Dangerous Industrial Chemicals

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DANGEROUS
PROPERTIES
of
INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS
A Completely
Revised and Enlarged Edition of
HANDBOOK OF DANGEROUS MATERIALS

by
N. IRVING
SAX
Consultant on Industrial Safety
Nuclear Development Corporation of America
White
Plains,
N.
Y.
Assisted by
LEONARD
J.
GOLDWATER
JOSEPH
JOHN
York, N. Y.
H.
HARLEY
WILLIAM
Chief, Analytical Branch
Chief, Industrial
Health and Safety Laboratory

U. S.
B.
HARRIS
Hygiene Branch
Atomic Energy Commission
New
University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Columbia University
New
FITZGERALD
J.
Harvard
Professor of Occupational Medicine
U. S.
New
York, N. Y.
MILTON
S.
York, N. Y.
DUNN
Medical Director, Rensselaer Division

General Aniline and
Film
Corp.
Rensselaer, N. Y.
REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION,

CHAPMAN &
HALL, LTD.,
LONDON
NEW YORK
Copyright 1957 by
REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION

All rights reserved
Library
of
Congress Catalog Card No. 57-13170
First Printing
January 1958
Second Printing June 1958

Third Printing March 1960
Fourth Printing March 1961
REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION

NEW YORK
CHAPMAN & HALL,
Printed
in the
LTD.,
LONDON
United States of America

CO., INC.
THE GUINN
New York
14,
N. Y.
i
To
Reggie and Jana
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes
ance
of his wife,
script.
to
Pauline Sax, in
He wishes also
New York
acknowledge with thanks the really invaluable assist-
State Civil
to
all
phases
of the
compilation
acknowledge the kindly assistance
Defense,
R. W. and R. H. Miles, J.
of the
of J.
manu-
Caidin of
Gabay and many
others in preparation and proofreading of illustrations and pages.
PREFACE
The purpose of this book is to extend the scope of and improve upon the
usefulness of a previous work in this field, entitled "Handbook of Dangerous
Materials." Its objective is to afford readers a more detailed picture of the
hazards which accompany the use of the materials of industry, and also to
supply authentic textual material by means of which the reader can gain insight into the reasons for doing as suggested in the General Chemical Section (Section 10), as well as background enough to solve on-the-spot safety
problems that arise in day-to-day industrial operations.
In
order to achieve these aims the following things have been done:
(1) The usefulness of the General Chemical Section has been
profoundly improved by increasing the number of entries from
5500 to nearly 9000; by listing under the appropriate elements
the commonly used radioisotopes and the nuclear properties
of each, as well as the hazard potential of many of them, as
taken from NBS Handbook 42 and NBS Handbook 52; by listing
detailed toxic hazard ratings for the thousands of materials
for which adequate and reliable data are available; by discussing in detail the toxicology of hundreds of industrially significant materials and classes of materials in common use; by
listing the fire, explosion and disaster hazard potential of all
the materials about which data could be obtained; by keying
thousands of materials back to pertinent text sections on industrial hygiene and ventilation; by referencing many materials of allergenic significance back to a text section on allergic disease in industry; and finally by cross-referencing highly
hazardous materials to textual discussions of toxicology, fire
hazard and storage problems.
(2) Our response to the impact of nuclear technology upon industry is evidenced by an entirely new section on reactor safeguards as well as an expanded section of text on radiation hazards in industry.
(3)
For
the industrial physician
trial toxicology
we include a section on indus-
and one on allergic disease in industry.
For the industrial hygienist and safety man, sections on

the control of industrial hazards, personnel protection and air
pollution as well as sections on fire and explosion hazards and
the storage and handling of dangerous materials.
(4)
For those who ship, receive or transport possibly dangerous materials, an up-to-date section on I. C. C. shipping regulations exclusive of container specifications is included. This
will be of interest also to warehousemen and traffic managers.
These regulations are keyed to those entries of Section 10
which are regulated byl.C.C. Any Coast Guard regulated
materials are so noted, and where the Manufacturing Chemists
Association suggests a label, it is so noted.
(5)
In order to fit all this material into one book of reasonable size, it has been
necessary to forego repetitive explanations and sterotyped instructions, warnings or reasons for a given recommendation. As a result, a vast number of
cross-references were required; these have been used with care and should
not be overlooked by the user of the book, as they are essential in obtaining
a complete picture of a given material.
<
CONTENTS
Preface
Section
v
1.
TOXICOLOGY
Leonard Goldwater, M. D.
Section
2.
VENTILATION CONTROL
29
William B. Harris
Section
3.
PERSONNEL PROTECTION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE
57
William B. Harris
Section
4.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
65
William B. Harris
Section
5.
RADIATION HAZARDS
73
John H. Harley
Section
6.
INDUSTRIAL FIRE PROTECTION
129
N. Irving Sax
Section
7.
STORAGE AND HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
147
N. Irving Sax
Section
8.
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
Joseph
Section
9.
J.
ALLERGIC DISEASE
Milton
S.
171
Fitzgerald
IN
INDUSTRY
207
Dunn, M. D.
Section 10.
GENERAL CHEMICALS
Section 11.
SHIPPING REGULATIONS
1285
Section 12.
INDEX TO SYNONYMS
1449
225
c
SECTION
TOXICOLOGY
Leonard Goldwater, M. D.
Professor of Occupational Medicine
Columbia UniversityNew York, N. Y.
the
This section has been prepared for

purpose of providing a certain
amount of background for those who
months or years). In this book the

term "chronic" includes exposures
may
acute,
be called upon to understand and

interpret data whichare largely medical in nature, rather than for physicians or others who have been specially trained in the field of industrial
toxicology.
Toxicity Defined
Toxicity is the ability of a chemical molecule or compound to produce
injury once it reaches a susceptible
Toxicity hazsite in or on the body.
ard is the probability that injury may
be caused by the manner in which the
substance is used.
Acute. This term will be used in
the medical sense to mean "of short
duration. " As applied to materials
whichare inhaled or absorbed through
the skin, it refers to a single exposure
of a duration measured in seconds,
minutes or hours. As applied to mate
rials which are ingested, it refers
generally
to a single quantity or
dose.
Chronic. This term will be used
in contrast to "acute" and means "of
long duration." As applied to materials which are inhaled or absorbed
through the skin, it refers to prolonged or repeated exposures of a duration measured in days, months or
years. As applied to materials which
are ingested, it refers to repeated
doses over a period of days, months
or years.
The term "chronic" will
not refer to severity of symptoms but
will carry the implication of exposures
or doses which would be relatively
harmless unless extended or repeated
over long periods of time (days,
which might
"
i.e.,
also be called
somewhere
"sub-
between
"acute" and "chronic."

Local. This term refers to the
site of action of an agent and means
that the action takes place at the point
or area of contact. The site may be
skin, mucous membranes of the eyes,
nose, mouth, throat, or anywhere
along the respiratory or gastrointesAbsorption does not
tinal system.
necessarily occur.
Systemic. This term refers to a
site of action other than the point of
contact and presupposes that absorption has taken place. It is possible,
however, for toxic agents to be absorbed through a channel (skin, lungs
or intestinal canal) and produce later
manifestations on one of those channels whichare not a result of the original direct contact. Thus it is possible for some agents to produce harmful effects on a single organ or tissue
as a result of both "local" and "systemic" actions.
Absorption. A material is said to
have been absorbed only when it has
gained entry into the blood stream and
consequently may be carried to all
parts of the body. Absorption requires
that a substance pass through the skin,
a mucous membrane, or the air sacs
(alveoli) of the lungs.
Toxicity Ratings
An e xp lana ti on of the toxicity

ratings is given in the following
paragraphs:
= Unknown.
This designation is
given to substances which fall into one
of the following categories:
SECTION
No
(a)
toxicity information could

be found in the literature and
none was known to the authors.
(b)
Limited information based on

animal experiments was avail-
(c)
able but in the opinion of the

authors this information could
not be applied to human exposures.
Published toxicity data were
f e It by the authors
to be of
questionable validity.
duce changes in the human body which

are readily reversible and which will
disappear following termination of
exposure, either withor without medical treatment.
2 =
exposure lasting
seconds, minutes or hours
on single
cause moderate effects on the
skin
hours.
Acute Local. Materials which

on single exposures lasting
seconds minutes or hours
cause only slight effects on the
or following ingestion of a single dose.
skin
(b)
or
Chronic
which on
Local. Materials
continuous or repeated exposures extending
over periods of days, months
or years cause moderate harm
to the skin or mucous membranes.
Chronic Systemic. Materials
which can be absorbed into the
body by inhalation, ingestion
or through the skin and which
(c)
mucous membranes
regardless of the extent of the

exposure.
Acute Systemic. Materials
produce
(d)
only slight effects
following
single exposures
lasting seconds, minutes, or
hours, or following ingestion
of a single dose, regardless
of the quantity absorbed or
the extent of exposure.
(c)
Chronic
Local.
Materials
which on continuous or repeated exposures extending
or
years cause
only slight
harm to the skin or mucous

membranes. The extent of exposure may be great or small.
(d)

produce only slight effects following continuous or repeated
exposures extending over days,
months or years. The extent
of the exposure may be great
or small.
In general, those substances classified as having "slight toxicity" pro-
mucous membranes.
Acute Systemic.
Materials
produce moderate effects following single exposures lasting seconds, minutes or hours,
(b)
= Slight toxicity
(a)
or
These effects may be the result of intense exposure for a

matter of seconds or moderate exposure for a matter of
= No toxicity.
This designation is
given to materials which fall into one
of the following categories:
(a)
Materials which cause no harm
under any conditions of use.
(b)
Materials which produce toxic
effects on humans only under
the most unusual conditions
or by overwhelming dosage.
1
Moderate toxicity.
(a)
produce moderate effects following continuous or repeated

exposures extending over periods of days months or years
Those substances classified as
having "moderate toxicity" may produce irreversible as well as rever,
sible
changes
in the human body.

of such sever-
These changes are not
threaten life or produce serious permanent physical impairment.
ity as to
3 =
Severe toxicity.
on single exposures lasting
seconds or minutes cause in-
(a)
jury to skin or
mucous
mem-
branes of sufficient severity

to threaten life or to cause
permanent physical impair-
ment or disfigurement.
(b)
Acute
Systemic. Materials
TOXICOLOGY
can cause injury of sufficient
severity to threaten life following a single exposure lasting seconds, minutes or hours,
or following ingestion of a single dose.
(c)
Chronic Local.
Materials
which on continuous or repeated exposures extending

or years can cause injury to
mucous membranes of
sufficient severity to threaten
into some part of the human body.

Almost any substance can cause harm
when applied
Among
important are:
(1)
(2)
(3)
skin or
or to cause permanent impairment,

disfigurement or
other irreversible change.
life
(d)

can cause death or serious
physical impairment following
continuous or repeated exposures to small amounts extending over periods of days
months or years.
Toxicology Defined
poisons on the
living
organism.
Industrial toxicology is concerned with

the human organism and consequently
lies within the broad field of medicine.
Since medicine cannot be considered

an exact science in the same sense as
chemistry, physics or mathematics,
toxicologic
(4)
(5)
Quantity or concentration of
the material.
Duration of exposure.
State of dispersion (size of
particle or physical state,
e.g., dust, fume, gas, etc.).
human tissue.
Solubility i n human tissue
Affinity for
fluids.
of human tissues
or organs.
Obviously there are possibilities
for wide variations in any of these
(6)
Sensitivity
factors.
Methods of Expressing Effective

Dosage:
(1) Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC).
For gases and vapors the MAC
value is usually expressed in parts
million (ppm), that is, parts of
the gas or vapor per million parts of
air.
For fumes and mists, and for some
is usually given as
dusts, the
per
In simple terms, toxicology may

be defined as the study of the action
of
directly to the skin.
the factors which are concerned in effective dosage, the most
phenomena cannot always be
pre-
dicted with accuracy or explained on the

basis of physical or chemical laws. It is this
unpredictability which frequently reduces conclusions and decisions to

opinion rather than fact.
Poison Defined
In attempting to define the term
"poison, " a major consideration is
that of quantity or dosage. A poison
may be defined as a substance which
causes harm to living tissues when
applied in relatively small doses. It
is not always easy to make a clearcut distinction between poisonous and
nonpoisonous substances.
(See further discussion on p. 4).
MAC
milligrams per cubic meter (mgm/m

or per 10 cubic meters of air.
For some dusts, particularly
)
those containing silica, the MAC is

usually expressed as millions of particles per cubic foot of air MPPCF.
MAC values have gained wide acceptance in industrial toxicology as
a means of expressing concentrations
of potentially harmful substance s
They purport to represent the greatest amount of a substance to which
persons may be exposed for 8 hours
a day for a period of months or years
without danger to health.
Literal
acceptance
of this
concept
is
dangerous for the following reasons:
Generally speaking, industrial

concerned with the
great majority of all published MAC values are based

either on speculation, opinion
or limited experimentation on
rats, mice, guinea pigs or
In
other laboratory animals.
very few instances have the
values been established firmly
on a basis of examinations of
human subjects correlated
which gain entry
with adequate environmental
Effective Dosage
toxicology is
effects of substances
(a)
SECTION
observations.
(b)
Concentrations
(2)
harmful mate rials in any working environment rarely remain
constant throughout a work

The occurence of
day.
(c)
"surges" is well known.

Industrial exposures frequently involve mixtures rather than
single compounds. Very little
is known about the effects of
mixtures.
(d)
(e)
Individuals vary tremendously

in their sensitivity or susceptibility to toxic substances.
The factors controlling this
variability are not well understood.
It should not be
assumed that conditions which
are safe for some individuals
will be safe for all.
LD50
Test.
experimental toxicology it is
common practice to determine the
quantity of poison per unit of body
weight of an experimental animal
which will have a fatal effect. (A
scale commonly used is milligrams
of poison per kilogram of
body
weight. ) That amount per unit of body
weight which will cause even one fatality in a group of experimental aniIn
mals
is
known as
dose (MLD).
the
minimal
lethal
A more commonly
trations which may be considered "safe" may still result in
used figure in experimental industrial toxicology is the amount which will

kill one-half of a group of experimental animals.
This is known as the
LD50 test (Lethal Dose 50 per cent)
representing 50 per cent fatalities.
The Manufacturing Chemists Association bases its definition of the term
"poison" on this test. In its publication entitled "Warning Labels" (4th
discomfort or annoyance.
edition)
For some substances, concen-
MAC
single
value is usually
given for substances which
occur in the form of salts or
compounds of different solubility or in different physical
states (e. g.
lead, mercury).
If the above limitations are understood and accepted, the published
(f)
Minimal Lethal Dose and
of toxic or
Haber's Law,
product
(a)
the following
of
of
Produces death within 48 hours

in half or more than half of a
group of 10 or more laboratory white rats weighing 200300 grams at a single dose of
50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight, when administered orally; or
(b)

group of 10 or more laboratory
white rats weighing 200-300
grams,
when inhaled contin-
uously for a period of one hour

or less at an atmospheric concentration of 2 milligrams or
less per liter of gas, vapor,
mist, or dust, provided such
concentration is likely to be
encountered by man when the
chemical product is used in
any reasonable foreseeable
which involves the
concentration and time

expresses an index of
(C x T
the degree of toxic effect. This too,
may be misleading, since little is
known of the relative effectiveness
of large doses over a short period of
time as compared with smaller doses
over a longer time period.
o
= K),
states
the following categories:
MAC values can be used to great

practical advantage. Their principal
usefulness is in connection with the
design of ventilating systems (see
Section 2). Ventilation engineers
must have a concrete figure to serve
as the basis for the design of ventilating equipment. It should not be assumed, however, that attainment of
concentrations at or even below the
published MAC limits will necessarily
prevent all cases of occupational poisoning; nor should it be assumed that
concentrations which exceed the given
limits will necessarily result in cases
of poisoning.
The concept known as
it
chemical or mixture
chemicals which falls within any
"Poison:
(c)
manner; or
group of 10 or more rabbits
tested in a dosage of 200 milli-
grams or less per kilogram

body weight, when administered by continuous contact
TOXICOLOGY
with the bare
skin for
24
hours or less.
precedence in determining whether

the product falls within the definition
of poison. "
This
(3) "Range Finding" Test.
approach to determining and expressing the degree of toxicity of chemicals
used in industry has been developed
and
primarily by H. F. Smyth, Jr.
,
Its greatest usehis collaborators.

fulness is in testing new compounds
for which no toxicological informaThe basis of the test is
tion exists.
a comparison of the potency of an unknown compound with that of a more
This is possible
familiar material.
since there are a number of chemicals for which fairly extensive toxicological data are already available.
By this technique a certain amount of
valuable information can be obtained
within a space of about three weeks.
This term is
(4) Hazard Rating.
used in this book to indicate whether

a material has high, moderate, or
slight toxicity hazard, or none at all.
It is obviously a somewhat crude
method but it will serve as a rough
guide to the risk involved in exposure
to various chemicals until further information can be obtained.
The hazard ratings of industrial
chemicals are based on an interpreof all available information,
particularly MAC, L.D50, and Range
Finding data.
tation
Toxicity by Analogy
Because of the paucity of toxicological information on many chemical compounds used in industry there
frequently is a tendency to assume
that compounds which are closely related chemically will have similar
toxic properties.
While this may be
true for a limited number of subit is
chemical structure of the origiand minor differences
nal material,
"If available data on human experience with any chemical in the above
named concentrations indicate results different from those obtained
on animals, the human data shall take
stances
the
by no means universally
true.
As mentioned elsewhere, many

chemical compounds, when absorbed
by the body, undergo a series of
changes (detoxication processes) before they are excreted. The intermediary products depend largely on
structure may re suit in totally

different intermediary and end products.
This principle is well illustrated in the case of benzene and toluene, which are closely related chemically but whose metabolism is dissimilar.
The degree of toxicity of
the two is also very different.
"Toxicity by analogy" can be very dangerin
ous and misleading.
Classes of Toxic Substances

Toxic or harmful substances encountered in industry may be classified in various ways. A simple and
useful classification is given below,
together with definitions adopted by
the American Standards Association.
Dusts. Solid particles generated
by handling, crushing, grinding, rapid impact, detonation and decrepitation of organic or inorganic materials such as rocks, ore, metal, coal,
wood, grain, etc. Dusts do not tend
to flocculate except under electrostatic forces; they do not diffuse in
air, but settle under the influence of
gravity.
Fumes. Solid particles generated

by
condensation from
the gaseous
generally after volatilization

from molten metals, etc. and often
accompanied by a chemical reaction
such as oxidation. Fumes flocculate
and sometimes coalesce.
Mists. Suspended liquid droplets
generated by condensation from the
gaseous to the liquid state or by
breaking up a liquid into a dispersed
state, such as by splashing, foaming,
and atomizing.
Vapors. The gaseous form of substances which are normally in the
solid or liquid state and which can be
changed to these states either by increasing the pressure or decreasing
state,
the temperature alone.

fuse.
Vapors
dif-
Gases. Normally formless fluids

which occupy the space of enclosure
and which can be changed to the liquid or solid state only by the combined effect of increased pressure and
decreased temperature. Gases diffuse.
This classification does not include the obvious categories of solids and liquids which may be harmful
SECTION
i t encompass phy s i c a 1
agents. The latter, strictly speaking,
nor does
molds, and other parasites comprise

another group of "substances" that
would appear in a comprehensive
classification of industrial health haz-
This procedure, incidentally, is a

source of dermatitis.
Gastrointestinal Absorption.
The
mere fact that something has been
taken into the mouth and swallowed
does not necessarily mean that it will
be absorbed. Naturally, the less
soluble the material is, the less is
ards.
the
cannot be
considered "substances. "

such as bacteria,
Living agents,
Routes
of
past
Absorption
In the physiologic sense, a material is said to have been absorbed

only when it has gained entry into the
blood stream and consequently is carSomeried to all parts of the body.

thing which is swallowed and which is
later excreted more or less unchanged
in the feces has not necessarily been
absorbed, even though it may have
remained within the gastrointestinal
tract for hours or even days. The
industrial toxicologist is concerned
primarily with three routes of absorption or portals of entry through
which materials may enter the blood
stream: the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, and the lungs.
Absorption Through the Skin. Before the introduction of modern methods in the treatment of syphilis, a
part of the standard therapy c o nsisted of mercury treatment. Its effectiveness depended on the fact that
certain forms of mercury can be absorbed through the intact skin. It is
now recognized that skin absorption
may be a significant factor in occupational mercury poisoning as well as
in a number of other industrial diseases.
In the case of metals other
than mercury, however,
fruitful
entry
through the skin is relatively unimportant except for some organometallic compounds such as lead tetraethyl.
Skin absorption attains its greatest

importance in connection with the organic solvents.
It is generally recognized that significant quantities of
these compounds may enter the body
through the skin either as a result of
direct accidental contamination or indirectly when the material has been
spilled on the clothing. An additional
source of exposure is found in the
fairly common practice of using industrial solvents for removing grease
and dirt from the hands and arms, in

other words, for washing purposes.
likelihood
of absorption.
has been
In the
common
practice to
attribute certain cases of occupational poisoning to uncleanly habits on
the part of the victim, particularly
failure to wash the hands before eating.
There is no doubt that some
toxic materials used industrially can
it
be absorbed through the intestinal

tract but it is now generally believed
with certain notable exceptions
portal of entry is of minor importance. One outstanding exception
is the case of the radium dial painters
who followed the practice of "pointing"
theirbrushes between their lips, thus
ingesting lethal quantities of radioactive material. Accidental swallowing of harmful amounts of poisonous
compounds in single large doses has
also been known to occur. In general
it can be said that intestinal absorption of industrial poisons is of minor
that
this
importance and that the "dirty hands"

theory of poisoning has been pretty
well discredited.
Absorption Through the Lungs.

The inhalation of contaminated air is
by far the most important means by
which occupational poisons gain entry
It seems safe to estiinto the body.
mate that at least 90 per cent of all
industrial p oi s o ni ng (exclusive of
dermatitis) can be attributed to absorption through the lungs. Harmful
substances
air
in the
may
form
be
suspended in the
fume, mist
of dust,
or vapor, and may be mixed with the

respired air in the case of true gases.
Since an individual under conditions
of moderate exertion will breathe
about 10 cubic meters of air in the
course of an ordinary 8-hour working
day it is readily understood that any
poisonous material present in the
respired air offers a serious threat.
Fortunately all foreign matter
which is inhaled is not necessarily
absorbed into the blood. A certain
amount, particularly that which is in
a very finely divided state, will be
immediately exhaled. Another por-
TOXICOLOGY
tion of respired particulate matter is
trapped by the mucus which lines the
passages and is subsequentlybrought up in the sputum. (In this

connection it might be mentioned that
some of the sputum may be consciously or unconsciously swallowed, thus
affording an opportunity for intestinal
absorption.) Other particles are
taken up by "scavenger cells" following which they may enter the blood
streamer be deposited in various tissues or organs. True gases will pass
directly from the lungs into the blood
in the same manner as the oxygen in
inspired air. Because of the fact that
a great majority of the known industrial poisons may at some time be
present as atmospheric contaminants
and thus constitute a potential threat
to health, programs directed toward
the prevention of occupational poisoning generally place major emphasis
on some form of ventilation to reduce
the hazard (see Section 2).
air
Individual Susceptibility
The term "individual susceptibility" has long beenused to express the

well-known fact that under conditions
of like exposure to potentially harm-
ful
substances
there is usually a
variability in the manner in
which individuals will respond. Some
may show no evidence of intoxication
whatsoever; others may show signs
of mild poisoning, while still others
marked
may become
severely or even fatally

poisoned. Comparatively li ttl e is
known about the factors which are
responsible for this variability. It
is believed that differences in the anatomical structure of the nose may be
concerned with different degrees of
efficiency in filte ring out harmful
dusts in the inspired air. Previous
infections of the lungs, particularly
tuberculosis, are known to enhance
susceptibility to silicosis. Most industrial toxicologists b e 1 i e ve that
obesity is an important predisposing
factor among persons who are sub-
exposure to organic s olve nt s and related compounds. Age and sex are also believed
to play a part and previous illnesses
ject
to occupational
may
be significant.
Other possible factors relating to

individual susceptibility are even less
well understood than those just men-
tioned.
It has been suggested that
different rates of working speed, resulting in variations in respiratory
rate, in depth of respiration and in
pulse rate may play a part. The action of the cilia, those tiny hairs present in the cells which line the air
passages,
may
have
some
impor-
tance. The permeability of the lungs

may influence absorption and the efficiency of the kidneys may govern
the rate at which toxic materials are
excreted, but the underlying nature
of these possible variations is not
known.
There is considerable literature
purporting to show that nutritional
factors may have something to do
with
susceptibility to occupational
Most of the published material is rather unscientific and unconvincing but a few reports recently
published strongly suggest that there
actually exists a relationship between
the nature of the diet and susceptiThere is as yet
bility to poisoning.
no substantial evidence that the addition of vitamin concentrates or special foods have any protective value,
but when diets are deficient in some
of the essential nutritional elements
it appears that poisoning is more
There is considerlikely to occur.
able evidence that indulgence in ethyl
alcohol will significantly increase the
possibility of occupational poisoning
poisoning.
occurring, particularly from organic

solvents.
Acute and Chronic Effects

Industrial
toxicology is generally
concerned with the effects of lowgrade sub-lethal exposures which are

continued over a period of months or
of course, true that
years.
It is,
toxicological problems are not infrequently presented as a result of accidents which create sudden massive
exposures to overwhelming concen-
trations of toxic compounds.

acute poisoning which results
The
may
cause unconsciousness, shock or colsevere inflammation of the

lungs or e v e n sudden death. An
understanding of the nature of the action of the offending agent may be of
great value in the treatment of acute
poisoning but in some instances the
only app li c a tion of toxicological
knowledge will be in establishing the
lapse,
SECTION
chronic
cause of death.
The detection of minute amounts

of toxic agents in the atmosphere and
in body fluids (blood and urine) and
the recognition of the effects of exposure to small quantities of poisons
among
the principal jobs of the

industrial toxicologist. The manifestations of chronic poisoning are often
so subtle that the keenest judgment is
required in order to detect and inter-
are
The most refined techpret them.

niques of analytical chemistry and of
clinical p a tho lo g y are called into
play, involving studies of the working
environment and of exposed individuals.
In order to demonstrate that chronic industrial poisoning has taken place
or is a possibility it must be shown
that an offending agent is present in
significant concentrations, that it has
been absorbed, and that it has produced disturbances in the
subject.
Significant
exposed
concentrations
are ordinarily expressed in terms of
maximum allowable concentrations.

Absorption of a substance may be
proved by demonstrating
its
presence
in the blood or urine in concentrations above those found in non- exposed persons, or by finding certain
metabolic products in the excreta.
To prove that disturbances have occurred in an exposed subject may require the application of all the diagnostic procedures used in medicine,
including a medical history, physical

examination, blood counts, urinalysis, x-ray studies and other measures.
A few of the more widely used industrial chemicals, notably lead and
benzene, will produce changes in the
blood in the very early stages of poisoning. Other chemicals, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons, give no
such early evidence of their action.
Heavy metals such as mercury and
lead produce their chronic harmful
effects through what is known as "cumulative action. " This means that
over a period of time the material
which is absorbed is only partially
excreted and that increasing amounts
accumulate in the body. Eventually
the quantity becomes great enough to
cause physiologic disturbances. Volatile compounds do not accumulate in
the body but probably produce their
toxic effects by causing a

series of small insults to one or more
of the vital organs.
Site of Action of Poisons
Brief mention has
already been
of the fact that diffe rent
poisons act on different parts of the
Many substances can produce
body.
a local or direct action upon the skin.
The fumes and mists arising from
strong acids, some of the war gases
and many other chemicals have a direct i r r ita ting effect on the eyes,
nose, throat and lower air passages.
If they reach the lungs they may set
up a severe inflammatory reaction
These
called chemical pneumonitis.
local effects are of greatest importance in connection with acute poisoning. More important to the industrial
toxicologist are the so-called systemic effects.
Systemic or indirect effects occur
when a toxic substance has been absorbed into the blood stream and disSome
tributed throughout the body.
materials such as arsenic, when absorbed in toxic amounts, may cause
disturbances in several parts of the
body: blood, nervous system, liver,
Benzene, on the
kidneys and skin.
other hand, appears to affect only one
organ, namely, the blood-forming
Carbon monoxide
bone marrow.
causes asphyxia by preventing the
hemoglobin of the blood from carry-
made
normal function of transporting oxygen from the lungs to the

tissues of the body. Although oxygen
starvation occurs equally in all parts
of the body, brain tissue is most sensitive; consequently the earliest manifestations are those due to damage to
An understanding of what
the brain.
organ or organs can be damaged, and
the nature and manifestations of the
damage caused by various coming out its
pounds,
is
the more imporof the industrial toxi-
among
tant functions
cologist.
Absorption and Poisoning
As mentioned above, with
the exexternal irritants, toxic

substances generally must be absorbed into the body and distributed
ception of
body by means of the

blood stream in order for poisoning
through the
TOXICOLOGY
In other words, poisoning
to occur.
ordinarily does not occur without absorption. On the other hand, absorption does not necessarily or always
result in poisoning. The human body
is provided with an elaborate system
of protective mechanisms and is able
to tolerate to an amazing degree the
presence of many toxic materials.
Some foreign materials are excreted
unchanged through the urine and feces. Toxic gases, following absorption,
be given off through the
lungs. Some chemical compounds go
quently becomes involved in medicolegal problems since actual or suspected cases of occupational disease
often result in workmen's compensation claims or negligence suits.
A successful legal action on the part
of a claimant or plaintiff depends upon his ability to demonstrate, usually
through medical or other expert testimony, that occupational exposure
through processes of metabolism and

are excreted in an altered form.
Some of these processes are known
possibility.
may
detoxication (o r
detoxification)
the
intermediary products in a detoxication process may be more toxic
than the o r i g i na 1 substance, e.g.,
s
mechanisms.
In
some instances
formic acid and formaldehyde from

methyl alcohol.
Since absorption must precede
poisoning, the question often arises
as to where the dividing line between
absorption and poisoning is to be
An answer to this question
drawn.
frequently entails considerable diffiThere is no doubt that when
culty.
absorption reaches a point where it
causes impairment of health, poisonImpaired health

ing has occured.
manifests itself by the presence of
altered structure, altered function,
or a combination of the two. These
impairments, in turn, result in abnormal symptoms, abnormal physical or laboratory findings, or combinations of these.
When absorption has produced both
abnormal symptoms
and abnormal
objective findings there is no question

In the
that poisoning has occurred.
of the writer, absorption
which produces objective evidence of
opinion
altered structure or function should

also be called poisoning, even though
there may be no abnormal subjective
symptoms.
When subjective symptoms constitute the only basis for
distinguishing between absorption and
poisoning, the distinction becomes a
matter of medical opinion requiring
individual evaluation.
Causal Relationship and CompetentProducing Cause
The
industrial
toxicologist fre-
harmed
his health.
competent producing cause is

one which conceivably could have produced the harmful effect. It involves
Causal relationship exists when a
competent producing cause actually
did produce the harmful effect. It
involves probability.
Medico-legal
cases
adjudicated on the
are usually
basis of opinion
because of the fact that medicine is

It has been said,
and truthfully, that in medicine anyDecisions, then,
thing can happen.
must be made on the basis of the most
probable explanation of a set of circumstances. Medical opinion, to be
convincing, must be based on actual
not an exact science.
facts or observations, but the same

set of facts or observations may be
subject
tation.
to
more
Hence
the
than one interpre
importance
of
opinion.
Workmen's compensation laws are

usually written or interpreted in such
a way that in cases of doubt (sometimes reasonable doubt) a decision is
rendered in favor of the claimant.
Socially this is probably correct, at
least in theory. This practice, however, tends to place the burden of
proof on the defendant rather than on
Competent producing
the claimant.
cause is all too often considered to
be synonymous with causal relationOften it devolves upon a deship.
fendant to attempt to prove that a
competent p r o du c ing cause was in
fact not the actual cause of an illness.
Obviously this may entail considerable
It is not sufficient for the
difficulty.
defendant merely to deny the existence of causal relationship. Successful defense requires an opinion (diagnosis other than that of an occupational disease which will provide a
more convincing explanation of the
observed facts. Often this requires
the highest degree of diagnostic acu)
SECTION
men
10
as well as the most astute legal
procedure.
to detect
earliest
Principles of Prevention
Any effective program for the prevention of occupational poisoning depends on teamwork.
Key members
of the preventive team are the industrial physician with his knowledge of
toxicology, the industrial hygiene engineer with his understanding of conmeasures, and the chemist who
provides basic analytical data. The
industrial nurse, because of her intimate contact with employed personnel, often provides the first clue to
the existence of a potentially dangerous situation. Safety men and supervisors also play an important part,
while a well-informed working force,
instructed to recognize danger signs,
constitutes an additional safeguard.
It was pointed out above that an
understanding of the basic principles
of industrial toxicology is fundamental in any program of prevention.
One must know what materials cause
poisoning and the relative toxicity of
various compounds and groups of compounds. Another essential is an understanding of how toxic substances
are absorbed, and the relative importance of the various routes of absorption.
Realization of the fact that inhalation is the principal mode of entry
means that preventive measures will
be directed mainly toward reducing
atmospheric contamination. For protection against chemicals that can be
absorbed through the skin, suitable
impervious gloves and work clothing
can be provided.
Although very little is known about
"individual susceptibility," t h e f ew
facts which are available maybe
helpful in selectively placing certain
persons in jobs where their age, sex,
state of nutrition or previous illnesses
will not constitute any extra threat to
Thorough familitheir well-being.
trol
arity with the
and recognize the

evidences of poisoning.
Failure to apply these few fundamentals may be costly not only in
pared
so-called maximum
allowable concentrations, their interpretation and applications is essential for the engineer who is called upon to design ventilation systems. All
who are concerned with a preventive
program must know that months or
years of exposure may elapse before
toxic manifestations appear, and the
physician in particular must be pre-
terms
come
of lost
production and lost in-
but also in terms of health and
even of life.
Preventive procedures are often
spoken of as falling into two major
categories: (l) medical control and
(2) engineering control.
(l) Medical Control.
This term is
used to describe those procedures
which are applied to the employed
person. It includes:
(a) Preplacement physical examinations.
One purpose of these
examinations is to protect workers with known susceptibility
against any potentially harmful
exposure.
An individual found
to have healed pulmonary tuberculosis, for example, should not
be placed in a job entailing exposure to silica dust nor should
one with a former liver disease
be exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbons.
A
examinations.
(b) Periodic
major purpose of these is to detect any existing evidence of poisoning at an early stage when
corrective measures can be expected to result in complete recovery. Correction may call for
improved industrial hygiene practices, for temporary or permanent change of job assignment, or
both of these.
The purpose of
(c) Education.
this is to inform w o r k e r s and
supervisory personnel of the

nature of any potentially harmful
materials with which they may
come
in
contact.
working force
to accept
may
An informed
be expected
and observe recom
mended precautionary measures.

(d) Personal protective devices.
With few exceptions, personal
protective devices should be relied upon only when the application of engineering measures offers insurmountable difficulties.
Protective clothing is usually
worn to prevent injuries and so
will not be discussed here.
Protective masks have been
widely used, or rather misused,
to reduce the inhalation of poten-
TOXICOLOGY
11
harmful dusts, fumes, vapors, mists and gases. In general it can be said that reliance
on masks is justified only when
exposures are of short duration
(minutes) and low frequency (10 20 times daily).
Protective masks or respirators obviously should be properly
selected for the purpose for which
they are intended. To be effective they must be individually
fitted to the user. In the filter
or canister types the filtering
units must be replaced regularly
and with adequate frequency, A
program of regular cleaning, repairing and replacing of worn out
parts is highly desirable. Those
who are obliged to wear respirators or masks should be fully instructed as to proper use and
maintenance. Unless these rules
are followed it cannot be said
that masks and respirators are
being properly used and it might
be preferable not to use them at
all.
See Section 3.
tially
(2) Engineering Control.
Section 2. ) In
cluded those
applied t o the
rather than to
most
(See also
category are inprocedures which are

working environment
this
the
individual.
The
important engineering control
measures
are:
Substitution of a less toxic
in place of a more toxic material, when this is possible technologically.
Common examples
of this approach are the use of
certain ketones in place of benzene and the use of steel shot in
place of silica sand in sand-blast(a)
ing.
(b)
Enclosure
has
its
of a process. This
widest application in the
chemical industries where frequently it is possible and practicable to design totally enclosed
systems for carrying out the

manufacture
or processing of
chemical compounds,
(c)
Segregation.
This maybe
accomplished by confining a potentially dangerous process to a

segregated or enclosed area to
prevent contamination of adjacent
work spaces.
In
some
situations
segregation can be accomplished

by locating a process in an open
shed or even completely out of

doors.
(d) Ventilation. This is perhaps
the most important engineering
control measure.
Ventilation
may be general or local. General ventilation consists in rapid
dilution of contaminated air with
fresh air usually by fans located
in windows or overhead in work
areas. Fans or blowers may
operate by bringing fresh air into a space, thus forcing contaminated air out through natural
openings such as doors and windows, or by drawing off contaminated air thus creating a partial
vacuum which is filled by the entry of fresh air.
Unpleasant
drafts of air, particularly near
open doors and windows
are
sometimes caused when natural
ventilation is produced in large
,
volume.
Local ventilation usually consists in providing air suction
close to the point where potentially harmful dusts, fumes, vapors, mists or gases are generated.
This permits removal of
the contaminants with relatively
small quantities of air and prevents contamination of adjacent
workspaces. Collection and disposal of contaminants removed
by local exhaust ventilation sometimes presents a major engineering problem. In some processes,
especially those involving the use
of volatile
chemicals,
it
is
com-
mon
practice to install a recovery system as part of the ventilating equipment.

This may result in savings sufficient to defray the cost of installing and operating the ventilating system.
(e) Wetting.
The use of water
to limit the dispersal of atmospheric contaminants finds its
chief application in the control of
dust. This procedure is widely
used in rock- drilling and it is
also useful when sweeping is done
in a dusty work-room.
(f) Neutralization or inactivation
of chemical compounds is sometimes useful in connection with
local exhaust ventilation and in
cleaning up contaminated areas.
(g) General housekeeping proce-
SECTION
12
while perhaps the simplmeasures, are

none-the-less extremely important and valuable. Regular cleanup schedules, particularly where
dust is a problem, are essential
in any control program.
In addition to the specific proce-
When
dures,
est of all control
dures just enumerated, it is often important to conduct regular appraisals

of the working environment by means
of dust counts, air analyses and similar tests, thereby checking on the effectiveness of the preventive measures.
FIRST AID
Emergency Treatment
of
Acute
Poisoning
It is
intravenous entry).
obvious that the route of entry
will influence the type of
emergency
sample
of the
examiner (coroner).
General Procedures
ical
(A)
Inhalation:
Remove victim from contaminated area. Rescuers should be properly protected or provided with life
(1)
lines.
(2) Keep victim warm (not hot) and
quiet. Lying flat is usually the best
position.
(3)
If
breathing has stopped,
Administer
oxygen,
if it is
available.
(5)
Keepbreathing passages open.
Examine mouth for false teeth and

chewing gum and remove them if present.
(B) Ingestion:
(1) Attempt to empty the stomach
by causing vomiting or use of an emetic.
This should be done even if a
period of several hours has passed
treatment.
since the poison was swallowed.
every case of acute poisoning,

summon medical assistance immediately. The names and telephone numbers of one or more on-call physicians, the nearest hospital and ambulance service should be posted near
Exc eptions.
In
appropriate telephones.
If the police department, fire department or utility company maintains an emergency service, their
telephone numbers should also be
posted.
Every industrial establishment,

no matter how small, should have at
least one person on duty at all times
who is trained and designated to take
charge in the event of an emergency
due to poisoning.
This individual
should be conversant with the emergency handling of the particular situations that
may
arise.
Improper first aid may be more

harmful than none at all.
Although prompt action is always
important, there are relatively few
situations in which a delay of seconds or minutes will have a significant bearing on the outcome.
give
artificial respiration.
(4)
Acute poisoning may be the result

of entry into the body of large or concentrated doses of a poison through
(a) Breathing (inhalation)
(b) Swallowing (ingestion)
(c) Skin absorption
(d) Injection (hypodermic or
possible,
suspected poison, or the container

from which it came, should be preserved for the guidance of the treating physician, the police or the med-
Corrosive chemicals
such as strong acids or caustic alkalies, victim having convulsions, victim -unconscious.
(2) Dilute the poison by administering fluids in any of the following
forms:
(a) Plain tap water: 3-4 glasses.
2-3 glasses.
(b) Soapy water:
(c) Table salt in warm water: 1
tablespoon to an ordinary
8 ounce tumbler,
3-4 glasses.
(d) Milk:
If these fluids are vomited, which
is desirable, the doses may be repeated several times.
(3) Give the victim a "universal
antidote." A mixture of powdered
burnt toast (charcoal), strong tea and
milk of magnesia will, absorb and neutralize many poisons. (One piece of
toast and 4 tablespoons of milk of
magnesia in a cup of strong tea).
(C) Skin Contact:
(l) Dilute the contaminating substance with large amounts of water.
This is best done in a shower, but may
also be done with a hose, buckets or
TOXICOLOGY
13
The water should be

other means.
lukewarm if possible.
(2)
Remove contaminated clothing.
Those assisting the victim should protect their
own
skin with gloves,
if
available
(3) Chemical burns of the eye
should be treated with large amounts
of water or with a weak solution of
bicarbonate of soda(a level teaspoonful of bicarbonate to 1 quart of warm,
clean water).
(D) Injected Poisons:
(1) Absorption may be delayed by
the application of a tourniquet above
the point of injection if this is in the

or leg.
The tourniquet should
not be so tight that it impairs the flow
of arterial blood.
arm
(2) Excretion can be hastened by

administering large doses of water or
other fluid.
(3) Attempt to determine the nature of the poison so that the proper
antidote can be given.
%
LABORATORY PROCEDURE
Application and Interpretation
It is axiomatic that accurate diagnosis is basic to the proper handling
of any medical problem. Diagnosis is
rarely, if ever, established by any
single observation or test.
A total
picture, as determined through the
history, the physical examination and
diagnostic tests, must be obtained and
interpreted. Frequently th e r e is a
tendency on the part of persons who
have not had medical training to place
undue emphasis on the importance of
laboratory procedures.
This is understandable since deviations from the
normal which can be expressed in
terms of numbers may be more comprehensible than data obtained by the
taking of a history or performing a
physical examination. The important
point is that ordinarily a reliable diagnosis can be arrived at only by securing and interpreting all available
information
Laboratory procedures in industrial toxicology can b e divided into
two major classes: (l) those applied
to human beings and (2) those applied
to the environment. The present discussion is concerned only with the
former.
Specificity of
limited in the
can react to
harmful influences from outside or
morbid
processes originating
the body. In o t h e r words,

similar or identical changes may be produced
by widely differing causes.

familiar exof this is the presence of stippled red blood cells which can be found
in lead poisoning but which also occur
in a number of blood disorders such
ample
as anemias and leukemias. There are

few, if any, laboratory tests which
can be said to be pathognomonic, that
is,
so selective and specific that a
positive result in and of itself alone
is sufficient to determine a diagnosis.
Those who have
(2) Normal Values.
been trained in the physical sciences
are accustomed to think of physical
constants in terms of fixed or absolute values.
Such things as freezing
and melting point, vapor pressure
and many other characteristics of
materials have a single fixed value
when measured under the same conditions. The situation in the biological sciences is not so simple. It can
be stated categorically that

in the quantitative study of biological
terials (blood, urine, etc.) there
The
is
mano such
thing as a single, fixed normal value. There

however, a normal range. Failure to understand this principle has
is,
been responsible for many erroneous

Unless one knows what
conclusions.
is normal, it is impossible to know
what is abnormal.
Very of(3) Trends and Mass Data.

ten a single, isolated laboratory test
will be inconclusive as to whether it
indicates a normal or abnormal state.
Serial observations made over a period of time and showing a trend in a cirtain direction may be highly significant even though none of the individual tests yields results falling outside
the normal range.
For example, a
series of blood counts starting in the
upper part of the normal range and
gradually but steadily falling to the
mean that
lower normal limit
poisoning has occured, in spite of the
fact that the lowest count still falls
within the normal range.
Another effective means of detecting subtle changes is through the use
may
mass
Using the example of

it may be found
that the average of the values for a
group of workers having a common
data.
blood counts again,

Laboratory Tests.
it
within
of
Basic Principles:
(1)
human organism is
manner in which
SECTION
14
exposure is different from that of a

group of similar individuals who have
had no such exposure. Although this
approach may not reveal which individuals in the group have been affected,
itwillshow that excessive concentrations of a noxious agent are present
and bring out the necessity for corrective measures. Trends can be
used
in the interpretation of mass

data as well as in following the status
of individuals.
these prove to have lasting value,

others enjoy a brief vogue and then
fall into disuse.
A test of proven
worth should not be discarded capriciously in favor of a newer one until
the latter has conclusively demonstrated its superiority.
The perfor(6) Laboratory Errors.
mance of diagnostic tests, as well as
their interpretation, involves human
factors. Anyone who has had any experience with laboratory work is well
Although
(4) Control Observations.
standard values for the normal ranges
encountered in the performance of
laboratory tests have been published
in various textbooks, it is not always
entirely safe to use these standards
in evaluating occupational exposure to
toxic compounds.
This principle is
universally recognized in biological
experimentation, and "control" observations are made to obviate erroneous
conclusions. This means that a group
to be tested or treated is compared
with a similar or identical group under conditions involving a single variable.
For industrial toxicology the
aware
application of this principle means

that if a group of workers is to be
tested for possible toxic manifestations, the same tests should also be
performed on a group of workers
similar in every respect, but not exposed to any potentially toxic agent.
(b)
Such
(a)
(c)
The Importance
of Simple Tests.
a tendency to believe that because a diagnostic test is
complicated and involves the use of
Some people have

expensive
equipment
it
necessarily
errors
New laboratory tests are condeveloped. Some of
stantly being
in Collection.
Many
diagnostic procedures require
Errors
The same
many
other
laboratory procedures.
Accidental Contamination. A
specimen may be properly
collected,
mass
yields information that is of greater

significance than that obtained by simpler tests.
This is by no means always the case. It is true, of course,
that some of the most valuable diagnostic procedures used in industrial
toxicology, as well as in ordinary
medical diagnosis, are fairly complicated.
This should not result in the
fact being overlooked that equally
important information can be obtained
through very simple tests.
Not infrequently the simple tests are ignored
completely, resulting in diagnostic
more important
sults of the test.

principle applies to
data.
(5)
possibilities for
be tested or analyzed. This is

particularly true of specimens
to b e analyzed quantitatively
for heavy metals. The slightest deviationfrom the approved
technique may vitiate the re-
observations may entail some

but they are important
in interpreting
many
the most scrupulous care in

the collection of the sample to
difficulty,
particularly
of the
error.
Some of the
are listed below.
but
may become
contaminated after collection

and before analysis.
always
Deterioration.
It is
desirable and often essential
that a sample be analyzed as
soon as possible after collection.
Physical, chemical or
morphological change s may
occur if there is undue delay
between the time of collection
and the time of analysis.
There are methods of preservation which can and should be
applied when delay cannot be
avoided.
(d)
There is
Technical Errors.
always a pos sibility, even
under the best circumstances,
and even when the competence
of the technician is unquestionable, for technical errors
to creep into laboratory procedures. These can be reduced to a minimum if duplicate samples are analyzed
and if "blanks" are run to test
(e)
Errors
the purity of the reagents used.

Some
in Calculation.
tests require the application
of mathematical formulas in
TOXICOLOGY
15
The techniques for performlaboratory te sts can be
the calculation of the results.
This int r o du c e
source of error.
(f)
a possible
ing
to
fication
occur in the identispecimens. This
Common
of
obviously could result in serious error.

Errors in Reporting and
Recording. In addition to the
erroneous reporting that would
result from mixed specimens,
there are other possibilities
for mistakes. Slips of the pen
either when the results of a test are entered on
the original report or when
may occur
these results are transcribed

Illegible
to another document.
writing
be a source of
confusion or error.
Wilful Error. The possibility
of error as a result of slovenliness or even of outright
dishonesty, while rare, should
not be overlooked.
The laboratory can be a
valuable adjunct to, but should
never be a substitute for,
may
(h)
medical judgment. When the

two appear to be in conflict, it
is always wise to check the
possibility of error in the laboratory.
Table
Test
1.
2.
found in a number of excellent

textbooks.
In the discussion
which follows no attempt is
made to describe techniques.
Mixed Specimens. It is rare,

but by no means unknown in
busy laboratories, for mistakes
(g)
Color
Turbidity
Range
An attempt
of
will
to
A
aids.
routine urinalysis should be included
as part of the examination of any case
Periodic
of s u s p e c te d poisoning.
testing of the urine for specific
changes is often useful in periodic
examinations to detect early evidence
of poisoning. The periodic examination need not always embrace a complete urinalysis.
most valuable diagnostic
deep amber
Usually clear, if speci

is freshly voided
men
in this
in tabular
some
of
Urine
Normal Values
Pale straw
made
be
form,
of the most commonlyused
laboratory tests together with ranges
of normal values.
The tests to be
considered here are those which are
ordinarily performed in any clinical
laboratory and which require relatively simple equipment and techniques.
The more specialized and
complicated procedures will be summarized elsewhere.
The Urine. Laboratory examination of the urine is one of the simplest and at the same time one of the
section to present,
Normal Values
1.
Laboratory Tests and their
Significance
Significance
Low specific gravity usually associated with pale

color, high specific gravity
with a deeper color.
Turbidity not necessarily
an indication of abnormal
status.
i.
Acidity
pH 4.8-7.5
Fresh urine
is
usually
On standing,
urine may become alkaline
slightly acid.
due to decomposition with

formation of ammonia.
4.
Specific
gravity
1.001 to 1.030
Specific gravity depends on

fluid intake. In certain
kidney diseases
come
it
may
fixed at 1.010.
be-
SECTION
16
Table
Normal Values
Range
Test
5,
1.
Sugar (glucose
or reducing
of
No rmal
of Urine (continued)
Values
None
in carbohy-
may
give transient
sugar in urine. Its presence does not necessarily
mean diabetes.
Albumin
None
Albumin
meal high
drate
bodies)
6.
Significance
in the urine usually denotes the presence

Occaof kidney disease.
sionally albumin appears
in the urine of normal per-
(protein)
sons following long standing (postural albuminuria).

