel

y = 2x 2 5x + 1
dy
dy
= 1 (1)2 = 3
dx x=4
9(a)
dx x=1
dy
dx x=0
sleightofmath.com
= 4(0) 5 = 5
385

9(b)
y=
Ex 14.1
x4
10(a) y = 3x 2 + 6x + 2
dy
=1
dx
= 1 4x 1
dy
Gradient is 3:
dy
= 0 4(x 2 )
dx
6x + 6 = 3
x2
dx x=4
y=
= (4)2
1 2
1
4
10(b) y = ax 2 + b
= ax 2 +bx 1
x+2
dy
dx
=1 +
( , )
=0
Gradient at x = 4:
9(c)
y|x=1 = 3 ( ) + 6 ( ) + 2
=4
dy
=3
dx
Curve crosses x axis (y = 0):

y
=0
x4
= 6x + 6
= a(2x) +b(x 2 )
= 2ax
x2
= 1 +2x 1
Gradient is 2 at x = 1:
dy
dy
= 0 +2(x 2 )
dx
=2
2a b
b
x2
Curve crosses y = x:
x
dx x=1
=2
= 2a 2
(1)
Gradient is 1 at x = 4:
x+2
dy
dx x=4
b
x
=x+2
2
x x2
=0
(x + 1)(x 2) = 0
x = 1 or x = 2
8a
16
= 1
= 1
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

8a
2a2
16
1a
= 1
Gradient at x = 1,2
8a +
dy
64a + 1 a
63a
= 8
= 9
dx x=1
dy
dx x=2
2
(1)2
2
(2)2
= 2
1
=
2
= 1
(3)
sub (3) into (1):

1
16
b = 2 ( ) 2 =
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
386

11
Ex 14.1
Line:
4y 3x = 7
4y
= 3x + 7
y
= x+
13
y=
x+
4
3 2
x
8
2
4
3
8
9
=9
(2)
x2
Tangent x axis:
dy
=0
dx
= x2 +
x
1
= 9 +(x 2 )
dx
sub (1) into (2):

3
= 9x +x
(1)
dy
= x2 +
= 9x +
Curve:
3x 2 8y = 5
8y
= 3x 2 5
y
9x2 +1
=0
x2
=9
x2
2
=0
3x 6x 9 = 0
x 2 2x 3 = 0
(x + 1)(x 3) = 0
x = 1 or x = 3
=
1
1
9
(x + ) (x ) = 0
3
x=
or
x=
dy
y|x=1 = 6
= x
4
14
3
y=
= (3) =
dx x=3
12
2
1
x
1
dy
dy
= x 2 +3x 2
= (1) =
dx x=1
( ,6 )
Gradient at x = 1, 3:
dy
( , 6)
dx
y|x=1 = 6
3
Curve gradient:
= ( x 2 ) +3 ( x 2 )
dx
2 2
4x
3
2xx
y = x(x 2)
3
2
= x(x 4x + 4) 3
= x 3 4x 2 + 4x 3
dy
dx
Gradient at x = 1:
dy
dx x=1
= 3x 2 8x + 4
15(i)
Gradient is 7:
dx
=7
dx
3x 2 8x + 4 = 7
3x 2 8x 3 = 0
(3x + 1)(x 3) = 0
1
x=
or
y|x=1 = 4
3
22
27
22
27
( , 4
4(1) 2(1)(1)
3
4
y = x 3 + px + q
dy
dy
= 3x 2 + p
Curve at (3,16):
(16) = (3)3 + p(3) + q
16 = 27 + 3p + q
q
= 3p + 11
x=3
y|x=3 = 0
Gradient at (3,16) is 20:
(3,0)
dy
dx x=3
2
= 20
3(3) + p = 20
27 + p
= 20
p
= 7
q|p=7 = 10
Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
387
Ex 14.1
15(ii) Curve & its gradient with p = 7, q = 10:

y = x 3 7x 10
dy
dx
19(i)
f(0) = 0
x=0
= 3x 2 7
Gradient is 20:
dy
= 20
dx
3x 2 7
= 20
2
3x 27
=0
2
x 9
=0
(x + 3)(x 3) = 0
x=3
or x = 3
(taken)
y|x=3 = (3)3 7(3) + 10
=4
(3,4)
16
f(x) = x[x 2 + kx + (2k 3)]
19(ii) Observe quadratic factor

[x 2 + kx + (2k 3)]
i.e. a = 1, b = k, c = 2k 3
Discriminant
For 2 non real roots,
b2 4ac
<0
2
k 4(1)(2k 3) < 0
k 2 8k + 12
<0
(k 2)(k 6)
<0
+
f(x) = x
f(x + x) = x + x
= lim
x0
= lim
19(iii) f(x) = x 3 + kx 2 + (2k 3)x

f (x) = 3x 2 + 2kx + 2k 3
i.e. a = 3, b = 2k, c = 2k 3
Roots: &
x0
2<k<6
f(x+x)f(x)
f (x) = lim
x+xx x+x+x
x
x+x+x
x+xx
x0 x(x+x+x)
x
= lim
x0 x(x+x+x)
1
Sum of roots
= lim
=
=
17
x0 (x+x+x)
1
Product of roots =
= (
= (x 3 + 1)(x 2 + 1)(x + 1)
= (x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + 1)(x + 1)
+x 4
+x
+x 3
+x 3
+x
+x
+1
= x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + 2x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
dy
dx
b
a
=
=
2k
3
2k3
3
( )2 = ( + )2 4
= x6
x + x x as x 0
x+x
1
2x
=+ =
4k2
4 (
2k3
3
8k12
9
4k2 24k+36
9
4
9
4
(k 2
6k + 6)
= (k 3)2
9
2 distinct roots
( )2 0
= 6x 5 + 5x 4 + 4x 3 + 6x 2 + 2x + 1
18
f(x) = (x 1)(x + 1) (x 2 + 1) (x 4 + 1)
= (x 2 1) (x 2 + 1) (x 4 + 1)
(x 4 + 1)
= (x 4 1)
= (x 8 1)
= (x1024 1)
= x 2048 1
2k 2
4
9
(x1024 + 1)
(x1024 + 1)
(x1024 + 1)
(x1024 + 1)
(k 3)2
0
3
(x1024 + 1)
f (x) = 2048x 2047

Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
388

19(iv) | |
( )2
4
9
(k 3)
(k 3)
k 2 6k + 9
k 2 6k + 8
(k 2)(k 4)
+
Ex 14.1
20
3
4
dy
dx
9
4
= 5x
5
y = x2
y=
1
1
0
0
21
+
4
2k4
2
5 2
x
2
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
+1
x + x + + x = x2
1 + 1 + + 1 = 2x
x = 2x
[wrong]
1=2
The number of x should not be disconnected from

x and be excluded from being differentiated
2 k 4 and k 3 and 2 < k < 6 and k
and k
k=4
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
389
Ex 14.2
2(b)
Ex 14.2
1(a)
d
dx
) =2
dx
(x + 2)
=
2(c)
d
3
[
]=
dx (34x)3
d
dx
(2x 1)
= 4(2x 1) 2
= 8(2x 1)3
1
( x + 2)
d
dx
=
2(d)
dx 4
= 5 ( x + 2)
4
= 5 ( x + 2)
4
d
6
[
]
dx (2x)2
[(3 4x)3 ]
( x + 2)
dx 4
1
4
= ( x + 2)
1(d)
d
dx
12
(2x)3
12
(2x)3
dx
(1 4x)10
= 10(1 4x)
d
dx
(2x 3) =
d
dx
=
3(b)
(2 3x 2 )4
= 4(2 3x 2 )3
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx
1
[(2x 3)2 ]
1
(2 3x 2 )
2x3
d
dx
1
dx
(x + x
2 )3
= 3(x + x 2 )2
d
dx
3(c)
(x + x 2 )
) =4
dx 2x+7
d
dx
53x2
4
(2x+7)2
8
(2x+7)2
=
d
dx
(2x + 7)
3(d)
x2 +2x+2
(6x)
d
dx
(x 2 + 2x + 2)
d
(x 2 x + 1)
dx
1
d
= [(x 2 x + 1)2 ]
dx
1
1
2
=
=
sleightofmath.com
(5 3x 2 )
(2x + 2)
2x2 +2x+2
x+1
= (x 2 x + 1)2
Daniel & Samuel

d
dx
1
d
[(x 2 + 2x + 2)2 ]
dx
= (x 2 + 2x + 2)2
[(2x + 7)1 ]
(x 2 + 2x + 2)
= 4[(2x + 7)2 ]
=
d
dx
= 3(x + x 2 )2 (1 + 2x)
= 3(x + x 2 )2 (2x 1)
2(a)
253x2
3x
=
d
[(5 3x 2 )2 ]
(2x 3)
= (5 3x 2 )2
= 4(2 3x 2 )3 (6x)
= 24x(2 3x 2 )3
1(f)
d
dx
22x3
1
(5 3x 2 ) =
(2 x)
(1)
= 10(1 4x)9
(4)
9
= 40(1 4x)
1(e)
d
dx
= (2x 3)2
(1 4x)
(3 4x)
[(2 x)2 ]
4 4
3(a)
d
dx
(4)
= 6[2(2 x)3 ]
5 1
d
dx
(6x 2 + 5)
9
(34x)4
36
(34x)4
=6
d
dx
12x
+5)2
24x
(6x2 2
+5)
= 3[3(3 4x)4 ]
= 4(2x 1)
[(6x 2 + 5)1 ]
= (6x2
(2x 1)4
3
1(c)
d
dx
= 5(x + 2)4 1
= 5(x + 2)4
d
(x + 2)5
= 5(x + 2)
dx
= 2[(6x 2 + 5)2 ]
4
1(b)
dx 6x2 +5
1
2x2 x+1
2x1
2x2 x+1
d
dx
(x 2 x + 1)
(2x 1)
390

4(a)
Ex 14.2
y = (3x 1)4
dy
4(d)
= 4(3x 1)
dx
d
dx
y = (4x5)3
= (4x 5)3
(3x 1)
= 4(3x 1)3 3
= 12(3x 1)3
dy
= 3(4x 5)4
dx
= (4x5)4
12
Curve at y =
y = 5 2x
= (5 2x)
dy
1
2
= (5 2x)2
dx
= 12(2)3 = 96
dx x=1
4(b)
(4x 5)
= (4x5)4
Gradient at x = 1:
dy
d
dx
252x
1
52x
d
dx
(5 2x)
(2)
27
1
1
(4x5)3
(4x 5)3
(4x 5)3
4x 5
x
= 27
= 33
=3
=2
27
Gradient at x = 2:
dy
12
= (4(2)5)4 =
dx x=2
Gradient at x = :
27
dy
dx x=1
4(c)
1
1
52( )
2
1
51
1
2
5(a)
2x3
dx
d
(2 x)
dx
= 6(2 x) [0
= (2x 3)2
dx
= 6(2 x) [
= (2x 3)1
dy
[(2 x) ]
= 6(2 x)
y=
d
dx
= (2x3)2
d
dx
= 6(2 x) (
(2x 3)
(2)
(x 2 )]
dx
1 1
x 2]
2
1
2x
3
x
(2 x)
= (2x3)2
5(b)
Curve at y = 1:
1
2x3
2x 3
x
dx [(11)3 ]
x
d
1 3
= [(1 ) ]
dx
x
=1
=1
=2
1 4
= 3 (1 )
x
Gradient at x = 2:
dy
dx x=2
= (2(2)3)2 = (1)2 = 2
=
=
=
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
3
1 4
(1 )
x
3
1 4
(1 )
x
3
1 4
(1 )
x
d
dx
d
(1 )
dx
(1)
d
dx
(x 1 )]
[0 (x 2 )]
1
x2
3
1 4
x2 (1 )
x
391

5(c)
Ex 14.2
6(a)
2]
y = (x + 2)2 x + 2
1
dx 2(32)
= (x + 2)2 (x + 2)2
2
1 d 3
[( 2) ]
2 dx x
1
= (x + 2)2
= [2 ( 2) ]
=
=
dy
dx x
d
dx
[3
3
3
( 2)
x
1
3
x
( 2)
dx
(x 1 )
[3(x 2 ) 0]
( 2 )
d
dx
2
5
(2)]
3
x
=
5(d)
d
dx
3
3
x
x2 ( 2)
=
=
6(b)
d
dx
dy
1
2
1
(23x2 )2
(2x + 2)
dx
[2
22x+2
1
1
2
(x ) +
dx
d
dx
= 1.52 3x 2
(2)]
[2 ( x ) +0]
2
22x+2
1
22x+2
1
d
dx
(2 3x 2 )
(6x)
= 9x2 3x 2
7(i)
x
1+x
(1+x)1
1+x
1
=1
[shown]
1+x
7(ii)
dx 1+x
d
1 3
[(x ) ]
x
1 2
dx
(x )
dx
(x)
d
dx
(x 1 )]
1 2
x2
8(i)
[(x + 2x) ]
= 4(x + 2x)
3
3
d
dx
d
1
2
(x ) +2
dx
1
3
1
2x) [ x 2
2
3
1
2x
(1)
dx
)
[(1 + x)1 ]
[(1 + x)2
[(1 + x)
1
(1+x)2
d
dx
(1 + x)]
1]
d
dx
2x1
(x1)2
x1
+ (x1)2
Cover-up rule:
(x + 2x)
= 4(x + 2x) (
1+x
d
= 4(x + 2x)
dx
(1
=0
= 3 (x ) [1 (x 2 )]
= 3 (x ) (1 +
dx
d
=0
1 2
= 4(x +
= 1.5(2 3x 2 )0.5
dx
1 2
(23x2 )
[(2x + 2) ]
= 3 (x ) [
dx
23x2
= 3 (x )
5(f)
= (2 3x 2 )2
1
2
2x(2x+2)
5(e)
(23x2 )
y=
=
= (2x + 2)
2
= (x + 2)2
(x + 2)
3
2
2
5
( 2)
d
dx
= (x + 2) 1
( 2)
= (x + 2)2
x = 1:
(x)]
+2(1)]
1
( )2
Substitution:
+ 2)
x = 0:
= A + B
=2
A
2x1
(x1)2 =
Daniel & Samuel

B=1
=B
sleightofmath.com
2
x1
+ (x1)2
392
Ex 14.2
8(ii)
10
y = (1 x)4
d 2x1
dy
dx (x1)2
dx
d
dx
[(x 1)1 ]
= 2[(x 1)
2 ]
+
d
dx
d
dx
[(x 1)2 ]
(x 1) +2[2(x 1)
= 2[(x 1)2 ] 1
3 ]
(1 x)
Gradient is 4:
d
dx
dy
(x 1)
= 4
dx
3
4(1 x) = 4
1x
=1
x
=0
y|x=0 = 1
(0,1)
+2[2(x 1)3 ] 1
2
= (x1)2
d
dx
= 4(1 x)3 (1)

= 4(1 x)3
+ (x1)2 ]
dx x1
=2
= 4(1 x)3
(x1)3
= (x1)3 [(x 1) +1]

2
= (x1)3 (x)
11
y = x 2 2x + 5
2x
= (x1)3
9(a)
= (x 2 2x + 5)3
y = (x 2 2x 4)3
dy
dy
= 3(x 2 2x 4)2
dx
d
dx
At
y=
1
1
= (1 + x)2
dx
=
=
d
dx
(1 + x)
12
2(1+x)2
1
dy
3
2(1+x)2
dx x=3
2(4)2
= (a x)2
dx
=0
= (a x)2
2
3
d
dx
(a x)
1
2
= (a x) (1)
2
Gradient at x = 3:
dy
= 0:
dx
2x2
y = (a x)3
dy
x
=1
3
y|x=1 = 1 2 + 5
3
= 4
3
(1, 4)
1+x
= (1 + x)2
dy
2x2
3(x2 2x+5)3
= 12
9(b)
(x 2 2x + 5)
3(x2 2x+5)3
= (12)(1 + 2 4)2
d
dx
(2x 2)
2
3(x2 2x+5)3
Gradient at x = 1:
dx x=1
(x 2 2x 4)
= 3(x 2 2x 4)2 (2x 2)

= (6x 6)(x 2 2x 4)2
dy
= (x 2 2x + 5)3
dx
1
16
= a x
2
Gradient of
dy
dx x=2
3
at x = 2:
1
3
1
a 2 =
2
3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
a 2
a2
2
9
4
81
166
81
393
Ex 14.2
13
y = [(x 2 1)2 + 4]5
16(i)
y = (x 2 + 1)n
dy
dy
= 5[(x 2 1)2 + 4]4
dx
d
dx
= 5[(x 2 1)2 + 4]4 [
[(x 2 1)2
d
dx
+4]
[(x 2 1)2 ]
= 5[(x 2 1)2 + 4]4 [2(x 2 1)
dx
d
dx
= n(x 2 + 1)n1 (2x)

= 2nx(x 2 + 1)n1 [shown]
d
dx
(4)]
(x 2 1) +0]
16(ii)
d2 y
dx2
= 2nx [(n 1)(x 2 + 1)n2
= 5[(x 2 1)2 + 4]4 [2(x 2 1) 2x]
d
dx
(x 2 + 1)]
= 20x(x 2 1)[(x 2 1)2 + 4]4
14
y=
(416x2 )
= 4nx 2 (n 1)(x 2 + 1)n2
dy
+2n(x 2 + 1)n1
= 2n(x 2 + 1)n2 [2x 2 (n 1) + (x 2 + 1)]
dx
3
= 2(4 16 x 2 )
=
=
=
=
15
(2nx) (x 2 + 1)n1
= 2nx[(n 1)(x 2 + 1)n2 2x] +2n (x 2 + 1)n1
= (4 16 x 2 )
d
dx
2
(416x2 )
d
dx
d
(4 16 x 2 )
dx
(4)
d
dx
[0 (16 x 2 )2
[0 (16 x 2 )2 (2x)]
dx
16x2 (416x2 )
dy
(1)
dx x=1
n)
n(2
1
3
= (x 2 + 3)2
2
dx2 x=1
x2 +3
d2 y
16x2
= 2n(2n1 )
= n(2n )
d
dx
(x 2 + 3)
17
2x
3
2(x2 +3)2
= 2n[(1)2 + 1]n2 [2(1)2 (n 1) +((1)2 + 1)]

= 2n(2)n2 [2(n 1) + 2]
= n(2)n1 [2n]
= n2 (2n )
dx
]]
= 2n(1)[(1)2 + 1]n1
dx x=1
= (x 2 + 3)2
dy
1
2
(16 x 2 )]
(416x2 )
2x
2)
2
(416x2 )
2
dy
[(16 x
(416x2 )
y=
d2 y
dx2 x=1
2 (2n )
:n
: n [shown]
f(x) = 1 + x
= (1 + x)
1
2
x
3
(x2 +3)2
x
1
(2)
x2 +3 x2 +3
sub (1) into (2):

dy
dx
(x 2 + 3)
(x 2 + 3)
dy
dx
dy
dx
f (x) = (1 + x)
x
x2 +3
=
y
=
= xy
+ xy = 0 [shown]
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
1
21+x
1
21+x
1
21+x
1
4x+xx
1
2
d
dx
d
(1 + x)
dx
(1) +
1
d
dx
(x 2 )]
[0 + x 2 ]
2
1
2x
[shown]
394

18
Ex 14.2
x2 + y2 = 1
y2
= 1 x2
19
1
y=
1
1
1
+
+
x2 +1 x2 +2 x2 +3
= 1 x 2
=(
dy
dx
=
=
1
21x2
1
21x
d
dx
1
x2 +1
x2 +2
x2 +3
(1 x 2 )
dy
(2x)
2
dx
= (
x
1x2
1
x2 +1
1
x2 +2
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
x +1 x +2 x +3
Gradient at x = :
x2 +3
dx x=1
2
1
( )
2
2
1(1)
2
1
2
3
1
3
1
2
3
4
1
1
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
x +1 x +2 x +3
dx
d
dy
1
2
1
1
1
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
x +1 x +2 x +3
2x
2
1
1
1
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
x +1 x +2 x +3
x2 +3
(x 2 + 2)1
2
1
[+ dx (x + 3) ]
[(x 2 + 1)2 ][2x]

[+[(x 2 + 2)2 ][2x]]
+[(x 2 + 2)2 ][2x]
[ (x2
2x
+1)2
2x
(2x) [(x2
[(x2
] + [ (x2
+ [ (x2
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
x +1 x +2 x +3
x2 +2
2x
(x 2 + 1)1
dx
d
2
1
1
1
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
x +1 x +2 x +3
dx x2 +1
x2 +2
x2 +3
1
1
1
dx x2 +1
dy
1
+1)2
1
+1)2
+2)2
]
}
+ (x2
+ (x2
+3)2
+2)2
1
+2)2
+ (x2
+ (x2
1
+3)2
1
+3)2
dx x=1
=
=
=
=
Daniel & Samuel

2(1)
2
1
1
1
( 2 + 2 + 2 )
(1) +1 (1) +2 (1) +3
2
1 1 1 2
( + + )
2 3 4
2
13 2
( )
12
[((1)2
+1)2
+ ((1)2
+2)2
+ ((1)2
+3)2
[(2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 ]

1
16
( + +
122
169
sleightofmath.com
395
Ex 14.3
2(a)
Ex 14.3
1(a)
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx
[(2x 1)3 ]
= x 3(2x 1)2 2
= 6x(2x 1)
d
dx
(x) (2x 1)3
+1 (2x 1)3
+(2x 1)
= 2x(1 x)
= (2x 1)2 (8x 1)

1(b)
dx
=
[(x 1)(x + 2)2 ]
= (x 1)
d
dx
[(x + 2)2 ] +
d
dx
2(b)
(x + 2)2
= (x 1) 2(x + 2) 1
+1
= 2(x 1)(x + 2)
+(x + 2)2
= (x + 2) [2(x 1)
(x 1) (x + 2)2
= (x + 2) (2x 2
dx
+x + 2)
= 3x(x + 2)
=
=
= (1 2x)
d
dx
4]
[(3x + 2)
=
4]
d
dx
2x
1x
2x
1x
(1 2x) (3x + 2)
2(c)
= (x 2 + 1)
d
dx
[(1 + x)2 ]
d
dx
(x 2 + 1) (1 + x)2
(1 + x)2
= (x 2 + 1) 2(1 + x) 1
+2x
= 2(x 2 + 1)(1 + x)
+2x(1 + x)2
= 2(1 + x) [(x 2 + 1)
+x(1 + x)]
= 2(1 + x) (x 2 + 1
+x + x 2 )
[x
1
1+3x
1+2x
+1
1 + 2x
+(1 + 2x)]
(1 + 3x)
1+2x
(x 2 1 2x 2 )
+1 + 2x
1+2x
3x 2)
[(x 2 + 1)(1 + x)2 ]
(1 + 2x) + (x) 1 + 2x
dx
= x2
dx
1+2x
(3x + 2)]
1(d)
+(1 x)]
= 2(3x + 2)3 [6(1 2x)
2x
[4x
21+2x
= x2
= 2(3x + 2) (4 15x)
(1x)2
dx
2(3x + 2)4
(1 x)2
(x1 + 2x)
= 12(1 2x)(3x + 2)3
= 2(3x + 2) (6 12x
1
2x
+(1 x)2 ]
2x
+(2) (3x + 2)4
(x) (1 x)2
[4x(1 x)
(1x)(15x)
= (1 2x) 4(3x + 2)3 3
dx
d
dx
(1 5x)
2x
=x
= (x + 2) 3x
[(1 2x)(3x + 2)
=x
1(c)
d
d
dx
+(x + 2)]
+
+
= (2x 1) [6x +(2x 1)]
[(1 x)2 ]
dx
= x 2(1 x) (1)
= x
[x(2x 1)3 ]
=x
[x(1 x)2 ]
d
dx
(1 2x 2 )
1
212x2
(4x)
2x3
1
2x
12x2
2x
12x2
d
dx
+2x
(x 2 ) 1 2x 2
1 2x 2
+2x1 2x 2
12x2
12x2
[2x 3
+2x(1 2x 2 )]
[x 2
+(1 2x 2 )]
(1 3x 2 )
2x(13x2 )
12x2
= 2(1 + x) (2x 2 + x + 1)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
396
Ex 14.3
2(d)
d
dx
3(a)
1)3x 2
[(4x
= (4x 1)
dx
=
=
=
=
=
23x2 +1
6x
1
3x2 +1
1
3x2 +1
dx
= (x + 2)2 (3 +
1
2x+1
d
dx
3
dx
3
2
(x + 1) x + 1
+ x
3
x2 +1
1
2
x + 1
[x 2 + 1
+3x(x + 1)]
(xx + 1
+3xx + 3x)
(4xx + 3x + 1)
2x+1
4xx+3x+1
2x+1
=
=
[(2x + 3)1 4x]
= (2x + 3)
= (2x + 3)
=
=
=
=
d
dx
1
2
14x
14x
1
x14x
1
x14x
16x8x
x14x
d
dx
(2x + 3)
(4) + [2 (
2(2x+3)
14xx
(1 4x) +
214x
x2
+
+
1
2x
) + 0]
1
x
1 4x
1 4x
1 4x
d
dx
(x + 2)]
x2
+(3x 2 2x) 5 + 6x
25+6x
x
5+6x
x
5+6x
x
5+6x
x
5+6x
+x(3x 2)5 + 6x
[3x 2 (x 1)
+x(3x 2)(5 + 6x)]
[3x(x 1)
+(3x 2)(5 + 6x)]
(3x 2 3x
+(3x 2)(6x + 5)]
(3x 2 3x
+18x 2 + 3x 10)
(21x 2 10)
x(21x2 10)
5+6x
dx
+(3x 2 2x)5 + 6x
5+6x
1
(x 3 x 2 ) 5 + 6x
3x2 (x1)
5+6x
(5 + 6x)
5+6x
y = x3 + x 2
[typo in question]
14x
dy
dx
=x
=x
+1 4x)
=
=
(1 6x 8x)
Daniel & Samuel

(x + 2)3
3(x3 x2 )
[2x(2x + 3) +(1 4x)]

(4x 6x
1
x2
) (x + 2)3
[(x 3 x 2 )5 + 6x]
= (x 3 x 2 )
d
dx
= (x 3 x 2 )
2x+1
1
x2
x2
[x 2 (x 1)5 + 6x]
+ xx + 1
2
2x+1
2x+1
3(b)
(x + 1)
dx
(1 + ) (x + 2)3
= (x + 2)2 (3 +
d
dx
+ (0
(24x 2 3x + 4)
[(x 2 + 1) x + 1]
[(x + 2)3 ]
= (x + 2)2 [3 (1 + )
= (2x + 3)
dx
2(f)
dx
+12x 2 + 4)
= (x + 1)
= (1 + )
(12x 2 3x
3
2
= 3 (1 + ) (x + 2)2
= (x + 1)
[(1 + ) (x + 2)3 ]
+4(3x 2 + 1)]
3
2
3x 2 + 1
d
dx
[3x(4x 1)
3x2 +1
d
= (1 + ) 3(x + 2)2 1
24x2 3x+4
2(e)
(4x 1) 3x 2 + 1
+43x 2 + 1
3x2 +1
3x2 +1
d
dx
+4
3x(4x1)
1
[ (x + 1)(x + 2)3 ]
dx x
3x 2 + 1
1
= (4x 1)
+ 1]
sleightofmath.com
d
dx
(3 + x 2 ) +
1
23+x2
2x
x2
3+x2
1
3+x2
1
3+x2
3+2x2
3+x2
d
dx
(x) 3 + x 2
+1 3 + x 2
+3 + x 2
[x 2
+(3 + x 2 )]
(2x 2 + 3)
397

5
Ex 14.3
7
y = xx 1
dy
=x
dx
=x
=
=
=
=
=
(x 1) +
dx
1
2x1
2x1
1
2x1
1
2x1
dy
(x) x 1
+1
[(x 4)4 ]
= x 4(x 4)3 1
= 4x(x 4)3
= x
dx
x 1
+x 1
2x1
1
d
dx
y = x(x 4)4
[x
+2(x 1)]
(x
+2x 2)
(3x 2)
3x2
2x1
dx
1
2x
(x4)3
2x
(x4)3
2x
d
dx
(x) (x 4)4
1
2x
(x 4)4
(x4)4
2x
[8x(x 4)3
+(x 4)4 ]
[8x
+(x 4)]
(9x 4)
(x4)3 (9x4)
2x
Gradient at (5,10):
dy
dx x=5
3(5)2
251
13
2(2)
13
4
dy
At
dx
1
2x
= 0:
(x 4)3 (9x 4) = 0
4
x = 4 or x =
y = (x + 1)3 (x 1)
dy
dx
3
= (x + 1)
d
dx
(x 1)
d
dx
[(x + 1)
3]
8
(x 1)
y=
x2 1
x2 +1
(x2 +1)2
= (x + 1)3 1
+3(x + 1)2 1 (x 1)
= (x + 1)3
+3(x + 1)2 (x 1)
=1
= (x + 1)2 [(x + 1)
+3(x 1)]
= 1 2(x 2 + 1)1
= (x + 1)2 (x + 1
+3x 3)
dy
= (x + 1)2 (4x 2)
dx
= (x2
at
dy
dx
4x
(x 2 + 1)
2x
2x
+1)2
=0
=0
(0)2 1
y|x=0 = (0)2
sleightofmath.com
d
dx
= 0:
(x2 +1)2
=8
Daniel & Samuel

+1)2
4x
Gradient at x = 1,1:
dy
|
=0
|
= 2[(x 2 + 1)2 ]
= (x2
Curve cross x axis:

y
=0
2 (x
2(x + 1)
1) = 0
x = 1 or x = 1
dx x=1
2
x2 +1
= 2(x 2 + 1)2
= 2(x + 1)2 (2x 1)
dx x=1
dy
x2 +1
+1
= 1
398

9
Ex 14.3
11
y = x4 x 2
dy
=x
dx
dx
(4 x 2 )
1
=x
=
=
=
=
=
24x
x2
4x2
1
(2x)
2
d
dx
y = (x a)x b
(x) 4 x 2
dy
4 x 2
+1
+4
= (x a)
dx
= (x a)
x2
[x 2 +(4 x 2 )]
4x2
1
(4 2x 2 )
4x2
1
4x2
2(2x2 )
2(2 x 2 )
x4 x 2
=x
x(4 x 2 1)
=0
or 4 x 2 = 1
4 x2 = 1
3 x2 = 0
x2
=3
x = 3 or
x=0
dx x=3
dy
2(2)
dx x=3
10
dx
d
dx
(x a) x b
+1
x b
+x b
2xb
xa +(2x2b)
2xb
3xa2b
2xb
Curve intersects x-axis (y = 0) with x = b + 1:

0 = (b + 1 a)b + 1 b
0 = (b a + 1)1
0=ba+1
a=b+1
Gradient at A:
dy
dx x=b+1
=
=
x = 3
4
2(23)
=2
43
43
2(b+1)b
(3b+3)a2b
21
b+3a
2
b+3(b+1)
2
a=b+1
2
2
= 1 [shown]
= = 2
2(23)
3(b+1)a2b
2
1
= 2
Curve & its gradient

y = 3x 2 7x + 2
dy
(1)
2xb
xa +2(xb)
=
dx x=0
dy
1
2xb
xa
Gradient at x = 0, 3, 3:
|
(x b) +
4x2
Curve cross y = x:
y
=x
dy
d
dx
= 6x 7
mtan = 6x 7
Line & its gradient
5x y = 0
y
= 5x
mline = 5
Tangent Line:
mtan = mline
6x 7 = 5
x
=2
y|x=2 = 3(2)2 7(2) + 2
=0
(2,0)
Daniel & Samuel

12
d
dx
[f(x)g(x)h(x)]
d
dx
f(x)[g(x)h(x)]
= f(x)
d
dx
[g(x)h(x)]
d
dx
f(x)[g(x)h(x)]
= f(x) [g(x)h (x) + g (x)h(x)]
+f (x)
= f(x)g(x)h (x) +f(x)g (x)h(x)
+f (x)g(x)h(x)
13(i)
[g(x)h(x)]
f(a) = 0
By factor theorem, (x a) is a factor
13(ii) The gradient of f(x) at x = a is 0
sleightofmath.com
399
Ex 14.4
1(d)
Ex 14.4
1(a)
5x
d
3x 2
(
)
dx 1 4x
dx 2x+1
6x 24x 2
+ 12x 2
(1 4x)2
5
=
(2x + 1)2
6x 12x 2
(1 4x)2
1x
dx 12x
(1 4x) 6x
3x 2 (4)
=
(1 4x)2
1(e)
1
(1 2x)2
=
(
x2
d 2
d
(x ) x 2 (x + 3)
dx
dx
=
(x + 3)2
(x + 3) 2x
x2 1
=
(x + 3)2
2x 2 + 6x
x2
=
(x + 3)2
=
x(x + 6)
(x + 3)2
2x1
2(x 2 x 1)
(2x 1)2
dx x+3
(x + 3)
x2 +1
(2x 1)
d 2
d
(x + 1)
(x 2 + 1) (2x 1)
dx
dx
=
(2x 1)2
(2x 1) 2x
(x 2 + 1) 2
=
(2x 1)2
2
4x 2x
2x 2 2
=
(2x 1)2
2x 2 2x 2
=
(2x 1)2
d
d
(1 x) (1 x) (1 2x)
dx
dx
=
(1 2x)2
(1 2x) (1)
(1 x) (2)
=
(1 2x)2
2x 1
+ 2 2x
=
2
(1 2x)
=
d
dx
(1 2x)
1(c)
d
d
(3x 2 ) 3x 2 (1 4x)
dx
dx
(1 4x)2
d
d
(5x) 5x (2x + 1)
dx
dx
=
(2x + 1)2
(2x + 1) 5
5x 2
=
(2x + 1)2
10x + 5
10x
=
(2x + 1)2
(2x + 1)
1(b)
(1 4x)
1(f)
d 2x 3
(
)
dx 1 x
=
(1 x)
d
d
(2x 3 ) 2x 3 (1 x)
dx
dx
(1 x)2
(1 x) 6x 2
2x 3 (1)
(1 x)2
6x 2 6x 3
(1 x)2
6x 2 4x 3
(1 x)2
+ 2x 3
2x 2 (3 2x)
=
(1 x)2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
400

2(a)
Ex 14.4
1
2x
(1 + x)2
1
(1 + x
2x
=
(1 + x)2
(1 x)
1 x 1
1x
+
1 x
1
21 x
1
21 x
1
(1)
21 x
x
21 x
1x
[2(1 x) + x]
+ x)
2x + 1
x+1
dx 14x
Daniel & Samuel

2x]
2x)
d
1 4x dx (x + 1)
(x + 1)
2
d
4x
dx 1
(1 4x)
1 4x (1)
(x + 1)
=
1 4x
=
1 4x
1
[(1 4x)
4x
= 1
1 4x
1
(1 4x
4x
1
=
1 4x
1
(3 2x)
4x
1
=
1 4x
3 2x
=
(1 4x)1 4x
sleightofmath.com
1
(4)
21 4x
1 4x
2(x + 1)
+
1 4x
1x
1
(2 x)
21 x
=
1x
2x
=
21 x(1 x)
2x
2x
+1
2(d)
1x
(2 2x
1
(2)
22x + 1
2x
1
[2(2x + 1)
2x
+1
=
2x + 1
1
(4x + 2
2x + 1
=
2x + 1
1
(2x + 2)
2x + 1
=
2x + 1
2x + 2
=
(2x + 1)2x + 1
d
(1 x)
dx
d
2x + 1
dx
2x + 1
2x(1 + x)2
2x
22x + 1
2x)
d
x
(
)
dx 1 x
d
1 x dx (x)
=
d
2x + 1 dx 2x
1x
2x + 1 2
x 1
2(b)
2x
(2x + 1)
1
(1 x)
2x
=
(1 + x)2
=
dx 2x+1
d
d
(1 + x) (x)
x (1 + x)
dx
dx
=
(1 + x)2
(1 + x)
2(c)
d
x
(
)
dx 1 + x
+ 2(x + 1)]
+ 2x + 2)
401
Ex 14.4
2(e)
d
3x 2
(
)
dx 2x 2 3
2x 2 3
y=
dy
d
(3x 2 )
dx
(3x 2 )
2
d
2x 2 3
dx
dx
(2x 2 3)
=
6x2x 2 3
=
1
3x 2 [
(4x)]
22x 2 3
2x 2 3
2x 2 3 (6x)
6x 3
2x 2 3
dy
6x
6x 3 ]
dy
x2]
(3x2 )
d
(14x2 )
dx
(14x2 )2
(14x2 )(6x)
3x2 (8x)
(14x2 )2
6x24x3
+24x3
2
2
(14x )
6x
(14x2 )2
= (14)2 =
2
3
1x
=
=
(1x)
d
(x2)
dx
(x2)
d
(1x)
dx
(1x)2
(x2)(1)
(1x)2
+x2
(1x)2
(1x)1
1x
1
= (1x)2
(x 2 3)
Curve cross x axis:
y =0
x2
1x
2(f)
d
5x
(
)
dx 1 x 2
1 x 2
=0
=2
Gradient at x = 2:
d
5x
dx
(5x)
(1 x 2 )
dy
d
1 x 2
dx
dx x=2
= (12)2
= 1
1
5x [
(2x)]
21 x 2
1 x2
1 x 2 (5)
=
51 x 2
=
d
(3x2 )
dx
x2
dx
2x 2 3(2x 2 3)
y=
(14x2 )
dx x=1
2x 2 3
1
[6x(2x 2 3)
23
2x
=
2x 2 3
6x
[(2x 2 3)
23
2x
=
2x 2 3
6x
(x 2 3)
23
2x
=
2x 2 3
3x2
14x2
5x 2
1 x 2
1 x2
1
[5(1 x 2 )
2
1
x
=
1 x2
5
[(1 x 2 )
2
1
x
=
1 x2
5
(1)
2
1
x
=
1 x2
5
=
(1 x 2 )1 x 2
Daniel & Samuel

+ 5x 2 ]
+ x2 ]
sleightofmath.com
402

5
y=
Ex 14.4
x+2
3x+1
dy
dx
y=(
5x+3 4
10x6
dy
dx
d
3x + 1 dx (x + 2)
=
3x + 1 1
=
3x + 1
=
d
(x + 2)
3x + 1
dx
3x + 1
1
(x + 2)
(3)
23x + 1
3x + 1
3(x + 2)
23x + 1
3x + 1
1
[2(3x + 1)
23x + 1
=
3x + 1
1
(6x + 2
23x + 1
=
3x + 1
1
(3x 4)
2 3x + 1
=
3x + 1
3x 4
=
23x + 1(3x + 1)
= 4(
= 4(
= 4(
= 4(
= 4(
3(x + 2)]
=
3x 6)
5x+3 3
10x6
dx 10x6
5x+3 3
(10x6)
)
)
5x+3
10x6
5x+3 3
d
d
(5x+3) (5x+3) (10x6)
dx
dx
(10x6)2
(10x6)5
10x6
5x+3 3
(5x+3)10
(10x6)2
50x30
50x30
(10x6)2
10x6
5x+3 3
60
) (10x6)2
10x6
240(5x+3)3
(10x6)5
Curve at y = 16:
y
= 16
(
5x+3 4
) = 16
10x6
5x+3
10x6
=2
5x+3
or
10x6
= 2
5x + 3 = 20x 12
15x
= 15
5x + 3 = 20x + 12
25x
=9
=1
9
25
Gradient at x = 1:
dy
dx x=1
34
24(4)
1
2(2)4
1
16
Gradient at x = 1,
dy
dx x=1
dy
dx x= 9
25
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
=
=
25
240(5(1)+3)3
(10(1)6)5
9
25
240(5( )+3)
9
25
(10( )6)
= 120
3
1000
3
403