7.
Casts
Red blood
cells
Leukocytes and
epithelial
0-9,000 in 12 hrs
0-1,500, 000 in 12 hrs
32,000-4 ,000, 000 in 42 hrs
In routine examinations of
urine a few casts and

blood cells may be found
in
ells
normal specimens.
Kidney Function Tests

8.
Concentration
Sp. gr. above 1.020
9.
Dilution
Sp. gr.
10.
Dye excretion
15 min.
30 min.
60 min.
120 min.
11.
Porphyrins
1.002
30-50%
15-25%
10-15%
3-10%
rough, but useful measure of kidney function.
Same
Values given are based on
intravenous injection of
phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP)
Low dye excretion means
poor kidney function.
May
Trace
be increased in ex-
posure
Interpretation of Urine Tests.
Abnor-
malities in the urine may be caused

by diseases of the kidneys or of other
parts of the urinary tract: ureters,
urinary bladder, urethra and accessory glandular structures. Only when
the kidneys themselves are involved
will there be disturbances in function.
Casts originate only in the kidneys;
other formed elements (blood cells,
epithelial cells) may enter the urine
from other parts
to lead.
of the urinary system. Disturbances in kidney function

may not be present unless there has
been fairly extensive damage to kidney tissue.
Anumber of diseases of nonoccupational nature can produce abnormal
findings in the urine. Those occupational exposures which may produce
urinary changes are listed in Table 2.
TOXICOLOGY
17
Table
2.
Occupational Poisons Which
May Produce Abnormalities
Detectable by Ordinary Urinalysis

Findings
Substance
Aniline dye inter-
Dark
Significance
color, blood cells
mediates
Due
Albumin, blood cells
Arsenic
Suggests presence of cancer of bladder

to
damage
to the kid-
neys
Benzol
Red blood
Cadmium
Dark color, red blood
Severe poisoning with

bleeding into urinary tract
cells
Due
to
kidney irritation
cells
Carbon
disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Albumin
Kidney damage
Albumin, casts, blood

cells, impaired function
Due
to kidney
damage
Questionable
Cobalt
Chlor obenzene s
Albumin, red blood cells,

dark color
Kidney damage
Cresol
Albumin, red blood cells
Due
DDT
Albumin
Kidney degeneration
Kidney damage produced

in experimental animals
Dichloroethyl
ether
Dioxane
Red blood cells, disturbed function
Ethylene chlor ohydrin


Ethylene dichloride
Lead
Hemorrhagic nephritis
Dimethyl sulfate
Glycols
to kidney irritation
Red blood cells, impaired function
ingestion
Increases porphyrins;
Questionable
Has occured following
albumin
Mercury
Albumin, impaired
Due
to kidney injury
function
Methyl bromide
Albumin
Kidney damage
Methyl chloride
Albumin
Kidney damage
SECTION
18
Table
2.
Detectable by Ordinary Urinalysis (continued)

Substance
Findings
Significance
Kidney injury has been

produced in experimental
animals
Methyl formate
Naphthols
Due
to irritation of kid-
neys
Naphthylamine s
See Aniline dye intermediates
Nitrobenzol
Kidney irritation
Oxalic acid
Albumin
Occurs
in severe poisoning
Kidney damage reported in

very severe cases of acute
Petroleum hydrocarbons
poisoning
Phenols
Kidney irritation
Phenyl hydrazine
Kidney damage
mental animals
in experi-
Phosphorus
Kidney damage
cases
in severe
Tetrachlor ethane
Due
Albumin, casts
to kidney
damage
Kidney damage following
Thallium
accidental ingestion
Kidney damage from in-
T rinit rophenol
gestion
Trinitrotoluol
Dark color, albumin,
Dark color caused by ex-
(TNT)
casts, blood cells
cretion products
Turpentine
Blood cells
Kidney irritation
Uranium
Albumin
Kidney damage
Vanadium
Kidney damage
The Blood.
Laboratory examina-
tion of the blood is undoubtedly one of

the most important procedures used
in industrial toxicology as well as in
general medical diagnosis. Many of
the techniques for examining the blood
are fairly simple and easy to apply.
Unlike the kidneys and liver, in which
altered function does not occur until
there has been serious damage, early
and subtle evidence of poisoning can

often be detected in the blood.
Standard values for the normal

ranges of the various constituents of
the blood have been determined and
published. These standards have not
always been fully appreciated and applied, partly because of the influence
of old and ob s ole t e textbooks. As
mentioned above, it is often important
TOXICOLOGY
19
remember
for an observer to establish his own

set of standards when attempting to
assess the toxic properties of industrial
chemicals.
It
is
important
Table
to
may be
Normal Blood Values
3.
Comments
Normal Range
Test
Red blood
Males
Females
also that abnormalities in

due to many different
causes, nonoccupational as well as
occupational.
the blood
cells
4.5-6.0 million per

4.0-5.0 million pe r
Hemoglobin
Males
Females
cmm
cmm
14-18 g per 100 cc

12-16 g per 100 cc
Values given in per cent

are meaningless unless
the gravimetric equivalent
of
White blood cells

Total
Eosinophiles
Basophiles
is stated.
5,000-10,000 per
cmm
Total white cell counts

fluctuate widely from hour
Differential
to hour.
counts remain fairly
Differential
Band forms
Segmented
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
100%
0- 5%
35-70%
20-60%
2-10%
0- 5%
0- 2%
static.
Platelets
1-0.5%
High values indicate active

blood regeneration
Reticulocytes
0.
Erthrocyte Sedimentation Rate

(ESR)
Wintrobe method
Values differ in males and

females
Hematocrit
40-48%
Affected by dehydration
Mean Corpuscular
80-94 cu. microns
Males 0-9 mm in 1 hr
Females 0-20 mm in 1 hr
Westergren method
Less than 20 mm in 1 hr
cell
volume
Volume (MCV)
Average size
of red blood
cells
Mean Corpuscular
27-32 micromicrograms
Hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean Corpuscular
Average hemoglobin content per cell
32-38%
Hemoglobin
Average concentration of
hemoglobin in red blood
Concentration
cells
(MCC)
Red Cell Fragility
Hemolysis starts in solution of 0.42% NaCl, complete in 0.32% 'NaCl
'
Bleeding Time
Less than
Coagulation Time
6-10 min.
Venous blood
Appearance
Uniform size and staining,

appear circular
Parasites such as those of

malaria may be found in
stained blood smears.
blood cells
of
red
min.
Capillary bleeding
SECTION
20
Table
Normal Blood Chemistry Values
4.
Normal Range
Test
Blood Urea
Urea Nitrogen
20-35
9-17
mg
mg
per 100 cc
per 100 cc
Non Protein
15-40
mg
per 100 cc blood
Comments
Nitrogen (NPN)
Total Protein
6.
8.
per 100 cc
(L.F.)
Serum Albumin
4.0-5.0
mg
per 100 cc
0-3.
mg
per 100 cc
(L.F.)
Serum Globulin
2.
(L.F.)
Albumin -globulin
1.5:1 to 3:1
Ratio (A/ G)
(L.F.)
mg
Uric Acid
2-4
Total Cholesterol
150-230
per 100 cc blood
mg
per 100 cc
(L.F.)
Cholesterol
Esters (L. F.
Serum
65-75%
)
Bilirubin
(L.F.)
Alkaline Phosphatase (L. F. )
of total
Increased in biliary obstruction, decreased in

diseases of liver
Decreased
in liver disease
cholesterol
0.4-1.5
of
mg
per 100 cc
serum
Elevated in biliary obstruction
3.0-4.5 Bodansky Units

per 100 cc of serum
High values in biliary obstruction. Little change

in intrinsic liver disease.
tase
5-2.
Gutman Units per
100 cc of serum
Blood Sugar
90-120
Icterus Index
2-8 units
Acid Phospha-
0.
mg
Not related
to liver
per 100 cc blood

Frequently used as a measure of jaundice, but unreliable because of inter-
(L.F.)
fering substances.
Calcium
8.5-11.5
mg
per 100 cc
serum
Chlorides
570-620
mg
per 100 cc
plasma
mg
disease
Creatinine
1-2
Oxygen Capacity
18-24 cc per 100 cc blood
per 100 cc blood
TOXICOLOGY
21
Table 4.
Normal Blood Chemistry Values
(continued)
Normal Range
Test
mg
Potassium
16-22
Sodium
315-330
Comments
per 100 cc serum
mg
per 100 cc
serum
3-4
Phosphorus
mg
per 100 cc serum
Tests marked (L.F.
Inorganic phosphates
are used in liver function studies.
<
Disturbances in the Blood Due to
Occupational Poisoning, in this section attention will be limited to those
components of the blood included in
The tests involved can be
Table 3.
and usually are performed in any
clinical laboratory. Some toxic mate-
Table
5.
rials affect several of the blood ele-
ments while others produce changes

component. Table 5 represents an attempt to summarize the
hematologic abnormalities that may
be caused by occupational exposure to
in a single
toxic
compounds.
Detectable by Studies of the Blood

Substance
Acrylonitrile
Comments
Findings
Anemia, leukocytosis
Reported but not definitely

established.
Anemia, stippled red
Findings differ in acute
cells, leukocytosis
and chronic exposure.
Antimony
Leukopenia
Effects may resemble those

of arsenic.
Arsenic
Anemia, leukopenia
Industrial poisoning
caused by arsine.
Benzene
Decrease in
elements
Carbon disulfide
Anemia, leukocytosis,
immature W B C
medical literature.
Anemia, leukopenia
Questionable
Cobalt
Increased R. B. C.
Animal experiments
DDT
Anemia, leukopenia
Rarely occurs.
Ethyl silicate
Anemia, leukocytosis
Animal experiments
Aniline
all
Carbon tetrachlo-
formed
may
be
Death may result from depression of the bone marrow

Conflicting reports in
ride
only.
only.
SECTION
Table
22
5,
Detectable by Studies of the Blood (continued)

Substance
Comments
Findings
formed
Ethylene glycol
Decrease
monomethyl ether
elements, increased
percentage of immature
in all
Based on human observations
W.B.C.
Questionable
Ethylene oxide
Lead
Mild anemia, stippling

of R.B. C.
Well established
Manganese
Leukopenia
Questionable
Mercury
High hemoglobin
Reported but unconfirmed
Methyl chloride
Decrease
elements
Nitrobenzene s
Reduced R. B. C with
(Nitrophenols)
signs of regeneration
Nitrous fumes
Decreased W. B. C.
Phenylhydrazine
Anemia with
Due
in
formed
signs of
Animal experiments
Due
to
blood destruction
to blood destruction
regeneration
Well established in humans
Radium
Decrease
elements
Selenium
Anemia
Animal experiments
Tetrachlo re thane
Signs of blood destruction
Not
in all
formed
fully established in
humans
Thallium
Increased W. B. C. and
eosinophiles
Thorium
Decrease
elements
Toluene
Anemia, leukopenia
Mild when compared with

benzene
Toluidine
Anemia
Questionable
Trichlor ethylene
Anemia
Trinitrotoluene
Anemia, leukopenia
Well established
Uranium
Anemia, leukopenia
Due
Vandium
Anemia
Questionable
Xylene
Anemia, leukopenia
Questionable
in all
formed
Due
to radioactivity
to radioactivity
TOXICOLOGY
23
Interpretation of Laboratory Tests on Blood.
of laboratory tests
ferential diagnosis is involved, more

complete blood studies are usually
on the blood should be governed by the

basic principles which, apply to all
laboratory diagnostic procedure s see
p. 13). In particular, the importance
of normal or control observations
Furthermore,
should be stressed.
there is nothing specific about blood
examinations which permits a conclusion that if abnormalities are found in
a worker who has been exposed to a
known hemotoxic agent that the change
is necessarily due to the poison. At
best, the evidence is only presumptive and forms only a part of the total
required.
The interpretation
procedure, determination of the

hemoglobin and examination of a
stained blood smear may be useful.
The combination of these two tests
will reveal or give a clue to the existence of most abnormalities of the
Liver Function Studies. As mentioned elsewhere, disturbance s of

liver function detectable by laboratory
methods may not be present until
there has been a substantial degree of
damage to the liver.
This means
that liver function tests are of very
limited value in detecting early poisoning and that normal results in
liver function studies do not necessarily mean that the liver is intact.
A variety of causes may produce
abnormalities in liver function and
it is often difficult to determine the
causative factor.
In studying liver
function it is customary to perform
a battery of tests.
Various combinations of positive and negative results are helpful in arriving at an
opinion or conclusion as to the true
nature of the disease process.
Some of the tests which are frequently used in studying liver function
have been included in Table 4
page 20
Some of the more specific
blood. Single tests or partial examinations are often all that are required
in periodic examinations to detect
early poisoning. In cases where dif-
are summarized in Table 6.

Interpretation should be guided by the
general principles set forth on
page 13.
picture.
Since complete laboratory examination of the blood is somewhat timeconsuming it is often impracticable
to perform complete studies on large
As a routine
groups of workers.
Table
6.
tests
Liver Function Tests
(Other than those given in Table

Test
Bromsulfone-
4.
Comment
Normal Range
Less than 5% retention
phthalein test
Disease
of liver tissue,
biliary obstruction or
circulatory obstruction may

cause greater retention
(BSP)
Cephalin Floc-
0-1+ flocculation
Increased flocculation found
culation
in 48 hrs
in disease of liver tissue,
associated with abnormalities of serum proteins
Thymol
0-4 Maclagan units
Significance same as
cephalin flocculation
No definite flocculati on
in any dilution
Significance same as
cephalin flocculation and
Turbidity
Tabata-Ara test
thymol turbitity
Urine Urobilinogen
0.5-2.0
mg
per 24 h rs
or dilution of
:4 -
30
May
be abnormal in biliary obstruction or in

disease of liver tissue
SECTION
24
Table
7.
In Liver Function
Acrylonitrile
Ethylene chlorohydrin
Antimony
Ethylene dichloride
Arsenic*
Methyl chloride*
Beryllium*
Methyl formate
Cadmium*
Methylene chloride
Carbon disulfide*
Nitrobenzol*
Carbon tetrachloride*
Phenol*
Chlorinated diphenyls*
Phenylhydrazine
Chlorinated naphthalenes*
Phosphorus*
Cobalt
Tetrachlo re thane
Cycloparaffins
(cyclopropane, -butane, etc.)
Trichlor ethylene
Diethylene dioxide* (Dioxane)
(TNT)
Dinitrophenol*
Uranium
Trinitrotoluene*
Diphenyl
*Substances marked with an asterisk have been shown
Table
7 is
a list of substances
commonly used in industry which may

to the liver and consequently may, in severe poisoning,
result in abnormal liver function.
This list is given without further
comment since available pertinent
produce injury
information
For many
somewhat limited.
is
substances listed,
confined to observai m e n t a 1 laboratory
animals.
Miscellaneous Tests of General Importance.
Serological Tests for Syphilis.
Testing the blood for evidence of past
or present syphilitic infection is commonly practiced as part of a preplacementor routine periodic physical examination. The oldest and best known
of the blood serological tests is the
Wasserman reaction. In recent years
there have been developed a number of
modifications of the Wasserman test,
such as the Kolmer, Kahn, Kline,
Mazzini, Hinton, Eagle and V.D.R.L.
tests. All of these are applied for the
same purpose, i.e to detect syphilis.
In the interpretation of serological
tests for syphilis there are a few
.
produce liver injury,
principles which are particularly important:

Conclusions should not be
(1)
drawn or therapy instituted as
a result of a single positive
report. Before action is
taken, the test should be repeated and perhaps one or
more
of the
the evidence is
tions on e xp e r
to
(2)
of the modified forms of

the test done as well.
positive test, in and of it-
self,
does not
necessarily
mean
that there has been a

Positive
syphilitic infection.
reactions can be caused by

other diseases(e. g. malaria)
and furthermore there occasionally occur false positives.
A negative test does not necessarily rule out the possiIt take s
bility of syphilis.
time for the blood to develop
the antibodies which produce
positive reactions so that in
the very early stages of the
disease a positive test may
not be obtained. In such cases
a dark field examination of
material obtained directly
,
(3)
TOXICOLOGY
25
from a suspected lesion may
reveal the presence of the

spirochaetes which cause
syphilis.
actions
False negative reare rare, but can
occur.
(4)
positive reaction may be

found in persons who have had
syphilis even though they have
received adequate treatment
and to all intents and purposes

have been cured. This condi-
known as being "Wassermann fast." A positive
tion is
then, does not necessarily mean the presence of

active disease.
The various serological tests
have a relatively high degree
of specificity but are, nonetheless, subject to all of the
test,
(5)
possible errors and pitfalls of
any
laboratory
procedure
(see page 14).

Tests perOther Serological Tests.
formed on the blood serum may provide valuable diagnostic evidence in a
number of infectious diseases. Some
of these maybe occupational in origin,
such as brucellosis (undulant fever),
tularemia, Weil's Disease (spirochaetal jaundice), p s i 1 1 a c o s i s and

glanders.
Interpretation of the results of
serological tests applied to these infections should be in accordance with
the general principles stated on
page 13.
Bacteriologic Examinations. This category includes direct examination of
stained or unstained material such as
sputum, pus or urine sediment and the
study of cultures of suspected specimens having the same general origin.
These tests are usually applied as
part of a general diagnostic study.
,
Yeasts, molds, and
fungi may be
studied by methods similar to those
applied to bacteria.
Infectious diseases of occupational
origin, in addition to those mentioned
previously, include anthrax, tetanus,
rabies, erysipeloid, blastomycosis,
actinomycosis,
moniliosis,
coccidioidomycosis,
aspergillosis
and cryptococcal infection.
Stool Examination.
Fresh or stained
specimens of the stools (feces) are

often examined to detect the presence of intestinal parasites such as
worms or amoebae. A search is

made either for the parasite itself or
its eggs.
Another common test applied to the stools is that for blood,
to secure evidence of cancer or other
lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.
Interpretation of stool examinations should be guided by the general
principles of all laboratory diagnostic
procedures (see page 13).
Electrocardiogram (EKG). This test has
found wide application in the diagnosis of heart disease.
The reading or
interpretation of an electrocardiogram requires a high degree of skill.
There is nothing magical about the
instrument which produces the elec-
trocardiogram,
the electrocardiograph. All it can do is to give a record of the manner in which a nerve
impulse travels through the heart
muscle. Disturbances of the conduction system and abnormalities of the
heart muscle may produce characteristic abnormalities of the electrocardiogram. A normal tracing does not
necessarily mean that there is nothing wrong with the heart, and an abnormal tracing does not necessarily
mean
that heart disease is present.
(BMR). This is
a method for measuring the rate at
which oxygen is consumed by the body.
Its most frequent application is in the
study of suspected or actual diseases
of the thyroid gland. Many conditions
other than thyroid disease can proBasal Metabolic Rate
duce abnormalities of the
BMR.
Roentgenologic (X-ray) Examinations.

The use of the x-ray has wide application as a diagnostic tool. It is important to realize that all the x-ray
can do diagnostically is to provide a
record of the density of the structures
through which the rays pass. Dense
objects obstruct the passage of the
beam, resulting in less darkening of
the film. The darker areas on an
x-ray film are those through which

most readily. The usefulness of the x-ray can be enhanced
by the use of radio -opaque contrast
media, such as the familiar barium
mixtures used in the roentgen examithe rays pass
nation of the intestinal tract.

The basic principles of the interpretation of laboratory tests apply to
the interpretation of data obtained by
roentgenologic examination.
SECTION
26
Special Laboratory Tests. In the

previous pages a summary has been
given of the more important laboratory procedures which are used in
medical diagnosis. These tests are
used in studying nonoccupational as
well as occupational illnesses. There
are,
in addition,
number
of tests
which are utilized only in the diagnosis of diseases caused by noxious

substances.
Exposure to such substances occurs principally as an occupational hazard although occasionally there is a nonoccupational origin.
Examples of the latter would be the
inhalation of toxic gases produced by
faulty heating or refrigerating equipment or the ingestion of poisonous
materials in contaminated food and

beverages.
Occupational poisoning
may occur in the practice of hobbies
or through work in one's own home
and is not necessarily the result of
adverse conditions of employment.
There are two main types of tests
to detect the absorption of
potentially harmful substances.
Detection of the material it(1)
self in body fluids, particularly in urine and blood. This
is used principally in connection with metallic poisons.
used
Detection of the products of

metabolism (metabolites) of a
toxic substance. This is used
principally in connection with
toxic organic compounds.
In addition to these two main types
there are several of lesser importance such as
Examination of expired air for
(3)
the detection of toxic gases.
(2)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Examination
of
sputum
for
dust particles or asbestosis

bodies.
Stool examination for heavy
metals.
Biopsy examination of living

tissue
(7)
Post mortem
examination
(autopsy) and chemical analysis of organs.
The general principles of interpretation (see page 13) apply to the spe-
cial tests as well as to all others. Of

particular importance is the avoid-
ance of contamination of specimens.

Many of the analytical procedures
used in determining toxic substances
in blood and urine are so sensitive
that the slightest error in the technique of collecting and handling the
specimen can vitiate the results of
the analysis.
"Normal" Content of Metals in Urine and
Blood.
number of metals which can
cause occupational poisoning may be

found in the urine or blood of persons
who have had no occupational exposure to these substances. Lead, arsenic and mercury are common examples of this. Extensive studies on
lead have shown that the so-called
"normal" content may be as high as
0.08 mg per liter in urine and 0.05
mg per 100 cc in blood. Reliable
quantitative data of a similar nature
are not available for other metals.
In interpreting the results of analyses of blood and urine for heavy
metals a few points are particularly
important.
The presence of a toxic metal
1.
indicates absorption but not
necessarily poisoning.
The metal could have gained
2.
access to the body from nonoccupational as well as occupational sources.
3.
It is
important
amount
to know the
of concentration of
toxic metal, not merely

4.
whether itispresent or
absent.
The concentration of a toxic
metal in the blood is more
likely to be correlated with
symptoms and signs of poisoning than the quantity or
concentration in the urine.
For lead there tends to be
fairly good correlation between blood and urine levels
and between these values and
For
clinical manifestations.
mercury this is not the case.
Information on other metals
is very scanty.
TOXICOLOGY
27
Table
Materials for Which Analysis of Urine
8.
and Blood
Is
Useful
Normal Range
Substance
Arsenic, Urine
0-0. 85
Fluoride, Urine
0.
mg
Comment
Arsenical medication can
result in arsenic appearing
in urine and blood
per liter
mg per liter
mg per liter
01-0. 08 mg per liter
01-0. 05 mg per 100 cc
2-0. 4
0. 01
<
Blood
Lead, Urine
Blood
0.
Mercury, Urine
none
0.
Fluorine content of drinking water is important
Average
Average
03
03
0.
0.
mg
mg
per liter
per 100 cc
Amalgam fillings in
may give detectable
teeth
quan-
tities in urine.
Selenium, Urine
0-0. 10
Carbon monoxide,
0-10%
mg
Depends on
selenium
per liter
Table
soil content of
CO measured
as carboxy-
hemoglobin
Blood
9.
Metabolite
Sulfates
Common
Aniline
Inorganic sulfate
Benzene
85-90%
Phenol
Organic sulfate
10-15%
Xylidine
Hippuric acid
Toluene
Ethyl -
Comment
Normal Range
0.
6-0. 7 g in 24 hrs
benzene
Can be influenced by
diel
Can be influenced by
diel
Also present in other

benzene homologs which
are oxidized to benzoic
acid
Glucur onate s
Aniline
0.
7-1.4 g in 24 hrs
Benzene
Phenol
Terpenes
Xylidine
Trichloracetic acid
Trichlorethylene
Formic acid
Methyl
30-120
mg
in 24 hrs
alcohol
Thiocyanate
2,
6-Dinitro-
Nitriles
0-14
TNT
none
Aniline
none
DDT
none
mg
in 24 hrs
Influenced by smoking
4- amino
toluene
p- Amino -
phenol
DDA
Acetic acid metabolite

of
DDT
i
i
Urine Tests for the Presence of Metabolites
Agent
<
SECTION
VENTILATION CONTROL
William B. Harris
Chief, Industrial Hygiene Branch
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission
New York, N. Y.
Estimation of Hazard
Substitution of Materials
In the industrial use of materials

which possess toxic properties, care
must be taken to prevent exposure
above and beyond some predeter-
mined safe level. In assigning a safe

or maximum allowable concentration,
MAC, it is generally assumed that
this level may be endured by the most
susceptible individual with no apparent ill effects. In some cases, it is
possible that this MAC is not properly chosen, but until better information is available, it may be used as a
design criterion for control of the
hazard involved in its use.
Prior to any attempt to engineer
the control of a hazard, some effort
must be made to define the type and
extent of this hazard. An industrial
hygiene engineer with broad experience in handling toxic substances can
generally make a reasonable evaluation from a consideration of the process and the materials involved, and
estimate the potential hazard. This
sort of estimate, however, is at best
semi -quantitative and for
economy
should be followed by a careful instrumental evaluation. Also, after

any control equipment or procedures
have been instituted, it is generally
well worth reevaluating to insure the
adequacy of these controls. It will
often be found that if consideration of
the methods discussed in this section
is given in the order presented, the
most economical control will result.
(For Hazard Ratings see Tables 5 and
6, pp. 50-51.)
After a survey of a process has

indicated that one or more items constitute a potential hazard, thought
should be given to the substitution of
other, equivalent materials with a
lower order of toxicity. In most cases

this is unlikely to be successful.
However, sometimes equivalent or
nearly equivalent results can be obtained by using materials of substantially lower toxicity.
For example,
many years ago the hazards of white
phosphorus in match heads was eliminated by the substitution of red phosphorus whichis less dangerous. Many
paint pigments historically based on
white lead are now composed of zinc,
titanium or barium oxides, and are
equally effective.
The undisputed
excellence of benzene as a solvent is
challenged by combinations of paraffinic materials which have a much
lower hazard rating. For the same
reason, carbon tetrachloride has been
replaced in large measure by other
chlorinated hydrocarbons. The economy of this procedure cannot be overly
stressed.
Where control requirements are large, significant savings
can be made.
For many years, the carroting of

fur used in making hatters' felt resulted in extensive mercury poisoning.
During the 1930' s the degree of this
hazard was recognized and some research was devoted to the development of a carroting agent which was
nonmercurial. The resistance encountered in getting the industry to
SECTION
30
revise its practices was great until

rising costs of mercury forced
industry to abandon mercurial
carroting agents.
In a similar manner early workers
with fluorescent phosphors found that
certain of the beryllium silicates were
very efficient in transposing ultraviolet radiation into visible light. For
several years, thereafter, beryllium
was a primary constituent of fluorescent tubes.
By the middle 1940'
berylliosis was discovered not only
among those engaged in the manufacture of tubes but also in the innocent
population living near the manufacturthe
the
ing plants. Soon the financial pressure of liability claims forced the
discontinuance of beryllium. Other

phosphors were investigated and these
have since been improved to an equivalent degree of efficiency.
Isolation or Segregation of Personnel
The process or equipment giving

to hazardous
exposures may
sometimes be segregated so as to
rise
reduce either the extent of individual

exposure or the number of individuals
exposed. Such segregation might take
the form of isolation in space or in
time. A furnace, for example, represents isolation in space. Conducting dangerous procedures during offshift time is an example of isolation
in time. It is often possible to use
the principle of isolation in space by
building the offending equipment into
a room by itself, or in the case of
existing equipment, an enclosure may
simply be built around it. When, as
often happens, the most hazardous
part of the process does not require
personal supervision, the operation
may be placed in a separate room or
inside an enclosure and the work
brought to it by a mechanical conveyor. In many cases, the number
of exposed persons may be reduced to
a single operator or group of operators simply by segregating the more
dangerous equipment from the rest of
the plant personnel. Isolation in time
is oftenusedin small foundries where
all the molds are poured during the
main shift and the dusty and potentially hazardous shake -out operation
is performed during the second shift
by a reduced staff. When the major
portion of an operating procedure in-
volves
more
toxic
sometimes possible
materials,
to
it
is
perform most
remotely actuated
devices.
Fully automatic chemical
plants are frequently designed on this
basis, so that all operating personnel
are located in control rooms far from
the hazard areas.
of the operations by
Local Suppression of Materials
When a substance becomes hazardpersonnel because it is disinto the atmosphere,

it is
frequently possible to reduce the
amount which gets into the air by
ous
to
persed
blanketing
the
originating
surface.
Thus, toxic materials having a high

vapor emission rate when exposed
via large open surfaces can be covered with lighter, immiscible nontoxic materials having a low vapor
pressure. For example, liquid mercury at room temperature can create
a very serious mercury vapor hazard.
Covering the mercurial surface with
water can reduce this hazard significantly.
Mechanical suspension of mists

been successfully controlled by
has
means
of insoluble floats. For instance, plastic beads or foams are

frequently used to cover the surface
of chromium plating baths, thereby
reducing the loss of valuable chromic
acid through misting and incidentally
materially reducing the need for ventilation. This principle has also been
applied to volatile fuel tanks.
Water has been successfully used
as a suppressant for many kinds of
dust where the operation is such that
the dust can be wetted. It is frequently possible to change a characteristic of the material which may be
evolved to suppress its evolution.

Where dusty materials are handled,
binders can be introduced which, in
some cases, will make dispersion
less likely.
Pelletizing of finely di-
vided materials like carbon black has

also been used successfully to reduce
inhalation hazards from flying particles and increase cleanliness.
Control of Air-borne Materials
As has been describedin Section 1,

most dangerous and also the easiest way for toxic materials to enter
the
the body is via the respiratory system. A dangerous concentration can
VENTILATION CONTROL
31
be absorbed without the individual's
knowledge or conscious participation.
On reviewing the materials which
industry considers hazardous, it appears that a large proportion of these
are
produced
industrially as dust,
fume, gas or mist. Such materials

can be air-borne and can readily
enter the body.
Because
of the ease with
which
air -borne materials may enter
the
body, and because of the relatively

rapid and complete assimilation of
such material, toxicologically dangerous quantities in the air are usually of a relatively low order of concentration. An analysis of permissible air -borne concentrations reveals
that most are presented in parts per
million and not in percentage points.
Air -borne materials in relatively low
concentrations have several important
properties in common which largely
govern their behavior in the air; these
properties also govern the application
of engineering control to prevent their
dissemination in the workroom.

Briefly, these properties may be defined as resulting from the following:
(a) Heat or cold, together with
the usual convection currents created
thereby.
(b) Any air current, draft, or
other air movement caused by a pressure differential, convectional force
or by the motion of some physical
body such as a machine, a machine
part, or a person.
(c) Gravity.
It is important to
recognize that whereas the force of
gravity is important when it acts on
solid or liquid particles of 20 microns
in diameter or larger, smaller particles down to gas molecules are much
more likely to ride on stray turbulent
air currents and will only settle in
response to gravity when the air in a
space is unusually still. Thus, heavy
gases or vapors, or heavy concentrations of dust will not usually collect or stratify at the floor, nor will
lighter air -borne material concentrate near the ceiling unless the space
is much quieter than the usual industrial work area or area where heat
is produced.
(d) The initial projection velocity
of the material is a function either
of the process or the machine or of
the
circumstances under which the
solid particle or gas is generated.

of this effect would be material issuing from a jet or nozzle or
being thrown by a high-speed cutter
Examples
or other high-speed machine or machine part. A spinning wheel or

similar device will frequently create
an air motion just as a fan does and
this air motion can effectively throw
material out from the wheel's rim at
a high velocity. It should be pointed
out, however, that whereas a large
particle which has significant mass
will remain projected for quite a distance, it will slow down and stop as
soon as its initial energy is dissipated.
Most particulate materials of hygienic s i g ni fi c an c e, because of their
small mass, slow down rapidly, becoming a part of the air stream.
A substance which is so dispersed
as to be of hygienic significance (a
gas, vapor, or small dust or mist
particle s will gene rally tend to diffuse
throughout any contained space and
will e ve ntu a 11 y fill the space into
whichithas been releasedin approximately uniform concentration. This
does not mean that there will not be
spaces of lower or higher concentrations depending on the various factors
which govern the release and distribution of the material. It does mean,
however, that it is unlikely that any
gaseous material or air contaminant
which resembles a gas can be expected to spill like a liquid. Rather,
its motion can be predicted on the
basis of the movement of air currents because the mate rial will
nearly always move with these currents and be completely at their
<
<
mercy.
the statements in paragraphs
and (b) above are accepted, it follows that a single basic principle apIf
(a)
problems of ventilation
the air containing the contaminating substance is in motion the
contaminating agent will likewise be
in motion in the same direction and
at the same velocity; if the air containing the contaminating material is
removed, the material is removed;
if air containing the contaminant is in
part replaced, the concentration of
contaminant in the atmosphere will
become more dilute; if the air which
contains the contaminant can be completely contained arid not permitted to
plie s to all
control:
If
i
i
SECTION
travel
32
through
the
work space,
the
danger from the contaminant is eliminated except within the containing enclosure.
Because contaminants are air borne the usual means for their control is ventilation, defined broadly as
"the process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical
means to or from any space; such
air may or may not have been tempered or conditioned. " Ventilation
may be divided into two general categories depending upon the means of
application: general ventilation
(sometimes known as dilution ventilation) and local ventilation, which is
almost always applied as exhaust, although local pressure ventilation can
sometimes be used. Both these
categories fall within the definition

given above.
General Ventilation.
General
ventilation consists of the removal of
air from or the supply of air to a general area. This area may be a room
or a building, but is usually only a
portion of an enclosed space. General ventilation may be induced by
natural means as, for example, a
fireplace chimney, or by a mechanical air -moving device such as an
air conditioning system.
It may be
created by forcing air into a space or
by removing air from a space. An
,
example of the f i r s t is the usual

household forced hot-air sy stem
whe rein warm air is blown into a
space to dilute the cold air. The
may be represented by an attic
latter
remove hot convected air

from the upper portions of a building,
fan used to
permitting
necessary
to dilute it to a safe
or
comfortable level.
(b) The rate of generation of the
contaminant in the space should be
reasonably uniform.
(c) The source of generation of
the contaminant should be distributed
throughout the space and should not
arise from a
source.
single small local
(d) General ventilation should not

even be considered when the contami-
nant is highly toxic.

(e) The contaminant should not be
generated in the immediate vicinity
of a space normally occupied by people; this might create concentrations
higher than those found in the room
average.
(f) At best, it is difficult to predict the potential reduction in concentration of a contaminant as a result of general ventilation. It is not
customary therefore to use this
method unle s s
the
mate rial
being
generated merely causes discomfort,

is a nuisance
or because of visual
obscurance.
A careful study of the above limi,
tations
indicate
s that
most
of
them
have to do with a "practical" or "economical" quantity of air. Inmost

cases, these limitations can be neglected if there are no e c o no mi c or
othe r limitations on the quantity of
air which can be removed from the
space. These limitations include:
(a) Power consumption in operating air -moving equipment.
(b) Heating the incoming air to
replace heat which is taken away by
the air
removed from
the space.
with
Air ve lo city which might be

directed against people and create
In any event, the primary purpose

of general ventilation is to dilute some
physical factor, such as heat or cold,
or a concentration of material, for
the purpose of promoting comfort or
sensations of draft.
(d) Size of a vai lable openings
through which the quantitie s of air
it to
be replaced
cooler air from ground level.
health or removing a nuisance. There

are, however, certain limiting factors
which make the use of general ventilation impractical; and if we define
the term "contaminant" as any undesirable factor contained in an atmosphere, the limits may be stated
generally as follows:
(a) The quantity or concentration
of a contaminant must not be so great
that too large a quantity of air will be
(c)
would have to move.

There are occasions when none of
these objections govern. For examworking on a tropical island with c o n s i s te nt, moderately
strong unidirectional winds it is pos-
ple, while
sible to carry on dangerous operations out-of-doors, either with or

without shelter from the elements.
It
is
even possible
to
carry on such
potentially dangerous operations as

spray painting, sandblasting, and
paint removal. Those which involve
VENTILATION CONTROL
33
use of highly toxic aromatic hydrocarbon solvents have been successfully carried out with natural, general ventilation under conditions
similar to those described above.
Despite the limitations of this
type of control, there are
many
circumstances under which general

ventilation provides a satisfactory
for reducing a hazard. A few
such circumstances will be described
means
briefly:
When
(a)
the nature of an opera-
process either
prohibits
or very difficult
the application of local exhaust ventilation or location ventilation of any
type, general ventilation may be the
only means available to remove the
contaminant.
tion or
makes impractical
(b) When it is more important to

keep the first cost of installation low
than it is to maintain operating costs
minimum. This is often the case

when an operation is intermittent or
may be replaced or removed by

opening doors or windows, or by a
Air
completely di s t ri but e d supply air

system with means for tempering
and conditioning the air introduced.
It should be pointed out that any resistance imposed on air entering the
space, ifje xhau s t is used, or any
significant restriction of air leaving
tEe space, if ventilation is supplied,
should be considered as a resistance

of the entire system. For example,
air removed through a natural draft
chimney may be supplied through an

open door. If there is no other entry
into the space, closing this door will
effectively close off the chimney and
thereby substantially reduce the air
flow. If the air is moved by a mechanical draft blower or exhauster,
resistance of the intake or the

discharge end must be computed as a
part of the fan resistance.
the
(c)
at a
is
te
relatively
intended for a
short
rm
(c)
It
is
sometimes true
initial installation
that the
as well as opera-
tion and maintenance of general ventilation is more economical than local

exhaust ventilation. This is especially true where heat or hot gases
are involved.
When
(d)
taminant
volume
is
the
volume
is large
of the
generated
of the conto the
compared
work space, or when
throughout
it
the entire
workroom area, or from an accumulated total of

large
surfaces which
compared
to the
are
total room
It
is
important, wherever
practical, to locate the source of suction so that no operator or workman
would normally stand between the

source of contamination and the opening through which the air will leave.
(d) The exhaust port should be so
placed that contaminated air discharge d from the work space does
not have an easy path for re-entry.
It should be borne in mind that when
large quantities of air are being rethe space
the air is taken is uncle
negative pressure and outside air
will enter through any available opening. If air in the vicinity of an opening, such as a window or door, is con-
from which
with material discharged
taminated
In view of the above it is possible

to outline certain specifications which
from the room, it

this contaminated
should be
met before general
ventila-
used effectively. It is advisable to examine the area to be ventilated carefully and to meet as many
as possible of the following conditions:
(a) The fan or other source of air
movement
(roof ventilator, chimney,
louvre or window) used to supply or

tjcTremove air from the work space
should be located as close as possible
to the source generating the material.
(b) A general ventilation system
may involve either suction (pull) or
pressure (push).
necessary to
replace the air removed by suction
or remove air introduced by pressure.
It
is
<
moved from a workroom,
area.
tion can be
very likely that

air will re-enter
the room through that opening. When
the quantity of air being removed is
large
it
is
should not be
discharged
shaftwayor air-way because open windows may provide an

easy path for re-entry of the contaminant into the work space or any
into a closed
other area.
(e) Any air which enters the space
make up that which has been removed should be treated in such a
way as not to create uncomfortable
to
drafts.
Although an uncomfortable
draft is difficult to define, it is generally created by a large temperature

differential between normal work-
SECTION
34
Table
Note:
The tabulated dilution air quantities must be multiplied by the

selected
value.
Cu. Ft. Air Required For

Dilution
MAC
Solvent
Acetone
Amyl
acetate
Benzol
n-Butanol
n-Butyl acetate
Butyl
,,
Cellosolve
l,
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
"Cellosolve"
"Cellosolve Acetate
11
Chloroform
1,2, Dichloroe thane
1,2, Dichloroethylene
Dioxane
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl ether
Gasoline
Isoamyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol
Methyl alcohol
Methyl acetate
Methyl butyl ketone
Methyl "Cellosolve"
Methyl "Cellosolve Acetate"
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl propyl ketone
Naphtha (coal tar)
Naphtha (petroleum)
Nitrobenzene
Propyl acetate
Stoddard solvent
Tetrachloroe thane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluol
Trichloroethylene
Xylol
1000
200
35
100
200
200
20
25
200
100
100
100
200
100
400
1000
400
500
100
400
200
200
100
25
25
200
100
200
200
500
1
200
500
5
200
200
200
200
to
MAC
per pint
evaporated
per pound
evaporated
5,500
13,600
6,650
14,900
not
not
recommended
recommended
15,300
15,400
not
not
recommended
recommended
20,800
29,700
50,200
not
13, 100
10,000
43,900
16, 100
60,500
26, 100
38,700
26,800
38,700
22,400
25,000
10,000
recommended
17,500
7,000
not
20,000
43,900
11,000
8,400
recommended
recommended
22,500
32,300
19,000
19,000
7,000
not
21,500
29,300
32,400
recommended
26,900
47,300
10,300
6,900
9,630
7,000
37,200
13,200
49,100
25,000
33,500
not
not
16,600
16,400
18,900
10,000
recommended
19,800
19,000
22,500
16,500
11,700
21,000
14,700
18,200
VENTILATION CONTROL
35
room air and the incoming stream,

or by the velocity of the stream within the space, or both. It is generally
conceded that no drafts will be experienced when the temperature differential between the incoming stream
and the normal workroom temperature
Drafts will be
is limited to 10F.
experienced only when the incoming
e r a t ur e is lower than the
air t
room temperature. Another limitation which should be placed on the incoming stream is that it should not
strike any individual at a velocity
greater than 200 linear feet per min-
Vw
emp
As
a rule,
when
tilation; its
primary
purpose
is to
mix
the unwanted contaminant (toxic

vapors or heated air) with large quantities of clean fresh air so that the
resulting concentration will not be
dangerous
or uncomfortable. For
example, when a solvent material of
rather low toxicity is evaporated into
a work space, dilution can be used.
If the total quantity of such a material
consumed in a given time is known or
can be determined, the following
equations* may be applied to find the
quantity of general ventilation necessary to meet any predetermined
health standards (MAC).
The air dilution volume for various
solvents may be calculated using the

following formulas:
=
~
403 X
SpGX
10 6
m X MAC
From "Industrial
Ventilation,
(1)
Manual of Recommended Practices, "

prepared by the American Conference
of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
3rd Edition, 1954.
m X MAC
(2)
constant. A function of the

toxicity of the solvent in
question, uniformity of distribution, dilution of vapors
in air, location and prox-
etc. It
to 10.
SpG
the type of venti-
lation which is being discussed here

is used to control potentially toxic
exposures, the contaminant is in the
form of a gas or vapor. The control
of vapors arising from volatile liquids
General venis a common example.
tilation is also frequently used to remove excess quantities of heated air
produced within a work space.
In either of these cases, dilution
ventilation can be used to greatest
advantage. Dil uti o n ventilation is
merely another term for general ven-
"
imity of fan to evolved vapors, population of areas,
MAC
ute.
387 X 10 6 X
may vary from
Specific gravity of solvent

Molecular weight of solvent
= The parts of vapor of solvent
per million pcirts of air by
=
=
volume to be allowed
Volume (in cubic feet) of air
required per pint of solvent
evaporated.
<
Volume
(in
cubic feet) of air
required per pound of solvent evaporated.
Table 1 lists the number of cubic

feet of air required to dilute to maxi-
mum allowable concentration on
evaporation of the amounts of materials

noted. The maximum allowable concentration values are given in parts
of material per million parts by volume of air. The MAC values are
those recommended by the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists for 1956 and are subject
to revision. Any change in the MAC
value will require a corresponding
change in the dilution air requirements which may be calculated from
the above equations.
A major disadvantage of general
ventilation, as well as a major source
of cost in its application, arises from
the fact that it is successful only
relatively large quantities of
air are exhausted from the space.
When air is moved through a work
space for the primary purpose of diluting the concentration of any contaminating substance, it will dilute
any heated air which is in the space.
Every cubic foot of air removed from
a workroom area will carry with it
some of the heat contained in the
space. When the outside temperature is significantly below the temperature of the workroom, such removal of heat will result in an
when
SECTION
36
uncomfortable atmosphere. The only

way in which this discomfort can be
reduced is to replace the heat which
has been removed. This can be done
if a relatively few simple factors
are taken into account. From the
following
equation
possible to
compute the cost per hour to operate
the heating equipment which would be
required to replace the ventilation
it is
X NX 10 10 X C X D
m X h X 422 X MAC
where
C V = Cost per year in dollars
K = As above
N = Average weight of solvent
evaporated per year in pounds
loss.
HQC
(3)
MAC
m
h
where:
Cft = Cost per hour in dollars
H = Btu per hour per cfm (see
Table 2)
Q = Cubic feet per minute (cfm)
h = Btu per unit of fuel (see
Table 3)
C = Cost per unit of fuel in dollars,
Temp. (F)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
=
=
=
=
=
As above
Degree days
As above
As above
As above
The above calculations indicate

that the cost of diluting a toxic material released into a work space may
be high. Hence in designing exhaust
systems every effort is made to reduce the
of air required to
control the hazard successfully. The
art of local exhaust ventilation design
lies almost entirely in using exhaust
hoods to
the number of
cubic feet of air which must be removed from the space every minute,
at the same time providing a maxiof free and unencumbered access
Subsequent pages
to the operation.
will outline the factors involved in
designing local exhaust systems.
loLocal Exhaust Ventilation.
cal exhaust system is commonly used
to remove air -borne contaminating
substances from a work space. Indi-
amount
minimize
Table 2
Outside Average
(4)
Btu/hr/1000 cfm)
mum
72,000
67,000
62,000
57,000
52,000
47,000
42,000
36,000
31,000
26,000
21,000
16,000
11,000
vidual systems may vary a great deal

in their concept and execution. Basically, however, such a system consists of several fundamental components which may be described as
follows:
Tables 2 and 3 and the above equations

are based on maintaining an indoor
(a) A hood, booth, or enclosure of

suitable design, located at or near
the point of generation or release of
the contaminant.
temperature of 70 F. The average

outdoor temperature may be obtained
from the proper tables. A degree day map can be obtained from which
the total number of degree days per
year may be derived. With the number of degree -days for which heating
is required and Equation (2), it is
possible to setup another equation
wherein the annual cost of heating the
air per pound of solvent evaporated
may be computed.
(b) Properly sized and fabricated

pipe or ductwork attached to the
hood, booth or enclosure. This duct
work is used to connect the hood or
hoods to the air moving equipment.
(c) A source of air
(suction or pressure) such as a fan
or exhauster connected to the opposite end of the duct work from the
hood or hoods. The purpose of this
equipment is to insure a flow of air
through the exhaust system so that
movement
VENTILATION CONTROL
37
Table
Type
of
Fuel
Btu's
Coal
Efficiency
12,000 /lb
142,000/gal
1,000/cu ft
Oil
Gas
air will enter the system through an

opening in the hood and be discharged
on the far side of the air move r
(d) An air cleaning device may or
may not be installed to remove the
contaminant before the air is discharged outside the building. This air
cleaner may be placed anywhere in
the system as long as the air has
passed through the hood before reaching the cleaner.
Where the material
corrosive, abrasive or gummy, it

frequently advisable to clean the
air prior to pas sing it through the fan.
This, however, is not essential.
is
is
Hood
Design.
As pointed
out
above, the hood is the most difficult

part of an exhaust system to design.
Anyone familiar with hydraulics can
lay out the air distribution system or
duct work; choice ofairmoving equipment can satisfactorily be left to the
equipment manufacturer. An attempt
will be made in subsequent pages to
pre sent basic information on hood design. It is hoped such information
will enable the plant engineer to determine what type of hood should be
used so that adequate ventilation control can be provided for a given contaminant. This should be possible
with prior knowledge only of the process and of the toxicity of the material
(presented in Section 10).
There are certain fundamental
principles which govern the design of
a local exhaust hood. In brief, the
function of a hood is:
(a) To prevent, circumvent or in
some way hinder the initial motion or
force of particles or gas molecules
created or generated by the industrial
process which is causing contamina-
Available
Btu/Unit
of
50
65
75
6,000
92,000
750
Fuel
To cause air to flow in such a

that the contaminated portion of
the atmosphere will travel away from
the operator into the local exhaust
(c)
way
system.
(d) In order to accomplish the
above, the exhaust hood should be designed so that it provides a maximum
of enclosure for the operation which
generates the contaminant. The enclosure maybe in the form of a physi-
cal structure; it may form either the

sides or back of the hood itself, or be
some part of the building or room
structure. On the other hand, enclosure may be provided in the form of
a current of air which by its motion
closes some opening in the hood and
thereby seals it. This will effectively
prevent passage of the air-borne contaminant from within the enclosure
and keep it from getting into the work
space. In general, it may be said
that structural material is more economical for this purpose than air.
The reason for this is that the movement of air requires not only an initial investment in equipment and increased duct-work size, but also a
day-by-day cost in power and in heat.
It should also be pointed out that the
physical structure will stop the re-
material
To utilize, wherever possible,

motion which the material might
have or which has been given to it by
or any mate rial

projected from the process
from entering the work space. The
ideal hood, therefore, is one which
provides complete physical enclosure
of the contaminating process. Unfortunately, it is but seldom possible
to design a hood for an industrial operation whi c h provides complete
physical enclosure. This is true because it is usually necessary for the
worker to have access to the operation either continually or on occasion.
Such access is normally made through
a specifically located opening or break
the generating force.
in the continuity of the
tion.
(b)
the
bounding
which
is
enclosure.
SECTION
38
pq
u
H
39
This may be a door which can be
opened or shut or it may be a permanent opening. There is another factor
which limits the use of complete enclosure; this has to do with the use of
flammable materials. When a flammable vapor or a potentially explosive concentration of gas or vapor is
apt to be generated it is necessary
that an adequate amount of air flow
through the enclosure so that the concentration of flammable or explosive
material can be maintained at a point
below that which will permit propagation of flame. In a discussion of ex-
hood design, therefore, it is

useful to begin with a complete enclosure and to follow through various
types of partial enclosures in order
to obtain a clear picture of the design
haust
approach.
Complete Enclosure
(See Fig.
1.)
Despite the fact that full enclosure is

difficult for an operation, and may
often be impossible, there are certain
VENTILATION CONTROL
circumstances where surrounding the
operation with a complete housing is
sufficiently important to outweigh
other considerations. These circumstances are:
(a) Where the material being handled and which might become airborne has an unusually high toxicity.
(b) When the material is generated
under extreme conditions of initial
projection velocity and is thrown about
in random directions, as in sandblasting. Here enclosure must be
provided.
(c) Where cross -contamination in
chemical procedures is of unusual
importance. For example, there are
times when the analysis of minute
quantities of chemicals, or when the
production of chemicals of extremely
high purity warrants the use of a
complete enclosure.
(d) There are some applications
where the value of the ambient air in
the work space is very high. This is
Pre -filter
By-pass*-
^
PRE- FILTER
IN
HOOD
PRE- FILTER IN EXHAUST DUCT
Figure
2.
Chemical Hood
SECTION
40
45
Slots =
1000 FPM
min. slope
velocity
Face open.Grille- top work bench
Clean-out doors
BOOTH
METALLIZING
Non-toxic;
Q= 125 CFM/sq. ft.
face area
Provide Bureau of Mines approved
Toxic:
air
-supplied
Q = 200
Duct velocity
=3000 FPM
respirator.
CFM/sa.ft.f ace area
min
Entry loss = 1.78 slot VP +0.25 duct VP

Small lathe , etc., may be mounted in booth
Gun (on
tool post)
Flex duetto allow
movement
full
length of work
Hood extends
as low as possible to
clear lathe rail.
Hood may be connected to move
LOCAL HOOD
with tool rest.
Note: Local hood not satisfactory for spraying toxic metals.
Figure
3.
Metallizing Booth Head
true where replacement air must be

sent through high efficiency filters,
and when a high degree of temperature control or air conditioning is required in the work space.
(e) There are certain industrial
processes which require complete enclosure, such as where the operation
must be maintained in an inert atmosphere or at a high or low temperature or in a vacuum.
Ventilation is generally applied
to a total enclosure in a quantity
merely
sufficient to maintain a negaon the inside. This

depends on the tightness of the enclosure, its size, and the rate of evoluSometimes
tion of material within.
when the evolution rate, is high and
vision is obscured the enclosure must
be exhausted and the air replaced at
a rate high enough to permit visi-
tive
pressure
bility.
Partial Enclosure
trial exhaust
protection of
Most
indus-
hoods installed for the
employees
fall into the
VENTILATION CONTROL
41
necessary without acglass or transparent plastic

observation posts may be include^.
Typical installations are illustrated in
If
visibility is
cess,
Swivel Joint
2|^ Fixed
Monorail
Figures 2 and 3
The rate of ventilation for such a
hood depends largely on the toxicity
of the material. Suitable figures and
calculations are presented in Tables
8, 9, 10 (pp. 51-52). It is important to
apply the "control velocity" in the
proper location, i.e. that point most
remote from the exhaust port where
the material which should be removed
Control velocity
is being generated.
is the air velocity across the work
which will effectively prevent the contaminating substance from entering
the worker's breathing zone.
The third
Non-Enclosing Hoods
major type of exhaust hood provides
an air intake designed to move air in
such a way that it completely surrounds the work and flows away from
the operator. Obviously, a complete
lack of enclosure is impossible in
that the air intake itself provides a
,
Hood Swung
Over Tank
Pivoted
Figure
4.
Hood
Canopy Hood
category of partial enclosures. In

case of a hood of this type, the
work, process, or machine generating
the air contaminant is located in a
physical enclosure, leaving a portion
of the enclosure open for normal access to the operation. The best approach in designing such a hood is to
assume that the operation is fully enclosed. After drawing a complete enclosure for the machine or process,
openings can be indicated wherever
access is required for routine maintenance, for adjustment, or for the
introduction or removal of the work.
If access is required very frequently,
the opening should be permanent; if
only occasionally, it may be covered.
the
certain amount of closure for the operation. This, however, may be negligible from the standpoint of enclosing the work. Every effort should be
made to place the air intake so that
the normally existing physical structure of the machine and of the equipment in it form an extension of the
Examples of this type of hood
hood.
are shown in Figures 4 and 5.
Tailored Hoods There are a large
number of industrial processes and a
.
great many machines to which stylized hoods cannot be applied without

M
ID flex. duct (rubber) or metal

duct W/telescope joints.
r-3"x 8" opening

\
Figure
5.
Banker Exhaust Hood
3"metal flange
SECTION
42
modification. This includes machines

which have unusual types of operating
procedures or unusual shapes. Such
a machine in itself may not be unusual but it merely does not fit into a
larger pattern of equipment. A commonly used machine which has a hood
and because of the insistence of

safety engineers onits use, it is probably one of the most familiar exhaust
units of industry.
Integral Hoods
There are a few
pieces of equipment or operations
like,
which will permit incorporation of

either the equipment or of a housing
around the equipment or the operation
as an integral part of the exhaust
system. This is an unusual application but one which is very worthwhile
if it can be used.
The most common
device of this type is the hollow trunnion rotary mill shown in Figure 7.
The surface coating of large trailer
designed
specifically for it is the

grinding or buffing wheel. The hood
serves a double function; it provides
a mechanical guard against injury by
contact with the spinning wheel or
from explosion of the wheel, and it
becomes an exhaust hood merely by

drawing air through this enclosure
be seen in Figure 6 this hood
As can
is
molded
essentially
to the
machine
or railroad car interiors is another

such application.
The unloading of
railroad cars used for the shipment
of radium ores, and which may contain high concentrations of radon gas,
also makes use of this principle.
permitting
only operating access.