7
y=
Ex 14.4
8
1x
x2 +3
y=
dy
dy
dx
1x
2 2
x +3
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
At
dy
1
1x
x2 +3
x2 +3
21x
x2 +3
21x
x2 +3
21x
x2 +3
21x
1
21x
1x
dx x2 +3
(x2 +3)
d
(1x)
dx
(1x)
d 2
(x +3)
dx
(x2 +3)2
dx
(x2 +3)(1)
(1x)2x
(x2 +3)2
x2 3
xa
bx
1
xa
2
bx
xa
xa
dx bx
(bx)
d
(xa)
dx
(xa)
d
(bx)
dx
(bx)2
bx
bx
2xa
bx
2xa
(bx)(1)
(xa)(1)
(bx)2
2x+2x2
(x2 +3)2
x2 2x3
bx
+xa
(bx)2
(x2 +3)2
(x1)(x3)
(x2 +3)2
(x1)(x3)
ba
bx
2xa (bx)2
ba
3
2xa(bx)2
3
(x2 +3)2
(x3)(x+1)
3
21x(x2 +3)2
Gradient at x =
dy
= 0:
dx x=a+b
dx
(x3)(x+1)
3
21x(x2 +3)2
2(
=0
2
=
=
3
a+b
a+b 2
)a(b(
))
2
2
3
a+b 2a 2b a+b 2
(
)
2
2 2
2
ba
3
ba ba 2
2
(
)
2
2
ba
2(
ba
x = 1 or x = 3
ba
a+b
ba 2
)
2
ba
(ba)2
2
22
ba
(ba)2
2
= (b a) (ba)2
=
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
2
ba
[shown]
404

9(i)
Ex 14.4
1
3
x+h
y=
dy
dx
xk
1 x+h
= (
3 xk
=
=
x+h 3
( )
xk
2
2
x+h 3
3(
)
xk
1
1 2
x+h 3
3[(
) ]
xk
1
1 2
x+h 3
3[(
) ]
xk
(1)
(
x+h
dx xk
(xk)
d
(x+h)
dx
(x+h)
d
(xk)
dx
dy
(xk)2
(xk)1
dx
mtan =
(x+h)1
xk
9(ii)
dy
dx
2x
Tangent & its gradient
xh
y=
(xk)2
25
4
mtan = 0
(xk)2
(2)
Using intersection,
kx x =
25
(1)
Using gradients,
1
3y2
(k+h)
(xk)2
k
2x
k
1= 0
=1
2x
3y 2 (x k)2
1)
2x
k
(xk)2
dx
k
x
= kx x
sub (1) into (2):

dy
y = x(
kh
1 2
x+h 3
3[(
) ]
xk
10(i) Curve & its gradient
= (k + h) [shown]
= 2x
(2)
Tangent to y axis:
sub (2) into (1):
dy
(2x)x x =
2(x) x
dx
1
1 2
x+h 3
3[(
) ]
xk
kh
(xk)2
x = h or x = k (rej k > x > h)

y|x=h = 0
(h, 0)
k|x=25 = 2
4
25
4
25
4
25
4
25
4
5
= 2( ) = 5
2
10(ii) Curve gradient with = k = 5:

dy
dx
5
2x
As x ,
dy
dx
5
2x
gradient of l is 1
l passes through O and gradient is 1
y = x
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
405

11(i)
Ex 14.4
1 + x + x 2 + + x n1 + x n
xn+1 1
x1
Diff wrt x,
0 + 1 + 2x + + (n 1)x n2 + nx n1
1 + 2x + 3x 2 + + (n 1)x n2 + nx n1
=
=
=
(x1)
d
(xn+1 1)
dx
(xn+1 1)
d
(x1)
dx
(x1)2
(x1)[(n+1)xn ]
(xn+1 1)(1)
(x1)2
(x1)(n+1)xn
xn+1 +1
(x1)2
11(ii) x = 3, n = 10:
1 + 2(3) + 3(3)2 + + (10 1)(3)102 + 10(3)101 =
1 + 2(3) + 3(3)2 + + 9(3)8 + 10(3)9
(31)(10+1)310
310+1 +1
(31)2
2(11)310
311 +1
4
= 280483
12
y=
u2
v3
=
=
=
v3
d
(u2 )
dx
u2
d
(v3 )
dx
(v3 )2
v3 (2uu )
2uu v3
u2 (3v2 v )
v6
3u2 v2 v
v6
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
406
Rev Ex 14
A3
Rev Ex 14
A1(a)
d
dx
(1 3x 2 )
= (1 3x 2 )
2
A1(b)
d
dx
1
213x2
3x
dx
[(1 3x 2 )2 ]
dx
1
13x2
d
dx
=x
dx
[(1 + 2x)
4]
d
dx
(x) (1 + 2x)
+1 (1 + 2x)
= 8x(1 + 2x)3
+(1 + 2x)4
= (1 + 2x)3 (8x +1 + 2x)

= (1 + 2x)3 (10x + 1)
d
1+2x
x
)=
=
= x
2
=
A2
+ 2x)
dx x
1
d
(x 2 )
dx
1 3
2
+2
(x 2 )
dx
1
1
+2 ( x 2 )
2
1
2xx
A4
y = (2x5)2
= 9(2x 5)2
dy
y = (2x + 3)5x 9
= 9[2(2x 5)3 ]
dx
= 9[2(2x 5)
dy
dx
= (2x + 3)
= (2x + 3)
=
=
=
=
=
d
dx
(5x 9) +
1
25x9
5(2x+3)
1
1
25x9
1
25x9
3 ]
d
dx
(2x 5)
36
(2x5)3
(2x + 3) 5x 9
+2
Gradient at x = 1:
5x 9
dy
dx x=1
36
= (2(1)5)3 =
36
343
+25x 9
25x9
25x9
d
dx
+ (x + 1)]
n=0
1
(2)
21 2x
1 2x
1
[(1 2x)
2x
1
=
1 2x
1
(2 x)
2x
1
=
1 2x
2x
=
(1 2x)3
d
2x
dx 1
1 2x
x+1
+
1 2x
1 2x
= x 4(1 + 2x) 2
dx
(x + 1)
1 2x 1
(x + 1)
1 2x
(6x)
A1(c)
d
1 2x dx (x + 1)
(1 3x 2 )
[x(1 + 2x)4 ]
d
x+1
12x
dy
1
y=
[5(2x + 3)
+4(5x 9)]
(10x + 15
+20x 36)
(30x 21)
30x21
25x9
k = 30
Daniel & Samuel

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407

A5
y=
Rev Ex 14
x2 1
B1(b)
x2 +1
dx
dy
dx
=
(x 2 + 1)
d 2
d
(x + 1) (x 2 1) (x 2 1)
dx
dx
(x 2 + 1)2
(x 2 + 1) 2x
=
=
2x 3 + 2x
(x 2 + 1)2
(x 2
4x
+ 1)2
B2
4x
y|x=0 = (0)2
dx 9(87)2
5
33
5
(4x 1)
8
5
[4
8
5
(4x 1)
66
5x
(4x 1)
d
dx
[4 (
8
5
(x) (1)]
dx
1
2x
)0]
2
x
1
2
Curve
+1
y = 4x +
= 1
dx
2
3
8
( 7)
x
( 7)
4x +
dx x
d
dx
(x 1 )
d
dx
(7)]
16
3
9x2 ( 7)
x2
2
1
= x+ c
x
8
= c
= 14x +
32
x
(1)
Equate gradients:
1
8
x
x+
( 2 )
=4
2
8
9( 7)
8
x
[8
[8(x 2 ) 0]
3
8
9( 7)
x
8
x2
8
Tangent intersects curve:
7
1
= 4 +8(x 2 )
mtan = 4
= [2 ( 7) ]
= [
=4
2
1 d 8
[( 7) ]
9 dx x
1
= 4x +8x 1
33
dy
(4x 1)
= x+ c
(0, 1)
33
mtan =
=0
(0)2 1
=0
(x2 +1)2
Tangent
4y = 2x + c
y
=0
dx
(x 2 + 1)2
dy
3
d
[(4x 1) 5 ]
dx
= 11 [ (4x 1) 5 ] (4x 1)
5
dx
(x 2 1) 2x
2x 3 + 2x
[11(4x 1) 5 ]
= 11
tangent x axis:
B1(a)
x2
x2
8
x2
7
2
2
7
16
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

c| 16 = 167
x=
c|
x=
16
7
= 167
Note: Consider the discriminant approach

Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
408

B3
Rev Ex 14
Curve
y = x 3 3x 2 9x + k
dy
dx
B5(i)
y=
dy
= 3x 6x 9
ax2
xb
(xb)
dx
mtan = 3x 2 6x 9
Using intersection:
x 3 3x 2 9x + k = 0
k
= x 3 + 3x 2 + 9x
ax2
d
(xb)
dx
(xb)2
ax2 1
(xb)2ax
Tangent
x axis y = 0
mtan = 0
d
(ax2 )
dx
(xb)2
2ax2 2abx
(xb)2
ax2 2abx
(xb)2
ax(x2b)
(xb)2
ax2
Curve at ( , 6):
3
Using gradients:
3x 2 6x 9 = 0
x 2 2x 3
=0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x=3
or x = 1
k|x=3 = 27
k|x=1 = 5
2 6b =
a
1 2
3
a( )
1
b
3
a
9
= 18 54b
1
tangent at ( , 6) is horizontal:
3
B4
dy
y = xa 3x 2
dy
=x
dx
=x
=
=
=
=
d
dx
(a 3x 2 )
1
2a3x
3x2
a3x2
1
a3x2
1
a3x2
a6x2
d
dx
+a 3x 2
[3x
+(a 3x
2 )]
a|b=1 = 18 54 ( ) = 9
(a 6x 2 )
B5(ii) Curve & its gradient with a = 9, b = 1:

6
a3x2
y=
dy
dx
9x2
x
1
6
1
3
1 2
(x )
6
9x(x )
For horizontal tangent:
Tangent at (1, b) to y = 2x + 1:
mtan
= mline
a3
b = a 3
or b =
(rej a 0)
(b) = (1)a 3(1)2
dx x=1
a6
=0
a=0
Curve at (1, b):
dy
=0
3
1 1
a( )( 2b)
3 3
2
1
( b)
3
a 3x 2
(6x) +1
2
dx x=1
(x) a 3x 2
dy
dx
1
9x(x )
3
1 2
(x )
6
=2
=2
=0
=0
x = 0 or x =
a6
= 2a 3
2
a 12a + 36 = 4(a 3)
a2 12a + 36 = 4a 12
a2 16a + 48 = 0
(a 12)(a 4) = 0
a = 12 or a = 4 (rej)
1
3
(taken)
y|x=0 = 0
(0,0)
b|a=12 = 112 3 = 3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
409
Ex 15.1
2(a)
Ex 15.1
1(a)
y = x 3 5x + 8
dy
dx
y = x 3 + 3x 2
dy
dx
= 3x 2 + 6x
Tangent
Point:
= 3x 2 5
Normal
Point:
y|x=1 = 13 5(1) + 8
=4
(1,2)
dy
Gradient:
(1,4)
2
= 3(1) + 6(1)
dx x=1
Gradient:
dy
|
dx x=1
= 3
Tangent: y y1 =
dy
dx x=1
Normal:
(x x1 )
y y1
y=x +
Gradient:
=2
= 1
dy
dx x=1
= 10
8
= 10
2x 2 + 8
= 10x
x2 + 4
= 5x
2
x 5x + 4 = 0
(x 4)(x 1) = 0
x = 4 or x = 1 (rej x > 1)
(4,10)
= 1 (1)2
Tangent: y y1 =
x2
(1,3)
|
x
8
Normal
Point:
x2
dx x=1
[x (1)]
y = 2x +
dy
dy
= x+
2x +
Tangent
Point:
(x x1 )
= 1 +2(x 2 )
=1
dx
dx
y4 = x
= x +2x
dy
= dy
y (4) =
2(b)
x
1
1
3(1)2 5
dx x=1
y (2)= (3)[x (1)]

y 2 = 3 (x x1 )
y 2 = 3x 3
y
= 3x 1
1(b)
(x x1 )
y (3)= (1)[x (1)]

y 3 = (x 1)
y 3 = x + 1
y
= x + 4
Gradient:
Normal:
1
dy
|
dx x=4
y y1
1
2
8
(4)2
= dy
2
3
(x x1 )
dx x=4
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
y 10
y 10
= x+
= x+
3
2
(x 4)
8
3
2
3
38
410

3(a)
y=
dy
dx
Ex 15.1
x2 +5
3(b)
x+1
=
=
=
=
(x+1)
d
(x2 +5)
dx
(x2 +5)
y = 1 2x
dy
d
(x+1)
dx
dx
(x+1)2
(x2 +5)1
(x+1)2x
(x+1)2
2x2 +2x
212x
1
x2 5
212x dx
1
(1 2x)
(2)
212x
(x+1)2
Tangent & Normal

Point:
y
=3
1 2x = 3
1 2x = 9
2x
=8
x
= 4
(4,3)
x2 +2x5
(x+1)2
Tangent & Normal

Point:
y|x=3 =
32 +5
3+1
7
2
(3, )
2
Gradient:
dy
dx x=3
Tangent: y y1
32 +2(3)5
(4)2
dy
dx x=3
5
Gradient:
(x x1 )
8
5
8
13
= x
y
Normal:
15
= x+
y y1
= dy
dy
1
12(4)
3
1
3
5
y y1
= dy
( )
y
y
y
7
2
7
2
5
8
8
5
8
[x (3)]
y (3) =
(x 3)
y3
y3
y
= x+
24
5
8
5
83
10
= x+
(x x1 )
dx x=4
dx x=3
y( ) =
= x+
y
Normal:
[x (4)]
y3 = x
(x x1 )
dx x=4
1
3
(x x1 )
y 3 = ( )
dx x=4
Tangent: y y1 =
y ( ) = ( ) [x (3)]
7
dy
1
3
[x (4)]
(x + 4)
=3
= 3x + 12
= 3x + 15
4(i)
dy
dx
2x
4xx2 +1
Tangent
Point:
Gradient:
P(1,2)
dy
dx x=1
Tangent: y y1
2(1)
41+1
dy
dx x=1
1
1
2
(x x1 )
y (2) = ( ) [x (1)]
2
4(ii)
Normal:
2
1
2
3
y2
= x
= x+
y y1
= dy
1
|
(x x1 )
dx x=1
y (2) =
y2
y
Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
1
1
2
[x (1)]
= 2x + 2
= 2x + 4
411

5
y=
dy
dx
Ex 15.1
3x+1
1x
=
=
=
(1x)
d
(3x+1)
dx
(1x)3
33x
(3x+1)
dy
d
(1x)
dx
dx
(1x)2
(3x+1)(1)
(1x)2
+3x+1
(1x)2
= 6x 2
Line & its gradient

4y + x = 2
4y
= x + 2
= (1x)2
Normal
Point:

y = 3x 2 2x + 5
mline =
At x-axis,
y
=0
3x+1
1x
1
3
( , 0)
Normal:
y y1
4
4 2
( )
3
= dy
1
4(9)
16
1
|
dx x=1
3
y (0) =
y
mtan ( )
= 1
mtan
=4
dy
|
dx x=1
3
Gradient:
Tangent
Gradient: Tangent line
m1 m2
= 1
mtan mline
= 1
=0
=
= x+
4
9
4
9
4
Point:
(x x1 )
1
[x ( )]
3
6x 2
=4
6x
=6
x
=1
2
y|x=1 = 3(1) 2(1) + 5
=6
(1,6)
(x + )
= x
9
4
27
Tangent: y y1
y (6)
y6
y
= mtan (x x1 )
= (4)[x (1)]
= 4x 4
= 4x + 2
1st curve & its gradient

y = x 3 + 2x 2 4x + 5
dy
dx
= 3x 2 + 4x 4
2nd curve & its gradient

2
y = x 3 + 3x 2 x 1
3
dy
dx
= 2x 2 + 6x 1
tangents are :
m1
= m2
2
3x + 4x 4 = 2x 2 + 6x 1
x 2 2x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or x = 1
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
412

8(i)
Ex 15.1
y = ax 5
dy
= 5ax
dx
9(b)
4
Curve at (1, b):

b = a(1)5
=a
dy
dx
dy
3
2
5a
b|a= 3 =
10
dy
2
3
dx
10
3
10
Tangent
Point:
Gradient:
x + = x 2 2x + 3
=0
=
dy
= 2x 2 3x + 6
Origin (0,0)
Tangent: y y1
Using gradients,
|
dx x=0
(x x1 )
y (0) = (0)[x (0)]

y
=0
9(a)
= x2 x + 3
2x2
Using intersection,
dx x=0
mnorm =
dy
= 2x 2
8(ii)
2
1
Curve
y = x 2 2x + 3
2
3
= x+
mnorm =
at (1, b):
dx x=1
Normal
2y + x = l
2y
= x + l
1
2
2x 2
2x
x
1
2x2
=2
=4
=2
Note: Consider the discriminant approach

Tangent
y = 3x + k
mtan = 3
l|x=2 = 2(2)2 3(2) + 6

=8
10(i)
y = px 3
Curve
y = 2x 2 5x + 3
dy
dx
y
B(0,8)
2
= 4x 5
mtan = 4x 5
y = px 3
dy
Using intersection,
3x + k = 2x 2 5x + 3
k
= 2x 2 8x + 3
dx
= 3px 2
Gradient at A
mtan =
Using gradients,
4x 5 = 3
4x
=8
x
=2
dy
dx x=2
= 3p(2)2 = 12p
10(ii) Point A
At A, y = px 3 has coordinate of x = 2
y|x=2 = p(2)3 = 8p
A(2,8p)
k|x=2 = 2(2)2 8(2) + 3

= 5
Gradient of AB
A(2,8p) B(0,8)
mAB =
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
8p8
20
= 4p 4
413
Ex 15.1
10(iii) Equate gradients:

mtan = mAB
12p = 4p 4
8p
= 4
1
p
11(i)
12(ii) Tangent at P(2, 3):

(3)
= (1 + 2a)(2) a2
3
= 2 + 4a
a2
a2 4a 5
=0
(a 5)(a + 1) = 0
a = 5 or a = 1
y = 2x 2 kx + 3
dy
dx
Tangent at a = 5:
y = (1 + 2(5))x (5)2
= 4x k
mtan =
dy
dx x=1
=4k
Tangent at a = 1:
y = (1 + 2(1))x (1)2
11(ii) Point A
y|x=1 = 2(1)2 k(1) + 3
=5k
A(1,5 k)
13(i)
Gradient of AB
A(1,5 k) B(5,1)
(5k)(1)
(1)(5)
y=
dy
dx
4k
dx
4k
Gradient:
8
x3
y|x=a =
(a,
a2
4
a2
Gradient: mtan =
+1
+ 1)
dy
dx x=a
a3
Tangent: y y1
= mtan (x x1 )
+ 1) = ( 3 ) [x (a)]
y(
a2
a2 y 4 a2 =
= 1 + 2x
Tangent
Point:
+1
= 4(2x 3 ) +0
Point:

y = x + x2
dy
Tangent
4k 16 = 4 k
5k = 20
k =4
12(i)
+1
x2
Equate gradients:
mtan
= mAB
4k
= x
= 4x
mAB =
25
= 11x
Gradient at A
8
a
8
(x a)
a2 y 4 a2 = x + 8
2
y|x=a = a + a
(a, a + a2 )
dy
dx x=a
a
8
a y
= x + a2 + 12
a
8
a3
x+1+
12
a2
= 1 + 2a
Tangent: y y1
dy
dx x=a
(x x1 )
y (a + a2 ) = (1 + 2a)[x (a)]
y (a + a2 ) = (1 + 2a)x a 2a2
y
= (1 + 2a)x a2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
414
Ex 15.1
13(ii) Gradient of PQ
P(b, 0),Q(0, b)
mPQ =
0b
b0
14(ii) Normal
Point:
A(1,6) or C
Gradient: AC BD
= 1
mAC =
Equate gradients:
mtan = mPQ
a3
8
Normal:
a3
a
5
1
0b
y 6 = (x + 1)
b0
5
1
5
29
= x+
Point C
29
meets axis (y = 0).

y
=0
1
29
x+
1
Tangent at (b, 0):

(0) = (b) + 4
b =4
B(2.2,0) D(0,11) F(1,0)
At C, normal (y = x +
12
= (2)3 x + 1 + (2)2
= x + 1 + 3
= x + 4
14(i)
5
1
y6 = x
=8
=2
y y1 = mAC (x x1 )
1
Tangent with a = 2:
y
y 6 = [x (1)]
= 1
a3
1
mBD
=0
=
29
5
x
= 29
C (29,0)
14(iii) Area ABC = 1 (BC)(AF)
2
1
y = x + 7x + 12
= [29 (2.2)][6]
dy
= 3(31.2) = 93.6
dx
= 2x + 7
mtan = 2x + 7
(11)(0)
mBD = (0)(2.2) = 5
Equate gradients:
mtan = mBD
2x + 7 = 5
2x
= 2
x
= 1
y|x=1 = (1)2 + 7(1) + 12 = 6
A(1,6)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
415

15
Ex 15.1
& its gradient

(y 2)2 = x
y2
= x
y = 2 + x or 2 x
dy
dx
2x
or
Line & its gradient

x 2y = 4
2y
=x4
= x2
2
Point:
2x
x
=1
y|x=1 = 2 + 1
=3
(1,3)
y3
16
dy
(x 1)
2
1
2
1
2
5
y3
= x
= x+
16
5x3
2
x
1
5x3
2
x
1
5x3
2
x
at (1,2):
5x3
(1,2) lie in y =
Daniel & Samuel

(5x3 )
x(3x2 )
d
(x)
dx
(5x3 )1
x2
3x3
5+x3
x2
x3
5
x2
(2x
5
x2
5(1)3
2 (1)
[2(1) (1)2 ]
(2 5)
24
d
dx
(y 2 ) +
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
(1,2) does not lie in
d
dx
+1
+y 2
(x) y 2
=0
y2
=0
=0
= 3x 2 y 2
dx
dx
5(1)3
2 = 2 [inconsistent]
y =
d
(5x3 )
dx
dy
3x2 y2
2xy
At (1,2),
dy
5x3
Method 2 (Without subjecting y)
2xy
(2) =
2 = 2 [consistent]
5x3
(x)2
3x 2 +x 2y
at (1,2):
5(1)3
(1)
3x 2 +x
or y =
(2) =
3x 2 +2xy
5x3
d
dx
x 3 +xy 2
=5
Differentiating with respect to x:
y=
5x
2
5x3
Method 1 (Subjecting y)
xy 2 = 5 x 3
2
5x
2
dx x=1
= mtan (x x1 )
Tangent: y y1
Tangent
Gradient: tangent line,
mtan = mline
mtan
1
5x3
2
x
mline =
2x
dx
dy
dx
3(1)2 (2)2
2(1)(2)
7
=
4
5x3
x
sleightofmath.com
416

17(i)
Ex 15.1

y = x3 + 5
dy
dx
= 3x 2
Tangent
Point:
Gradient:
y|x=1 = 6
(1,6)
dy
dx x=1
Tangent: y y1
=3
=
dy
dx x=1
(x x1 )
y (6) = (3)[x (1)]

y6
= 3x 3
y
= 3x + 3
Daniel & Samuel

17(ii) Point
At point where curve meets tangent,
x3 + 5
= 3x + 3
3
x 3x + 2
=0
(x 1)(
)
(x 1)(x 2
)
2
(x 1)(x
2)
2
(x 1)(x + x 2) = 0
(x 1)(x + 2)(x 1) = 0
x=1
or x = 2
(taken)
y|x=2 = 3(2) + 3
= 3
(2, 3)
sleightofmath.com
417

4
Ex 15.2
1(a)
Ex 15.2
y = 4x 1
y=
dy
dx
dy
dx
2x
x+1
=4
>0
y is increasing
=
=
1(b)
y = x 2 + 2x
dy
dx
1(c)
y=
dy
dx
= 2 1
(x+1)2
2x(1)
(x+1)2
2x+2
2x
(x+1)2
2
(x+1)2
2
(x
(x+1)(2)
= x
2
> 0 for x > 0

y is increasing
2(a)
(x2 +1)
x2 +1
2x2
(x2 +1)2
1x2
+1)2
For decreasing function:
+ +
1 1
f (x) = 3x 2
< 0 for > 0
f(x) is decreasing
x < 1 or x > 1 [shown]

6(a)
y = x 2 + 2x 4
dy
(x)
= 6x 5
< 0 for x < 0 x 5 < 0
f(x) is decreasing
f
dx
y = x 3 + 3x
dy
dx
3(ii)
dy
dx
= 2x + 2
For increasing function:

dy
dx
3(i)
<0
1 x2
< 0 (x 2 + 1)2 > 0
x2 1
>0
(x + 1)(x 1) > 0
f(x) = (x 3 + 1)
f(x) = x 6 5x
<0
dx
1x2
(x2 +1)2
(x)
= 1
<0
f(x) is decreasing
2(c)
x2x
(x2 +1)2
dy
2(b)
d
d
(x) x (x2 +1)
dx
dx
(x2 +1)2
(x2 +1)1
= (x2
f(x) = 9 x
f
d
(x+1)
dx
x2 +1
=
dx
(2x)
+ 1) > 0
for all x values except x 1
y is increasing for all real values of x [shown]
y = x 3 1
dy
d
(2x)
dx
>0
= 2x + 2
> 0 for x > 0

y is increasing
(x+1)
>0
2x + 2 > 0
x
> 1
= 3x 2 + 3
> 0 for all x values x 2 0
y increases for all real values of x
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
418

6(b)
y = 2x 3 3x 2 + 6
dy
dx
Ex 15.2
9(i)
dy
2x3 +2x
(x2 +1)2
4x
+1)2

f (x) > 0
y = 3x 2 + 4x 3
= 6x + 4
4x
(x2 +1)2
>0
4x
x
> 0 (x 2 + 1)2 > 0

>0
9(ii)

f (x) < 0
x <0
10
T = 5x 2 + 90x + 65
<0
dx
2x3 +2x
= (x2
x < 1 or x > 1
dy
(x2 1)2x
(x2 +1)2
+ +
1 1
d
d
(x2 1) (x2 1) (x2 +1)
dx
dx
(x2 +1)2
(x2 +1)2x
6x 2 6
>0
x2 1
>0
(x + 1)(x 1) > 0
dx
(x2 +1)
f (x) =
>0
dx
dy
x2 +1
= 6x 2 6x
7(a)
x2 1
f(x) =
6x + 4 < 0
2
<
x
7(b)
dT
dx
y = 2x 9x + 12x 3
dy
dx
= 6x 2 18x + 12
For cooling:
dT
10x + 90 < 0
10x
> 90
x
>9
11(a)
1<x<2
f(x) = (x + 1)4
f (x) = 4(x + 1)3 (1)
= 4(x + 1)3
f (x)
>0
3
4(x + 1) > 0
x+1
>0
x
> 1
8(ii)
<0
dx

6x 2 18x + 12 < 0
x 2 3x + 2
<0
(x 1)(x 2) < 0
8(i)
= 10x + 90
11(b)
= ( + 1)3
11(i)
y = f(x)
(a) y = x 3

f (x) < 0
x < 1
Daniel & Samuel

= 3
(b) y
= (x + 1)3
sleightofmath.com
Interval Nature
Sign of
x>0
x<0
x > 1
x < 1
+
+
+
+
Increasing
Increasing
Increasing
Increasing
dy
dx
419
Ex 15.2
11(ii) No.
12(ii) For decreasing function:
By Definition, if
dy
dx
0 for all x, then the function is
(non-strictly) increasing.
If function is increasing,
necessarily
dx
for x >
2x1
=
=
=
=
d
2x1dx(3x+4)
could be 0, not
<
7
3
dy
(3+4)]
dx
21
(63
34)
=
=
=
>0
3
>0
21
(37)
3
(2x1)2
dx
3x7
(2x 1)2 > 0 for x >
(2x1)2
3x 7 > 0
xa
xa
3x+4
2x1
21
3x7
dy
13(i) y = x2 2ax2,
2x1
[3(21)
and x >
<x<
1
(2)
(3x+4)
22x1
32x1
= 21
Combining inequalities:
d
(3x+4) 2x1
dx
2
<0
2x1
x>
<
2x13
1
21
(2x 1)2 > 0 for x >
<0
3x 7
x
(2x1)
= 21
dx
<0
dx
3x7
3
(2x1)2
>0
dx
3x+4
12(i) y =
dy
dy
dy
dy
(xa)
d
(x2 2ax2)
dx
(x2 2ax2)
d
(xa)
dx
(xa)2
(x2 2ax2)1
(xa)(2x2a)
(xa)2
2x2 4ax+2a2
x2 +2ax+2
2
(xa)
(x2 2ax)
+2a2 +2
(xa)2
[(xa)2 a2 ]
+2a2 +2
(xa)2
(xa)2
+a2 +2
(xa)2
a2 +2
= 1 + (xa)2
13(ii) For increasing function:
dy
>0
dx
a2 +2
>
7
3
x>
and x >
1
2
7
3
Daniel & Samuel

1 + (xa)2 > 0
2+a2
(xa)2
> 1
all values of a
a2 + 2 > 0 and (x a)2 > 0 for x a
sleightofmath.com
420
Ex 15.3
4(i)
Ex 15.3
1(i)
h(t) =
=
t(10t)
r =3+
5
4
= t t2
4(ii)
dr
= 0 +2 [(1+t)2 ] (1)
dt
5
2
5
4
5
= (1+t)2
h (t) = (2t)
= t
dr
2
3
42
1
h (2) = (2)
= cm s 1
The balloon is deflating.
= km s
2
1(ii)
dt t=3
5
1+(0)
= 5 cm
4
2
r|t=0 = 3 +
4
10tt2
5
2
1+t
5(i)
h (6) = (6)
2
f(t) =
10 000 000
(6t 2 + 5)2
= km s 1
11am: t = 60
2(i)
l =
dl
t3
3
4t + 10
= t2 4
dt
dl
5(ii)
6(i)
s= +
8
ds
ds
v
40
1
= +
8
60
40
=1 h
8
= 2t
6(ii)
|
dt t=2
= 2(2)
7(i)(a)
= 4cm s 1
3(ii)
80
r =t +2
dr
v2
= +
dv
dt
10 000 000
dv v=60
dr
144(60)3 +120(60)
= 3.11
3 people per min
t 4 = 4
t2
=0
t
=0
3(i)
[2(6t 2 + 5)][12t]
10 000 000
f (60) =
= 4
dt
2
(6(60)2 + 5)2
10 000 000
144t3 +120t
For length is decreasing at 4 mm/s:

dl
f (t) =
=5
t 4
=5
2
t 9
=0
(t + 3)(t 3) = 0
t = 3 (rej t 0) or t = 3
2(ii)
10 000 000
46
For length is increasing at 5 mm/s:

dt
2
f(60) =
C(x) =
The initial radius is 2 cm and is increasing at an

increasing rate.
Daniel & Samuel
19 200
x
Annual gasoline costs if car gets 3km l1

= C(3)
r r = t2 + 2
2
The time taken to stop at v = 60km h1 is 1 h
sleightofmath.com
19 200
3
= $6400
421

7(i)(b) Annual gasoline costs if car gets 8km l1
= C(8)
=
Ex 15.3
7(ii)
19 200
Average rate of change in Bens annual gasoline

costs
=
= $2400
C(8)C(3)
8
24006400
83
= $800 per km/l

7(iii)
C (x) =
C
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
(5)
19200
x2
19200
52
= $768 per km/l
422
Ex 15.4
1(c)
Ex 15.4
1(a)
dx
dt
dx
dt
= 2,
dy
dt x=1
=?
= 2,
dy
dx
dy
dt
x
1
dy
x2
dt
dy
dx
= (4x
x2
2
= 8x
dx
dt
) 2
dt x=1
dx
dt
dy
= 2,
dt x=2
dy
dx
dx
dt
At y = 10, x 3 + 2 = 10
x3
=8
x
=2
= 8(1)
2
12
1
= 6 units s
1(b)
= 3x 2 2
= 6x 2
x2
dy
At x = 1,
=?
= 3x 2
dx
= 4x
=
dt y=10
y = x3 + 2
dy
y = 2x 2 +
dy
dy
=?
= 6(2)2
dt x=2
= 24 units s 1
1(d)
dx
dt
= 2,
dy
dt y=2
=?
y = (2x3)3
y=
= 3(2x 3)3
dy
dy
dx
=
dy
dt
dx
= 3[3(2x 3)4 ] 2
=
=
=
18
(2x3)4
dy
18
(2x3)4
36
(2x3)4
At x = 2,
dx
dy
dt x=2
x
x+1
(x+1)(1) x(1)
=
(x+1)2
x+1
x
(x+1)2
1
(x+1)2
dx
dy
dt
dt
dy
dx
dx
dt
= (x+1)2 2
2
= (x+1)2
36
= [2(2)3]4
At y = 2,
= 36 units s 1
x
x
dy
dt x=2
Daniel & Samuel

x
x+1
sleightofmath.com
=2
= 2x + 2
= 2
2
= (2+1)2 = 2 units s 1
423

2(a)
dy
dt
= 4,
dx
dt x=3
Ex 15.4
2(c)
=?
dt
y = x 3 2x 2
dy
= 4,
dy
= 3x 4x
=
dt
dy
dx
dt
dt
dx
dy
dt
dx
dt x=3
dt
= 4,
y=
dy
dx
=
=
4 =
dx
dt
dt x=2
15
2x+7
dx
dt
dx
dt
= 42x + 7
dt
At y = 3, 2x + 7 = 3
2x + 7 = 9
x
=1
=?
1+x
dt
dx
3x2
dy
dx
4
3(3)2 4(3)
dy
4 =
3x2 4x
At x = 3, |
dy
=?
2x+7
dt
dx
2(b)
22x+7
1
dx
4 = (3x 2 4x)
dx
dt y=3
dx
dy
dx
y = 2x + 7
dx
dy
dx
(1+x)
d
(3x2 )
dx
3x2
d
(1+x)
dx
dt x=1
= 42(1) + 7 = 12 unit s 1
(1+x)2
2(d)
3x2 1
(1+x)6x
dt
(1+x)2
6x+6x2
dy
dx
dt y=5
=?
3x2
(1+x)2
y = x(x 4)
= x 2 4x
6x+3x2
(1+x)2
dy
dx
6x+3x2
(1+x)2
dx
dy
dt
dx
dx
dt
dy
4(1+x)2
dt
6x+3x2
dx
At x = 2, |
= 4,
dt x=2
4(1+2)2
6(2)+3(2)2
3
2
unit s 1
dy
dx
= (2x 4)
dx
= 2x 4
dt
dx
dt
dx
dt
4
2x4
2
x2
At y = 5, x 2 4x
=5
2
x 4x 5 = 0
(x 5)(x + 1) = 0
x = 5 or x = 1 (rej)
dx
dt x=5
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
2
52
2
3
units s 1
424

3(i)
y=
dy
2x1
=
=
=
3(ii)
4(ii)
x+1
dx
Ex 15.4
dt
dy
(x+1)
d
(2x1)
dx
(2x1)
dx
dy
d
(x+1)
dx
(x+1)2
(x+1)2
(2x1)1
(x+1)2
2x+2
2x+1
(x+1)2
3
(x+1)2
y|x=0 =
1
1
dy
dx x=0
=3
dt
dt
dx
dt
=3
=3
= 1
5(a)
3
dx
dx
(x + 1)2
=4
2
x + 2x + 1
=4
2
x + 2x 3
=0
(x + 3)(x 1) = 0
x = 3 or x = 1
A(0, 1)
Gradient:
=3
dx
12
(x+1)2
Tangent
Point:
dy
((0)+1)
=3
Let A area of circle & r radius

dA
dr
= 2, |
=?
dt
dt r=6
A = r 2 [area of circle]
Tangent: y y1
dy
dx x=0
dA
(x x1 )
dr
y (1) = 3 [x (0)]
y = 3x 1
3(iii)
dx
dt
= 0.03,
dy
dt
dA
dt
dt
=
=
dy
dx
3
(x+1)2
0.09
(x+1)2
dr
y=
dy
dx
dr
dr
dt
dr
dt
1
r
dt
At r = 6,
0.03
5(b)
dr
dt r=6
1
6
cm s 1
Let A area of circle & r radius

dA
dr
= 10, |
=?
dt
dt r=2
0.09
dt x=0
4(i)
dA
dx
At A(0, 1),
dy
2 = 2r
at A(0, 1) = ?
dt
dy
= 2r
= (0+1)2 = 0.09 units s 1
A = r 2 [area of circle]
dA
2x10
dr
x+1
=
=
=
(x+1)
d
(2x10)
dx
(x+1)2
2x+2
(2x10)
dA
d
(x+1)
dx
dt
(x+1)2
(2x10)1
(x+1)2
2x+10
(x+1)2
= 2r
=
dA
dr
10 = 2r
dr
dt
12
dt
dr
dt
5
r
At r = 2,
= (x+1)2
dr
dr
dt r=2
= = 2.5 m s 1
2
> 0 [shown] (x + 1) > 0 for x 1
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
425

6(i)
Ex 15.4
dV
dx
= 3, = ?
dt
dt
7(b)
Let A be Surface Area,

V be Volume & x be length of side
dA
dt
V = x + 3x [given]
dV
dx
dV
dx
= 2x + 3
dx
3 = (2x + 3)
dx
dt
6(ii)
dx
3
2x+3
dt x=3
dt x=6
A=x
dA
dx
dA
dt
1
3
cm s 1
1
5
dx
cm s 1
dV
3 A 2
( )
2 6
dV
dA
dA
dt
20
A
6
A
At x = 1, 1 =
dV
dt
dx
dt A=6
8(i)
At A = 4, x 2 = 4 x = 2
dt x=2
(2)
= 0.2
dx
dt
dV
[area of square]
dA
A 2
( )
6
= 2x
=
x=
A
6
2(6)+3
= 2x
= x2
V = ( ) =
dx
dx
sub (2) into (1):
dt
2(3)+3
10
dt
(1)
dt
dx
Let A be area & x be side

dA
dx
= 10, |
=?
dt
dt A=4
2
=?
A = 6x 2
dt
7(a)
dt x=1
dx
dA
dx
dV
V = x3
dV
= 0.2,
1
20
1=
A
6
A=6
= 0.05 cm3 s 1
6
Let y Length & x Breadth

dx
dy
= 4,
=?
dt
dt
y = 2x [given]
dy
=2
dx
= = 2.5 cm s 1
2
dy
dt
dy
dx
dx
dt
= (2) (4)
= 8 cm/s
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
426

8(ii)
Ex 15.4
Let A Area of rectangle

dx
dt
= 4,
dA
10(ii)
dt
=?
dt x=8
dx
= 2,
da
dt x=4
=?
a = x(x + 1)
A = xy
(1)
y = 2x
(2)
sub (2) into (1):
A = x(2x) = 2x 2
=
da
dx
da
dA
dt
dA
dx
dt
dx
At x = 8,
dA
11(i)
dp
dA
dt p=3
dt
dt
=( + p
=
2)
dp
dt
dA
dx
dA
dt p=3
10(i)
dt
3
dt
=?
(1)
Let a be area of triangle

1
a = (2x)(x + 1) sin 150

2
1
2
= 8x + 1
=
dA
dx
dx
dt
= (8x + 1) 1.2
= 9.6x + 1.2
= + (3)2 = 7 units 2 s 1
= x (x + 1)
dA
0.5
1 3 2
+ p
4 4
= 1.2,
sub (2) into (1):