This design cannot be usefully applied
to any other type of machine. Because
of its application to grinding, buffing,
polishing, scratch brushing, and the
.25 D at
Adjustable tongue
least
-keep
as close to wheel as
__^_
possible
Direction of rotation
I
1/2" for hard wheel
for soft wheel
1\
&
r- Tapered take-off
desired
\V
vs>.
~7T
4'
?.3
;>
K0.75D
Trap
if
aA
Wheel diam.
inches
Wheel width
inches
with cleanout
when
possible
V"
Exhaust volume
CFM
Good enclosure
Exhaust
volume
CFM
Poor enclosure
400
670
to 16
300
500
over 16 to 19
610
800
over 19 to 24
740
MOO
24
30
1040
1175
1400
1800
to
over
over
over
to
to
30
36
Figure
6.
desirable
Grinding Wheel Hood
VENTILATION CONTROL
43
Table
Dust Producing Equipment
Abrasive blast rooms

(sand, grit or shot)
4.
Typical Exhaust Volumes
Exhaust
Exhaust Requirements
Hood
60-100 fpm downdraft
Tight enclosure
rooms
w/air inlets
(long
(usually in roof)
proportions 100 fpm

cross-draft).
of tunnel
Abrasive blast cabinets
Tight enclosure
w/access openings
20 air changes per minute but not less than

500 fpm through all
openings.
Bagging machines
Booth or enclosure
Paper bags
- 100 cfm/
sq ft open area.
Cloth bags - 200 cfm/
sq ft open area.
(provide spillage
hopper)
Barrels (for filling or

removing material)
Through 24 in. dia. -4 in.

branch. Over 24 in. dia
Local hood 120 deg.

around top of barrel.
-5 in. branch.
Belt conveyors
Hoods
Belt speeds less than
at transfer
200
point
fpm-350 cfm/ft
of
belt width, but not less
than 150 fpm through

open area. Belt speed
over 200 fpm -500 cfm/ft
of belt width, but not
less than 200 fpm
through open area.
Conveyor
to
conveyor
Hoods
Same as above.
at transfer
Note
point
Chute to conveyor
Hoods
at transfer
point
See
1.
Same as above.
See
Note 1. (Inspection
door in chute may be
required.
Magnetic pulley
Hoods
500 cfm/ft of belt width.

See Note 1.
at transfer
point
Shake out conveyor
Belt wipers (may be

required with high
speed belts)
Bins (closed bin top)
Continuous hood
w/take-off max.
of 30 ft apart
Tight fitting hood
held against under
'
350 cfm/ft of belt width

with air inlets every
30
ft.
200 cfm/ft of belt width.
side of belt
Connect
to bin top
away from feed

point
150-200 fpm through

open area at feed
points, but not less
than 0. 5 cfm/cu
of bin capacity.
ft
SECTION
44
Table 4.
Bucket elevators
Typical Exhaust Volumes (continued)
Exhaust
Hood
Tight casing required
100 cfm/sq ft of elevator casing cross-section.

(Exhaust from elevator
head. ) 15 to 18 in.
gravity vent is also
recommended when
handling hot- steaming
sand. (Equal volumes
may be required from
foot of elevator to prevent dusting due to
spillage from heads.
See Note 2.
)
Ceramics -dry pan,
Local hoods
See Mixers.
Automatic feed, 1-5

dia. branch at die.
Manual feed, 1-5 in.
dia. branch at sup-
dry press
in.
ply bin; 1-5 in. dia.
branch at
Vibrating feeders shake out hopper to
Complete enclosure
conveyor
die.
500 cfm/ft of feeder

width. (Provide rubber
or canvas flexible
seals between shake
out hopper sides and
end and also feeder
sides and end. )
Fettling, brushing,
sagger
unload
filling
and
Floor grate
Downdraft or side
hood
100-150 cfm/sq ft of
plan area of dust producing operation.
Side hood
For heavy loads
of
dry
dust and continuous

dumping or feeding
operations, treat same
as shakeout side hoods.
See below.
Downdraft
When used
occasionally,
50-100 cfm/sq ft of
grate area depending
on fineness and dryness
of
Grinders -polishing,
material.
Standard wheel hood
See Figure
Booth
100-150 fpm indraft

through opening in booth
6.
buffing, etc.
Grinders -swing frame
face.
45
Table
VENTILATION CONTROL
4.
Exhaust
Hood
Downdraft grilles.
Use side shields
where possible.
Grinders -portable and

flexible shaft
Bench type, 200-400

cfm/sq ft of exhaust
grille but not less than
150 cfm/sq ft of plan
working area. Floor

grille, 200-400 cfm/sq
ft of exhaust grille but
not less than 100 cfm/
sq ft of plan working
area.
Tumbling mills -hollow
Exhaust connection
by manufacturer
trunnion type
Use branch
dia.
same
size as exhaust out-
For round mills

branch dia. should be
let.
1/6 dia. of mill; for
square mills, branch

dia. should be 1 in.
plus 1/6 side dimension of mill.
Mixer
Enclosure
100-200 fpm through

working and inspection
openings.
Mold conveyors
Pouring hood
200-300 cfm/linear ft of
hood w/slot velocities
of 1500 fpm. Exhaust
take-off every 8-10 ft.
See Note 4.
Smoke. Hood-enclosed
and semi-enclosed
75-100 cfm/linear ft of
hood. Dust collection
equipment not required.
Enclosed hood can employ exhaust take of fs on
approx. 60 ft centers.
Semi-enclosed can
employ exhaust take of fs
every 15-20 ft.
See Note 4.
Pharmaceuticals
Coating pans
Narrow
Through
Shakeouts -foundry
Enclosure
-,
side hood
16 in. dia.
opening 200 cfm.

Over 16 in. through
22 in. 300 cfm. Over
22 in. through 26 in.
400 cfm.
200 fpm through all

openings in enclosure,
but not less than 200
cfm/sq ft of grate area.
See Note 5.
SECTION
46
Table
4.
Shakeouts
foundry
Apron conveyor for

light flask work
Exhaust
Hood
Side hood. Use side

shields whenever
possible.
400-600 cfm/sq ft of
shakeout grate area.
See Note 5.
None
Ventilate conveyor
equivalent to 75-100
cfrn/sq ft of gross
grate area, assuming
grates open at any

one time.
all
Belt conveyor for light
None
Same as above
Side or overhead
Ventilate housing at rate

of 125 to 150 cfm/sq ft
gross open area.
flask nonferrous
castings
Shaker conveyor above

floor - snap flask work
hood
Assume
all
at one time.
doors open
Include
area between housing

and conveyor sides in
volume determination.
Usual clearance 1 in.
or less on each con-
,'
Shaker conveyor below

floor - snap flask work
None
Tunnel ventilation
Enclosure
veyor side.
Same as above. See

Note
6.
When
vibrating shake
out hoppers are located
in a closed tunnel, ventilate the tunnel at 100
cfm/sq ft of tunnel
cross section. Ex-
haust from transfer

points can provide all,
or part of, air required
Any additional exhaust
required should be
taken in rear of shake
out hopper.
Screens -vibrating,
flat deck
Enclosure
150-200 fpm indraft

through hood openings,
but not less than 25-50
cfm/sq ft of screen
area.
Cylindrical
Enclosure
100 cfm/sq
ft of circular cross-section but

not less than 400 fpm
indraft through openings in enclosure.
VENTILATION CONTROL
47
Notes
to
Table 4
where dry baked sand molds are handled, increase volheavy dust loadings.
1.
In steel foundries
umes 50% due to
2.
Gravity stack provides some ventilation in case of branch duct plugging

due to steam condensation, and in case of storage bins, vents steam released when Roto-Clone is stopped at end of shift.
3.
When
4.
Commercial stack
multiple grates are employed, exhaust each grate. Blast gates to

control grates in actual use have never proved practical.
fans, often exhausting two or three branches, are usubranch and main will usu-
al equipment for this operation.

Velocities in
ally be between 1200 and 1500 cfm.
5.
Venting of shakeout hoppers to relieve entrained air and prevent rebounding of dust from hopper to working or tunnel area appears to have merit.
It is recommended that a portion of the shakeout exhaust volume, equal
to 40 cfm/sq ft of shakeout grate, be exhausted from the hopper.
Provide this branch with blast gate so connection can be closed if excessive
sand is picked up.
6.
Where many
stations are involved and reasonable assurance exists that

doors at unused stations will be closed, exhaust volume need not exceed
one air change per minute for the conveyor tunnel.
Holes
in
Disc
Baffle line
0.75D
Section Thru Hollow Trunnion Tumbler
Figure
7.
Hollow Trunnion
Spray Booth
Figure
8.
Spray Booth Head
Tumbler Hood
Table 4 provides commonly accepted air volumes for the tailored

and integral hoods just described.
Booths. Booths are among the
most common devices for controlling
atmospheric contamination which is

industrially created. They are found
in many types of shops doing a tremendous variety of operations. They
range in size from very small to exceedingly large.
Broadly speaking, a booth is an
enclosure with a top, a bottom, two
sides, and a rear, with a fully open
front.
It may be mounted on a bench
or table top, or may be carried right
down to the floor. There are several

limitations to the application of such
equipment.
However, where these
limitations do not apply, the booth is
very useful. The practical application
of the booth may be said to be permissible when the following criteria
are satisfied:
(a) The work must be such as to
be possible of accomplishment within
the confines of the booth.
(b) Itmust be possible for the operator to perform the work standing
outside the booth.
The boothmust be designed in such
away as to provide a reasonably uni-
SECTION
48
form velocity
of air into it from the

outside, preferably through it and
across the operating area.

The total quantity of air removed
from the work space by the booth is
determined by the area of the front
of the booth. For this reason the area
of the booth face should be maintained
at a minimum (Figure 8).
The booth
is a variety of total enclosure where
sealed with a curtain of
air.
From this concept it is obvious
that the control velocity should be
developed across the entire face opening. Various devices such as baffles
are used to insure reasonable distrione
side
is
bution.
when any special heat or other unusual
condition
is applied, such as
di t y, high heat, or
infrared or high frequency treatment.
At the same time it can remove the
volatilized material from the workroom atmosphere. The tunnel can be
air of low
hum
very compact and when used for

conveyorized work, it can be located
in
essentially useless space, i.e.,

rafters or against a corner of
among
the ceiling.
A tunnel can also be
used for ventilong-run conveyor over

which covered containers of dusty materials are being passed.
Methods of Applying Exhaust Ventilations to Hoods.
Whenever a hood
is designed which does not totally or
substantially enclose the operation,
the manner in which the air is withdrawn can improve the effectiveness
of the hood.
Location of the air takeoff point should always be carefully
lation
of
studied so that the air may be within such a way that it will be
assisted by the operation or the material, or the way in which the material is handled or evolved. Wherever possible the take-off point
should be located close to the most
drawn
Inside Monorail
Figure
9.
Tunnel Hood
Figure 9 shows a modiTunnels.

fication of the booth, which in reality
consists of two booths placed back to
back. This is normally termed a
"tunnel, " and is particularly useful
for ventilating material volatilized or
vaporized ina conveyorized operation.
This type of operation is quite com-
mon
in
modern mass
production
operating on a
small scale.
This principle may be
applied to a unit operation rather than
to a continuous conveyorized procedure. Paint dipping, degreasing, cementing and other similar operations
which require evaporation of volatile
solid materials after the major job
has been completed, lend readily to
tunnel -type ventilation.
The tunnel
can serve as a drying or cooling area
plants,
even those
important source of the contaminated

material.
These and other devices
should be studied before determining
how and where the primary air takeoff should be located; in many cases
two locations are preferable to one.
Obviously, the air may be exhausted to either side or it may be
drawn upward, downward, or forward; it may b e drawn through an
extended opening, or the opening may
be reduced in size. The velocity of
the air may be high or low, but in
any event these facto r s should be
considered before a hood is designed.
The application of these various factors will be discussed in the following
paragraphs.
Updraft. This is a common type
of industrial exhaust hood based on an
upward current o f air especially
useful where natural ventilation is
Hoods which utilize an
employed.
upward current may be applied to hot
processes. (See Figure 4). The
canopy hood was undoubtedly originally developed for exhausting gases
from a fireplace or kiln. It is used
for exhausting steam, smoke, or just
,
VENTILATION CONTROL
49
order
to control
contaminating mate-
rial is toward the side. Exhausting

to the side, or lateral exhaust, can
be interpreted as being located on

one or all four sides permissible to
Any operation which
an operation.
is performed on a bench, a table, a
floor or other solid continuous work
surface lends itself readily to application of a lateral exhaust hood. It
is especially advantageous where access to the operation isde sirable
from the top. Many different types
hoods have been designed to produce this very desirable effect, each
of whichhas its own special advantage
and application. The fundamental
considerations governing the use of
lateral exhaust can briefly be summarized as follows:
(a) It is necessary to provide adeof
Figure
Updraft Type
10.
Exhaust Hood
of
plain hot air from work space. Unfortunately, however, it is frequently

misapplied and is used to control
many types of operation for which it
is not suited.
When the contaminated air generated by a process is hotter than ambient and therefore tends to rise, the
cost of moving that air can be reduced by making use of this natural
rise.
It should be noted, however,
that the usefulness of such a device
is largely dependent on where the operator must perform his function
(Figure 10).
Downdraft.
Just as the
upward
projection of material by convectional

forces can be converted to use in removing material from a work space
through a canopy-type hood, so gravity
can assist in the removal of heavy,
large particulate material. A properly designed downdraft bench hood
can be used to keep the operating
area free of debris; to collect excess
materials in a hopper, from which
they may be re -used; and to maintain
a low level of contamination in the
work space.
Downdraft exhausting is also useful where the worker must have access to all sides of a large object.
In this case there is no other direction
in which the air can be exhausted
without some
contaminated
material passing through the breathing zone of the operator.
(b) It is necessary that sufficient

air velocity be maintained at every
point of the operation to overcome
any disturbing force.
(c) Ventilation should be provided
by an exhaust hood which does not
significantly clutter or otherwise obstruct the operating surface.
(d) All of the above criteria should
be met using a minimum amount of
air.
Hoods used in this manner may be

fixed or movable; they may be stationed along anyone side or all sides;
they may be at the same level as the
operation, or somewhat above or below it. In any event, the considerations mentioned above should govern
both the location and the design of the
exhaust opening.
Air Flow. The basic equation
the calculation of air flow is:
The most
AV
for
(5)
where:
of the
usual, and
perhaps the most flexible, direction
from which air can be withdrawn in
Sidedraft.
quate distribution of air at a sufficient

velocity to every point of the operation
from which material is being generated.
= total quantity of air, expressed

in cubic feet per minute, drawn
through the system.
= the cross-section area in square
feet of any section through which
the air is drawn.
= the air velocity, in linear feet
per minute, which is going
through the area, expressed
by A.
SECTION
50
The quantity Q is determined by

the air flow-producing equipment,
such as the fan or blower. If the air
is already at hand, its characteristics automatically fix Q for
any system. If the air mover has not
been selected, needs of the system
will determine its choice.
In applying an exhaust hood to a
process, the most important area is
the hood opening (A) through which
air must travel. This opening is
generally determined by the process
and the choice of hood as described
on p. 37.
V is determined by the material
for which control must be provided,
by the type of hood used, or by the
local air conditions in the area such
as cross-drafts, traffic, machine
motion, etc. Tables 5, 6, 7, 8, and
9 will enable the reader to determine
the value of V which may be applied
to Equation (5) to determine the
amount of Q necessary for the opera-
lar to that used in
would be possible
to
The first item which

will define air quantity is the degree
of hazard inherent in the material.
This is a complex function which depends on such factors as the rate of
gas, vapor, or mist evolution, the
fire capacity or explosibility, and
the inherent toxicity of the chemical.
Table
choose
the quantity of air required to be exhausted by a given exhaust system.
Volatility
Section 10
Notation
to
Maximum
Allowable Concentration
Hazard
Dusts, Fumes, Mists
Vapors, Gases
Rating
mg/m3
ppm
High
Moderate
0.
Slight
2.
None
12 3
12 3
A B C D
12 3
The toxi c i ty classification is that

used in Section 10, and the numbers
correspond to none, slight, moderate and high. Table 6 gives the maxi-
rial creating the hazard.
Key According
Hazard Rating
Section 10 Rating
Toxicity
5.
Toxicity
Fire and Explosion
a starting point.
It should be mentioned that whereas the shape, size,
materials, location, etc.
of the hood
are dictated by a given process the
amount of air is only slightly dependent on the process and the location,
but is largely dependent on the mate-
6.
gives the hazard rating.
Table
The material which is expected to

produce the contamination provides
Table
American
#Z-9. 1-1951.
the contamination but is the channel

through which the air current travels.
As a necessary next step, therefore, we must examine the rules by
it
the
Standard Code for Ventilation and

Operation of Open Surface Tanks,
system is a device for removing atmospheric contamination from a

work space. Obviously, however,
the system itself does not remove
which
to
generalized procedure is presented.

Care must be exercised in applying
these criteria.
Where the material
is of considerable toxicity, it is important to take air samples after the
installation is complete to insure that
the desired control is being attained.
The recommended procedure is simi-
a local exhaust
36
made
easily to specification. In general,

industrial hygiene engineers examine
a process and its location, test the
material, take air samples, design
hoods, and thus are able to estimate
the quantity of air needed to control
the process adequately. It is therefore with some reservation that a
tion.
p.
effort will be
paragraphs
in subsepresent data
from which the quantity of air required to be exhausted by a given exhaust system, for a process using a
given material, can be estimated. It
should be pointed out that the choice
of air quantity does not lend itself
mover
As noted on
An
quent
0.250
250
2.
50
25.
250.
> 25.
>2500.
50
25.0
25.0
250.
2500.
VENTILATION CONTROL
51
mum permissible
concentrations
which correspond approximately

The same group
these groups.
to
of
numbers may be applied
to the fire or
explosion hazard. In subsequent application of these numbers it is recommended that when a material has
both a significant toxicity and a signicant fire or e xp 1 o s i o n hazard the
higher number be chosen. It is not
necessary to increase the number if
both apply.
Table 7 has to do with rate of gas
or mist evolution. It is loosely titled
and lists the vapor pressure s which would cor re spond approximately to each group.
volatility,
Table
(VP
in
7.
Volatility
mm
of
<0.0001
B
C
0.0001
0.01
1.0
Hg
Key
1.
activity of the
gories listed are:
Table
9.
Local Air Motion Key
Slight
normal convection
Low
Medium
controlled manual
uncontrolled manual
Great
mechanical
centrifugal
or paddle
which can be interpreted as meaning the normal convection currents which would exist in a
(a)
mechanical
and the
machine or device to which the exhaust system is connected. The cate-
at 20 C)
0.01
presents a cross chart

the required ventilation
category may be chosen. A material
of volatility C, with a hazard rating
of 3, would be in ventilation category
c.
These categories are specified
in Table 10.
Table 9 introduces one additional
parameter which has to do with the
air motion likely to exist at the point
for which the ventilation rate has been
chosen. This air motion, again, has
been rather loosely divided into four
categories, depending on the degree
8
from which
Table
8.
"Slight,
"
work space having essentially no ac-
(dust or fume)
100
>100
Table
of external activity predictable in the

area. This is called local air motion
and depends primarily on personnel
activity in the work space, open windows or fans or other potential air
moving devices in the neighborhood,
These convection currents,

tivity.
usually of the order of 25 feet p e r
minute, are random air motions generally created by small thermal
gradients.
(b) The next category is "low. "
This presumes that there is some
human motion in the area; the motion
must be somewhat controlled a nd
would include ordinary traffic and
studied manual activity. In other
words, control of the hazard involves
consideration of any personnel activity
in the ventilated area.
(c) The third category is "medium. " This presupposes motion simi-
i
i
lar to that described in the previous

category but with no control. Rapid
Exhaust Rating
Section 10 Rating Based on Toxicity or Fire Hazard

Volatility
None
Low
Moderate
High
B
C
D
E
(dust or fume)
SECTION
52
Table 10.
Ventilation Rate of Air
Flow
in Feet per Minute
As Modified By Local Air Motion (Table 9)

Slight
Low
Medium
Great
Exhaust Rating
(from Table 8)
a (none)
b (normal)
c
50
100
150
200
75
125
175
300
100
150
200
500
(moderate)
d (high)
traffic, uncontrolled manual motion

and slow-moving equipment could
produce this. Light cross-drafts
would also create a similar degree of
disturbance.
(d)
of
which
is
"Great"
is
disturbance
mechanical
of contaminant generation
ae r odynamically farthest
from the intake. (This means that
that particle or bit of material which
and
extent
arises from rapid
last
its
movement and
gusty-
cross -drafts. It might be characterized by moving machinery generating currents with a velocity of 100
to 150 feet per minute, such as might
be produced by a moving lathe chuck
or paddle or a rapid conveyor system.
A very high surface velocity such as
that of a large rotating wheel is not
defined, as the velocities generated
are usually too great to be overcome
by economical air motions. In such

cases it is often necessary to make
specific use of the motion to project
the material in the direction of the
hood or to introduce baffles or similar devices.
Table 10 presents the governing

air velocity which should be used in
a hood. This may be derived from
Tables 5 through 9, or from the
specifications given in Section 10.
For enclosing
hoods this control

velocity means the minimum velocity
of air entering the hood opening at
any point in the plane of the opening
of the enclosure.
Where the hood is
a non- or semi-enclosing device,
control velocity means the velocity of
air toward the hood or hoods measured at the point of generation of the
contaminant which is most remote
from any opening or openings in the
hood.
As has been
Volume Computations.
mentioned previously, the most important criterion in the design of a
local exhaust system is specification
of the air velocity to be maintained at
point
the
is
generated by the process and
is the
most difficult for the exhaust system

This
to remove should be removable.
)
can be accomplished by assuming a

velocity which will provide adequate
control for the operation in question,
and then design the system in such a
way
the
that
this
control is available at
most remote
An
point.
exhaust system must be designed using the final quantity of air

which is to be moved by the fan as
the governing criterion. It is, therefore, necessary to have a means for
converting the so-called control velocity into a figure which will specify
the quantity of air to be designed into
the air moving equipment.
It is useful to understand the difference between e xhau s t i ng air
through a port and blowing air through
a nozzle. Most of us are familiar
with the nozzle effect of a fluid being
ejected at high velocity. The familiar
garden hose or fire hose provides a
useful and reasonable simile to the
discharge of air from a comparable
jet. The exhausting of a fluid through
an orifice, however, is quite different
and we must understand this effect
before a working knowledge of exhaust
ventilation can be achieved. In Figure 11 we have a closed system in
which air is drawn into an opening,
pushed through a fan, and discharged
from a nozzle of identical dimensions
with the intake. The dashed line indicates the boundary of the 10 per cent
velocity contour (i.e., the point at
which the air velocity has slowed
down to only yi0 of what it was at
the face of the intake or discharge
VENTILATION CONTROL
53
-
30d
400 FPM
Blowing
HI
=nf
Fan
Approximately
4000 FPM
30
air
Dia.
10%
of face velocity at
away from pressure
jet opening.
velocity at face
of both
Exhausting
v
]f
\
/"*
10%
Approximately
/ l'\
one
at
of
face velocity
away from exhaust opening.
dia.
dU400 FPM
Figure
11.
nozzle). As can be seen, the 10 per

cent velocity contour extends 30 di-
ameters away from the discharge jet

on the pressure side of the system,
but only 1 diameter away on the intake side.
This is an important consideration.

that the influence exerted by
the air intake is felt only a short distance from the intake itself: in order
It
means
Contaminant
x
/
V V
Closed System
for air to be effective in withdrawing
a contaminant from the atmosphere
at a remote location large quantities
must be moved.
Approaching this from a theoretical
standpoint, if we could conceive of a
point source of suction, that is, if
the dimensions of the hood could be
reduced to a single point into which
air is drawn, the air would flow toward that point. Figure 12 indicates
that the velocity contour has assumed
a spherical shape. The parameters
can be defined by the following equa-
(6)
4ttX 2
where:
distance from point source to

location of contaminant (feet)
= required velocity at distance X
(feet
per minute)
= air volume required to create

velocity at distance X(cuft/min.)
Typical values of
velocity:
X = 0.5
Q = 310
to create 100
fpm
i
2.0 ft
5030
4.0 ft
1260
20120
These values emphasize the ex-
Theoretical Treatment of
Point Source of Suction
12.
tion:
Figure
ft
1.0
ft
treme influence distance from the

suction source has upon the quantity
of air. Inasmuch as the theoretical
SECTION
54
\
Figure
point
source
of
suction
13.
is
Duct Used as a Hood
never
achievable in practice, it might be

valuable, while keeping in mind the
spherical contour, to examine practical deviation from the point source.
The first deviation from the point
source is a small pipe or duct.
Figure 13 shows such a duct, frequently used as a hood. The flow
lines and velocity contours into this
duct are shown in the Figure in "a";
"b" shows the same hood lying on a
floor or table surface. Modifications
of the flow lines are obvious.
In
many cases where a hood of this type
is used, baffles are added to increase
its effectiveness at the point where
the contaminant originates.
In "c"
and "d" are shown applications of
baffling. It can readily be seen that
if the stray air currents induced by
suction from a direction opposite the
source of contaminant could be eliminated by baffling, more air would be
available at the useful zone.
The
parameters of these situations are
expressed in the following equations
where
all units
Equation
are as expressed in
(6):
Case
a:
Case
b:
Case
c:
Case
d:
Q
4ttX 2
(7)
2Q
4ttX 2
2Q
4ttX 2
4Q
(8)
(9)
(10)
4ttX'
Practical application of this type of
hood is shown in Figure 5.

The next modification of a point
source involves lengthening the source
This is repreinto a linear form.
sented in Figure 14 as a slot. Instead
of conforming to the spherical pattern, the air around such a device is
substantially
cylindrical, with the
VENTILATION CONTROL
55
The equations for these forms are:

Case
Case
a:
2?rXL + 4?rX 2
b:
ttXL + 2?rX 2
Case
c:
2Q
(11)
(12)
(13)
ttXL
Case
d:
(14)
ttXL
These are theoretical equations for

the hoods. Empirical equations defining the difference between the theoretical velocity contours and those
measured in practice have been derived by Dalla Valle, Silverman, and
others. The Dalla Valle equation
which
holds for all types of hoods,

other than long narrow slots, is
X2
0.1 Q
+ 0. 1A
(15)
where
X
Q
V
center line distance from the hood

in feet
= total quantity discharged by the
hood in cubic feet
= velocity at X in feet per minute
= hood open area in square feet
=
Silverman's equations are somewhat

similar but cover more cases. For
round unflanged hoods:
Q
X2
=
4.
45
for round flanged hoods:
=
3.
X* +
for a slot
0. 2
or Less):
38.9
XL
for flanged slots
Figure 14.
exception that the two ends together
form a sphere as shown in case a;
case b shows the effect of adding end
baffles; and case d indicates the results when the slot operates from a
surface and has a full back baffle
plus ends.
(l
15 or less)
0.
55.4
XL
wh(sre
L = length of slot in inches
= width of slot in inc :hes
For Bibliography, see page
71
SECTION
PERSONNEL PROTECTION
and
PERSONAL HYGIENE
William B. Harris
New York, N. Y.
In rare cases, materials must be
handled in such a way that it is impossible to reduce the degree of exposure. Under such circumstances,
it is possible to limit the time of exposure of an individual either by rotating him with someone else or by
performing the function only occasionally to keep the average exposure
within acceptable limits.
This type
of protection has proved especially
valuable in controlling radioactive exposures; in the event of disaster involving radioactivity this may be the
only means by which emergency repairs can be undertaken.
Protective equipment is generally
the least expensive means for control
except for the substitution of an innocuous material for the more dangerous one. However, personnel protection has one serious weakness
it does nothing to reduce or to eliminate the hazard.
Such equipment
merely provides an immediate defense against the hazard, and is generally uncomfortable and cumbersome. It may introduce a particularly insidious hazard because such devices may suddenly become ineffective
without any advance warning or knowledge on the part of the wearer. Failure will mean immediate exposure to
the hazard. Because of the possible
false sense of security created thereby it is the consensus of safety experts that personnel protective devices must only be regarded as emergency or temporary safeguards. Even
then they should be used supplemen-
tary to suitable preventive measures

and never in preference to them.
Respiratory Protective Devices

Respiratory protective devices
provide a simple means for permitting the operator to breathe, in an
otherwise toxic atmosphere, without
injury.
It is generally conceded that
such devices should be used only in
emergencies such as accidents resulting from failure of equipment or
errors in operating procedures. They
are also used to replace costly control devices.
It is important to use the type of
respirator which is best suited to the
hazard involved. The United States
Bureau of Mines approval as well as
manufacturers' directions describe
the protection afforded. The. respirator should be used only for the atmosphere described therein. For example, adust respirator is not effective against gases, vapors or metal
fumes. A respirator designed to protect against ammonia may not afford
adequate protection against carbon
monoxide. If the atmosphere is deficient in oxygen, or is potentially lethal, only those respirators should be
used which provide a supply of clean
air or which carry their
own supply
of oxygen.
All respiratory protective devices

have two basic faults they are uncomfortable to wear and reduce the
operator's efficiency. In addition, it
is difficult to secure and maintain
faithful performance. If lessened ef-
SECTION
58
ficiency, absenteeism and labor turn-
over could be measured in terms of

cost, the figures in many cases would
probably show that the expense of
eliminating a hazard is justified over
the use of respirators.
To insure the effectiveness of respiratory protective devices, the

U.S.B.M. tests and approves such
equipment. One phase of their work
is to permit the use of safe, satisfactory and reliable devices. To insure
their availability, the U.S.B.M. has
established schedules of minimum requirements for all types of respiratory protective equipment. Only devices approved by the U.S.B.M.
should be used, as such approval constitutes authoritative proof of their
effectiveness.
No matter how well
a respiratory
protective device is designed and

made it can fail to give protection or
be otherwise satisfactory unless it is
properly maintained. Therefore,
when the need for such devices is determined, provision should be made
for their care, maintenance, and fit.
Any type of respirator is uncomfortable to wear and a nuisance. Unless
workmen
realize fully the need of

they will not wear one.
Important factors in getting full- employee cooperation in this respect are:
(a) Recourse to respiratory protection only as an emergency a temporary, or a final method after every
effort has been made to eliminate the
hazard.
(b) Explaining the situation fully
protection,
to the
(c)
workmen.
Careful
fitting,
etc.
Adequate provisions for maintenance and cleanliness.

(d)
(e)
Careful instruction as to use.
(f)
Intelligent,
fully
informed
supervision.
(g) A respirator once issued to a
workman should be reissued to him
only as long as he has need for it.
Those released through labor turnover or transfers should be fully reconditioned, sterilized and returned
to stock.
Respiratory protective devices

broad categories:
fall
into two
(a)
Air-purifying devices remove
the contaminant from the air as it is

inhaled, by filtration or by chemical
sorption.
(b) Air- supplying devices supply

clean respirable air or oxygen from
an outside source or from a tank car-
ried by the wearer.
Canisters. Any canister will give

protectionfor a limitedperiod of time,
depending upon the concentration of
gas, the rate of breathing, and the
age of the canister. As the canister
nears exhaustion, a trace of gas will
leak through the mask. If this has a
distinctive taste or odor or is irritating it will at least give some warning
of impending failure. The all-service
mask includes a timer which records
the time of use and also warns the
wearer, even in the case of carbon
monoxide which is odorless, taste-
less and nonirritating.
Canister gas masks can carry large

of chemicals and afford protection against a broad spectrum of
poisons.
They consist of a face
piece, corrugated rubber connecting
tube, canister and harness. The
large canister permits a larger combination of chemicals, thereby affording protection against a wider range
of gases.
The all-service canister
is designed to protect against low
concentrations of all types of industrial gases, smoke and fumes. Canisters are not approved for most
gases in concentrations over 2 per
cent and not over 3 per cent for ammonia. Only the supplied-air type of
respirator can be used for higher
amounts
c one ent rations
Dust respirators take dust particles out of the air by means of a filter, usually of treated paper or felt.
The filter is mounted on a face piece,
or half mask, covering the nose and
mouth, and fits close to the face to
avoid air leakage. The better respirators include a valve which opens to
release exhaled air. The face piece
must be so constructed as to permit
sufficient adjustment to the contour
of the face, and it must be lined with
a resilient material for comfort. Soft
cotton face piece coverings called
"facelets" help to prevent skin irritations, especially for irritating dusts
such as lime. The particles strained
out by the filter gradually clog its
pores and thus increase breathing resistance. When breathing resistance
becomes
uncomfortable, the filter

should be changed.
59
Chemical cartridge respirators

are similar in design to dust respirators. A cartridge(or twin cartridges)
containing a suitable chemical (or
chemicals) is substituted for the filter.
The chemical used depends upon the
gas or group of gases against which
It
it is designed to give protection.
is important to remember that cartridge respirators carry but small
amounts of chemical and are usuallyeffective for light concentrations of
gases and then only for a limited
time. It is unsafe to depend upon
them for concentrations of acid gases
higher than 0. 05 per cent and for organic vapors higher than 0. 1 per
cent*, indicating how entirely unsuitable they are for high concentrations.
Supplied-air respirators consist

essentially of a face piece or helmet
to which air is supplied through a
hose or combination of hose and pipeline.
The types used comprise (l)
hose masks, (2) air-line respirators,
and (3) oxygen-breathing apparatus.
(1) The hose mask consists of a
full-mask face piece with a large diameter hose to which air is supplied
by a hand-operated blower or a small
power-driven blower. A sturdy harness furnishes an anchor for the hose
line and for the lifeline by means of
which the wearer can, if necessary,
be drawn to safety from the contaminated area. Hose masks are the simplest and safest form of protector for
many situations involving small areas
(150 feet is the maximum permissible
length of hose line).
They are particularly useful for work in tanks,
bins, pits, wells, and the holds of
vessels, etc.
but should not be used
where the wearer could not reach
safety if the air supply were cut off.
It should be emphasized that additional protection is necessary for substances such as hydrogen cyanide
which can be absorbed through the
skin directly and acid vapors, for example, which can attack the skin.
(2) Air-line respirators are used
with compressed air. The air line is
of relatively small diameter and has
a valve which controls the air flow.
They are unsafe for atmospheres
from which the wearer could not es,
500 parts per million and 1,000 parts

per million, respectively.
PERSONNEL PROTECTION
cape if the air supply failed. They
are satisfactory for exposures of the
type for which chemical cartridge or
mechanical filter protection may be
used. In sandblasting, metal spraying, or other operations for which
complete head and neck protection is
required, suitable protective helmets
The fit
are worn over the mask.
should be tight enough in relation to
the volume of airflow to prevent leakage of contaminated air into the helmet.
Care must be taken to insure a
pure air supply. The area around
the air-hose intake should be checked
carefully for possible sources of contamination such as gasoline or diesel
engine exhausts (including automobiles
and trucks), smoke or gases from
furnace stacks, dusts, chemical vapors, etc. Compressed air is likely
to contain fumes from the oil used to
lubricate the compressor valves; it
may also contain dust, moisture,
odors, and sometimes carbon monoxide. An air purifier is necessary
to remove all these substances. Careful maintenance and operation of both
compressor and purifier are vitally
important. A separate motor-driven
blower should be used with such a
device.
(3) Oxygen-Breathing Apparatus.
The wearer breathes oxygen from a
high-pressure tank which he carries
and is entirely independent of the out-
side air. His scope of action is limited only by the supply of oxygen he
can carry.
Both 1-hour and 2-hour
sizes are available.

Their principal
use is for rescue and emergency repair work in mines, fighting fires in
tunnels, ships, etc. , entering storage tanks containing volatiles, entering sewers, gas holders, etc.
Special training is necessary for their
safe use.
Approval Labels
To provide purchasers and users

with a means of identifying approved
devices and procuring approved parts
the Bureau of Mines requires that all
devices marketed must have an approval label with the seal of the Bureau, the approval number, the name
of the manufacturer to whom the approval is issued, and the conditions
under which approval is granted.. Es-
SECTION
60
of the devices are

the approval number.
The markings also obligate the manufacturer to maintain the quality of the
product, and to construct each device
in exact accordance with the specifications approved by the Bureau. Any
change in design (including any parts
not in the device as approved), regardless of whether it was made by
the manufacturer or the consumer,
is not permissible and cannot bear the
Bureau of Mines approval label.
The approval label (metal plate) is
sential parts
marked with
affixed
to self-contained breathing
apparatus.
Canister-type gas masks
bear a label on the case as well as on

each canister, and the approval number is marked on the face piece and
canister harness, as for example
"BM-1400. " Type A (hose mask) and
type B (special hose mask without
blower)
respirators
supplied-air
carry approval labels on the cases or

containers, and the approval number
on the airsupply arrangement, airsupply line, face piece, and harness.
Type C (air-line respirator) and type
CE (abrasive -blasting
respirator)carry the approval label on the cases or

on a special sheet with instructions
for their use; the approval number is
marked on the airsupply line, airregulating valve, harness, and the
face piece, hood, or helmet. The
containers of dispersoid respirators
and the replacement-filter units bear
approval labels, and the approval
number is marked on the face piece
and each filter unit. The filter units
also bear a marking that designates
the type of particulate matte r f or
which they are approved, as pneumoconiosis -producing and nuisance
dusts, toxic dusts, or fumes.
Names and Addresses

to
of Companies
Which Approvals Have Been
Granted
Acme
Protection Equipment Co.

3037 West Lake Street, Chicago
,
12, 111.
American-LaFrance Foamite Corp.

Elmira, N. Y.
American Optical Co.
Southbridge,
Mass.
Binks Manufacturing Co. 3114
Carroll Ave. Chicago 12, 111.
E. D. Bullard Co.
275 Eighth St.
San Francisco 3, Calif.
,
Chicago Eye Shield Co. 2300 Warren

Boulevard, Chicago 12, 111.
H. S. Cover, Station A, South Bend, Ind.
Davis Emergency Equipment Co.
Inc.
45 Halleck St.
Newark 4,
,
N. J.
The DeVilbiss Co. Toledo, Ohio

Draegerwerk Lubeck, Germany
Hygeia Filtering Corp. (formerly the
Hygeia Respirator Co. ), 129 E.
,
8th St.
N. Y. 3, N. Y.
B. F. McDonald Co.
5721 W. 96th
,
Los Angeles
45, Calif.
Metallizing Engineering Co. , Inc.
St.
38-14 30th
1,
St.
Long Island City
N. Y.
Mine Safety Appliances Co.

Braddock, Thomas and Meade Sts.
,
Pittsburgh 8, Pa.
Pangborn Corp. Hagerstown, Md.
Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp.
644Pacific St., Brooklyn 17, N. Y.
Scott Aviation Corp. Lancaster, N. Y.
Siebe, Gorman and Co.
Ltd.
London, England
W. W. Sly Manufacturing Co.
4735 Train Ave. Cleveland 2,
Ohio
Standard Safety Equipment Co.
232 W.Ontario St., Chicago 10, 111.
Willson Products, Inc. Reading, Pa.
,
Protective Apparel
Substances which are absorbed

through the skin or which will irritate the skin require some type of
clothing as a
protective
barrier.
Such clothing must be suited to the

nature of the substance, the exposure
involved, and the kind of work done.
It must permit of adequate movement,
and be resistive to attack by the substance in question; it should not absorb it to any extent or be easily penetrated by it.
The material should
be cleanable and have wearing qualities consistent with the application.
The garment should be as comfortable as possible, and have an attracThe latter is estive appearance.
pecially important when women workers are involved.
Protective Barriers.
The most
popular method for the prevention of
skin irritation by a substance is the
use of protective creams. These do
not give the positive and lasting protection afforded by protective clothing, but this is counter-balanced by
the willingness of workers to use
PERSONAL HYGIENE
61
them. In some cases clothing cannot

be wornbecause of the degree of coverage involved. This is true where
the skin of the head and neck is
exposed, requiring a hood for protection, and also where a greater degree
of tactile sensitivity is necessary
water or water solutions of irritant
than gloves will allow. In all of these

cases, properly chosen creams may
give adequate protection.
(d) Detoxifying creams contain a

nonirritating acid (e. g. , boric acid
or benzoic acid) to protect against al-
important
Choice Criteria. One
limitation of protective creams is
that no single cream provides adequate protection against all types of
kali.
For this reason many

manufacturers make and distribute
material.
protective creams of different compositions, compounded to give optimum protection against different classes of material. The most important
criterion for choosing a suitable
cream is that it provide either a barrier or a detoxifying action against a
particular hazard. It should not contain any irritating or sensitizing materials and the detoxifying agent
should be substantially inert to the
skin.
To be successful a cream
should be
cosmetically prepared,
appealing to the eye, nose and skin,
and of such a consistency as to be
easily applied and adherent for as
long as possible. It should also be
easily removed with soap and water.
Before applying a
Application.
protective cream, the skin should be
thoroughly cleaned to remove any possible irritant.
If possible, it should
be applied before the start of work,
washed off before lunch and reapplied
after lunch, and again washed off before leaving the job. If at any time
during working hours the cream becomes badly contaminated, it should
be removed and reapplied.
Types. Depending upon the protection desired one of the following
creams may be used.
When ap(a) Vanishing Cream.
plied before work vanishing cream
facilitates the
removal
countered du
of soil en-
ng work and permits
better cleaning of the body than would

otherwise be possible.
(b) Creams which leave a thin
film of resin or wax on the skin and
thus prevent irritation from the toxic agent. These maybe either watersoluble for protection against solvents, or water-insoluble to keep out
materials.
(c) Protective creams which cover the skin with a harmless fat protect against water-soluble materials
and offer some protection against
solids.
soap or magnesium hydrox-
ide cream provides protection against

acid.
(e) Creams containing inert powders (e.g., zinc oxide, bentonite.,
etc. ) form a more impervious coating than the waxy or greasy materials
mentioned above and will prevent at,
tack by allergens and possibly physical irritation from glass fibers,

thorns, etc.
(f)
Ointments containing radiation
screens are used to protect against
visible light, especially ultraviolet
radiation.
Creams containing suitable deflecting materials will protect
against infrared damage to the skin.
Personal Hygiene
is
In discussing personal hygiene, it

necessary to consider many factors
pertaining to the individual habits of

an employee. In addition to his habits, it is also advisable to consider
the supply, use and laundering of his
clothes.
The degree of personal hygiene required to prevent injury by
any substance is a function not only
of the nature of the substance but also
of the type of hazard. A substance,
for example, which is dangerous when
inhaled but not at all dangerous when
ingested does not require particular
care in the prevention of ingestion.
It is not necessary, therefore, to insist that the worker or individual
handling it keep his hands clean. In
a similar manner, where the hazard
primarily from ingestion or abi s
sorption, and inhalation is not considered a problem, emphasis must
be placed on cleanliness and the prevention of contact rather than ventilation or other similar practices.
Hand Washing. Wherever individuals are apt to handle dangerous maadequate washing facilities
should be provided. In determining
the adequacy of such facilities the following should be considered:
terials,
SECTION
62
(a) Ample supply of water, preferably running.

(b) Mild soap to prevent irritation.
(c) If a scrubbing agent is required in the soap, some soft material
which will not abrade the skin (i.e.,
corn meal or other organic type
scrubbers) should be used.
(d) A sanitary means should be
provided for drying after washing.
All of the above items are indicated as routine good hygiene. However, where the substance is of more
than minimal potential hazard, some
action should be taken by supervisory
personnel to insure that the facilities
are used frequently. This should include washing the hands before smoking or eating and prior to leaving the
area where the dangerous substance
is handled.
Showers. It is a good practice to
provide shower facilities in any area
where dangerous materials are used.
Again, this is especially true where
the material may irritate the skin or
be absorbed through the skin. Where
the danger of such a hazard is large,
showers should be encouraged; where
a serious hazard exists, they should
In some industrial
be enforced.
plants where a high degree of control
over the personal hygiene of an individual is indicated, a deluge type of
shower is useful. This operates continuously and is installed somewhere
between the work space and the exit
so that after undressing and before
redressing each individual is showered whatever his desire. This system tends to encourage showering.
Whenever this type of control is practiced, however, it is probably advisable to supply a clean change of
The flooding type

shower has been used successfully
clothes as well.
of
in
industrial
plants and laboratories

handling dangerous materials, as an
emergency measure for cases involving acid or caustic burns, or actual
fire. Inasmuch as most such materials are water-soluble, the simplest
and most effective means for providing such a flood is to have an open
shower head provided with a deluge
valve available over a floor drain.
Thus, an individual can get to the
shower quickly and wash away the

corrosive substance by a single pull
of a quick-opening valve. This meth-
od is not as effective for hydrophobic

materials (oils); these can be washed
away with relatively innocuous substances such as high flash naphtha or
one of the alcohols.
When handling
Clothes Change.
materials which are irritating, or can
be absorbed, or which are unusually
toxic, it is frequently desirable not
to
remove work clothes from
area.
In order to
the
accomplish
work
this, it
necessary to provide lockers for

the storage of street clothes and to
make provisions for the issuance of
work clothes. In areas where radioactive materials are handled and in
places having unusual analytical problems, it is absolutely essential that
no material be taken out of the work
space into any other part of the building. It is not unusual to provide double locker rooms together with a complete change of work clothes. Thus,
an employee entering the so-called
is
"hot" or contaminated area removes

his street clothes and places them in
a clean clothes locker, while at the
same time transferring necessary

personal belongings through a transfer box. He is then issued clean
work clothes which he wears through
the
morning
shift.
On
leaving the
morning shift for lunch, the procedure

is reversed his clothes are removed
and discarded. He must then pass
through a waterfall into a shower
room. After showering, the operator
lunches in his street clothes.
This
procedure is repeated again in the
afternoon. It must be pointed out,
however, that this is an extreme example and modifications using less
rigid criteria maybe successfully
employed.
Where work
Local Laundry.
clothes are supplied to prevent removal of a potentially dangerous material from the work area, thus confining exposure to the workers only,
it is desirable not to have them washed
by a commercial laundry. There are
relatively few materials which require
such a provision but it should be kept
in mind whenever dangerously con-
taminated work clothes must be cleaned.