A = x(4x + 1)
= 4x 2 + x
At p = 3,
dA
= 2(4) + 1 = 9 cm2 s 1
Q(2x, y) lies on y = 2x + 1:
y = 2(2x) + 1
= 4x + 1
(2)
=?
dA
dp
1
dt
A = xy
= + p2
dA
dx
Let A Area of parallelogram OPQR

dx
= p + p3
= 0.5,
dx
dt x=4
(1 + p2 )
2
da
da
= (p)
1
At x = 4, |
= 16(8) = 128 cm2 s 1
2
1
= 2x + 1
dt x=8
2
1
dA
= (x + )
A = (height) (sum of bases)
dt
dt
= 4x 4
= 16x
dp
= (2x) +
= 4x
dx
9(ii)
+ x
=x+
dA
9(i)
2
1 2
x
2
At x = 1.5,
dA
dt x=1.5
= 9.6(1.5) + 1.2
= 15.6 units/s
x+1
150
A 2x B
= x (x + 1) [shown]
2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
427
Ex 15.4
11(ii) Let z be length of diagonal OQ

dx
dz
= 1.2, |
=?
dt
dt x=1.5
13
dx
dt
By distance formula,
= 0.6,
(1)
dy
dx
=
sub (2) into (1):
= 4x 2 + (4x + 1)2
dy
dt
= 4x 2 + (16x 2 + 8x + 1)
= 20x 2 + 8x + 1
dz
dx
=
=
dz
dt
=
=
=
1
220x2 +8x+1
20x+4
dz
20x2 +8x+1
24x+4.8
dt
dy
1.2
dt x=1.5
5.36 units per sec
14
dP
dt
dt
z
dz
dI
dx
dP
dx
x
dx
dt
0.6
36x2
0.6x
36x2
= 50,
0.6(3.6)
363.62
= 0.45
dz
dt x=144
=?
270
= x 2 + 72900
=
dz
dt
=
=
=
dy
1
2x2 +72900
x
2x
x2 +72900
dI
dt
= 800I 2
= 2400I
At I = 3,
(2x)
36x2
=
dP
236x2
x
z 2 = x 2 + 2702
= 800I
=
Let z be distance between helicopter & lorry

dx
P = I2 R
= 400I 2 R = 400
dI
The rate at which the ladder is sliding down

is 0.45m s 1
dI
dP
= 2, |
=?
dt
dt I=3
dP
dt x=3.6
20x2 +8x+1
dz
dx
20x+4
=?
At y = 4.8, x 2 + 4.82 = 62
x2
= 12.96
x
= 3.6
20x2 +8x+1
At x = 1.5, |
12
(40x + 8)
dx
dt y=4.8
= 36 x 2
Q(2x, y) lies on y = 2x + 1,
y1 = 2(2x) + 1
= 4x + 1
(2)
dy
x 2 + y 2 = 62
y2
= 36 x 2
z = (0 2x)2 + (0 y)2
= 4x 2 + y 2
Let x be distance from wall &

y be distance from ground
dt I=3
= 2400(2)
= 4800 W s 1
Daniel & Samuel

dz
dx
x2 +72900
50x
dt
(50)
x2 +72900
At x = 144,
sleightofmath.com
dx
dz
dt x=144
= 23
9
17
m s 1
428

15(i)
Ex 15.4
Let x top of man s shadow from the lamp

y man from the lamp
By similar triangles,
2
11.1 kmh1
y
17(a)
d
dr
= x
(r 2 ) = 2r
dy
dt
dy
dx
dy
dt
5
3
dx
dt
16(i)
h after B reaches P
dt t=1
dx
t = ( ) + =
xy
2x = 7x 7y
7y = 5x
15(ii)
16(ii)
5 dx
= ,
3 dt
LHS
=?
dx
5
7
7
= ms
dx
dt
dx
dt
1
= lim
r0
= 2r
= RHS
B (0,30) at t = 0
17(b)
P A (0,0) at t = 0
+ (3600t 2 + 3600t + 900)
1
29225t2 +3600t+900
9225t+1800
( r 3 ) = 4r 2
dr 3

=
=
(18450t + 3600)
9225t2 +3600t+900
( r 3 )
dr 3
d
dr
dt
9225t+1800
V
r0 r
= lim
= lim
9225t2 +3600t+900
87.2 kmh
(4r2 )r
r
V
(Surface Area) (breadth)
(r)
(4r 2 )
V = (4r 2 )r
dx
|
87.2 kmh1
dt t=1
= lim 4r 2
r0
Daniel & Samuel

4 2
(V)
r0
dx
LHS
= 9225t 2 + 3600t + 900

=
= lim 2r
x = [(75t) 0]2 + [0 (30 + 60t)]2
dt
A (length) (breadth)
(2r) (r)
A = (2r)r
A(75t, 0)
B(0,30 + 60t)
= 5625t 2
(2r)r
r0
t time after A reaches P

x distance between
the two motorists
dx
7
dy
(r 2 )
d
(A)
dr
A
= lim
r0 r
d
dr
= RHS
sleightofmath.com
429
Rev Ex 15
A2(ii) For tangents:
m1 m2
Rev Ex 15
A1(i)
10
y=
dy
( |
dx
dy
10
x2
dx x=3
1
10
3
3=
(3, )
3
1
dy
|
dx x=3
=1
10
2 1
3
A3(i)
19
dy
y y1
= dy
(x x1 )
3
1
9
19
9
19
9
19
(x 3)
x
x
Gradient:
27
19
62
57
x2
1 =
10
x2
2
7
2
7
dy
10
2
dx
y|x=2 =
10
2
=3
(2,3)
8y = x 2 kx + 17
1
17
= x 2 kx +
y
dy
= 9(1)2 5 = 4
dx x=1
dy
dx x=1
(x x1 )
dy
dx x=1
9x 2 5
=4
2
x 1
=0
(x 1)(x + 1) = 0
x=1
or
x = 1
(taken)
y|x=1 = 3(1)3 5(1) + 4
=6
(1,6)
x=2
= 3
(2, 3)
A2(i)
dy
A3(ii) tangent tangent at A:

m1
= m2
x
=4
x = 2
or
y|x=2 =
A(1,2)
y (2) = (4)[x (1)]

y2
= 4x 4
y
= 4x 2
A1(ii) Tangent has gradient :

=
= 64
= 64
=0
=0
=2
Tangent: y y1
10
= 9x 2 5
Tangent
Point:
dx x=3
dx
= 1
y = 3x 3 5x + 4
dx
dy
(k + 6)(k 10)
k 2 4k 60
k 2 4k + 4
(k 2)2
k
Normal:
dx x=5
1
y|x=3 =
Gradient:
) ( |
[ (6 + k)] [ (10 k)] = 1
Normal
Point:
= 1
dy
= x k
dx
Tangent gradient at x = 3, x = 5:
dy
= (3) k
dx x=3
8
1
8
1
= (6 + k)
8
dy
dx x=5
4
5
8
1
= (5) k
=
4
1
k
8
= (10 k)
8
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
430

A4(i)
Rev Ex 15
Curve
A5
y = ax +
dy
dx
=a
dy
x2
dx
mnorm = dy
dx x=2
1
b
a 2
2
1
b
a
4
4
4ab
> 0 [shown] for x > 2 2x > 0, (x

2) > 0, (x 1)2 > 0
A6(i)
V=
dp
b
(2)
A6(ii)
dp
b = 14 4a
(1)
dV
= 3,
dV
dp
60
=1
p2
dV
dt p=20
=?
dp
dt
dp
dt
At p = 20,
dV
= 2x +
6
x
60
202
= 0.45 units 3 s 1
A7(i)
Let A area of circular patch

r radius
Equate area of circle,
r 2 =
for a = 2, b = 6
2x + 11
dt p=20
A4(ii) Point Q
At Q, normal (y = 2x + 11) meets y = 2x +
4x + 11
p2
= 2
2
= 4a b (2)
(1)
sub
into (2):
2
= 4a (14 4a)
2
= 4a 14 + 4a
2
= 8a 14
16
= 8a
a
=2
b|a=2 = 14 4(2)
=6
60
Equate gradients,
dt
4ab
60
dt p=20
= 7 2a
4ab
2
2x2 4x
(x1)2
2x(x2)
(x1)2
Curve at P(2,7):
(x1)2
4x2 4x 2x2
(x1)2
dV
(7) = a(2) +
(x1)(4x) (2x2 )(1)
=
=
Normal
y + 2x = 11
y
= 2x + 11
mnorm = 2
x1
Gradient of normal at P(2,7)
2x2
y=
dA
dt
(t)
r 2 = (4)(16)
= 64
64
r2
64
=0
4x 2 11x + 6 = 0
(x 2)(4x 3) = 0
x = 2 (taken) or x =
3
4
3
3
4
y|x=3 = 2 ( ) +
4
19
2
3 19
Q( , )
4
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
431

A7(ii)
dA
dt
dr
= 4, |
dt t=16
Rev Ex 15
B1(i)
=?
y=
dy
A = r 2
dA
dr
dx
x
x2
d
dt
dA
dr
4 = 2r
dr
dt
dr
dt
dr
dt
2
r
=
64
At t = 16, r = ,
dr
dt t=16
A8(i)
d
dt
ds
= ,
2 dt
=
64
2
(
=?
2
8
ds
(x2)
x2
x2
dt
d
(x2)
dx
[2(x2)
x]
x2
1
2x2
1
2x2
(2x4
x)
x2
(x4)
x2
x4
2(x2)
[proven]
Point:
y|x=4 =
(4)
(4)2
4
2
= 22
(4,22)
Gradient: dy
x
2x2
B1(ii) Normal
=8
ds
1
1
2x2
x2
1
2x2
1
|
dx x=4
ds
x21
cm s 1
s = r [arc length]
= 8 r = 8
= 2r
=
dA
x2dx(x)
Normal:
(4)4
2((4)2)
x=4
dt
= (8) ( )
2
= 4 cm s 1
A8(ii)
d
dt
dA
= ,
2 dt
=?
A = r 2 [sector area]
2
1
= (8)2
r=8
= 32
dA
d
dA
dt
= 32
=
dA
d
d
dt
= (32) ( )
2
= 16 cm2 s 1
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
432
Rev Ex 15
B2(a) 1st curve

y = ax 2 + bx + 2
dy
dx
B2(b) Tangent
y = 2x 16
mtan = 2
= 2ax + b
Curve
y = ax 3 + bx
Tangent gradient at (1, ):

2
dy
= 2a + b
dy
1st curve at (1, ):
Gradient of tangent at x = 2
mtan =
mtan =
dx x=1
dx
= a(1)2 + b(1) + 2
= 3ax 2 + b
dy
dx x=2
= 3a(2)2 + b = 12a + b
a= b
At point of contact,
y|x=2 = 2(2) 16
= 12
(2, 12)
2nd curve
y = x 2 + 6x + 4
dy
dx
= 2x + 6
(2, 12) lies on curve:
12
= a(2)3 + b(2)
12
= 8a + 2b
12 8a = 2b
b
= 6 4a
Normal gradient at (2, 4):

mnorm = dy
1
|
dx x=2
1
2(2)+6
1
2
Tangent to 1st curve at (1, ) normal to 2nd curve

2
at (2, 4):
mtan
= mnorm
2a + b
2 ( b) + b
3 2b + b
3 b
=
5
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
b
3
Using gradients,
12a + b
=2
12a + (6 4a) = 2
8a 6
=2
8a
=8
a
=1
b|a=1 = 6 4(1) = 10
2
5
2
a|b=5 = ( ) = 1
2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
433

B3
Rev Ex 15
Curve
y = (x + 1)2
dy
B4
Curve
y=
= 2(x + 1)
dy
mtan = 2(x + 1)
dx
dx
= x+
mline =
P(a, b)
dy
dx x=a
=
=
ab
a2
dy
b
a
(x x1 )
dx x=a
b
y (b) = ( ) [x (a)]
a
Tangent line,
mtan mline = 1
1
mtan ( )
= 1
mtan
= 4
Tangent:
x2
Tangent: y y1
Point:
ab
Gradient:
Tangent
Gradient:
Tangent
Point:
Line
4y = x + 3
y
ab
dy
dx x=3
(x a)
yb
yb
= x+b
= x + 2b
a
b
a
b
a
Point Q
At Q, tangent meets x-axis (y = 0)
y
=0
2(x + 1)
= 4
x+1
= 2
x
= 3
(3
y|x=3 =
+ 1)2
=4
(3,4)
y y1 =
x + 2b = 0
a
b
= 2b
x
= 2a
Q(2a, 0)
(x x1 )
[x (3)]
y (4)= (4)
(x + 3)
y 4 = 4
y 4 = 4x 12
y
= 4x 8
Point R
At R, tangent meets y-axis (x = 0)
b
y|x=0 = (0) + 2b
a
= 2b
R(0,2b)
Distance PQ & RP
P(a, b) Q(2a, 0)
R(0,2b)
PQ = (a 2a)2 + (b 0)2
= a2 + b 2
RP = (0 a)2 + (2b b)2
= a2 + b 2
PQ = RP [shown]
B5(i)
v2
60
s= +
ds
ds
30
= +
dv
dv v=45
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
(45)
30
= +
7
4
km2 h1
434
Rev Ex 15
B5(ii) If one is travelling at 45km h1 ,

for every 1km h1 increase in speed,
the stopping distance increases by 1.75 km
B6(i)
dp
dt
dA
dp
22
y=
dy
22
2 x
x
22
2 x
x
(
(
22
x2
1)
x2
1
x
) =
= 2,
dt
dy
dt
=
=
dy
dt x=2
22x2
22
2x2 x
x
22x2
dt p=5
=?
1
= (2p) + (3p2 )
2
22x2
22x2
2x2
x
2
3 2
+ p
2
dA
dp
3
(p + p2 )
2
9
3p + p2
2
2x2 22x2
2x2 22x2
dx
dA
dt
22x2
22x2
dA
= 3,
=p
x
1
dx
B6(ii)
B7(ii)
dA
At p = 5,
dt p=5
B8(i)
dx
22x2
3
2x2 22x2
dt
= 3(5) + (5)2
2
= 127.5
=?
dy
dp
dx
Let x man from lamp

y shadow length
dt
dx
dt
dy
= 2,
dt
1.5
=?
y
22x2
x2 22x2
1.5
x+y
5
3
2
3
5y = x + y
At x = 2,
dy
dt x=2
7
2222
3
22 2222
26
2218
13
36
13
6
cm s 1
y = x
2
3
= x
7
B7(i)
dy
y = x2
y|x=p = p2
dx
dy
dt
A = (RP)(PQ)
2
1
= [p
2
1
=
=
2
1 2
p
2
dy
dx
3
dx
dt
= ms 1
7
= (p + 1)p2
= (p2 + p3 )
= ( ) (2)
(1)](p2 )
2
1
B8(ii) z top of shadow from lamp

z=x+y
+ p3
2
Speed of the top of his shadow

=
=
=
dz
dt
d
dt
dx
dt
(x + y)
+
=2 +
=
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
20
7
dy
dt
6
7
1
ms
435
Ex 16.1
3(i)
Ex 16.1
1(a)
y = x 2 5x + 1
dy
dx
At stationary point,
=0
dx
2x 5 = 0
x
5 2
= 5
(x 2 4) 2
(2x 5) 2
(x 2
4)2
2x 2 8
4x 2 + 10x
(x 2 4)2
2(x 2 5x + 4)
(x 2 4)2
2(x 4)(x 1)
(x 2 4)2
y = 5 6x + x 2
dx
d
d
(2x 5) (2x 5) (x 2 4)
dx
dx
(x 2 4)2
2x 2 + 10x 8
=
(x 2 4)2
(2 , 5 )
dy
(x 2 4)
y|x=5 = ( ) 5 ( ) + 1
1(b)
x2 4
dy
dx
= 2x 5
dy
2x5
y=
= 6 + 2x
dy
3(ii)
=0
dx
dy
6 + 2x = 0
x
=3
y|x=3
= 6 + 2(3)
= 4
(3,
4)
2(i)
y=
dx
2(x4)(x1)
(x2 4)2
dx
4(i)
y = 2x 3 9x 2 + 12x 4
2x+1
dy
x1
=
=
=
(x1)
d
(2x+1)
dx
(2x+1)
(x1)2
(2x+1)(1)
(x1)2
2x1
(x1)2
(x1)(2)
2x2
4(ii)
dy
=0
dx
= 6x 2 18x + 12
= 6(x 2 3x + 2)
= 6(x 1)(x 2) [shown]
d
(x1)
dx
6(x 1)(x 2) = 0
x = 1 or x = 2
y|x=1 = 1
y|x=2 = 0
(1,1)
(2,0)
= (x1)2
2(ii)
=0
x = 4 or x = 1
dx
dy
=0
(x1)2 0 (x1)2 < 0 for x 1

no stationary pt
4(iii)
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
= 12x 18
|
= 6 < 0 max pt (1,1)
=6 >0
dx2 x=1
d2 y
dx2 x=2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
min pt (2,0)
436

5(i)
Ex 16.1
6(b)
y = (x 5)7 + x
y = x 4 8x 2 + 2
dy
dy
= (x 5)
dx
dx
=
=
=
=
5(ii)
7 + x + dx (x 5) 7 + x
1
= (x 5)
dx
27+x
(1) +(1)
7 + x
dy
dx
3x+9
27+x
+7 + x
27+x
x5
4x 3 16x
=0
x 3 4x
=0
2
x(x 4)
=0
x(x + 2)(x 2) = 0
x=0
or x = 2
or x = 2
y|x=0 = 2
y|x=2 = 14
y|x=2 = 14
(0,2)
(2, 14)
(2, 24)
+2(7+x)
27+x
x5
+14+2x
27+x
3x+9
27+x
d2 y
=0
=0
d2 y
= 3
dy
3+
sign
dx
= 3x 2 24x + 36
dy
=0
2
3x 24x + 36 = 0
x 2 8x + 12
=0
(x 2)(x 6) = 0
x=2
or x = 6
y|x=2 = 32 y|x=6 = 0
(2,32)
(6,0)
=0
2
3x 12
=0
2
x 4
=0
(x + 2)(x 2) = 0
x = 2
or x = 2
y|x=2 = 16
y|x=2 = 16
(2,16) (2, 16)
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
= 6x
2|
dx x=2
d2 y
dx2 x=2
= 6x 24
|
= 12 < 0
max. pt (2,32)
= 12 > 0
min. pt (6,0)
dx2 x=2
d2 y
d2 y
min pt (2, 14)
= 32 > 0
dx
dx
min pt (2, 14)
= 3x 2 12
dy
max pt (0,2)
= x(x 6)2
= x(x 2 12x + 36)
= x 3 12x 2 + 36x
dy
y = x 3 12x
dx
= 32 > 0
dx
dy
dx2 x=2
min pt
6(a)
= 16 < 0
dx2 x=2
d2 y
6(c)
3
dx2 x=0
d2 y
Sign Test:
x
= 12x 2 16
dx2
y|x=3 = [(3) 5]7 + (3)

= 16
(3, 16)
5(iii)
=0
dx
x5
dy
= 4x 3 16x
= 12 < 0
= 12 > 0
Daniel & Samuel

max pt (2,16)
dx2 x=6
min pt (2, 16)
sleightofmath.com
437

7(a)
y = 2x +
Ex 16.1
18
7(b)
y = x2 +
= 2x + 18x 1
dy
dy
= 2x + 16(x 2 )
dx
= 2 18x 2
=2
= x 2 + 16x 1
= 2 + 18(x 2 )
dx
16
= 2x 16x 2
18
= 2x
x2
16
x2
At turning point,
dy
dy
=0
dx
18
=0
x2
=0
dx
2x
18
16
=0
x2
2x
x2
16
x2
x
=9
x2 9
=0
(x + 3)(x 3) = 0
x = 3
or
x=3
y|x=3 = 12
y|x=3 = 12
(3, 12) (3,12)
2x
= 16
x3 8
=0
2
(x 2)(x + 2x + 4) = 0
x=2
y|x=2 = 12
(2,12)
d2 y
d2 y
dx2
= 18(2x 3 )
=
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
|
|
dx2
36
=2+
x3
x=3
dx2 x=3
= 2 16(2x 3 )
36
27
36
26
<0
>0
Daniel & Samuel

max pt (3, 12)
d2 y
dx2 x=2
32
x3
= 6 > 0 min pt (2,12)
min pt (3,12)
sleightofmath.com
438

7(c)
Ex 16.1
4x2 +9
y=
7(d)
= 4x +
dy
dx
= 4x + 9x 1
x2
y=
x+1
=
=
dy
= 4 + 9(x 2 )
dx
= 4 9x 2
=4
dx
9
4x 2
or
x=
y|x=3 = 12
d2 y
dx2
( , 12) ( , 12)
dx2
= 9(2x
=
d2 y
dx2 x=3
2
=0
(x+1)2
d
(x2 +2x)
dx
(x2 +2x)
d
(x+1)2
dx
(x+1)4
(x+1)2 (2x+2)
(x2 +2x)2(x+1)
(x+1)4
(x2 +2x)(2)
(x+1)(2x+2)
(x+1)3
2x2 +4x+2
2x2 4x
(x+1)3
d2 y
3 )
x3
=
=
18
dx2 x=3
=0
y|x=3 = 12
=0
x=0
or x = 2
y|x=0 = 0
y|x=2 = 4
(0,0)
(2, 4)
(x + ) (x ) = 0
d2 y
x2
(x+1)2
dx
x2 +2x
(x+1)2
x(x+2)
(x+1)2
=0
4
3
(x+1)2
2x2 +2x
dy
=9
9
x=
(x+1)2
(x+1)(2x) x2 (1)
=0
x2
d
(x+1)
dx
x2 +2x
=0
x2
x2
dy
d
(x2 )
dx
= (x+1)2
(x+1)
16
3
16
3
<0
>0
= (x+1)3
max pt ( , 12)
2
d2 y
min pt ( , 12)
2
dx2 x=0
d2 y
=2 >0
dx2 x=2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
= 2 < 0
min pt (0,0)
max pt (2, 4)
439

7(d)
Ex 16.1
x
1
2
x +1 x
+0x +0
(x 2 +x)
x
+0
(x 1)
1
8(i)
y = 8x +
= 8x + x
2
dy
= 8 + (2x 3 )
dx
= 8 x 3
x2
y=
=8
x+1
= (x 1) +
dy
=0
dx
dx
= 1 + [(x + 1)2 ](1)
= 1 (x + 1)2
x3
= 1 (x+1)2
dy
=0
x3
1
x3
1
8
1
2
y|x=1 = 6
=0
dx
1
x3
1
x+1
= (x 1) + (x + 1)1
dy
1
2x2
1 2
( , 6)
1 (x+1)2 = 0
1
= (x + 1)2
1
= x 2 + 2x + 1
0
= x 2 + 2x
x(x + 2) = 0
x=0
or x = 2
y|x=0 = 0
y|x=2 = 4
(0,0) (2, 4)
8(ii)
d2 y
= (3x 4 )
dx2
=
d2 y
3
x4
dx2 x=1
= 48 > 0
d2 y
dx2
min pt ( , 6)
2
= 0 [2(x + 1)3 ](1)

9(i)
= (x+1)3
y = x 3 6x 2 + 3
dy
dx
d2 y
dx2 x=0
d2 y
2|
=2 >0
dx x=2
= 2 < 0
min pt (0,0)
9(ii)
= 3x 2 12x
dy
max pt (2, 4)
=0
dx
2
3x 12x = 0
x 2 4x = 0
x(x 4) = 0
x = 0 or x = 4
9(iii)
dy
<0
dx
3x 2 12x < 0
x(x 4) < 0
+
+
4
0 < x < 4 [shown]
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
440

10(i)
y=
Ex 16.1
2x1
11(ii) At k = 12,
x2 +2
x =
dy
dx
(x 2 + 2)(2)
(x 2
(2x 1)(2x)
+ 2)2
2x 2 + 4
dy
4x 2 + 2x
dx2
d2 y
(x 2 + 2)2
= 36 > 0
min pt (1, 9)
12
y = ax +
b
x2
= ax + bx 2
2(x 2)(x + 1)
(x 2 + 2)2
dy
= a + b(2x 3 )
dx
=a
2b
x3
Curve at (3,5):
10(ii) At stationary point,

dx
2(x2)(x+1)
(x2 +2)2
= 36x 2
dx2 x=1
2(x 2 x 2)
(x 2 + 2)2
dy
= 1
= 12x 3 + 12
dx
d2 y
2x 2 + 2x + 4
=
(x 2 + 2)2
=
12
y = 3x 4 + 12x
y|x=1 = 9
stationary pt (1, 9)
d
d
(x 2 + 2) (2x 1) (2x 1) (x 2 + 2)
dx
dx
=
(x 2 + 2)2
=
12
5 = 3a +
=0
b
9
=0
= 5 3a
b = 45 27a
(1)
x = 2 or x = 1
10(iii)
At stationary pt (3,5):
dy
dx
2(x2)(x+1)
(x2 +2)2
(x2)(x+1)
(x2 +2)2
>0
dy
>0
<0
(x 2)(x + 1) < 0
a
(x 2 + 2)2 > 0
+ +
1 2
27
=0
=0
=0
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

a
1 < x < 2 [shown]

11(i)
dx x=3
2b
a (3)3
2b
2(4527a)
27
2(9)(53a)
27
=0
=0
y = 3x 4 + kx
a (5 3a) = 0
dy
3a 10 + 6a = 0
9a
= 10
dx
= 12x + k
At stationary pt:
dy
10
9
b|a=10 = 15
=0
dx
=
9
12x + k = 0
x3
x
=
3
k
12
k
12
only 1 stationary pt
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
441

13
1st curve & its gradient

y = 2x 2 4x + 5
dy
dx
Ex 16.1
14(ii) At a = 9,
dy
= 4x 4
dy
d2 y
=0
dx
15(i)
dy
= a 2b(2x 1)2
2b
= a (2x1)2
(2,7) lies on curve,
(7) = a(2) +
7
At turning pt (1,3):
dy
= 21 6a
2b
=0
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

a
a
2(216a)
9
2(72a)
3
=0
=0
3a 14 + 4a = 0
7a
= 14
a
=2
=0
6(3) + 2a(3) = 0
54 6a
=0
a
=9
b|a=9 = 8
Daniel & Samuel

=0
2b
|
(1)
a (2(2)1)2 = 0
= 6x 2 + 2ax
dx x=3
2
b
3
= 7 2a
dx x=2
Curve at (3,19):
(19) = 2(3)3 + a(3)2 + b
19 = 54 + 9a + b
b
= 73 9a
dy
b
2(2)1
y = 2x 3 + ax 2 + b
dx
= 2a +
b
3
b
=0
3 + 2a + 1 = 0
2a
= 4
a
= 2
b|a=2 = 3
dy
= a + b[(2x 1)2 (2)]
dx
= 3x + 2ax + 1
b
2x1
= ax + b(2x 1)1
2nd curve at (1,3):

3=1+a+1+b
b=1a
14(i)
y = ax +
dx x=1
= 18 < 0
max pt (3,19)
2nd curve & its gradient

y = x 3 + ax 2 + x + b
dy
dx2 x=3
4x 4 = 0
x
=1
y|x=1 = 3
turning pt (1,3)
dx
= 12x + 18
dx2
At turning point,
dy
= 6x 2 + 18x
dx
d2 y
Put a = 2 into (1):

b|a=2 = 9
sleightofmath.com
442
Ex 16.1
16(ii) Curve at (1,1):
1
= 12 (1 k)2
1
= 1 2k + k 2
0
= k 2 2k
k 2 2k = 0
k(k 2) = 0
k=0
or k = 2
(rej k 0)
15(ii) At a = 2 & b = 9,
y = 2x +
dy
dx
9
2x1
18
= 2 (2x1)2
dy
=0
dx
18
2 (2x1)2
=0
= (2x1)2
18
y = x 2 (x 2)2
dy
(2x 1)2
=9
2
4x 4x + 1 = 9
4x 2 4x 8 = 0
x2 x 2
=0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0
x=2
or x = 1
(taken)
y|x=1 = 5
(1, 5)
dx
dy
dx
=0
dx
2x(x 2)(2x 2) = 0
2x(x 1)(x 2) = 0
x=0
or x = 1
or
y|x=0 = 0
y|x=1 = 1
(0,0)
(1,1)
15(iii) 1st derivative

dy
16(iii) 1st derivative

2
dy
= 2x(x 2)(2x 2)
dx
= 2x(2x 2 6x + 4)
= 4x 3 12x 2 + 8x
2nd derivative
dx2
= 18[2(2x 1)3 ]
= 18[2(2x 1)
=
d2 y
d
dx
(2x 1)
3 ]
. (2)
2nd derivative
d2 y
72
(2x1)3
dx2
dx2 x=2
d2 y
= >0
3
y=x
dy
dx
2 (x
k)
=x
d
dx
d2 y
[(x k)
d2 y
2]
d
dx
= x 2(x k)
+2x
= 2x(x k)(2x k)
(x 2 )
=8 >0
= 4 < 0 max pt (1,1)
=8 >0
(x k)
dx2 x=2
(x k)2
min pt (0,0)
dx2 x=1
= 12x 2 24x + 8
dx2 x=0
(2,7) is min pt
16(i)
x=2
y|x=2 = 0
(2,0)
18
= 2 (2x1)2
= 2 18(2x 1)
d2 y
= 2x(x 2)(2x 2)
min pt (2,0)
16(iv)
= 2 ( 2)2
(1,1)
(0,0)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
(2,0)
443

17
y=
dy
dx
1
20
Ex 16.1
18(ii) 1st derivative
x 5 x 3 + 3x 2
6
1 4
x
4
7 2
x
2
dy
dx
+ 6x
dy
dx
1 4
x
4
4
dy
+ 6x
3x 2 12x + 9 = 0
x 2 4x + 3 = 0
(x 1)(x 3) = 0
x=1
or
x=3
y|x=1 = 0
y|x=3 = 4
(1,0)
(3, 4)
=0
x 14x + 24x = 0
x(x 3 14x + 24) = 0
x(x
18(i)
Curve
y = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c
2nd derivative
d2 y
dx2
touch x axis at x = 1 & cross x axis at x = 4

y = k(x 1)2 (x 4)
Compare x 3 : k = 1
y = (x 2 2x + 1)(x 4)
= x 3 2x 2 +x
= 4x 2 +8x 4
= x 3 6x 2 + 9x 4
Compare x 2 : a = 6
Compare x1 : b = 9
Compare x 0 : c = 4
=0
dx
=0
7 2
x
2
2
= 3x 2 12x + 9
d2 y
= 6x 12
|
= 6 < 0
max pt (1,0)
=6 >0
min pt (3, 4)
dx2 x=1
d2 y
dx2 x=3
18(iii) Tangent
Recall
y = x 3 6x 2 + 9x 4
dy
dx
Point:
Gradient:
Tangent:
&
= 3x 12x + 9
y|x=0 = 4
(0,4)
dy
dx x=0
y y1
=9
=
dy
dx x=0
(x x1 )
(x 0)
y (4) = 9
y
= 9x 4
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
444
Ex 16.2
1(d)
Ex 16.2
1(a)
dy
dx
12x
dy
=0
dx
13x
=4>0
=0
1
min
Sign test
x
= x 2 + (2x 1)2
= x 2 + (4x 2 4x + 1)
= 5x 2 4x + 1
dy
dx
dx
At stationary value,
dy
y=
dy
=0
dx
dx
10x 4 = 0
dx2
=
5
(x2 +1)
d
d
(x) x (x2 +1)
dx
dx
(x2 +1)2
(x2 +1)1
x2x
(x2 +1)2
x2 +1
2x2
(x2 +1)2
dy
= 4(x 2) (1)
4(x 2)3 = 0
x
=2
Sign test
x
dy
= 4[3(x 2)
= 12(x 2)
|
dx2 x=2
2]
=0
1x
=0
(x + 1)(x 1) = 0
x = 1 or x = 1
=0
dx
=0
dx
1x2
(x2 +1)2
2
dy
+1)2
d2 y
1x2
= 4(x 2)3
dx2
= (x2
= 10 > 0
y = (x 2) + 3
d2 y
dx
1+
x2 +1
min
dy
sign +
max
= 10x 4
1(e)
d2 y
1 2x
12x
d2 y
dy
(x) 1 2x
+ 1 2x
12x
13x
d
dx
(2) + 1
4x 8 = 0
x
=2
dx2
1(c)
212x
x
=0
dx
1(b)
1 2x
dx
=x
= 4x 8
dy
=x
dx
y = 2x 2 8x + 3
dy
y = x1 2x
dx
(1)
sign
1+
min at x = 1
dy
=0
dx
not max/min
Daniel & Samuel

1+
sign
max at x = 1
sleightofmath.com
445

2
Ex 16.2
2x + y = 10
y
= 10 2x
4(iii)
dA
= 8 + 800(x 2 )
dx
= 8 800x 2
=8
dA
dA
dx
= 10 4x
dA
800
dx
dx
d2 A
d2 A
Fence = 36
2x + y = 36
y
= 36 2x [shown]
3(ii)
A = xy
= x(36 2x)
= 36x 2x 2 [shown]
3(iii)
dA
5(i)
dx2
Height = (5x)2 [
=0
4(ii)
= 25x 2 9x 2
= 4x
Area of trapezium
= 4 < 0
A = (height)(sum of bases)
2
1
= (4x)[(6x + y) + y]
2
Volume = 400 [given]

x(8)h = 400
h
(6x+y)y 2
= (5x)2 (3x)2
max
4(i)
= 1.6 > 0
Wire length
= 104
y + 5x + 5x + (6x + y) = 104
16x + 2y
= 104
2y
= 104 16x
y
= 52 8x
36 4x = 0
x
=9
d2 A
x3
min
dx
1600
dx2 x=10
= 36 4x
dA
= 800(2x 3 )
=
<0
max
dx
x2
x
= 100
x = 10 or x = 10 (rej x > 0)
dx2
2 = 4
800
10 4x = 0
x
= 2.5
A|x=2.5 = 12.5
d2 A
=0
x2
=0
x2
=0
dx
3(i)
800
A = xy
= x(10 2x)
= 10x 2x 2
50
x
= 2x(6x + 2y)
y = 52 8x,
A = 2x[6x + 2(52 8x)]
= 2x(104 10x)
= 208x 20x 2 [shown]
A = 8x + 2xh + 2(8)h
50
50
= 8x + 2x ( ) + 2(8) ( )
= 8x +
800
x
+ 10 [shown]
= 8x + 800x 1 + 10
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
446

5(ii)
dA
dx
= 208 40x
Ex 16.2
7
y = 2x 3 12x 2 + x + 9
dy
dx
= 6x 2 24x + 1
dA
Normal gradient (n)
=0
dx
= dy
208 40x = 0
x
=
=
y|x=5.2
d2 A
dx2
dx
208
40
52
= (6x 24x + 1)1
10
= 5.2
= 10.4
dn
dx
= 40 < 0
(12x 24)
24x+1)2
12x24
= (6x2
24x+1)2
x 4 y = 32
y
32
x4
12x24
(6x2 24x+1)2
= x2 +
32
x4
[shown]
= x + 32x 4
dz
= 2x + 32(4x 5 )
dx
8(i)
= 2x 128x 5
= 2x
128
dx
2x
128
x5
128
x5
d2 z
400
r2
=0
=0
= 2r 2 + 2r (
= 2x
= 2r 2 +
800
r
400
r2
[shown]
= 2r 2 + 800r 1
= 2 128(5x 6 )
=2+
d2 z
Area
A = 2r 2 + 2rh
2x 6
= 128
6
x
= 64
x = 2 or
x=2
(rej x > 0)
dx2
Volume
V
= 400
2
r h = 400
h
x5
dz
=0
12x 24
=0
x
=2
y|x=2 = 21
P(2, 21)
z = x2 + y
6(ii)
= [(6x 2 24x + 1)2 (12x 24)]

= (6x2
max A
6(i)
1
6x2 24x+1
2
dx2 x=2
640
x6
= 12 > 0
min z
Daniel & Samuel

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447

8(ii)
Ex 16.2
1st derivative
dA
dr
9(ii)
= 4r + 800(r
1st derivative
dA
2 )
dx
= 4r 800r 2
800
= 4r 2
r
= 4x 108x 2
4r
800
dA
4x
800
4x
r2
4r
r 3
= 200
3
=0
dx
=0
r2
x2
=0
dr
108
= 4x
dA
= 4x + 108(x 2 )
108
x2
=0
=
108
x2
x
= 27
x
=3
h|x=3 = 2
200
3.99cm
2nd derivative
d2 A
2nd derivative
d2 A
dr2
dx2
= 4 800(2r 3 )
= 4 +
=4+
1600
r3
d2 A
> 0 for r > 0

min A
9(i)
Volume
x(2x)h = 36
h
=
=
2x2
18
25x2
16
= x
4
Perimeter PQRST = 30
2x + 2y +2RS = 30
x+y
+ RS
= 15
5
x + y + ( x) = 15
4
= 2x + 6x ( 2 )
= 12 > 0
3x 2
18
108
x3
RS = x 2 + ( ) =
x2
216
min
10
36
dx2 x=3
Area
A = 2[x(2x) + xh + 2xh]
= 2(2x 2 + 3xh)
= 2x 2 + 6xh
= 2x 2 +
= 4 108(2x 3 )
= 15 x
4
[shown]
A = triangle STR
= 2x 2 + 108x 1
3x
2
3 2
x
4
3 2
x
4
3 2
x
4
= (2x) ( )
+2xy
+2xy
=
=
= 30x
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
+ rectangle PQRT
+2x (15 x)
+30x
15x2
4
4
9 2
x
2
[shown]
448

10(i)
Ex 16.2
1st derivative
dA
dx
= 30
15
11(iv) At stationary value,

dA
=0
dx
48x
dA
48x
=0
dx
30
15
2
15
2
<0
Area
A = xy
= x(40 x)
= 40x x 2
3
2
SN|x=4 = 9
6x 2
AA = (5x)2 ( ) = 4x
2
A
5x
Volume
= 4500
( area) h = 4500
1
x2
+ (15 x)
= 15 x
11(i)
6000
Perimeter
2x + 2y = 80
y
= 40 x
10(ii) SN = 3x +y
=
12(a) Function
x length
y breadth
max
4
3x
=0
x
= 125
x
=5
A|x=5 = 1800 cm2
x= 0
2nd derivative
dx2
x2
x
=4
A|x=4 = 60 cm2
d2 A
6000
5x
A
6x
dA
x2
=0
dx
40 2x = 0
x
= 20
A|x=20 = 400 m2
11(ii) A = 2(triangle)
= 40 2x
dA
= 4500
375
dx
(6x)(4x)h = 4500
12x 2 h
1st derivative
+sides
2nd derivative
2
2
d2 A
= 2 [( ) (6x)(4x)] +h(6x + 5x + 5x)

= 24x + 16xh
= 24x 2 + 16x (
= 24x 2 +
6000
x
dx2
max
375
x2
= 2 < 0
[shown]
= 24x 2 + 6000x 1
11(iii)
dA
dx
= 48x + 6000(x 2 )
= 48x
6000
x2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
449

12(b) Function
x length
y breadth
Ex 16.2
13
Function
E2 R
W (r+R)2
E2 R
(r+R)2
R
kE 2 [(r+R)2 ]
W=k
Area
xy = 16
y
16
1st derivative
dW
Perimeter
P = 2x + 2y
dR
16
= kE [
= 2x + 2 ( )
x
= 2x +
32
x
r + R 2R
]
= kE 2 [
(r + R)3
1st derivative
= 2x + 32(x 2 )
dx
rR
]
= kE 2 [
(r + R)3
= 2 32x 2
=2
32
x2
dP
dW
32
x2
32
rR
kE 2 [(r+R)3 ] = 0
=0
=r
=2
x2
=0
dR
=0
dx
d
d
R R (r + R)2
dR
dx
]
(r + R)4
(r + R)2 (1)
R 2(r + R)
]
= kE 2 [
(r + R)4
= 2x + 32x 1
dP
(r + R)2
x2
= 16
x = 4 or x = 4
(rej x > 0)
Sign Test
R
P|x=4 = 16 cm
work done is greatest when