For example, illness has been
known to occur among wives of beryllium plant operators where their only
contact could have been through laundering their husbands' work clothes.
PERSONAL HYGIENE
63
Work Habits. Materials transferred from the hands to other parts of

the body can increase the hazard.
For example, when toxicity is based
on ingestion, transfer from the hands
to the mouth is hazardous. If entry
is through the nose or eyes, or open
wounds, manual transport may also
play a part. Irritation from scratching with contaminated hands can also
be a factor in producing illness. Nail
biters must be instructed to keep
their hands away from the mouth:
scratchers should wear gloves; goggles or protective shields should be
worn
to protect the eyes.

Eating in the Work Area.
It has
been reasonably well established that
considerable quantities of a highly
toxic material may be introduced into
the body along with food. This is
likely to happen when lunch is eaten
Toxic materials
in the work area.
may also be transferred to the mouth
by chewing gum and in the application
of makeup in the work space. This of
course only applies when the substance
has an extreme ingestion toxicity.
Personal cleanliness is most important in this type of area.
Smoking in the Work Area. Smoking is also a means by which toxic
materials can be transferred to the
mouth. This, however, has been
somewhat overrated and probably
does not warrant serious consideration, except when the material in
question is unusually toxic. In some
cases smoking increases the danger
from fire and should be restricted
from
that standpoint.
The possibility
of inhaling toxic gases or decomposition products from the burning cig-
aretaswell as certain air-borne materials should also be considered.
Housekeeping
The virtues of maintaining a clean

shop are certainly well known. When
dry, dangerous materials are handled, this, of course, is more important.
There are certain rules, however, which should be considered regarding the most effective means for
providing a clean shop.
Dry Sweeping. If the material
being handled is toxic, broom-sweep-
ing should be avoided unless no other

means is feasible. It is sometimes
necessary
to
remove brooms
from
work
space in order to insure

the
that this very simple method of cleaning is not abused. Broom- sweeping
usually raises considerable dust even
wetting.
Flooding. The application of large
quantities of water sometimes provides rapid, efficient removal of toxic materials. This is especially true
of the area around a hot process where
fumes tend to rise necessitating a
periodic cleanup of the walls, rafters,
etc It is necessary to provide adequate sewer drainage for the materIf the agent
ials being washed down.
being removed has any value, it is
advisable to provide a sump from
which the washings can be recovered.
when accompanied by
Vacuuming. One of the most efways to remove a dangerous

material from an area without creating an air-borne hazard is to use
some type of vacuum cleaner. The
fective
material
thus
retained in a recan be collected

if it has sufficient value.
However,
there are dangers involved even in the
use of such apparently safe equipment.
If control is to be provided for an
especially hazardous substance, it is
is
usable state and
important to discharge the air after

separation of the toxic material outside the work space. Extreme care
should also be exercised in removing the collected material from the
vacuum cleaner hopper. Wherever
the value of the material warrants,
the dust discharge from the cleaner
can be reintroduced into the process
stream.
Blowing.
Although blowing is one
of the most dange rous methods of
cleaning, it is commonly employed
by the use of compressed air lines.
Under no circumstances should compressed air be used for the removal

of a material having even a moderate
inhalation or flammability hazard.
When blowing is used it is essential
that the pressure of the air supply at
the nozzle be reduced to less than a
few psi in order to prevent lifting any
solid particles which may result in
serious injury to personnel.
For Bibliography, see page
71
SECTION
William B. Harris
New York, N. Y.
Most industrial processes release

varying amounts of pollution into the
atmosphere. Because of the wide
variability in the rate of production
of such pollutants and because of the
tremendous
volume
of the
atmos-
phere, coupled with its behavior, the

resultant contamination may or may
not be a significant problem.
The atmosphere is considered polluted if one of the following conditions
can be demonstrated:
(1) Human Injury. Such injury may
vary over a wide range: from minor
irritation or discomfort to death of a
considerable number of people.
Here, too,
(2) Property Damage.
the potential is highly variable, ranging
from the minimal
or clothes
destruction.
(3) Crop Damage.
sills
of dirty
to actual
This
windowproperty
may
range
from complete denuding of all vegetation in some areas, with resultant
major erosion, to mere spotting of

leave s or minor discoloration of
plants.
The variability in atmospheric conditions, which can result in turnover

of either tremendous or small volumes
of air, can make a comparatively
small amount of pollution produce an
extreme effect,
amount
or an enormous
of pollution create no signifi-
cant problem.
The topography of certain areas

such that maximum effects can almost never be created, while the topography of other areas tends to maximize even minor pollution. Such
areas as London, Los Angeles, Donora,
Meuse Valley and the Columbia River
is
Valley are particularly susceptible to

severe reactions. New York City, on
the other hand, with its vast sources
of pollution has only a minor pollution problem. The denuding of the
Copper Hill section resulted from an
overwhelming burden of pollutant on
the locale.
The types of material which are

involved in atmospheric pollution are
defined below.
The physical form and the chemical properties of these materials will
largely dictate how they may be removed from a gas stream. That device which is finally selected to clean
the air must have the following characteristics:
(1)
It
must be capable
of
remov-
ing the offending material.

(2) It must be able to reduce the
air-borne concentration to or below

satisfactory outdoor levels.
(3) It must be of such a size as to
fit into the plant complex.
(4) It should be economical to install and to operate.
(5) It should not introduce any new
problems such as direct employee exposure in maintenance or cleaning,
or create a waste disposal situation.
In addition to chemical materials
which in themselves are toxic, the
most important air pollutants from
an industrial standpoint are:
(l) Products of Combustion
Here
the offending materials maybe smoke,
fly ash, sulfur dioxide, various oxides
of nitrogen, aldehydes and ketones,
ozone, and possibly other oxidants.
The importance
terials derives
of this
from
group
of
ma-
the almost uni-
SECTION
66
ver sal application of burning as a

source of power and of incineration
to dispose of burnable waste materials.
(2)
Smelting Processes.
volumes
Enormous
gases are released in the

metallurgical industry frequentlybearing chemicals which depend on
the type of ore or flux being processed.
The greatest offenders are fluoride s, hydrofluoric acid, and the
of
oxides of sulfur.
In general,
(3) Chemical Industry.
the chemical industry releases various acidic and alkaline gases, mists,
and vapors into the atmosphere as
waste products.
(4)
There
Odor-Producing Processes.
are many industrial processes which

release offensive materials into the
air, such as slaughtering cattle, cooking oils and varnishes, the paper industry which releases gaseous wastes,
and oil refining where hydrogen sulfide may be a by-product.
(5) Miscellaneous Rock and Inert Dusts.
In stone crushing, asphalt mixing,
cement manufacturing, and other rock
significant
processing operations,
quantities of inert dusty materials
are discharged.
All other indus(6) Miscellaneous.
trial processes dispersing general
smokes, mists, and the wide variety
of irritating and toxic chemicals special to the industry, can be grouped
Extreme examples
in this category.
of this are: beryllium dust, radioactive materials, lead dust, and such
relatively innocuous materials as oil,
mist, and smoke from machining operations.
The potential of a material to create atmospheric pollution depends
largely on its physical characteristics.
will
For example, gases and vapors

mix intimately with the atmos-
phere and be completely at the mercy

of the winds. This is also true of
particulate material the particles of
which are less than about 10 microns
in diameter. Larger particles, however,
will fall to earth
more
and are likely to be more

lem.
By
same
the
characteristics
dictate the
ployed in
the
rapidly
of a
process are, the easier it is to

separate them from the conveying air
stream. Soluble materials can be
more easily removed than insoluble.
Liquid droplets require less careful
separation than solid particles, the
smaller solid particulates and gases
being the most difficult to remove
in the
from a gaseous effluent.

Means which can be employed in
the removal of an atmospheric pollutant must first begin with elimination
or substitution.
Wherever possible,
is highly desirable to substitute a
material for the offending one which
will not be a problem.
This, of
course, is only rarely possible. On
the other hand, there are many cases
where modification of the process itself can eliminate the pollutant. One
of the most common process modifiit
cations is substitution of oil for coal-
burning where the method of firing

bears an important relationship to the
amount of pollutant released from the
stack.
Presuming that the process is such

that elimination of the contaminant
through process modification or by
substitution of a less bothersome material is not possible, some means
must be devised to reduce the concentration at the ground. The concentration of material at a point P on the
ground due to emission from a stack
can be expressed as follows:
px
The larger
sizes of the particles generated
IT
where;
P = Concentration of material
emitted at a point downwind
of the source
Q = Source strength (grams,
curies, etc.
X
u
=
=
means which may be em-
its elimination.
(2-/i)
CuX
prob-
token, the physical

of the pollutant will
2
(2 "^)
V C X
2Q
Generalized diffusion coefficients (meters "/z )

mean wind speed (meters
per second)
downwind coordinate (meters)
nondimensional parameter
associated with stability
(usually taken as 0. 25)
base of natural logarithms
(2.7183)
67
height of stack or source (meters)

And the maximum ground level concentration can be expressed by:
2Q
max "e7ruh 2
From the above equations, it can

be seen that the maximum concentration which exists at the ground varies
inversely as the square of the stack
height, and directly as the quantity of
material which i s ejected from the
stack.
It becomes obvious therefore
that two procedures can be employed
in reducing contamination at ground
One procedure is to increase
level.
the height of the stack and the other
one to reduce the amount of material
discharged through the stack.
The economics of increasing stack
height can be rather simply defined.
If the ground level concentration outside of the plant is known, and the desiredlevel maybe estimated, the economics of installing cleaning equipment to obtain this level can be balanced against the cost of increasing
the height of the effluent stack.
Inmost situations where air pollution is a serious problem, the obvious
solutionis to remove the pollutant before the gas is discharged. The choice
of equipment will depend on several
factors.
(1) The physical state of the material (i. e. , solubility, liquid, solid
or gas, and if particulate, the size of
the particles).
(2) The value of the material.
(3)
(4)
(5)
The quantity discharged.

The economics of the process.
The degree of cleaning re-
quired.
Within the framework of the above

characteristics, an effort will be
made
in subsequent paragraphs to describe

the various types of air cleaning equipment available and to give some indication of their areas of economic usef ulne s s
Commercial air cleaning equipment falls into the following categories:

(l) Gravity Settling Devices. The gravity settling device or settling chamber is probably the least complex of
all air cleaning devices. It is simply
a large
box-like
container with or
without interior trays through which

the air to be cleaned passes horizontally. These devices will handle high
concentrations of dust and can successfully remove most of the particles
The
larger than about 50 microns.
principle of the operation is that in
the time it takes for the dust particle
to travel from one end of the chamber
to the other the action of gravity will
cause it to fall in a trajectory which
It is obis intercepted by the floor.
vious that breaking the distance of
fall by the interposition of trays in
effect cuts the required effective
length.
Theoretically,
the full efficiency
chamber
is rarely
of turbulent air currents within the devices. In general,
this type of equipment is the least expensive provided that ample room is
of the
settling
reached because
available for its installation.

(2) Centrifugal Separator.
The cen-
trifugal collector operates on the principle that

a high centrifugal
force is applied to an air stream containing dust, the dust will tend to migrate farther from the center than the
when
main body
of air.
This principle can
then be used to separate the concentrated portion of the stream and there-
by remove the dust.

The simplest centrifugal collector
is the cyclone which generally consists of a cylindrical section of sheet
metal approximately twice as high as

the diameter.
Beneath the cylinder
section is an inverted conical section
of approximately the same length,
narrowing down to about one-fourth of
the cylinder diameter. The air enters
tangentially at the top of the cylinder
a flattened section of inlet
leaves by a circular pipe
emerging from the top of the other-
through
duct and
wise closed
unit.
After entering the cylinder, the air

is forced by a pressure differential
across the unit to whirl rapidly toward
the bottom. The decreasing diameter
of the conical section causes a large
increase in the air velocity thereby
projecting dust particles to the still
layer of air along the metal. Here
they slow down and gradually work
their way out the bottom of the cone
while the air continues to whirl up
through the center and out.
In general, the efficiency of a cyclone depends on:
SECTION
68
(a) The apparent diameter of the

particle. This type of equipment cannot be expected to remove a signifi-
cant fraction of dust particles below

1 micron in diameter. If properly designed, however, dust- containing particles above 5 microns can be removed
fairly efficiently. A very high degree
of efficiency can be expected when the
particle size is above 20 microns.
(b) The length of the conical section (in larger cyclones). It has been
found that lengthening the cone of a
large cyclone to three or four times
the diameter of the cylinder increases
its
efficiency.
For example,
in the
operation of a woodworking shop, a

cyclone with a conical section half the
length of the cylinder will remove
nothing but shavings. With a cone
length equal to the length of the cylinder, most sawdust will be removed as
well as chips and shavings from other
processes. When the 1 e n g th of the
cone exceeds the length of the cylinder
by 50 to 100 per cent, the collector
becomes
quite efficient in
removing
sander dust.
Of course, the above is an oversimplification and there are other design factors which enter into the picture, but basically this will be found
to be the case.
(c) The pressure drop through the
unit. Although the addition of baffles,
skimmers and other hindrances to the
air flow tend t o improve efficiency
they also increase pressure drop. By
the same token, and almost in direct
proportion, a decrease in collector
size or anincrease in velocity through
the collector will improve its operating characteristics.
(d) The diameter of the cyclone
cylinder. Commercial cyclones generally fall into the following categories: (l)
Large: generally greater than
36 inches in cylinder diameter; useful in removing coarse and fiberous
Medium: generally 8
diameter; operate at a
moderately high pressure drop (2 to
materials.
(Z)
to 24 inches in
4 inches); fairly efficient in
removing
sub- sieve sizes of dust. (3) Small:

generally from 2 to 4 inches in diameter; operate at about a 4 inch pressure
drop, and will remove between 50 and
90 per cent by weight of particles in
the 5 to 10 micron range.
(e) Dust loading.

A cyclone usually
operates better under high dust loadings (i. e.
a larger percentage of the
material will be removed when more
material is carried by the air stream).
The cost of cyclone collectors varies widely, although they are the least
expensive of the air cleaners, with
the exception of the settling chamber.
The cost depends on the size and will
run from 10 to 25 per cfm of ca,
pacity.
In addition to the cyclone, there
are other devices which use the centrifugal or inertial principle for removal of dust from air streams. Each
of these has certain specialized fea-
tures which would be recommended

over a cyclone where application is
quite similar. These include the Aero-
dyne cone and the Type D Rotoc.lone.

There is a large
(3) Wet Collector.
variety of air washers, each having
characteristics which make it more
desirable for certain applications than
Basically, an air washer
the next.
is a device which causes the suspended
material in the air to become wetted
and thereby removed from the stream.
Soluble gases and particulates are
most effectively removed by equipment of this type although insoluble
particulates can also be handled with
reasonable efficiency. The efficiency
of a wet collector depends largely on
the amount of power which must be
used. Such collectors as the Venturi
scrubber which operates in the neighborhood of 25 inches of water can remove up to 99. 9 per cent of sulfuric
acid mist at loadings as high as 5
grains per cubic foot. The efficiency
of this equipment for the removal of
particulate fume, although good, will
be significantly lower, being of the
order of 90 per cent to 99 per cent.
Most wet collectors, on the other
hand, operate with much lower pressures. The usual reading of a wet
scrubber, operating satisfactorily, is
more like 2 to 6 inches of water. Here
again, efficiencies are more like 90
per cent.
Devices which have been used to
increase the liquid surface in a wet
collector are: wetted fiber beds; wetted spheres, saddles or rings, bubble
caps; high, medium and low-pressure
spray nozzles, and various types of
69
self-generating sprays created by
causing the air to pass underneath a
immersed in liquid.
Each of these have different ad-
baffle
vantages as to method of disposal,

space requirements, cost, etc. but
in general, they will remove indus,
trial dust at efficiencies of from 85 to

95 per cent.
The cost of this equipment varies
depending on the type of service.
Corrosion-resistant materials are a
primary factor in raising the cost.

Ordinary black iron equipment runs
from 25 to $1.00 per cfm installed,
with extremes as high as $10.00. The
cost of water replacement and pumping must always be figured as part of
the operating expense. Although this
is not necessarily a tremendous part
of the over-all operating cost, it may
be significant in some cases.
In general, these
(4) Fiber Filters.
are divided into two broad categories
disposable or unit filters and fixed or
cleanable filters; each of these is

further sub- divided into at least two
divisions.
(a) Disposable
The most
or Renewable Filters.
type of disposable
common
inexpensive low- efficiency

fibrous unit normally used for precleaning or for removing atmospheric
dust from an air conditioning system.
These units will remove most large
particles and in general will remove
between 25 and 50 per cent of all parfilter is the
from the air. The filter medium may be anything fibrous, such
ticles
as steel wool, fiber glass, rock wool

pads, plastic fibers, or expanded metal.
They are generally coated with
some sort of viscous mate rial although
this is not essential to their operation.
Filters of this type are used until they
are sufficiently "plugged, " to cause
an increase in resistance to air flow.
At this point they are removed from
the system and discarded. These
filters will operate with about 200 to
500 cfm per square foot and have a
pressure drop of about 0. 2 or 0. 3
inch.
As soon as the pressure drop
rises to about 0.5 inch the unit is
discarded or cleaned and retreated.
The installed units cost from about
$3. 00 up to as much as $1 50.00 for an
automatic self- cleaning installation,
although the maximum non- automatic
unit will run about $30.00 per 1000
cfm. Replacement or renewal of this

equipment will run from about $1. 00
per 1000 cfm to between $5.00 and
$10. 00 per 1000 cfm.
Another type of disposable or renewable filter unit is the so-called
"high- efficiency filt e r " developed
primarily by the Atomic Energy Commission and the Army Chemical Service during World War II. The purpose of these filters has been to pro,
vide essentially perfect air cleaning

with cost a secondary factor. They
will operate on very low dust loadings
at efficiencies better than 99. 99 per
cent. Because they are never cleaned,
the
efficiency tends
somewhat with
life.
to
improve
Operating filters
of this type at high dust loadings (about

10 grains per 1000 cubic foot of air)
is uneconomical,
inasmuch as replacement costs will run between $50
to $100 per unit while the installation
may
cost several dollars per cfm.

This equipment has the advantage of
serving as a container for the material
that is collected and can be disposed
of as one complete unit.
These filters are made from various types of paper, usually containing very fine fibers. Cellulose fibers
are generally used as the base and
very fine glass fiber or asbestos fiber is distributed in the paper mix.
Recently, papers have been made completely from synthetic fibers and glass
fibers. The glass materials have the
advantage of being resistant to both
chemicals and heat.
Where similar high efficiencies are
required with relatively larger dust
loads, it is frequently satisfactory to
fabricate a filter by building up thick
pads of fine fiber glass or rock or slag
wool. In fact, a thick pad of any fibrous material will effectively remove
particulate material from the air to
almost any desired efficiency.
If a
satisfactory means could be devised
forgetting rid of the contaminated fibers, this would be an inexpensive,
efficient method for removing contaminating materials from the air.
Filters of this type generally operate at
an initial resistance of between 3/ 4

and 1 inch.
(b) Fixed or Cleanable Filters. In
general, filters of this type, frequentknown as "bag houses," are the
ly
most economical and most
efficient
SECTION
70
means
for reducing heavy dust loads

any type at high rates of efficiency.
A prope rly constructed cloth filte r will
operate continuously, removing better
than 99 per cent of the dust load which
tain the filter resistance fixed within narrow limits. This permits maximum filtration efficiency by allowing
the greatest portion of the medium to
enters the equipment.

There are two general types of
cleanable cloth arresters characterized by the method of cleaning. One
of these resorts to shaking the cloth
and the other utilizes a reverse flow
of air. In either case, satisfactory
operation is achieved when the filter
medium after cleaning has a resistance which is approximately constant.
The usual range of resistance is from
3 to 6 inches of water.
The shaken bags most generally
use a napped cotton sateen cloth and
are designed with cloth formed into
tubes which are held top and bottom.
The dust-laden air enters the bottom
of the tube, passes through the tube,
and deposits the dust on the interior.
At the end of the cycle (generally 4
hours), the equipment must be shut
down, the upper hanger is released
and the bag is shaken vigorously,
dropping the dust into a hopper at the
bottom.
In some cases, the cloth is
not formed into stockings but rather
is stretched over wire envelopes
forming a screen. The principle of
medium
of
operation, however, is the same.

Such filters usually cost between 20
and 50 per cfm depending on size and
service. The maintenance cost, if
operated satisfactorily, is low. The
acceptable dust loadings will generally
run from 0. 1 to 10 grains per cubic
foot.
The usual size is based on between 1 and 4 cfm per square foot of
cloth.
The cleaners which use the re verse -air flow principle are similar
in design to the ones discussed above.
However, the most common air cleaner is the so-called "reverse jet"
cleaner which is based on the Hersey
patents. This cleaner uses a high velocity air jet to pierce the dust cake
and thereby remove it from the dirty
side of the filter medium.
The jet
action is accomplished by drawing a
narrow slot over the filter medium.

The most satisfactory means for accomplishing this has been to interlock the transport mechanism of the
jet electrically to the
across the filter and
pressure drop
thereby main-
be covered by filter cake.
The usual
a felted cloth made from

wool although synthetic fibers can be
used. When high efficiency is desired,
treatment of the wool by means of resThe genins has proved effective.
eral resistance range of such equipment is in the neighborhood of 3 to 5
inches and it can be regulated to plus
or minus l/4 inch. The advantage of
such regulation is that it permits a
uniform flow through the system. The
initial installed cost ranges from $1.00
per cfm but may be higher depending
on the service.
(5) Electrostatic Precipitator. The electrostatic precipitator is usually one
is
two types, depending primarily

on the dust load. The low- voltage type
which operates at about 1 5, 000 to
2,0, 000 volts is satisfactory for lowdust loads in the range of grains per
1000 cubic feet.
The higher voltage
units operating from 40,000 to 70,000
of
volts will tak e heavier industrial

loads.
The main advantage of electrostatic equipment is its very low resistance. Such equipment is generally
built with internal resistances to air
flow of less than l/z inch. The normal operating efficiency is in the order of 85 to 95 per cent for low- voltage
equipment; for high- voltage equipment
it is generally upward of 90 per cent
with efficiencies of 99 per cent posThe cost of electrostatic presible.
cipitators will generally run from
$1.00 to $10.00 per cfm, depending

on the size and service, although for
low efficiency, costs as low as 50
per cfm are not unusual. Electrostatic
precipitators have been successfully
applied to wet aerosols and can be designed to collect such things as acid
mists. A great advantage of this type
of equipment is that it can handle hightemperature gases without fear of
breakdown. One serious disadvantage
of the electrostatic precipitator is
that it suffers from occasional arcing
and power fluctuation either of which
effects may tend to reduce its effiThis can be
ciency substantially.
overcome by backing up the unit with
an efficient fiber pack such as glass,
wool, or paper. In this case, the
71
load on the back-up filter can be kept

low enough to permit a very long life.
For the control
(6) Miscellaneous.
of organic vapors or odors, it is possible to employ adsorbent material or
incineration. Silica gel or carbon
beds have been effectively used for the
removal of organic vapors or odorous materials. The use of catalytic

combustion or direct flame combustion sometimes proves effective for
this type of air cleaning, although the
must
economics
be carefully eval-
uated.
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SECTIONS 2,3, AND

American Standards Association,
Research
"Fundamentals Relating to the Design

and Operation of Exhaust Systems, "
ASA Z-9, New York (1936)
(1951)
Institute,
Los Angeles
New York
Proceedings 47th Annual Meeting,

Air Pollution Control Association,
Pittsburgh (1954)
Allan D. Brandt, "Industrial Health

Engineering, " J. Wiley & Son, New
W. C. L. Hemeon, "Air Dilution in

Industrial Ventilation, " Heat & Vent.
37-39, Nov. 1940; 42, Dec. 1940; 3840, Feb. 1941; 71, Mar. 1941
State Industrial Code

Bulletin #12, Relating to the Control
of Dusts, Gases, and Fumes (1956)
York (1947)
W. C. L. Hemeon, "Plant and Process Ventilation, "The Industrial
Press, New York (1955)

"Grinding, Polishing and Buffing
Equipment Sanitation," ASA Z-43,

New York (1941)
"Outline of Occupational Disease

Control Through Engineering," U.S.
Department of Labor Bulletin #83
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, "Indus-
(1947)
Inc.,
P. Drinker and T. Hatch, "Industrial

Dusts," McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York
(1954)
"Heating, Ventilating, and Air

ditioning Guide, " 33rd Edition,
Con-
Am-
erican Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, New York (1955)

R. D. Madison, "Fan Engineering,
Buffalo Forge Company, Buffalo,
N. Y. (1948)
"
Edward Brothers,
Ann Arbor, Mich. (1954)
trial Ventilation,"
"Safety Code for Ventilation and

Operation of Open Surface Tanks,
ASA Z-9. 1, New York (1951)
"
American Foundrymen's Association,

"Code of Recommended Good Practices for Metal Cleaning Sanitation,"
Chicago, Illinois (1939)
J. M. Dalla Valle, "Air Velocities
Near Exhaust Hoods," Heat & Vent.
43,
Ref. Data 316; Heat & Vent.
Clifford McClain, "Fluid Flow in

Pipes," Industrial Press, New York
April 1946
(1952)
L. Silverman, "Centerline Velocity
J.M. Dalla Valle, "Exhaust Hoods,

Industrial Press, New York (1952)
"
Characteristics of Round Openings

Under Suction," Jour. Ind. Hyg. &
Tox. 24, 259-266, Nov. 1952
,
W. N. Witheridge, "Air Sanitation

in Industrial Ventilation, " Edwards
Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan (1947)
Louis McCabe, "Air Pollution,"
McGraw-Hill, New York (1952)

F. S. Mallette, "Air Pollution, "
Reinhold Publishing Corporation,
New York (1955)
Proceedings of the First National

Air Pollution Symposium, Stanford
L. Silverman, "Velocity Characteristics of Narrow Exhaust Slots, " Jour.

Ind. Hyg. & Tox., 24, 267-276, Nov.
1952
Report Submitted to the Trail

Smelter Arbitral Tribunal, U.
Bureau of Mines Bulletin #453
"Engineering Databook,
"
S.
Heating and
Ventilating, Industrial Press,

York (1948)
New
SECTION
RADIATION HAZARDS
J.
H. Harley
Chief, Analytical Branch, Health & Safety Laboratory

New York, N. Y.
This
Introduction
The considerable publicity given

all matters relating to atomic
energy has brought about a great increase in public interestin the possi-
to
ble
hazards from
The
radiation.
rapid growth of x-ray and isotope utilization means that a sizable fraction
of the population is now being exposed
to radiation. While there is a general
awareness of the possible hazards
from radiation, not all installations
working with radiation are using suitable protective methods.
Radiation protection is the prevention o f illness or injury from
overexposure to x-rays and nuclear
radiation.
Radiation is usually invisible and, except in the case of
acute overexposure such as might
i c
explosion, the
occur in an a t o
effects do not appear for some time.
In the case of radium poisoning, for
example, delayed effects are still
being discovered as a result of exposures incurred 30 years ago. At
the present time, there is no cure
for the various effects produced, so
all our efforts must be concentrated
on prevention.
To operate a plant or a laboratory
safely where x-rays or isotopes are
used, it is necessary to have a general understanding of the nature of
radiation,
its
measurement and
the
On
possible effects of overexposure
the basis of this knowledge, methods
of radiation evaluation and control
may be set up.
When we consider radiation exposure, we must think of that radiation which is in addition to the normal
background radiation to which man
has been exposed for generations.
.
background
comes from
radiation which
the naturally occurring
radioisotopes and from cosmic rays

exposure and cannot be reduced.
The experience of radiologists,
radiographers and isotope users does
provide a reasonable basis for adopting a program for personnel protecThis experience has resulted
tion.
in the adoption of a series of maximum permissible levels for external
radiation, for inhalation or ingestion
of isotopes, and for laboratory or
plant waste products disposal.
The
accepted levels contain a reasonable
factor of safety.
However, needless
is the basic level of
exposure
to
any potential hazard
foolish and e v e r y
made
effort should
is
be
to minimize such exposure

The theoretical ideal of radiation
control is maintenance of the exposure
at background level; but this is often
not possible.
Economic considerations become increasingly important
as the reduction in exposure is continued to lower and lower levels. The
maximum permissible levels given
are safe based on past experience,
but de signing for exposure at just
.
these levels
is not necessarily a
guarantee of good radiation protection. Frequently, by careful planning,
exposures can be reduced very considerably below the permissible level
without extensive changes in facilities
or without additional costs. In such
cases, these reductions should be
made. If further reduction of radiation levels requires large changes in
equipment or would be ve ry expensive
there must be a compromise between
the desired and the practical levels.
Fortunately, the same physical
,
SECTION
74
processes which cause radiation damage can be used to evaluate radiation

Exposures can be measexposure.
ured and can be controlled so that
permissible levels are not exceeded,
and thus preventable damage from
radiation can be avoided.
A radiation protectionprogram
must consist of two parts evaluation
Evaluation furnishes a
and control.
basis for sound control. It is seldom
possible, either physically or economically, to completely eliminate
exposure to radiation above background for every worker. A good
control program minimizes necessary
exposures and eliminates needless exposures. A continuing evaluation
through the planetary

of a dense central
nucleus surrounded by electrons moving in orbits around it, to the modern
quantum theory. The latter theory is
invaluable in theoretical physics for
describing the behavior of atoms, but
has almost completely eliminated any
simple physical picture of atomic
program
teristic of
will indicate the effective-
ness of the controls and will give a

continuous record of all exposures.
This section will emphasize these
two facets of a realistic radiation
protection program.
Nature of Radiation
Radiation is a form of energy, and
as such, can be put to use for a variety of purposes. As with other
forms of energy, it can be dangerous
when uncontrolled. To control radiation intelligently, it is necessary to
understand its nature and then proceed to the practical aspects of measurement, evaluation and control.
In the broad sense, radiation includes light, radio waves, cosmic
rays and many other forms, but our
immediate interest is limited to nuclear radiation and to x-rays. These
two forms represent controllable industrial or laboratory hazards that
are utilized for the very properties
that make them dangerous.
The fundamental properties of
radiation concern mass, electrical
charge and e n e r g y. While all the
types of radiation that we are interested in have energies within a rather
narrow range, they

in the properties of
The
radiations
differ
markedly
mass and charge.
originate within
the atom, and their similarities and
differences are characteristic of their
origin.
Atomic Structure. The scientists'
picture of the structure of matter has
changed radically in the last century.
all
Knowledge has progressed from the

atom as an indivisible unit of a chemi-
element,
cal
atom consisting
structure.
For the moment, however, we may consider the atom as
a positively charged nucleus sur
rounded by a negatively charged electron cloud.
For many years, each chemical
element was considered to have a
particular atomic mass, known as
its atomic weight, which was charac-
that element. These
atomic weights were used in calculating the proportions of various substances entering the chemical reactions and were considered to be
among the most basic physical properties of atoms.
In studying atomic structure, however, it became apparent that the
atomic weights did not have as great
a regularity as might have been expected. Actually the irregular nature
of the atomic weights of the elements
stems from the fact that most of the

elements consist of mixtures of atoms
having different atomic weights. The
range of these differences is small,
being only one to a few atomic mass
units on each side of the average
atomic weight. The individual atoms
of
an element having
a particular
atomic weight make up an isotope of

the element. The naturally occurring mixture of the various isotopes produces the average atomic
weight, which is the one used for
chemical calculations.
We can describe the properties of
the atoms, their components and
their radiations in physical units; the
mass in atomic mass units (amu)

which are Vi6 tne mass of the most
abundant isotope of oxygen, the charge
in units of the charge on a single electron, and the energy in terms of the
energy acquired by an electron when

accelerated by a potential of
it is
1 volt. This latter quantity, the electron-volt (ev) is so small that we
commonly speak
of
thousands (kev)
millions (mev) of electron volts.

The absolute energy of an atom or its
or
RADIATION HAZARDS
75
components is of little interest, but

energy changes involved in the
production of radiation are of primary
physical properties highly dependent

on mass must be used. Some of these
which have proved practicable are the
interest to us.
deflection of ions in a magnetic field,

variations in diffusion rate of gases,
and thermal diffusion. Isotopes separated in this way can hardly be distinguished chemically but may be distinguished by instruments in which
the
Within the
with a mass of
nucleus are protons

1 amu and a positive
charge of 1 unit, and neutrons with a
mass of 1 amu and no electrical
charge. Outside the nucleus are electrons (extra-nuclear electrons) with
a mass of about 1/1600 amu and a
negative charge of one unit. The
characteristics of an atom are due to
the number of protons and neutrons
which make it up. Since the atom is
electrically neutral, the number of
positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons must be
equal.
The number of protons in the nucleus determines the particular species or element that the atom belongs
to, while its mass is determined by
the number of protons and neutrons
in the nucleus.
We may completely
de scribe any atom in terms of its
mass and
elemental species.
The different species are designated by the element symbol or by
the atomic number (the number of
protons in the nucleus) or by both.
In the scientific shorthand used,
12 describes an atom of carbon with
6C
an atomic number of 6 and a mass of
12. A different atomic number indicates a different element, but isotopes of the same element can have
different masses. Ourexample, carbon, exists as three isotopes of mass
12, 13, and 14. These would be repits
re sented as 6C 12 fcC 13 and &C 14

respectively.
Actually, since the element symbol also designates the atomic number, the more usual terminology is
,
C 12 C 13 C 14 orC-12, C-13 and C-14.

,
The chemical nature of an element

is almost independent of the particular isotope, so in a chemical reaction
of the isotopes follow the same
reaction pattern.
Even the isotopes
all
of
hydrogen, where the ratio of mas-
ses are 1, 2 and 3, show only slight

differences in chemical reactivity.
In cases of heavier elements where
the relative differences in mass be-
tween isotopes is smaller, variations

in chemical behavior can usually not
be observed.
If it is necessary to
separate the isotopes of an element,
measurement
is based upon mass,

suchas, for example, the mass spectrograph or the optical spectrograph.
Approximately 270 stable isotopes
The
of the elements are now known.
total number of isotopes has been increased by the production of artificially radioactive isotopes by particle
accelerators and by atomic fission.
(The general term applied to a stable
or
unstable
isotope is nuclide.
Up
year 1954, about 500 unstable

nuclides had been identified.
This
means that on the average, seven to
eight isotopes exist for each of the
known elements.
to the
A large fraction of the naturally

existing isotopes are stable, but some
of the natural isotopes and most of the
man-made isotopes disintegrate spontaneously.
The process of disintegration produces nuclear radiation,
and the emitting isotopes are called
radioisotopes. The most
emissions are alpha, beta and gamma
radiation. Each type will be discussed, t o g e th e r with the nuclear
common
transformation which accompanies it.

Nuclear Radiation. The radiations
with which we are concerned are
x-rays and the alpha, beta and gamma
emissions from radioactive isotopes.
There are installations where exposure to neutrons or accelerator-produced particles is possible. These
should also be under competent safety supervision, but such a discussion
is outside the scope of this section.
X-rays and gamma radiation are
electromagnetic, that is, their properties are similar to ultraviolet rays
or visible light, only it so happens
that they are much more penetrating.
Beta- and alpha -radiations are particulate; they are extremely small
particles moving at high velocity.
Since the properties of the various
radiations determine not only the protective measures needed, but methods
general
of measurements, a brief
description of radiation and the dif-
SECTION
76
ferent individual radiations will be

given at this point.
All types of radiation share the
property of losing their energy by absorption in passing through matter.
In any given case the degree of absorption depends upon the type of radiation,
but all types are absorbed to
some extent. Also, the process of
absorptionin all cases results in ionization, that is, the removal of an
extra-nuclear electron from an atom
of the absorbing material. It is this
process of ionization that both produces damage in tissue and allows us
to design instruments for its detection and measurement.
Alpha particles are emitted by many
of the heavy, naturally radioactive
elements.
The alpha particle is the
same as the nucleus of the helium
atom, with a mass of 4 amu and a
positive charge of 2. A typical alpha
decay could be expressed,
90
Ra 226
,He 4 + Rn 222
where radium
is transformed to radon by alpha emission. The relatively high mass of the alpha particle
means that for a given energy, the
velocity is relatively low. The exact
relationship is shown by the kinetic
energy relationship formassand
velocity,
=
/2
mv 2
where
=
=
=
from
the nucleus. In representing a

beta emission, the change in mass of
the atom is negligible, but the loss of
unit charge causes a change in
atomic number, for example,
the
*c 14
e +
N 14
The energies of the beta particles

given off by a single emitting isotope
mev to a
cover a range of from
maximum value characteristic of the
Their average energy is
isotope.
approximately one -third of the maximum value. The maximum energies
of different isotopes lie in the range
of
The range ofbeta
to 4 mev.
particles in air may be more than a
meter for energetic betas, and such
particles will penetrate several millimeters of aluminum or plastic.
Gamma emission is a secondary process following rapidly after certain

alpha or beta decays. The emission
of the latter particles may leave the
nucleus in an unstable state, and the
excess energyis released in the form
of gamma radiation. Since gamma
radiation
has neither mass nor
charge,
there is no change in the

atomic number or atomic weight of
the emitting isotope.
Beta emission is a property of both

heavy and light radioactive elements.
The beta particle is an electron that
possesses kinetic energy because of
the speed with which it is emitted
kinetic energy
mass
velocity
The heavy,
slow-moving alpha parhas a great opportunity to interact with an absorber.

Thus, on the
average it dissipates its energy in a
short path length (e.g., most alpha
particles are completely absorbed by
a few centimeters of air, or less
than 0.005
of aluminum).
When
all its kinetic energy has been lost,
the alpha particle will take up two
electrons from its surroundings and
become an electrically neutral, gaseous atom of helium. The energies of
alphas given off by different emitters
lie in the range of 4 to 8 mev but all
the particles emitted from a single
isotope will have the same energy.
ticle
mm
The energies of gamma rays are

mostly in the range of
to 2 mev,
and the radiation from a single iso-
made up of one or more

rays each having a single
value of energy. Gamma rays can be
very penetrating. Absorbing material
does not completely stop gamma rays,
but only reduces their intensity. For
example, the gamma radiation from
radium is reduced to 50 per cent of
l
its incident value by /2 inch of lead.
One inch would pass 25 per cent,
1 Vz inches 12.5 per cent and so on.
Therefore, we speak of the halfthickness of a given absorber material
for a particular gamma emitter
rather than its range.
Most of the known radioisotopes
emit alpha or beta particles, sometimes accompanied by gamma rays.
Three other less common processes
tope will be
groups
of
RADIATION HAZARDS
77
positron emission, electron capture
and internal conversionshould however be considered.
The positron is similar to a beta
particle but has a positive charge.
A typical reaction would be
15
p30.
14
Si 30
All the effects of beta -radiation are

present, and in addition, 0.51 mev
gamma rays are always emitted.
These result when the positron loses
its kinetic energy by absorption and
combines with a normal electron.
The two particles are annihilated and
their mass is completely transformed
into
gamma
energy.
The reaction for
similar
electron capture is
to positron emission,
for
example
29
Cu 64
28 Ni
+ e
64
The electron is one of the extra

nuclear electrons from the original
atom. Most commonly it is one of
the innermost electrons and the process is called K capture. As the inner
electron is replaced by an outer electron, x-rays are emitted. Whenever
the nucleus is left in an unstable
state after capture, gamma rays are
also emitted.
When a nucleus emits gamma radiation, it is possible that some of
the gamma rays may be absorbed by
one of the extra -nuclear electrons
in the atom. If this occurs, the electron may be ejected from the atom.
This process is known as internal
conversion and may be exemplified by,
Co,60
1
27
,,
energy gamma, the fraction of gamma

rays causing internal conversion may
become
quite large.
All the decay processes described
are the result of e n e r g y changes
which eventually result in the producThe excess
tion of a stable nucleus.
energy of the unstable nucleus is released by one or more of these processes according to characteristic
rates. These decay rates are discussed later in this section.
X- Radiation. The production of
x-rays is not a spontaneous process.
Also, in contrast to nuclear radiation,
it is not the nucleus that is involved
but the extra -nuclear e 1 e c t r ons.
These electrons may exist in many
different energy states or levels. By
the addition of energy, one of the
electrons may be raised to a higher
energy level. If this level is unstable,
the electron will return to a lower
,
energy level, and the atom will emit

energy in the form of radiation.
Depending on the quantity of energy
involved, the radiation may appear
the
as infrared (heat), visible light, ultraviolet radiation or x-rays. X-rays

have the highest energy, and are
consequently the most penetrating
and present the greatest hazard,
although any of the others may cause
damage
to the skin.
Window
Heating Current
Supply7
/~^60+ + e
27 Co"
The electron emission leaves a

charged cobalt ion which must combine with another electron to resume
electrical neutrality. (Note that
since the electron involved is extranuclear, there is no change in atomic
numbe r
Accelerating Voltage
Supply
Figure
1.
X-ray Tube
Internal conversion electrons may

be distinguished from beta particles
in that they have a single energy
rather than a range from zero to a
maximum. Theoretically, they could
appear with any gamma emission.
Possibly they do, but where the
gamma ray energy is greater than
0.5 mev, the probability of internal
conversion is very low. With lower
The excitation energy for the production of x-rays is derived from the
acceleration of a stream of electrons
by a high electric potential. A schematic diagram of an x-ray tube which
converts electrical energy into x-ray
energy
stream
is
shown
in Figure
1.
electrons emitted by the

heated filament is accelerated and
strikes a target. Most of these elecof
SECTION
78
trons have their energy dissipated as

heat in the target, but a fraction of
them excite an extra-nuclear electron in an atom of the target material
and produce x-rays.
Formerly, x-rays were considered

than gamma
rays, but the advent of multi -million
volt x-ray installations has brought
about an overlapping of their energy
ranges. The true distinction lies,
not in the energy but rather in the
to
have lower energy
origin.
Gamma radiation comes
spontaneously from nuclear transformations, while x-rays are produced

by excitation of extra-nuclear electrons. Like gamma radiation, x-rays
have no mass or charge, only energy.
The energies of the x-radiation produced by a tube depend on the target
material and the acceleration voltage.
Any target gives a continuous band
of x-rays with peak intensities at
energies characteristic of the target
material.
Their maximum energy cannot be
greater than the energy of the accelerating potential, and
describe
it is
voltage used
would have energies of 75 or 200 kev

and a considerable quantity of- softer
(lower energy) x-rays are always
emitted. The intensity of an x-ray
source is usually expressed not in
terms of a number of x-rays of a
particular energy produced, but in
terms of the electric current flowing
in the anode or target circuit. The
description of x-radiation in terms
of the instrument characteristics of
voltage, current and target material
may be roughly translated into the
more fundamental physical
units.
the instrument characteristics are more often used to describe
However,
operation. Hazards or
measures
in this
cussed later.
protective
system
radioisotopes are H 3 C 14
and K
These undergo a simple decay emitting beta particles and yielding stable isotopes.
Many
Artificial Radioisotopes.
man-made isotopes are now available.
They include not only new isotopes of
the natural elements, but entirely new
elements. The new elements are
those having anatomic number greater
than that of uranium (92) and are
called the transuranic elements. The
most familiar one is plutonium, produced by neutron irradiation of 92U 238
in a reactor.
The nuclear reactor is designed
to sustain a controlled fission process,
where a fissionable element is split
into two lighter elements.
For ex-
curring
will be dis-
The
The Natural Radioisotopes.
majority of the naturally-occurring
iadioisotopes are members of three
series of elements. These series
all have a long-lived radioisotope as
the first member, and pass through
a sequence of radioactive disintegrations involving alpha, beta, and
gamma emission and endup as a sta-
40
ample
customary
x-rays in terms
of the
for acceleration, for
example 75 or 200 kv. Actually, only
a portion of the x-radiation produced
to
To the natural
uranium, thorium and actinium series,
the artificial neptunium series has
been added by irradiation of uranium 238 with neutrons in a reactor.
Other important naturally ocble isotope of lead.
92
U 235
+ on 1
> 38
Sr 95
^Xe 139
2^
The reaction also produces about

200 mev of energy as well as 1 to 3
neutrons. These neutrons in turn
cause fission in more atoms

fissionable material (fuel).
of the
This
chain reaction starts by spontaneous
fission of a few
atoms
of fuel
and
is
controlled by absorbing neutrons in

excess of those required to maintain
the reaction. The reactor is thus a
source of a high flux of neutrons for
irradiation.
The products of fission that may
be separated chemically from the
spent fuel consist of over 30 elements.
These original isotopes are unstable
and undergo a series of 1 to 6 beta
decays before a stable isotope is
formed. The average fission series
consists of 3 or 4 members, so as
many as 100 isotopes may be present
in a sample of mixed fissionproducts.
The different elements may be separated chemically, but this process
does not separate isotopes of the
same element.
The major sources today of individual radioisotopes are neutron irradiation (in a reactor) or bombardment
in an accelerator, such as a cyclo-
RADIATION HAZARDS
79
tron, with protons or other particles.
typical transformation obtainable
in a reactor, using the notation previously given, would be
cally the
at
number
of
atoms remaining
be expressed
may
any given time
e"
Xt
where
31
15
15
p32
producing an
unstable phosphorus
which decays by beta emis-
isotope
sion,
(t
the original number of atoms

the disintegration constant
the time
and X must be expressedin consis-
tent units )
The half -life relationship may be arrived at from the above equation as
.
15
p32.
+ e
16'
typical cyclotron-produced reaction
would be
3
Li 7 + iH 1
4 Be
+ on 1
producing a beryllium isotope which

decays by K capture
L
Be 7 +
>Li'
These processes of irradiation

and bombardment as well as chemical
separation of specific elements from
fission products and from natural
series produce radioisotopes of practically every element.
The use of
these
isotopes
in the laboratory, in
medicine, and in industry has brought

many benefits, and while most of
them are hazardous materials, they
can be handled safely.
The commonly used isotopes and
their radiation properties are given
under each element, in Section 10.
Radioactive
Radioactive Decay.
isotopes may be characterized by the
rate at which they disintegrate. All
isotopes follow the same law of disintegration but the rates differ. This
law may be stated that a fixed fraction
of the number of atoms present disintegrate in aunit time. The fraction,
which differs for different isotopes,
is known as the disintegration constant and is a fundamental constant
for each radioisotope. Another way
of expressing the same thought is that
for each isotope there is a period of
time during which half of the atoms
initially present will disintegrate.
This time is defined as the half -life
Thus if a given
of the radioisotope.
number of atoms is present at a particular instant, l/2 of them will have
3
decayed
after
2 half -lives,
half-life,
and so on.
/4
after
Mathemati-
This simple
0.693/X
relationship between
half-life and disintegration constant

is quite useful since X is the basic
unit used by the physicist while T0.5
is the common unit. The actual halflives of the
isotopes range
from 10~ 6 seconds to 10 17 seconds.
This value is fixed, as the rate of
known
radioactive decay is apparently independent of physical variables such as

temperature, pressure or concentration.
It is a valuable characteristic
in a practical sense, since it may be
used to help evaluate hazard from
exposure to certain materials.
Absorption of Radiation. The single property shared by all forms of
radiation is energy. Any radiation is

a form of energy, and it is the dissipation of this energy in matter that
causes biological damage or that
allows us to detect and measure radia-
X-rays and gamma-rays are

electromagnetic energy; the alpha and
beta particles possess kinetic energy.
While these two types of energy are
quite different, the effect they produce in matter is much the same.
In passing through matter nuclear
and x-radiations lose their energy
principally by causing ionization in
the absorbing material. In this process, neutral atoms of the absorber
are ionized, yielding an electron and
a positively charged ion. The electrons may acquire sufficient kinetic
energy so that they cause further ionization in the absorber. The original
ion-electron pairs are spoken of as
primary ionization, and those produced by the electrons as secondary
ionization. Each ion pair requires
the same amount of energy for production; the excess energy imparted
in any ionizing event appearing as
kinetic energy of the electron which
tion.
SECTION
80
then causes secondary ionization.