R=r
dW
dR
r
sign +
r
0
r+
2nd derivative
d2 P
dx2
= 32(2x 3 )
=
64
x3
>0 x>0
min P
Daniel & Samuel

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450

14
Ex 16.2
Perimeter
15
1
x + 2y + ( ) x = 6
x + 2y +
2
x
=6
2y
=6
x
2
= 6 x ( + 1)
= 3 x ( + 1)
Area
A = rectangle
+semicircle
Rectangle area,
A = xy
2y
x length
y breadth
A area of rectangle
(1)
x 2
2
1
2
2
= xy
+ ( )
= xy
+ x
(1)
x 2 + y 2 = (2a)2
y 2 = 4a2 x 2
y = 4a2 x 2 or y = 4a2 x 2
(rej y > 0)
(2)
(2)
sub (2) into (1):

sub (1) into (2):
1
2
1
8
1
A = x4a2 x 2
A = x [3 x ( + 1)] + x
= 3x ( + 1) x
2 2
= 3x ( + ) x
4
1
+ x
dx
= 3x + ( ) x
4
1
= 3x + ( ) x 2
= 3x (
8
+4
8
) x2
1st derivative
dA
=3(
dx
=3(
+4
8
+4
4
dA
3(
(
)x
= 3(
+4
=
=
dx2
4a2 x 2
(2x) +(1)
+4a2 x 2
x2
+(4a2 x2 )
4a2 x2
4a2 2x2
4a2 x2
=0
=0
x = 2a or x = 2a (rej x > 0)
12
+4
12
)(
+4
36
+4
18
+4
y|x=2a = 4a2 (2a)
12
) (
+4
= 2 (
+4
8
= 4a2 2a2 = 2a2 = 2a = x

length = breadth,
largest rectangle is square of side 2a
2 +4
144
8(+4)
Sign Test
[shown]
x
dy
2nd derivative
d2 A
(x) 4a2 x 2
=3
A|x= 12
d
dx
4a 2x 2 = 0
2x 2 = 4a2
x 2 = 2a2
)x = 0
+4
1
24a2 x2
x2
4a2 x2
2
+4
4
(4a2 x 2 )+
4a2 x2
dx
4a2 2x2
)x
=0
dx
d
dx
) 2x
dA
=x
=x
+ x 2
dA
8
1
dx
)<0
2a
2a
A is max when x = 2a
i.e. when rectangle is a square
max
Daniel & Samuel

sign
2a
sleightofmath.com
451

16
Ex 16.2
y = 12 x 2
17
A = 2xy
= 2x(12 x 2 )
= 24x 2x 3
dA
dx
= 24 6x
y 2 = 8x
y = 8x or y = 8x
dy
dA
dx
=0
dx
24 6x 2 = 0
x2 4
=0
x = 2 or x = 2 (NA)
A|x=2 = 32 units 2
d2 A
dx2
d2 A
= 24 < 0
= 22 (
1
2x
)=
2
x
Normal
Point:
(4,2)
Gradient:
m = dy
= 2
dx
x
2
y y1 = m (x x1 )
Normal:
= 12x
dx2 x=2
2 = 8
(4,2)
y 2=
max
y=
x
2
x
2
[x 4]
(x 4) + 2
Point where y 2 = 8x & normal

[y =
8x
x
2
(x 4) + 2] meet.
x
2
(x 4) +2
16x = x(x 4) +22

4x = xx + 4x +22
xx = 22
x=2
(3)
sub (3) into (1):
y|x=2 = 8(2) = 4
(2,4)
Minimum distance from (2,4) to (4,2)
= (2 4)2 + (4 2)2
= 22 + 22
= 22
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
452

17
Ex 16.2
Let P(a, b) be at point on y 2 = 8x,

b2 = 8a
a
18
b2
b2
P ( , b)
8
Area is not the only factor of cost

Most of the expense is incurred in joining the sides
to the rims of the cans.
Minimization of circumference must also be
factored in.
b2
D = distance from P ( , b) to (4,2)

8
= (
= (
=
b2
8
1
64
64
dD
db
4) + (b 2)2
b 4 b 2 + 16) + (b 2 4b + 4)
b 4 4b + 20
1
1
2 b4 4b+20
64
1
2 b4 4b+20
64
1
64
1
16
(4b3 ) 4]
b3 4)
At min point:
dD
db
1 3
b
16
1 3
b
16
3
b
b
a=
=0
4 =0
=4
= 64
=4
42
8
=2
(2,4)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
453
Rev Ex 16
A3
Rev Ex 16
A1
y = (x 2)5 x
dy
= (x 2)
dx
= (x 2)
=
=
=
=
2x
d
dx
5 x
1
25x
Function
p2 q = 9
(1)
d
dx
(x 2) 5 x
+(1)
2x
9
p2
z = 16p + 3q
9
= 16p + 3 ( 2 )
5 x
= 16p +
+5 x
25x
27
p2
= 16p + 27p2
+2(5x)
25x
2x
1st derivative
+102x
dz
25x
dp
123x
= 16 + 27(2p3 )
= 16 54p3
25x
= 16
54
p3
dy
dx
123x
25x
=0
=0
dp
=4
16
dz
y|x=4 = ((4) 2)5 (4)
y = 4x +
= 4x + 27x
= 16
d2 z
27
dp2
x2
At turning point,
162
p4
>0p>0
min z
=0
dx
8x
27
x2
8x
8x
3 2
2
( )
= 54(3p4 )
=
dy
=4
2nd derivative
= 8x 27x 2
= 8x
8
3
2
q|p=3 =
= 8x + 27(x 2 )
dx
27
p3
dy
=0
p3
p3
27
54
54
=2
A2(i)
=0
=0
=
A4(i)
27
x2
= 27
3
2
y|x=3 = 27
Wire length
= 2400
4(length + breadth + height) = 2400
4(3x + x + h)
= 2400
4(4x + h)
= 2400
4x + h
= 600
h
= 600 4x
( , 27)
2
A2(ii)
d2 y
dx2
= 8 27(2x 3 )
=8+
d2 y
dx2 x=3
54
x3
= 24 > 0
A4(ii) Volume
V = 3x(x)h
= 3x 2 h
= 3x 2 (600 4x)
= 12x 2 (150 x)
= 1800x 2 12x 3
min pt ( , 27)
2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
454

A4(iii) 1st derivative
dV
dx
Rev Ex 16
A6(i)
= 3600x 36x
Volume = 100
2x(x)h = 100
h
50
2x
x2
At turning value,
dV
Total surface area

S = 2[2x(x) + 2x(h) + x(h)]
= 2(2x 2 + 2xh + xh)
= 2(2x 2 + 3xh)
= 4x 2
+ 6xh
=0
dx
3600x 36x 2 = 0
x 2 100x
=0
x(x 100)
=0
x = 0 or x = 100
(rej x > 0)
2nd derivative
d2 V
= 3600 72x
dx2
A6(ii)
= 4x
= 4x
dS
dx
d2 V
dx2
x=100
50
= 4x 2
+6x ( 2 )
x
300
x
[shown]
+300x 1
= 8x + 300(x 2 )
= 8x 300x 2
= 3600 < 0
= 8x
max V
300
x2
A5(i)
dS
=0
dx
Wire length = 100

4x + 4y
= 100
4y
= 100 4x
y
= 25 x
8x
dx
3 75
2
x=
2
75
d2 S
134
= 8 300(2x 3 )
=8+
>0
min
= 2x 50 + 2x
= 4x 50
x2
75
3
dx2
= 2x +2(25 x)(1)
300
A6(iii)
=0
=
A5(iii) 1st derivative

dA
x2
8x
S|
A5(ii) Total area
A = x2 + y2
= x 2 + (25 x)2 [shown]
300
600
x3
x>0
At stationary value:
dA
=0
dx
4x 50 = 0
x
50
4
= 12.5
2nd derivative
d2 A
dx2
=4>0
min
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
455

A7(i)
Rev Ex 16
Perimeter
B1(i)
y = x2 +
x + x + (2r) = 80
= 80
= 80 r
dy
dx
= 40 r
= 2x
Area
A = semicircle + triangle
1
2
1
2
1
dy
+ (40 r)
2
1
1 1 2
2
r2
2 2
2x
A7(ii)
dA
=0
x3
16
x3
x
= 16
x=2
or
y|x=2 = 8
(2,8)
+ (80 r)2 [shown]

8
1
= r + [2(80 r)] ()
dr
32
x3
=0
dx
= r 2 + ( ) (80 r)2
=
32
= r 2 + x 2
= r
= 2x + 16(2x 3 )
= 2x 32x 3
x2
= 2x + 16x 2
2x + r
2x
16
x = 2
y|x=2 = 8
(2,8)
= r (80 r)
4
= r 20 +
= ( +
2
4
2
4
B1(ii)
dx2
( +
d2 y
=0
(1 + ) r
= 20
4+
4
)r
= 20
80
+4
11.2
A7(iii)
d2 A
dr2
=+
2
4
>0
min
dx2 x=2
d2 y
) r 20 = 0
(1 + ) r 20
= 2x 32(3x 4 )
=2+
) r 20
2
d2 y
96
x4
=8>0
dx2 x=2
= 4 < 0
min pt (2,8)
max pt (2,8)
B2(i)
y=
4
2x
= 4(2 x)1
9
x3
+9(x 3)1
dy
dx
= 4 [(2 x)2
d
dx
(2 x)] +9 [(x 3)2
= 4[(2 x)2 (1)]

= 4(2 x)2
4
d
dx
(x 3)]
+9[(x 3)2 (1)]

9(x 3)2
9
(x3)2
= (2x)2
d2 y
dx2
= 4 [2(2 x)3
d
dx
(2 x)]
9 [2(x 3)3
= 4[2(2 x)3 (1)]

8
= (2x)3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
d
dx
(x 3)]
9[2(x 3)3 (1)]

18
+ (x3)3
456
Rev Ex 16
B2(ii) At stationary value,

dy
B4(i)
AR =
=0
dx
4
(2x)2
4
(x2)2
(x3)2
=0
=
4(x 3)2
4(x 2 6x + 9)
4x 2 24x + 36
5x 2 12x
x(5x 12)
x=0
9
(x3)2
y|x=0 = 1
AS
[ (10)]
S Q 13cm
h
13cm P
C
R
10cm
PQ
BC
x
10
6
12 h = x
5
12
12
12
AR
12h
y|x=12 = 25
(0, 1)
(13)2
BR2
= 12
= 9(x 2)2
= 9(x 2 4x + 4)
= 9x 2 36x + 36
=0
=0
or x =
AB 2
= 12 x
5
= (10 x)
, 25)
B4(ii) Area of PQR

d2 y
dx2 x=0
d2 y
dx2
B3
12
x=
5
625
3
min pt (0, 1)
= >0
<0
max pt (
12
5
A = xh
2
1
Function
x length
y breadth
dx
dA
dx
d2 A
1st derivative
dx2
= l 2x
dA
B5(i)
BC
4x
l 2x= 0
2x
= l
= l
4
y|x=1l = l = x
= <0
5
=
=
A
3
AB
y
Y
B
3
3
= (4 x)
4
5
C
= x ( ) (4 x)
4
= x(4 x) [shown]
4
= 2 < 0
= 3x x 2
4
max A
Daniel & Samuel
XP
B5(ii) Area
A = xy
square
2nd derivative
dx2
=6
2
1
=0
XC
=0
dx
1
max A
At maximum value,
6x
x
=5
2nd derivative
d2 A
6x
= x ( l x)
= lx x
=0
6x
1
=6
Area
A = xy
1
3x2
At maximum value,
= lx
dx
(10 x) [shown]
B4(iii) 1st derivative

dA
dA
2
5
3x
= 6x
Perimeter
2x + 2y = l
2y
= l 2x
y
= x [ (10 x)]
, 25)
sleightofmath.com
457
Rev Ex 16
B5(iii) 1st derivative

dA
dx
B6(ii)
dx
= (8 x)
=3 x
dA
= (8 x)
=0
dx
dA
= (8 x)
3 x=0
2
3
2
=2
1
228x28
28 +(1)
14
28x 28
28x 28
28x28
28x28
14042x
28x 28 + dx (8 x) 28x 28
11214x28x+28
=3
d
dx
28x28
A|x=2 = 3(2) (2)2

4
= 3 cm2
2nd derivative
At stationary value:
d2 A
dx
dx2
dA
= <0
14042x
28x28
max A
B6(i)
P
(6 + )
=0
(6 + )
Q
R
(16 2)
By Pythagoras Thm
10
3
x
dy
sign
dx
max
(P Q)2
= (6 + x)2
Sign Test
PP = PQ2
=0
[ (16 2x)]
10
10+
= (x 2 + 12x + 36) (64 16x + x 2 )
Volume
V
= 250
r 2 h = 250
= 28x 28
= (6 +
x)2
B7(i)
10
(8 x)2
250
r2
Area
A = 2r 2 + 2rh
Area of triangle
1
A = (QR)(PP )
= 2r 2 + 2r (
2
1
= (16 2x)28x 28
= 2r +
= (8 x)28(x 1) [shown]
500
r
250
r
2 )
[shown]
= 2r + 500r 1
= (8 x)28x 28
Daniel & Samuel

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458

B7(ii) 1st derivative
dA
(a)
= 4r + 500(r 2 )
dr
Rev Ex 16
B7(ii) Cost
500
(b)
(0.05)
C = 2r 2 (0.03) +
= 4r 500r 2
= 4r
500
r2
= 0.06r 2
+25r 1
1st derivative
dA
dC
=0
dr
4r
500
r2
dr
r3
r
= 125
=5
52
r2
dC
= 10
= 4 +
d2 A
dr2 r=5
r2
=0
dr
25
0.12r
0.12r
= 4 500(2r 3 )
dr2
25
2nd derivative
d2 A
= 0.06r 2 + 25r 2
= 0.12r
500
250
= 0.12r 25r 2
=0
4r
h|r=5 =
r
25
= 0.06r 2
= 25
3
625
h|
5.93
7.11
r3
min
=0
1000
= 4 + 8 > 0
r2
3 625
3
r=
2nd derivative
d2 C
dr2
= 0.12 25(2r 3 )
= 0.12 +
d2 C
dr2 r= 3625
50
r3
1.13 > 0
min
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
459
Ex 17.1
2(d)
d 1 2 sin x
(
)
dx
cos x
d
cos x (1 2 sin x)
dx
=
Ex 17.1
1(a)
d
dx
(4 sin x 3)
=4
d
dx
(sin x)
d
dx
(3)
= 4 cos x
1(b)
d
dx
1(c)
(x 2 5 cos x)
d
dx
d
dx
= 2x
+5 sin x
(x 2 ) +3
d
dx
(tan x)
2 cos 2 x
+ sin x 2 sin2 x
cos 2 x
3(a)
d
dx
= 8x
+3 sec 2 x
[(1 cos x)3 ]
d
dx
(sin x) +3
(cos x)
dx
3(b)
[(2 + 3 sin x)2 ]
+3( sin x)
= 2 cos x
3 sin x
= 2(2 + 3 sin x)
d
dx
(tan x) +
d
dx
(x) tan x
= x sec x
+1
= x sec 2 x
+ tan x
(x 2
2
=x
d
dx
(cos x)
tan x
d
dx
(x 2 )
cos x
+2x
cos x
3(d)
x sin x
dx
(sin x)
= (x + 1)2 cos x
d
dx
=
=
d
dx
(2 tan x)
1
[(x + 1)2 ] sin x
22tan x dx
1
22tan x
[(x + 1)2 sin x]
= (x + 1)2
d
dx
cos x)
= 2x cos x
d
3(c)
= x 2 ( sin x)
dx
(2 + 3 sin x)
= 6 cos x (2 + 3 sin x)
dx
d
dx
= 2(2 + 3 sin x) 3 cos x

(x tan x)
=x
(1 cos x)
= 3 sin x (1 cos x)2
= 2 cos x
dx
dx
= 3(1 cos x)2 sin x
dx
= 3(1 cos x)2
(2 sin x + 3 cos x)
=2
2(c)
cos x (2 cos x)
+3 sec x
cos 2 x
(1 2 sin x) ( sin x)
2
cos x
sin x 2(sin2 x + cos 2 x)

cos 2 x
sin x 2
=
cos 2 x
(4x 2 + 3 tan x)
dx
d
(cos x)
dx
= 4(2x)
dx
2(b)
(cos x)
5( sin x)
=4
2(a)
(x 2 )5
= 2x
dx
1(d)
(1 2 sin x)
(2 tan x)
( sec 2 x)
sec2 x
22tan x
(sin x + 2 cos x)
1
2sin x+2 cos x
1
2sin x+2 cos x
cos x2 sin x
2sin x+2 cos x
dx
(sin x + 2 cos x)
(cos x
2 sin x)
+2(x + 1) sin x
4(a)
d
dx
(3 tan 2x) = 3
d
dx
(tan 2x)
= 3 sec 2 2x
d
dx
(2x)
= 3 sec 2 2x (2)
= 6 sec 2 2x
Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
460

4(b)
d
dx
Ex 17.1
dx
[4 sin ( x)] = 4
5(d)
d cos(x + )
[
]
dx
sin 3x
[sin ( x)]
2
2
1
dx 2
1
= 4 cos ( x)
( x)
= 4 cos ( x) ( )
2
1
d
d
cos(x + ) cos(x + ) sin 3x
dx
dx
=
sin2 3x
(sin 3x) [ sin(x + )] cos(x + ) (3 cos 3x)
=
sin2 3x
sin(3x) sin(x + )
3 cos(x + ) cos(3x)
=
2
sin 3x
sin(3x) sin(x + )
+ 3 cos(x + ) cos(3x)
=
sin2 3x
(sin 3x)
= 2 cos ( x)
2
4(c)
d
dx
[cos (2x )]
3
= sin (2x )
3
(2x )
dx
= sin (2x ) (2)

3
= 2 sin (2x )
3
4(d)
d
dx
[sin 3x + cos(4x 5)]

d
dx
sin 3x
= cos(3x)
d
dx
d
dx
cos(4x 5)
+[ sin(4x 5)]
(3x)
5)
= cos(3x) (3)
= 3 cos 3x
d
dx
y = sin 2x
dy
(4x
d
dx
d
dx
+
d
dx
d
dx
+ cos x cos 3x
3 sin x sin 3x
d
dx
tan 5x
d
dx
y = sin x + 2 cos x
dy
d
dx
= (1 + x 2 ) sec 2 5x 5
= 5(1 + x 2 ) sec 2 5x
5(c)
(5x)
+2x
dy
=0
dx
cos x 2 sin x = 0
2 sin x
= cos x
tan 5x
+2x tan 5x
+2x tan 5x
tan x
1
2
0.464
1st or 3rd quadrant
d
x
(
)
dx cos 2x
d
d
(x) x (cos 2x)
dx
dx
=
cos 2 2x
(cos 2x) (1)
x (2 sin 2x)
=
2
cos 2x
cos 2x
+ 2x sin 2x
=
2
cos 2x
1
+ 2x tan x
=
cos 2x
= cos x 2 sin x
(1 + x 2 )
tan 5x
= (1 + x 2 ) sec 2 5x
=1
[(1 + x 2 ) tan 5x]
= (1 + x 2 )
dx
dx
(2x)
= 2( )
(sin x) cos 3x
(3x) + cos x cos 3x
= sin x ( sin 3x) 3

= cos x cos 3x
5(b)
= 2 cos
(cos 3x)
= sin x ( sin 3x)
dx x=
(sin x cos 3x)
= sin x
d
dx
= (cos 2x) (2)

= 2 cos 2x
+[ sin(4x 5)] (4)

4 sin(4x 5)
dy
5(a)
= (cos 2x)
dx
0 x 2
x = , +
0.464, 3.61
(cos 2x)
8(a)
d
dx
(2 sin3 x) = 2
d
dx
(sin x)3
= 2 3(sin x)2
d
dx
(sin x)
= 2 3 sin x cos x
= 6 sin2 x cos x
= sec 2x (1 + 2x tan x)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
461

8(b)
d
dx
(cos 2 3x) =
Ex 17.1
9(a)
(cos 3x)2
dx
= 2(cos 3x)
dt
d
dx
d
dx
dy
dx
dx
dy
[(tan 5x)2 ]
d
= 4 2 tan 5x
dx
dx
dt
(3)
d
dx
=?
dt x=
6
= 1 sin x
dy
dx
dx
dt
= (1 sin x) 0.2
= 0.2 0.2 sin x
(tan 5x) + 0
= 4 2 tan 5x (5 sec 2 5x)

= 40 tan 5x sec 2 5x
8(d)
dy
y = x + cos x
[4 tan2 (5x) + 3]
=4
= 0.2,
cos 3x
= 2(cos 3x) (3 sin 3x)

= 6 sin 3x cos 3x
8(c)
dx
dy
dt x=
At x = ,
(x) +3
1
= 0.2 0.2 ( )
2
= 0.1 unit s 1
[(sin 2x)5 ]
dx
+3 5(sin 2x)4
=1
d
dx
(sin 2x)
9(b)
dx
dt
+3 5(sin 2x)4 (2 cos 2x)

+30 sin4 2x cos 2x
=1
=1
[x + 3 sin5 (2x)]
dx
= 0.2 0.2 sin ( )
dy
=?
30 dt x=
3
y = 1 + sin x
8(e)
d
dx
dy
[(1 + x) cos 7 2x]
= (1 + x)
d
dx
(cos 7 2x)
= (1 + x) 7 cos 6 2x
d
dx
+
(cos 2x)
d
dx
dx
(1 + x) cos 7 2x
=
dy
dt
= 2(
= 2(
= 2(
=
d cos 2x 2
(
)
dx 1 x
= 2(
cos 2x
1x
cos 2x
1x
cos 2x
1x
cos 2x
1x
)
)
d
dx
cos 2x
1x
(1x)
d
dx
(1 + sin x)
21+sin x
dy
dx
cos x
21+sin x
dx
dt
30
cos x
601+sin x
dy
dt x=
At x = ,
0.0192 unit s 1
10(a) y = x 2 sin x
d
(cos 2x)
dx
(cos 2x)
dy
d
(1x)
dx
dx
= 1 2 cos x
(1x)2
(1x)(2 sin 2x) (cos 2x)(1)

(1x)2
2(x1) sin 2x
+cos 2x
(1x)2
dx
4(x 1) sin 2x cos 2x

(1 x)3
1
4(x 1) ( sin 4x)
2
=
(1 x)3
=
=
=
d cos 2 2x
[
]
dx (1 x)2
=
cos 2x
7
= (1 + x) 7 cos 2x (2 sin 2x) + cos 2x

= cos 6 2x [cos 2x 14(1 + x) sin 2x]
8(f)
1
21+sin x
cos x
+1
(1x)3
=0
1 2 cos x = 0
2 cos x = 1
+ 2 cos 2 2x
cos x
=
+ 2 cos 2 2x
+2 cos2 (2x)
(2x2) sin 4x
dy
1st or 4th quadrant
0 x :
x = , 2
= ,
3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
462
Ex 17.1
10(b) y = x tan x
dy
dx
y = x + 4 tan2 2x
12
= 1 sec 2 x
dy
= 1 + 4(2 tan 2x)(sec 2 2x)(2)
dx
= 1 + 16 tan 2x sec 2 2x
dy
=0
dx
1 sec 2 x
sec 2 x
tan2 x + 1
tan x
=0
=1
=0
=0
dy
dx
(0,0)
(, )
(1)
sin 3x
2 cos 3x
y=
dy
dx
(2 cos 3x)
3
2
= 0.983
1st or 3rd quadrant
S
13
2 sin x + 3 cos x = 0
2 sin x
= 3 cos x
=
=0
0 x :
x = , +
= 0.983
cos
3
= 1 + 643
tan x
= 1 + 16(3)
= 2 sin x + 3 cos x
dx
dy
y = 2 cos x + 3 sin x
dy
= 1 + 16 tan ( ) (
y|x=0 = (0) tan(0) = 0

y|x= = () tan() =
11(i)
= 1 + 16 tan ( ) sec 2 ( )
90 180 270 360
0x
x = 0,
dx x=
(2 cos 3x) (3 cos 3x) (sin 3x) (3 sin 3x)

(2 cos 3x)2
6 cos 3x 3 cos 2 3x
3 sin2 3x
(2 cos 3x)2
3(sin2 3x + cos 2 3x)
(2 cos 3x)2
6 cos 3x
d
d
(sin 3x) (sin 3x) (2 cos 3x)
dx
dx
(2 cos 3x)2
6 cos 3x
3
(2
cos 3x)2
Tangent to x axis,
11(ii)
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
dy
= 2 cos x 3 sin x
|
dx2 x=0.983
dx
6 cos 3x3
(2cos 3x)2
3.61 < 0
max pt
=0
=0
6 cos 3x 3
6 cos 3x
=0
=3
cos 3x
(2 cos 3x)2 > 0
1
2
1st or 4th quadrant
0<x<
0 < 3x < 3
3x = , 2 ,
x
Daniel & Samuel
2 + , 4
3 3
5
3
7
= , ,
= ,
9
sleightofmath.com
463

14(i)
Ex 17.1
Curve & its derivative

y = 1 + cos x
dy
dx
14(ii) Normal:
y = 2x + 1 +
3
= sin x
y|x= = 1 + cos ( )
( ,1 +
6
dy
3
2
=
3
)=
2
dy
dx
( ) [x ( )]
2
= x + + 2 + 3
2
1
12
= x+
1
2
= dy
12
1
|
dx x=
6
y (1 +
3
)
2
y (1 +
3
)
2
= 2x
3
4
1
2
+ 2 + 3
+1+
3
2
3
2
= + 2 + 3
3
2
2x
= 1
(x x1 )
=0
3
2
3
4
Area
1
= (base)
2
1
= 2x + 1 +
(height)
2 6
1 5
= [( + 2 + 3) (
=0
[x ( )]
3
2
= 1
3
2
5
4
5
= (1 +
4
sleightofmath.com
= ( + 3)
2 2
4
= (1 +
Daniel & Samuel

3
2
( )
+1+
2x + 1 +
y y1
+1+
Normal at x-axis,
y
=0
2y
x+
(x x1 )
x=
6
2y 2 3 = x +
Normal:
y y1
y (1 +
= sin =
dx x=
12
Tangent at x axis,
y
=0
3
)
2
Tangent:
2
3
)
2
=1+
Gradient:
y= x+
( ,1 +
Tangent & Normal

Point:
Tangent:
3
2
3
)
2
3
)
2
3
)]
4
(1 +
(1 +
(1 +
3
)
2
3
)
2
3
)
2
[shown]
464

15(i)
Ex 17.1
y = 2 sin 2x 1
i.e. a = 2, b = 2, c = 1
15(iii) At point where tangent (y = 1)

meets y = 2 sin 2x 1
2 sin 2x 1 = 1
sin 2x
=1
=
2
1st or 2nd quadrant

Period
2
b
1
1
3
= 2 sin 2 1
0 < x < 2
0 < 2x < 4
2x = , ,
= ,
Workings
Domain
Axis with
amplitude
Shape
Cycle
0 < x < 2
1 2
+ 2, 3
+ 2
2
5
(taken),
(
16(i)
+sin
20
5
4
, 1)
f(x) = sin x + cos x

f (x) = cos x sin x
=2
At turning points,
f (x)
=0
cos x sin x = 0
sin x
= cos x
tan x
=1
=
4
1st or 3rd quadrant
15(ii) Curve & its gradient

y = 2 sin 2x 1
dy
dx
0 x 2
x = , +
= 2(cos 2x)(2)
= 4 cos 2x
= ,
Tangent
Point:
y|x= = 2 sin 1
f ( ) = sin + cos
= 2(1) 1
=1
dy
2
+
2
dx x=
= 4 cos
( , 2)
4
=0
f ( ) = sin
Tangent: y y1 = m(x x1 )
y 1 = (0) [x ( )]
2
2
= 2
( , 1)
Gradient:
=1
4
2
+ cos
5
4
2
2
= 2
(
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
5
4
, 2)
465
Ex 17.1
16(ii) For increasing function,

f (x)
>0
cos x sin x > 0
cos x
> sin x
0x<
dS
d
or
5
4
dS
64 cos 2 64 sin
=0
cos 2 sin
=0
2
1 2 sin sin
=0
2 sin2 + sin 1
=0
(2 sin 1)(sin + 1) = 0
< x 2
17(i)
<x<
5
4
cos =
AF
8
BF
8
AF = 8 sin
BF = 8 cos
2nd derivative
d2 S
d
A
8 cm
8 cm
C
B
F
= 64(2 sin ) 64 cos

= 128 sin 2 64 cos
d2 S
d2 =
35.8 < 0
max
+area of rectangle
+(BE)(BC)
= (2 BF)(AF)
+(BE)(2 BF)
2
1
or sin = 1 (rej > 0)
= (BC)(AF)
2
1
= ,
Area
S = area of triangle
1st or 2nd quadrant
0<<
By trigonometry
sin =
sin =
= cos
2
= sin
=0
For decreasing function,

f (x)
<0
cos x sin x < 0
cos x
< sin x
= 32(2 cos 2) 64 sin

= 64 cos 2 64 sin
= cos
2
= sin
17(ii) 1st derivative
y = a tanm (x n )
= a[tan(x n )]m
18
dy
= a m[tan(x n )]m1
+64 cos
= a m[tan(x n )]m1
sec 2 (x n )
= 64 ( sin 2)
+64 cos
= 32 sin 2
+64 cos
= a m[tan(x n )]m1
= amn tanm1 (x n )
sec 2 (x n ) nx n1
sec 2 (x n ) (x n1 )
= (2 8 cos )(8 sin ) +(4)(2 8 cos )
dx
= 64 sin cos
1
2
dx
[tan(x n )]
d
dx
(x n )
19(i)
y = (k + x) cos x
dy
dx
= (k + x)
d
dx
cos x
= (k + x) ( sin x)
= cos x
d2 y
dx2
= sin x[(k + x)
sleightofmath.com
(k + x) cos x
+1
cos x
(k + x) sin x
d
dx
(sin x) +
= sin x[(k + x) cos x

= sin x(k + x) cos x
= 2 sin x (k + x) cos x
Daniel & Samuel
d
dx
d
dx
(k + x) sin x]
+1
sin x
sin x]
466

19(ii)
d2 y
dx2
Ex 17.1
22(i)
+y
= [2 sin x (k + x) cos x] + [(k + x) cos x]

= 2 sin x [independent of k]
20(i)
d
dx
(sec x)=
dx cos x
cos x
cos x(0)
d
cos x
dx
( sin x)
= LHS [shown]
sin x
cos2 x
=(
1
cos x
)(
sin x
cos x
tan x tan3 x + 2 tan x 3 tan x tan3 x

=
1 tan2 x 2 tan2 x
1 3 tan2 x
cos2 x
22(ii)
d
dx
3 tan xtan3 x
13 tan2 x
)=
= 1 (sec 2x tan 2x)(2)

= 1 2 sec 2x tan 2x
dy
dx x=3
20(iii)
dx
dt
= 2,
=
dt
13 tan2 x
)]|
x=
dy
=3
=?
dy
dx
3
12
y = x + cos x
dx
dy
dt
dx
= 1 sin x
dy
3.21
sin x cos x (
1sin2 x
2
cos2 x
1 sin x = 0
sin x
=1
1+sin x
1sin x
(1sin x)+(1+sin x)
= sin x cos x (
[sin x cos x (
d
dx
=
1
1+sin x
90 180 270 360
2 x
x = 2 + , , ,
= 2 tan x
k=2
dx
=0
dx
cos2
dy
(3x)
1.61
= sin x cos x (
21(ii)
3 tan xtan3 x
= (1 2 sec 2x tan 2x) 2

At x = 3,
dt x=3
21(i)
dx
d
dx
= 3 sec 2
23(i)
dy
= 1 2 sec 6 tan 6
dt x=3
(tan 3x)
= sec 2 3x 3
= 3 sec 2 3x
20(ii) y = x sec 2x
dx
d
dx
= sec 2 3x
= sec x tan x
dy
= tan 3x
2 tan x
tan x +
tan x + tan 2x
1 tan2 x
=
=
1 tan x tan 2x 1 tan x ( 2 tan x )
1 tan2 x
cos2 x
13 tan2 x
RHS
d
(1)
dx
3 tan xtan3 x
Show:
1
1sin x
3
2
)]
2 tan x
= 2 sec 2 x
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
467
Ex 17.1
23(ii) Coordinates
= sin x (1 + cos x)
= sin x + sin x cos x
1
= sin x + sin 2x
2
y|x= = + cos ( )
2
=
2

( , )
1st derivative
2 2
dy
y|x=3 =
2
=
(
3
2
3
2
3
+ cos (
dx
at stationary pt:
2
3
2
dy
cos x + cos 2x
=0
3x
2 cos ( ) cos ( ) = 0
= cos x
dx2
=0
dx
2nd derivative
d2 y
= cos x + cos 2x
3x
cos ( ) = 0
d2 y
dx2 x=
0 x 2:
= cos ( ) = 0
2
cos ( ) = 0
or
not max. or min. at ( , )

2 2
3x
2
0 x 2:
x
3:
0 < :
2
d2 y
dx2 x=3
= cos ( )
not max. or min. at (
=0
3
2
90 180 270 360
3
2
3x
90 180 270 360
2
3x
23(iv)
= + cos
= , 2 , 2 + , 4
3
= ,
2 2
3
2
3
2
y|x= = sin ( ) + sin
3
2
3

2 2
x
2
x=
2
5
x = , ,
( , )
1 3
( )
2 2
= 3
4
24
d
dx
(sin x) =
=
=
25(i)
25(ii)
d
dx
[sin (
180
180
180
cos (
( , 3)
3 4
x)]
180
x)
y|x= = sin + sin 2

2
=0
(, 0)
cos(x)
3
( , 3)
3 4
= |sin (1 + cos )|
(, 0)
Daniel & Samuel

, 3)
4
10
3
2
+ (
2
3
)
2
3
= 3
4
5
3
( , 3)
3
4
= sin (1 + cos )
(
y|x=5 = sin ( ) + sin (
sleightofmath.com
468
Ex 17.1
2nd derivative
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
0600 1800
2.60 < 0
max at ( , 3)
3 4
=0
not max/min (, 0)
2.60 > 0
min at (
dx2 x=
d2 y
y = sin x
= sin x 2 sin 2x
dx2 x=
d2 y
26
dx2 x=5
3
Daniel & Samuel

5
3
, 3)
4
sleightofmath.com
1200
0000
Fastest when gradient is the steepest

0900, 1500, 2100 & 0300
469
Ex 17.2
3(b)
Ex 17.2
1(a)
d
dx
(ex + 1) =
dx
dx
1(b)
dx
(4ex 6) = 4
dx
d
=4
dx
x
dy
dx
(ex )
d
dx
3(c)
(6)
d
dx
(xex ) = x
dx
d
(x) ex
3(d)
dx
x
d
dx
ex
( )=
=
d
dx
d x
(e )
dx
ex
xex
= e2x
d
(x)
dx
dy
dx
x2
ex (x1)
4(a)
x2
(e2x ) = e2x
d
dx
(2x)
= e2x (2)
= 2e2x
2(b)
d
dx
dy
dx
d
(e35x )
dx
d
5e35x (3
dx
35x
(5)
(e3x + 7) =
(e3x ) +
dx
3x
=e
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx
(ex + ex ) =
d
dx
x
4(b)
(7)
=e
= ex
= ex
dx
d
(ex )
dx
d
+ex (x)
dx
x (1)
4(c)
+e
ex
=
=
=
dx
= 4e4x1
Daniel & Samuel

du
dx
dy
du
du
dx
y = 1 + ex
Let u = 1 + ex
y = u
dx
y = e3x . ex1
= e4x1
dy
= 5u4
(1 + ex )
= 5(x + ex )4 (1 + ex )
= 5(1 + ex )(x + ex )4
dy
3(a)
dy
du
y = (x + ex )5
Let u = x + ex
y = u5
dy
(3x) + 0
(ex ) +
5x)
= e3x 3
= 3e3x
2(d)
= 2u
(ex )
= 2(1 ex ) (ex )
= 2ex (ex 1)
= 5e
= 25e35x
dx
3 3
= e2x
y = (1 ex )2
Let u = 1 ex
y = u2
(5e35x ) = 5
=
2(c)
y = e3x
1
x2
ex 1
2(a)
= 2e22x
= (e3x )2
= xe
+1 e
= ex (x + 1)
1(d)
= ex+3
y = (e1x )2
= e22x
dy
(ex ) +
dx
x
(ex ) 0
= 4e
1(c)
ex
x+3
(1)
= ex + 0
= ex
d
e2x+3
=e
(ex ) +
y=
sleightofmath.com
dy
du
1
2u
1
21+ex
ex
21+ex
du
dx
(ex )
(ex )
470

4(d)
Ex 17.2
6(a)
y = x + ex
Let u = x + ex
y = u
y=
dy
dx
=
=
=
=
5(a)
dy
du
1
du
dx
6(b)
2x+ex
= (x + 1)
d
dx
(e2x )
= (x + 1) e2x
d
dx
(2x) +
= (x + 1) e2x 2
= e2x [2(x + 1)
= e2x (2x + 3)
5(b)
dx
d
dx
(x + 1) e2x
dx
=e
2x
+1 e2x
+1]
d
dx
(sin x)
(e2x )
dx
2x
+e
d
dx
dy
dx
6(c)
sin x
2x
(ex
3 +2x
dx
x3 +2x
=xe
= x ex
= ex
3 +2x
d
dx
d
dx
(x 3 + 2x) +1
(3x 2 + 2)
+ex
3 +2x
[x(3x 2 + 2)
3
= ex +2x (3x 3 + 2x + 1)
sin x
=
(x) ex
ex
3 +2x
3 +2x
dx
1x
=e
d
dx
d x
(e )
dx
ex
d
(1+e2x )
dx
(1+e2x )2
(1+e2x )ex
ex 2e2x
(1+e2x )2
ex (1+e2x
2e2x )
(1+e2x )2
ex (1e2x )
(1+e2x )2
(cos 2x)
6(d)
+1]
cos x
cos x
d 3x
d
e
e3x cos x
dx
dx
cos 2 x
cos x 3e3x
e3x ( sin x)
cos 2 x
e3x (3 cos x
+ sin x)
2
cos x
y=
x+e2x
ex
dy
dx
+
d
dx
(e1x )
cos 2x
= e1x (2 sin 2x)
+(e1x ) cos 2x
= e1x (2 sin 2x + cos 2x)
Daniel & Samuel

e3x
3 +2x
y = e1x cos 2x
dy
1+e2x
dx
=
d
ex
(1+e2x )
y=
3 +2x
=x
dy
(2x) sin x
=e
cos x
+e
(2)
2x
= e (cos x 2 sin x)
5(d)
=
=
2x
y = xex
1+ex
+xex
(1+ex )2
= e2x cos x
5(c)
(x + 1) e2x
y = e2x sin x
dy
x(ex )
(1+ex )2
dx
y = (x + 1)e
dx
dy
2x
dy
y=
d
x
dx
(1+ex )1
(1 + ex )
2x+ex
1+ex
d
(1+ex )
dx
x
2
(1+e )
(1+ex )
(1 + ex )
2u
1
1+ex
dx
dy
sleightofmath.com
d
d
(x + e2x ) (x + e2x ) ex
dx
dx
=
e2x
x (1
2x )
e + 2e
(x + e2x ) ex
=
e2x
2x
(1 + 2e )
(x + e2x )
=
ex
2x
1x+e
=
ex
ex
471

7
Ex 17.2
y = 2ex + 1
9(ii)
dx
= p,
dt x=1
dy
dx
dy
= 2ex
dx x=1
dx2
d2 y
8(i)
= 2ex
|
dx2 x=1
dt
= 2e
d2 y
dy
dy
y = 3e2x
1
e2x
3
dx
10
1
3e2
p
3e2
dx
dt
dx
dt
= p,
dt x=1
at y = 3:
3e2x = 3
e2x = 1
2x = ln 1
=0
x =0
=?
dx
= (
dt x=1
dt x=1
dy
At x = 1,
= 2e
dy
) (p)
Q = ECeRC
t
dQ
= EC (eRC )
dt
d
dt
= EC (eRC ) (
E
t
RC
1
RC
= eRC
R
8(ii)
dy
dQ
= 3(2e2x )
dx
dt x=3
= 6e2x
11(a)
dy
8(iii)
11(b)
6e2x = 3
1
e2x
2x
= ln ( )
2
1
2
1
2
d2 y
2x )(2)
= 6(e
dx2
(e2x1 + x)3
d
dx
(e2x1 + x)
d 2 + e1x
dx tan 2x
d
d
tan 2x (2 + e1x ) (2 + e1x ) (tan 2x)
dx
dx
=
tan2 2x
= ln ( )
= 3(e2x1 + x)2 (2e2x1 + 1)
=3
dx
= eRC
= 3(e2x1 + x)2
Gradient is 3,
dy
d
dx
= 6e2
dx x=1
= 12e2x
tan 2x (e1x )
e1x tan 2x
(2 + e1x ) 2 sec 2 2x
tan2 2x
2 sec 2 2x (2 + e1x )
tan2 2x
d2 y
1
2
1
2
2[ ln( )]
dx2 x=1 ln(1)

2
= 12e
= 12eln2
1
= 12 ( )
2
= 6
9(i)
y=
dy
dx
e2x
6
1
= (2e2x )
6
= e2x
3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
472
Ex 17.2
11(c)
d x cos x
dx e1x2
=
dx
2 d
(x cos x)
dx
x cos x
2
e1x (x
d
cos x
dx
Gradient:
e1x [x( sin x) +1 cos x]
x cos xe1x (2x)
2 2
dy
dx x=2
= 2e41 = 2e3
(e1x )
2
= 2e2x1
Tangent & Normal

Point:
y|x=2 = e3
(2, e3 )
2 d
d
xcos x) x cos xe1x (1x2 )
dx
dx
2
1x2
2
d
(e1x )
dx
e1x
(e
y = e2x1
dy
e1x
13(i)
Tangent:
e1x (cos xx sin x)
+2x2 cos xe1x
2 2
(e1x )
+2x2 cos x
(cos xx sin x)
2
e1x
(1+2x2 ) cos xx sin x
12(i)
e1x
y=
x
k (e2k
+e
Normal:
x
2k )
y = (e
2
(x x1 )
y (e3 )
y e3
y e3
y
= 2e x (2)]
= e3 (2x 4)
= 2e3 x 4e3
= 2e3 x 3e3
y y1
= dy
dx x=2
3[
(x x1 )
dx x=2
y (e3 ) = (2e3 ) [x (2)]
At k = :
2
dy
y y1
x
1
2( )
2
1
2( )
+e
1
2e3
x+
1
e3
+ e3
= (ex + ex )
=
12(ii)
dy
dx
2
(ex +ex )
2
1
= (ex ex )
=
d2 y
dx2
[verified]
2
ex ex
2
= [ex (ex )]
2
1
= (ex +ex )
2
ex +ex
2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
473
Ex 17.2
13(ii)
14(ii) 1st curve

y = e2x3
= 21
(2, 3 )
dy
= 2e2x3
dx
2 + 2e6
dy
Normal:
1
= 3+
Tangent:
= 2 3 3 3
1
3
= 2e2(2)3
= 2e
+ 3
Point B
At B, tangent (y = 2e3 x 3e3 ) crosses x axis
(y = 0).
y
=0
3 (2x
e
3) = 0
x
dx x=2
2nd curve
y = e3x
dy
= e3x
dx
dy
dx x=2
= e3(2)
= e
B ( , 0)
2
15(i)
Point C
y = 5xex
dy
At C, normal (y =
1
2e3
x+
1
e3
= 5x
dx
3)
+e
=0
1
2e3
1
2e3
x+
1
e3
+ e3 = 0
d2 y
dx2
e3
+e
C(2 + 2e6 , 0)
Area of ABC
1
= (base)
(height)
2
1
dy
dx
= [4 + 4e6 3]
=
14(i)
4
e3 (1+4e6 )
4
= 5ex
d
dx
ex
(1 x) +
d
dx
(5ex ) (1 x)
+(5ex ) (1 x)
(1 x)]
1 + x)
=0
x (1
5e
x) = 0
x
=1
x coordinate of S is 1
e3
At P, y = e2x3 has x-coordinates of 2

y|x=2 = e2(2)3 = e
P(2, e)
(5x) ex
= [(2 + 2e6 ) ( )] (e3 )

2
1
d
dx
= 5ex (1)
= 5ex [1
= 5ex (1
= 5ex (x 2)
= 2 + 2e6
(ex ) +
= 5x (ex ) +5
= ex (5x +5)
= 5ex (1 x)
crosses x axis (y = 0).

y
d
dx
15(iii)
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
at S,
|
dx2 x=1
= 5e1 (1 2)
5
P(2,2e) lies in y = eax

e
= ea2
1 =a2
a
=3
=
e
16(i)
y = ex 2x 1
dy
dx
= ex 2
dy
dx
x
=0
e 2 =0
ex = 2
x = ln 2
Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
474
Ex 17.2
16(ii) y|x=ln 2
= e(ln 2) 2(ln 2) 1
=2
2 ln 2 1
=1
2 ln 2
0.386
d2 y
= ex
dx2
d2 y
18(iii) P|t=25
= 995 000
m(25)
650 000e
= 995 000
dx2 x=ln 2
= eln 2
18(iv)
=2
>0
min at x = ln 2
>0
dx
x
y = ex
dy
dx
25m
= ln (
= ex
2 +2x
= ex
2 +2x
d
dx
( m =
2 +2x
18(vi)
2 +2x
ln 199ln 130
(9)
25
1
sign +
1
0
dP
> 18 000
mP
> 18 000
>
mt
25
650 000e
t t years after beginning of 2006
>
18 000
m
18 000
m
9
>
mt
> ln (
>
t
( m =
325m
1
m
325m
9
ln (
325m
> 28.5
ln 199ln 130
25
t = 29
19(i)
P = 650 000 emt
m = aekt
Initial of 100g
m|t=0 = 100
ae0
= 100
a
= 100
2006 t = 0
P|t=0 = 650 000
dt
(30)
ln 199ln 130
mt
=0
=1
= e1+2
= e [shown]
Max
dP
[shown]
13 000
(x 2 + 2x)
=0
2(x 1)ex
x
y|x=1
18(ii)
25
ln 199ln 130
(8)
25
]
(2x + 2)
dx
18(i)
2 +2x
dy
dx
ln (
25
130
ln 199ln 130
650 000 [e
17(ii) At turning point,
dy
ln 199ln 130
dt
199
130
199
25
P|t=30 = 650 000e
1 083 000
= 650 000 [e
= 2(x 1)ex
17(ii)
130
P|t=9 P|t=8
e 2 >0
ex
>2
x
> ln 2
17(i)
18(v) 2014 t = 8
2015 t = 9
16(iii) For increasing function,

dy
199
e25m
= 650 000memt
= m(650 000emt )
= mP
dP
dt
P [shown]
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
475
Ex 17.2
19(ii) m = 100ekt
21(iv)
= 20 0.1
th
At 40 h, mass reduces to 90g

m|t=40
= 90
k(40)
100e
= 90
40k
e
= 0.9p
40k
= ln(0.9p)
k
19(iii)
=
(
m = 100e
ln
40
9
10
21
= ab(ebx )
>0
a > 0, b > 0, ebx > 0
increasing for all x
= m|t=0
100e
[
e 40
[
1
40
ln
2
1
1
9
ln ]t
40 10
= (100)
9
10
ln ]t
9
10
]t
2
1
22
y = ae2x + be4x
dy
= ln
f: x a(1 ebx )
f (x) = a(ebx )(b)
Decay to half:
[
dx
= 2ae2x +4be4x
2
d2 y
dx2
1
9
( ln )t
40 10
m = 100e
dm
dt
=(
1
40
ln
10
= ln
20(i)
= a(2e2x ) +b(4e4x )
263h
t
19(iv)
f(x) = a aebx
1
9
ln )t
40 10
9
10
= 4ae2x
(
) 100e
1
9
ln ]t
40 10
= 2a(2e2x ) +4b(4e4x )
1
9
ln )t
40 10
Show:
d2 y
dx2
+16be4x
=6
dy
dx
8y
RHS
n = 20e0.1t
n|t=5 = 20e0.5
33
= 6(2ae2x + 4be4x ) 8(ae2x + be4x )

= 12ae2x + 24be4x 8ae2x 8be4x
= 4a2x + 16be4x
= LHS [shown]
20(ii) n
> 200
0.1t
20e
> 200
0.1t
e
> 10
0.1t > ln 10
t
> 10 ln 10
t
> 23.026
least t = 24
20(iii)
dn
= 20(e0.1t )(0.1)
dt
= 2e0.1t
dn
dt t=15
= 2e0.1(15)
9 snails /week
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
476

23
Ex 17.2
y = (2 + 3x)ex
24
dy
ex x = 0
ex = x
dx
d
= (2 + 3x)
dx
(ex ) +
= (2 + 3x) (ex ) +3
= ex [(2 + 3x) +3]
= ex (2 3x +3)
= ex (1 3x)
d
dx
(2 + 3x) ex
ex
y1 = ex
y1 = ex > 0
y1 > y2
y2 = x
y2 = x
<0
x = 0:
y1 = e0 = 1
y1 > y2
y2 = 0
x > 0:
y1 = ex
y2 = x
dy1
dy2
x < 0:
dx2
d
d
(ex ) (1
dx
x ) (1
(1 3x) +
dx
d2 y
= ex
= e (3)
+(e
x
= e [3
(1 3x)]
x
= e (3
1 + 3x)
= ex (3x 4)
3x)
3x)
dx
dy
dx
x (1
=0
3x) = 0
dy
dx
=e
dy1
dx
>
dx
dx
y1 > y2 at x = 0
&
dx
>
dy2
dx
for x >
0,
y1 > y2 for x > 0
1+
sign +
dy1
=1
dy2
stationary pt exist
Sign Test:
x
ex x = 0 does not have a real solution

y1 > y2 for all x
max
1
2nd derivative at x = :
3
d2 y
1
3
( )
dx2 x=1
=e
[3 ( ) 4]
3
1
e3
=
<0
max at x =
Curve at x = :
3
y|
1
x=
3
1
1
1
1
( )
( )
= [2 + 3 ( )] e 3 = 3e 3
3
1
( , 3e3 )
3
Insert ( , 3e3 ) into y = 3ex

3
1
3
1
3
( )
(3e ) = 3e
[consistent]
( , 3e ) lies on y = 3ex
3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
477

24
Ex 17.2
Curve Eqn: y1 = ex
Curve Grad:
dy1
dx
25
y = ekx
= ex
dy
dx
= kekx
Line Eqn: y2 = x
Line Grad:
dy2
dx
d2 y
=1
dx2
= k(kekx )
= k 2 ekx
x 0:
y1 > 0
y2 0
y1 > y2
dn y
dxn
26
x > 0:
y1 > 0
y2 > 0
cannot confirm y1 and y2 don t intersect
dy1
x > 0:
dx
= ex > 1 [exponential function is an
increasing function]
dy2
dx
= k n ekx [by inspection]
Exponential function: (constant)variable

(variable)constant
Power function
ex is an exponential function with e as a constant &
x as a constant
It is wrongly treated as a power function & power
rule is wrongly applied.
=1
dy1
dx
>
dy2
dx
y1 > y2
x :
y1
> y2
y1 y2 > 0
ex x > 0
ex x 0
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
478
Ex 17.3
2(d)
Ex 17.3
1(a)
d
dx
=
=
1(b)
d
dx
d
dx
1
(ln x) +2
=1
(
d
dx
1
(ln x)
dx
3(a)
) =
(1+ln x)
d
(x)
dx
d
(1+ln x)
dx
2
(1+ln x)
1
x
(1+ln x)2
1+ln x
1
(1+ln x)2
ln x
(1+ln x)2
d
dx
ln(5x + 1) =
5
5x+1
[ln(4x 3)2 ] =
=2
d
dx
=
d
dx
ln(8 x 3 ) =
=
=
8
4x3
1
8x3
1
8x3
3x2
x3 8
Daniel & Samuel

dy
dx x=3
3(b)
(0
(2)
ln(5 2x)
+ ln(5 2x)
+ ln(5 2x)
1
2x5
2
(2)
2x5
2
2(3)5
y = ln(3 2x)
dy
dx
=
dy
dx x=1
1
32x
2
(2)
2x3
2
2(1)3
= 2
(5 2x) +1
(x) ln(5 2x)
Curve crosses x axis,

y
=0
ln(3 2x) = 0
3 2x
= e0
=1
2x
= 2
x
=1
(1,0)
4x3
dx
d
dx
=2
[ln(4x 3)]
=2(
d
dx
y = ln(2x 5)
[2 ln(4x 3)]
dx
2x5
dx
52x
1
52x
2x
dy
d sin x
(
)
dx ln x
d
d
ln x (sin x) sin x (ln x)
dx
dx
=
(ln x)2
1
ln x cos x
sin x
x
=
(ln x)2
sin x
cos x ln x
x
=
(ln x)2
dx
[ln(5 2x)]

y
=0
ln(2x 5) = 0
2x 5
= e0
=1
x
=3
(3,0)
ln x
(1+ln x)1
dx
1
(x 1) ln x
+ ln x
2(c)
+1
2(b)
=x
2(a)
(x)
dx 1+ln x
1(d)
dx
=x
[(x 1) ln x]
= (x 1)
+2
x ln(5 2x)
=x
(ln x + 2x)
= (x 1)
1(c)
d
dx
(8 x 3 )
3x 2 )
sleightofmath.com
479

3(c)
y = 3 ln(x 3)
Ex 17.3
4(ii)
dy
dy
= 3(
dx
=0
dx
ln x1
=
(ln x)2

y
=0
3 ln(x 3) = 0
ln(x 3) = 0
x3
= e0
x3
=1
x
=4
(4,0)
ln x = 1
x
=e
y|x=e =
e
=e
ln e
(e, e)
Sign Test
x
3
) (1)
x3
dy
x3
dx
sign
e+
min
dy
dx x=4
3
43
=3
3(d)
y = ln(3x 2)2
= 2 ln(3x 2)
dy
dx
= 2(
dx
y=
dy
dx
d
[ln(x+1)]
dx
ln(x+1)
d
(x+1)
dx
(x+1)2
1
(x+1)
x+1
ln(x+1)1
(x+1)2
ln(x+1)
(x+1)2
>0
dx
1ln(x+1)
(x+1)2
>0
1 ln(x + 1)
ln(x + 1)
x+1
x
) (3)
6
32
>0
x > 1
<1
<e
<e1
1 < x < e 1
=6
4(i)
(x+1)
dy
3x2
For increasing function,
3x2
dx x=1
for x > 1
x+1
=
dy
ln(x+1)

y
=0
2 ln(3x 2) = 0
ln(3x 2) = 0
3x 2
= e0
3x 2
=1
x
= 1
dy
y=
x
ln x
=
=
=
d
d
ln x (x) x (ln x)
dx
dx
(ln x)2
ln x1
dC
dt
1
x
x( )
) (1)
t+1
1
t+1
> 0 for 0 t 10
increasing function
Daniel & Samuel

= 0.1 + (
= 0.1 +
(ln x)2
ln x
1
(ln x)2
C = 11.9 + 0.1t + ln(t + 1)
sleightofmath.com
480
Ex 17.3
7(a)
d
dx
(3x ln x 2
d
dx
2x 3)
[ x ln(x 2 2x 3)]
dx 2
3
dx
= x
[ln(x 2x 3)]
= x
2
x2 2x3 dx
x2 2x3
= x
=
7(d)
( x) ln(x 2x 3)
dx 2
(x 2 2x 3)
3
2
=
ln(x 2 2x 3)
=
+ ln(x 2 2x 3)
(2x 2)
3x(x1)
+ ln(x 2x 3)
x2 2x3
7(b)
Method 1
d
dx
[ln(sin x cos x)]
d
1
ln ( sin 2x)
dx
2
d
1
= (ln + ln sin 2x)
=
2
1
dx
(ln ) +
dx
=0
=0
1
sin 2x
1
sin 2x
7(e)
d
dx
(ln sin 2x)

d
(sin 2x)
(2 cos 2x)
dx
= 2 cot 2x
dx
[ln(sin x cos x)]
d
= (ln sin x + ln cos x)
dx
d
d
= (ln sin x)
+ (ln cos x)
=
=
dx
1
sin x
1
sin x
d
dx
(sin x)
cos x
+
+
dx
1
cos x
1
cos x
d
dx
(cos x)
( sin x)
tan x
= cot x
d
dx
[ln (3 + e
d
dx
=
=
1
x
2
)]
1
d
x
2 )
=
1 dx (3 + e
x
2
3+e
=
=
=
x
3+e 2
1
1
x
3+e 2
d
dx
(3) +
[0 +e
1
x
3+e 2
d
dx
d
1
x2 +1x
1
2
(e
dx
[0 +e2x ( )]
x
e 2
1
x
2(3+e 2 )
2x2 +1 dx
(
(
1
2x2 +1
d
dx
(x)]
(x 2 + 1) 1]
2x
1)
1)
x2 +1
x x 2 + 1
(
)
x 2 + 1 x
x 2 + 1
1
x2 +1
ln [
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx
e2 (3x2)
4x
[ln e2 + ln(3x 2)
ln(4 x)]
[2 + ln(3x 2)
ln(4 x)]
(2) +
+
d
dx
1
3x2
[ln(3x 2)]
d
dx
(3x 2)
(3)
3x2
3x2
dx
d
dx
sin x
d
dx
[ln(4 x)]
1
4x
1
4x
1
4x
d
dx
(4 x)
(1)
[3 ln(x + 2)
+ ln(cos 3x)
ln(sin x)]
[3 ln(x + 2)]
d
dx
[ln(x + 2)]
1
x+2 dx
1
x+2
(x + 2) +
(1)
d
dx
[ln(cos 3x)]
1
cos 3x
1
cos 3x
d
dx
(cos 3x)
( sin 3x)
8(a)
1
cos 3x
d
dx
[ln(sin x)]
1
sin x
d
dx
dx
(sin x)
(3x)
1
sin x
cos x
( sin 3x) 3 cot x
3 tan 3x
x+2
cot x
y = ln(2x 1)
dy
Daniel & Samuel

ln(sin x)]
)]
( x)]
(x 2 + 1)
dx
+ ln(cos 3x)
=3
d
(x 2 + 1 x)
(x+2)3 cos 3x
1
x2 +1x
d
dx
[ln(x + 2)3
=3
dx
1
x
2
ln [
=3
1
x2 +1x
7(f)
=
7(c)
1
x2 +1x
=0
Method 2
d
1
x2 +1x
dx
d
[ln(x 2 + 1 x)]
dx
2
2x1
no stationary pts
sleightofmath.com
481

8(b)
Ex 17.3
y = ln(3x k)
dy
dx
=
=
3x5
1
dx
10
(3x k)
y = ln(2 + ex )
3x5
3
dx
dy
= 3, |
=?
dt
dt x=1
dy
3x5
dx
Curve cross x axis (y = 0) at x = 2,

6k
= e0
6k
=1
k
=5
(2,0)
Gradient:
dy
dx x=2
Normal:
dt
1
3
(
)
3(2)5
y y1 = dy
1
|
y (0)=
[x (2)]
3
1
11(i)
y = ln(x 2 4)
dy
=
9(ii)
dx
=(
dx
dt x=3
dy
dt
dy
dt x=3
dy
= 2x
dx
dt x=3
x2 4
dx
32 4
3
2e+1
d
dx
(ln x) +
d
dx
(2x) ln x
+2
ln x
=?
dy
dx
=0
dx
dt
dx
2 + 2 ln x = 0
ln x
= 1
dt
dt x=3
2(3)
+2 ln x
x
|
dt x=1
=2
dx
2x
2ex +1
dy
dt
2ex +1
3
= 2x
dy
At x = 3,
) (2x)
= p,
dx
y = 2x ln x
x2 4
2x
x2 4
1
+1
2ex
At x = 1,
dy
9(i)
2+ex
(x x1 )
= x+
(ex )
(ex )
dx
dx x=2
d
dx
dy
2+ex
ex
dy
Normal
Point:
1
2+ex
1
= p,
p
11(iii)
d2 y
dx2
2
x
d2 y
dx2 x=1
= p
2
1
e
( )
= 2e
12(i)
y=
dy
dx
ln x
x2
=
=
=
=
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
x2
d
d
(ln x) ln x (x2 )
dx
dx
x4
x2
1
x
ln x2x
x4
2x ln x
x4
2 ln x
x3
482
Ex 17.3

dy
13
=0
dx
12 ln x
= x 2 (ln 1 ln x)
= x 2 (0 ln x)
= x 2 ln x
1st derivative
=0
x3
V = x 2 ln ( )
1 2 ln x = 0
2 ln x
= 1
dV
ln x
= e
dx
= x 2
dx
1
(ln x) +
= x 2 ( )
12(iii) d2 y
dx 2
(x 2 ) ln x
dx
+ (2x) ln x
= x
2x ln x
= x(1 + 2 ln x)
d
d
(1 2 ln x) (1 2 ln x) (x 3 )
dx
dx
=
x6
2
x 3 ( )
(1 2 ln x) 3x 2
x
=
x6
x3
2x 2
dV
x(1 + 2 ln x) = 0
x=0
or
ln x =
(rej 0 < x < 1) x
Sign Test
1
x
dy
x4
dx
6 ln x 5
x4
=0
dx
(1 2 ln x) 3x 2
x6
(1 2 ln x) 3
4
x
3 + 6 ln x
At turning point,
sign
1+
1
e
max
2nd derivative
d2 V
d2 y
|
2
dx x=e
=
=
dx2
6 ln e5
(e)
35
= x
e2
d
dx
(1 + 2 ln x) +
(x) (1 + 2 ln x)
(1 + 2 ln x)
= x ( )
+()
= 2
(1 + 2 ln x)
d
dx
= (2 + 1 + 2 ln x)
= (3 + 2 ln x)
d2 V
dx2 x= 1
= (3 + 2 ( ))
2
= 2
<0 >0
max
14
y
= 2x
ln y = ln 2x
ln y
= x ln 2
diff wrt x:
1 dy
( ) = ln 2
y dx
dy
dx
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
= (ln 2)y [shown]
483
Ex 17.3
15
y = (2 + x 2 )3 (1 x 3 )4
(1)
ln y = ln[(2 + x 2 )3 (1 x 3 )4 ]
= ln(2 + x 2 )3
+ ln(1 x 3 )4
= 3 ln(2 + x 2 ) +4 ln(1 x 3 )
differentiating wrt x,
1 dy
y
dx
=3
=3
=
dy
dx
1
2+x2
1
2+x2
d
dx
(2 + x 2 )
2x
+4
6x
2+x2
6x
=(
2+x2
+4
12x2
1x3
)y
1
1x3
1
1x3
12x2
d
dx
(1 x 3 )
(3x 2 )
1x3
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

dy
dx
=(
6x
2+x2
= 6x (
2+x2
12x2
1x3
(2 + x 2 )3 (1 x 3 )4
2x
1x3
(2 + x 2 )(1 x 3 )4
=6x[(1 x 3 ) 2x(2 + x 2 )] (2 + x 2 )(1 x 3 )3

= 6x[(1 x 3 ) 4x 2x 3 ]
(2 + x 2 )(1 x 3 )3
= 6x(1 4x 3x 3 )
(2 + x2 )2 (1 x3 )3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
484

16(a)
y=
Ex 17.3
1 5
x
10x ln x
(x+ ) (5+x)ex
1 5
x
10x ln x
(x+ ) (5+x)ex
ln y = ln [
1 5
+ ln(5 + x) + ln ex ln 10x ln(ln x)
= ln (x + )
x
= 5 ln (x + )
+ ln(5 + x) +x x ln 10
ln(ln x)
Diff wrt x,
1 dy
( ) = 5(
y dx
1 dy
( ) =
y dx
dy
dx
) (1
1
x
1
5(1 2 )
x
1
(x+ )
x
x+
) +
+
= y[
1
x2
5(1 2 )
x
1
x
(x+ )
1
5+x
1
5+x
1
5+x
ln 10
1
x ln x
+1 ln 10
+1 ln 10
( )
ln x x
1
x ln x
16(b) y = (cos5 x)(x2 +5)(ln x)

x+1
ln y = ln [
e
(cos5 x)(x2 +5)(ln x)
ex+1
]
+ ln(x 2 + 5) + ln(ln x)
= 5 ln cos x
diff wrt x,
1 dy
y dx
cos x
( ) = 5(
) ( sin x) + (
= 5 tan x
dy
dx
= y (5 tan x +
Daniel & Samuel

+
2x
x2 +5
) (2x) + (
x2 +5
2x
x2 +5
1
x ln x
1
ln x
1
)( )
x ln x
(x + 1)
1
1
1)
sleightofmath.com
485

17(i)
Ex 17.3
y = ax x ln x
18(ii) y = x ln x
dy
Curve cross x axis:

y
=0
ax x ln x = 0
x(a ln x) = 0
x=0
or ln x = a
(rej x > 0)
x
= ea
17(ii)
dy
dx
= a [x
= a (x
d
dx
1
(ln x) +
d
dx
=x
d
dx
1
(ln x) +
d
dx
(x) ln x
+1 ln x
=1
+ ln x
dy
=0
dx
1 + ln x = 0
(x) ln x]
+1 ln x)
=x
dx
1
e
e
1
y|x=1 = ln
e
= a (1 + ln x)
= a 1 ln x
1 1
M( , )
e e
dy
=0
dx
d2 y
a 1 ln x = 0
ln x
=a1
x
= ea1
dx2
d2 y
1
x
dx2 x=1
y|x=ea1 = a(ea1 ) (ea1 ) ln(ea1 )

= a(ea1 ) (ea1 )(a 1)
= ea1 [a (a 1)]
= ea1 (a a + 1)
= ea1
(ea1 , ea1 )
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
dx2
=
|
1
1
e
( )
=e
>0
min without reflection
max at M
19
x x is (variable)variable
x n is (variable)constant Tom is wrong
ax is (constant)variable Doris is wrong
x=ea1
1
ea1
<0
Daves method can be derived as follows

let y = x^x
ln both sides,
ln y = ln x x
ln y = x ln x
Differentiating wrt x,
ea1 > 0
max.
18(i)
= | ln |
1 dy
= x ( )+1(ln x)
( )
=1
y dx
dy
dx
d
dx
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
( )
y dx
1 dy
(x x )
+ ln x
= y(1 + ln x)
= x x (1 + ln x)
486

20
Clearly,
Ex 17.3
ln 3x
= ln 3 + ln x
ln x
The derivative might be the same because
the derivative of the constant is ln 3 is 0.
21
No.
d
d
ln|ax| = a ln|x|
dx
dx
For a = 1,
LHS =
d
dx
(ln 3x)
=
=
d
dx
d
dx
(ln 3 + ln x)
(ln 3) +
=0
=
d
dx
(ln x)
d
dx
1
d
dx
ln|x|
RHS = 1
(ln x)
d
dx
d
dx
ln|x| =
ln|x|
1
x
1
x
LHS RHS
1
x
1
x
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
487
Rev Ex 17
A2(b)
Rev Ex 17
A1(a)
d
dx
d
dx
(x) 2
= 3(1)
d
dx
(cos x)
A2(c)
d
dx
(tan 3x)
= 2x (3 sec 2 3x)
d
dx
d
dx
A2(d)
A2(e)
=3
d
d
dx
tan 3x
A3(i)
d
dx
d
dx
(3x 2 ) ln x
+6x
ln x
+6x ln x
ex [(2x + 1)
(2x + 1)2
ex (2x1)
(2x+1)2
ln (
=
d
(sin 8x)
d
dx
) =
d
dx
[ln(1 2x) ln(1 + x)]
dx
2
2x1
1
x+1
(cot x) = csc 2 x
sin2 x + cos 2 x
sin2 x
1
= 2
sin x
(x 2 + 2)
= csc 2 x [shown]
[(x + 1)ex ]
dx
1+x
2]
d cos x
(
)
dx sin x
d
d
sin x (cos x) cos x (sin x)
dx
dx
=
sin2 x
sin x ( sin x) cos x (cos x)
=
sin2 x
[sin(x 2 + 2)] = cos(x 2 + 2)
= (x + 1)
12x
Show:
(sin 8x)4
dx
d x
d
(e ) ex (2x + 1)
dx
dx
(2x + 1)2
(2x + 1) ex
ex 2
(2x + 1)2
LHS
= cos(x 2 + 2) 2x
= 2x cos(x 2 + 2)
A2(a)
(ln x)
(2x + 1)
(sin4 8x)
= 96 sin3 8x cos 8x
d
ex
= 3 4(sin 8x)3 (8 cos 8x)
dx
+2 tan 3x
= 3 4(sin 8x)3
A1(e)
+(2e2x ) sin x
+2 sin x)
dx
(3 sin 8x)
dx
=3
(e2x ) sin x
dx 2x+1
(2x) tan 3x
+2
= 6x sec 2 3x
A1(d)
d
dx
1
d
dx
(2x tan 3x)
= 2x
(sin x) +
= 3x
d
d
(sin 2x) sin 2x (x)
dx
dx
=
x2
x (2 cos 2x) sin 2x 1
=
x2
2x cos 2x
sin 2x
=
2
x
dx
(3x 2 ln x) = 3x 2
= 3x 2
A1(c)
d
dx
+2 sin x
sin 2x
d
dx
= e2x cos x
= e2x (cos x
2( sin x)
=3
dx
(e2x sin x) = e2x
(3x 2 cos x)
=3
A1(b)
d
dx
(ex )
= (x + 1) (ex )
= ex [(x + 1)
+1]
= ex (x 1
+1)
d
dx
+1
(x + 1) ex
ex
= xex
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
488
Rev Ex 17
dy
A3(ii) t = 20 cot
dt
= 20 csc
d
d
dt
= 2(2 cos x)
dx
20
At turning points,
sin
dy
=0
dx
dt
=
4
=
=
=
=
A4(i)
1
20
1
4 sin x cos x sin x = 0

sin x (4 cos x 1) = 0
sin2 ( )
4
2
20 2
1 2
sin x = 0
( )
40
rad s
or
0 < x < 2:
( )
20 4
1
90 180 270 360
y = 1 2 cos 2 x + cos x
x = 0,
Curve meets x axis,
y
=0
1 2 cos 2 x + cos x
=0
2
2 cos x cos x 1
=0
(2 cos x + 1)(cos x 1) = 0
cos x =
=
1
2
or
Sign Test
x
dy
sign
cos x = 1
1
4
1.32
1st or 4th quad.
0 < x < 2:
S A
T C
x = , 2
1.32,4.97
cos x =
+
+
1.32
0
1.32+
4.97
0
4.97+
dx
0 < x < 2:
min at x =
2nd or 3rd quad. 1

0 < x < 2:
90 180 270 360

S A
1
x = , 2
T C
= 0,2 (no
x = , +
solution)
2 4
= ,
3
(cos x) sin x
= 2(2 cos x) ( sin x) sin x

= 4 sin x cos x
sin x
20 csc2
1
2
=
d
d
dx
x
dy
dx
1.32
sign +
max at x = 1.32
x
dy
dx
4.97
sign +
max at x = 4.97
A5(i)
y = xex3
A5(ii)
dy
=x
dx
(ex3 ) +
dx
x3
d
dx
(x) ex3
=xe
+1
x3
= (x + 1)e
dy
dx x=3
ex3
= 4e0
=4
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
489

A6(i)
A6(iii)
Rev Ex 17
A8(ii) n = 40:
18e0.2t = 40
= ln
20
9
20
t = 5 ln ( )
A6(ii) x 2 ex
ln(x 2 ex )
ln x 2 + ln ex
2 ln x + x
2 ln x
= 12
= ln 12
= ln 12
= ln 12
= x + ln 12
ln x
a=
0.2t = ln ( )
1
1
= + ln 12
20
e0.2t =
4
B1(a)
d
dx
(sin 4x 3 cos 2x)

d
(sin 4x)
dx
= cos 4x
d
dx
= x + ln 12
= cos 4x 4
= ax +b
= 4 cos 4x
d
dx
(cos 2x)
(4x) 3( sin 2x)
d
dx
(2x)
3( sin 2x) 2
+6 sin 2x
b = ln 12
2
B1(b)
1.24
dx 1+cos 4x
Draw
1
[(1 + cos 4x)1 ]
dx
= (1 + cos 4x)2
y = x + ln 12
A7(i)
cos (
= (1+cos
1+sin
1sin
(1sin )+(1+sin )
= cos [
= cos (
=
1sin2
2
cos2
B1(c)
d
dx
2
cos
(x cos 2 3x)
d
=x
= 2 sec [shown]
4x)2
dx
(cos 2 3x)
= x 2 cos 3x
d
dx
[cos (
d
dx
=2
1
1+sin
1
1sin
)]
(2 sec )
d
dx cos
=2
=2
=2
= 2(
B1(d)
d
cos (1)
dx
d
1 (cos )
dx
cos2
1( sin )
cos2
sin
cos2
1
sin
cos
cos
)(
B1(e)
+1
(x) cos 2 3x
cos 2 3x
(x 2 3 tan2 4x)
d
dx
(x 2 )3
d
dx
(tan2 4x)
d
(tan 4x)
3 2 tan 4x
= 2x
= 2x
3 2 tan 4x (4 sec 2 4x)

24 tan 4x sec 2 4x
dx
[2 cos(1 x 2 )]
=2
n = 18e0.2t
d
dx
[cos(1 x 2 )]
= 2[ sin(1 x 2 )]
d
dx
(1 x 2 )
= 2[ sin(1 x 2 )] (2x)
n|t=10 = 18e2
133
Daniel & Samuel
(cos 3x)
d
dx
= 2x
dx
= 2 sec tan
A8(i)
d
dx
cos 0
d
dx
= x 2 cos 3x (3 sin 3x) + cos 2 3x

= x 2 cos 3x (3 sin 3x) + cos 2 3x
= cos 2 3x
6x sin 6x
k=2
A7(ii)
(1 + cos 4x)
(4 sin 4x)
4x)2
4 sin 4x
= (1+cos
d
dx
= 4x sin(1 x 2 )
sleightofmath.com
490

B2(a)
x2
dx ln 2x
Rev Ex 17
B3(i)
d 2
d
(x ) x 2 (ln 2x)
dx
dx
=
(ln 2x)2
d
ln 2x 2x
x 2 (ln 2 + ln x)
dx
=
(ln 2x)2
1
ln 2x 2x
x2
x
=
(ln 2x)2
ln 2x
2x ln 2x
(ln 2x)2
y = sin 3x + cos 3 x
dy
dy
dx
2(x2 1)
3
2
= 3(0) 3 ( ) ( )
3 3
= ( )
8
d
dx
[ln(2x + 1)] +
dx
2
=e
=
=
=
d
dx
dt
= 0.3,
dx
4
dt
= 0.3,
=?
(e2x ) ln(5 4x)

ln(5 4x)
dt x=
=?
dy
dx
dx
dt
At x = ,
6
dy
dt x=
6
+ ln(5 4x)]
dy
dx
1 1
+ ( e2x )
2
1
54x
4
dt x=
ln(2x + 1)
dx
[ln(5 4x)] +
dy
dt
4x5
dx
dy
= e2x [
B3(ii)
[e ln(5 4x)]
1
x
2
ln(2x + 1)
1
x
2
(x 2 1)
+2x
2x+1
= e2x
dx
d
dx
+2x ln(2x + 1)
2x+1
B2(e)
= (x 2 1)
B2(d)
[(x 2 1) ln(2x + 1)]
B2(c)
= 3 cos 3 sin cos 2
dx x=
(cos x)
2 4
9
= (x 2 1)
d
dx
+3 cos 2 x ( sin x)
3 sin x cos 2 x
= 3 cos 3x
= 3 cos 3x
B2(b)
d
+3 cos 2 x
= 3 cos 3x
dx
= ( ) (0.3)
8
0.338
[ln(x + x 2 + 1)]
1
x+x2 +1
1
x+x2 +1
1
x+x2 +1
1
x+x2 +1
1
x+x2 +1
1
x2 +1
(x +x 2 + 1)
dx
[1
(1
(1
1
2x2 +1
1
2x2 +1
x
x2 +1
x2 +1
x2 +1
d
dx
(x 2 + 1)]
2x)
+x
[x 3 ln(cos 2 x)]
d
dx
[2x 3 ln(cos x)]
= 2x 3
= 2x 3
= 2x 3
[ln(cos x )]
dx
1
cos x
1
(cos x)
( sin x)
cos x
3 sin x
= 2x (
d
dx
cos x
= 2x 3 tan x
Daniel & Samuel

d
dx
(2x 3 ) ln(cos x)
+2(3x 2 ) ln(cos x)
+6x 2 ln(cos x)
+6x 2 ln(cos x)
+6x 2 ln(cos x)
sleightofmath.com
491

B4
Rev Ex 17
y = sin x cos 3 x
Sign Test
x
dy
dx
= sin x
d
dx
(cos 3 x)
d
= sin x 3 cos x
dx
d
dx
dy
(sin x) cos 3 x
(cos x) + cos x
= sin x 3 cos 2 x ( sin x)
+ cos 4 x
= 3(1 cos 2 x) cos 2 x
+ cos 4 x
= 3 cos 2 x + 3 cos 4 x
+ cos 4 x
sign
(0,0) is not max or min
cos x
x
dy
( ,
6
dy
dx
5
=0
4 cos 4 x 3 cos 2 x
=0
2 (4
2
cos x cos x 3) = 0
16
5+
) is max
5
x
dy
sign +
dx
33
= 4 cos 4 x 3 cos 2 x
At turning point,
dx
+ cos 4 x
= 3 sin2 x cos 2 x
dx
sign +
33
16
) is min
cos x = 0 or cos x =
2
0 < x < :
=
6
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th quadrant
1
0 < x < :
90 180 270 360
x = , , + , 2
1
5
x= ,
6 6
x=
2
y|x= = sin cos 3

2
(0)3
= (1)
=0
( , 0)
2
y|x= = sin (cos )

6
1 3
2 2
1 33
= ( )
= (
=
2
3
16
33
( ,
6
16
y|x=5 = sin
= (
2
=
(
5
6
16
33
16
(cos
3
)
2
5 3
6
Daniel & Samuel

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492
Rev Ex 17
B5(a) y = 2e4x + 8e4x