Thus a certain amount of energy
when dissipated in an absorber will
produce a certain number of ion pairs.
This is true whether the energy is
introduced as x-rays or as nuclear
radiation.
The average energy required to

produce an ion pair in air is 32. 5 ev
for either primary or secondary ionization. The total energy of any particle or ray will be expended in pro-
these
ducing
number
ion pairs, so that the

of ion pairs resulting from
may
be calculated.
When the ions and electrons re combine, the ionization energy will appear in the absorber as heat. In
fact, one method of determining the
total energy produced by strong
sources is by measurement with a
any radiation
calorimeter, an instrument designed

determine the amount of heat produced in a process.
Particulate radiation, alpha and
beta, has a finite range in an absorber and this range is dependent
on the energy of the particle. One
method of determining the approximate
energy of alpha or beta radiation is
to determine the amount of absorber
which just absorbs the radiation comto
pletely.
Electromagnetic radiation, x-ray

and gamma, does not have a finite
range but is reduced in intensity as
described earlier. The half thickness
or amount of absorber required to
reduce the radiation intensity to onehalf is the characteristic of electro-
magnetic radiation dependent on the

energy of the rays. Determination
of the half thickness may be used to
measure the energy of x- and gamma-
further description of
absorption will be found on p. 84.
radiation.
Units of Radiation
In relating the
dose,
of
isotope radiation to the predicted or

actual biological effects produced by
this radiation, two distinct types of
units have arisen. The first, based
on the number of radioactive disintegrations per unit time, is a measure
of the quantity of the isotope present.
This is, in effect, a unit of radiation
flux whether measured at the source
or at a considerable distance. The
second type of unit is one of radiation
of the quanabsorbed, and
measure
of the
possible biological effect.

The relationship between flux and
dose units for radioisotopes is not
simple and cannot be readily calculated with any degree of accuracy.
Such a relationship can be determined
empirically for an individual isotope
but is only valid unde r conditions
which are identical with those used
in determining the relationship.
similar relationship of flux and
dose exists for x-rays. This section
will define and explain the various
systems of units in common usage for
radiation intensity, energy and dose.
Units of Radiation Intensity. The
units of radiation flux differ for x-ray
and isotope radiation. However, the
basic principle is that radiation flux
is the measure of the strength of the
source. In the case of x-rays this
can only be expressed in terms of
the
of energy dissipated by
the x-ray tube. The common units
are milliamperes of plate current
flowing in the tube. This energy
includes both that emitted as x-radiation and that dissipated as heat within the tube. However, if the operating
voltage, plate current and the efficiency of the x-ray tube are known,
the radiation flux may be calculated;
that is, the product of voltage and
current expresses the wattage dissipated and the product of this wattage
and efficiency would give the wattage
The conversion
of x-ray produced.
amount
to other energy terms such as ergs

per minute maybe made with conver-
sion factors.
The energy of the individual x-rays

determined by the target material
in the x-ray tube and the operating
voltage. Flux, which is a measure of
is
the
measured values
measured in terms
tity of radiation that is

is more directly a
number
clude the
of emitted rays,
other
must
in-
factors mentioned.
However, the number
of x-rays
emitted by a source is not a common
characteristic for describing flux.
In the case of isotopes, the source
flux (activity)
means
the
number
of
radioactive disintegrations occurring

in the source per unit time. As in
the case of x-rays, this is the total
of the radiation emitted and dissipated
within the source itself. The actual
emission can only be determined by
RADIATION HAZARDS
81
measurement and
the correction facinclude both the

geometrical effects and the absorption
of the radiation within the source.
The practical units for radioiso-
tor obtained
would
topes are disintegrations per minute,

abbreviated d/m, or per second,
abbreviated d/s. More intense
sources may be expressed in terms
of the curie, which is equivalent to
2.2X 10 12 d/m. This unit is based on
the number of radioactive disintegrations shown by the radon daughter of
radium when it is in equilibrium with
one gram of radium. Smaller units
such as the millicurie (mc) andmicrocurie(;uc)are 1/1000 and 1/1,000,000
of a curie, respectively. The rutherford (rd), equivalent to 10 d/s, has
been suggested as a simpler unit for
the curie, but has never become popular. Again, it should be emphasized
that these units express only the
source activity or the quantity of radioisotope present and not the radiation dose which this quantity would
produce.
Units Of Energy. The energy of any
radiation is expressed in terms of
electron-volts. An electron volt is
the energy which would be acquired
byan electronaccelerated byan electrical potential of one volt. In terms
of the more common units of physics
the electron-volt is 1.60 X 10~ 12 ergs.
This unit is so small that energies
are usually given in thousands of electron-volts (kev) or millions of electron volts (mev). The introduction of
the new and high-powered accelerators has also brought billion electronvolts (bev) into the physicist's vocab-
ulary.
The usual range
of energies for the
common radiations
are tabulated
below:
Energy
Radiation
X-rays
Alpha particles
Beta particles
to
rays
to
These ranges include most
from
to 2
4 to 8
Gamma
diations
mev
mev
3. 5 mev
3 mev
kev
the
of the ra-
common
isotopes
and x-ray equipment, but higher energies of radiation do exist. The energies shown are for single particles or
rays. The total energy rate of emission of a source would be the product
of the individual energy and the number of particles or rays per unit time.
This product would give a different

of source activity (radiation
flux), as for example, mev per min-
measure
ute.
Units of Radiation Dose.
Radiation
of the amount of
energy that is absorbed in the material being irradiated. This is the only
quantity which can be related to biological
dose is a
effect.
measure
The instruments and measure-
ments
of health protection are therefore designed in terms of radiation

The basic quantity is the amount
dose
of energy absorbed per unit mass of
material and the practical unit is the
roentgen (r). This is a purely arbitrary unit which has been set up as the
quantity of x- or gamma radiation such
that the associated ionization per cubic centimeter of air at standard conditions will produce 1 electrostatic
unit(esu)of electricity of either sign.
useful definition is that the
A
roentgen is the quantity of x- or
gamma -radiation which results in the
.
more
absorption of 83.4 ergs per
gram
of
air.
This unit was setup at a time when

only the dosage from x- or gamma
radiation was considered to be important. The equivalent absorption
for tissue was found to be approximately the same as that for air.
When it became necessary to consider the dosage from beta and alpha
particles the unit of roentgen equivalent physical (rep) was developed.
This is the amount of ionizing radiation which will result in absorption of
93 ergs* per gram of tissue. This
modification took into account the relative ionization produced in air and
in tissue by these particles. In addition, the biological effects of a given
quantity of energy absorption were
supposed to be higher for alpha radiation, neutrons and protons than for
the others. The corresponding factor
for alpha radiation has been set at 20
and a new unit was devised to incorporate this factor. For alpha radiation in particular the roentgen equivalent
(rem) is defined as the
quantity of radiation which when ab-
man
July of 1953, the International

Commission on Radiological Units
*In
adopted the rad, equal to 100 ergs

per gram, as the unit for absorbed
dose in tissue.
SECTION
s
orbed by
82
man produces
an effect
equivalent to the absorption of one

roentgen of x- or gamma- radiation.
The factor of 20 is called the relative
biological effectiveness (RBE) and is
used as a multiplying factor. For example, if measurement in air of alpha
radiation showed one roentgen, the
possible biological effect would be
more closely approximated if the result were given as 20 rem.
By applying these various terms,
it was hoped to develop a system for
expressing dosages which would be
additive when exposure to several
types of radiation had occurred.
There is still hope that a simple compatible system of dose units will be
agreed on in the future.
Two distinctions must be kept in
mind. The first is that measurements

are ordinarily made in terms of dose
rate; that is, roentgens or milliroentgens per hour, while chronic biological effects are assessed in terms of
integrated dose, i.e. total roentgens
or milliroentgens. The second distinction is that the roentgen or rad is
defined in terms of energy absorption
per unit weight or volume. Thus, a
total body dose of 100 mr would indicate a much greater total quantity
of radiation absorbed than a 100 mr
dose to one hand or arm. No description of dose is complete unless it tells
,
Table
1.
the amount of material or portion of

the body involved.
The permissible levels for radiation exposure which had been adopted
are based on the value of a maximum of
0.3 roentgen per week or a total per year of
12 roentgens to the whole body. * With
our present knowledge, we feel that
this level can be absorbed by a man
for a working lifetime without the
of any sign of body damRealizing that fluctuations in
exposure may occur, it is considered
appearance
age.
permissible to sum the total exposure

over a 13 -week period. This sum
should not exceed 3.0 roentgens.
Thus, if a person receives more than
the weekly limit in a given week, the
overexposure may be compensated for
by reducing his exposure during the
succeeding 12 weeks. This is valid
for preventing damage and is more
realistic as an operating procedure.
In the case of radiation other than xor gamma rays, the weekly maximum
limit is 0. 3 rem. An idea of the magnitude of the permissible levels can
be obtained by a study of Tables 1, 2
and 3 which show various radiation
dosages and effects.

Table 1, taken
cites the
*
from
Stone
(1),
normal radiation levels from
Permissible levels are covered in
detail on pages 88-91.
Unavoidable Daily Dose of Radiation
Source
Data from
Dose per Day

in Roentgens
Cosmic rays at sea level

Cosmic rays and local gamma
0.0001
Naturally-occurring radioelements
0.0010
0.
Sievert
Evans
0003
Cosmic rays and ground radiation
0.
Radioelements in the body

Carbon 14
3 X 10~ 6
Potassium 40 1 X 10" 4
Radium
4 X 10~ 6
0.0001
(b)
Sievert
Lea
0020
(a)
(a)
(c)
Brues
(d)
(a)
Sievert, R. M.
"Tolerance Dose and the Prevention of Injuries Caused
By Ionizing Radiations," Brit. J. Radiol., 20, 306-318, August 1947.
(b)
Evans, R. D.
Radiation on
(c)
Lea, D. E.
lan,
(d)
"Quantitative Inferences Concerning the Genetic Effects of

Science, 109 299-304, March 25, 1947.
Human Beings,"
"Actions of Radiations on Living Cells,"
New
York, Macmil-
1947.
Brues, A. M. "Carcinogenic Effects of Radiation," in Lawrence, J. H.

and Hamilton, J. G., "Advances in Biological and Medical Physics,"
New York, Academic Press, Vol II, 1951.
,
RADIATION HAZARDS
83
natural sources, to which everyone is
exposed. Table 2, from a report given
at a Health Physics Insurance Seminar
in March, 1951 (2), shows the radiation exposure received in various
Table 3, from
diagnostic x-rays.
the same source, shows the effects
that can be expected from various
large instantaneous doses of gamma
radiation.
Table
Diagnostic X-ray Exposures
2.
14 x 17 in.
Chest plate
0.05
Photofluoroscopic chest
0.
Skull
1.3 r
Abdomen
1.3 r
Gastr ointe stinal

0.65
series
r /plate
spine
5.7 r
lateral
Pregnancy
9.0
lateral
Fluoroscopy
0.
Table
3.
28 r/sec
Effects
Gamma
-
50
Rays
50
b,
first
c,
troversial. However, recent genetic

data is causing some of our radiation
protection advisory groups to recom-
From Large Acute
Total Body Exposure

to
However, the
and d) can occur only

through rather extreme overexposure
and the permissible level is set at
the present value almost entirely on
the basis of (b) (c) and (d). For example, about 250 roentgens would be
necessary to give a superficial radiation burn from x-ray in single dose.
The lifetime dose permitted under
present standards is only slightly
over 300 roentgens. The evaluation
of possible genetic effects is still confour (a,
0.25 to 1.0
The direct effects of radiation

with which we are concerned are those
on the cells or tissues exposed to the
radiation. The five principal damaging effects are:
(a) Superficial injurie s such as
skin damage or erythema.
(b) General effects on the body,
particularly the bloodforming organs.
(c) Induction of malignant tumors.
(d) Miscellaneous effects such as
cataract or impaired fertility.
(e) Genetic effects.
All the effects mentioned are possible with excessive exposure to ionizing radiation.
to 1.2 r
Extremities
Lumbar
Physical and Biological Effects

of Radiation
Radiation Doses
Result
No
readily detectable
damage
100
Detectable damage
200
Would probably
kill
10%
400
Would probably
kill
50%
600
Would probably
kill
75%
800
Would probably
kill
90%
1000
Would probably
kill
95%
SECTION
84
mend lowe ring the permis sible levels

Since the same physical processes
are involved in the absorption of radiation, whether the absorber is air,
metal or tissue, we must first con-
ionization; that is, a large number of

ions are formed per unit length of
path in the absorber. Gamma- and
x- radiation, on the other hand, re-
when
a great thickness of absorber

absorption. Gamma
and x-rays have a low specific ioni-
positively
zation; that is, the ionization is spread

out over the long path required for
complete absorption. Beta particles
are intermediate in their specific
ionization.
secondary effects can be
caused by the ionization process. It
sider the general action of radiation

it is absorbed in any material.
The primary effect of the absorption of radiation in matter is that of
ionization.
Atoms of the absorber
are given sufficient energy so that
they ionize; that is, an electron is
removed from the atoms leaving a
charged
residue or ion.
takes place in any
This ionization
substance which absorbs
radiation.
Very roughly, if the amount of

absorber in the path of the radiation
is expressed in terms of the weight
per unit area, the degree of absorption is independent of the material.
For both scientific and practical
purposes the common units are grams
or milligrams per square centimeter
of absorber. This quantity is obtained
by multiplying the thickne s s of
absorber, expressed in centimeters,
by the density, expressed in grams
per cubic centimeter. This product
will be in units of grams per square
centimeter. For example, if the beta
radiation from a source would be
completely absorbed by 1100 mg per
square centimeter of aluminum it
would also be absorbed by 1100 mg
per square centimeter of air. However, the absorber thickness would
be only about
inch for the aluminum
and over 30 feet for air.

The result of ionization is merely
a conversion of the radiation energy
into another form of energy within the
absorber. This energy may still be
released in such a way as to cause
other effects within the absorber, and
it is these secondary effects which
are of the greatest importance in
radiation protection work.
The primary effects of ionization
and the distribution of this ionization
over various path lengths in different
absorbers have been mentioned previously. The different types of radiation also show different degrees of
absorption and these differences also
are biologically significant.
Alpha
particles are heavy, slow moving,
and expend their energy in a relatively
short
path.
spoken
of
as
They are,
therefore,
showing high specific
quire
complete
for
Many
may disrupt
molecules, it may
destroy body cells or the energy may
merely appear in final form as heat
released within the absorber. Depending on the location of the absorbing atom within the molecule, the
ionization may or
may
not disrupt the
molecule.
If this molecule is in a
critical place within the cell, the cell
may be destroyed, its function may
be destroyed or its ability to reproduce itself may be destroyed. Many
of these processes are reversible;
that is, damage caused by molecule
disruption or cell destruction can be
reversed by the usual reparative
mechanism
of the body.
in the case of a large
However,
acute dose or continued chronic overexposure, there is the possibility

that nonreversible damage will occur.
Another type of cell change which
is possible is that the regulative functions of a tissue may be destroyed.
In this case a carcinoma may be proAlthough the mechanism is
duced.
not fully understood, there is direct
evidence that continued insult to a
tissue may produce this result. The
high rate of leukemia among radiologists, bone cancer
painters and
miners
of
the
among radium dial

among
lung cancer
Czechoslovakian and
German uranium mines
all point to
radiation as the causative agent. The
therapeutic use of x-rays and isotopes
depends on their ability to destroy
cells and the fact that tumorous cells

more sensitive to radiation than
normal cells. However, this therapy
be carefully applied, as ex-
are
must
posure to this same radiation can

cause the outbreak of a new malignant
growth.
The effects from chronic radiation
exposure which are of concern in
85
personnel protection are those which

produce an irreversible change. The
irreversible damage in chronic radiation exposure is apparently cumulative and the cumulative effects lead
to the well-known delayed illnesses
caused by radiation. Like acute
radiation damage, delayed effects
can be either localized in certain sections of the body or may be general
for the entire body.
The actual
mechanism
of cell
damage has been explained by two

theories. One is the target or "single or
multiple hit" theory which

that the ionization takes
assumes
place in the molecules of a vital cell

area, perhaps the cell nucleus. If
suchan event occurred, the cell would
be irreversibly damaged. The number of cells damaged or the amount of
damage would depend only on the total
radiation dose, not upon the dose rate.
The amount
of
damage would depend
also on the probability of an individual

ionizing event taking place within the
particular molecules of the vital cell
area. The other theory allows for
more general absorption of radiation
within a cell producing chemical
changes and consequent cell damage

due to toxic systems formed by the
ionization. These chemical changes
could occur outside the particular
cells as well as within them and still
produce toxic systems leading to
chemical changes in the cells themselves. The target theory has been
used to explain the irreversible gene
mutations occurring with radiation
exposure. With such a theory no
threshold dose would be required.
Any amount
of radiation whatsoever
could cause gene mutations. The
chemical change theory, on the other
hand, would probably require a
threshold dose to build up damaging
quantities of the toxic
systems formed
by ionization.
Biological Effects. The biological
effects of radiation are complicated
by several factors. In any determination of radiation effects, whether on
working populations or in animal
experiments the following factors
must be considered: (1) the location
of specific elements in the body, (2)
the relative sensitivity of different
tissues to radiation and (3) the fact
that radiation does not cause any new
,
RADIATION HAZARDS
diseases but can increase the degree
of incidence of certain diseases above
the normal.
The general effects of external
radiation have been previously described but there are certain modifications in the consideration of radiation from internal sources. The first
is that different elements tend to
localize in different organs of the
body; for example, calcium or strontium in bone, iron in the red blood
cells and iodine in the thyroid. This
is true for any material which is metabolized following either inhalation
or ingestion. Of course, many difficultly soluble substances will remain
in the lungs for long periods after
inhalation. This means that the total
amount of such a radioactive material
is not distributing its dose uniformly
over the whole body but rather, concentrating the effect in a relatively
small fraction of the total body.
Most of the heavy metals tend to
be deposited in the bone structure.
After deposition, there is usually

a continuous excretion of the isotope
which will gradually reduce the amount
present. The excretion rate of such
materials follows much the same pattern as the radioactive decay of an
isotope. Using similar terminology
we speak of the "biological half -life, "
of a material whichhas been deposited
in the body and is being eliminated.
The time required by the body to
eliminate one -half the total quantity
it contains is thus referred to as
"biological half-life. "
Such body deposits may depend on
many physiological factors both in the
process of deposition and of excretion.
For many years a high calcium diet
wa s
for radium
workers, as it was supposed that a
large excess of calcium entering the
recommended
body would reduce the amount of

radium deposition. Actually, the
relative radium deposition is a function of the ratio of radium to calcium
in the blood stream. Unless the cal-
cium level of the blood is retained at

a very high value there will still be
deposition of radium. The increase
in the blood calcium required to cut
the radium deposition by even a factor of 3 would be impossible to attain.
Besides the bone structure, common sites of deposition are the lungs
SECTION
86
and lymph nodes for inhaled particulates, and certain specific organs for
certain isotopes, such as the thyroid
for iodine, and the spleen for iron.
A second consideration is that

certain organs or tissues are more
radiosensitive than others. The membranes lining the bronchi are supposedly quite sensitive to radiation
and
this is the
primary
lung cancers
site of
many
attributed to inhaled
radioactive material.
The spleen also is sensitive to
radiation and relatively small doses
have produced more irreversible
damage in that organ than in other
parts of the body. The organ most
likely to be damaged because of the
combined effects of concentration and
radiosensitivity is known as the critical organ for a particular isotope. In
general, any cell in the process of
division (mitosis) is radiosensitive
and for that reason a person is more
sensitive to radiation during his growing period than he would be as an
adult.
The effects
of radiation are nonthat is, other agents or

diseases can cause the same damage;
for example, anemia has a normal
incidence in man and the separation
of a radiation-induced anemia from
natural incidence is difficult if not
impossible. Other possible effects,
specific;
such as lung cancer, leukemia and

bone cancer present similar difficulties.
In any case,
where the effects
of
radiation are being studied, conclusions can only be drawn on the basis
of incidence of a particular type of
damage above that normally occurring

in the population.
If tabulations are
of incidence in a particular
group, such as the chemical operators
in a process plant involving radiation
exposure, the effects of radiation can
only be evaluated by statistical com-
made
much radium deposited in

bodies showed no injury even
many years.
All these factors make it quite
difficult to evaluate radiation effects
in humans. Even though a particular
type of damage could have been entirely natural, the tendency, in compensation decisions particularly, i s
This, of
to assign it to radiation.
course, has been equally true for
other industrial hazards that have
become p a r t of our experience in
industrial hygiene. All of which
makes it imperative that the occupational exposure of each individual be
evaluated and recorded continuously.
times as
their
after
Radiation Hazards
Any agent which may cause body
damage is ordinarily classified

terms of relative hazard from
Radioisotopes,
may pre sent a
parison with a similar group exposed

to the same chemical hazards but
x-rays,
without the radiation.

Any toxicological agent shows that
different people exhibit differing degrees of sensitivity.
This is also
true of radiation effects. Many of the
early injuries to radium dial painters
occurred with relatively s all
amounts of radium deposited in the
body. Other workers with many
body,
in
an
acute dose compared with a chronic
dose, and the hazard when the material is outside the body compared to
that when it is inside. The possible
acute effects of large overexposures
can occur only where powerful x-ray
equipment or large amounts of radioThe mere
isotopes are being used.
presence of such highlevel hazards
requires considerable care to avoid
Usually, the
acute overexposure.
radiation control problem which is
met is the reduction of chronic low
The fact that relalevel exposures.
tively low power x-ray equipment or
small quanti tie s of isotopes are being
handled makes it more difficult to
maintain safe standards. Again, it
should be stressed that since radiation is not detectable by the senses
at the time of exposure, the control
problem becomes very difficult. However, experience has shown that
chronic low level overexposure can
produce many harmful effects in man
and therefore must be controlled.
when
in contrast to
further hazard
material is taken into the

and irradiates the tissues or
organs internally. The most serious
hazards from this standpoint are the
alpha emitters such as radium, uranium and plutonium. They are particularly marked, because as alpha
emitters they are not hazardous
outside the body since the short range
particles would expend their energy
the
RADIATION HAZARDS
87
I.
10
GROUP
JC
ACTIVITY
100
SCALE
/JC
/JC
10
100
10
100
10
100
SLIGHT HAZARD
*Na 24 K 42
Ci/**Mn52*As76
*
As77 K r85, H gl97
MODERATELY DANGEROUS
h3,c |4 p 32; Na 22 c 35
*Mn54*Fe59Co60
*Ru l03 Ru l06 Te l27
*Cs'37*Ba
,4
0*La' 4
*Cb^
Sr 8?
Te l29
Ce
36
CI
14
,131
'
Pr l43*Nd l47* Au l98* Au l99
Hg 203,205
VERY DANGEROUS
Co 45 Fe 55 |Sr 9 0> Y 9I
,
Ce 144
Pm 147
Bi
Zr 95
2l
I
mc
mc
ACTIVITY TO BE HANDLED
/ic
Figure
2.
/jc
mc
/jc
Hazard from Absorption
into the
IN
curie
LABORATORY
Body
Selected radioisotopes grouped according to relative radiotoxicity with the

amounts considered as low, intermediate, or high level, in laboratory practice.
Notes
Effective radiotoxicity is obtained
from a weighting
of the following factors:
Half-life.
Energy and character of radiations.

Degree of selective localization in the body.
Rates of elimination.
Quantities involved and modes of handling in typical experiments.
The slant boundaries between levels indicate border-line zones, and emphasize that there is no sharp transition between the levels and the associated
protection techniques.
The principal gamma -emitters are indicated by asterisk (e.g. ,#Na 24 ). The
above level system does not apply to the hazards of external irradiation.
Reproduced from NBS Handbook 42

either in the clothing or in the dead
cells of the epidermis. As long as
they are outside the body, alpha particles cannot penetrate to living cells
and cause biological damage. Once
they are taken
into the body, this

of short range and
high specific activity increases their
relative hazard considerably. Alpha
emitters in a small section of tissue
will irradiate that small section very
heavily, and the probability of nonreversible biological damage at that
same property
point is greatly increased.

Beta emitters can be both an internal and external hazard. The
range of most beta radiation is great
enough that the outer tissues, at
(3).
The most
have been
radiation burns and malignancies of
the skin.
Internally, they present a
considerable hazard although it i s
not as great as alpha radiation for
least,
will be penetrated.
external effects
common
equal activities.
Gamma radiation
could possibly be an internal hazard
but the major problems associated
with gamma radiation are the dangers
from external radiation, as in the
case of x-rays.
Figure 2 shows the relative hazard

from various isotopes when taken into
body.
It represents a grouping
a
of the c
on beta and g
emitters used in the laboratory
and does not include alpha emitters.
the
omm
amm
SECTION
88
Table
A.
4.
Permissible Levels for Various Isotopes
Common
radioisotopes that are alpha emitte rs
Microcuries
Organ
Element
in
(g)
Microcuries
per Milliliter
Total Body
Po 210
Po 210
(sol.
Rn 222
+ dr (c)
Ra 226
0.02
Spleen, 150
(insol.
10 3
Lungs,
Kidneys, 300
0. 2 (a)
U-nat'l (insol.)
Lungs, 10 3
0.009
U 23 3 (sol.
U 233 (insol.
Pu 239 (sol.
Pu239 (insol.
Bone, 7X 10 3
0.
Lungs, 10 3
0.008
Bone, 7X 10
Lungs, 10 3
Element and
Organ
Percentage
0.
15%
Total body,
7
X 10 4
[Fat,
10 4
]Bone, 7X10 3
Total body,
7
Bone, 7X10 3
S 35
Skin,
0.
CI 36
25%
0.
8X
IO" 8
10~ 5
(a)
1.7X10- u (a)
04
1. 5
X 10" 4
X 10" 10
1.6
1.5X
10
008
2X
2X
Microcuries
Microcuries
in
per Milliliter
15%
2X10 3
Total body,
7
Water
of
10 4
0. 2
250
1, 500
3 X lO" 3
4 X 10" 3
15
10
2X
100
200
2X
X 10~ 3
10 4
lO" 4
X 10" 3
10" 3
IO" 6
4X
X io- 2
Ca 45
Bone,
X 10 3
65
0.
7. 5
0. 3
1X10 3
4X
11
X 10" 2
2X
X 10"
5%
^^ J 0.004%
Cu 64
2X
sLiver
I
1. 7
10 3
/Blood, 5X10 3
]Blood, 5X10 3
Liver
10" 4 %
Zn 65 0.003%
131
4X10- 5 %
I
,
(kidneys, 300
,
IO- 6
X IO" 7
10" 4
10" 12
10" 6
IO' 7
5X
2X
20
Mn 56
10" 12
X IO' 5
Muscle, 3X10 4
1.
X 10" n
Microcuries
per Milliliter
of Air
K40 0.35%
,
lO" 12
X 10 4
P 32 1.0%
,
10- 6
1.7X10" 11
0.04
0.
4X
7X
Total Body
C 14 (C0 2 ), 18%
,
(g)
Body
H 3 (HTO or
H 3 2 0), 10%
Na 24
X 10" 11
Beta- and gamma -emitting radioisotopes that are of interest

because they are common body elements
B.
in
10" 10
lO" 3
0.
2X
Bone, 7X 10 3
U-nat'l (sol.
2X
X IO' 5
10- 3
/Body, 7 X10 4
]Lungs, 10 3
y2 dr(c)
Water
of
Microcuries
per Milliliter
of Air
1. 7
Bone,
10 3
X
7
X 10 3
Thyroid, 20
l t
5X
430
0. 3
10 2
10
-4
15
IO" 7
X IO" 6
X IO" 8
X 10" 6
4X
IO" 6
10" 3
6X
X 10" 4
1. 5
IO" 7
X IO" 8
IO
-2
X IO" 6
10~ 6
X IO" 9
RADIATION HAZARDS
89
Table
4.
Other radioisotopes
C.
of
Total Body
Be 7
Bone,
18
Bone,
10 3
X 10
A41
Total Body,
Sc 46
Spleen, 150
y48
Bone,
Cr 51
Co 60
of
Water
4X
24
0.9
10" 4
30
670
X 10" 4
0.4
X lO" 8
20
0. 5
io- 6
Kidneys, 300
390
0.5
8X
Liver,
1.7 X 10 3
2X
39
0.25
2X
X 10 3
Liver,
10 3
1.7X
X 10 3
Ge 71
As 76
Kidney, 300
67
Kidney, 300
10
0.2
Rb 86
Muscle, 3X10 4
60
X IO" 3
Sr 89
Bone,
10 3
X 10" 5 (b)
Bone,
10 3
X IO" 7
Bone,
10 3
15
0.2
Nb 95
Bone,
7X10 3
90
4X
Mo"
Bone,
10 3
50
14
Tc 96
Kidneys, 300
Kidneys, 300
Kidneys, 300
Kidneys, 300
y9i
Ru 106 +
Rh 106
Rh 105
Pd 103 +
Rh 103
(c)
(c)
X
X
X
X
Liver,
Ag^s
1. 7
10 3
Liver,
Ag 111
Cd 109 +
Ag 109 m
1. 7
(c)
X 10 3
Liver,
1.7 X 10 3
10 3
3
0.
10- 3
X 10- 2
IO" 5
IO" 6
IO- 7
IO" 8 (b)
10" 10
IO" 8
IO" 7
IO" 3
IO- 6
X IO" 8
1.5X
l
IO" 2
x i0" 2
IO" 6
7
X IO" 7
18
io- 5
36
X IO' 5
40
7X
X IO" 8
80
0.2
10- 2
Bone,
Te 127
Kidneys, 300
Te 129
Kidneys, 300
1.3
10~ 2
10" 5
X IO" 6
4X
2X
4X
2X
2X
4X
4X
2X
3X
3
Sn 113
10" 6
10" 6
IO" 2
Bone,
Y 90( c
10- 7
10 4
Ga 72
Sr 90 +
IO" 6
Ni 59
Microcuries
per Milliliter
of Air
Microcuries
per Milliliter
in
(g)
current interest
Microcuries
Organ
Element
(cont.
X 10~ 2
6X
IO- 7
IO" 7
4X
IO- 8
SECTION
90
Table
C.
4.
Other radioisotopes
of
current interest (cont.
Microcuries
Organ
Element
Microcuries
per Milliliter
in
(g)
Total Body
Xe 133
Total body,
Xe 135
Total body,
Cs 137 +
Ba 137m
Ba 140 +
La 140
La 140
(c)
X 10 4
X
10 4
Muscle, 3X10 4
(cont.
Water
of
300
4X
100
90
1.5X
2X
24
4X
Microcuries
per Milliliter
of Air
lO" 3
4X
10~ 6
X 10" 3
2X
IO" 6
2X
lO" 7
6X
IO" 8
IO
-3
10- 3
Bone,
X 10 3
Bone,
Bone,
X 10 3
p r 143
Bone,
10 3
29
0.4
7. 5
X 10" 7
Pm 147
Bone,
10 3
120
2X
10" 7
Sm 151
Bone,
10 3
420
0.2
io- 8
Eu 154
Bone,
10 3
22
166
Bone,
10 3
17
23
Tm 170
Bone,
10 3
19
0.
Lu 177
Bone,
X 10 3
78
24
Re 183
Thyroid, 20
35
600
8X
0.2
IO
2 X IO" 5
7
(c)
Ce 144 +
p r 144
Ho
(c
10 3
io- 6
10- 2
X 10" 9
Skin,
2X10
X 10~ 2
6X
3
25
X 10" 1
lO" 2
X IO- 6
5X
5X
8X
Kidneys, 300
21
lO" 2
Ir i92
Kidneys, 300
3.4
X 10- 4
5X
Au 198
Au ^
Kidneys, 300
10
X 10- 3
28
10~ 3
57
0.
Kidneys, 300
IO- 8
IO" 6
-6
X IO" 7
i90
Ir
IO' 9
IO" 8
X IO" 7
2.5X
IO" 7
5X
IO" 6
Hg 203
Bone,
At 211
Thyroid, 20
Th 234
Bone,
Bone,
Bone,
Am 241
Cm 242
Footnotes to Table
(a)
7
7
7
X 10 3
X
X
X
X 10- 4
10 3
120
10 3
0.056
0.05
10
X 10~ 6
10- 4
9
X 10- 10
6X
3
:
6.
X lO" 4
IO- 7
3 X 10" 11
2X
4.
toxicity. The microcurie and microcurie-per238

U 235
milliliter values are given for the natural mixture of U
234
and U
with all the other radioisotopes removed.
Obtained by a comparison of recommended values for Sr 90 with the
calculated values in the two cases.
Values of microcuries and microcuries -per-milliliter are given for
the parent element in equilibrium with its daughter element(s).
Based on chemical
(b)
(c)
IO" 10
RADIATION HAZARDS
91
Permissible Levels
Table 4 gives a complete summary
of the hazard of the permissible levels
of radioisotopes in the body and in
water and air. This table is slightly
modified from that given in NBS Handbook 52 (4). It lists not only the permissible levels but also the critical
organ for each isotope. The values
were selected from those in the literature or were calculated to produce
less than 0.3 rem per week to the
critical organ.
None of the permissible levels
that are accepted at the present time
can be considered as absolute values.

All of them are subject to modification
as our experience increases.
A maximum permissible level can
be set up in two ways; one is on the
basis of the largest quantity of radiation or radioactive material which is
known
to
have caused no damage
to
the exposed individuals, the other is

the smallest amount that is known to
have caused damage to exposed individuals. Fixing permissible levels
could be done best if both the maxi-
mum
and minimum figures were

known. Our experience has been that
maximum value is obtained

from known exposures of working
populations, while the minimum
usually the
values are obtained from animal experimentation.

Of course, in the case of x-rays
and of ingested radium, the minimum
values also come from human experiences. The weakness in evaluating
human exposure
is that the
not recognized until
evidence of
damage
hazard
is
some clinical
appears and by
that time
satisfactory records of exposure are often not available. Animal experimentation is unsatisfactory
because there must be a final extrapolation from animal experience to
an estimate of what might be expected in humans. However, in
spite of the failings of the available
methods
of determining maximum
permissible levels, the values which
have been set can serve as a standard
for operation.
The approach to maximum levels

in the case of radiation and radioisotopes has been more unified than the
approach to setting levels for other
toxic materials. The large proportion of work with radioactive isotopes
few years has been either

a direct government function or has
been under private contract with
government agencies. This has meant
that a centralized group has been
studying the common problems appearing in all fields where radiation
is a possible hazard.
In addition,
recognition by scientists that such a
hazard exists has resulted in considerable group and community activity
in evaluating hazards.
The major
authorityin the field at present is the
National Committee on Radiation
Protection. This committee was organized in its present form in 1946
and, in cooperation with other committees and the International Commission on Radiological Protection,
in the past
has set the present working standard

for radiation protection. The committee has been organized into sub-
committees of specialists in different

fields and these sub-committees have
published several handbooks on different types of radiation hazards under the auspices of the National
Bureau of Standards. At the same
time the parent committee has been
able to coordinate the efforts of the
smaller groups. The current handbooks are listed in the bibliography

and additional ones will no doubt appear from time to time, both on new
subjects and on modifications of the
current material.
Permissible levels are based on
a working lifetime for external radiation and continuous exposure for air
concentrations. They refer to exposure above normal background radiation and are considered to include
only exposures incurred in the course
of work. Diagnostic or therapeutic
x-rays are not included, but any person undergoing extensive x-ray treatment should temporarily avoid exposure to other sources of radiation.
The permissible level for external
radiation has been given as 3.0 roentgens summed over a 13 week period.
This is the permissible level for
whole body irradiation and may only
be exceeded where exposure to nonradiosensitive organs alone is possible. The only limit of this type which
has been specifically set is that the
permissible dose to the hands and
forearms may be three times that to
the whole body. It must be realized
SECTION
Table
92
5.
Maximum Permissible
Agreed on
Type
At Any
of
Radiation
Point Within
the
X- and
gamma
Tissue Dose Limits in "Reps" Per Week

Chalk River Conference
at the 1950
Body
Relative
Biological
Effectiveness
In
Basal Layer of Epidermis
Exposure of
Entire Body
Exposure of
Hands Only
0.3
0.5
1.5
Beta particles
0.3
0.5
1.5
Protons
0.03
10
0.05
0. 15
0.015
20
0.025
0.075
0.03
10
0.05
0. 15
0.06
0. 1
0.3
rays
Alpha
particles
Fast
neutrons
The rmal
neutrons
The values for x- and
NBS Handbook
gamma
59 (5) to allow 0. 6
rays and for beta particles are modified in

mrem to the skin, and 1. 5 rem to feet and
ankles or hands and forearms.
that this does not mean that three

times the total amount of radiation
may be received but only that the
larger dose is permissible for the
localized section. The di s tin c ti on
in the definition of the roentgen which
is based on radiation absorbed per
gram of tissue. Table 5 lists the
accepted permissible levels for various types of radiation. NBS Hand-
recommends thatminors
years of age) receive no
more than one -tenth the permissible
levels. Since the fluctuations are not
apt to be large at such low dose rates,
averaging the weekly dose over a
period of one year is permissible.
book 59
(under
(5)
18
Measurement of Radiation
Film Measurement. Photographic
film is the accepted standard for evaluation of personnel hazard from exposure to low radiation levels. The
film most commonly used is x-ray
film because of its high sensitivity.
The ordinary dental film packet, originally manufactured for dental x-ray
work, is very satisfactory and has
the advantages of low cost, convenient
size and ready availability in package
form. Naturally, the degree of black-
must be interpreted
of microphotometer or
ening of the film
by
means
densitometer in terms of radiation

This is done by calibration of
dose.
the film
radiation.
with known amounts
of
The film packet canbemerely

pinned to the work clothes or, if only
penetrating radiation is encountered,
it can be carried in the pocket. However, the common method of wearing
is to enclose the packet in a holder
(film badge) for convenience. This
film badge allows identification of the
film with the individual, it holds the
film in the proper place with respect
to the body and by being worn outside
the clothing it can be made more responsive to less penetrating radiation
such as beta particles. It also can
be designed to distinguish between
different energies or types of radiation. Many badge designs are currently available and all of these have
advantages for the particular installation using them. Unless an installation
employs
large number
of
workers with possible radiation exposure, the expense of setting up and

operating a film badge service, including the calibration and processing
of films, is very high. Fortunately,
several reliable organizations offer a
film badge service for smaller installations at a reasonable cost.
RADIATION HAZARDS
93
External Radiation, Two types of

external radiation measurement are
made; one is the general area survey
made with a portable survey meter
and the other is the measurement of
individual exposure with one of the
many personnel monitoring devices.
The first is most useful for locating
sources of radiation and evaluating
possible hazard but is also valuable
for the immediate determination of
the effectiveness of corrective measures or of clean-up p r o c e du r e s.
When used for exposure evaluation,
particular
care
should be
taken to
make measurements with
the detector
probe in the locations occupied by the
operator's body, as well as measure-
ments throughout
the entire
working
area.
Any instrument used for area surveys should be sensitive to the least
penetrating radiation present. Survey
meters are worthless unless they are
maintained in proper condition and
are calibrated frequently enough
to assure the accuracy of the readings.
Small "button" sources are
available from the instrument manufacturers for frequent rough checks
of operating conditions, but a calibration of the instrument on all scales
should be made three or four times

year. Inaccurate or uncalibrated
instruments can be dangerous if they
give low readings in the presence of
high radiation fields.
On the other hand, incorrect high
readings may cause considerable expense in trying to correct a situation
which does not actually exist. Calibration services are available from
a
instrument manufacturers and
from
consulting laboratories in the field of

radiation protection.
If several instruments are in use, the cost of
calibrating sources and their shielding will be negligible compared with
the convenience of being able to run
calibrations without having the instruments out of service for extended
periods.
Personnel monitoring devices are

of the film badge type or the
pocket ionization chamber type.
Other devices are in the development
stage but have not been accepted by
those concerned with radiation protection. The film badge has been
described and its utility is limited
either
only by the requirement that the film

be processed before a measure of
radiation exposure can be obtained.
This is perfectly satisfactory where
the personnel monitoring is done only
as a matter of record and there is no
danger of high level exposures. If
such exposures are possible, a pocket
ionization chamber (dosimeter) in
addition to the film is desirable.
Pocket chambers are available in
various ranges of total radiation dose
and are made either as direct reading
dosimeters with their own internal
scale or as simple chambers which
must be inserted in a reader to obtain
the dose measurement. All of these
operate by charging the chamber
before use. Exposure to radiation
causes ionization within the chamber
and allows a portion of this charge to
leak off. After wearing, the residual
charge is measured and the amount of

leakage related to the radiation exposure. The internal scale or the
reader scale is calibrated directly in
terms of dose received. Dosimeters
can be read daily or hourly to follow
the
exposure
if the circumHowever, they are
level
stances require.
chiefly sensitive to gamma- or x-radiation, since the walls of the chamber

will effectively cut out alpha and most
disadvantage of the
beta particles.
earlier units was that they sometimes
became
accidentally discharged or
that the reading was shifted by severe

jarring. It was standard practice,
therefore, that dosimeters were worn
in addition to a film rather than as a
substitute.
Surface Contamination. The contamination of working surfaces (or

other portions of the working area)
with radioactive material is spoken
of as surface contamination. If the
isotopes are beta or gamma emitters,
the contamination is a source of ex?
ternal radiation. The magnitude of

this radiation can be best evaluated
with survey equipment. Alpha emitters are not an external radiation
hazard, but alpha contamination that
later becomes air-borne or that is
transported to the body of the individual can offer an inte rnal hazard.
This is true to a lesser extent for
beta emitters.
Surface contamination is evaluated

purely in terms of the amount present
SECTION
94
on the surface. The critical factor

for alpha emitters is the amount of
material which can become air-borne
and available for inhalation or ingestion. Several methods of measurement have been devised, none of
which is c omp 1 e t e ly satisfactory.
The most widely accepted method is
to wipe a fixed area with a piece of
filter paper and measure the activity
taken up by the paper. The results
are expressedin terms of d/m/100 sq
centimeters or similar units. Since
the correlation between the amount
that can be wiped off with a paper and
the amount that can become air-borne
or can be picked up on the hands is
not good, this cannot be considered
as very meaningful. Low results
from a wipe test should not lead to
sible levels for air -borne radioactivNBS Handbook 52 are given in

terms of microcuries of material per
milliliter of air based on a working
lifetime exposure at 168 hours per
ignoring a non-removable surface

contamination, as it is always desirable to keep working areas as free as
possible from radioactivity. However, cleaning of such surfaces does
not have to be performed on an emer-
gency basis.
Airborne Radioactivity.
all
Almost
operations involving radioisotopes
ity in
week. These tolerances may be mulby 3 for a 40 hour per week

exposure. Thus, a short, high level
exposure may be averaged out with
the general background level of the
work area to determine the over -all
exposure. Gaseous isotopes will, of
course, not be collected on a filter.
(The natural radon isotopes can be
estimated, however, by the collection
of their solid daughter products on a
filter.
Other radioactive gases must
be absorbed in a gas bubble washer
or an imping er and the resulting solution treated to convert the activity to
tiplied
The high toxicity of small

amounts of some radioisotopes when
taken into the body make the collection and evaluation of air -borne radio tion.
activity a critical part of most radiation protection systems. Solid or

liquid materials can be determined
by drawing known quantities of air
through a filter and measuring the
activity collected on the filter. This
can be an extremely rapid and accurate
method
of analysis.
Two types of hazard evaluation are

possible. One is the continuous
sampling
material in the
for an over -all picture of
of air -borne
work area
The other is
the probable exposure.
the sampling of air in the operation
breathing zone during the time that
the actual process which may give
rise to air-borne activity is being
carried out. The maximum permis-
will
suitable for counting.
Even
work with some
of the
not
inert gases such as krypton and argon
and more elaborate methods are

needed for their measurement. However, their production and measurement are very specialized problems
only encountered in reactor operation.
Personnel Exposure. Measureof air -borne dust or other ac-
may
result in some of the activity

becoming air -borne. This may arise
from the dusting of dry materials,
spraying from solutions, or from the
liberation of radioactive gaseous
products. It is common practice in
both laboratory and plant processes
to carry out all operations in enclosed
hoods or with good general ventila-
form
this
ment
tivity is
basis,
to
difficult on a continuous
particularly
if
it is
monitor the exposure
of
desirable
each indi-
Some evaluation is possible

by measurements on the individual
himself. For example, analysis for
the amount of an isotope excreted in
the urine of an individual may furnish
an indication of relative exposure.
While the conversion of the concenvidual.
tration of isotope in the urine to the

concentration of that isotope in the
air breathed is not always possible,
the excretion does constitute a measure of the relative intake and can be
valuable as a secondary means of exposure evaluation. No permissible
levels for urine excretion have been
set up, since in addition to the usual
variables found in biological systems,
others such as diet and fluid intake
can cause marked fluctuations in the
urinary concentration of an isotope.
Urine analyses, therefore, are only
valuable when a continuing sequence
maintained. Blood counts have

been considered as an index of radiation exposure and are taken routinely
There is no
at some installations.
is
RADIATION HAZARDS
95
indication of their value for evaluating
low-level exposures, since the normal fluctuations in count mask any
changes that might be produced by
exposure to radiation. Direct personnel monitoring is more sensitive,
reliable, and considerably simpler.
One specific personnel monitoring
method
is accepted for radium exposure evaluation. That is the measurement of the radon concentration in the
expired air. Radon is one of the rare
gases and an immediate daughter of
radium. A portion of the radon
formed by radium decay is transported to the lungs and appears in the
exhaled breath. The value of 10~12
curies of radon per liter has been set
as an indication of 0. 1 microgram of
radium in the body. This latter value
is the maximum permissible amount
based on the experience of the radium
The actual measuredial painters.
ment of breath radon content requires
specialized apparatus and the determination is carried out in only a few
laboratories in the country. However, the National Bureau of Standards performs such analyses at a
moderate cost. Samples of urine or
breath are taken at various intervals
depending on the degree of exposure.
Slightly exposed personnel may be
sampled yearly while those engaged
in actual processing may be sampled
quarterly. In a few cases where the
exposure is to highly toxic substances
suchasplutonium, urine analysis may
be performed more frequently. The
over -all evaluation of radiation exposure to plant personnel must include
all the possible factors.
For example, if there is total body external
irradiation, radiation from inhaled or
ingested isotopes and surface irradiation of the hands when handling iso-
topes, it is necessary that the sum of

these exposures does not exceed the
maximum permissible level. It is not
sufficient that each individual factor
does not exceed the level set when it
is considered to be the only exposure.
Such a summation can be a complicated calculation. However, a reasonable approximation can be made,
relatively simply, by taking the percentage of permissible level represented by each exposure and summing
them up. If they are less than 100
percent the total exposure should be
acceptable. Overexposures are handled according to their severity.

Where a weekly dose is excessive, it
should be possible to maintain the 13-
week summation below
the
permis-
by reducing subsequent
exposure, or if necessary by removing the individual entirely from possible exposure. Any exposure greater
than that which can be treated in this
way is serious enough so that the
U.S.A.E.C. rule for radiation protection as well as any applicable state
sible
level
or local rules will require notification
such an occurrence, the reason for

and procedures instituted to prevent recurrence. Whenever overexposure occurs, the source must be
located by a thorough survey. The
source must be removed and adequate
safeguards set up to prevent recurrence. It should be noted here, however, that no system of rules and
safeguards can completely protect
careless or ignorant individuals.
Therefore, considerable stress must
be placed on training the worker in
of
it^
safe practices.
Water and Wastes. Since a radiprogram in c lude s
ation protection
prevention of exposure of those outside the plant as well as plant personnel it is necessary to monitor plant
effluents and wastes before they can
be disposed of through the usual channels. The levels of activity permitted
in waste materials are quite low and
direct measurement with survey in-
struments is not u s uall y accurate

enough to be adequate. Inmost cases,
only a very few isotopes can possibly
Thus samples
be present.
of the
waste material can be put through relatively simple chemical separations

to
isolate
the
pare
bulk
it
a particular isotope from

of
in a
the material and to presuitable for count-
form
A few simple cases may be handledby merely concentrating the isotope, for example, by evaporation of
waste solutions or by ashing of com-
ing.
bustible solid wastes. Where the isotope is a gamma emitter, these concentration procedures may be perfectly adequate, but for beta emitters,
particularly those of low energy, the
sample bulk may absorb a large fraction of the emitted particles. Then
itis necessary to resort to some form
The chemiof chemical separation.
SECTION
96
Table
6.
Film
Sensitivity
The following table shows sensitive ranges of photographic emulsions. The

values given are based, except as noted, on a maximum useful optical denas obtained with Kodak developer. This table is abbreviated from
sity of 3.
r = roentgens of x- or gamma -radiation
NBS Handbook 51(6).
Emulsion
Eastman
type
Useful Range
0.05 to
0.015 to
Dupont 508
Dupont 552 (sensitive)
Ansco Non-Screen
Ansco Super -Ray
Dupont 552 (insensitive)
Defender Adlux
Dupont 605
methods required for such analyses are all written up in the unclassified (non- secret) literature and are
cal
The sampling process

complex,
particularly where the wastes are not
homogeneous. For this reason, many
easy to obtain.
is frequently
much more
installations where
only small
wastes are accumulated do
not bother with sampling or analysis, but treat all such material as
contaminated and dispose of it by appropriate methods.
Film Monitoring. Dental x-ray
film packets such as DuPont 552 (2
sensitivities), Eastman Type A, or
Ansco Non-Screen film are suitable
for personnel monitoring. The packets should be purchased in lots sufficient to last three to four months and
stored at about 60 F to retard deterioration. The processing of such films
requires careful control of development. A contrast developer, such as
Eastman Kodak D-19, gives a suitable image with a 3 -minute developing time. Both time and temperature
should be accurately controlled to insure reproducible results. Development should be stopped with 5 per
amounts
of
cent acetic acid or commercial shortstop and the film fixed in x-ray fixer
for about 10 minutes. If the films
are to be kept as records, they should
be washed in running water for at
least 30 minutes and thoroughly
dried.
Processing equipment is
available from dental supply houses
and film handling is greatly simplified
if such equipment is used.
Identification of each film with the
individual wearing it is an absolute
necessity. Most large installations
0. 1
0. 1
0.2
0.5
5
10
to
to
to
to
to
to
(r)
1.0
5.0
5.0
2.0
3.0
20.0
1000
250
use a low power x-ray machine and a

to identify each
be done with an
numerical system
film. This may also
embos sing numbe r
stamp
When
small quantities are used the film

may be merely numbered on the outside of the packet before wearing and
the individual films kept track of by
their position during processing.
The blackening on the dried film
must be measured to evaluate radiation. Several film densitometers
are manufactured for this purpose.
The densitometer readings may be
converted to dose units by comparison
with a calibration curve prepared by
exposing film from the same batch to
known amounts of radiation and processing them at the same time as the
film from the monitoring procedure.
The simplest calibration procedure
is to expose the films at various distances from a radium or Co6 source
This calibration
of known dose rate.
exact only if the same isotope is

the source of personnel exposure as
well. However, it is a good approxi-
is
mationfor most other sources and has
become
the standard for film cali-
bration.
Table 6 shows the useful range of

mentioned when developed
D-19 developer.
LaboraInstrument Calibration.
tory pulse counters must be calibrated
with a known source which is the same
isotope as that to be measured. All
of these counters are sensitive to
differences in energy of the particles
or rays and suitable calibration standards must be available for each iso-
the films
in Kodak
If accuracy is not
tope measured.
required, counters may be standard-
RADIATION HAZARDS
97
Table
7.
Calculated
One Curie
Gamma
of
Radiation Levels* for
Some Radioisotopes
r/hr at
one foot
r/hr at *#
one meter
Isotope
Half Life
Na 22
Na 24
3.0
yr
14.
1.31
14.8
hr
20.6
1.92
6.5
20.8
1.93
Mn
Mn54
52
;
310
5.22
0.485
Fe
59
44
7.0
0.651
Co
58
60
6.02
0.560
60
Co
Cu 64
Zn 65
As 76
Br
I
I
I
Au
5.2
12.8
yr
14.3
1.33
hr
4.52
0.42
3.22
0.30
5.81
0.54
250
.26.8
hr
82
36
hr
128
25
min
16.1
0.
194
1.50
0.018
130
12.6
hr
131
8.0
2.54
0.236
198
2.69 d
6.26
0.583
9.04
0.84
Radium
(0.5
13.5
1.25
in equilibrium
mm Pt filtration)
* For an unshielded point source except as noted.