1st derivative
dy
4x )
dx
B5(b) y = x ln x 2x
dy
= 2(4e
+ 8(4e
= 8e4x
32e4x
dx
4x )
=0
dx
4x
4x
8e 32e
e4x 4e4x
e4x
e8x
8x
= ln 22
8
2
= ln 2
8
1
B6
= ln 2
4
1
4
4( ln 2)
+ 8e
= 2e
=1
= ln x 1
+ ln x
=0
Curve
y = (2x + c) ln x
dy
ln 2
dx
ln 2
+ 8e
= 2(2)
+8eln2
=4
+8 ( )
= (2x + c)
= (2x + c)
=2+
d
dx
1
(ln x) +
( ln 2 , 8)
dx x=1
2nd derivative
dx2
= 8(4e4x ) 32(4e4x )
Line
2y = 5 3x
= 32e4x
+128e4x
1
4
4( ln 2)
1
x= ln 2
4
ln x
+2 ln x
mnorm = dy
d2 y
(2x + c) ln x
Normal gradient at A(1,0)
dx2
+2
d
dx
=8
d2 y
(x) ln x 2
ln x 1 = 0
ln x
=1
x
=e
y|x=e = (e) ln(e) 2(e)
= e 2e
= e
(e, e)
8
1
1
4
d
dx
+(1) ln x
dx
4( ln 2)
=x( )
dy
= ln 4
y|x=1 ln 2 = 2e
(ln x)
=0
=0
= 4e4x
=4
= ln 4
d
dx
1
x
At turning point,
dy
=x
= 32e
+128 e
= x+
2
mline =
1
4
4( ln 2)
1
c
2+ +2 ln 1
1
+128 ( )
>0
1
min at ( ln 2 , 8)
4
B7(i)
1
2+c
1
2+c
= 32(2)
+128eln2
1
2+c+0
Normal at A(1,0) line:

mnorm
= mline
= 32eln 2
3
2
2+c
3
4
3
m = 24e8
7
m|t=7 = 24e8
10.0g
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
493

1
B7(ii) m
= m|t=0
t
2
1
24e8 = (24)
Rev Ex 17
B8(ii) x|t=0 = 26 30e0
= 4
B8(iii) sub x = 25,

26 30e0.2t = 25
= 12
= ln
1
2
= 8 ln
1
2
5.55h
B7(iii)
dm
0.2t
= ln
= 5 ln
= 24 ( e )
dt
= 3e
|
dt t=8
B8(iv)
dx
1
30
= 6e0.2t
dx
dt t=5
= 6e1
2.21 per minute
x = 26 30e0.2t
0.2t
e
0
x
26
x|t=9 = 26 30e1.8
21.0
Daniel & Samuel

1
30
= 30(0.2e0.2t )
= 3e1
= g h1
B8(i)
30
17.0
dt
dm
e0.2t
sleightofmath.com
494
Ex 18.1
4(a)
Ex 18.1
(6x + 3) dx
x2
= 6 ( ) +3(x) +c
1(i)
d
dx
1(ii)
(x 2 + 5x) = 2x + 5
(2x + 5) dx= x 2 + 5 + c
= 3x 2
4(b)
+3x +c
(3 x) dx
1
2(i)
dx 1+2x
)=
= (3 x 2 ) dx
d
d
(1+2x) x x (1+2x)
dx
dx
(1+2x)2
(1+2x)1
x2
= 3x ( 3 ) +c
x2
(1+2x)2
1+2x
2x
(1+2x)2
= 3x xx +c
3
4(c)
= (1+2x)2 [shown]
2(ii)
x3
= 2(
1+2x
2x
=
3(a)
= (3x 2 + 6x) dx
3
4(d)
x4
3(b)
3(c)
(x 1)(x + 2) dx
= 2 ( ) +c
=
+c
4(e)
(5) dx = 5x + c
x3
3
= x +c
3(d)
( x2 ) dx= x 2 dx
= (
=
3(e)
1 x2
2
=
3(f)
2
x
2
1
dx = 2 x
+2xx +c
(2x x) dx
= (4x 2 4x 2 + x) dx
5
x3
x2
x2
= 4 ( ) 4 ( 5 ) + ( ) +c
3
) +c
= x3
3
+c
5(a)
dx
2x2 +3
x2
x2
x 2 x +
+c
dx = (2 + 3x 2 ) dx
= 2x
= 2 ( ) +c
= 2x
1
x2
1
2
= 4x
x2
= (4x 2 4xx + x) dx
) +c
dx
4x2
1
4(f)
+c
2x3 dx = 2 x
= (
x1
x2
= ( ) +3 ( 3 ) +c
3
2
x2
+c
2x +c
x(x + 3) dx
3
3
2
x2
= (x + 3x 2 ) dx
x dx = x dx
=
= (x + 3x) dx
1
2
x2
+3x 2 +c
= (x 2 + x 2) dx
2x 3 dx = 2 x 3 dx
4
1 4
x
2
= x3
) +c
+c
1+2x
x2
= 3 ( ) +6 ( ) +c
(1+2x)2 dx = 2 (1+2x)2 dx
x
3x(x + 2) dx
+3 (
3
x
x1
1
) +c
+c
+c
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
495

5(b)
x2 +1
2x2
dx = (
Ex 18.1
2
1 x1
2
1
2 1
1
2x
= x + (
= x
5(c)
x+1
x
8(a)
+ x 2 ) dx
+c
x2
y = 2 ( ) +3 (
2
= x2
2
3
x2
x2
2
3
2
=
=
6(b)
(3x+1)5
(3)(5)
(3x+1)5
15
+c
+c
8(b)
dy
(1x)4
) +c
(1 x)3 dx = (1)(4) +c
=
y = x2 + 1
+c
dx
(1x)4
x1
Curve at (1,5):
5 = (1)2 + 3 + c
c=1
+c
+2x
(3x + 1)4 dx
3
x2
= 2x + 3x 2
) +c
dx = (x + x 2 ) dx
= x
= 2x +
dx
= ( 3 ) + ( 1 ) +c
6(a)
dy
(x 2 1)
dy
dx
= k(x 2 1)
= kx 2 k
+c
x3
6(c)
(2x + 5)3 dx =
(2x+5)2
=
dy
dx
+c
(2)(2)
1 (2x+5)2
= [
y = k ( ) kx +c
2
1
4(2x+5)2
= kx 3
3
] +c
dy
+c
dx
dy
x3
3
=x
=9
k(2) k = 9
3k
=9
k
=3
c|k=3 = 1
x2
y = 3( ) ( ) + c
3
= 9 when x = 2,
dx x=2
2
= 3x 2 x
2
1 2
x
2
kx +c
+c
y = 3 when x = 2,
y|x=2
=3
Curve at (2,4),
1
(4) = (2)3 (2)2 + c
3
2
4 =82+c
c = 2
k(2)3 k(2) + c = 3
k+c
=3
2
=3 k
3
y = x2 x2 2
2
y = (3)x 3 3x +1
3
= x 3 3x + 1
y|x=3 = (3)3 3(3) + 1
= 19
Daniel & Samuel

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496

9
dV
dt
Ex 18.1
12(i)
= 6(2t 1)2 + 1
V = 6 [ (2)(3) ] + t + c
=x
= (2t 1)3 + t + c
V|t=1
(2 1)3 + 1 + c
1+1+c
c
=4
=4
=4
=2
(given)
=
=
=
V = (2t 1) + t + 2
dx
dt
(xx + 1)
=x
(2t1)3
10(a)
d
dx
d
dx
x + 1 + dx (x) x + 1
1
2x+1
+1
x + 1
+x + 1
2x+1
x
+2(x+1)
2x+1
+2x+2
2x+1
3x+2
[shown]
2x+2
12(ii) 3x+2 dx = 2 3x+2 dx

2x+1
= 3t 2 + 2
x+1
= 2xx + 1 + c
t3
x = 3 ( ) + 2t + c
13(a) 6x 1 dx
=t
+ 2t + c
1
2
= (6x 1) dx
Initial radius is 1:
x|t=0
=1
03 + 0 + c = 1
c
=1
=
=
x = t 3 + 2t + 1
10(b)
dA
dt
t2
6x + 5
1
+c
=
= 11
= 11
= 11
= 3
(2x7)1
(2)(1)
(2x7)1
2
+c
+c
= (2x 7)1 +c
13(c)
1
2x7
1
32x
+c
1
dx = (3 2x)2 dx
1
(32x)2
1
2
(2)( )
+c
= 3 2x +c
A = 2t 3 t 2 + t 3
dx
=2
+t +c
Area is 11 when t = 2:
A|t=2
2(2)3 (2)2 + (2) + c
16 4 + 2 + c
c
11(i)
(6x1)6x1
=2
t2
+c
= 2 (2x 7)2 dx
A= 6( ) 2( ) + t + c
= 2t 3
3
2
(6)( )
13(b) 2 dx
(2x7)2
= 6t 2 2t + 1
t3
(6x1)2
d
(6x + 5)
26x + 5 dx
1
=
6
=
26x+5
3
6x+5
11(ii) 1 dx = 1 3 dx
3 6x+5
6x+5
1
= 6x + 5 + c
3
Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
497

14
dy
Ex 18.1
15
= x 2 (x k)
dx
dx
= x 3 kx 2
x4
dy
x(2x 2 3)
dy
dx
= kx(2x 2 3)
= 2kx 3 3kx
x3
y = ( ) k( ) +c
=
4
1 4
x
4
3
k 3
x
3
= kx
k
3
8
x2
2
3k 2
x
2
(2, 2) lies on curve,

1
x4
y = 2k ( ) 3k ( ) + c
+c
(2) = (2)4 (2)3 + c
=4
3 = k(1)4
= k6
k
3
+c
(1)
3k
2
1
(1)2 +c
3= k
+c
+c
c =k+3
(1)

1
3
64
(2) = (4)4 (4)3 +c
= 64
9 = k(2)4
= 62
3
64
3
+c
+c
= 62
= 56
56
3
3
56
3
3k
(2)2 + c
9 = 8k 6k + c
9 = 2k + c
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

64
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

9 = 2k + (k + 3)
6 = 3k
k =2
+ ( k 6)
3
k= 56
c|k=2 = (2) + 3 = 5
=3
y = (2)x 4 (2)x 2 + 5
c|k=3 = (3) 6 = 2
= x 3x + 5
y=
1 4
x
4
x +2
16
dy
dx
= x(2 3x)
= 2x 3x 2
x2
x3
y = 2( ) 3( ) + c
2
= x2
x3
+c
Curve at (1,2),
(2) = (1)2 (1)3 + c
c=2
y = x2 x3 + 2
Curve at (2, p),
p = (2)2 (2)3 + 2 = 14
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
498

17
d2 y
dx2
dy
dx
Ex 18.1
18(ii) With c1 = 1 & c2 = 5,
= 6x 16
d2 y
x2
= 6 ( ) 16x + a
dx2
dy
= 3x 16x + a
dx
2
2
= 6x 4
= 3x 2 4x + 1
y = x 3 2x 2 + x + 6
x3
x2
y = 3 ( ) 16 ( ) + ax + b
At max value,
= x 3 8x 2 + ax + b
dy
=0
dx
3x 2 4x + 1 = 0
(3x 1)(x 1) = 0

3 = 03 8(0)2 + a(0) + b
3=b
x=
1
3
or x = 1(min)
y|x=1 = 5

0 = (1)3 8(1)2 a + 3
0 = 1 8 a + 3
a = 6
d2 y
dx2 x=1
4
27
= 2 < 0
max at x =
y = x 3 8x 2 6x + 3
19(i)
18(i)
d2 y
dx2
dy
dx
2x
dx x+1
= 6x 4
)=
=
x2
= 6 ( ) 4x + c1
2
2
= 3x 4x + c1
x3
x2
y = 3 ( ) 4 ( ) + c1 x + c2
=
= x 3 2x 2 + c1 x + c2
dy
dx x=1
2
x+1(2)
2x
1
2x+1
x+1
2x+1
x
x+1
x+1
2(x+1)
x
(x+1)x+1
2x+2
3
(x+1)2
x+2
At min (1,5),
x+1dx2x 2xdxx+1
x+1
[shown]
(x+1)2
=0
3(1) 4(1) + c1 = 0
c1
=1
(5) = (1)3 2(1)2 + c1 (1) + c2
5 = 1 + c1 + c2
5 = 1 + (1) + c2
c1 = 1
c2 = 5
19(ii)
x+2
3
4(x+1)2
x+2
(x+1)2
2x
dx =
4
= (
=
dx
) +c
4 x+1
x
2x+1
+c
20(a) x2 +2x dx
x2 +2x+1
=
y = x 3 2x 2 + x + 5
(x2 +2x+1) 1
x2 +2x+1
= (1
dx
) dx
x2 +2x+1
1
= (1 (x+1)2 ) dx
= [1 (x + 1)2 ] dx
(x+1)1
= x (1)(1) +c
= x+
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
1
x+1
+c
499
Ex 18.1
20(b) 3x2 4x dx
9x2 12x+4
=
22
1
(9x2 12x+4)
3
9x2 12x+4
= [
= [
dx
dx
y=
] dx
(3x2)2
= [ (3x 2)2 ] dx
=
=
(3x1)1
(3)(1)
3
1
dy
+c
4
x3
4
3
) +c
2 3
4
3
= a2 (2x
3 4
x4
12
+ c1 x + c2
= 1
+ c1 = 1
=
2
5
12
4 =
4 =
4 =
c2 =
4
3
+ x ) +c
4
( ) + c1 x + c2
5
3
= 3a2 ( x 2 + x ) +c
3
2
+ c1
1 x4
2
x2
c1
+ c1
3
1 3
x
3
= 3a2 (x 2 + x 3 ) dx
= 3a2 (
x2
dx x=1
13
20(c) 3a2 (x + 3x) dx

1
x3
tangent at (1,4) is y = 5 x,
+c
9(3x1)
3
x2
3
2
=x
] dx
4
3
= 1 x2
=x
9x2 12x+4
dx2
dy
4
3
4
3
d2 y
y=
12
5
12
21
+ c1 (1) + c2
+ c1 + c2
5
+ ( ) + c2
3
c1 =
5
3
4
x2
2
x4
12
21
21(i)
5
d 1
(2t + 1)2 ]
dt 5
3
2
1 5
= (2t + 1)
5 2
d
dt
3 2
d
dt
(2t + 1)
1 3
= (2t + 1)2 2
(2t + 1)2 2
5 2
= (2t + 1)
1 3
(2t + 1) (2t + 1)2
1 5
[ (2t + 1)2
3 2
3
2
(2t + 1)2
= (2t + 1)2t + 1
2t + 1
= 2t + 1[(2t + 1)
1]
= 2t2t + 1
21(ii) t(2t + 1) dt
1
= 2t2t + 1 dt
2
5
1 1
= [ (2t + 1)2
=
2 5
1
10
(2t + 1)
5
2
3
1
(2t + 1)2 ] +c
(2t + 1)2
6
Daniel & Samuel

+c
sleightofmath.com
500

23(i)
dy
dx
Ex 18.1
24(i)
= kx + c
d2 y
dx2
x2
dy
dx
y = k ( ) + cx + a
x2
= ( ) 18x + a
= x 2 + cx + a
At stationary pt (2, 3):
|
2k + c
c
18x + a
x3
x2
y = ( ) 18 ( ) + ax + b
2 3
= x3
6
=0
dx x=2
2
2
x
2
dy
= x 18
=0
= 2k
(1)
9x + ax + b
Origin (0,0) lies on curve,
0 = (0)3 9(0)2 + a(0) + b
0=b
(3) = (2)2 + c(2) + a

2
3
3
3
= 2k
+ 2c + a
= 2k
2(2k) + a
= 2k + a
16 = 9 + a + b
(2)
16 = 9 + a
b=0
25 = + a
(1) = (0)2 + c(0) + a
(1)
=1
Gradient at (1,16) is 9,
dy
Put a = 1 into (2):

3 = 4k + 1
2k
=4
k
=2
=9
18 + a
=9
dx x=1
= 27
(2)
sub (2) into (1):
Put k = 2 into (1):

c = 2(2) = 4
25 = + (27 )
6
25 = 27
3
y =
2 2
x
2
2
+ (4)x + 1
= x 4x + 1
dx
a = 27 = 24
= 2x 4
Tangent
Point:
Gradient:
Tangent:
= 6
24(ii) Put = 6 into (2):
23(ii) With k = 2, c = 4:
dy
=2
y == x 3 9x 2 + 24x
(0,1)
dy
= 4
y y1
dx x=0
dy
dx x=0
(x x1 )
y (1)= 4(x 0)
y
= 4x + 1
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
501
Ex 18.1
24(iii) At a = 24, b = 0, = 6,
y = x 3 9x 2 + 24x
dy
26 (a) For f(x) = 1

g(x) = 2
= 3x 2 18x + 24
dx
d2 y
dx2
f(x)g(x) dx = (1)(2) dx
= 2x + c
= 6x 18
At turning pts,
dy
[ f(x) dx][ g(x) dx]

= [(1) dx][(2) dx]
= x(2x) + c
= 2x 2 + c
f(x)g(x) dx [ f(x) dx][ g(x) dx]
=0
dx
3x 2 18x + 24 = 0
x 2 6x + 8
=0
(x 2)(x 4) = 0
x=2
or x = 4
y|x=2 = 20
y|x=4 = 16
(2,20)
(4,16)
26 (b) f(x) dx = 1 dx
g(x)
2
1
= x+c
2
f(x) dx
d2 y
dx2
d2 y
|
|
x=2
dx2 x=4
= 6 < 0
max at (2,20)
=6>0
min at (4,16)
g(x) dx [wrong notation ?]

f(x)dx
g(x)dx
Both are correct

The arbitrary constant can factor in the difference
in constant values.
(x + 1) dx
(x + 1) dx
=
=
=
=
x2
2
2
2
x+a
2x+b
2
f(x)
g(x)
dx
f(x) dx
g(x) dx
+ c1
x2 +2x+1
x2
2 dx
(1)(2)
1 dx
= +d
+x+c
(x+1)2
+ c1
1
+ x + + c1
2
1
c = + c1
2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
502
Ex 18.2
1(e)
Ex 18.2
1(a)
9 1
2 3x dx = 3 3 x dx
x2
=[1]
2
x2
dx = 4 x 2 dx
= 3[ ]
1 9
2 3
= 2 [x 2 ]
= [x 2 ]53
= 2[x]4
3 2
(5 32 )
2
= 24
1(b)
9 1
1 x 2 dx
= 2[9
4]
= 2(3
2)
=2
x2
=[3]
2
1(f)
3 9
4 3
1 xx dx = 1 x 2 dx
= [x 2 ]
3
x2
=[5]
2
9
= [xx]1
3
2
= (99 11)
3
2
= [9(3) 1]
3
2
5
2
2(a)
1 x3
= [2]
3
2(b)
1(3x 2 2x + 5) dx
0
x3
+5) dx
x2
= [3 ( )2 ( ) +5x]01
+5x]01
= [x
1 1 3
= [(0)3 (0)2 +5(0)]

[(1)3 (1)2 + 5(1)]
1 1
= (
3 3
3 x 2
(4 + 4)
= 1(3x 2 2x
[x 1 ]32
3
18
4x]11
= 8
= [ ]
= (4 4)
3 1 2
= [4(1)2 4(1)] [4(1)2 4(1)]
dx = 2 x 2 dx
3x2
3
= [
= [4x 2
13 )
2
3
= [(23 )3 1]
4
3
= (22
1)
4
1
=2
1 x1
x2
= [8 ( ) 4x]
1(8x 4) dx
3 1
5
2
= (83
62
= 12
3 2 8
= [x 3 ]
4
1
1(d)
1)
12 ]
= (25
8 1 1
1 2 x 3 dx
1
5
2
= [4
= 17
1(c)
=7
)
2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
503

2(c)
Ex 18.2
4(a)
1 (6x 3x) dx
1
= 1 (6x
3x 2 ) dx
4
x2
x2
2
3
2
= (1 + x 2 ) dx
= [3x 2
2x ]
= [3x 2
2xx]1
1
4
= [x
= 32
=3
4(b)
x4
= [ x4 x2 ]
= [(
1
(2)2
2
t2
2
2
t2]
(2)2 ]
[ (1) (1)2 ]
+2
2
1
2
4(c)
= 1 (x 2 x 2) dx
2t) dt
= 2
2t) dt
2 ( )]
= 4
1 (x + 1)(x 2) dx
=[
t
1
[ (2)
1
=0
(2)3
t1
= [
x2
dt
=0
=[
(1)]
4
3
t2
2 1
1 (t2
2
(t 2
= [ (2)4 (2)2 ] [ (0)4 (0)2 ]
x3
x 1
1
] [(1)
(4)
2 12t3
1
=
x2
2 ( )]
1 1
1 4
0 x(x 2 2) dx
=[
=3
= 0 (x 3 2x) dx
3(b)
= [(4)
x1
= [x
= [3(1)2 2(4)4] [3(1)2 2(1)1]
= 31
3(a)
x +1
dx
x2
1
4
1
= (1 + 2 ) dx
x
1
4
= [6 ( ) 3 ( 3 )]
2
4 2
2x]
x
1
2(2)] [
2x 1
(1)3
3
(1)2
2
2(1)]
x2
x2
= [2 ( 3 )
13
6
dx
= 1 (2x 2 x 2 )
= (3 )
= 1
=[ x
3
3
2
= [ xx
3
4
dx
4
( 1 )]
2
1
2
1
4
2x ]
2x]
= [ (4)(4) 2(4)]
3
20
3
[ (1)(1) 2(1)]
3
2
3
=7
3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
504

4(d)
1
32x2
x2
x1
1
= [
1.5 )
dx
x 2
1
2x
= [ (9) +
)]
1
4 9
4
(9)
[ (1) +
4
(1)
6(a)
2 1 1
1 1 2
x ]
2
1
1 2
2x
2x 1
1
2(2)
2(1)
] [2(1)4 2(1)
4
1
1
2
1 x(x a)(x + a) dx
0
= x(x 2 a2 ) dx
= (x 3
3
2
1
2
=[
=[
1
2
x4
x4
(0)4
1
4
=0
a2
4x ]
2
3
[ (1)(1) 4(1)]
3
10
6(b)
0
a2 x2
=[
x2
a2 ( )]
= [ (4)(4) 4(4)]
a2 x) dx
= [ xx 4x]
3
a2 (0)2
2
] [
(1)4
4
a2
a2 (1)2
2
0 x(a x) dx
5(b)
)]
= 2
1 x1
x4
3
2
) dx
= 28
4
2
1 (x ) dx
x
4
1
1
= (x 2 2x 2 ) dx
1
3
1 4
x2
x2
2x2
1 2
2
= [2x 4
x 1
=[ x
+ x
2x
=0
=[
= [2x 4
= 27
=1
5(a)
) dx
= [2(2)4 2(2)
1 9
+ 4x 2 ]
+
2
1 (8x 3
= [8 ( ) 2x + (
) 2(
[3x 1
1 (8x 3
=
dx
9
1 (3x 2
= [3 (
=
5(c)
3 2x
dx
x2
=
=
Ex 18.2
= (ax x) dx
1 (x 2 x2 ) dx
= (x 2
4x 2 ) dx
x3
=[
3
x3
=[
3
x2
= [a ( 3 )
4(
x 1
)]
1 1
+ 4x 1 ]
1
[ (1)3 + (1)]
=4
3
1
=
3
Daniel & Samuel

x2
2
x2
0
4
2 0
x2
2 0
(4)2
= [ a(4)(4)
= [ (2)3 + (2)]
3
2
= [ axx
3
1
4
= [ x3 + ]
3
x1
4
= [ ax 2
= 0 (ax 2 x) dx
sleightofmath.com
16
3
16
3
a8
(0)2
] [ a(0)(0)
a8
505

6(c)
2 2t2 +a
Ex 18.2
8
dt
t2
2
= (2 + at 2 ) dt
= [2t
t1
)]
1 1
1 ]2
at 1
a2
a
= [2(2) (2)] [2(1) (1)]

=4
a
=[
x2
3x
2)
1
12
1
12
x2
x3
[2x 2 ]1a
= [3x 2
2(1)
= [3(1)
2a2 2
=2
2a2 2
= 2
2a
9(i)
x 3 ]12
2
(1)3 ]
(2x 3)3
(2(1) 3)3 +
=0
=0
dy
2
[3(2)
(2)3 ]
dx
+2
=x
d
dx
=x[
=
=
=
1
12
4(2x3) 0
7
4(2(1)3)
(2(0) 3)3 +
4(2(0)3)
5
6
y = x1 + 2x 2
=0
1
7 (2x3)1
[
]]
2 (2)(1)
0
=1
dx
= [6 ( ) 3 ( )]
7(b)
1
2 (6x
[4 ( )]
2(a)
= 1
a
1 4x dx
= +2
7(a)
1 1
2 + a
dx
1 (2x3)3
[ [ (2)(3) ]
2
=[
= [2t ]
t 1
a
2(2x3)2
= 0 [ (2x 3)2 (2x 3)2 ] dx
= [2t + a (
1 (2x3)4 7
1 + 2x 2
1
21+2x2
(4x)]
2x2
d
dx
+1
(x) 1 + 2x 2
1 + 2x 2
+1 + 2x 2
1+2x2
2x2
+(1+2x2 )
1+2x2
1+4x2
1+2x2
[shown]
2 3(2 + x)2 dx
= 64
k
3 2(2
= 64
= [x1 + 2x 2 ]0
= 64
= (2)1 + 2(2)2 (0)1 + 2(0)2
+ x)2 dx
3 2(x 2 + 4x
[
[
[
x3
3
(k)3
3
[
1
3
1
3
x2
+ 4 ( ) + 4x]
3
x3
+ 4) dx
+ 2x
+ 4x]
+ 2(k)2 + 4(k)]
(2)3
3
+ 2(2) + 4(2)]
k 3 + 2k 2 + 4k +
k 3 + 2k 2 + 4k
56
3
3
k 3 + 6k 2 + 12k 56
(k 2)(
+
+ )
2
(k 2)(k +
+ )
2
(k 2)(k +
+ 28)
2
(k 2)(k + 8k + 28)
k=2
Daniel & Samuel
9(ii)
2 1+4x2
1+2x2
dx
2
=6
64
3
=6
64
3
10(i)
64
Prove: (x 4)(x 2 + 4x + 16) = x 3 64

LHS = x 3 +4x 2 +16x
4x 2 16x 64
= x 2 64 [proven]
3
64
3
=0
=0
=0
sleightofmath.com
506
Ex 18.2
10(ii) 3 x3 64 dx
1 x4
=
12(ii) C| = 24 000 [10 + 4 (354 )]

x=3
5
3 (x4)(x2 +4x+16)
dx
1
x4
3
= 1(x 2 + 4x
=[
=[
=[
x3
$316 000
+ 16) dx
x2
+ 4 ( ) + 16x]
3
x3
+ 2x 2
3
(3)3
3
12(iii) C| = 24 000 [10 + 4 (554 )]

x=5
+ 16x]
$384 000
13
dV
dt
= 20 000 (t 6)
= 20 000t 120 000
+ 2(3) + 16(3)]
[
= 75
(1)3
3
+14
Net change in Value
+ 2(1)2 + 16(1)]
= 0 [20 000t 120 000] dt
1
3
= 89
3
11(i)
2
0 x dx
x2
t2
= [20 000 ( ) 120 000t]
= [160 000 480 000 (0)]
=[ ]
= $320 000
2 0
= [x 2 ]20
Total loss = $320 000
2
1
= (22 02 )
14(i)
2
1
Given: 0 f(x) dx = 3 f(x) dx = 12
= (4)
2
11(ii)
|x| dx
2
2
= 2|x| dx
+ 0 |x| dx
= [ ]
2
] [
(2)2
2
= [x]83
=83
= 29
] +2
=2
=4
+2
C = 8000 (30 +
+2(12)
+24
14(iii) 8 2f(x) dx
3
=
12(i)
+12
+2
2 2
=[
= 12
= 24
= 3 1 dx +2 3 f(x) dx
+ 0 x dx
(0)2
14(ii) 8[1 + 2f(x)] dx

3
= 2(x) dx
x2
0 f(x) dx = 0 f(x) dx + 3 f(x) dx
=2
x 1
3 0 t 4 dt)
8
2 3 f(x) dx
= 2(12)
= 25
x 1
+1
+1
+1
= 24 000 (10 + 0 t 4 dt)

x
t4
= 24 000 [10 + [ 5 ] ]
4
0
5
4
= 24 000 [10 + [t ] ]
5
4 5
= 24 000 [10 + x 4 ]
5
C|x=1 = 24 000 [10 + (1)]

5
= $259 200
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
507
Ex 18.2
3 [f(x) mx] dx
8
3 f(x) dx m 3 x dx
x2
=0
m [ ]
12
=0
2 3
m 2 8
[x ]3
2
1
2
12
=0
2
1
12
m(55)
=0
12
=0
55
2
2
55
2
= 2 0 x 2 dx
Given:
= 2m
16(ii) 1(x 2 ) dx = 1 x 2 dx
0
0
(c)
= m
= 12
m
15(i)
= 2 1 x 2 dx
m[(8) (3)2 ] = 0
12
1
16(ii) 1 x 2 dx = 0 x 2 dx
+ 0 x 2 dx
1
1
(b)
0
0
= 1 x 2 dx
+ 1 x 2 dx
(equal area under curve)
=0
=
4
3 f(x) dx
4
1 f(x) dx
24
55
17
a f(x) dx 0
Not True
=a
In theory
=b
f(x) dx algebraic area geometric area
3 f(x) dx = 3 f(x) dx 1 f(x) dx

=ab
For example
15(ii) 3 2f(x) dx = 2 3 f(x) dx

1
1
= 2 3 f(x) dx
= ()
= 2(a b)
= 2b 2a
16(i)
Algebraic area = P Q
Geometric area = P + Q
Clearly
f(x) can be negative between a and b
16(ii) 1 x 2 dx = 0 x 2 dx (equal area under curve)
0
1
(a)
1
0 x 2 dx
=
=
0
1 x 2 dx
1
0 x 2 dx
18
symmetry in y axis
In order to compute
b
f(x) dx
a
f(x) must be continuous [no gaps] for a x b

x 0 [gap]
= m
1
dx cannot be computed
2
1 x
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
508
Ex 18.3
2(e)
Ex 18.3
1(a)
1(b)
1(c)
2(a)
06 (3 cos x 2) dx
(sin x + 2) dx
= ( cos x) + 2x + c
= cos x + 2x + c
= [3(sin x) 2x]06
(1 3 cos x) dx
= x 3(sin x) + c
= x 3 sin x + c
= [3 sin ( ) 2 ( )] [3 sin(0) 2(0)]
2x]06
= [3 sin x
= [3 ( )
(5 sec x + 3) dx
= 5 tan x + 3x + c
3(a)
cos 2x dx = 2 sin 2x +c
3(b)
sin 3x dx = 3 cos 3x +c
3(c)
2 cos 4x dx = 2 cos 4x dx
0 cos x dx = [sin x]06
2
1
= 2 ( sin 4x) +c
= sin 4x +c
2
0 sec x dx = [tan x]0
3(d)
= tan ( ) tan(0)
3 sin 2 x dx = 3 sin 2 x dx
=1
= 1
= 3 ( 1 cos x) +c
= 6 cos x
2
2(c)
0)
= sin ( ) sin(0)
2(b)
(0
+c
02 sin x dx = [ cos x]02
3(e)
4 sec 2 5x dx = 4 sec 2 5x dx
1
= 4 ( tan 5x) +c
= [cos x]02
= tan 5x +c
5
= [cos ( ) cos(0)]
2
= (0
1)
4(a)
=1
2 cos (2 + 1) dx
x
= 2 cos ( + 1) dx
2
2(d)
02 (1 2 sin x) dx
= [x
= [x +
2( cos x)]02
2 cos x]02
=(
=
(0
+c
= 4 sin ( + 1)
2
4(b)
+ 0)
= [( ) + 2 cos ( )] [(0) + 2 cos(0)]

2
= 2 [ 1 sin ( + 1)] +c
+ 2)
3 sin(2 x) dx
= 3 sin(2 x) dx
= 3 [
1
1
cos(2 x)] +c
+c
= 3 cos(2 x)
4(c)
4 sec 2 (8x 4 ) dx
= 4 sec 2 (8x ) dx
4
= 4 [ tan (8x )] +c
8
= tan (8x )
Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
+c
509

5(a)
Ex 18.3
(sec 2 x 4 sin x) dx
= tan x
4( cos x) +c
= tan x + 4 cos x +c
9(a)
12
cos (2x + 3 ) dx
1
= [ sin (2x + )]
5(b)
5(c)
(3 cos x 2 sin x) dx
= 3 sin x 2( cos x)
= 3 sin x + 2 cos x
(4 cos x
= 4 sin x
+c
+c
12
= [sin (2x + )]
12
12
= [sin (2 ( ) + ) sin (2 ( ) + )]
+ 3 sec 2 x) dx
+ 3 tan x +c
= (sin
sin )
= [0
0 (1 + tan2 x) dx = 0 sec 2 x dx
=
2
= tan tan 0
4
9(b)
2 sin( x) dx
2
= 1 0
= 2 sin( x) dx
2
=1
= 2 [
04 [sec 2 x + 1] dx
= [tan x +
=1
= 2[cos(0)
cos ( )]
= 2(1
0)
=2
[ sin(2x + 1)] dx
9(c)
= sin(2x + 1) dx
=[
= [ cos(2x + 1)] +c
+c
= cos(2x + 1)
2
=[
=[
cos (2x + 4 ) dx = 2 sin (2x + 4 ) + c
0 [x cos ( 3 6 x)] dx
x2
8(c)
x)]
2
= + 1 [shown]
8(b)
cos( x)]
= 2[cos( ()) cos ( ( ))]
= 2[cos(
x]04
= [tan + ] [tan 0 + 0]
8(a)
1)
= [tan x]04
x2
0
1
+ sin ( x)]
2
(1)2
2
+ sin ( (1))]
[
6 sin(3x + 2) dx
= 6 sin(3x + 2) dx
=[
= 6 [ cos(3x + 2)] +c
=[
= 2 cos(3x + 2)
sin ( x)]
+c
1
1
6 1
+ ( )]
=(
+ sin ( )]
+ )
(0)2
2
+ sin ( (0))]
[0
+ sin ( )]
[0
+ ( )]
6 3
2
33
= + (3 33)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
510

9(d)
Ex 18.3
dx
= [ cos 5t]
5
12(a)
0 sin 5t dt
sin(x 2 + 2x)
= cos(x 2 + 2x)
d
dx
(x 2 + 2x)
= cos(x 2 + 2x) (2x + 2)
1
= [cos 5t]0
5
= (2x + 2) cos(x 2 + 2x)
= (cos 5 cos 0)
5
12(b) (x + 1) cos(x 2 + 2x) dx
= (1
1)
= (2x + 2) cos(x 2 + 2x) dx

2
= sin(x 2 + 2x) + c
10(i)
d
dx
(x cos x)
=x
d
dx
(cos x) +
d
dx
(x) cos x
= x ( sin x) +1 cos x
= cos x
x sin x
13
Both are correct
The arbitrary constant can factor in the differences in
constant value
sin x cos x dx
1
10(ii) d
(x cos x) = cos x x sin x
dx
d
x sin x
= cos x x cos x
dx
x sin x dx = (cos x dx x cos x) dx

= sin x
11
x cos x +c
(sin x cos x)2 dx

= (sin2 x 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x) dx
= (sin2 x + cos 2 x 2 sin x cos x) dx
= (1
sin 2x)
dx
1
=x
( cos 2x)
=x
+ cos 2x
=x
+ (1 2 sin2 x) +c1
=x
+ sin2 x
+c1
=x
sin2 x
+ + c1
=x
sin2 x
+c
1
2
1
2
1
2
Daniel & Samuel

= sin 2x dx
2
cos 2x
= (
+ a)
4
1
= cos 2x + a
1
4
cos2 x
= [1 2 sin2 x] + a or = [2 cos 2 x 1] + a
=
=
4
sin2 x
2
sin2 x
2
+ a
+ c1
2
cos2 x
2
+ + a
+ c2
+c1
+c1
1
2
sleightofmath.com
511
Ex 18.4
2(c)
Ex 18.4
1(a)
1(b)
2x
dx =
3x
2e
1 2x
e
2
1(c)
dx
1
2 ( e3x )
3
2 3x
e
+c
3
= 2[e
= 2(
2(d)
1)
1 e1x dx = [1 e1x ]
2
1
x
2
= 2 (2e ) +c
1
= 4e2x
= [e1 e0 ]
4e2x+1 dx = 4 e2x+1 dx
1
4 ( e2x+1 )
2
2x+1
= [
+c
1x )
1
e
2(e)
+c
ln 5
5
(ex + 1) dx = [ex + x]ln
0
= [e(ln 5) + (ln 5)] [e(0) + (0)]

= 5 + ln 5 1
= 4 + ln 5
= 3(e1x ) +c
= 3e1x +c
2
2(f)
0 ex dx = [ex ]20
1]
=1
+c
3e1x dx = 3 e1x dx
1
[e1x ]12
= [e1(2) e1(1) ]
+c
= 2e
= e e
= e2 1
2(b)
2e dx = 2 e dx
= 2 ( 1 e2x ) +c
2(a)
(0)
= 2(1 )
1
x
2
= 3(
e2
= 2(e1 1)
1(f)
1
(2)
2
e2x dx= 2 e2x +c
1 2
[2e2x ]
0
1(e)
1
x
2
x
1e 2 ]
= 2 [e2x ]
+c
= e2x +c
1(d)
dx= 2 e
=[
+c
3x
2 1x
0 e 2 dx
ln 2
ln 2 3x
5e3x dx = 5 0
ln 2
= 5 [ e3x ]
1
1
1
0 e2x dx = [2 e2x ]
0
dx
5 3x ln 2
[e ]0
3
5
1 2x 1
[e ]0
2
1
= [e2 e0 ]
= [e3(ln 2) e3(0) ]
= [e2 1]
= [8
3
5
= [eln 2
3
2
1
1]
1]
= 11
3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
512

3
dy
Ex 18.4
5(c)
= e2x
dx
y=
1 2x
e
2
1 2
2x
dx = 2
= 2[
+c
ln|2 x|]
1 2x
e
2
= 2 ln 2
5(d)
+2
1 2
e
2
3
2+3x
dx = 3 0
1
2+3x
dx
1
= 3 [ ln|2 + 3x|]
3
4(a)
= 2(0 ln 2)
e2
=2
y=
= 2(ln 1 ln 2)
+c =2
dx
= 2[ln|2 x|]10
y = 2 when x = 1,
y|x=1 = 2
1 2
e
2
1
2x
x dx = 2 x dx
= [ln|2 +
= 2 ln|x| + c
= ln 5 ln 2
5
= ln
4(b)
x+1 dx = ln|x + 1| + c
4(c)
2x1 dx = 2 ln |2x 1| + c
4(d)
2x+1 dx = 3 2x+1 dx
3x|]10
6(a)
dy
dx
1
2x+1
y = ln|2x + 1| + c
2
= 3 ln|2x + 1| +c
2
= ln|2x + 1|
2
4(e)
12x dx = 2 12x dx
=2
1
2
43x dx = 3 ln|4 3x|
+c
+c
= ln|4 3x| +c
5(a)
1
2
1
y = ln|2x + 1| +
6(b)
dy
dx
44
1 x dx
ln|1| + c = 0.5
ln|1 2x| +c
= ln|1 2x|
4(f)
y = 0 when x = 0,
y|x=0 = 0.5
+c
1
32x
1
y = ln|3 2x| + c
2
41
4 1 dx
x
= 4[ln|x|]14
y = 2 when x = 1,
y|x=1
=2
= 4(ln 4 ln 1)
ln|1| + c = 2
= 4 ln 22
1
2
= 8 ln 2
=2
1
y = 2 ln|3 2x|
5(b)
1 2
0 2x+1 dx
1 1
2 0
dx
2x+1
1
= 2 [ ln|2x + 1|]
2
= [ln|2x +
1|]10
= ln 3 ln 1
= ln 3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
513

7(a)
Ex 18.4
9(i)
x
x
0 (e3 + e 3 ) dx
1
= (e3x + 2 + e3x ) dx
4
1
3
3 4
4
(0)
3
[ e
4
3 4
= ( e3
3
7(b)
ex
B
32x
A=1
=B
9(ii)
3 4(0)
e 3 ]
4
B = 2
1
1x
2
32x
(1x)(32x) dx
= (
3 4
e 3)
4
3
1
1x
2
32x
) dx
= ln|1 x| + ln|3 2x| + c
= ln |
10
1 ex +e2x
(1x)(32x) =
= (e e ) + 2
4
=A
1
1
( )(
2
+0
4
3
+ 2(0)
+2
4
(1)
3
+ 2(1) e
A
1x
=[ e
4
1
( )(1)
x= :
e3x ]
4
(1)
3
e3x ]
= [ e3x + 2x
x = 1:
Cover-up rule:
= [ 4 e3x + 2x +
1
(1x)(32x)
dy
dx
32x
1x
|+c
= (x1)(x2)
A
x1
B
x2
dx
Cover-up rule:
= (e2x + e3x ) dx
0
1
= [ e2x
+ e3x ]
2
1
1 3
e )
3
1 0
e )
3
x = 1:
1
( )(1)
x = 2:
1
(1)( )
=A
=B
A = 1
B=1
= [ e2(1) + e3(1) ] [ e2(0) + e3(0) ]

=
8(i)
1
( e2
2
dx
1
x1
1
x2
= e2 + e3
y = ln|x 1| + ln|x 2| + c
2x1
(x+1)(x+2)
y = 2 at x = 3,
y|x=3
=2
ln 2 + ln 1 + c = 2
c
= 2 + ln 2
A
x+1
B
x+2
Cover-up rule:
x = 1:
x = 2:
3
=A
( )(1)
5
=B
(1)( )
2x1
(x+1)(x+2) =
8(ii)
dy
3
x+1
A = 3
y = ln|x 1| + ln|x 2| + 2 + ln 2
B=5
= ln |
+
5
x+2
2x4
x1
|+2
2x1
dx
(x+1)(x+2)
2
3
5
) dx
+
x+1 x+2
1
= [3 ln|x + 1| + 5 ln|x + 2|]12
= [3 ln 3 + 5 ln 4]
[3 ln 2 + 5 ln 3]
2
= 3 ln 3 + 5 ln 2
+3 ln 2 5 ln 3
= 13 ln 2 8 ln 3
= (
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
514

11(i)
1
(x2)(x1)2
x2
Ex 18.4
B
1
12(ii) 5
dx
3 (x+3)(x2)2
x1
+ (x1)2
5 1
= 3
Cover-up rule:
1
( )(1)2
x = 2:
=A
25 x+3
1 5 1
[
25 3 x+3
x2
1
x2
+ (x2)2 ] dx
+ 5(x 2)2 ] dx
A=1
=
1
(1)( )2
x = 1:
=C
C = 1
Substitution:
1
(2)(1)2
x = 0:
+ (1)2
= 1
1
(x2)(x1)2
=
=
11(ii)
1
x2
1
x2
x1
1
x1
1
(x1)2
1
(x1)2
5
1
3 (x2)(x1)2 dx
13(i)
1
1
1
] dx
= [
x 1 (x 1)2
3 x2
=
5 1
3 [x2
1
x1
(x 2)
2 ]
= [ln|x 2| ln|x 1| [
1
(x+3)(x2)2
(x1)1
x+3
x2
1
25
1
25
1
( )(5)2
x = 2:
1
(5)( )2
10
[ln ln 6 +
4
10
[ln ( ) +
10
10
[2 ln +
y = ecos x
= ecos x
d
dx
(cos x)
= sin x ecos x dx
C
(x2)2
=A
1
25
x+3
1
= (ecos x )
+( cos x) +c
= ecos x
cos x
2 e3x
ex1
2 ex
dx = 0
ex1
1
25
x2
Daniel & Samuel

C
4
+
1
x2
+c
dx
C=
25 x+3
+ sin x dx
= 0 e dx
A=
=C
2 2
[ln ( ) +
14(b)
25
(e3
1
1
3
x1
B=
3 cos 2x) dx
1
2
= 3e3x1 sin 2x
2
= 2e
e3x1 3 ( sin 2x) +c

1
(x+3)(x2)2 =
13(ii) sin x (ecos x + 1) dx
Substitution:
3(4)
x2 3
= e[x]20
x = 3:
x2
[[ln | | ] [ln | | 5]]
Cover-up rule:
x = 0:
x+3
]]
]]
14(a)
B
1
25
[ln |
= sin x ecos x dx + sin x dx
1
25
dx
= ln +
12(i)
1
25
[ln|x + 3| + ln|x 2| + 5 [
(x2)1
= ecos x ( sin x)
= sin x ecos x
= [ln | | + ] [ln | | + ]
4
1
25
dx
x2
1
|+
]
= [ln |
x1
x1 3
25
dy
+c
25
1
5
(x2)2
5
+ (x2)2 ]
sleightofmath.com
515

15
dy
dx
Ex 18.4
16(ii) sec x dx = ln(sec x + tan x) + c
2x2 +1
e2x
x
3
17
= 2x 2 +x 2 e4x
5
x2
x2
2
1
2
x
1
x
4
1
4
1
x
4
y = 2( 5 ) + ( 1 ) (
4 5
= x2
5
+2x
+c
4
5
(0)2 + 2(0)2 + 4e4(0) + c = 2
4e0 + c
c
y=
4 2
x x
5
=2
= 2
+ 2x + 4e
1
4
x2 +a
x+a
18
x2
2
+a
a2 )
a + a2
a+a2
x+a
) dx
ax +(a + a2 ) ln|x + a| + c
Recognize that the derivative of

ln(x) is also
d
+a
dx
= (x a +
=2
+a
a
+0x
+ax)
ax
(ax
) +c
+4e
y = 2 when x = 0,
y|x=0
x
x2
(x 2
dx
ln(x) =
1
x
1
x dx
1
(x)
= (1)
16(i)
d
dx
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
ln(sec x + tan x)
1
sec x+tan x
1
sec x+tan x
1
sec x+tan x
1
sec x+tan x
1
sec x+tan x
1
sec x+tan x
1
sec x+tan x
d
dx
dx
[(cos x)1 ]
[(cos x)2
d
dx
possibility that the integral of can be either ln x +

x
+ sec 2 x]
c or ln(x) + c
(cos x) + sec 2 x]
19
[(cos x)2 ( sin x) + sec 2 x]

(
(
sin x
+ sec 2 x)
cos2 x
1
cos x
The modulus sign is included to account for the
(sec x + tan x)
sin x
cos x
+ sec 2 x)
(sec x tan x + sec 2 x)
d
dx
(ex ) = 2xex
eax+b dx =
but ef(x)
eax+b
a
ef(x)
f (x)
+c
+c
The student factored out the variable (2x)

outside the integral which makes it wrong.
sec x(tan x+sec x)

sec x+tan x
= sec x
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
516
Rev Ex 18
A3(i)
Rev Ex 18
x3
3 ( ) + c
4
x4
x3
+c
A1(b) 2x2 x dx
x
=
1
= (2x x 2 ) dx
x2
1
2
= 2( )
= x2
+c
A2(a) (2 + ex )2 dx
= (e2x + 4ex + 4) dx
1
= e2x +4ex + 4x + c
2
A2(b) e3x 2 dx = (e2x 2ex ) dx

ex
A2(c)
sin2 x
1 2x
1
e 2 ( ex )
2
1
1 2x
e +2ex +c
2
+c
A3(ii)
1
2
1cos x
4
dx
0 (cos x 3 sin x) dx
= 2
4
1+cos
2
sin
2
= [sin + 3 cos ] [sin 0 + 3 cos 0]

2
2
= [(
2
2
[0 + 3]
+ 3 ( )]
= [(
= 22 3
dx
1+cos x 2
]
[
sin x
= [sin x + 3 cos x]0
=[
1
1cos x
= [sin x 3( cos x)]04
A2(d)
1
1 cos x
3 sin (2x 3 ) dx
1+0
1
= [ cos (2x )]
1
3
[cos (2x )]
2
3
4
1
= [1
= (1
= (
=
= [cos (2 ( ) ) cos (2 ( ) )]
2
1
= (cos
2
1 1
= (
2 2
2
2
2
2
1+cos
) (
cos x
[shown]
cos x cos 2 x
sin2 x
sin2 x cos 2 x
sin2 x
sin2 x + cos 2 x + cos x

sin2 x
1 + cos x
=
sin2 x
1 + cos x
=
1 cos 2 x
1 + cos x
=
(1 + cos x)(1 cos x)
2x + c
sin x
x2
1+cos x
sin x
= (x 3 3x 2 ) dx
x4
d
d
(1 + cos x) (1 + cos x) (sin x)
dx
dx
=
sin2 x
sin x ( sin x)
(1 + cos x) cos x
=
sin2 x
A1(a) x 2 (x 3) dx
d
dx
sin
4
2
2
2
2
1+
2+2
2
2
2
)]
)]
)]
1)
2
2
= 2
cos )
6
3
)
2
= (3 1)
4
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
517

A4(i)
1
(x3)(2x+1)
A
x3
Rev Ex 18
A6(a) a(3 2x) dx
1
B
2x+1
1
( )(7)
=A
( )( )
1
7
x= :
7
2
(x3)(2x+1) =
=
A=
=B
x3
1
7(x3)
B=
2
7
2
7
2x+1
2
7(2x+1)
k
6 2 (1
2
[x
] dx
7(x3)
7(2x+1)
7
1
2
) dx
(
7 4 x3
2x+1
(k
k3
1
= [ln|x 3|
ln|2x + 1|]74
7
1
= [(ln 4 ln 15) (ln 1 ln 9)]
7
1
4
= (ln
+ ln 9)
7
1
15
12
A5(a)
d
dx
3
3
[ln(cos x)] =
1
cos x
d
dx
(cos x)
1
( sin x)
cos x
= tan x [shown]
=
= 100
x 2 ) dx
= 100
k
x3
3 2
k3
3
) (2 )
52
100
6
100
6
=0
k 3k 52
=0
2
(k 4)(k +
+ )
2
(k 4)(k +
+ 13)
2
(k 4)(k + 4k + 13)
=0
(k 4)[(k + 2)2 4 + 13] = 0
(k 4)[(k + 2)2 + 9]
=0
k
=4
A7(i)
dy
dx
= 3x 2 + k
At turning pt (2,6):
dy
0 tan x dx = 0 tan x dx
=
A6(b) k 6(1 x 2 ) dx
2
= ln
x2
= [4 ( )]
[3x x 2 ]1a
= 2[x 2 ]12
(3a a2 ) (3 1) = 2(1 4)
3a a2 2
= 6
2
3a a + 4
=0
2
a 3a 4
=0
(a + 1)(a 4)
=0
a = 1 or a = 4
1
A4(ii) 7
dx
4 (x3)(2x+1)
= 4 [
[3x 2 ( )]
Cover-up rule:
x = 3:
x2
= 2 4x dx
dx x=2
2
[ln(cos x)]03
=0
3(2) + k = 0
k
= 12
= [ln (cos ) ln(cos 0)]

3
1
= [ln ln 1]
2
= ln 2
A5(b)
d
dx
[ln(ex + 1)] =
=
ln 2 ex
ex +1
(ex + 1)
ex +1 dx
1
= x ex
e +1
ex
ex +1
[shown]
2
dx = [ln(ex + 1)]ln
0
= ln(eln 2 + 1) ln(e0 + 1)
= ln(2 + 1) ln(1 + 1)
= ln 3 ln 2
3
= ln
2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
518

A7(ii)
dy
dx
Rev Ex 18
B1(c) 1 (4x+1)4 7 dx
0 2(4x+1)2
= 3x 2 12
1 1
2
y = 3 ( ) 12x + a
3
=[
Curve at (2,6):
6 = (2)3 12(2) + a
a = 10
=[
=
y = x 12x 10
(4x+1)3
(4)(3)
(4x+1)3
(4(1)+1)3
15
5
4
[
=
632
15
= 41
9
10
1
2
1sin2 x
1sin x
dx
(1+sin x)(1sin x)
1sin x
dx
= (1 + sin x) dx
x2
2
= [x cos x]
5
2
(1)3
2
8
(1)2 + (1)2 ]
5
= [() (1)] (
2]
5
= ( cos ) ( cos )
4
1 2
x ]
2
1
= [ (4) (4) + (4)

3
12
B2(c) cos2 x dx
1sin x
8 5
11
= ln 8
5
x2
5
2
= 3 ln 2
= [4 ( ) 4 ( ) + ( )]
8(4(0)+1)
= 3 ln
= 3[ln 2 ln 4]
= 1 (4x 2 4xx + x) dx
24
B2(b) 3 3 dx = [3 ln|x 5|]13

1 x5
B1(b) 4(2x x)2 dx

1
8(4(1)+1)
(4(0)+1)3
= 2 ln 5
=8
4
[ x3
3
= 2(ln 5 ln 1)
= 2[ln|2x + 1|]20
3 4
1
= [(2x + 1)2 ]
3
0
x3
= 4 [ ln|2x + 1|]
3 4
3
1 3
[92 12 ]
3
1
= (27 1)
3
26
=
3
8(4x+1) 0
7
B2(a) 2 4 dx = 4 2 1 dx
0 2x+1
0 2x+1
0 2x + 1 dx = 0 (2x + 1) dx
(2x + 1)2
=[
]
3
(2) ( )
2 0
60
7
(4)(1) 0
323
1
2
24
(4x+1)1
24
=4
At point where curve meets y axis (x = 0),

y|x=0 = (10)3 12(10) 10
= 10
(0, 10)
=[
= x 3 12x + a
B1(a)
= 0 [ (4x + 1)2 (4x + 1)2 ] dx
x3
5
6
+1+
3
2
3
)
2
7
30
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
519

B2(d)
Rev Ex 18
B4(a)
2 csc 2 x dx
8x+13
(1+2x)(2+x)2
1+2x
2+x
+ (2+x)2
= 2[ cot x]2
[not in syllabus]
Cover-up rule:
B3(i)
9
( )(1.5)2
= 2 [( cot ) ( cot )]
2
4
= 2 (cot cot )
4
2
= 2(1
0)
=2
x= :
y = x 2 2x 1
Substitution:
dy
dx
= x2
d
dx
=
=
=
=
=
22x1
x2
x = 0:
+2x 2x 1
x2
13
(1)(4)
= 2
8x+13
(1+2x)(2+x)2 =
=
+2x(2x1)
2x1
x2
+4x2 2x
2x1
2x1
2x1
1+2x
+ +
1+2x
4
1+2x
= 1 [4
[shown]
2
2+x
2
2+x
+ (2+x)2
1
+ (2+x)2
8x+13
dx
(1+2x)(2+x)2
= 1 [
5x2 2x
x(5x2)
=C
C=1
+2x2x 1
2x1
3
(3)( )2
x = 2:
=A
A=4
2x 1 + dx x 2 2x 1
=x
1+2x
+ (2+x)2 ] dx
2+x
1
+ (2 + x)2 ] dx
2+x
= [4 ln|1 + 2x| 2 ln|2 + x| +

2
B3(ii) 5 x(5x2) = [x 2 2x 1]5

1
1
= [2 ln|1 + 2x| 2 ln|2 + x|

= [2 ln |
= [2 ln |
1+2x
2+x
1+2(2)
2+(2)
12
= 2 ln +
sleightofmath.com
2+x 1
2+x 1
= [2 ln ]
Daniel & Samuel

]
(1)(1)
2x1
= (5)2 2(5) 1 (1)2 2(1) 1

= 75
1
= 74
(2+x)1
1
2+(2)
[2 ln |
1+2(1)
2+(1)
1
2+(1)
[2 ln 1 ]
3
520
Rev Ex 18
B4(b) Partial fractions

1
B5(ii)
x2 +3x+2
= (x+2)(x+1) =
x+2
04 cos 3 2x dx
x+1
= [(cos 2x)(cos 2 2x)] dx

Cover-up rule:
1
( )(1)
x = 2:
=A
= [(cos 2x)(1 sin2 2x)] dx
A = 1
1
(1)( )
x = 1:
=B
B=1
1
x2 +3x+2
1
x+2
x2 +3x+2 dx =
x+1
x+1
= ln |
dx
x+2
x+1
+c
x+2
dx
1
6
0)
= 3(sin 2x) cos 2x
dx
B6(a)
d
dx
[ln(ln x)] =
1
x ln x
(2x)
= ln (
cos 2x
= ln (
ln x
1
d
dx
1
(ln x)
x ln x
ln 4
ln 2
ln 22
ln 2
2 ln 2
ln 2
= ln 2
1 4
= 6 sin2 2x cos 2x dx
6 0
1
= [sin3 2x]04
6
1
= (sin3 sin3 0)
dx
(x n ln x)
= xn
= xn
=x
0)
= [ln(ln x)]42
= ln (
04 sin2 2x cos 2x dx
1
(1
6
1
= (1)
6
1
=
1
ln x
1
= ln(ln 4) ln(ln 2)
= 3(sin 2x) cos 2x 2
= 6 sin2 2x
(sin 2x)
=
d
3]
= 3(sin 2x)2
= (1
dx
[(sin 2x)
(sin3 2x)
d
= [sin 2x]0
= ln|x + 1| ln|x + 2| +c
1
(x+2)(x+1) dx
1
1
dx
= (sin sin 0)
= [ sin 2x]
Integral
B5(i)
= 04 cos 2x dx 04 sin2 2x cos 2x dx
d
dx
1
x
n1
(ln x) +
+nx
dx
n1
+n x
(x n ) ln x
ln x
n1
ln x
B6(b) n = 1:
Daniel & Samuel

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521

d
dx
Rev Ex 18
B7(a) 1 dN
N
(x ln x) = 1 + ln x
ln x
d
dx
ln|N| + a = kt
ln|N| = kt a
N = ekta
= bekt
(x ln x) 1
ln x dx
= [
d
dx
(x ln x) 1] dx
B7(b) N|t=0 = A
be0 = A
b=A
N = ekt [shown]
= x ln x x + c
n = 2:
d
dx
(x 2 ln x) = x + 2x ln x
2x ln x =
dx
1 d
x ln x = (
= kt
x 2 ln x x
2 dx
x 2 ln x x)
x ln x dx
1 d
= [
2 dx
1
d
(x 2 ln x) x] dx
= [ (x 2 ln x) x] dx
2
dx
1
x2
= (x 2 ln x ) + c
n = 3:
d
dx
x 3 ln x = x 2 + 3x 2 ln x
3x 2 ln x =
dx
1 d
x 2 ln x
= [
x 3 ln x x 2
3 dx
(x 3 ln x) x 2 ]
x 2 ln x dx
1 d
= [
3 dx
1
d
(x 3 ln x) x 2 ] dx
= [ (x 3 ln x) x 2 ] dx
3
dx
1
= (x 3 ln x
x3
)+c
n = m + 1:
d
dx
(x m+1 ln x)
= x m + (m + 1)x m ln x
(m + 1)x m ln x =
x m ln x
d
dx
1
(x m+1 ln x) x m
[
m+1 dx
(x m+1 ln x) x m ]
x m ln x dx
=
=
=
m+1 dx
1
d
m+1
1
m+1
(x m+1 ln x) x m ] dx
[dx (x m+1 ln x) x m ] dx
(x m+1 ln x
Daniel & Samuel

xm+1
m+1
)+c
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522
Ex 19.1
5
Ex 19.1
1
4
0 x(4
4
= sin(x ) dx
x) dx
0
x2
x3
= [4 ( ) ( )]
2
x3
= [2x 2
3
2
6
[2(0)2
(0)3
3
= [(0) (1 ex )] dx
= cos 2
1
= [sin 2x]04
2
1
= (sin sin 0)
2
1
Shaded area
=
= (1
0)
2
1
4
1 [(y
= [[
3) + 2] dy
(y3)3
3
] + 2y]
1
= unit
Shaded area
((0)3)
= [[
= e2x dx
=
0
1 2x 1
[ e ]
2
0
=8
= 2
1 2x 1
[e ]0
2
1
= (e2 e0 )
=
[
=5
+ (3)]
+ (0)]
+
= (2 )
y
y
= [2 ( ) ( )]
2
3 0
2
1
= [y 2 y 3 ]
3
0
((0)1)
= ( 1)2 + 1
= [2y y 2 ] dy
2
((3)1)
0
2
= [(x 1)2 + 1] dx
=[
= [y(2 y) (0)] dy
+ x]
] + 2(0)]
Shaded area
Shaded area
=[
((0)3)
= (e2 1) unit 2
(x1)3
] + 2(0)] [[
= 9 unit
2
1
= ( 3)2 + 2
= 1
= [x ex ]20
= [(2 e2 ) (0 e0 )]
= [2 e2 + 1]
= (e2 3) unit 2
= (1 ex ) dx
= cos 2x dx
2
0
Shaded area
= [ sin 2x]
= sin( )
Shaded area
= 10 unit 2
2
3 0
(4)3
[2(4)2
]
3
2
= 10
= [ cos(x )]0
= [cos(x )]0
= cos 0 cos()
=1
(1)
2
= 2 unit
= (4 )
= (4x x 2 ) dx
Shaded area
=
Shaded area
=1
1
3
= [(2)2 (2)3 ] [(0)2 (0)3 ]

1
3
1
= 1 unit 2
3
= 6 unit
Daniel & Samuel

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523

9(i)
Ex 19.1
11(a) Area
At A, y = sin (2x + ) cuts x-axis (y = 0):

3
=0
sin (2x + ) = 0
2x +
9(ii)
=[
Shaded Area
= 03 sin (2x + ) dx
1
2
1
= [ cos (2x + )]
= [cos (2x + )]
+ (5)] [
1
Shaded area
a
0
a
3
2
3
2
x2
) dx
3
x2
x2
+ 3 (2
2
) dx
) dx
3 2
x 3
2
+4 +
3
2
2 (2 +
2
3
2
= 10 2 (2 + 3 )
ea
+ 3 (2
+ [2x + ]
=2+3
unit
= 10 4 6
10(ii) Shaded area = 0.5
e
a
3
2
= [2x + ]
= e(0) e(a)
ea
a
3 1
a
1
= [ ex ]
1
0
= [ex ]a0
= [ex ]0a
ea
=2
= 3 (2
+ (2)]
4
1
= ex dx
1 (2 x2 ) dx
= ex (0) dx
(2)4
1
1
= (1 )
2
2
3
2
= unit
=1
= (cos cos )
10(i)
(5)4
= sin (2 + )
11(b)
+ x]
= 155 unit 2
2 5
x4
= 161
= 3 + 1
+ 1] (0) dx
x + 1 dx
=[
=0
=
5
2 [x 3
4
3
= 0.5
=
Note:
Deal with the upper limits first then the lower
limits.
=2
= ln 2
0.693
Daniel & Samuel

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524

12
Ex 19.1
14(i)
= 2 + 1
y = x2 x 6
= (x 3)(x + 2)
Line PQ
Point:
20
2
3
2
= x+
=[
+ [
+[
3
4
3
1
=[
8
+ ] (0)dx
=[
2 x2
3 2
+ [ [ ] + x]
= [( + 1) (0)]
4
2
+ 1 [ x
3
+area of B
+ 1] (0) dx
+ x]
2) dx
= 2(x 2 x 6) dx
x3
= 2 6
= 3 (x 2 x 6) dx
Shaded area
= area of A
1
0 [x 2
= 2(x 3)(x +
y 2 = (x 1)
y
= 2[(0) (x 3)(x +
2)] dx
y y1 = m(x x1 )
PQ:
14
14(ii) Area
P(1,2), Q(4,0)
Gradient: mPQ =
x2
3
(2)3
3
x2
2
6x]
(2)2
2
6(2)] [
22
3
5
(3)3
3
(3)2
2
6(3)]
27
2
= 20 unit
6
x3
+ x]
3
16
32
3
8
( + )
15(i)
Curve:
y = x2
(1)
Line:
x + y= 6
y
=6x
(2)
9
3
= 4 unit
3
13
Shaded area
= ( + 1)( 2)
= 0 (x + 1)(x 2) dx
= (x + 1)(x 2) dx
1
2
= (x 2 x 2) dx
1
1
sub (1) into (2):

x2 = 6 x
x2 + x 6 = 0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 3
or
(rej x > 0)
x=2
y|x=2 = (2)2
=4
A(2,4)
= (x 2 x 2) dx
2
=[
=[
=
x3
(1)3
3
x2
2
2x]
(1)2
2
2(1)] [
6
1
(2)3
3
(2)2
2
2(2)]
10
3
= 4 unit
2
Daniel & Samuel

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525
Ex 19.1
15(ii) Shaded region
16(ii) Method 2 (wrt x-axis)

Line
x=4y
y=4x
= [(6 x) x 2 ] dx
= 2
0
2
= [6 x x 2 ] dx
2
x2 x3
= [6x ]
2
3 0
=7
(2)2
(2)3
3
] [6(0)
(0)2
2
(0)3
3
Lower curve
x
= 4y y 2
(y 2)2 4 = x
(y 2)2
=4x
y2
= 4 x
y
= 2 4 x
y
= 2 4 x
3
1
= 7 unit 2
3
16(i)
x = 4y y 2
(1)
x=4y
(2)
= 2 2
Shaded Area
3
= 0 [(4 x) (2 4 x)] dx
3
= 0 (2 x + 4 x) dx
= [2x
= [2x
16(ii) Method 1 (wrt y-axis)
x2
2
x2
2
=4
3
2
2
5
(1)( )
0
3
(4 x)2 ]
3
2
2
3
2
0
3
[0 (4)2 ]
3
+ [ (22 )2 ]
=[ ]
4
(4x)2
= [6 (1) ]
3
2 3
+ 2
3
6
1
= 6 unit 2
17(i)
d
dx
+Area of Q
(3x + 7) =
(3x + 7)
23x+7 dx
=
Shaded Area
= Area of P
Line
x=4y
y=4x
sub (1) into (2):

4y y 2
=4y
2
y 5y + 4
=0
(y 1)(y 4)= 0
y=1
or y = 4
x|y=1 = 4 (1)
x|y=4 = 4 (4)
=3
=0
B(3,1)
A(0,4)
= 4
=6
= [6(2)
=4
1
23x+7
3
23x+7
= 0 [(4y y 2 ) (0)] dy
4
+ 1 [(4 y) (0)] dy
1
= 0 (4y y 2 ) dy
y2
y3
= [4 ( ) ( )]
2
= [2y 2
y3
3 0
= [(2 ) (0)]
3
+ 1 (4 y) dy
+ [4y
2 1
1
+ [4y y 2 ]
+ [(16 8) (4 )]
2
y2
9
2
= 6 unit
6
Daniel & Samuel

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526
Ex 19.1
17(ii) Shaded area

=
=
=
18(ii) Method 2 (without rectangle area)

Horizontal line
y|x=a = 1 + a2
3
1
dx
1
3x+7
2 3
3
dx
3 1 23x+7
3
2
[3x + 7]1
3
=
1
1
3+7
B = 0 [(1 + a2 ) (1 + x 2 )] dx
a
= (a2 x 2 ) dx
= (3(3) + 7 3(1) + 7)
3
2
= (16
= (4
=
18(i)
= [a2 x
4)
3
2
3
4
= (a3
2)
a3
= (a +
(0)3
3
= a(1 + a2 ) (a +
= a + a3
a3
3
19
1 3
a
3
3
=0
2 k
a3
Area of P
2 3
a
3
k 10
2 ( x2 ) dx
k
2 10x 2 dx
2
= a3
3
10 [
=0
x1
[ ]
a = 0 or a = 3 or a = 3
(both rej a > 0)
k
k
sleightofmath.com
= area of Q
5 10
= k ( 2 ) dx
x
= k (10x 2 ) dx
= 10 [
x1
1 k
1 5
=[ ]
x 2
1 2
1 k
a 3a
=0
2
a(a 3)
=0
a(a + 3)(a 3) = 0
Daniel & Samuel

10
Region A = Region B
a3
a = 0 or a = 3 or a = 3
(both rej a > 0)
18(ii) Method 1 (with rectangle area)

Horizontal line
y|x=a = 1 + a2
Region B = Rectangle Region A
a+
a 3a
=0
a(a 3)
=0
a(a + 3)(a 3) = 0
) unit 2
= a3
1 3
a
3
3
=B
a3
a+
3
a3
) (0)
A
= 1 + 2
[(0) +
=a+
a
x3
= [(a) +
3 0
a3
= a3
Region A
a
= 0 (1 + x 2 ) dx
3 0
(a)3
unit 2
= [x +
x3
x k
1
2
=
=
=
7
10
20
7
527

20(i)
y = x 2 ax b
Ex 19.1
20(iii)
Line PR
Points:
P(1,0) & R(0, 3)

4 = (1)2 a(1) b
4 = 1 a b
b =5a
Gradient:
mPR = (1)(0) = 3
PR:
y y1 = m(x x1 )
y 0 = 3[x (1)]
y
= 3x 3
At min (1, 4),
Line RQ
Points:
R(0, 3) & Q(3,0)
Gradient:
mRQ =
RQ:
y y1 = m(x x1 )
y 0 = 1(x 3)
y
=x3
dy
dx
dy
= 2x a
dx x=1
=0
2(1) a = 0
a
=2
b|a=2 = 5 (2) = 3
20(ii) Curve with a = 2, b = 3:
y = x 2 2x 3
Points P & Q
At P & Q, curve cuts x axis (y = 0):
y
=0
2
x 2x 3
=0
(x + 1)(x 3) = 0
x = 1
or
x=3
P(1,0)
Q(3,0)
(0)(3)
(0)(3)
(3)(0)
=1
= 2
Shaded Area
= left region
+right region
Point R
At R, curve cuts y axis
y|x=0 = (0)2 2(0) 3
= 3
R(0, 3)
= 1[(3x 3) (x 2 2x 3)] dx
3
+ 0 [(x 3) (x 2 2x 3)] dx
0
= 1[x 2 x] dx + 0 [x 2 + 3x] dx
= [
x3
3
x2
2 1
1
= [(0) ( )]
+ [
x3
3
+ [(9 +
3x2
2
27
2
) (0)]
= 4 unit 2
3
21(i)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
P(2,0) lies on y = kx x 2 :
0 = 2k 22
k=2
528
Ex 19.1
22(a) 2 sin x dx = 0
0
21(ii) Point Q
Q(3, h) lies on y = 2x x 2 :
h = 2(3) 32
= 3
Q(3, 3)
Line OQ
Points:
(3)(0)
(3)(0)
Algebraic area = A B = 0 (symmetric)

22(b)
= 1
cos x dx = 0
0
y y1 = m(x x1 )
y (3) = 1(x 3)
y
= x
OQ:
O(0,0) & Q(3, 3)
Gradient: mOQ =
[typo in book]
= 2 2
3
By inspection
a = k, k +
(3, )
3
Area = 0 [(2x x 2 ) (x)]

3
= [3x x 2 ] dx
0
=[
=[
3x2
2
3(3)2
=4
2
1
2
1
x3
3 0
(3)3
] [
3(0)2
2
(0)3
3
= 4 unit 2
2
Daniel & Samuel

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529
Ex 19.2
3
Ex 19.2
1
Points P & Q
At P & Q, y = x 2 8x + 20 meets y = 8
x 2 8x + 20 = 8
x 2 8x + 12 = 0
(x 2)(x 6) =
x = 2 or x = 6
Point P
x=0
Point Q
1
At Q, y = cos x meets y = :
2
cos x =
0= 8
1
2
=7
= 8 + 20
2
Shaded Area
Shaded Area
1
= [(cos x) ] dx
2
0
= [(8) (x 2 8x + 20)] dx
2
6
= [8 x 2 + 8x 20] dx
2
6
(x 2
+ 8x 12) dx
= [
=(
x
+ 4x 2 12x]
3
2
(6)3
3
+ 4(6)2 12(6)]
(2)3
+ 4(2)2 12(2)]
= 10 unit 2
3
Shaded Area
7
= 1 [(8x x 2 ) 7]
3
2
) unit 2
6
Points P & Q
At P & Q, y = x 2 12x + 42 meets y = x + 2
x 2 12x + 42 = x + 2
x 2 13x + 40 = 0
= 2 12 + 42
(x 5)(x 8) = 0
=+2
x = 5 or x = 8
Shaded Area
(x + 2)
8
] dx
= 5 [
2
(x 12x + 42)
= [
=7
= [
= [
x3
3
512
3
13 2
x
2
98
3
= 74
13
2
(64) 40(8)]
+79
125
3
13
2
(25) 40(5)]
1
6
= 4 unit
+ 4(7) 7(7)]
[
40x]
+ 4x 7x]
(7)3
= 5 [x 2 + 13x 40] dx
= 1 [x 2 + 8x 7] dx
= [
Points P & Q
At P & Q, y = 8x x 2 meets y = 7
8x x 2
=7
2
x 8x + 7 = 0
(x 1)(x 7) = 0
= 8 2
x = 1 or x = 7
x3
= (sin ) (sin 0 0)
= [
= [sin x x]
= 8 2
1
(1)3
3
+ 4(1)2 7(1)]
10
3
= 36 unit 2
Daniel & Samuel

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530

5
Ex 19.2
Points P & Q
At P & Q, y = x + 3 meets y = x 2 + 8x 7
x+3
= x 2 + 8x 7
x 2 7x + 10 = 0
(x 2)(x 5) = 0
x = 2 or x = 5
Shaded Area
=+3
5
(x 2 + 8x 7)
] dx
= [
(x + 3)
2
5
5
2
2
= [x + 7x 10] dx
= 2 + 8 7
2
=
x3
7
[ + x 2
3
2
125
7
= [
= 4
3
1
10x]
Area of region A
1
= 0 [(ex ) 1] dx
=
=1
1
=
=
1
0 [(1)
1
2
(1 x
A
B
Area of region B
2 )]
dx
=1
1 = 1 2
x dx
0
x3
=[ ]
1
= [13 03 ]
3
1
= unit 2
3 0
+ (25) 50] [ + (4) 20]

2
+8
= [ex x]10
= [e1 1] [e0 0]
= e 1 1
= (e 2) unit 2
= 4 unit 2
2
8(i)
= 2 sin
=
By inspection, y = 2 sin x and y = x

intersect at (0,0) and ( , )
2 2
= 2 sin
Area of region
= 02 [(2 sin x) x] dx
= [2 cos x
2
2
8
] [2 cos 0
] [2(1)
02
2
0]
+2
= (2
2
2
( )
2 0
= [2 cos
= [0
x2 2
2
8
) unit 2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
Points P & Q
At P & Q, y = 7 + 6x x 2 meets x-axis (y = 0).
7 + 6x x 2 = 0
x 2 6x 7 = 0
(x 7)(x + 1) = 0
x = 7 or x = 1
P(7,0) Q(1,0)
Point R
At R, y = 7 + 6x x 2 meets y axis (x = 0):
y|x=0 = 7
R(0,7)
Point S
At S, y = 7 + 6x x 2 meets y = 7.
y
=7
2
7 + 6x x = 7
6x x 2
=0
2
x 6x
=0
x(x 6)
=0
x=0
or
x=6
(taken at R) S(6,7)
531

8(ii)
Ex 19.2
9(i)
= 7 + 6 2
(2,0)
y = x 2 7x + 15
(1)
y=7x
(2)
sub (1) into (2):

7x
= x 2 7x + 15
x 2 6x + 8
=0
(x 2)(x 4) = 0
x = 2 or x = 4
Left region
=
=
=
1
2 0 (7 + 6x x 2 ) dx
1
2 (7 + 6x x 2 ) dx
2
1 (7 + 6x x 2 ) dx
2
x3
2
= [7x + 3x
[7(1) + 3(1)
+3
3
1
(2)3
3
(1)3
3
1 2
2
= 1 [(x 2 7x + 15) (7 x)] dx
= 1 (x 2 6x + 8) dx
= 4 unit
3
=[
Middle region
0
=[
= (7 + 6x x 2 ) dx
x3
3x 2 + 8x]
= [7x + 3x
x3
3(2)2 + 8(2)]
3 1
(0)3
2
= [7(0) + 3(0)
[7(1) + 3(1)
+3
=6
]
(1)3
3
(1)3
3
1
3(1)2 + 8(1)]
1
3
= 1 unit
3
]
9(ii)
(2)3
=0
Region A
=7
3 1
= [7(2) + 3(2)
= 2 7 + 15
Region B
4
= 2 [(7 x) (x 2 7x + 15)] dx
= 3 unit 2
3
= (x 2 + 6x 8) dx
Right region
=
6
0 (7
6
2
4
x3
x2
= [ + 6 ( ) 8x]
3
2
2
+ 6x x 2 ) 7 dx
= (6x x 2 ) dx
= [
=
=
[3x 2
x3
3 0
(6)3
[3(6)2
]
3
(0)3
2
[3(0)
= [
x3
3
+ 3x 2 8x]
(4)3
3
= 5
+ 3(4) 8(4)]
+6
(2)3
3
+ 3(2)2 8(2)]
2
3
= 36
0
= 36 unit 2
Daniel & Samuel

[
]
=
3
sleightofmath.com
532

10(i)
Ex 19.2
y = x 2 + 4x 5
dy
dx
10(ii) Method 1 (complement)
= 2x + 4
= 2 + 4 5
Gradient of tangent is 10,

dy
= 10
dx
2x + 4 = 10
x
=3
y|x=3 = 32 + 4(3) 5
= 16
Area of PQR
= area of PR
=
10(ii) Point P
P(3,16)
3
1 (x 2
=[
x3
=(
Point R
At R, y = x 2 + 4x 5 cuts x axis (y = 0):
x 2 + 4x 5 = 0
(x + 5)(x 1) = 0
x = 5 or x = 1
(rej x > 0) R(1,0)
Line PQ
Points:
Gradient:
PQ:
area of PQT
+ 4x 5) (0) dx
+ 2x 2 5x]
(1.6)(16)
2
+ 18 15) ( + 2 5)
15
12.8
unit 2
B
A
Area of shaded region PQR

= region A
+region B
7
= 15(x 2 + 4x 5) 0 dx
3
+ 7 [(x 2 + 4x 5) (10x 14)] dx

5
7
5
= 1 [x 2 + 4x 5] dx
7
5
= 1 [x 2 + 4x 5] dx
7
5
=[
Q ( , 0)
5
x3
3
+ 2x 2 5x]
sleightofmath.com
15
+ 7 [(x 3)2 ] dx
5
+[
(x3)3
3
]7
5
7 2
5
3
13
+ 7 [x 2 6x + 9] dx
+ 2 ( ) 7]
[ + 2 5]
=1
7
5
7 3
( )
5
=[
Daniel & Samuel

3
13
(3 ) (16)
Method 2 (break)
P(3,16) or Q
mPQ = 10
y y1 = mPQ (x x1 )
y 16 = 10(x 3)
16 = 10 30
y
= 10x 14
3
27
=1
Point Q
At Q, PQ ( = 10 14) cuts x axis (y = 0):
y
=0
10x 14 = 0
10x
= 14
x
+0
512
375
unit 2
533

11(i)
Ex 19.2
Point A
At A, y = 7 + 6x x 2 cuts y axis (x = 0):
y|x=0 = 7
A(0,7)
12(ii) Area of region A

k 1
= 1
=
=[
A(0,7) lies on y = mx + c,
(7) = m(0) + c
c =7
=1
=
m)x x
x3
3 0
[(6 m) ( )
[(6 m) (
(6
(6m)2
2
(mx + 7)] dx = 20
= 20
6m
x2
1
m)3 [ ]
6
3
(6 m)
6m
m
= 20
(6m)3
3
] [0]
= 20
=
= 20
dx
2]
k1
= (k 1)(k + 1)
+ 6x x
(1,1)
(, )
12(iii) By complement
Area of region B
= area of trapezium area of region A
2)
1
2
k
1
+ 6 2
Area of shaded region