** Values taken from Nuclear Science Series Preliminary Report
ized with a single standard such as

the Ra D + E discs prepared by the
National Bureau of Standards.
Survey instruments should be calibrated in terms of the particular radiation which will be present in the
actual operations.
However, it is
standard practice to calibrate such
instruments in terms of the gamma
radiation from a radium or Co 60
source. This same source may also
be used for film calibration. Radium
and cobalt sources are prepared in
terms of rhm units; that is roentgens
per hour at a distance of 1 meter.
Other dose rates may be obtained by
varying the distance between the
source and the instrument.
Table 7 gives the rhm values for
1 curie of various isotopic sources,
illustrating the possible differences
between sources.
Radium calibration sources in
themselves pre sent an additional hazard over that of their
ra-
gamma
diation.
(7),
The powdered radium salts
are enclosed in a platinum or a glass

and platinum capsule. If the capsule
should become ruptured by accident,
a considerable quantity of alpha emitting material may be released. Cobalt sources, on the other hand, are
solid metallic material and are not
subject to rupture.
Their only disadvantage is the change in their activity with time the Co 60 de c aying
with a half -life of 5.2 years.
Area Surveying. Area surveys
are carried out with a portable dose
rate survey meter sensitive to the
radiation present. General area surveys for beta and gamma radiation
are best performed by holding the detector away from the body at waist
level and tracing a systematic path
through the area, noting any rise in
radiation level and marking these
spots either directly with chalk or on
a diagram. Radiation levels above
the permissible level require imme-
SECTION
98
diate cleaning or supplementary

shielding and re -surveying until the
level is reduced to acceptable limits.
Levels marke.dly above background

but below the permissible level may
be attacked in a more leisurely
manne r
Surface contamination with alpha
or beta emitters can also be surveyed
by moving the detector slowly over a
systematic path covering the floor,
walls, and working surfaces. Areas
indicating contamination well above
background may be checked with a
wipe test as described in the discussion on surface contamination.
Permissible radiation levels are
set up based on the dose received
above that received from the radiation
that is normally present. This background radiation is variable and it is
necessary that it be considered when
Background
surveying work areas.
level can best be measured with the
actual instrument used for the survey
in a spot well away from the work
area. Values ranging from 0.01 to
0.05 mr/hr are quite common and the
background may be even higher in
geographical areas where large deposits of radioactive elements are
found.
The responsibility of the supervisor of work with x-ray equipment

or with radioisotopes is perhaps even
greater than that of a supervisor in
charge of dangerous chemical operaThe immediate effects of most
chemical accidents are fully appreciated and, usually, the chemical agent
can be neutralized or destroyed to
prevent further exposure. This is
tions.
not true for radiation or radiation

emitters, and the lack of immediate
effect makes supervisory control
difficult.
In considering the handling of rea-
sonably long-lived isotopes, it must

be realized that responsibility involves being certain not only that the
workers who handle the material are
not overexposed, but also that none of
the
material
to
give
control procedures to be used. Depending on the size of the organization and the quality of the personnel,
this same instruction may be given to
all workers or else the complete responsibility may be given to the operating supervisor. In any case, the
workers should know that they are
being exposed to radiation, the steps
being taken to protect them from overexposure, and the safety regulations
which are made necessary by the
nature of radiation. It is sometimes
difficult to teach safe practices without causing an excessive alarm in
some people but the fear of such
alarm cannot be used to justify withholding such information.
The paragraph below will show the

responsibility of supervisory personnel to the various groups under their
control, as well as to those outside
the plant. Management, operational
supervisors and technical personnel
must all play a part in minimizing
radiation exposure.
Workers.
Responsibility
more
the attention must be directed

the operating supervisors a
complete picture of the nature of the
hazards, the ways in which the resulting exposures can be minimized,
and the value of the monitoring and
Most of
escapes to endanger
others.
All instruction designed to minimize the radiation exposure of plant
workers should originate with the
technically qualified man in charge
.
The most immediate
responsibility of management is to
the workers directly concerned with
radiation. Responsible persons must
see that the exposure of the workers
is continuously evaluated, that rec-
ords of their exposure are maintained, and that continued overexposure is not allowed. With a group of
non-technical personnel this responsibility can best be delegated to the
From his
operation supervisor.
other duties, he is familiar with the
operations and personnel and is able
to issue direct orders. It is not necessary that he be completely trained
in the technical aspects of radiation
protection, but rather that he understand the measurements made and the
of the numbers obtained. In
addition, there must be someone
meaning
available to give technical advice on

radiation protection problems. While
a large organization may have its own
radiation safety officer or similarly
qualified person, the smaller organizationmayhave to depend on consultants in the field. In either case, the
RADIATION HAZARDS
99
direct day-to-day supervision can

best be handled through the operational
supervisor or a radiation safety suWhen the phrase "technipervisor.
cally qualified person" is used, it may
be defined as in the National Bureau
of Standards Handbook 41 (8) as a
"person
having the knowledge and
training needed to
measure radiation
and to advise regarding radiation

hazards." In technical groups, such
as laboratories or hospitals, there is
still need for someone to have charge
records and to perform the duties

an operational supervisor. This
person must have the authority to issue direct orders concerning exposure. Almost all of the recorded
cases of radiation overexposure have
been to technical personnel who knew
the hazard and ignored the possible
consequence.
Management is still
responsible for the actions of these
employees. To protect the workers
and themselves, they must set up an
adequate supervisory system and follow the records to see that the program is being carried out. Those
working directly with radiation will
have the highest potential exposure
and must be given the most attention
of
of
radiation protection program.

This must include exposure evaluation, exposure records and job training to minimize hazards.
All other employees may be split
into two classifications: those who
enter the work area for relatively
short periods, such as maintenance
workers, and those who do not enter
the area.
In an operation involving
low radiation levels exposure can be
considered negligible if that of the
direct workers is well below the
maximum permissible levels. In any
case, casual visits to the work area
should be minimized in length and
cut to a very small number by proper
in a
planning.
work area
essary
If
the radiation level in the
is higher, it
to include
becomes nec-
anyone entering the
work area in the complete control

program of personnel monitoring and
exposure records. In a large organcan become a matter of
considerable expense, but again, by
ization this
careful planning, the number of these

casual visitors can be kept to a minimum. The casual worker in the operating area has the added disadvan-
tage that he is not fully acquainted

with the operations or the hazards
involved and may do something which
may expose him to more radiation
than someone familiar with the operThe supervisor for the area
ations.
is responsible for the safety of these
part-time workers and must either
supervise their activities or instruct
them in the safety procedures of the
area.
Employees outside the work
area must receive only a minimum
exposure and this is the responsibility
of the technically qualified person in
charge. Generally, minimizing such

exposure is accomplished in the original design of the installation, but
periodic checks of the operation of
control measures must be made. Personnel monitoring should not be required, as any design which would
allow a measurable exposure outside
the work area is entirely unsatisfactory, and no operations should be
carried out in such an area.
Neighborhood. Minimizing the
hazards of exposure to persons in the
neighborhood of the plant is the responsibility of the qualified technical
in charge. Direct radiation
should not be a hazard; the problems
are rather those of radioisotope waste
disposal. Periodic checks of contamination of the neighborhood must be
made and, if the level of activity handled in the installation increases,
man
may
be recontinuous monitoring
quired. The permissible levels of
exposure for plant personnel are not
satisfactory for those living or working in the neighborhood. All plant
workers must realize the hazards involved in their jobs, and in accepting
a job accept the hazards. This is
true in any field and is not unique for
those engaged in work with radiation.
People outside the plant are not aware
of the hazards and have not entered
into
any agreement with the
Therefore, every
company.
effort should be
made to see that their possible exposure is far below that allowed for
plant personnel.
The limitation of
exposure for those under 18, given in
NBS Handbook 59 (5) as one-tenth of
that for adults, is an indication of the
levels sought. The responsibility to
those even more remote from the
work area is one of reducing the possible build up of the world-wide radi-
SECTION
100
ation level through careless handling

of wastes. Although procedures for
waste handling may originate with the
technically qualified man in charge,
responsibility for carrying out these
procedures must rest directly on the
operating supervisor.
Radiation Control
radiation protection program

has two facets, the continuous evaluation of exposure, and the reduction
of exposure by any applicable control
measure. The
fact that all
exposures
are maintained below maximum permissible levels is an indication that

the control procedures are working,
but since any unnecessary exposure
is foolish, the possibility of maintaining values as low as possible should
be continuously kept in mind.
A major factor in control is the
proper training of operating personnel. It is part of supervisory responsibility that every worker know what
he is working with, what the hazards
are, and what measures are being

taken to secure his safety. He must
be trained in safe techniques and know
what to do incase of an accident. And
he must be made to realize that observance of safety rules and personnel monitoring requirements are just
as much a part of the job as the actual
operations performed.
At the present time radioisotopes
are available only through the Atomic
Energy Commission.
This means
that a certain degree of control is exercised in the allocation of isotopes.
Applications are reviewed by the AEC
and applicants are required to describe the purpose for which the isotopes are to be used and the facilities
and equipment available for radiation
protection. The applicant agrees to
keep records of the receipt, use, and
distribution of the isotopes and further
agrees not to use them for purposes
other than those described or even to
redistribute the materials to others
without authorization. The measurement and evaluation of exposure have
been discussed previously; the following discussion will introduce the
various methods of reducing radiation exposure.
Reducing Exposure. The three

methods of reducing radiation exposure
are:
(1)
increasing shielding,
(2) decreasing the time of exposure

and (3) increasing the distance between worker and source. In the
usual x-ray or isotope installation the
shielding is part of the original design, but modifications of equipment
or changes in operating technique may
require shielding changes. Such
shielding is subject to the same criteria as that in the original design and
will be covered later.
The actual
physical setup may vary however, if
only temporary shielding is required.
Temporary shielding is set up with
interlocking lead bricks or steel
plates of the proper thickness. Such
shields can be readily assembled or
stored when no longer needed. If

these temporary shielding materials
are made easily available in the work
area they will be used more often.
Reducing the time of exposure is
just a matter of calculating the
permissible time in a certain area
which will keep the exposure at the
maximum permissible level. Exposure time should be reduced to the
minimum consistent with sound economical operation. This can be facilitated by careful planning of procenot
In a practical sensethis
that isotopes should be kept in
shielded containers when not in actual use, x-ray workers should not
dures.
means
enter any area where measurable

scattering from x-ray equipment ocexcept when absolutely necessary, and all those not directly concerned with an immediate operation
should be excluded from the irradiated area. Again, these steps are
not taken merely to maintain expo-
curs
sures
below
maximum
permissible
level but to keep over-all exposure

to a minimum.
One method of reducing exposure

time which maybe applicable in some
instances is rotation of personnel.
The operators or technicians may be
trained to interchange jobs, and the
higher exposure operations rotated
over the longest possible period.
The factor of distance is probably
the most valuable means of controlIt has been
ling radiation exposure.
emphasized indirectly in the preceding paragraph in that those not directly concerned with the operation
should be excluded from the work
area and also that operating personnel
RADIATION HAZARDS
101
should stay away
from radiation
sources when their
presence
is not
required.
Radiation intensity decreases according to the inve r s e square law;
that is, doubling the distance drops
the exposure rate to 1/4, tripling the
distance, to 1/9, and soon. This
rapid fall off with distance can be of
greatest assistance when properly

used. It is certainly the cheapest
barrier to overexposure.
Actual work areas where the possible exposure approaches permissible levels should be posted with signs
indicating the level of radioactivity,
and whenever possible,
temporary
barriers
should be set up to keep

those not working directly with the
radiation source at a safe distance.
When handling isotopes, various
personnel protection equipment may
be required. Depending on the activity level and the physical state of
the active material, coveralls, gloves
or respirators maybe required. This
will be discussed further in connecIn cases
tion with decontamination.
where heavy beta exposure is possible, it is sometimes advisable that
the workers wear heavy-lensed goggles to reduce eye exposure.
Decontamination. Isotope spills
may occur and prompt decontamination is necessary to minimize exposure. This is not only required for
the reduction of direct radiation but
to prevent spilled material from becoming air -borne or being picked up
by contact. The supervisor and preferably the workers as well should
know the proper means of cleanup for
any possible isotope spill in the operations which they are performing.
When an accident occurs the operator
should move to a safe distance and
call for assistance.
The greatest
difficulty with spills in the past has
been that the workers, scientifically

trained or not, try to clean up and
up spreading contamination
throughout the laboratory or plant.
The first ope ration in decontamination
is to check the personnel to see if
their clothing or bodies have become
contaminated. This should be done
by the supervisor or technically
qualified person. If the workers are
not contaminated, they may proceed
with the area clean-up.
end
The
of skin
maximum permissible levels

contamination are as fol-
lows:
(a) Spot skin contamination with
isotopes of Group I or II of Figure 2
(p. 87) should be less than 1 mrep
per hour for any 2 square inch area.
(b) Spot skin contamination with
isotopes of Group III should be less
than 0. 1 mrep per hour.
(c) General body contamination
with any isotope should be less than
0. 1 mrep per hour.
If it is found that the workers are
contaminated, their clothing should
be removed and their bodies checked
for radioactivity.
Any
active areas
should be washed with plenty of water.

Decontaminating agents are not always satisfactory for application on
skin. Two agents recommended in
the National Bureau of Standards
Handbook 48 (9) are titanium dioxide
paste or a saturated solution of potassium permanganate followed by a
5 per cent sodium bisulfite solution
rinse.
The following detailed, directions

for these decontamination procedures
are taken from
48 (9).
NBS Handbook
(1) Apply a liberal portion

nium dioxide paste to the hands
No.
of tita.
Work
over the affected surface

and adjacent areas of the skin for at
least 2 minutes. Use water, sparingly, only to keep the paste moist.
Rinse with warm water, and follow
by thorough washing with soap, brush,
and water. Be sure that no paste is
allowed to remain around the nails.
Monitor. Repeat the entire process
if necessary.
It should be noted that
the condition of the titanium dioxide
paste is very important. In order to
be effective, the paste must be prepared by mixing precipitated titanium
dioxide (a very thick slurry, never
permitted to dry) with a small amount
this paste
of lanolin.
(2) Part A.
Mix equal volumes
of
a saturated solution of potassium per-
manganate and 0.2N sulfuric acid.

Pour this over the wet hands, rubbing
the entire surface and using a hand
brush
more than 2 minutes.

application will remove
a layer of skin if allowed to remain in
contact with the hands too long; consequently, the time stated here should
Note:
for not
This
SECTION
102
not be exceeded for any single application.

Be sure that all areas are
thoroughly covered. Rinse with warm
water and proceed as follows:
Part B. Apply a freshly prepared
5 per cent solution of sodium acid
sulfite (NaHS0 3 in the same manner
as above, using a hand brush and
tepid water for not more than 2 min)
utes. Wash with soap and water, and

rinse thoroughly.
The above proce-
dure may be repeated several times

as long as the permanganate solution
is not applied for more than 2 minutes during any one washing. Applications to other parts of the body than
the hands may be facilitated by the
use of swabs steeped in the solutions.
Lanolin or hand cream should be applied after washing.
Note: A hand decontamination kit
should be maintained in each wash
room associated with laboratories
in which work is done with radio-
The problems
nation,
of
skin contami-
ingestion and entry through
wounds have been mentioned.
How-
ever, it must be remembered that

these are treatments where possible
toxic quantities of material are presIf small quantities of isotopes
ent.
are being handled, there is no point
in using drastic means of first aid
when an accident occurs. It is the
responsibility of the operational supervisor to know whether an accident
can be a source of hazard and what
procedures should be followed in the
event of an accident.
The reason for immediate action
isotopes.
If a significant quantity of radioactive material has been ingested,
the treatment should follow that given
for general chemical poisoning such
as dosing with an emetic. Introduction of hazardous quantities of radioisotopes into a puncture wound or cut
requires immediate action. The injury should be washed with large
in area decontamination is to prevent

the spread of radioactive material.
The return of the area to operating
condition is usually not a critical factor and the cleanup can proceed in an
orderly, planned fashion. All cleaning should be from the outer part of
the area working in toward the center
of contamination. The operation
should be monitored for personnel
overexposure and to check that contamination is not being spread. In
most cases a preliminary washing
with water and detergent will remove
the majority of the isotope. After
that smaller areas may be cleaned up
with decontaminating agents suitable
for the isotope and the surface to be
amounts of water and treatment similar to that for snake bite given imme-
tion
diately afterward.
Table
Surface
Paint
Method
Water
8.
cleaned.
the
Decontamination Methods*
Disadvantage s
Advantages
Most practical method
of
gross decontamination
from a distance.
Con-
tamination reduced by approximately 50 per cent.
Steam
Most practical method
(with detergent
if available.)
decontaminating large horizontal, vertical, and overhead surfaces. Contamination reduced by approximately 90 per cent.
Soapless de-
Where effective, reduces

activity to safe level in 1
or 2 applications.
tergents
Table 8 lists decontamina-
methods recommended by
Federal Civil Defense Agency.
for
Protection needed from

contaminated spray.
Runoff must be controlled
Water under high pressure should not be used
on a surface covered
with contaminated dust.
Same as
for water.
Mild action.
RADIATION HAZARDS
103
Table
Surface
Paint
(cont.
8.
Decontamination Methods* (continued)
Method
Advantages
Complex-
Holds contamination in
solution. Contamination
on unweathered surfaces
reduced by approximately
75 per cent in 4 minutes.
Easily stored, nontoxic,
noncorrosive.
Requires application from

5 to 30 minutes for effectiveness. Has little penetrating power; hence of
small value on weathered
Quick dissolving action

solvents useful on
vertical and overhead sur-
Toxic and flammable.

Requires good ventilation
and fire precautions.
ing agents:
oxalate s
carbonates, citrates.
Organic
solvents
Disadvantage s
makes
surfaces.
faces.
Caustics
Minimum contact with contaminated surface. Contamination reduced almost

100 per cent.
Applicable only on horizontal surfaces. Personnel hazard. Not to be

used on aluminum or
magnesium.
Metal
Abrasion
Complete removal
(wet sandblasting
face and contamination.

Feasible for large-scale
operations.
of sur-
Contaminated sand spread

over large area. Method
too harsh for many surfaces.
Contamination reduced by
approximately 50 per cent.
Same
Deter-
Removal
Same as
gents
films
faces.
Organic
Stripping of grease
Same as
Water
of oil or
grease
for painted surfor painted sur-
faces.
solvents
Complex-
as for painted sur-
faces.
Holds contamination in
ing agents; solution.

oxalate s
carbonates,
keep in place
on any but horizontal surfaces. Limited value on
weathered porous surfaces.
Difficult to
citrates.
Inorganic
acids
Fast, complete decontamination.
Good ventilation required;

acid fumes toxic to personnel. Possibility of excessive corrosion. Acid mixture cannot be safely heated,
Action of weak acid. Reduces contamination of unweathered surfaces.
Same as
tures.
Abrasion
Useful for detailed cleaning,
Follow-up procedure required to pick up powdered contamination.
Abrasion
Same as
Same as
(wet sand-
faces.
faces.
Direct removal of contami

nated dust.
Contamination of equipment.
Acid mix-
(buffers,
grinders)
for painted sur
for inorganic
acids.
for painted sur-
blasting)
Concrete Abrasion
(vacuum
blasting)
SECTION
104
Table
8.
Decontamination Methods* (continued)
Method
Surface
Concrete
Vacuum
(cont.
cleaning
Disadvantage s
Same as for vacuum blasting on concrete.
Same as for vacuum blasting on concrete.
cleaning
Only method of trapping

contamination on surface.
Slow and painstaking. Fire

and air -borne radiation
hazard is great.
Same
Same as
Same
Flame
Brick
Advantages
as
for concrete.
as for concrete.
for con-
crete
Abrasion
Asphalt
No direct contact with sur-
Residual contamination
fixed into asphalt. If road
is subject to further contamination, may require
recovering.
face; contamination may be

reduced to safe level.
Wood
Flame
Same
cleaning
on concrete.
Same as
as for flame cleaning
for flame cleaning
on concrete.
Notes
Another complexing agent would be a solution of

acetic acid ("Versene", "Sequestrene") in water.
1.
2.
Oxalates, carbonates or citrates
may
be the
1% ethylene diamine tetra-
ammonium
or sodium salts.
Caustics should preferably be trisodium phosphate or sodium sesquicarbonate rather than hydroxides since they are less hazardous.
3.
* "Radiological
Decontamination in Civil Defense"
The maximum level of radiation

which is frequently recommended is
0.1 mrep per hour for large surfaces.
While this may seem to be a very low
level it is not impossible to attain,
and maintenance of contamination below this value will keep the general
level of the work area within satisfactory limits.
The
decontamination p r o c edure
followed with survey instruments and the working area should
not be reopened for operations without the approval of the qualified technical person in charge. If the quantity of isotope involved in the accident
isatthe toxic level, the cleanup crew
should wear gloves and other protective clothing. Any possible air -borne
contamination makes necessary the
use of respirators. When the cleanup procedure is completed, the bodies
of the crew should be monitored, after
should be
removal
of their protective clothing,
and any radioactive material on the

body removed as described above.
(10).
Ventilation. Ventilation is needed

only when dealing with isotopes that
may become air-borne. This can
happen much more readily than is
commonly imagined, since transfer
of dry solids, boiling of liquids or
other normal processes frequently
give rise to air -borne contamination.
Such operations should be carried out
in well ventilated areas only and monitoring of the level of air -borne activity must be a part of the protection
program. This is true only if the
total amount of isotope handled is
possibly toxic; it is not required for
lower levels of activity.
General ventilation requirements

for the handling of toxic materials are
covered in Section 2. The general
requirements apply as well to handling radioactive materials. The only
additional factor to consider is that
hoods for use with isotopes emitting
penetrating radiation also require
shielding. This shielding may disturb
the air flow characteristics of the
RADIATION HAZARDS
105
hood
and measurements of air flow

should be made before any operations
are carried out to insure adequate
ventilation. Almost all operations
involving small amounts of isotopes
can be carried out in a totally enclosed hood or dry box. The dry box
is setup so that the worker performs
all operations through gloved ports.
The ventilation intake is at the ends
of the box and the outlet at the rear
or topis connected to suitable ducts.
Such a totally enclosed system offers
a great margin of safety while a
small amount of practice allows normal operations to be carried out with
facility.
Personnel
Contamination.
The
hazard from radioisotope s taken

internally has been described earlier
in this section and in Section 10. Actually, effective prevention of isotope
ingestion depends on
the personal
The common
habits of the worker.
preliminary to ingestion is transfer
of activity from contaminated surfaces
or objects to the mouth by way of contaminated hands, food, etc., when
eating or smoking. It is an absolute
requirement for laboratories handling
unsealed isotopes that edible materials should not be allowed into the
work area. The general spread of
contamination by hands to personal
clothing and personal items such as
pocketbooks can only be stopped by
frequent hand cleaning, particularly
before leaving the work area. This
cannot readily be a supervised process, but whenever dangerous quantities of isotopes are handled, the
workers must be explicitly instructed
in the requirements of personal cleanliness and good housekeeping.
The requirement for p r ote c tive
clothing in isotope handling depends
on the level of activity handled. At
any level of activity, it is desirable
that street clothing should not be worn
in the plant or laboratory. Nor are
laboratory coats good protection for
prevention of contamination. Actually, when levels above tracer quantities are handled in such a way that
contamination can occur, a change
room should be provided with separate
lockers for street and work clothing
and with adequate shower and scrubbing facilities. (At this same level,
the laundering of work clothing should
be
done
at
the
site.
Contaminated
should
not be sent to commercial laundries. )

Rubber gloves are a very good
clothing
means
of preventing the
spread
of
radioactivity by the hands. Some delicate manual operations may require

surgical gloves, but whenever possible cloth-lined heavy gloves should
be worn. These should never be removed from the work area until ready
for disposal. More specialized equipment such as rubbers, overshoes or
shoe covers are rarely required, unless serious floor contamination has
occurred.
Re -Evaluation.
trol program is
it is
radiation con-
almostuseless unless
continuously re -evaluated.
Many
changes can take place without being

apparent. Shields may develop cracks
or other openings, spills of radioisotopes may cause contamination in an
unexpe cted part of the work area,
ventilation blocks may occur or some
change in operating technique may
present a new source of radiation.
Therefore, a re -evaluation of the
control system must be made periodically. A portion of this is done
through the personnel monitoring program, but surveys with portable instruments can be of great value in
detecting sources of radiation before
they appear in the results of personnel monitoring. This concept is true
of
many
types of
No control
health
program
protection.
can be considered as completely static and free

from the possibility of breakdown.
Design of Radiation Control Installations. The design of an installation where radiation exposure
is possible is probably the most important single factor in maintaining
low exposure levels. The addition of
radiation control measures to an operating laboratory or plant is always
more expensive and usually less effective than when control measures
are built into the original design. The
various factors of responsibility must
be included when de signing a work
area and a complete knowledge of the
processes to be carried out in the
area must be available to the designer. Redesign maybe necessaryif
the quantity of isotopes or the x-ray
energy is increased since this adds
very considerably to the cost. Suit-
SECTION
106
able protection for the visible future

should be part of the initial plan.
One factor in laboratory design
which lies outside the field of direct
radiation protection is the requirement that radiation measuring equipment be installed in areas which have
low radiation background and which
are not easily subject to contamina-
Counters and other equipment

are efficient only when the ratio of
background to the desired activity is
maintained at a low level. This usually requires isolation or shielding of
the measuring area beyond the requirements for eliminating health
hazards.
tion.
Type Of Installation. Installations

where radiation is a hazard may be
classed according to whether the
source of radiationis electrical, such
as x-ray equipment, or radioisotopes.
Under the classification of x-ray operations we have medical units for
diagnosis and therapy and industrial
units for testing of products as well as
laboratory equipment for x-ray diffraction and other scientific measurements. The isotope field may be
divided into laboratory installations

using isotopes for experimental purposes and industrial operations such
as radiography. The large-scale
utilization of low priced isotopes,
such as mixed fission products, for
sterilization of food s or drugs or
similar process is still in the early
development stages.
Medical X- ray Installations The
medical x-ray technician and radiologist have given less consideration
.
to their
safety precautions than any-
one else with hazardous exposure.

of our knowledge leading to the
setting up of permissible levels came
from overexposures incurred in the
medical use of x-rays. It is also
probable that many patients received
excessive exposures in the course of
diagnosis. X-ray therapy is always
a calculated risk, where the possible
damage from the high x-ray dose is
balanced against the possible effects
of the disease. Here again it is probable that the hazard has not been
given full weight in decisions to use
extensive x-ray therapy.
The basic criterion for x-ray operation is that the radiologist or technician not receive more than the max-
Most
imum
permissible dose. Reduction

can best be accomplished
by proper design of the installation.
The x-ray machine should have inherent
of dose rate
shielding to reduce the dose rate to below

0.1 r/hr at one meter, so the two sources
of exposure are the useful beam from

the x-ray tube and scattered radiation from the patient and the four
walls and ceiling of the room. It is
notpossible to shield the useful beam,
although 1 millimeter of aluminum
will assist in removing the low energy
x-rays which are of little value yet
present considerable biological hazard. The useful beam, of course,
must also be prevented from leaving

the room and exposing those outside
the x-ray installation. The requirements for lead, iron, and concrete
shielding vary for beams of various
energies and intensities aswellas the
distance between source and shield.

A barrier for containing the direct
beam may be designed from the data
in Tables 9, 10, and 11, taken from
NBS Handbook 50(11). It is apparent
that extending this barrier to the
floor, ceiling and all walls would be
extremely expensive, both for the
shielding material itself and for suitable building construction to support
such a weight of shielding. Therefore, it is more economical mechanically to limit the direction in which
can be pointed. If this is
the
beam
done, a primary barrier is only required to cover the field which can be
intercepted by the useful beam.
All other walls and the floor and
ceiling must have suitable secondary
barriers to absorb scattered radiation
plus leakage radiation through the tube
shield if the area on the other side of
the shield is inhabited. These secondary barriers are computed on the
basis that the scattered radiation is
0. 1 per cent of the primary beam at
a distance of 1 meter from the scatterer.

The shielding for other currents
than 10 ma for the potentials shown
in Tables 9, 10, and 11 maybe computed from the half- value layer (HVL).
For example, a target current of 5
at 100 kv for a target-to-operator
distance of 10 feet would give only
one-half the intensity of the 10 ma
beam. Thus the barrier may be reduced by one HVL,. The table value
ma
RADIATION HAZARDS
107
Table
9.
Primary Protective -Barrier Requirements

for 10 Milliamperes at the
Pulsating Potentials and Distances Indicated
Lead Thickness with Peak

Target Distance
ft
2
3
5
8
10
15
20
50
Approximate
of
75kv
lOOkv
150kv
200kv
250kv
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
2.2
2.0
3.4
1.7
1.5
1.3
2.7
2.4
2.2
1.0
1.9
1.7
0.5
1. 1
1.7
6.7
6.2
5.5
4.8
4.5
4.0
3.6
2.4
11.8
10.9
9.6
8.5
8.1
1. 1
4.3
4.0
3.6
3.2
3.0
2.6
2.4
0. 18
0.24
0.3
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3. 1
7. 1
6.4
4.3
HVL
thickness measured
at high filtrations
Radiation filter
(mm
of Al)
Table 10.
for 500 Kilovolt
Constant Potential with Transmission Target
Barrier Thicknesses with Targjet Current of

Target Distance
ft
8
10
15
20
50
100
ma
ma
Concrete*
mm
in.
44
21.5
39
37
33
30
21
8.0
15
19.5
18.5
17.0
16.0
12.0
9.5
Concrete*
Lead
Concrete*
mm
in.
mm
in.
14
8
18.0
16.0
15.0
13.5
12.5
8.5
6.0
42
37
35
31
28
20.5
18.5
17.5
16.0
14.5
19
13
11.
HVL
Approximate
ma
Lead
Lead
36
31
29
25
22
thickness
4
i
<
meas-
ured at high
fil-
tration
The density
3.0
of this concrete is 147 lb/ft 3
1.5
SECTION
108
Table 11.
for 1,000 Kilovolt

Constant Potential with Transmission Target
Barrier Thicknesses with Targ et Current of
Target Distance
1
ft
ma
ma
ma
Lead
Concrete*
Lead
Concrete*
Lead
Concrete*
mm
in.
mm
in.
mm
in.
123
30.5
131
32.5
136
33.5
113
28.0
120
29.5
125
30.5
10
107
27.0
115
28.5
120
29.5
15
97
24.5
105
26.5
110
27.5
20
91
23.0
99
25.0
103
26.0
50
69
18.5
77
20.5
82
21.0
100
53
15.0
61
17.0
66
18.0
Approximate
HVL
thickness at high
1.8
filtration
The density
of 2. 2
of this concrete is 147 lb/ft 3
mm
by 0.24
for 10 ma may be reduced

mm, giving 2.0 mm for a
SHEET LEAD
lb
per sq ft (appro*.
10.0
ma target current. Similarly, a

ma current would allow reduction
5
2. 5
by 2 HVL. In practice, the barrier

is usually designed for the
values of kilovoltage and target cur-
maximum
rent that the x-ray machine can produce and for a full work week.
If the value of 0. 1 per cent is accepted for x-ray scattering, the secondary barriers shown in Table 12
should be sufficient for all areas out
of the useful beam (5). The currenttime factor is for a 4000 ma-min.
weekly usage. If other
maxima are planned, the values of
Table 12 may be adjusted by applying
the factors of Table 13.
For example, a 400 kvp x-ray
machine would require (from Table
at 10
12), a lead barrier of 6.6
If the total weekly maximum
feet.
usage were 800 minutes at 3 ma, the
current-time factor would be 2400 ma
-min. From Table 13, it is seen that
the barrier can be reduced by 0.67
HVL, or about 0.5 mm. The final
barrier could then be 6.6 less 0.5 or
maximum
mm
6.
mm
of lead.
A graphical system for computing

barriers is given in Figure 3 (12).
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
230 250
KILOVOLTS -PEAK
Figure 3. Thickness of Lead Barrier

Required to Reduce X-ray Dosage Rate
of the Useful Beam to 50 mr per Day
Under Indicated Conditions.
RADIATION HAZARDS
109
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SECTION
110
Table 13.
Number
of Half Value
Layers by Which Secondary

Protection Barriers May Be
Increased or Decreased When
Operational Requirements
Differ
From
THICKNESS AND WEIGHT OF

COMMERCIAL LEAD SHEETS
Mlkmeters
(1/32)
Q.Q39I
(5/128)
60468
2%
(3/S4)
0.0625
(1/16)
(5/54)
_LM.
1.960
0.0781
ZZ&L
0.0937 (3/32)
00
3.175
0,1250
(1/9)
No. of
HVL
500
3.
1,000
2.
00
3-969
0,1562
(5/32)
1,500
1.
41
4763
01875
(3/16)
2,000
1.
00
2,500
0.
67
635Q
0.2500 (1/4)
3,000
0.
41
4,000
0.
00
-&5QQ
0,3333 (1/3)
5,000
+ 0. 33
10.100
0.4000 (2/5)
6,000
0.
59
8,000
1.
00
12,700
Q.5QQQ
(1/2)
10,000
33
16,000
2.
00
16.900
06667
(2/3)
20,000
2.
33
32,000
3.
00
40,000
+ 3 33
50,000
25,400
1,0000
(I)
67
Rands
0.032
I.PQQ
4000 ma-min.
ma-mm.
Inches
0.794
per sq.
ft.
20
24
30
30
For convenience, a chart
of lead
equivalents is also given in Figure 4
since computations give lead thickness
in
or inches, while manufacturers specify pounds per square foot.
Our previous example for the direct
beam barrier for 5 ma at 100 kv and
a distance of 10 feet would give
24
35,500
1.4000
(12/5)
30
mm
HC
8D 2
(3.05)'
0.54
From
the chart, we find a thickness

2.0 mm, which is in agreement
with the value from. Table 9*.
The operator of such equipment
might possibly receive an excessive
dose from scattered radiation. This
maybe reduced somewhat by wearing
protective clothing but this method is
of
certainly not reliable.
^Detailed barrier calculations,
par-
ticularly for secondary shielding,

may be found in NBS Handbook 50 ( 11).
Figure 4
It is much better to include a
shielded booth for the operator in the
original design. A proper design
would require that the operator be in
the booth in order for the x-ray equipment to operate. Thus, after placement of the patient, he would enter
the booth and begin the exposure.
While automatic timers are desirable
they may fail and the presence of an
operator at all times will insure that
the patient does not get an excessive
dose.
The patient may be observed
through lead glass windows.
The installation described is one
step away from the so-called totally
protected system. Such a system includes electrical inter -locks so that
it is
impossible for the x-ray unit to
RADIATION HAZARDS
Ill
Table 14.
Concrete Barrier Requirements for 2000 kv X-rays
Concrete thicknesses* with target current
Target Distance
0.5
ma
1.0
ma
of
1. 5
ma
in.
in.
in.
42.5
45.0
46.5
39.5
42.0
43.5
10
38.5
40.5
42.0
15
35.5
38.0
39.5
20
34.0
36.0
37.5
50
28.0
30.0
31.5
100
23.5
25.5
27.0
ft.
Approximate
HVL
thickness measured
at high filtration
2.3
9
*The density
of this concrete is 147 lb /ft
be operated unless everyone is out of

the x-ray room with the exception of
the
patient.
Such an installation
is
most desirable where heavy doses

are administered for therapeutic purThe less rigid design, reposes.
quiring only that the operator be at
the control panel behind a shield before radiation can begin, is suitable
for diagnostic x-ray.
Industrial
X-ray
Installations,
in-
dustrial radiography requirements

have brought about the development
of higher and higher voltage x-ray
equipment. The need for seeking
flaws in large castings as well as
similar non-destructive tests requires extremely penetrating, high
energy radiation. In addition, radiographic equipment is in operation a
larger fraction of the time than ordinary medical equipment. Therefore,
even more care is required in industrial work than in medical work. One
advantage of industrial design is that
the direct beam can usually be absolutely
fixed in a vertical
downward
position on the lowe st floor of the

building and the need for primary
shielding can be eliminated (13).
There
no excuse for any indususing a totally

protected system.
The operator is
dealing with inanimate objects which
trial
is
installation not
can be set immovably in place and the

exposure must be controlled to produce a usable film. Therefore, the
operator should be in a booth where
he can control the total exposure without being exposed to either primary
or secondary radiation. If the objects
to be radiographed are changed by
other workers, there must also be
an interlock and signal system so
that even a careless x-ray operator
cannot start the exposure unless
everyone is clear of the room.
The high voltage industrial installations usually rely on concrete
shielding rather than lead. Tables
10 and 11 gave concrete shields as
well as lead, and Table 14 gives the
concrete barrier requirements for
2000 kv x-rays.
The high mechanical strength and
simple construction of concrete barriers more than compensate for the
greater thickness required in comparison to lead. The space requirement can be reduced somewhat with
heavy concrete, and these compositions will be described later. There
has been some question of the efficiency of concrete shielding for broad
x-ray beams, and concrete -lead sandwiches have been used to advantage.
No design data are available.
Gamma- Ray Radiography. Isoto-
<
SECTION
112
Table 15.
Reduction Factor
Energy
Mev
Shielding with Concrete
Plain
Magnetite
Limonite
Limonite +
1000
100
10
Type of
Concrete
of
7- rays
Gamma- ray
10 6
ST*
ST
ST
ST
ST
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
3.2
2.0
2.8
1.7
9.3
5.8
8.2
5.0
45.6
28.3
40.3
24.3
48.0
69.8
40.9
24.5
10.6
15.3
15.
21.6
17.
9.2
13.
Iron
3
Mev
Plain
Magnetite
Limonite
Limonite +
Iron
Mev
Plain
Magnetite
Limonite
Limonite +
Iron
* Shield Thickness.
5
Table 16.
Water
8.4
5.5
10.5
4.7
Magnetite
Limonite
Limonite
+ Iron
15.9
29.8
9.4
17.5
4.7
2.6
13.6
7.9
25.5
15.0
42.9
25.4
36.9
21.5
6.8
3.5
5.4
2.8
20.9
39.8
21.4
32.4
17.4
57.9
31.3
47.3
25.6
Composition
Type
Ordinary
5.3
3. 1
of
11.
16.9
9.0
Composition (% by Weight)
Aggregate
Cement
gamma
73.9
83.5
68.5
85.8
17.7
11
21
9.5
and completely encapsulated to prevent escape of the isotope. All of the

design criteria for x-ray installations
would apply to one using gamma
sources for radiography.
The advantages of concrete for
shielding are very marked when designing for energetic gamma emitters.
Table 15 shows the barrier
characteristics of plain and heavy
for
110.0
59.6
89.9
48.8
Some Plain and Heavy Concretes
pic sources for industrial or medical

radiography are more closely allied
to x-ray equipment than to isotopes
as used for laboratory purposes. The
source must be a gamma emitter of
high intensity and usually of high energy. When installed, it is protected
by heavy shielding to give a useful
beam very close in properties to the
useful beam from x-ray equipment
concrete
81.
shielding (14).
The composition
Table
15
lb/cu
ft
147
236
164
275
of the concretes of
16.
are given in Table
Baryte aggregate yields a concrete

very similar in its shielding properties to the magnetite concrete shown
in Table 15.
Isotope Laboratories. Operations

with isotopes that are not encapsulated differ from radiographic operations. They can however, be contained by shielding techniques and the
isotopes stored so that no hazardous
radiation is possible outside the container walls. Any operation with isotopes offers certain additional hazards
over those found with x-ray equipment. First, materials may become
airborne, so the external radiation
from an isotopic source may be negligible compared wi th the hazard
from its inhalation or ingestion.
RADIATION HAZARDS
113
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SECTION
114
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RADIATION HAZARDS
115
Secondly,
the handling of the isotope
With the example above
may leave
working
appreciable amounts on
surfaces or surfaces of
equipment and may thus be generally
spread about. Good design, therefore, must include not only proper
shielding for minimizing exposure to
direct radiation but proper ventilation, proper methods of handling,
containers where
necessary, and
means for ready decontamination of
working surfaces and equipment.
Shielding from gamma radiation may
follow the design outlined for x-radiation of the same energy. The actual
intensity is known from the quantity
of isotope available, and the shielding
requirements maybe obtained by cal-
Table 17, reproduced from

42 (3), may be used to
determine the required thicknesses for
shielding from gamma-ray sources
in the laboratory.
HOW to Use Table 17. Select column for energy required (use next
higher if exact value is not given).
Entry gives thickness in centimeters
of lead for different source strengths
culation.
NBS Handbook
at
for 8
hr/day
Add algebraically
to give 50
mr.
the correction
terms for other working ranges or

times, and multiply
shield material.
by
Example: An iron shield
factor for
required
500 mcof
radioactive material emitting 1. 8mev
gamma -rays at a minimum working
distance of 50 cm, and for 4 hr/day.
Shield thickness
= (8.60 + 2.77 - 1. 39) X 1.43
for the
manipulation
[a]
a
b
=
=
=
[b]
14. 3
cm
of
is
of
[c]
[d]
Fe, in which
basic entry
correction for danger range
50 cm
c = correction for 4 hr/day
d = conversion from Pb to Fe
Another procedure is based on the
approximate formula,
7CE/d2
where:
R
C
= the
= the
dose rate in r/hr

of curies in the
source
the gamma energy in mev/dis
number
integration
the distance in feet
we
find
R=(7)(0.5)(1.8)_L_2
= 2.
34 r/hr
This would give 2. 34 x 4 = 9.4 r/day,

which is 9. 4/. 050= 190 times the
permissible dose. From Figure
5
we would find
that 8 half -values
would reduce the dose to the permissible level.

From Figure 6 we obtain
8 inch for the half-value of
iron for 1. 8 mev, yielding 6. 4 inches
or about 16 cm for the barrier requirement.
Laboratory operations with isotopes, unless they are of a routine
nature, are usually handled by constructing shielding from interlocking
lead bricks. This is the most flexible
system for providing shielding in experimental work. The quantities of
radioisotopes involved are usually
such that primary shielding alone is
sufficient. Of course, this cannot be
assumed, but should be checked with
survey instruments just as any operation would be checked. Also, it must
not be assumed that bench tops or
table tops offer good shielding for radiation directed downward.
Industrial tracer operations with
isotopes follow those common in the
The major differences
laboratory.
are that ordinarily larger quantities
of isotopes are required and that the
personnel with possible exposure to
radiation are not technically trained.
Therefore, it is more critical that
they be given proper instruction and
protection. Such operations are so
varied that only generalized statements may be made. The installation
must be designed around the process
to be carried out. Protective measures are in this case added features
even though they can be made less expensively if included in the original
design.
This is usually not possible
as it is more likely that equipment
previously used for normal operations
would be modified for the new proc.
ess.
The basic criterion is the prevention of overexposure. If the concentration of isotope in the material is
known, the possible dose rate from
SECTION
116
-2::
000
100
10
10000
FACTOR OF REDUCTION
Figure
5.
Half Value Layer for Required Reduction
Al
^r\
V^l
or Cc n crete
Lead
*
ENERGY
Figure
6.
IN
MEV
Half Value Layers for Photons and
Gamma
Rays
RADIATION HAZARDS
117
the total amount of isotope can be

calculated. The safe procedure is to
design any required shielding so that
all the isotope were concentrated
at any point in the system, the shielding would be sufficient to maintain the
dose rate outside the shield below the
maximum permissible level. This
may not be possible with extremely
large quantiti e s o f radioisotopes.
Where the equipment is extensive it
may not be necessary, particularly
when dealing with solutions which may
be readily homogenized.
In such a
case the amount of isotope possibly
pre sent in any area may be considered
as a point source and the shielding for
if
material on a pure weight basis. Thus

smaller amounts of these substances
present real hazards and the design
of laboratory equipment to prevent
accumulation of these substances is
both difficult and costly. Two approaches have been proposed; one is
the type of construction involving impervious surfaces, free of seams,
using a material that can be readily
cleaned.
The material most often
proposed is stainless steel, which is
expensive to buy and to fabricate
The second approach utilizes normal
direct radiation is less of a problem
laboratory equipment and covers all

surfaces with expendable materials
that can be stripped off and discarded.
Both methods have their merits and
will be discussed in some detail.
One basic fallacy in the initial con-
and thick ( l/z inch or greater), transparent plastic barriers will give suf-
pervious"
calculated on this basis.

With beta emitters, the shielding from
the area
ficient protection.
This simplifies
any laboratory manipulative operations, because the source is always
in sight. Alpha emitters should require no shielding whatsoever. Both
of these emitters, however, as well
as gamma emitters, do require con-
sideration of the inhalation, ingestion
and contamination problems in design. The problem of ventilation for

any hazard is described in Section 2
and the criteria for handling various
toxic materials apply to radioactive
isotopes equally well. The direct ingestion problem can only be handled
by habits of personal caution and
cleanliness and wearing of suitable
protective clothing. It is from the
viewpoint of decontaminability that'
the design of laboratory equipment
for radioactive materials differs from
other toxic substances.
An isotope laboratory should have
special cleaning services. The laboratory personnel should be responsible for cleaning all benches, hoods
and cabinets. When floor cleaning is
performed, wet mopping or vacuuming through suitable filters is required; sweeping should not be allowed. All pails, mops and cleaning
equipment should be assigned to the
laboratory and never used elsewhere
In this way they can be monitored frequently and discarded or cleaned if
found contaminated.
Radioisotopes usually present a
greater hazard than any other toxic
.
cept of stainless steel or other "imsurfaces is that they are

truly impervious. This has been
shown to be false. Stainless steel
after one vigorous cleaning is found
to deteriorate in that more and more
material may be absorbed or adsorbed
and retained on the surface. Successive cleanings have been found to become more difficult and to require
more vigorous methods of decontamination. Glass always show's high adsorptive characteristics for traces of
most elements and even the drastic
methods of cleaning chemical glassware do not always remove all of the
adsorbed material. On the other
hand, impervious surfaces can be fabricated to be free of cracks, seams
and crevices so that large quantities
of an isotope cannot become permanently lodged in the structure.
The removable expendable covering for laboratory surfaces is probably less expensive than the impervious construction. In a typical operation, the bench surfaces may be divided into areas with stainless or
plastic trays. These in turn are covered with an absorbent paper with a
waterproof backing. In case of spills
the paper is discarded as radioactive
waste and the
trays taken up and

cleaned as vigorously as required.
Floors are made of rubber or asphalt
tile which can be removed and replaced in small areas at a time when
or if they become contaminated.
Several strippable plastic coatings
have been developed for covering
vertical surfaces subject to contami-
SECTION
118
3-Year Fission Products Applied
at
1.53 x 10
c/m - Dried - Flushed with Water
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
|l
N
IS
10
a
I
Flooring)
[Air Dried Coatinqsl
Prefabricated
[interior
iBench Topsi
Panels!
Figure 7. Susceptibility to Fi ssion Product Contamination

nation. These resemble paints in
tope operations, and procedures now
exist to allow decontamination to be
texture and application except they do
not form a firm bond on the surface
accomplished safely.
to which they are applied. If they beBoth methods of construction re-
come contaminated, they can be
quire
stripped off and replaced.

The replaceable material concept
can be carried one step further. Movable work benches of the type used in
machine shops can be fitted to chem-
mine when decontamination is required. As in every other phase of
procedure by
covering with
glass, linoleum or "Transite. " The
coverings can then be discarded if
they become excessively contaminated, and even the benches are not
expensive to replace.
In any case,
separation of work tables and cabinets
is desirable for preventing the spread
of contamination.
The major objections to the use of
the replacable type of construction is
that large quantities of radioactive
wastes are accumulated and that the
removal and disposal of contaminated
sections may expose the workers to
more radiation or radioactive material thana cleaning procedure carried
out on an impervious surface. However, such an installation is cheaper,
particularly when existing laboratory
facilities are being converted to isoical
constant monitoring to deter-
radiation protection, there is no need

for assumptions that everything is
Measurements
operating properly.
can be made and interpreted and there
is no excuse for the statement that
any exposure "shouldn't have happened. "
Figure 7 shows the properties of
various materials of construction with
regard to decontamination (15). While
data are not available for allisotopes,
all conditions and all materials, such
a compilation does furnish an indication of materials for design purposes.
The choice of technique, impervious or removable, in setting up a
laboratory is governed by cost since
either method can be utilized to mainbelow the maxpermissible values.
Waste Disposal. The preceding
paragraphs have discussed the aspects of three f a c t o r sshielding,
tain exposure at levels
imum
RADIATION HAZARDS
119
decontaminability
with respect
and ventilation
to design.
fourth
factor which must be considered in

isotope installations is that of waste
disposal. This will be covered later
but it must be considered also in the
design of an installation.
Sinks and drains for carrying off
highly radioactive solutions cannot
be fed directly into the normal chanSuch installations require two
nels.
entirely separate waste systems; one
for inactive material going directly
to the regular sewer system and one
for radioactive material which is led
into tanks for holdup or processing
prior to disposal. In extreme cases
these waste lines may also require
shielding to prevent overexposure to
workers in the area. In any case
they should be designed to minimize
concentration of isotopes in the lines.
Such concentrations can be hazardous
when making repairs on high level
If the accumuladisposal systems.
tion of radioactive waste includes
large quantities of burnable solid materials, the design may have to include a remote storage area and a
suitable transportation system to the
location where direct methods of volreduction such as an incinerator
and ash disposal system are utilized.
ume
Working Area. The over-all design

must be viewed from the standpoint
of exposure reduction in isotope and
x-ray installations. Adequate shielding and electrical safeguards are the
primary considerations for x-rays.
In isotope laboratories additional factors of storage space, materials of

construction and ventilation are also
important. In both cases every effort
should be
made
to
use distance as a
method of exposure reduction. Radiation sources should not permit exposure to those not working with them
In other words, no working
should be laid out near a high
level radiation source. Partitioning
may be designed to act not only as
shielding but as a physical barrier to
preventpassage of workers through or
near areas of high radiation exposure.
Wherever possible, separate buildings
or wings should be adapted for isotope
or x-ray operations.
Isotope Storage, Handling and
Shipping
Exposures found in shipping, storage and handling of isotopes are sep-
arated from those in actual operations

because they generally involve an entirely different group of personnel.
This group is usually untrained, unaware of the hazards and must operate
solely on the basis of directions, without allowance for personal judgment.
For this reason the Interstate Commerce Commission and various carriers have set up definite regulations
for the shipping of radioisotopes.
The
storage and handling problems within

any installation must be met by similar regulations set up to fit the activity level and exposure time involved.
Since the storage and handling of
isotopes includes many of the problems of storing and handling dangerous chemicals, the general safety
rules for these must be complied with
and will be discussed here in a general way. More details will be given
on the specific problems involved in
storing and handling radioisotopes.
Storage Storage facilitie s a r e
dictated by the type of emitter and the
Laboratory
quantity being stored.
quantities of radioisotopes may not
even require a separate storage area
but are usually kept away from counting areas to prevent an increased
counter background from stray radiation or contamination. Alpha or beta
emitters are usually quite well
shielded by the actual bottle or other
container and additional shielding is
best provided by a plastic container
having walls that are about a centiThese containers can
meter thick.
be more useful if they are designed
to be liquid tight and thus to retain
liquids or solutions if the inner container becomes broken. Additional
protection is provided by filling with
vermiculite or other absorbing material. Loose fitting heavy caps provide
sufficient shielding and ease of hand.
Laboratory quantities of
gamma
directly.
ling.
areas
emitters are best storedin a glass or

plastic inner container held within a
solid lead block of suitable thickness.
Such storage blocks are commercially
available or may be readily fabricated. As in the case of the plastic
containers, the storage block should
have a heavy loose-fitting cap to provide sufficient shielding
from
the top
allow ready removal. Radioisotope solutions, whether in tracer

quantities or large amounts, should
preferably be contained in an unbreak-
and
to
SECTION
120
able plastic bottle. Polyethylene bottles resist the action of most chemicals and can stand accidental dropping
without breaking. With the larger
amounts of radioactivity, a secondary
waterproof container packed with ab-
sorbent material should always surround the primary bottle before it is

placed in the storage shield. This
will prevent contamination of the
shield if leakage of the primary container occurs.
In many cases the lead bricks described for temporary shielding may
serve to protect a gamma emitter for
the period of storage. Such shields,
prepared from lead bricks, should
only be considered for temporary operations as they do not give complete
protection from all directions unless
an elaborate structure is erected.
Whenever larger than laboratory
quantities of isotopes must be stored,
it is advantageous to setup a separate
storage area. This will minimize the
shielding requirements, if the area is
isolated from work areas and normal
traffic. Frequently a basement is
most adaptable, as no shielding need
be provided for the floor and most of
the wall area. With alpha or beta
emitters, mere isolation of the source
from the work areas or traffic is sufficient and no shielding would be required. With high level gamma emitters it is desirable to lower the source
into steel tanks or cylinders imbedded
in concrete beneath the cellar or basementfloor. The cylinder or tank acts
as a container and does provide some
shielding from radiation coming
through the walls at an angle which
would allow it to reach a populated
area. The most important shielding
is on the top which is the direct radiation field. A lead or steel cap for
the tank or cylinder can be fitted with
a ring bolt and raised or lowered by
means of a chain hoist. Ventilation
is required, particularly if radium or
thorium sources are kept in the stor-
age room.
Any open storage installation must
meet the requirements that no exposure above the permissible level is
possible. This should be true if a
person were to spend his full working
time within the storage area with all
sources in their storage containers
and capped. While this requirement
may seem excessive,
since personnel
ordinarily do not operate within the
storage area, it is necessary because
the workers involved are usually untrained. For the very few installations using multi curie quantities of
isotopes, a time and distance requirement may be set up and higher
dose rates allowed. The storage area
in such an installation should be locked
and should only be opened by a responsible supervisor. When entering
such an area the handling crew should
be under the control of the responsible
supervisor who should remain outside
the doorway to the storage area. The
doors, although locked from the outside, should be capable of being readily opened from the inside to prevent
anyone from locking himself into the
room. The general instruction for
layout of a completely protected radiation source, given in pp. 104-115
should apply to the storage area for
multicurie lots of isotopes.
Handling. As in all operations,
the handling of radioisotopes must be
set up to prevent excessive exposure
personnel and in fact to prevent

any unnecessary exposure. The operational techniques, whether for the
plant or laboratory, must be carefully planned to prevent direct radiation exposure and inhalation or ingestion of radioactive materials. After
planning any operation, it is advisable
to make one or more test runs of the
complete procedure using inactive
materials. It will be found that this
will reduce exposure markedly by
familiarizing personnel with the techto
may be performed
rapidly. In addition, it is frequently found that such tests will show
niques so that they
more
how process improvements may be

The advantage is even more
marked where unfamiliar apparatus
made.
required or where there is a necesworking around or over shields

where normal body movement is not
is
sity for
possible.
During usual handling operations

on either a laboratory or plant scale,
the greatest exposure is likely during
transfer of the radioisotopes. Transfer is involved in preparation of solutions, weighing or measuring quantities into new containers or loading
reaction facilities. Regardless of the
type of emitter or its physical state,
RADIATION HAZARDS
121
the operations are best carried out in
a well ventilated hood or glove box.
This is most important with finely
divided solids or other materials
which may become air -borne. The
hood interior should be readily de-
contaminated to remove the normal

spillage which occurs during transfer
operations. This is discussed in the
section on Decontamination (pp. 101104).
The shielding of actual operations

depends entirely on the type of emission shown by the isotope. Alpha
emitters require no shielding, beta
emitters are best shielded with transparent plastic, while strong gamma
sources may require lead or steel.
If the operation requires heavy shielding, remote control of the apparatus
must also generally be provided. This
would not necessarily be a complete
mechanical robot system but might
merely be an extension of all controls
outside the shield. Remote control
equipment, such as tongs or solution
transfer devices are commercially
available which allow handling at a
distance. The usual beta emitter operations would take place behind a
plastic shield with cutouts for arms
so that the operator can reach inside
to carry on the process.
Where high
activity is present or if possible hand
contamination is a problem, the operator may wear long gauntlet gloves
where
shield.
the cuffs are sealed to the

Such complete units, called
either glove boxes or dry boxes, are

available commercially and are very
convenient for carrying out small
scale laboratory or pilot plant operations.
Shipping. Radioisotope shipments
are controlled by regulations of the
producing installation, usually AEC
Isotopes Division, Oak Ridge, and of
the carrier, the Interstate Commerce
Commission or the Civil Aeronautics
Board. These regulations are designed both to prevent any excessive
exposure to shipping personnel and to
prevent damage to materials such as
photographic film which are sensitive
to radiation.
Since the limiting factor of most
regulations is the dose rate at the
surface of the package it has become
customary to increase the size of the

outer packing container rather than to
increase the weight of shielding. This

is usually more effective if packing
and shipping costs are considered.
In other words, a 1 inch cube source
might have to be contained in a 4 inch
cube of lead for adequate shielding.
The same reduction in surface dose
rate (for high energy gamma) could
be obtained by placing the original
source in a corrugated carton 1 foot
each dimension. The latter method
would be much less expensive. However, the shipping carton must be
strong enough to survive handling and
the source must be fixed in the center
of the carton so that it cannot shift to
one of the carton faces.
The shipping regulations applying
to the transportation of radioactive
materials are included in Section 11.
Radioisotope Waste
All operations involving radioisomaterial
topes produce radioactive
which is no longer suitable for use.
Such material must be disposed of
and such disposal is a major responsibility of those in charge of the operations. The actual methods of disposal depend on the activity level, the
type of waste, and the radiochemical
properties of the isotopes. The two
major methods of disposal are dilution and containment, and these will
be discussed in relation to the considerations mentioned and the quantity
and type of inert waste material associated with the radioisotope.
Dilution is the process of mixing
the waste with sufficient inert material to reduce the concentration of
activity below the permissible levels.
be the flushing of
microcurie amounts of an isotope into
the regular sewer system. Containment is the storage of waste under
conditions that keep it from being
spread and that keep it isolated to
An example would
prevent
direct radiation exposure.
As
the total quantity of isotopes being

handled in the world increases, more
and more emphasis
is going to b e
placed on containment, and this method should always be given primary
consideration. The adoption of a conservative attitude in waste disposal
has several advantages. First, little
is actually known about the process of
concentration whereby plant and ani-
mal
life
may
collect
appre ciable
SECTION
122
amounts of an isotope. Second, poor

public relations may result from the
exposure of large off- site populations
to any measurable
radioactivity.
Third, local public health officials
may yield to public appeal and set
further restrictions on disposal if
levels near the maximum permissible
are found.
Activity Level. For the purposes
of this discussion, a low activity level
will be defined as one where the concentration can be reduced below the
maximum permissible level by reasonable dilution.
Other considerations may dictate the use of a containment procedure, but this definition
will assist in waste disposal planning.
High activity levels are those that
cannot be treated by moderate diluWhere large quantities of such
tion.
wastes must be handled, it becomes
necessary to reduce the bulk of material by concentration. Even though
this process raises the relative activity of the waste to a much higher
level, the storage becomes much less
of a space problem.
Type Of Waste. The three forms
of waste material produced in isotope
operations are solid, liquid, and airborne. In most contaminated solid
materials, the activity per pound of
waste is relatively low. Such material presents a considerable storage
problem and efforts are usually made
to reduce its bulk by incineration or
baling. Liquid wastes are also bulky
andmust be concentrated by evaporation or the activity must be removed
by some process such as precipitation, flocculation, or ion exchange.
Air -borne wastes may involve either
radioactive gases as in pile effluents,
or air -borne dusts such as hood exhausts. The containment and storage
of waste gases is impossible and reduction in contamination must be made
by collecting the radioactive material
by absorption, scrubbing or removal
of particulates by filtration.
In all three cases, a preliminary
step of waste concentration is possible. For high activity levels this
may be the only disposal operation
with the exception of storage. Solid
wastes are treated the same for all
activity levels but liquid or gaseous
wastes involving low activity levels
can frequently be disposed of by sim-
ple dilution. In particular, the dilution of contaminating gases may be

made great enough so that the activity
of the surrounding air is not appreci-
ably increased.
Equipment which has become contaminated cannot be disposed of simply by dumping, as it may appear in
a critical location later as second
hand equipment. Frequently the
cheapest method of disposal is to decontaminate the article sufficiently
so that it can be returned to the normal channels of commerce. This is
being done successfully with scrap
steel contaminated with uranium at
plants processing materials for the
AEC. Further work will probably extend such methods to other materials
and other contaminants.
The
Radiochemical Properties.
important properties of waste for disposal are the type and energy of the
radiation, and the half-life and relative biological hazard of the isotope.
Alpha emitters are a considerable
hazard when taken internally but are
relatively harmless as long as they
as they are outside the body. Beta
emitters have an intermediate hazard
rating both internally and externally,
while the gamma emitters are chiefly
an external hazard.
The probable fate of the waste will
regulate the relative amounts of these
materials that can be disposed of
safely through normal channels.
Alpha emitters are all heavy metals
and tend to be deposited in the bone.
Thus they must be kept out of food or
drinking water and must be prevented
from becoming air -borne. However,
they maybe stored in large quantities
without hazard, so they are not ordinarily released into the normal disposal channels. Long-lived beta and
emitters such as Sr 90 are
subject to the same considerations.
In addition, their storage may require
gamma
shielding to prevent exposure to possible external radiation hazard.

The energy of the radiation, along
with the type, will determine the
amount of shielding that must be included in any containment method.
The range of all alpha emitters is
such that relatively light containers
or shielding may be used. Energetic

emitters would require heavy
shielding or a large no-man's land
around a storage area.
gamma
123
Half-life is animportant consideration, as short-lived emitters may be
economically stored until their activity has decayed to a negligible value.
Also, the biological hazard from the
short-lived materials is considerably

less than for long-lived emitters. As
the half-life becomes longer the cost
of storing large quantities for the re-
quired period of years becomes appreciable. Safe methods are therefore sought for low cost disposal of
these materials by burial or dumping
them at sea. Sea disposal is covered
in NBS Handbook 58 (16).
The maximum permissible concenof several radioisotopes in

water and air were given in Table 4.
These values take into account the
considerations mentioned in this section and are the criteria for waste
disposal. Wastes with activities that
can be diluted to these levels may be
disposed of through normal channels.
trations
emphasized
it should be
again that disposal levels should be
maintained as low as possible. This
will give leeway both for accidental
discharge of larger quantities of
wastes and for any tightening of disposal restrictions in the future.
Methods Of Disposal. Dilution may
be applied to low levels of beta and
gamma emitters and even to shortlived alpha emitters, such as radon
gas.
The isotopes P 32 and I 131 have
been so widely applied in mediHowever,
cal work that specific recommendations for their disposal have been issued in NBS Handbook 49 (17). The
instructions are very detailed, but
it might be noted here that it is permissible to discharge 10 mc of these
isotopes in a single disposal for each
million gallons of daily sewage flow.
Larger quantities must be fed into
the system at intervals to insure sufficient dilution, or stored to allow for
decay.
Other dilution processes are simenough to require no further coverage, but some description of a few
of the methods that have been applied
to containment will be given.
The
initial step is usually one of concentration, either on a weight or a bulk
basis.
For example, contaminated
ilar
clothing could be incinerated to give

both a weight and bulk concentration,
or it could be
concentration.
RADIATION HAZARDS
baled
to give a bulk
Either of these will
assist in reducing the required
storage area.
Segregation of high and low level
wastes has been found to be a valuable
step at the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory of the General Electric Company. They have described (18) how
slightly contaminated wastes may be
baled with a lower installation and
operating cost than incineration. The
gain in volume reduction is only 4 to
lfor incineration ove r baling for
combustible materials, and is even
less for mixed solid wastes.
The incineration process suffers
from the requirement that considerable care must be taken to remove
radioactivity from the flue gases of
the incinerator. Entrainment o f
solid material by the hot gases can
carry appreciable amounts of material

out the stack making some form of
stack gas cleaning necessary. The
general problem of incinerator design
has been described in a report (19) on
a pilot incinerator at the Knolls
Atomic Power Laboratory. The major differences from the normal incinerator are the cleaning of the flue
gas and the requirements for handling
the ash without extensive exposure to
personnel. For small installations,
standard commercial waste incinerators are satisfactory.
The two procedures for reducing
the bulk of solid waste that have been
given are the only ones in current
Many installations with small
use.
quantities of waste of course find it
possible to handle their material without bulk reduction.
Liquid wastes are ordinarily solutions or suspensions of radioactive
materials in a large bulk of solvent.
A simple method of bulk reduction is
by evaporation, but the amounts of
heat required for dilute solutions may
make this an expensive operation in
spite of its simplicity. As in the case
of incineration, the exit gases or vapors from the evaporator must be
cleaned before discharge to the atmosphere. The amount of liquid entrained in vapor coming off a boiling
solution can represent several per
cent of the total liquid volume. Thiscan only be removed at considerablecost as any filters in the system must
SECTION
124
be heated to prevent excessive condensation.

An isotope in solution or suspension can frequently be concentrated
by precipitation of specific materials
or by general collection with a flocculating agent. The alum process
used for water purification will scavenge many different isotopes and yield
a resulting liquid which may be suitable for disposal through the normal
sewer system. Other methods such

as the precipitation of calcium phosphate have given effective scavenging
from aqueous solutions. Any precipitation or flocculation process requires filtration to remove the concentrated activity and the carrying
material.
Sedimentation processes
are not sufficiently efficient and a
large volume of liquid waste requires
a sand bed filter or other large unit
to handle any appreciable volume.
Small volumes may be treated with
standard laboratory equipment and
setting aside a small area for such
processes will reduce possible contamination of other laboratory areas.
Considerable researchis now being
done on the removal of isotopes from
liquids by ion exchange. Both the ion
exchange resins and the montmorillonite clays are being tested as scavenging agents. These have the advantage for small installations that
they can be run efficiently on an intermittent basis. When their capacity has been reached, as indicated by
activity passing through the system,
the resin or clay can be treated as a
compact solid waste for disposal.
The clays have the advantage that high
temperature baking gives a massive
product which can be buried at sea
without packaging.
Any intermittent handling process
for liquid wastes requires that adequate storage tank capacity be available to contain the waste accumulated
in the period between disposals. Naturally, with short-lived isotopes a
system of hold-back tanks may be the
only requirement for waste disposal.
The liquids are stored until a test
shows that the activity level is below
the limit permissible for disposal
into the normal sewer system. Longbeheld
lived isotopes may
merely
until processing facilities are

to accept the waste.
ready
may be concenfilt rat i on of particulate

matter or by absorption or scrubbing
of radioactive gases.
These processes yield solid or liquid material
as a concentrate and the wastes are
disposed of as described above.
The dilution of radioactive gases
may be made very effective by means
of a tall stack. This is required only
for reactor effluents, but consideration might be given to use of an existing stack even for low level radioactive gases.
For the small isotope user, there
are waste disposal services in several large cities which have be en
authorized to collect, store and disAir -borne wastes
trated
by
pose of isotopes. If preferred,

wastes may be packaged and shipped
to the Oak Ridge National Laboratories
after arrangements have been made.
Medical Programs and Records

As radioisotope and x-ray utilization in industry increases it becomes
much more important that adequate
knowledge of the exposure of everyone employed in these fields is maintained.
The employer must protect
himself and his employees with a
complete medical protection program
and must maintain complete medical
records and radiation exposure records on each employee. These will
be invaluable if any question of
radiation damage occurs and in addition will furnish future information
for the scientific evaluation of longterm exposure to low radiation levels.
The medical program in itself can
only be an added precaution for radiation control and will be most valuable
in maintaining the general health of
workers. The clinical symptoms of
radiation damage occur only with a

Thereconsiderable overexposure.
fore, the responsibility for prevention of radiation damage rests entirely on the personnel monitoring
and control systems.

This section can only outline briefly
the desirable features of a medical
protection program and will emphasize the exposure and medical records.
a
At the present time there are only

number of medical tests
limited
available
for radiation protection.
Most exposure information
is
still
RADIATION HAZARDS
125
obtained from personnel and area

monitoring. Any radiation protection
program
is
a failure
if
clinical evi-
dence of radiation damage appears.

Such a statement is not always true
for other toxic materials, as clinical
evidence sometimes may appear and
a course of treatment may be indicated which may restore the worker
to complete health. In case of radiation, the first clinical signs appear
after considerable non-reversible
damage has occurred. Thus, medical tests are not as much a part of a
protection program as they are a confirmation that some acute overexposure has occurred.
A complete blood count is often
recommended as a check on radiation
exposure, but is not in favor with
men interested in radiation

protection. The most marked change
is ordinarily seen in the leucocyte
count and more specifically in the
lymphocytes. A significant decrease
is considered to be an indication of
overexposure. The normal variation
in various cell counts obscures the
small variation caused by low level
exposure. When a positive indication
is given by blood count it means that
the subject has received definite overexposure approaching the acute stage.
A systematic following of each individual could possibly give trends
indicating chronic low level exposure,
but such data have not been available
on industrial or laboratory populations in the past.
One of the most valuable functions
of a medical staff in a radiation protection program is in the selection of
employees. Those candidates showing symptoms of normal disease which
may also be attributable later to radiation should not go into a job requiring radiation exposure. This will
obviously protect the employer and,
less obviously, the candidate as radiation may aggravate an existing
condition.
A typical example would
be those showing signs of anemia.
medical
If
the
medical examiner has some
idea of the operations, he may be

more useful in selecting candidates.
Certain positions require certain
mental characteristics as well as
physical features, particularly where
failure of the individual may endanger
others. This has been a familiar in-
dustrial problem for many years and

is not peculiar to jobs with a possible
radiation exposure.
The medical examiner should be
familiar with the clinical symptoms
of radiation damage and be particularly observant for such symptoms.
If examination of his exposure record
shows that it is complete and that no

overexposure has occurred, the examiner may return the employee to
exposure conditions.
In particular, the medical examiner should be familiar with the deof metabolism and the permissible levels of any isotopes handled
in the plant or laboratory under his
control. This is not required for the
treatment of overexposure but rather
for the recognition of the hazards
which may exist.
tails
Complete semi-annual or annual

medical examinations of all exposed
employees should be required. This
should include a full chest x-ray and
blood count as well as the normal exIn particular, the condition of the skin, nails, and eyes should
be noted in the examination. It should
be remembered that while the blood
count is not a reliable indication of
amination.
chronic overexposure, it is valuable

as an aid in diagnosing acute overexposure. Additional examinations
should be performed whenever the
employee exposure record indicates
an acute overexposure of 25 r or
greater.
The examination for selection of
employees should be as complete as
the periodic examination. In addition, it is desirable to obtain the entire radiation history of the candidate,
particularly if he has incurred industrial radiation exposure. An exposure
history should not be grounds for
turning down the candidate but a
knowledge of previous exposure is
desirable and should be included in
the employee's record.
A complete set of records should
be maintained for each employee.
This should include the results of
each medical examination, history of
illnesses, exposure data and the results of any special tests such as
urinary excretion of isotopes or
Such
breath radon measurements.
records should be maintained in an
individual file for each employee and
SECTION
126
should be reviewed at each periodic

physical examination. While any
overexposure must be brought to the
technical
attention of the qualified
person in charge of the protection
program, it is worthwhile for him to
also review the cumulative records
This will
at least semi-annually.
show which employees and which operations are showing the greatest exposure. Such knowledge may enable
him to correct minor difficulties and
reduce exposure appreciably. This
again is part of the concept that maintenance of exposure below the permis -
sible levels is not a sign of a perfect

protection program and that efforts
should be directed toward reducing
all
exposure to the minimum.

The exact form of the records
subject to individual preference.
is
No
standard form has been adopted by

any group since the exposure conditions and type of exposure vary from
operation to operation. The chief requirements are that the form when
properly filled out gives a complete
record of the results of medical examinations and personnel monitoring
data.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Roberts. Stone, "The Concept

of a Maximum Permissible Exposure," Radiology, 58, 639-661
(1952).
2.
port, National
8.
1951.
4.
9.
Water," NBS Handbook 52, U.S.

Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards,
March
5.
Department of Commerce, NaBureau of Standards,
December
10.
From
Exter-
6.
11.
"Physical, Biological, Administrative Problems Associated with

the Transportation of Radioactive Substances," Nuclear
Science Series Preliminary Re-
"X-ray Protection Design," NBS

Handbook 50, U.S. Department
of Commerce, National Bureau
of Standards,
12.
May
1952.
"Lead Handbook for the Chemical Process Industries," American Smelting and Refining Co.
1954.
13.
R. King, "Industrial RadiographySafety Precautions,"

Iron and Steel, December 1949,
pp. 633-635.
14.
Edwin J. Callan, "Concrete for

Radiation Shielding," Journal of
the American Concrete Institute,
September 1953, pp. 17-44.
15.
"Laboratory Design for Handling

Radioactive Materials," American Institute of Architects and
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Standards, April 1952.

7.
"Radiological Decontamination
" Federal Civil
Defense Agency, TM-11-6.
nal Sources of Ionizing Radiation, " NBS Handbook 59, U.S.
Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards,

September 1954.
"Radiological Monitoring Methods and Instruments," NBS Handbook 51, U.S. Department of
Commerce, National Bureau of
1951.
in Civil Defense,
1953.
"Permissible Dose
of
Commerce, National Bureau of

Standards, March 1949.
"Control and Removal of Radio-
tional
of
Concentrations in Air and
to
NBS Hand-
atories,"
'
"Maximum Permissible Amounts

Radioisotopes in the Human
Body and Maximum Permissible
"
active Contamination in LaborNBS Handbook 48, U.S.
"Safe Handling of Radioactive

NBS Handbook 42
Is otope s
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards,
September 1949.
,
Million Volts,
book 41, U.S. Department
"Health Physics Insurance Seminar, " U.S. Atomic Energy Com-
March
"Medical X-ray Protection up
Two
mission Report, TID-388,

3.
Research Council
Publication 205 (1951).
RADIATION HAZARDS
127
BIBLIOGRAPHY
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
May
Report NP-3875,
16.
(continued)
18.
1952.
"Radioactive Waste Disposal in

the Ocean, "
NBS Handbook
58,
Commission Report KAPL-936,
U.S. Department of Commerce,

National Bureau of Standards,
June 1953.
August 1954.
19.
17.
"Recommendations for Waste

Disposal of Phosphorus -32 and
Iodine-131 for Medical Users,"
NBS Handbook 49, U.S. Department of Commerce, National
Bureau of Standards, November
R. E. Larson and R. H. Simon,

"Solid Waste Disposal at the
Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, " U.S. Atomic Energy
F. N. Schall, "Development and

Operation of a Pilot Incinerator
for Contaminated Combustible
Solid Wastes," U. S. Atomic
Energy Commission Report

KAPL-610, October 1951.
1951.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
Dade W. Moeller, James G. Terrill,
Jr., and Samuel C. Ingraham, II,
"Radiation Exposure in the United
States," Public Health Reports, 68,
John F. Newell and C. W. Christenson, "Radioactive Waste Disposal, "

Sewage and Industrial Waste, 23,
861-868 (1951).
57-65 (1953).
"Control of Radiation Hazards in the
Atomic Energy Program, " SemiAnnual Report, U. S. Atomic Energy

Commission, July 1950.
Wendall G. Scott, "Planning Guide
for Radiologic Installations," Year
Book Publishers, Inc., Chicago, 1953.
"Radiological Health Handbook, "
Federal Security Agency, Public
Health Service, March 1953.
"Radium Protection, NBS Handbook

23, U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Bureau of Standards,
"Handling Radioactive Wastes in the

Atomic Energy Program, " Atomic
Energy Commission, October 1949.
Walton A. Rodger and Phillip Fineman, "A Complete Waste-Disposal

System for a Radiochemical Laboratory, " Nucleonics 9, No. 6, 51-61
(1951).
E.G. Pitzer, "Disposal of Radioactive Wastes," U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission Report KAPL-703,

November 1951.
"
August 1938.
R. H. Morgan and K. E. Corrigan,

Editors, "Handbook of Radiology,"
Year Book Publishers, Inc., Chicago,
1954.
Luminous Compounds, " NBS Handbook

H 27, U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Bureau of Standards, May
"Safe Handling of Radioactive
1941.
SECTION

N. Irving Sax
Consultant on Industrial Safety-
Nuclear Development Corporation

White Plains, N. Y.
What
Is
Fire?
Fire, combustion, or burning requires three things: (1) a fuel (any

oxidizable material); (2) oxygen (usually air); and (3) a certain temperature
Fire is the chemical union of
(heat).
oxygen with fuel, accompanied by evolution of thermal energy, indicated by
incandescence or flame. If any one of
these three constituents is not present
in the proper proportions or degree,
no fire will occur. If a fire exists
and even one of them is sufficiently
altered, the fire will go out. Therefore, in its simplest form, all fire
control or extinguishment reduces to
a manipulation of these three essential
constituents.
Fires
are fires in
ordinary
combustible materials where the quenching and cooling effects of quantities

of water or solutions containing large
percentages of water are of first importance. Ordinary combustible materials tend to produce glowing embers after burning, and these must
be quenched to prevent rekindling.
Fires are fires in flammable
liquids (oils, gasoline, solvents etc. ),
Class
where a blanketing or smothering

fect
is
ef-
to put the fire out.
essential
America
ducting extinguishing agent is essential.

Water spray, carbon dioxide,
dry chemical or vaporizing liquid is
satisfactory.
Metal and gas fires have not yet been
classified. These require special
agents and techniques. For a discussion of extinguishing agents and techniques for these classes of fire, see
pages 143-144.
Definition of
Terms
The meanings of fire control terms

as used in this book are as follows:
Flashpoint (Flash P.) is the lowest
temperature at which a liquid will
give off flammable vapor at or near
its surface. This vapor forms an intimate mixture with air, and it is this
This effect keeps oxygen away from the

and can be obtained with carbon
dioxide, dry chemical (essentially sodium bicarbonate) foam or with a vaporizing -liquid type of extinguishing
which ignites. The flash

point of liquids is usually determined
by the Standard Method of Test for
Flash Point with the Tag Closed Cup
Tester (ASTMD56-52, available from
the American Society for Testing Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa.). This method is also the
standard of the American Standards
Z 1 1. 24- 1952,
( A S A
available from the American Standards Association, 70 East 45th St.
New York 17, N. Y.). The Interstate
Association
Commerce Commission uses the Tag

Open Cup Tester giving results 5F higher (less flammable).
Other
10
agent.
Water is most effective when
used as a fine spray or mist.
Class C Fires are fires in electrical
equipment where the use of a noncon-
methods frequently used are Cleveland Open Cup and Pensky-Martens.

The closed cup flash point value is
usually several degrees lower (more
flammable) than the open cup, as the
test in the former case is made on a
saturated vapor -air mixture, where-
fuel,
<
mixture
Classification of Fires
Class
of
i
i
SECTION
130
as in the latte r case the vapor has

free access to air and thus is slightly
less concentrated. For this reason,
open cup values more nearly simulate
actual conditions. (See pp. 133-134.)
Fire point (Fire P. is the lowest
temperature at which a mixture of air
and vapor continue to burn in an open
container when ignited. It is usually
)
above
Where the
the flash point.
flash point is available, only it is
given; if it is not, the fire point may
be given. It is at least as significant
as the flash point as an indication of
the fire hazard of a material.
Autoignition temperature (Autoign.
Temp. ) is the temperature at which
a material (solid, liquid, or gas) will
self-ignite and sustain combustion in
the absence of a spark or flame
(ASTM Designation D286-36). This

value is influenced by the size, shape
and material of the heated surface,
the rate of heating (in the case of a
solid) and other factors.
Vapor density
D ). This
( Vap
value expresses the ratio of the density of a vapor to the density of air.
.
The vapors
of
most flammable
liq-
uids are heavier than air; thus they

can readily flow into low areas, excavations and similar localities.
Hence, ventilating outlets in a plant
should be located near ground level.
For combustible gases and vapors
which are
tilating
ceiling.
lighter than air,
outlets should
ven-
be near the
This
Melting point (M. P.).
is
temperature at which the solid

and liquid forms of a substance
the
This value
exist in equilibrium.
indicates at what temperature flammable materials that are solid at
room temperature may
become
flammable liquids.
Boiling point (B. P.
).
This is the
temperature at which a continuous

flow of vapor bubbles occurs in a liquid being heated in an open container.
The boiling point may be taken as an
indication of the volatility of a material.
Thus, in the case of a flammable liquid, boiling point can be a
direct measure of the hazard involved
in its use.
Formula In the event of a lack of
information regarding a material, its
formula can give a clue to its fire
hazard. For instance, all materials
.
composed solely of carbon and hydrogen are combustible and in some degree flammable. If they are liquids
with a low boiling point they can be
assumed to be fire hazards.
Underwriters' Laboratories Classification (U.L..C.) is a standard
classification for grading the relative
fire hazard of flammable liquids
against the following standards:
Ether class
100
Gasoline class
90 - 100
Ethyl alcohol class
60 - 70
Kerosene class
30 - 40
Paraffin oil class
10 - 20
Where this value is knownit is an excellentmeasure of the relative hazard
of a flammable liquid. Unfortunately,
it is available in only afew instances.
Susceptibility to spontaneous heatMany materials coming (S.S.H.).
bine with atmospheric oxygen at or"
dinary temperatures and liberate

If the heat is evolved faster
than it is dissipated due to poor housekeeping, afire can start, particularly
in the presence of easily ignited waste,
etc. ("Factory Mutual Modified Mackey Method," Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, March, 1927).
Explosive range or Flammability
These values expressed in
limits
per cent by volume of fuel vapor in
air are the ranges of concentration
over which a particular vapor or gas
mixture with air will burn when ignited. If a mixture within its explosive range of concentrations is ignited,
flame propagation will occur. This
range will be indicated by L. E. L. for
lower explosive limit or U.E.L. for
upper explosive limit. The values
given, unless otherwise indicated,
are for normal conditions of temperature and pressure.
heat.
FIRE PROTECTION
The two main aspects
of fire
pro-
tection are prevention and loss limitation.
Prevention Fire prevention is an

inseparable requirement of fire safe.
and since in order for a fire to

start all three necessary constituents
must be represented, effective fire
prevention simply boils down to manipulation of these constituents to the
extent that a fire cannot start. For
instance, where a flammable material
such as acetone is used out in an open
ty;
131
work shop, two
of the three needed

constituents are immediately present,
i.e. the fuel and a supply of oxygen.
Now the only thing lacking to start a
Thus by referring to
fire is heat.
Acetone in Section 10 it is found that
the flash point is 14 F, which means
that at
any temperature above 14F,
acetone can evolve enough
vapor
to
form
a flammable mixture with air

which will catch fire if exposed to a
spark, flame or other source of ignition.
Thus, strictly from the standpoint of fire preventionin an installation using acetone, the following avenues are open:
the working (ambient) temper(1)
ature must be kept below 14 F;
or (2) the supply of atmospheric oxygen must be cut off;
or (3) sources of ignition, such as
or
(4)
flames, glowing cigars and

cigarettes, sparks, etc. must
be eliminated from the area;
the area must be ventilated so
that even though the acetone
was giving off enough vapor to
form a flammable mixture

with air, the vapor would be
drawn out of the area by means

of fume exhaust equipment as
rapidly as it was evolved, thus
preventing
dangerous
the build-up of
concentrations of
vapors.
Naturally, since conditions (1) and
(2) above are relatively difficult to
attain on an industrial scale, conditions (3) and (4) are the ones most
likely to be used.
Furthermore, although t o t a 1 removal of any one of the necessary conditions for a fire will absolutely prevent its occurrence, such stringent
restrictions on industrial operations
are seldom economically feasible.
Industrial materials a r e
however,
studied with a view to ascertaining
justhow muchleeway there is, so that
a compromise between absolute fire
prevention and economy of operation
maybe reached. It is for this reason
,
that, while
fires, they
we know how
prevent
and why
still
loss limitation is such an important
part of industrial fire protection.
Below is some discussion of the
to
do start,
produce combustion-like chemical

reactions with materials such as chlorine or sulfur, it is safe to say that
nearly all combustion requires the
presence of oxygen. Also the higher
the concentration of oxygen in an atmosphere the more rapidly will burning proceed. Industrially it is diffito
cult to manipulate the oxygen concentration in a working area, particularly since a concentration of oxygen far
enough below normal to keep fires
from starting would also be too low
support human life.

When industry has found it necessary to work with materials so sensitive to oxygen that they would catch
fire at ordinary temperatures merely
upon being exposed to air, it has
found it possible to isolate such mato
from
chamber or
terials
air, either in a vacuum

in a chamber filled with
an inert atmosphere, such as argon,

helium, or nitrogen. In Section 10
the materials which require such isolation are so noted.
Heat as a necessary component
of fire is one that is often manipulated to render an industrial set-up
most
from
fire.
The
difficult
of controlling the heat component of a fire is the easily overlooked fact that to start a fire it is often necessary to heat to a sufficient
degree only a very small quantity of fuel
and oxygen mixture. Then, since fires
are by definition exothermic, the very
small fire started by a tiny heat
source supplies to its surroundings
safe
aspect
more heat than

abling
gen
it
absorbs, thus enfuel and oxyand so on, until very

it
to ignite
mixture,
more
quickly there is more heat available

than is needed to propagate a large
fire.
The heat may be provided by
various sources of ignition, such as
high environmental (ambient) temperatures, hot surfaces, mechanical
friction, sparks or open flame.
Sources of Ignition
The following are the chief sources

of ignition and suggestions for reducing the hazard due to them:
three essentials of fire.
1.
Open Flames. At or near a
flammable -liquid installation it is
necessary to check for such sources
as burners, matches, lamps, welding
Oxygen. Although under certain

unusual circumstances it is possible
torches, lighting torches, lanterns,

small furnaces and the possibility of
SECTION
132
broken gas or
becoming
oil lines
flaming torches. Ample isolation

may often be obtained by means of
partitions. In this respect the partition should be substantial enough to
contain the fire while the sprinklers
or other fire-fighting apparatus put
it
out. Fire-resistant construction,

brick or concrete walls, is gen-
i.e.
erally
It
recommended.
is
mable
important
liquid while
to confine the flamit is in use.

Safe-
ty cans should be used for transporting small quantities of flammable liquids about a working area, as well as
for storage at a bench. Wherever
possible,
closed systems
should be
used
to prevent the spread of fumes,

etc. In the event of a fire, it is imperative to prevent spreading of the
fire. Hence all tanks should have
trapped overflow drains leading to a
safe place. Dikes
be used to
contain the overflow of burning liquid;
must
otherwise fire s could easily spread

over large areas, trapping personnel
and causing great damage. The principle behind this form of protection is
to contain the
stallations of
fire at all costs. Inflammable liquids in
upper stories should be made only in

such a fashion that burning liquid will
be prevented from flowing down stairwells, pipe openings, cracks in walls,
etc.
by means of waterproof floors,
dikes, overflow pipes, etc.
(Electric
Electrical Sources
2.
power supply and generating equipment, heating equipment, and lighting
equipment).
The following precautions for good maintenance are suggested. A complete listing cannot be
given here.
The provisions of the
National Electrical Code are the recognized standard and these should be
carefully observed in installing electrical equipment in hazardous loca,
tions.
Use special wiring and conduit.

Use explosion-proof motors,
particularly if located at ground level
(a)
(b)
or in pits or low places.

(c)
Use only specially engineered
heating units, keeping in mind the
autoignition temperature of the material in use (hot water or steam heating units are much to be preferred).
(d)
Controls for motors, thermal
cut-outs, switches, relays, transformer contactors, etc. which are
,
liable to spark or heat up should not

be installed in flammable liquid storage areas. Use only explosion-proof
push-button control switches within
such an area.
(e)
In
dangerous atmospheres and
storage, only vapor -tight globes

with electric lamps may be used. In
well-ventilated areas ordinary lamps
will do. Fixed lamp installations are
to be preferred to extension cords.
Also, approved safety flashlights are
preferred to portable lamps.
(f)
Do not install fuses or circuit
breakers in hazardous locations except in explosion-proof cases.
Motor frames, control boxes,
(g)
conduits, etc.
should all be grounded
in accordance with the general requirements for installation of electric
power as outlined in the National
Electrical Code.
for
3. Overheating (Excessive temperatures at points requiring heat).

Such processes should be kept out of
combustible buildings and closely
supervised. The use of automatic
temperature controls and high-temperature limit switches are recommended, although supervision is still
important.
4.
Hot Surfaces. The incomplete
immersion of hot metal in quenching
baths, the contact of flammable vapors and hot combustion chambers,
hot dryers, ovens, boilers, ducts and
steam lines allare frequent causes
of flammable vapor fires.
Care
should be taken that material whose
autoignition point is lower than the
temperature sometimes reached by
operating equipment be kept at a safe
distance from such equipment. This
equipment should be carefully supervised and maintained to prevent accidental overheating, etc.
5.
Spontaneous Ignition. Many
fires are caused by spontaneous heating of materials, accelerated by external heat from processes such as
dryers, ovens, ducts, impregnating
or steam lines adjacent to piles of
waste materials. Sometimes the accumulated heat in a closed, unventilated warehouse will be sufficient to
accelerate oxidation to the point of
an actual fire. Wherever flammable
liquids are handled, particularly those
which are known to be liable to spontaneous heating, it is important to pay
133
attention to housekeeping
and ventilation. Fires are almost
sure to follow neglect of these matters. All equipment and buildings
should be kept free of deposits and
accumulations of wiping rags, waste
materials, oil mops, etc.
Sparks, etc. Sparks from me6.
chanical tools and equipment, hot
ashes from smoking, unprotected extension lights, boilers and furnaces,
backfire from gasoline engines, are
Smoking
all potential causes of fire.
should be prohibited in areas where
flammable liquids are stored or are
used in the open. All equipment in
such areas should be maintained in
first class condition. Wherever possible, spark-proof or nonsparking
tools and materials should be used.
Static Electricity. This is due
7.
to electrical impulses generated on
the surface of a material by friction,
such as calendering, printing, and
the like. Many fire s are caused in
the rubber and paper industries by
this means. Most of these occur during the months when humidity is relatively low, and artificial heat is
used. Maintaining a relative humidity
of from 40 to 50 per cent in rooms
where flammable liquids are used
will greatly reduce the chance of
static sparks. Electrical grounding,
static discharge devices, etc.
should
be mandatory, and all flammable liquid tanks, piping and equipment should
be so interconnected and grounded
that the chances for static sparks are
minimized. In all this type of equipment, belts should be eliminated and
direct or chain drives used wherever
possible. If beltdrives must be used,
the belt speed should be kept below
150 feet per minute, or a special belt
dressing should be used which will
reduce the possibility of the formation
particular
of a static spark.
8.
Friction.
Many
fires are
caused by mechanical friction, i.e.

from fan impellers rubbing on casings, poorly lubricated fan bearings,
grinding processes and machining,
etc. Fans and other equipment should
be frequently inspected and maintained
in the best possible condition. Other
processes known to generate a good
,
deal of heat due to friction should be

well separated from locations where
flammable liquids are stored or used.

It is vitally necessary that a complete program for the handling, transfer and use of flammable liquids be
setup and maintained. This program

should start when the process is initially
under
construction.
Where
flammable liquids are called for in

the original write-up of a process,
the first question is to determine
whether the flammable material can
be replaced by a nonflammable one.

If the question of cost arises it should
be remembered that, to the possibly
low cost of the flammable liquid,
should be added the cost of special
protection needed to use it safely as
well as its effect upon the insurance
rate. It may well be that in the final
analysis, the cost of a flammable material is not as favorable as it seemed
at first. However, there are many
flammable materials in constant use
for which there are no substitutes;
but even they can be safely handled if
proper precautions are taken.
Fuel. The third aspect of fire prevention is the fuel itself, that is, the
substance that is burning. Combustion takes place most readily between
oxygen and a fuel in its vapor or other
finely divided state. Solids are most
easily ignited when reduced to powders or vaporized by the application
of heat; but except in a few cases the
temperatures required for the vaporization of solids are well above nor-
mal ambient temperatures.

Liquids present a different case.
Some
liquids will give off dangerous

quantities of flammable vapors well
below normal room temperature (the

vapor pressure of a liquid is a measure of this effect); others do so at
points only slightly above room temperature, and still others at much
higher temperatures. It is apparent
that the temperature at which a liquid
evolves vapors which can form flammable mixtures with air is a measure
This is indiof its hazard potential.
cated by the flash point.
So indicative of fire hazard is the
flash point of a liquid that the Interstate
Commerce Commission rates
any liquid whose flash point is 80 F

or below as a high fire hazard, the
theory being that 80 F represents the
upper limit of normal or "room"
temperatures; any liquid which will
flash at or below this point is danger-
SECTION
134
ous. A flash point of from 80 F to

350 F indicates a moderate fire hazard; above 350 F the fire hazard is
considered slight. The National Fire

Protection Association rates as a high
hazard a liquid whose flash point is
less than 20 F; moderate from 20 to
70 F, and slight from 70 to 200 F.
Only liquids having a flash point less
than 200 F are generally called flammable by the National Fire Protection
Association.
In this book we use the I. C. C.
classification for liquids of flash point
at 80F or less as being dangerous
fire hazards; we use the range from
about 80 to about 225 F to indicate
moderate fire hazard; and flash points
in excess of about 225 F are rated as
slightly hazardous.
It should be
understood, however, that practically
all organic materials will burn if exposed to sufficiently high tempera-
tures. The ratings given above are

merely an indication of the risk in-
volved in handling or storing them.

It is important to isolate a potential fire hazard. Thus it is necessary
to use closed and vented tanks to hold
flammable liquids. In this way the

possibilities of igniting the tank of
liquid are greatly reduced, as is the
chance of materials at a distance from
such a tank becoming involved in
fires. It is also important that flammable materials be housed in fireresistant structures because burning
liquids can generate great heat and
often set fire to the buildings in which
they are burning.

A vital point in flammable liquids
safety is the prevention of the accumulation of explosive concentrations of
vapors in closed off areas. (See Section 2 for a full discussion of ventilaWhertion control for toxic vapors.
ever either moderately or highly
flammable liquids are used or stored,
ventilation is a very important con)
sideration.
The amount needed, whether natumechanical (fans and blowers)

depends upon the materials and the
conditions involved.
No dependence
should be placed upon the odor of the
material as a warning, because some
flammable vapors are heavy and tend
to settle, and because smell is deceptive. The safe procedure is conral or
tinual te
sting with an explosion or
flammable vapor indicator.

Besides flammable liquid fires,
the results of which can be somewhat
mitigated by effective loss limitation
techniques, there are two more types
of disaster, protection from which is
nearly entirely dependent upon prevention.
Dust Explosions
Practically any combustible, when
form of dust and mixed with air
proper proportion, will burn so
rapidly as to cause a severe explosion
if ignited by heat, a spark or flame.
Ignorance of this fact has led to many
serious disasters. Grain, flour, coal
dust and metal powders all constitute
hazards in this regard. Explosions
have been known to occur in plants
handling fertilizers, wood dust, powdered milk, soap powder, paper dust,
cocoa, spices, cork, sulfur, hard
rubber dust, leather dust and many
other products.
For the prevention
of dust explosions good housekeeping
is of the utmost importance. All
equipment must be dust- tight and
kept so. Explosion vents should lead
outdoors to a safe location and the
vent ducts themselves should be strong
enough to withstand the force of the
Vacuum cleaning is
explosion.
superior to sweeping. The use of
compressed air to blow dust off equipment and thus create dust clouds
should be forbidden
in the
in the
Ledges,
etc.
in
exposed piping, beams,
the
ceiling
should be kept
from accumulation of dust.

Where a dusty operation is to be installed in a location where there are
free
piping and projections overhead, it

is often erroneously considered satisfactory to install a smooth ceiling
below the piping and other projections
This does not eliminate the hazard,
and may intensify it; unless the ceiling is extremely well designed and
carried out, dust will penetrate it
and settle not only on the piping but
on the upper side of the ceiling itself.