6m
0 [(7
6m
0 [(6
1 1
1 k
= ( 1)
= +
x 1
1
= [ ]
11(ii) Point B
At B, y = mx + 7 meets y = 7 + 6x x 2
mx + 7
= 7 + 6x x 2
x 2 + mx 6x = 0
x 2 + (m 6)x = 0
x[x (m 6)] = 0
x=0
or
x = (m 6)
(taken at A)
=6m
11(iii)
dx
x2
k 2
1 x dx
k
x1
5
6
5
2
k2 1
2
k1
k
k1
k
k3 k2k+2
2k
k3 3k+2
2k
(k1)(k2 +k2)
2k
13
[deduced]
6
5
= 1 2
6
5
=1
5
6
125
0 [1 x 2 (1 x)] dx
= 125
=5
=1
= ( area of circle) (area of triangle)

4
= [(1)2 ]
4
(1)(1)
2
=
12(i)
y=x
14
x2
dx represents the convergent value of area as
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
534
Rev Ex 19
A3
Rev Ex 19
A1(i)
Area of region A
p 8
= 1
2 dx
1 p
= 8 [ ]
x 1
1
1
= 8 ( )
p
8
= (8 ) unit 2
(1)
x=3
(2)
sub (2) into (1):
8
2
1 P
Coordinates
y 2 = 3x
= 3
= 3(3)
= 3
Shaded region
A1(ii) A
=B
8
8
8
8
8
p
8
8
8
= 8 ( )
p
8
= +
=
=
+6
A4
(sin x) +
Area of region A
=
(x) sin x
sin x
= x cos x
+1
sin x
= x cos x
+ sin x
= x cos x [shown]
sin x
sin x
dx
= 12 unit 2
(x sin x + cos x)
=x
=3
=6
28
3
12
= [3(3) (3)3 ] [3(3) (3)3 ]
2 = 3
3
1
= [3y y 3 ]
9
3
x p
1
1
dx
3
1
= [3 y 2 ] dy
3
3
= 8 [ ]
1
3
x p
1 6
6 8
p (x2 ) dx
1 6
= 8 [ ]
16
A2(a)
= 3 [(3) ( y 2 )] dy
dx
1
0 x(x
1)(x 2) dx
= ( 1)( 2)
1
2
= x(x 3x + 2) dx
0
1
= 0 (x 3 3x 2 + 2x) dx
=[
A2
At A, y = x cos x cut x axis (y = 0):
(b)(i) x cos x = 0
x = 0 or
cos x = 0
(rej x > 0) x =
x4
4
x3 + x2 ]
= ( 1 + 1) (0)
4
1
4
A ( , 0)
2
A2
Shaded Area
(b)(ii)
= 02 x cos x (0) dx
Area of region B
= 02 x cos x dx
= [x sin x +
cos x]02
= 1 x(x 1)(x 2) dx
= cos
x4
4
x3 + x2 ]
0.57
Daniel & Samuel

=[
1
= ( 1 + 1) (4 8 + 4)
4
1
=
= ( sin + cos ) (0 + 1)
= 2 (x 3 3x 2 + 2x) dx
A=B
sleightofmath.com
535

A5(i)
Rev Ex 19
Point P
At P, y = x 2 2x + 2 meets y axis (x = 0):
y|x=0 = 2
P(0,2)
A6(ii)
= 2
Point Q
At Q, y = x 2 2x + 2 has x-coordinate of 3
y|x=3 = 32 2(3) + 2
=5
Q(3,5)
A5(ii) Area of A
=
3
0 x 2
=[
=[
x3
3
3
x + 2x]

= left region +right region
= 2 2 + 2
2x + 2 dx
(3)2
(0)3
3
+ 2(3)]
(0)2
(3,0)
+ 4 6x x 2 dx
= [x 2 ]40
+ [3x 2 x 3 ]
B1(i)
+[108 72] [48
= 16
+36
48 +
64
3
64

y = x 2 4x + 5
dx
= 2x 4
Normal PQ
Point:
y|x=3 = 32 4(3) + 5 = 2
(3,2)
Gradient:
= 4 unit 2
1
|
=3
PQ:
Point A
At A, y = 6x x 2 meets y = 2x
6x x 2 = 2x
4x x 2 = 0
x 2 4x = 0
x(x 4) = 0
x=0
or x = 4
y|x=0 = 2(0) y|x=4 = 2(4)
=0
=8
O(0,0) A(4,8)
=4 0
dy
Area of B
= area of trapezium area of A
1
= 6 0
= 6 unit 2
A6(i)
= 25 unit
+ 2(0)]
= (3)(2 + 5)
= 0 2x dx
4 6
(3)3
y y1
1
2(3)4
= dy
1
|
1
2
(x x1 )
dx =3
y (2) = ( ) [x (3)]
2
4 2y
2y + x
=x3
= 7 [shown]
B1(ii) Point Q
At Q, PQ (2y + x = 7) cuts x axis (y = 0):
2(0) + x = 7
x
=7
Q(7,0)
Point B
At B, y = 6 x 2 meets x axis (y = 0):
6x x 2 = 0
x(x 6) = 0
x=0
or x = 6
O(0,0) B(6,0)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
536

B1(iii)
Rev Ex 19
B2(b) Coordinates
y = x(x 3) (1)
= 2 4 + 5
3
7

= left region
3
= 0 (x 2 4x + 5) dx
=[
x3
3
2x 2 + 5x]
y = 2
(2)
(1)
(2):
sub
into
x(x 3)
= 2
2
x 3x + 2 = 0
(x 1)(x 2) = 0
x = 1 or x = 2
+right region
7 7
+ 3 ( x) dx
2
49
4
49
+ [ x x2 ]
= [9 18 + 15] [0]
+[
=6
= 10 unit 2
+4
][
21
= 2
= [(2) x(x 3)] dx
1
2
1 (2 3x x 2 ) dx
1
2 (x 2 + 3x + 2) dx
1
x3
3
[ x 2 + 2x]
3
2
2
1
3
8
= [ + 2] [ 6 + 4]
= (5 )
= ( 3)
Area
=
B2(a)
3
1
unit
B3(i)
Area of left region
= 0 [x(5 x)] dx
=
=
d
dx
[(x 1)ex ]
= (x 1)
2
0 (5x x 2 ) dx
2
5
1
[ x2 x3 ]
2
3
0
8
d
dx
x
(ex )
= (x 1) e
= ex [(x 1) +1]
= xex [shown]
d
dx
(x 1) ex
ex
+1
= [10 ] (0)
3
B3(ii) Area of shaded region A
22
= 2[(0)
(xex )] dx
Area of right region

5
=
=
= 2 [x(5 x)] (0) dx

= 2 [5x x 2 ] dx
1
3
125
= [ x2 x3 ]
=[
=
2
125
2
27
2
0 xex dx
[(x 1)ex ]2
0
(3)e2
1
2
A
[1(e0 )]
B
0.5
=1
0.594 unit 2
] [10 ]
e2
Area of shaded region B

Ratio
=
22
3
=44
0.5
= 0 [(1) (xex )] dx
27
= [x (x 1)ex ]0.5
0
: 81 [shown]
= [0.5 ( ) e2 ] [0 (1)e0 ]
2
= ( + e)
2
2
1
2
0.324 unit
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
537

B4(i)
Rev Ex 19
B5(ii) y-coordinate of P
sin x dx = [ cos x]2
y|x= = 1 + ( ) = 2
[cos x]2
6
Region B = area of trapezium region A
= (cos cos )
2
6
B4(ii)
3
2
= ( ) (1 + 2)
2 4
3
3
)
2
= (0
=
=(
unit 2
B6(i)
dx
= sin
A B
= ex
Tangent
Point:
1
2
Gradient:
sin x =
x=
sin x = 1
x=
=
=
=
=
B5(i)
12
12
12
5
12
3
2
+ 1 dx
2 sin x dx
+[x]
dy
(x x1 )
dx x=2
2 (x
B6(ii) Area enclosed by curve

& x axis &
lines x = 0, x = 2
3
2
= [ex ]20
= e2 e0
= e2 1
= sec
=1+
Shaded region
= (Bigger area) ABC area
sleightofmath.com
= e2 1
[2 1][e2 ]
= e2 1
e2
Daniel & Samuel

= [tan x]04
= tan tan 0
4
= 1 unit 2
= (sec 2 x) dx
= 0 [(ex ) 0] dx
[shown]
Region A
Point B
At B, tangent cuts x axis (y = 0):
e2 x e2 = 0
x
=1
B(1,0)
+ [2 1 sin x dx]
2 6
= e2
dx x=2
dy
y e2 = e
2)
2
y
= e x 2e2 + e2
y
= e2 x e2
Area of the shaded region

= rectangle A +region B
= (1 )
y|x=2 = e2
A(2, e2 )
Tangent: y y1
Coordinates
1
1) unit 2

y = ex
dy
1
( e2
2
2
1
2
1) unit [shown]
538

4(i)
Ex 20.1
1(i)
Displacement
s = 2t 2 + t
s|t=2 = 2(2)2 + 2
= 10
1(ii)
1
= 2 2 +

Velocity
v =
ds
dt
= 14t 10
4(ii)
v|t=3 = 14(3) 10
= 32 ms 1
5(i)
Displacement
s = 7t 2 2t 3
Distance travelled in 1st 2s

= s|t=2 s|t=0
= 10 0
= 10m
Velocity
v=
Velocity
1
v = 5t t 2
2
v|t=0 = 0ms 1
2(ii)
Displacement
s = 7t 2 10t
2(i)
Ex 20.1
ds
dt
= 14t 6t 2
5(ii)
Acceleration
a =
At rest,
v
=0
dv
dt
= 14 12t
5t t 2 = 0
2
t 2 10t = 0
t(t 10) = 0
t = 0 or t = 10
3(i)
5(iii)
a|t=2 = 14 12(2)
= 10ms 2
6(i)
Acceleration
a=t9
Acceleration
a = t 5t 2
Velocity
v = a dt
= t 9 dt
Accelerating at 0.05m/s 2 ,
a
= 0.05
2
t 5t
= 0.05
2
20t 100t
=1
2
100t 20t + 1 = 0
(10t 1)2
=0
t
= 0.1s
Decelerating at 6 m/s 2 ,
a
= 6
2
t 5t
= 6
5t 2 t 6
=0
(5t 6)(t + 1) = 0
t = 1.2 or t = 1 (rej t > 0)
9t + c
Initial velocity of 20 m/s,

v|t=0
= 20
(0)2
2
3(ii)
t2
9(0) + c= 20
= 20
1
v = t 2 9t 20
2
6(ii)
At rest,
v
1 2
t
2
2
9t 20
=0
=0
t 18t 40 = 0
(t 20)(t + 2) = 0
t = 20s or t = 2
Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
(rej t > 0)
539

7(i)
Velocity
v=
Ex 20.1
9(i)
1
8e2
Velocity
Displacement
s = v dt
= 8e
1
2
Displacement
s = 12t t 3
v =
ds
dt
= 12 3t 2
dt
= 8e t + c
At rest,
v
=0
2
12 3t
=0
2
t 4
=0
(t + 2)(t 2) = 0
t = 2
or t = 2
(rej t > 0)
t time after leaving O:

s|t=0
=0
1
8e2 (0) + c = 0
c
=0
1
s = 8e2 t
7(ii)
a=
s|t=5 = 8e (5)
=
8(i)
Acceleration
40
e
Acceleration at rest,
a|t=2 = 6(2)
= 12ms 2
9(ii)
Velocity
v =
ds
Recall
s = 12t t 3
v = 12 3t 2
a = 6
dt
= 3t 2 24t + 36
Displacement
Next at O,
s
=0
3
12t t = 0
t 3 12t = 0
t(t 2 12) = 0
t = 0 or t = 12 or t = 12
(rej both t > 0)
v|t=1 = 3 24 + 26
= 15 ms 1
8(ii)
dt
= 6t
Displacement
s = t(t 6)2
= t(t 2 12t + 36)
= t 3 12t 2 + 36t
dv
At rest,
v
=0
2
3t 24t + 36 = 0
t 2 8t + 12
=0
(t 2)(t 6) = 0
t = 2 or t = 6
Velocity
Velocity at t = 12:
v|t=12 = 12 3(12)
8(iii)
= 12 36
= 24ms 1
Acceleration
a =
dv
dt
= 6t 24
a|t=3 = 6(3) 24
= 6ms 2
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
540

9(iii)
Recall
s = 12t t 3
v = 12 3t 2
a = 6
Ex 20.1
10(ii) s|t=2 = 18(2)2 24
= 56
Distance travelled in 3rd sec
= s|t=3 s|t=2
= 81 56
= 25m
Distance
12
= 12 3 2
2 2
10(iii) a = dv
dt
Distance travelled in first 3 seconds
= 36 12t 2
= |v| dt
=
=
=
0
2
0 |v| dt
2
0 v dt
2
0 v dt
[s]20
When a = 12,
a
= 12
36 12t 2
= 12
2
12t 48
=0
2
t 4
=0
(t + 2)(t 2) = 0
t = 2
or t = 2
(rej t > 0)
3
+ 2 |v| dt
3
+ 2 v dt
2
+ 3 v dt
+[s]23
=
= (s|t=2 s|t=0 ) +(s|t=2 s|t=3 )
= 2s|t=2 s|t=0 s|t=3
= 2(16) 0
27
= 23m
10
Velocity
Velocity when a = 12:
v|t=2 = 36(2) 4(2)3
= 72 32
= 40ms 1
Displacement
s = 18t 2 t 4
Velocity
v =
ds
11(i)
dt
= 36t 4t 3
At rest,
v =0
36t 4t 3
=0
3
t 9t
=0
2
t(t 9)
=0
t(t + 3)(t 3)= 0
t = 0 or t = 3 or t = 3
(rej both t > 0)
Displacement
s|t=3 = 18(3)2 34
= 162 81
= 81
Daniel & Samuel

Height
h = 24t 3t 2
Velocity
v =
dh
dt
= 24 6t
v|t=3 = 24 6(3)
= 6ms 1
11(ii) At max height,
v
=0
24 6t = 0
t
=4
Height
h|t=4 = 24(4) 3(4)2
= 96 48
= 48m
sleightofmath.com
541
Ex 20.1
11(iii) At h = 0,
24t 3t 2 = 0
t 2 8t
=0
t(t 8) = 0
t = 0 or t = 8
13(i)
At rest:
v
=0
2t 2 3t 2
=0
(2t + 1)(t 2) = 0
Time of flight = 8 0
= 8s
12(i)
Velocity
v = 2t 2 3t 2
t=
Displacement
s = v dt
3t2
2t + c
dv
dt
At t = 0, s = 3:
s|t=0
= 3e0.4t (0.4)
= 1.2e0.4t
2
3
(0)2
=3
2(0) + c = 3
=3
s = t 3 t 2 2t + 3
Displacement at rest:
+ 6t + c
0.4
15 0.4t
Displacement with c = 3:
12(ii) Displacement
s = v dt
3e0.4t
(0)3
Initial acceleration
a|t=0 = 1.2e0
= 1.2ms 2
= t3
Acceleration
or t = 2
(rej t > 0)
Velocity
v = 3(e0.4t + 2)
= 3e0.4t + 6
a=
s|t=2 = (8) (4) 2(2) + 3
+ 6t + c
3
16
3
64+3
5
= m

s|t=0
=0
15 0
e
2
+ 6(0) + c
=0
15
2
Displacement with c =
s=
15 0.4t
e
2
+ 6t
15
2
15
2
Displacement when t = 1:
s|t=1 =
=
15 0.4
e
2
15 0.4
e
2
+6
15
2
12(iii) Velocity
v = 3e0.4t + 6
> 0 e0.4t > 0
The particle will not
return to O
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
542
Ex 20.1
13(ii) Displacement when t = 3:

s|t=3
2
14(i)
= (27) (9) 2(3) + 3

3
= 18
27
2
6+3
27
2
1
=1 m
Velocity
v = a dt
= t 2 + 6t + c
= 15
2
Initial Velocity of 7 m/s:

v|t=0
=7
2
(0) + 6(0) + c = 7
c
=7
= 2 2 3 2
Acceleration
a = 2(3 t)
= 6 2t
= 2t + 6
t
Velocity with c = 7:
v = 6t t 2 + 7
Total distance travlled in first 3s

At v = 7,
v
=7
2
t + 6t + 7 = 7
t 2 + 6t
=0
t(t 6)
=0
t = 0 (rej) or t = 6
= |v| dt
=
=
=
0
2
3
0 |v| dt + 2 |v| dt
2
3
0 v dt + 2 v dt
0
3
2 v dt + 2 v dt
[s]02
+[s]32
=
= s|t=0 s|t=2
+s|t=3 s|t=2
= s|t=0 2s|t=2 +s|t=3
5
14(ii) Displacement
s = v dt
1
= t 3 + 3t 2 + 7t + c2
= (3) 2 ( ) + ( )
=7
t time after passing O:

s|t=0
=0
3(0)2 (0)3 + 7t + c2 = 0
3
c2
=0
Displacement with c2 = 0:
1
s = 3t 2 t 3 + 7t
3
Position when v = 7:
1
s|t=6 = 3(36) (216) + 42

3
= 78m
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
543

15(i)
Acceleration
a = 8 4t
= 4t + 8
Velocity
v = a dt
= 2t 2 + 8t + c
Ex 20.1
15(iii) Acceleration
At max speed:
a
=0
8 4t = 0
t
=2
da
dt
<0
max
Starts from rest:

v|t=0
=0
2
2(0) + 8(0) + c = 0
c
=0
Velocity
Max speed:
v|t=2 = 8(2) 2(2)2
= 16 8
= 8ms 1
v = 2t 2 + 8t
At rest,
v
=0
2
2t + 8t = 0
t 2 4t
=0
t(t 4)
=0
t = 0 (NA) or t = 4
16(i)

v|t=0
= 30
2
13(0) 3(0) + c = 30
c
= 30
= t 3 + 4t 2 + c2
3

s|t=0
=0
2

v = 3t 2 + 13t + 30
(0)3 + 4(0)2 + c2 = 0
3
=0
Velocity after 3s:

v|t=3 = 27 + 39 + 30
= 42 ms 1
2
s = t 3 + 4t 2
3
Distance OA:
2
s|t=4 = 4(16) (64)

3
= 21 m
3
Acceleration
a = 13 6t
= 6t + 13
Velocity
v = a dt
= 3t 2 + 13t + c
15(ii) Displacement
s = v dt
c2
= 4
16(ii) At max distance:

v =0
13t 3t 2 + 30 = 0
3t 2 13t 30 = 0
(3t + 5)(t 6) = 0
t=
5
3
or
t=6
(rej t > 0)
Daniel & Samuel

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544

16(iii) Displacement
s = v dt
= t 3 +
13 2
t
2
Ex 20.1
17(iii) Distance
Total distance travelled in first 2s
2
+ 30t + c2
= |v| dt
=

s|t=0 = 0
c2 = 0
=
= s|t=1 s|t=0 +s|t=1 s|t=2
= 2s|t=1 s|t=0 s|t=2
= 2(47) (40) 42
= 12
s = t 3 +
13 2
t
2
0
1
2
0 v dt + 1 v dt
1
1
0 v dt + 2 v dt
[s]10 +[s]12
+ 30t
Max Distance:
s|t=6 =
13
2
average speed in first 2s

12
=
2
= 6ms 1
(36) 216 + 30(6)
= 198m
17(i)
Displacement
s = t 3 9t 2 + 15t + 40
s|t=2 = 8 36 + 30 + 40
= 42
Velocity
v=
ds
s|t=6 = 216 324 + 90 + 40

= 22
dt
= 3t 2 18t + 15
At zero velocity,
v
=0
2
3t 18t + 15 = 0
t 2 6t + 5
=0
(t 1)(t 5) = 0
t = 1 or t = 5
17(iv)
= 3 2 18 + 15
1
Displacement
s|t=1 = 1 9 + 15 + 40
= 47m
Total distance travelled in first 6s

6
= 0 |v| dt
1
= 0 |v| dt
s|t=5 = 125 225 + 75 + 40

= 15m
= 0 v dt
1
17(ii) Acceleration
a=
dv
dt
= 6t 18
magnitude of 9:
|a| = 9
a
= 9 or a
=9
6t 18 = 9
6t 18 = 9
t
= 1.5 s
t
= 4.5s
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
+ 1 |v| dt
5
+ 1 v dt
1
+ 5 |v| dt
6
+ 5 v dt
6
= 0 v dt
+ 5 v dt
+ 5 v dt
= [s]10
+[s]15
+[s]65
= 2s|t=1
+s|t=6 s|t=0
2s|t=5
= 2(47)
= 46
+22
2(15)
(40)
545

18(i)
Ex 20.1
Acceleration
a = 6t 8
18(iii) Acceleration
At min velocity,
a
=0
6t 8 = 0
Velocity
v = a dt
= 3t 2 8t + c
4 2
2
3
= ms
Velocity
v = 3t 2 + 8t + 5
Acceleration
a=
dv
dt
= 6t + 8
or t = 2
19(ii) s = v dt
t3
t2
= 3 ( ) + 8 ( ) + 5t + c
s = t 3 4t 2 + 4t
Distance
2
= 03|v| dt
2
= 03 v dt
= t 3 + 4t 2 + 5t + c
t time after passing O,
s|t=0 = 0
c
=0
s = t 3 + 4t 2 + 5t
19(iii)
Velocity
At speed of 2ms 1 ,
v = 2
v
=2
2
3t + 8t + 5 = 2
3t 2 8t 3
=0
(3t + 1)(t 3) = 0
1
t = or t = 3
= s|2 s|t=0
2 3
2 2
(rej t > 0)
= [( ) 4 ( ) + 4 ( )] 0
27
19(i)

s|t=0 = 0
c2 = 0
32
3
4
Displacement
s = v dt
= t 3 4t 2 + 4t + c2
v|t=4 = 3 ( ) 8 ( ) + 4
At rest:
v =0
3t 2 8t + 4 = 0
(3t 2)(t 2) = 0
t=
Velocity
Min velocity,
Initial velocity of 4m/s:

v|t=0
=4
3(0)2 8(0) + c1 = 4
c1
=4
v = 3t 2 8t + 4
or v = 2
3t 2 + 8t + 5 = 2
3t 2 + 8t + 7 = 0
3t 2 8t 7 = 0
t =
=
=
=
18(ii) Return to starting pt:
s
=0
3
2
t 4t + 4t = 0
t(t 2 4t + 4) = 0
t(t 2)2
=0
t = 0 (NA) or t = 2
Daniel & Samuel

=
t=
8644(3)(7)
2(3)
8148
6
8437
6
8237
6
437
3
437
3
or t =
4+37
3
(rej t > 0)
sleightofmath.com
546

19(iv) Displacement
s = v dt
= t 3 + 4t 2 + 5t + c2
Ex 20.1
20(ii) Displacement
s = v dt
1
= t 3 + 9t + c
3

s|t=0 = 0
c2 = 0
t time from start:

s|t=0 = 0
c=0
Velocity with c2 = 0:
s = t 3 + 4t 2 + 5t
1
s = t 3 + 9t
3
At displacement of 20 m:
s
= 20
t 3 + 4t 2 + 5t
= 20
3
2
t 4t 5t + 20
=0
2
(t 4)(t 5)
=0
(t 4)(t 5)(t + 5) = 0
At starting pt again:
s = 0:
1
t 3 + 9t = 0
3
t 3 27t = 0
t(t 2 27) = 0
t(t + 27)(t 27) = 0
t(t + 33)(t 33) = 0
t = 0 or t = 33 or t = 33
(rej both t > 0)
t = 4 or t = 5 or t = 5
(rej t > 0)
20(i)
Velocity
v = 9 t2
= t 2 + 9
At rest,
v
=0
2
t + 9
=0
2
t 9
=0
(t + 3)(t 3) = 0
t = 3 or t = 3
(rej t > 0)
20(iii)
18m from starting pt,
s
= 18 or
1
t3
3
1
t3
3
3
1
t3
3
1
t3
3
3
+ 9t
= 18
+ 9t 18
=0
t 27t + 54
=0
2
(t + 6)(t 6t + 9) = 0
(t + 6)(t 3)2
=0
t = 6
or t = 3
(rej t > 0)
21
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
= 18
+ 9t
= 18
+ 9t 18
=0
t 27t 54
=0
2
(t 6)(t + 6t + 9) = 0
(t 6)(t + 3)2
=0
t = 6 or t = 3
(rej t > 0)
max. speed
a = 0ms 2
547
Rev Ex 20
A1(iii) Displacement
s|t=3 = 27(3) 33 = 54
s|t=4 = 27(4) 43 = 44
Rev Ex 20
A1(i)
Displacement
s = 27t t 3
= t 3 + 27t
Distance travelled in fourth sec

= |s|t=4 s|t=3 |
= |44 54|
= 10cm
Velocity
v=
ds
dt
= 3t 2 + 27
At rest:
v
27 3t 2
t2 9
(t + 3)(t 3)
t = 3
or
(rej t > 0)
A1(iv)
= 27 3 2
=0
=0
=0
=0
t=3
Distance travelled in the first 4s

4
= 0 |v| dt
3
= 0 |v| dt + 3 |v| dt
Acceleration
a=
= 0 v dt + 3 v dt
dv
dt
= 0 v dt + 4 v dt
= 6t
= [s]30
Acceleration at rest:
a|t=3 = 6(3)
= 18ms 2
A1(ii) Displacement
next at O:
s
t 3 + 27t
t 3 27t
t(t 2 27)
t(t + 27)(t 27)
+[s]34
= 2s|t=3 s|t=0
s|t=4
= 2(54) (0)
= 64m
(44)
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
t = 0 or t = 27 or t = 27
(rej t > 0)
Velocity
Velocity when next at O,
v|t=27 = 27 3(27)
= 54 cms 1
Daniel & Samuel

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548

A2(i)
Rev Ex 20
Velocity
A3(i)
v = 12 sin
Displacement
3t
s=
t2 +9
Velocity
Speed of 8 m/s:
|v| = 8
v
= 8 or
12 sin
sin
=8
sin
0.729
t
2
= 8
12 sin
ds
v=
t
2
t
2
t
2
0.729
t 1.46
(t2 +9)2
(t2 +9)3
2
3
3t2 +27
6t2
(t2 +9)2
273t2
= (t2
+9)2
3(t2 9)
(t2 +9)2
2.41
t 4.82 (NA)
v|t=1 =
Acceleration
a=
dv
dt
6
25
3(12 9)
(12 +9)2
ms 1
3(e2 9)
A3(ii) v|
t=3 = (32
2 = 0
t 1
= 12 cos ( )
2 2
= 6 cos
3t(2t)
(t2 +9)2
0.729
d
dt
= 8
=
dt
(t2 +9) (3t) 3t(t2 +9)
+9)
Particle comes to instantaneous rest when t = 3
a|t=1.46 = 6 cos (
1.46
2
4.47 ms
A3(iii) For positive velocity,

v
>0
3(t2 9)
(t2 +9)2
2
A2(ii) Displacement
s = v dt
>0
= 24 cos + c
3(t 9) > 0
t2 9
<0
(t + 3)(t 3) < 0
t after leaving O:
s|t=0
=0
+ +
3 3
24 cos + c1 = 0
3 < t < 3
24 + c
c
(t 2 + 9)2 > 0
=0
= 24
3 < t < 3 and t 0

0 t<3

t
s = 24 cos + 24
A4(i)
Displacement
s = 12 sin(2t) 6
Velocity
v=
ds
dt
= 12(cos 2t)(2)
= 24 cos 2t
Acceleration
v=
dv
dt
= 24( sin 2t)(2)

= 48 sin 2t
Daniel & Samuel
sleightofmath.com
549
Rev Ex 20
A4(ii) Displacement
At fixed point:
s
=0
12 sin 2t 6 = 0
sin 2t
=
A5(i)
Acceleration
a=2t
= t + 2
Velocity
v = a dt
= t 2 + 2t + c
2
2t =
2t =
t
12

v|t=0 = 6
c=6
A4(iii) 1 sin(2t) 1
12 12 sin(2t) 12
18 12 sin(2t) 6 6
1
v = t 2 + 2t + 6
2
Velocity when t = 5:
Max distance = |18|

= 18 m
v|t=5 = 10 (25) + 6
2
= 3.5 ms 1
A4(iv) When s = 3:
s =3
12 sin(2t) 6 = 3
sin 2t
(1)
A5(ii) Velocity
At turning point:
v
=0
1
t 2 + 2t + 6= 0
2
Speed when s = 3,
|v| = |24 cos 2t|
= |241 sin2 2t|
Sub (1) into (2):
t 2 4t 12
=0
(t 6)(t + 2) = 0
t = 6 or t = 2
(rej t > 0)
(2)
3 2
|v| = |241 ( ) |
Displacement
s = v dt
= |24 |
= t 3 + t 2 + 6t + c2
16
= |24
7
|
4

s|t=0 = 0
c2 = 0
= 67 ms 1
s = t 3 + t 2 + 6t
6
Daniel & Samuel

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550

A5(ii)
Rev Ex 20
1
2
2
+ 2 + 6
A6(ii) Displacement
s = v dt
= 2et + 3t 2 2t + c
Start from rest:

s|t=0 = 0
2e0 + c = 0
c =2
Distance travelled
6
= 0 |v| dt
6
= 0 v dt
s = 2et + 3t 2 2t + 2
= s|t=6 s|t=0
= [36] [0]
= 36m
A6(i)
Acceleration
a = 2(3 et )
= 6 2et
= 2et + 6
s|t=1 = 2e(1) + 3(1)2 2(1) + 2

2
= +32+2
e
2.26m
B1(i)
Velocity
144
v = (2t+3)2 4k
Velocity
v = a dt
= 2et + 6t + c
Initial velocity of 12 m/s:

v|t=0
= 12
144
(2(0)+3)2
Start from rest:

v|t=0 = 0
2 + c= 0
c
= 2
v = 2et + 6t 2
4k = 12
16 4k
4k
k
= 12
= 4
=1
B1(ii) Velocity with k = 1:

144
v = (2t+3)2 4
Velocity when t = 2:
v|t=2 = 2e(2) + 6(2) 2
10.3 ms 1
At rest,
v
144
(2t+3)2
144
(2t+3)2
(2t+3)2
=0
=0
=4
=
144
1
4
(2t + 3)2
= 36
2
4t + 12t + 9
= 36
2
4t + 12t 27 = 0
(2t 3)(2t + 9)= 0
t=
3
2
or
t=
9
2
(rej t > 0)
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
551
Rev Ex 20
B1(iii) Velocity
v = 144(2t + 3)2 4
B2(ii) At rest,
v
=0
4et
Acceleration
a=
=0
2
dv
4et
dt
= ln
= ln
= 144[2(2t + 3)3 ](2)

576
(2t+3)3
5
1
10
1
10
1
10
2.30
Acceleration at t = :
2
a|t=1 =
B2(iii) Acceleration
576
43
a=
= 9ms 2
(2t+3)1
(2)(1)
72
2t+3
a|t=2.30 = 4e(2.30)
= 0.4 ms 2
] 4t + c
B3(i)
4t + c
t time after leaving O,

s|t=0
=0
72
3
v=
72
4t + 24
Acceleration
Displacement at t = :
a=
s|t=1 =
2
72
1
2( )+3
2
72
4
4 ( ) + 24
2
2 + 24
Displacement
2
s = 4 4et t
5
Velocity
v=
ds
dt
= 4et
2
5
Initial velocity:
v|t=0 = 4
dv
dt
= 42 12t
a|t=1 = 42 12(1)
= 30ms 2
= 4m
B2(i)
dt
v|t=1 = 42(1) 6(1)2

= 36 ms 1

2t+3
ds
= 42t 6t 2
= 24
s=
Displacement
s = 21t 2 2t 3
Velocity
+c =0
dt
= 4et
Displacement
s = v dt
= 144 [
dv
B3(ii) Velocity
For change in motion,
v
=0
2
42t 6t = 0
t 2 7t
=0
t(t 7)
=0
t=0
or t = 7
(rej t > 0)
2
5
= 3.6ms 1
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
552
Rev Ex 20
B3(iii) s|t=7 = 21(49) 2(343)

= 343
s|t=0 = 0
s|t=10 = 2100 2000
= 100
B4(ii) At rest,
v
=0
2
t 8t + 7
=0
(t 1)(t 7) = 0
t = 1 or t = 7
Distance
Point A:
= 6 2 + 42
s|t=1 = 4 + 7
3
=3
1
3
Point B:
Total distance travelled for 1st 10s
=
10
0 |v| dt
7
0 |v| dt
7
= 0 v dt
7
s|t=7 =
=
10
+ 7 |v| dt
4(49) + 49
98
3
Distance between A & B

= s|t=1 s|t=7
= 36m
10
+ 7 v dt
7
= 0 v dt
+ 10 v dt
= [s]70
7
+[s]10
B4(iii) Distance
Distance travelled in 1st 9s
9
= 2s|t=7 s|t=0 s|t=10

= 2(343) 0
= 586
B4(i)
343
= |v| dt
100
=
=
Velocity
v = t 2 8t + 7
Displacement
0
1
7
9
0 |v| dt + 1 |v| dt + 7 |v| dt
1
7
9
0 v dt + 1 v dt + 7 v dt
1
1
9
0 v dt + 7 v dt + 7 v dt
[s]10 +36 +[s]97
=
= s|t=1 s|t=0 +36
s = v dt
= t 3 4t 2 + 7t + c
10
3
0 +36
+s|t=9 s|t=7
98
+ [18 ( )]
3
= 54

s|t=0 = 0
c=0
1
s = t 3 4t 2 + 7t
3
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
553
Rev Ex 20
B4(iv) Displacement
s=
1 3
t
3
B5(i)
4t + 7t
Velocity
v = t 2 8t + 7
Acceleration
a=
Velocity
v = at 2 + b
v|t=0 = 3
b =3
dv
dt
= 2t 8
Velocity with b = 3:
v = at 2 + 3
At zero acceleration:
a
=0
2t 8 = 0
2t
=8
t
=4
Displacement
s = v dt
Point O: s|t=0 = 0
Point C:

s|t=0 = 0
c =0
= at 3 + 3t + c
3
s|t=4 = (4)3 4(4)2 + 7(4)

3
= 14
Point B: s|t=7 =
s = at 3 + 3t
98
Back at O after 3s:

s|t=3 = 0
9a + 9 = 0
9a
= 9
a
= 1
OC = |s|t=4 |
2
= |14 |
3
= 14
2
3
Velocity
Velocity with a = 1:
v = t 2 + 3
BC = |s|t=4 s|t=7 |
= |(
44
3
98
) ( )|
3
= 18
Speed = |v|t=3 |
= 6 ms 1
OC < BC
OC is nearer to O
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
554
Rev Ex 20
B5(ii) At turning point,

v
=0
2
t + 3
=0
(t + 3)(t 3) = 0
t = 3
or
(rej t > 0)
B6(i)
t = 3
Acceleration
18 3t for 0 t 4
a={
t + 2 for t > 4
Velocity
0 t 4:
V = a dt
3
= 18t t 2 + c
2
Displacement
Initial velocity of v m/s:
V|t=0 = v
c
=v
s = t 3 + 3t
3
s|t=3 = (3) + 33
3
Velocity with c = v:
= 2 3
V = 18t t 2 + v
= 2 + 3
Velocity of 50 m/s when t = 4:

V|t=4
= 50
3
18(4) (4)2 + v = 50
2
Total Distance travelled between t = 0 and t = 3
48 + v
v
= 0 |v| dt
3
= 0 |v| dt
=
3
0 v dt
3
+ 3|v| dt
B6(ii) 0 t 4:
3
V = 18t t 2 + 2
3
+ 3 v dt
= 0 v dt
+ 3 v dt
= [s]3
0
+[s]3
3
= 2s|t=3 s|t=0
s|t=3
= 2(23) 0
= 50
=2
t > 4:
1
V = t 2 + 2t + c2
2
V|t=4 = 50:
1
2
= 43
(4)2 + 2(4) + c2 = 50
c2
= 34
t > 4:
1
V = t 2 + 2t + 34
2
Velocity at t = 5
= V|t=5
1
= (5)2 + 2(5) + 34
2
= 56.5 ms 1
Daniel & Samuel

sleightofmath.com
555
Rev Ex 20
B6(iii) Check for turning point

At turning pt, V = 0
0 t 4:
V
18t
3 2
t
2
=0
+2 =0
3t 2 36t 4 = 0
36(36)2 4(3)(4)
t =
2(3)
36 8 21
6
= 6 21
3
4
= 6 21 < 0 (rej t > 0)
3
4
= 6 + 21 > 4 (rej t 4)
3
no turning pt
t > 4:
V
1 2
t
2
2
=0
+ 2t + 34
=0
t + 4t + 68
=0
[(t + 2)2 (2)2 ] + 68 = 0
(t + 2)2 + 64
=0
no turning pt
Distance
1 2
+ 2 + 34
2
3
= 2 + 18 + 2
2
Total distance travelled

5
= 0 |V| dt
4
= 0 |V| dt
+ 4 |V| dt
= 0 V dt
4
+ 4 V dt
5 1
= 0 (18t t 2 + 2) dt + 4 ( t 2 + 2t + 34) dt
2
[9t 2
1 3
t
2
+ 2t]
4
0
= [144 32 + 8] 0
1
+ [ t3 + t2
6
125
+[
+ 34t]
5
4
+ 25 + 170]
64
6
+ 16 + 136]
= 173 m
6
Daniel & Samuel

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556

A Math 360 Sol 29 Sept 2014 PDF

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Additional Maths 360 solutions

(Unofficial) [29 Sept 2014]

Ex 6.1 ................................................................................................... 143

Ex 6.2 ................................................................................................... 149

Ex 6.3 ................................................................................................... 153

Ex 6.4 ................................................................................................... 162

Rev Ex 6 .............................................................................................. 167

Ex 7.1 ................................................................................................... 174

Ex 7.2 ................................................................................................... 180

Ex 7.3 ................................................................................................... 184

Ex 7.4 ................................................................................................... 189

Ex 7.5 ................................................................................................... 193

Ex 8.1 ................................................................................................... 202

Ex 8.2 ................................................................................................... 209

Rev Ex 8 .............................................................................................. 224

Ex 9.1 ................................................................................................... 233

Ex 9.2 ................................................................................................... 242

Ex 4.1 .................................................................................................... 103

Ex 10.1 ................................................................................................. 259

Rev Ex 4............................................................................................... 114

Ex 10.2 ................................................................................................. 266

Ex 5.1 .................................................................................................... 118

Rev Ex 10............................................................................................ 280

Ex 5.2 .................................................................................................... 127

Ex 11.1 ................................................................................................. 288

Daniel & Samuel

Additional Maths 360 solutions

Ex 18.1 ................................................................................................. 495

Ex 12.2 ................................................................................................. 330

Ex 18.2 ................................................................................................. 503

Rev Ex 12 ............................................................................................ 339

Ex 18.3 ................................................................................................. 509

Ex 13.1 ................................................................................................. 347

Rev Ex 18............................................................................................ 517

Ex 13.2 ................................................................................................. 356

Ex 19.1 ................................................................................................. 523

Rev Ex 13 ............................................................................................ 376

Ex 19.2 ................................................................................................. 530

Ex 14.1 ................................................................................................. 383

Ex 20.1 ................................................................................................. 539

Ex 14.3 ................................................................................................. 396

Rev Ex 20............................................................................................ 548

Ex 14.4 ................................................................................................. 400

Daniel & Samuel

A math 360 sol (unofficial)

Daniel & Samuel

sub (1) into (2):

sub (1) into (2):

A math 360 sol (unofficial)

sub (2) into (1):

(3x 2 ) + (32 4x) = 36

4(iii) sub (1) into (2):

sub (2) into (1):

Daniel & Samuel

(x 2)2 + (2y + 3)2 = 26

A math 360 sol (unofficial)

sub (1) into (2):

sub (2) into (1):

sub (1) into (2):

sub (1) into (2):

Daniel & Samuel

A math 360 sol (unofficial)

Width = 4(3) = 12 inch