Then a shock may be sufficient to fill
the entire false space with a combustible dust cloud which a spark may
set off. If piping cannot be relocated
or eliminated, it would be better to
135
leave it exposed and provide for a
regular cleaning program.
It was for reasons such as the
above that a starch dust plant recentlyconstructed in the southwest, where
weather conditions are moderate the
year round, has been built of entirely
open construction so that there is no
confinement of the force of any explosion and the constant flow of air
through the plant provides little opportunity for dust layers to build
up.
As
uids
in the case of flammable liqfires and explosions, the con-
trol of dust explosions is based upon

prevention of ignition and secondarily
limitation of damage in the event ignition does occur.
To prevent ignition, open flames,
smoking, and cutting or welding are
prohibited until the area is made dustfree. Electrical wiring should be of
the type suitable for a dusty atmosphere and static electricity, too, must
be eliminated. Highly dangerous materials of this sort are handled most
satisfactorily in enclosed systems in
which suitable inert gases are introduced into the system to replace the
air normally pre sent. This precaution
is particularly applicable to the field
of powder metallurgy.
The kind of
inert gas used must be chosen on the
basis of its suitability for the opera-
tion in question.
Salt- Bath Explosions
The third type of disaster in which

after-the-fact protection is much less
important than prevention is the molten salt-bath explosion. There have
been serious disasters involving such
baths, because personnel involved on
both the management and operating
level failedto appreciate the potential
hazards of the situation.
chanical
failure
or
man
Due
to
me-
failure
or
combination of both, molten salt baths

have been allowed to explode, The
hazards of molten salt baths may be
summarized as
follows:
(1) Violent generation of steam

due to water introduced as "carry
over" on a piece of work from a preliminary cleansing or quenching bath,
condensation on overhead service
piping, leaky roofs and operation of
automatic sprinklers, also contact
with liquid foods placed on ledges
near the baths for "warming-up" by
workmen,
(2) Sudden and explosive expansion of air occluded in blow-holes of
castings and that trapped in tubes,
closed piping, or hollow metal work
when immersed in molten baths without pre -warming.
(3) Violent and u n c on t r o 11 able
chemical reactions between nitrate
baths and carbonaceous materials

suchasoils, soot, graphite, and cyanide carry-over from adjacent carburizing baths.
(4) Vigorous and explosive reaction between overheated nitrate baths
and aluminum alloys.
(5) Explosive reaction between
normally heated nitrate baths and
carelessly
introduced magne sium
alloys.
Thermit-like reactionbetween
alloy articles lost in bath
(6)
aluminum
and the iron oxide sludge blanketing

and insulating the bottom of bath container.
(7) Structural failure of bath container while in operation under conditions tending to lower the normal
durability; reaction between metal of
bath container and nitrate due to localized overheating.
(8) Failure of temperature controls, with consequent overheating of
nitrate bath.
(9) Storage and handling of bulk
supply of sodium nitrate, and careless disposal and storage of waste
nitrate without regard to active properties of the salt.
(10) Accidental or uninstructed
setting of temperature control above
safe operating limits.
The
molten
(a)
precautions for safe operation of

baths are summarized as follows:
Guard against the introduction
salt
of any extraneous matter.
Protect completely from overautomatic control and

temperature readings taken at regu(b)
heating, by
lar intervals.
(c) Isolate the operation as far as
practicable.
(d) Instruct all personnel thoroughly and completely in regular and
emergency procedures.
From the foregoing it can be clearly seen that the handling of flammable
liquids, flammable dust or molten
salt baths are the three chief opera-
SECTION
136
which prevention is the most

important phase of fire protection.
Ineachof these cases whatever action
is taken after the act and whatever
physical protection is provided can
only furnish some degree of mitigation of loss and it is often insufficient
to prevent a large-scale disaster.
tions in
LOSS LIMITATION
The other aspect of a realistic fire
protection program is limitation of
loss due to a fire which includes provision for the prompt discovery and equally prompt extinguishment of the fire.
It is certain that everyone has at one
time or another wondered why a particularly destructive fire was allowed
to happen,
when supposedly a great
deal of effort is constantly being devoted to the prevention of such fires.
It may be that too often the prevention aspect of fire protection has been
the total or nearly total effort at protection with the result that when even
a small fire starts it has a good
chance to become a calamity. However, even the utmost vigilance would
have been of no avail in guarding
against some of the fires which are on
record, and once the fire has started
The cause
its cause is immaterial.
of the loss is much more important;
and the facts which determine that are
the physical conditions and those
measures which have or have not been
taken to limit the extension of the fire.
One of the means of preventing the
extension of fire is to segregate hazardous processes and storage into
separate buildings. But even where
hazardous processes are not involved,
the concentration of too much value in
one fire area must be guarded against.
This is best accompli shed by the erection of separate buildings adequately
spaced, which in turn presents problems of maintenance and operation.
Suppose a major plant has an operation
involving flammable liquids. Such
processes as spray painting or dipping
use tremendous quantities of flammable solvent; extraction processes
and the manufacture of products of
which flammable solvents are major
constituents are typical examples of
processes which require subdivision.
The flammable liquid operations and
all its appurtenances must be physically separated from the rest of the
,
plant for maximum
safety.
Care
should be
taken that the separate

buildings are no larger than production efficiency demands; in other
words, only as much should be put
under one roof as is necessary to be
in one building. Where space or production requirements preclude separate buildings, the area in which
flammable liquids are handled must
be physically separated from the rest
of the plant by approved fire walls or,
where these are not practicable, by
water -curtain type sprinklers.

Subdivision of one large risk into
smaller fire areas may also be accomplished by means of fire walls

which stop the spread of fire from one
area to another. To accomplish this
purpose the wall must be carried
through the roof and either through
the side walls for a distance of at
least 36 inches or turned back on both
ends for a distance of several feet to
provide a barrier around which the
fire cannot travel.
Many otherwise sound fire walls

have failed due to the fact that holes
were made in the walls to permit the
passage of pipes, conduit, etc., and
then never properly closed. Every
hole in a fire wall must be sealed at
the time such work is being done.
The weakest point in afire wall is the
fire door provided to permit access
from one section to another. At any
given time a high percentage of such
doors are found upon inspection to be
useless as fire barriers. They must
The
be test-operated regularly.
chief deficiencies are missing fusible
links, or damage to the doors by materials handling equipment, which
damage would prevent their operation,
or blocking by material left in the
doorway so that the door cannot close.
Proper maintenance includes regular inspection, physical guarding to
prevent damage, the painting of "keep
clear" lines on the floor and a constant program of education. Wherever
practicable, such doors should be
closed at night to insure that they will
be closed in the event of fire. Where
the use or occupancy of the building
has changed and fire doors are not
neededany longer the openings should
be bricked up to the same thickness
as the original walls. Even a pair of
fire doors, one on each side of the
,
137
opening, is less resistant to the passage of fire than the fire wall in which
they are installed. In normal operation, because of the aisle space
leading to the opening, the heat on
be less than elsethe door should
where
in
the
building.
If
the doors
are closed and
contents are piled

against the doors, fire may be transmitted from one side of the wall to the
other. In all cases, the doors provided should be of the type approved
for the opening in the wall. In many
cases, doors approved for use only
on vertical enclosures such as stairways are installed in fire walls and
will not serve their intended purpose
in the event of fire. If openings are
necessary in fire walls for the passage of conveyors and no type of door
installation is practical, then the
openings should be specially protected
by hooded automatic sprinkler heads
directly over the opening on each side
of the wall. A fire wall should be
thought of as a dam which any small
leak can cause to fail.
The spread of fire from floor to

floor in a building is prevented by the
proper enclosure of vertical openings
such as stairways, elevators shafts
and process openings through the
The question of stairways defloor.
serves particular comment because
many cases self-closing stairway doors are found to be wedged
open to permit easy passage from
floor to floor. Such examples of poor
management entirely negate the cost
of closing the stairway off by providing the doors in the first place.
One of the primary reasons for enclosing stairways is to permit the
passage without injury of personnel
from upper floors to the street level
past the floor which is on fire. If the
stairway doors are wedged open this
may be impossible. The stairways
can immediately become choked with
hot air, smoke and gases from the
in so
stairwell.
Provision of fusible link arrangeto close such doors is not very

satisfactory because fumes and smoke
will pass through without operating
the link. In at least one laboratory
the problem of stairway doors being
wedged open versus the desirability
of having them closed in a hurry has
been solved by providing for electric
ments
latches. These latches hold all the

doors open, but connected to the fire
alarm system is a relay which causes
all the electric locks to release when
a fire alarm is sounded, thus closing
the doors.
A further loss-limiting device
which is useful where flammable dusts
and vapors are used is the explosion

vent. It is important to install explosion vents in areas where flammable
liquids or dusts are used because of
the possibility of great damage due to
explosive ignition of such mixtures
and air. Therefore, on a practical
basis properly designed
explosion
vents are a suitable safeguard, as
they reduce the chances of destruction indoors by allowing the force of
the explosion to be transmitted to the
outdoors.
In order to fully relieve the pressures produced by explosions in vapor
and air mixtures, a vent area as
large as 1 square foot for every 10
cubic feet of room volume would be
necessary. However, it is unlikely
that more than a fraction of the total
volume of a room will at any time be
within the explosive range.
Therefore for a small room with a floor
area of about 200 square feet, the
venting area should be at least 1
square foot for each 30 cubic feet of
room volume. For larger areas, this
proportion may not be obtainable, but
innocase should the vent area be less
than 1 square foot for each 50 cubic
feet of volume.
Approved explosion venting windows are available. Also, sky-lights,

roof -hatches, or light windows hinged
the top and carefully installed to

swing outward under even slight pressure can be useful. Under some conditions, doors equipped with releasing
latches may be utilized as vents.
Furthermore, where the conservation of heat in a plant is important,
and the walls of the building are otherwise of strong construction, a section
of exterior wall may be built of light
wood, or hollow tile or some other
at
material
which
is
relatively
weak
compared
to the rest of the building

so that in case of an explosion, these
sections will give first.
It is important that snow or ice be

kept from collecting on explosion
<
SECTION
138
vents so that they can operate freely

in case of an explosion.
Laboratories.
FIRE DISCOVERY AND TURNING

IN THE ALARM
as the storage of furs or documents,

or as in electrical equipment rooms,
a slow-burning, smoldering type of
fire may be expected. In such a case,
neither the fixed temperature or temperature rate of rise device may function rapidly enough to transmit an
alarm before serious damage has been
done. A photoelectric cell device
might here be used to trigger the
alarm when traces of smoke pass
through the light beam. Such a system also starts all necessary action,
suchas shutting down fans operating
dampers and transmitting the alarm.
This type of protection is a "must" in
the modern windowless factory which
depends for its ventilation entirely
upon a mechanical air-conditioning
system into which the introduction of
smoke at any point can cause it to be
transmitted throughout the area, with
consequent panic and possible loss of
With the exception of such occurrences as flammable liquid explosions,
dust
explosions
and molten
most
fires are
can be readily
extinguished if discovered early. Although no one would dispute the truth
salt bath explosions,
quite small at first and
of this
statement,
it is
amazing how
many organizations completely ignore

the fact and make no provision for the
prompt discovery and sounding
of an
alarm, in the event of a fire.
The greatest single cause of large fires is
delayed alarms. This does not necessarily mean delayed discovery; the
files are replete with examples of
people who discover fires and take
entirely the wrong action because they
had not been properly trained.
The detection of fire is too often
left to chance. If it is left to the
chance passerby it can be assumed
that no alarm will be turned in until
flames are actually leaping from the
front of the building, at which a point
heavy fire loss has already taken
place. The best solution to this problem is an automatic fire alarm system connected to an office manned by
responsible personnel on an around the
clock basis. In larger installations

this may be the plant's own security
office; in smaller installations, the
office of a private company specializing in this service. In small cities
or rural locations this service can
often terminate at the police station
or fire house. Such an alarm system if properly installed and maintained,
assures that fires will be discovered
and reported promptly in their incipsprinkler
ient stages.
,
Automatic
systems with provision for an alarm

can serve the same purpose.
Most automatic fire alarm systems
are of two general types; one measures the rate at which the temperature
of the air rises; the other sounds an
alarm when the temperature reaches
a certain predetermined point. Each
has its merits for a particular installation,
and some types
of
systems
combine
both features. Any such

should bear the approval of
system
Factory Mutual
<yf
Underwriters
Under some circumstances, such
life.
The most ancient and
common form
watchman.
still
most
of fire protection is the
He
is
an extremely im-
portant employee. In many cases the

entire physical property of an organization together with its business future is entrusted to his care over half
the time. However, he is rarely chosen with these responsibilities in
mind. Just as rarely is an effort
made to see to it that the watchman
is schooled to react automatically to
take proper action if the emergency
against which he was employed does
occur. Too often the position is used
for the semi-retirement of the super-
annuated employee.
Even when the watchman is hired

outright, the pay scale is often so low
as to attract only the completely unfit.
There are scores
of instances of
of valuable properties who
write or read English and in
watchmen
cannot
it, who do not

know how to use the dial telephone,
who do not know how to turn in afire
alarm in short who do more to pre-
truth can hardly speak
sent a hazard to a property than to

protect it.
There are three considerations in
watchman protection which cannot be
overlooked: (a) selection of personnel, (2) training, and (c) supervision,
The watchman should be neither too
139
young nor too old. If too young he may

lack judgment and in addition is very
likely to be bored with the job. If too
old he may lack the physical stamina
which the job requires. He must be
thoroughly and carefully trained in
the proper action to be taken in the
event of any emergency in the plant.
Particular stress should be laid
upon obtaining assistance for the
watchman before attempting to fight
any fire 01 deal with any other dan-
Many concerns
gerous emergency.
use a "watchman daily report form,"
which also contains a h illustrated
paragraph of instruction on some
phase of the watchman's duties. If
the watchman's service is to be performed effectively, regular routes
must be laid out and means must be
provided to determine that the watchman is or has been in a required location at the
required
time.
The
watchman's clock is the most familiar example of such a device, but it

has a serious limitation no check
can be made until the next day.
There is no instantaneous assurance that the rounds are being made
in accordance with instructions, or
in the case of a single watchman in
the plant, no provision for investigation, should the watchman be injured, or become ill or leave his post
for any other reason.
The best type of protection is that
provided by electric watchman-reporting stations; most often they are
incorporated in fire alarm boxes
whereby the watchman sends a signal
to the supervisory office and indicates
same time. If the

does not report at each
location within the time specified, an
immediate investigation can be made.
In a large plant, this service would
probably terminate at the plant guardoffice; in the smaller plant it would be
provided by a company specializing in
his location at the
watchman
this field.
Even when
tion, the
the plant is in operaof sounding the
question
alarm must not be
chance. The
fire protection organization composed
of plant personnel should provide for
left to
a specific person (with a number of

alternates) to turn in the alarm, and
emphasis should be laid at all times
on the matter of doing this promptly.
No fire department objects to being

called to trivial fires. Over 95 per
cent of the responses of all fire departments, large and small, are to
fires which could be classed as trivA high proportion of the other
ial.
5 per cent could have been kept in the
trivial class had the fire department
been called immediately when the fire
was discovered. Delayed alarms cause
fire disasters.
EXTINGUISHMENT OF FIRE
to
To extinguish a fire it is necessary

remove or sufficiently lower the
concentration of only one of the three

requirements mentioned previously.
Normally, the removal
of fuel is
not considered as a practical fireextinguishing method; however, in

such cases as multiple flammable
liquid tanks which are interconnected,
it is often entirely practicable to pump
the flammable contents of a tank which
is burning at its surface to another
tank, and thus extinguish the fire by
leaving the burning tank nearly empty.
In the main, however, fire extinguishment operates by either cooling the
burning material below its ignition
temperature or
by cutting off its

supply of oxygen. Water, foam, carbon dioxide gas, bicarbonate of soda
(dry chemical) and halogenated hydrocarbons comprise the most widely
used fire extinguishing media. Burning metals require special extinguishing media and techniques.
The chief problem
is to
determine
use and in what

manner. For all the media there are
one or more methods of application
varying both in scale and in type of
operation, i.e., manual or automatic, for single spot delivery or
general coverage.
which medium
to
Water
The oldest, cheapest, and most
commonly used fi r e -extinguishing
agent is water. As an example of the
of bulk or "coarse" water, an
extremely effective fire extinguisher
for small blazes is a pail of water.
However, it is inadvisable to use bulk
water on a fire involving oils, gaso-
use
paints or solvents; since they

be lighter than water, they will
tend to be physically dispersed by the
line,
may
SECTION
140
of a stream. As a result, the

burning material will be scattered
about the area and spread the fire.
Moreover, no blanketing action is
possible, as the oil or solvent may
float on the water. Water should
never be used to extinguish fires of
metals which may react violently
with it to cause an explosion.
Special fire pails are purchased
for protective purposes; they have
rounded bottoms which make them unsuitable for general service. Fifty-
impact
five -gallon used oil
drums
full of
wa-
ter equipped with two or three fire

pails are practical for yard storage
where the material is not piled too
high, as well as for use in the early
stages of construction projects before
permanent water supplies are installed. Calcium chloride can be

added to the water to prevent freezing
during cold weather.
Water is usually most effective
when applied in the form of fine droplets or spray.
This has a blanketing
action, and avoids the difficulty of
impact-scattering of materials lighter
than water. Proper fire extinguishers
should always be at hand in areas
where flammable solids or liquids are
used or stored. Modern sprinkler
systems are the most efficient means
of supplying such a spray over a wide
area.
Fire Extinguishers
-gallon soda-acid
Z l/Z g a êxtinguisher
When
the
of
water.
lons
is inverted, a small bottle of sulfuric
acid is overturned into the water in
standard
2 l/z
fire extinguisher provides
which bicarbonate of soda has been

dissolved. The pressure of carbon
dioxide gas so
formed expels
the
wa-
Such an extinguisher requires

annual recharge and must be protected
from freezing. The soda-acid exter.
tinguisher is rapidly being supplanted

by a type in which the carbon dioxide
gas is provided by a small high-pressure cylinder which can be punctured
when the extinguisher is put into operation. The water is then driven
out by the gas. This type of extinguisher can be winterized by the addition of antifreeze chemicals if desired; in addition some manufacturers
provide an antifreeze additive which
also increases the extinguishing ef-
fectiveness of the unit. The maintenance required is an annual check

on the weight of the carbon dioxide
gas cylinder.
Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Aproperly designed, installed and

maintained automatic sprinkler system is by far the most efficient fire
protection device as yet produced. It
is no exaggeration to state that American industry could not exist as it does
today without automatic sprinklers.
Statistics kept over a 50 -year period
by the National Fire Protection Association covering some 70,000 fires
show that sprinklers extinguished or
held in check 96 per cent of the fires
in sprinklered buildings. Of the failures, about 1 per cent were due to
water being shut off on the sprinkler
system or the water supply being defective. Another 1 per cent were due
to the fact that the system could not
get into operation fast enough because
the fire started in an unprotected portion of the building and had gained
tremendous headway by the time it
entered the protected section. Obstructions to distribution of the water
from the sprinklers which in effect
rendered at least portions of t h
building unsprinklered also caused
some
failures.
Objection is sometimes made to

installing automatic sprinklers for
fear that premature operation would
cause excessive water damage. The
possibility of a sprinkler head misope rating from defects in manufacture
is ne g 1 i g i bl e only one chance in
8,400,000 per year. Premature operation from other causes can be
easily prevented: from overheating
and corrosion by using special sprinkler heads; from mechanical damage
by installing wire guards; and from
freezing by providing antifreeze solutions or by use of dry pipe systems.
A hose stream delivers the equivalent of a dozen sprinklers, whereas
5 heads or less extinguish 73 per cent
of all reported fires where sprinklers
Sprinkler piping is tested
operate.
for a pressure of at least 200 pounds
per square inch before the system is
accepted. No such tests apply to ordinary water piping, and the possibility of damage from a burst water
pipe is therefore much greater in the
141
ordinary domestic service..

no sprinkler system is
complete without an alarm device
which notifies responsible authorities when any water flows in the syscase
In
of
addition,
tem a feature entirely lacking on

domestic and process piping.
An automatic sprinkler system is
essentially an arrangement of pipes
throughout the protected area provided at suitable intervals with sprinkler heads equipped with fusible(wood's
metal) links to release the water when
the temperature at the head reaches
the desired point.
Wet type automatic sprinkler systems consist of such an array of piping together with an alarm check valve
which prevents back flow from the
system to the water supply and provides a means whereby a local central station alarm can be received in
the event there is a flow of a water in
the system due to a fire or accident.
In a low building where water pressure and volume are good, the water
supply
come solely from the
street main. In other cases, it may
be necessary to provide an elevated
supply of water so that the water will
be automatically available under grav-
may
pressure. A fire department conprovided so that the fire

department can pump into the system
and increase the volume of water
available in the event of a serious
fire.
The maintenance is simple but
the utmost care must be taken to make
sure that there is water in the system
at all times.
The equipmentis designed to facilitate inspection.
The outside valve
leading from the street main is almost
invariably a post indicator valve, that
is, a valve brought up above the surface of the ground with an indicator as
part of the valve, which shows whether
the valve is open or shut. Interior
valves are of the outside stern and
yoke type (OS & Y), that is, the valve
stem protrudes through the valve yoke
and is visible for its full length when
the valve is open. If the stem cannot
be seen the valve is closed.
Seals and padlock arrangements
are often used to prevent unauthorized
tampering with sprinkler valves. A
ity
nection is
system including notification of

responsible authority should be used
in connection with routine work to
tag
make sure
valves are reis completed.

alterations are necesIf extensive
sary, they should be carefully planned
so that the maximum portion of the
system can be plugged off and so be
kept in operation until the alterations
and additions are ready to be tied
back into the main system. Every
effort should be made to put the system back in service to at least give
partial coverage during nights and
over week-ends during the period of
repair. There are many instances of
that
the
opened when the work
headway in plants which

an excellent sprinkler system
which was out of service for repairs
fires getting
had
at the critical
moment,
The ultimate
in protection of
sprinkler valves against tampering
whether accidental or malicious is an
electrical alarm device, attached to
the valve, which will transmit a signal to a central headquarters when
the valve is closed.
When alterations or new construction is planned for a sprinklered
building, a part of the alteration costs
must be the provision of the necessary
changes, extensions or additions to
the sprinkler system. An unsprinklered mezzanine constructed within
the plant or an unsprinklered shed
constructed outside can become so
heavily involved in a fire that by the
time the fire reaches the sprinklered
area, the system is overpowered.
In areas subject to freezing, a
dry pipe automatic sprinkler
system
may be installed. In such a system,
air under pressure in the piping keeps
the water from entering the unheated
area through the dry pipe valve where
a differential type of valve seat enables a relatively low air pressure
to hold back a much higher pressure
of water. Such a system requires a
dependable supply of compressed air
to make up any losses in air pressure
due to air leakage in the system. If
air pressure fails, the system
"goes wet, " and an alarm will be received.
In non-freezing weather the
system maybe allowed to remain wet
for a short period of time before it is
drained and the dry pipe system restored. A word of caution, however;
once the system has "gone wet" no
further alarm will be received from
a flow of water due to the operation of
the
i
i
SECTION
142
sprinkler head. During freezing

weather, of course, immediate action
must be taken to drain the system and
restore the valve to prevent freezing.
Large dry pipe systems are provided
with exhaust valves to vent the air in
the system quickly and thus speed up
the water discharge.
When settling of a building occurs,
the pitch of the piping must be carefully checked to see that all sections
of the system will drain back to the
valve and that no pockets are created
where water may remain and cause
the pipe to burst du r i ng freezing
weather. A dry-pipe system necessarily operates more slowly than a
wet pipe system. In the event that the
situation changes and a permanent
heating system is installed in th e
building, the sprinkler system should
be converted to a wet-pipe system.
Another practice that should be
guarded against is the "pumping up"
of the air pressure on the sprinkler
system to an excessively high point
to prevent the accidental tripping of
the dry pipe valve because of leakage
of air.
By filling this system with
many times the normal volume of air,
a situation is created where in any
emergency it may take several minutes for air to exhaust itself from the
system and finally permit the flow of
water from a sprinkler head. The
proper way to correct air leakage is
to inspect the piping, to locate and
eliminate the air leaks.
Modern warehousing may present
difficult new problems, such as the
high piling of stock now permitted by
means of mechanical handling equipment; the palletizing of material providing for horizontal and vertical
spaces through the pile; and the storage of such materials as rubber tires.
Most sprinkler heads now in use
project the water upward in a very
fine spray; the spray pattern from the
various sprinkler heads joins just below the ceiling to provide a barrier
against the transmission of heat to the
building proper. It is highly effective
as a heat absorber, which is after all
the primary purpose for using water
in fire extinguishment. These new
heads are by no means a cure-all,
particularly for an inherently unsata
isfactory situation; but they will definitely provide a higher degree of pro-
tection than has heretofore been possible in the type of occupancies dis-
cussed above.
Fire Hoses
Fire-hose lines fall into
two
classes: interior and exterior. Interior fire hoses are generally 1 Vz"
inside diameter with a y2 " open
nozzle. The water supply may come
from a take-off of the sprinkler system, from domestic or process water
pipes large enough to deliver a sufficient quantity of water at the required
pressure or in multi- story buildings,
from a standpipe system.
In multi -story buildings the standpipe system is provided because it
may be used by the fire department
as well. No fire hose could stand the
pressure necessary to overcome the

friction and gravity loss involved in
delivering a stream of water to a fire
at the top of a skyscraper. In addition, the time consumed for such an
operation would be intolerable. Such
systems generally get their primary
supply of water from roof tanks; or
in very high buildings from a series
of tanks provided at various floor levels throughout the building.
Outlets
for
of 2 l/z u diameter are provided

fire department use. Where the
head
pressure from an elevated tank ôuld
cause excessive pressure at the
valve, reducing valves are installed.
Easily broken sealing devices are
provided so that the fire department
with its trained personnel can quickly
obtain the full flow from the standpipe
Unlined linen hose, air
if desired.
pressure-tested at the factory, is
usually used. This hose should never
be wet except during an actual fire,
since without proper facilities for
drying, it will invariably mildew and
deteriorate.
Another common cause of rot in
such hose is drip from valves which
are not properly seated or are cracked
slightly
open because
of
tampering
Hose
set in wall cabinets is much less likely to have this

trouble than that exposed on open
racks. When the linen hose is first
used it leaks a little until its pores
with the valve.
swell and it becomes reasonably

For its purpose, howwater-tight.
ever, itis superior to cotton, rubberlined hose because of the smaller
143
space required for storage and the

small amount of maintenance required
as long as the hose is kept dry.
For outside use 2V2 -in. cotton,
rubber-lined hose is standard. Hose
should be double -jacketed to be able
Because of
to stand maximum wear.
the minimum amount of attention usually accorded hose in the average industrial plant, mildew-proof hose
should be purchased. Its higher initial cost will be more than offset by
the longer maintenance -free service
to be expected from it. Such hose is
provided either mounted on wheeled
carts which will carry about 500 feet
together
with nozzles, wrenches,

as a compact unit, or in wooden
structure s or hose house s built around
the fire hydrant to provide protection
for several hundred feet of the hose
attached to the hydrant and about 300
more feet in reserve in the hose
house. The hose house is also used
for the storage of other emergency
equipment. Building and equipping
individual hose houses has become
increasingly expensive.
etc.
When
the type of
hazard demands
heavy-duty outside fire protection,

and the organization of a thoroughly
trained brigade, serious consideration should be given to the provision
of fewer strategically located hose
reels and the elimination of hose
houses. For the cost of several hose
houses a light weight truck can be
purchased and readily adapted as a
hose and equipment carrier, thus
providing greater flexibility and ease
of maintenance at lower cost.
Foam
Another important type of fireextinguishing material is foam. Most
foam installations are small enough
to be portable and very effective on
fires covering a relatively small area.
There are a few installations, however, which have installed permanent
piping to bring foam to bear on relatively large areas of acute fire hazard. Foam is particularly important
in the case of liquids which are lighter
than water which would float on the
surface of the water and spread out,
carrying the fire to points beyond
which it originated. Chemically this
foam is often produced by bubbling
carbon dioxide or some other gas
through a liquid containing a foamproducing chemical. The hard resilient bubbles of foam thus formed coat
a burning surface with what is essentially the gas used to bubble through
the liquid in the first place, and if this
gas is carbon dioxide it effectively
smothers the fire by preventing access
of oxygen.
Other Agents
Still another technique for fire extinguishment is the use of carbon dioxide, dry chemical and halogenated
hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride or methyl bromide. Here a
portable extinguisher of carbon dioxide or dry chemical type is applicable
Large
to relatively small fires.
scale protection would require permanentally piped carbon dioxide systems so that enough gas can be
brought to bear on the burning mass
to
smother
use
of
it
effectively.
As
to the
halogenated hydrocarbons
it
must be remembered that when the

most commonly used members of this
group are heated to high temperatures
they decompose and evolve highly toxic
decomposition products. In the case
of carbon tetrachloride, one of the decomposition products is the well known
However in the
poison, phosgene.
case of a fire where the ventilation
is relatively good, it may be advisable to put up with the comparatively
small amount of phosgene formed in
order to put out the fire' quickly and
effectively. An
ideal example of
where not to use halogenated hydrocarbon types of fire extinguishers is
in public conveyances where many
people might be trapped, such as a
subway train without adequate ventilation. The use of halogenated hydrocarbon fire extinguishers should be
restricted to relatively small fires in

well ventilated areas.
Gas Fires
The extinguishment
may
of gas fires
be carried out with carbon diox-
dry chemical or in some cases

with water spray. But it must be
borne in mind that if the gas fire is
put out and the gas supply is not shut
off, the gas will continue to pour out,
ultimately filling a large room or
building with a flammable or even explosive mixture which upon ignition
ide,
SECTION
144
could cause more damage than the

original burning gas. The best method of handling gas fires is to stop the
flow of the gas. If this cannot be done
at once, it is often wise to simply
spray the surrounding area and surfaces with water to keep them cool and
thus prevent their ignition until the
supply of gas is exhausted or a valve
controlling the flow can be closed.
Burning Metals
Fires caused by burning metals are
very difficult to extinguish and cannot
be handled in the ordinary manner.
For instance, to spray water upon
burning metal might cause an explosion which would spatter flaming
particles of metal to great distances.
Usually the best way to attack burning
metal is with specially formulated
dry-type fire -extinguishing agents.
For instance, when one is planning

metal in a form in which
might readily become ignited, it
use a
wise
to
it
is
discuss the situation with the

manufacturer or supplier of this metto
and obtain from him explicit instructions upon the storage handling
al
fire extinguishment of the metal.

This is particularly applicable to the
use of sodium, potassium, lithium,
and
uranium, thorium and

magnesium. For instance, it has been
found that ordinary sand, even when
dry, is a very poor material for extinguishing metal fires; it may react
with the hot metal and add more heat
to an already intense fire. Often salt
(sodium chloride), sodium bicarbonzirconium,
ate, graphite,
magnesium carbonate,
magnesium oxide
or mixture s of all of
these materials have been found effective; in every case the supplier of this
material will know how it must be
handled. Water should never be applied to fires of metals.
INTANGIBLE LOSSES DUE TO FIRE

While ordinary fire insurance may
pay the dollar losses incurred in a
fire, and insurance coverage may also
be provided for the loss of profit
during the shutdown period, what protection
is
there
market and
unable to be
competitor ?
When
it
the
against the loss of

fact that
supplied
seems
customers
may
turn to a
that all the
normal
precautions have been taken and that
there is a generally good level of

protection throughout a plant, it is
necessary to consider the entire operation and determine if there are
bottlenecks where a relatively minor
loss could result in a severe one by a
consequent shutdown in production.
This may be within the organization
or elsewhere in the production chain.
Power supply, for instance, is an
extremely critical item. Inquiry
should be made of the local utility to
determine just how dependable it is.
Should the local utility have a serious
breakdown in its own facilities, arrangements should be made for possible connections to a utility grid in
order to continue an uninterrupted
flow of power.
Many areas experience periodic
shortages of natural gas, during
which industrial organizations must
conserve
may
its
use in order that more
available for home heating.

If such fuel is used, arrangements
should be made for the emergency
use of liquefied petroleum gas. Safety should be provided for in advance;
be
precautions are improvised at the

last minute, unnecessary risks may
be taken. As to utility arrangements,
if
transformers and other substation

equipment shouldbe adequately
guarded against damage or de struction
from
fire in the plant.
Another very important source of

serious loss results from destruction
The old iron safe in the
of records.
treasurer's office does not represent
adequate protection for the vital records it contains, should there be a
The Underwriters
destructive fire.
Laboratories and the Safe Manufacturers Association test and label
safes and cabinets for their fire resistance. Very often we find that
while some documents easily recognized as vital are well protected,
those considered to be just ordinary
"business records" are housed in
sheet metal filing cabinets which are
no more protection than wood in the
event of a severe fire. The loss of
Accounts Receivable records can be
disastrous; and other records, even
though not directly concerned with the
collection of payments and accounts,
may require reconstruction in the
event of loss. Also, an accurate
proof of loss is necessary for the
145
prompt and proper payment
of in-
surance claims. If the records supporting such a proof of loss have been
destroyed, it may be necessary to
resort to litigation or accept a lesser
figure because of lack of proof.
Engineering drawings of the plant
and its equipment may be almost
especially when they reunderground or otherwise con-
priceless,
late to
cealed installations.
Provision of fire-safe record cabinets is in itself not enough; precaution must be taken to close the files
and record containers in the event of
a fire. Normally, in case of fire employees would immediately evacuate
the area without any attention to this
important detail, which would render
the entire installed protection useless
during the working day. The production chain should further be carefully
surveyed for vital bottlenecks which
might be subjected to fire loss due to
the type of operation, or due to their
exposure to other fire -producing potentials.
The protection provided
should be thoroughly considered to
determine whether or not it is adequate under the circumstances.
If
adequate protection for one reason or
another is unduly costly, a study
should be undertaken to determine
where else the work could be carried
on if the operation were wiped out.
In some cases it may be cheaper to
assume the risk, because in the event
of a fire the work could be contracted
out to other organizations in the vicinity with similar facilities. Or it
may be found that such an arrangement would be impractical and that
the loss of, e.g., the spray painting
and detearing steps would completely
shut down production; continuity of
production might then best be protected by rearranging the area and
subdividing it with fire walls so that
only a portion of the facilities could
be destroyed at any time.
Having examined the production

bottlenecks in a plant and determined
the best way with which each one must
be dealt to prevent it from shutting
down production, it is necessary to
examine the situation with respect to
suppliers. It is quite a shock to receive word that the XYZ Corporation
has burned to the ground, and then
realize that it was the sole supplier
of an important subassembly of one's
production and that there is only a
single week's inventory on hand.
When subcontracts for any portion of
production are undertaken, it is necessary to consider the sub-contractor's plant in the same light as one's
own. There is no reason why this
matter cannot be brought out during
the contract negotiations; but even
prior to this time, a discreet survey
of the situation can be made in connection with the ordinary inspection of
his facilities,
If the situation looks
dangerous, the least precaution that
should be taken is to divide up the subcontract and allow a portion of it to
another contractor, thus spreading
the risk.
Or one might advance his
delivery schedule to provide himself
with a larger inventory.
Then there is the question of storage. Many industrial organizations
produce the year round at a relatively
steady rate to meet the requirements
of a seasonal market.
This requires
the utilization of storage space often
not available at one's own plant. And
in too many cases storage space is
leased with little or no inquiry into
the fire safety of the situation, with
the result that months of production
effort can go up in smoke and a market may be lost forever. Here again,
the basic principle of subdivision
should be employed to the fullest extent
may
practicable, even though this

involve some inconvenience and
expense
For Bibliography, see pages 169-170.
SECTION
STORAGE AND HANDLING OF

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
N Irving Sax
Consultant on Industrial Safety-
Nuclear Development Corporation

White Plains, N. Y.
Due
to the wide range of materials

to be stored in factories,
which have
laboratories and warehouses, good

storage practice has become very important and is steadily becoming more
Economically, it is probably not
so.
feasible to store each item of inventory in an environment which is ideally
safe. It is therefore necessary to
group items for storage in such a way
that the best use is made of available
space. To effect a compromise betweenperfect safety and the competitive demands of industrial economy,
a source of information is necessary.
The
description
of
each material
Section 10, for instance,

contains as much of this information
as was judged to be reliable and useful for the purposes of this book.
The disastrous effects of neglecting
the physical and chemical properties
of stored materials are fires, explosions, emission of toxic gases, vapors, dusts and radiation, and various combinations of these effects.
In o r de r to make it possible to
discuss most of the materials with
which we are concerned, we shall
listed
in
group the many thousands of individual items into categories as follows:

Materials which
(1) Explosives:
under certain conditions of temperature, shock or chemical action can
decompose rapidly to evolve either

large volumes of gas, or so much
heat that the surrounding air is forced
to expand very rapidly; in either case
an explosion results. These materials are particularly dangerous when
involved in shock or heat-producing
of
America
disaster conditions. Appendix 1 to

this section discusses in detail the
storage, handling and disposal of explosives.
Prac(2) Flammable Materials.
tically all combustion takes place be
tween oxygen and a fuel in its vapor or
some other finely divided state. Thus,
in order to start a solid burning it is
necessary to heat at least a portion of
it to a point where enough vapor is
evolved to catch fire. Since at a
given temperature liquids are generally at a higher vapor pressure than
solids, flammable liquids are usually
easier to ignite than flammable solids
Flammable gases are usually very
easy to ignite. Flammable dusts are
about as easy to ignite as vapors or
gases.
A further, quantitative, difference
exists between propagation rates of
solid, liquid and gas fires.
Fires of
solids propagate slowly; fires of liquids propagate relatively rapidly; and
gas, vapor or dust fires propagate so
rapidly they often seem to explode.
Section 10 contains several thousand materials of varying degrees of
flammability listed in alphabetical
order. In each case where sufficiently
reliable data are available the degree
of fire
hazard
of the
material
is indi-
cated.
Materials which ignite easily under
Jior-
?nal industrial conditions are considered to
be dangerous
fire
hazards.
For
<
instance
pyrophoric substances such as finely

divided metals, hydrides of boron^
and phosphorus; liquids with flash
points of 80 F or lower; and flam-
SECTION
148
mable gases. Such materials must be

stored in places that are cool enough
start fires and explosions. This is a

strong argument in favor of separate
prevent accidental ignition in the

event that vapors of the fuel mix with
It is
important to provide
the air.
adequate ventilation in the storage
space, so that normal leakage of such
vapors from containers will be diluted enough to prevent a spark from
igniting them. A further precaution
is to locate the storage area well
away from areas of fire hazard, such
as where torch cutting of metals is
performed, etc. Highly flammable,
materials must .be kept apart from
powerful oxidizing agents, materials
which are susceptible to spontaneous
heating, explosives or materials
which react with air or moisture to
evolve heat.
storage over mixed storage. The

following classes of compounds are
noted for their ability to supply oxygen: peroxides, organic and inorganic; oxides; permanganates; perrhenates; chlorates; perchlorates; persulfates; nitrites, organic and inorganic;
nitrates, organic and inorganic; iodates; periodates; bromates; perselenates; perbromates; chromates;
dichromates; ozone; perborates.
In Section 10 each compound which
is an oxidizing agent is rated as to
whether it is merely an oxidizer or a
powerful oxidizer. It is important to
know this when planning storage of
materials, because powerful oxidizers can react with oxidizable materials more rapidly than weak ones.
In general, it is unsafe to store
powerful oxidizers close to liquids of
low flash point. In fact, even slightly
flammable materials should be isolated from oxidizers. For instance,
ordinary glycerol and potassium per-
to
Ample fire fighting equipment,

either automatic or manual, must be
readily available for emergency use.
The storage area must be posted to
prevent smoking or striking of
matches. Bare filament heaters or
other sources of ignition must be kept
away. The area must be electrically
grounded and periodically inspected
or equipped with automatic smoke or
fire detection equipment (see Section
6).
All combustible materials are

dangerous in a fire and/or explosion,
both because heat will cause them to
catch fire and add to the smoke and
fume hazard, and because small explosions have been known to scatter
clouds of flammable dusts which in
turn have caused still greater explosions than the original one which gave
rise to them.
See Appendix 3 to this
section
(p.
166).
Oxidizing Agents. Oxidi zing

agents are sources of oxygen, one of
the necessary components of a fire.
Normal air with its 20% content of
oxygen is the primary source. However, many other materials are so
constituted chemically that they can
supply oxygen to a reaction, even in
the absence of air. Some of these
oxygen suppliers require heat before
they will yield oxygen; others evolve
(3)
significant amounts
of it at
room
temperature. When containers of

oxidizing materials are damaged, for
example, ina disaster, their contents
can mix with the contents of other
damaged containers and possibly
manganate, when simply blended at

room temperature for a few minutes,
react violently to produce a hot fire.
As a general rule, it is wise to

keep all flammables away from an
area where oxidizing agents are
stored. This storage area should be
kept cool and ventilated, and should
be
fireproof.
equipment
is
Normal
fire
fighting
less useful here, since
the blanketing or smothering effect of

fire extinguishers is less effective be cause the oxidizers supply their own
oxygen. With these materials it is

best to keep fuel away.
(4) Water- Sensitive Fire and Explosion Hazards. These are materials
which react with water, steam or water solutions to evolve heat, flammable gases or explosive gases. Examples of such materials are: lithium; sodium; potassium; calcium;
rubidium, cesium; alloys and amalgams of above; hydrides; nitrides;
sulfides; carbides; borides; silicides;
tellurides; selenides; arsenides;
phosphides; acid anhydrides; concentrated acids or alkalies.
Of the above list, the first eight
are materials which react more or
less exothermally with moisture and
evolve hydrogen gas (See Section 10,
Hydrogen); the next nine (nitrides
STORAGE AND HANDLING
149
through
phosphides) react more or

less rapidly with moisture to evolve
volatile, flammable, sometimes

spontaneously flammable and/or explosive hydrides. Acid anhydrides
and concentrated acids or alkalies react with moisture to evolve heat.
Such materials must be stored in well
ventilated, cool, dry areas. Because
of these materials are also
flammable ,itis essential that NO
automatic sprinkler system be used
in a storage area which houses them;
in fact such an area should have no
many
water coming into
Heating
dry
air. The building must be waterproof, located on high ground, and
separated from other storage. This
building should conform to that required for storage of hydrogen.
Particular attention must be paid
to the following: pocketing of light
gases under the roof; introduction of
sources of ignition; periodic inspection; automatic detection and alarm
due to dangerous concentrations of
flammable gases.
Since many disasters cause wetting
of extensive areas either by flooding
(if that is the nature of the disaster)
or by breaking of water pipes, sprinkler systems or possibly by damaging the warehouse so that rain can
get in, it is important that the items
listed above receive .special storage
consideration for protection against
disasters. See Appendix 3 to this
may
it
at all.
be electrical or
with
section
(p.
hot,
166).
Fire and Explosion Hazards of

Acid- and Acid Fume- Sensitive Materials. These are materials which
react with acid and acid fumes to
evolve heat, hydrogen, and flammable and/or explosive gases. Examples are: lithium through phosphides in the foregoing list; concentrated alkalies; metals (including
structural alloys); arsenic, selenium,
tellurium and cyanides. Therefore it
follows that acids should not be stored
inclose proximity to these materials.
If, however, such storage is contemplated the following precautions are
(5)
called
area must
be kept
cool; it must be ventilated and periodically inspected; sources of ignition must be kept away; construction
as for hydrogen storage is required.
for
the
In fact, keeping in mind that acid

and/or acid fumes can attack structural alloys and evolve hydrogen,
acid storage might well be in ventilated wooden sheds. Or if metal is
used in construction, it should be
painted or otherwise rendered immune
to attack by acid. If hydrogen may be
evolved,
the building should be so

constructed that possible hydrogen
pockets are eliminated.
Disaster conditions of high temperatures, much vibration and/or
flooding can bring acids or acid fumes
into contact with lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and rubidium; unless a good deal of thought has gone
into the problem of storing such mate rials far enough apart to avoid this,
fires and explosions may result. See
Appendix
3 to this section (p. 166).
Compressed Gases. Tanks of

compressed gases should be stored
(6)
chained or otherwise
securely attached to some substantial
support to minimize the chance of
falling over and breaking, straining
the valve or other part of the tank.
The tank storage area should be kept
cool, out of the direct rays of the sun,
upright, and
away from hot pipes,

area
in a ventilated
where
care has been takenin

construction so that pocketing of gases
which may escape from their containers will be kept to a minimum.
The building which houses the
tanks should be fire -proof. It should
provide some means (such as a
sprinkler system) of keeping the tanks
cool in case of external or internal
fire.
The reason for concern about
overheating is that this will raise the
pressure of the gas in the tank to the
point where the safety disc or a valve
might rupture, thus releasing a significant
volume
of say,
hydrogen or
acetylene, which might

fire
then catch
and possibly explode.
While it is true that today the handling of compressed gas tanks is relatively safe due in great part to engineering improvements and standardization of components, certain
precautions are still advisable.
Aside from upright, cool storage,
care must be taken to keep from damaging tanks in handling; valves must
be operated carefully and kept in good
condition. Avoid drastic changes in
i
<
SECTION
150
temperature; do not hammer valve

cocks; keep valve cover on whenever
possible; do not interchange reduction
gauges from one gas to another without checking for compatibility; discourage tampering with tanks in anyway; put tank storage in charge of
personnel competent to handle it. For
further information on compressed
gas tank storage consult the Compressed Gas Association of New York
City, your gas supplier or your local
fire department.
Disaster conditions including high
ambient temperatures due to nearby
fires, shock and vibration due to
nearby explosions, etc. are particularly trying for compressed gas
storage. Great care should be exercised in the storage of large quantities of compressedgases, particularly in areas of high population density.
See Appendix 3 to this section (p. 166).
(7) Toxic Hazards are materials
which under either normal conditions
or disaster conditions or both can be
dangerous to living things around
them. Thus carbon tetrachloride, for
example, if stored in a poorly ventilated place under standard conditions
can evolve enough vapor to render the
storage area toxic.
Under disaster
conditions of high temperature if
carbon tetrachloride is decomposed it
can form significant quantities of the
highly toxic phosgene.
Since it is nearly impossible to
seal containers perfectly, it is always
to be expected that some of whatever
volatile materials are stored will escape into the atmosphere of the storage area. Likewise, air, atmospheric moisture, and carbon dioxide
,
come into contact with the contents of imperfectly sealed containers. Some initially well sealed containers will build up enough internal
pressure to break a seal or even
burst the sealed unit.
Materials which are toxic because
of their radioactivity are also included in this category. Such materials are dangerous if allowed to bewill
come air-borne contaminants, or to

be ingested or inhaled into the body.
Thus under normal storage conditions, small amounts of radioactive
materials may escape their containers and contaminate the atmosphere;
under disaster conditions suchas
high temperatures, severe shocks,

floods either singly or in combination, they can burst containers and
volatilize by heat or scatter by the
force of an explosion or spread about
by means of flood waters much larger quantities of radioactive materials.
Furthermore, it must be b o r n e in
mind that sources of radiation enclosed in lead shielding can become
dangerous in a disaster because disaster conditions can melt the shield
or volatilize a radioactive material.
See also Section 5, Section 8, and Appendix 3 to this section (p. 166).
In general, materials which are
toxic as stored or which can decompose into toxic components due to contact with heat, moisture, acids or
acid fumes, should be stored in a
cool, well-ventilated place, out of the
direct rays of the sun, away from
areas of high fire hazard, and be periodically inspected and monitored.
Incompatible materials should be isolated from each other.
Corro(8) Corrosive Materials.
sive materials include acids, acid an-
hydrides and alkalies. Such mate rials

often destroy their containers and get
into the atmosphere of a storage area;
some are volatile, others react violently with moisture. Acid fumes re-
evolve toxic fumes with sulfides, sulfites, cyanides, arsenides,

tellurides, phosphides, borides, sili-
act to
cides, carbides, fluorides, selenides;

they liberate hydrogen upon contact
with metals and hydrides. Alkalies
may liberate hydrogen upon contact
with aluminum, etc. Acid mists or
fumes corrode structural materials
and equipment and are toxic to personnel. Such materials should be
kept cool, but well above their freezing points. Acetic acid, for instance,
can freeze in an unheated room, and
crack a glass container. There should
be sufficient ventilation to prevent
accumulation of fumes, and regular
inspection. Containers of corrosive
materials should be carefully handled, kept closed and labelled. All
exposed metal in the vicinity of such

storage should be painted and checked
for weakening by corrosion. Corrosive
materials
should be isolated
from materials noted above (cyanides, sulfides, etc.), reaction with

which can produce highly toxic fumes.
151
It should be added that strong
acids and alkalies will cause serious
burns and eye damage to personnel,
and hence adequate protection in the
form of gloves, aprons, goggles, etc.
should be worn when handling them
See
into and out of storage areas.
Section 3.
Some examples of materials which

warrant special care in storage are:
alkali metals; calcium; acid anhydrides; concentrated acids; concentrated alkalies; arsenic; arsenic compounds; beryllium; beryllium compounds; borides; phosphides; phosphorus; silicides; cyanides; nitrides;
ni t r a te s; nitrites; sulfur; sulfides;
tellurium; tellurium compounds; selenium; selenium compounds; carbides; halogenated hydrocarbons;
mercury; mercury compounds; lead;

lead compounds; cadmium; cadmium
compounds; etc.
Storage of significant quantities of
any of the above materials should be
brought to the attention of the safety
director of the plant owning the material, the local fire department and the
local Civil Defense headquarters.
The term "significant quantity" is
a difficult one to define. In an unventilated room even one pound is signif-
proximating a disaster might occur

to an industrial installation.
A disaster can occur to a plant
from without due to a flood, fire,

bombing or earthquake, or from withdue to fire or explosion.
in,
Whatever the cause, the effects

are much the same and the information in Appendix 3 will be found to apply.
Handling of Toxic and Corrosive

Materials
When loading, transporting or unloading such materials, HANDLE
CONTAINERS CAREFULLY!
caustic burns.
IF
1.
product listed
is not the one
formed in the greatest abundance. An

effort has
been made
to list at least
one product of toxicological significance.

Appendix 3 to this section discusses in some detail the problem of
planning in advance for the time when
a combination of circumstances ap-
What
is
label.
2.
3.
leaking?
(See
drum
Where is the leaky container

now located?
Where can you be reached for
instructions?
number
(pive phone
or address for tele-
gram.
Has anything or anybody been
contaminated by the spilled
)
4.
hazard
the
DIS-
mation:
director and a fire department. Ton

and over are of concern to Civil
Defense authorities, as well as fire
departments and safety directors. In
Section 10 of this book, the disaster
which might release them. Naturally,

the decomposition of complex materials yields a number of products and
it is beyond the scope of this book
to list them all. However, when at
least one toxic material is known to
be formed, that one is listed. Often
IS
put on protective clothing

(see below). After thoroughly airing
out the space, enter and turn the
leaking container onits side or end to
stop the leak. Block or rope off the
contaminated area and post with
DANGER signs. Then report the leak
immediately to your safety department or to the supplier. Wire or
phone and report the following infor-
lots
most
A LEAKY CONTAINER
COVERED,
icant, while in well ventilated storage areas 100 to 1000 pounds may be
significant, particularly to a safety
potential of many materials

listed there is given. Often indicated
are the
toxic products of the
materials and the disaster conditions
Dam-
aged drums may leak, and leaking

fluid in an enclosed space may cause
dangerous concentrations of vapors or
material?
(If
any persons are
contaminated,
call a local
doctor.
Finally, be sure that the affected
area will be properly guarded in your
absence by a responsible person until necessary instructions are received.
Before you open a container or
handle a toxic or corrosive material
COMPLET
E
any way, PTTT QfrJ
CLOTHIJSlO: Because
your eyes could be harmed, you should
in
PROTECTIVE
wear goggles
(or a plastic face shield).
Since you could be poisoned by breathing vapors or getting the poison into
your mouth, you should wear an effective respirator.
Since
many
can be absorbed through the
poisons
you
skin,
<
SECTION
152
should wear a clean cap, clean rubber gloves (rubber can absorb dangerous amounts of poison after prolonged use), rubber boots and coveralls which enclose your neck.
Drum Handling: HANDLE DRUMS
CAREFULLY! Don't cause leaks.
Store and use drums in a cool, well
ventilated area. Do not store drums
near steam pipes, boilers or other
sources of. heat.
TO Open Drums: Set the drum under a ventilated hood with the bung
end up. Unscrew the bung slowly to
gradually release any internal pressure. Then fit a valve in place of the
top bung. Be sure it is tight. Now
tip the drum on its side with the side
bung up and fit another valve in place.
Be sure that both connections are leak
proof. Support the drum in its cradle
with one valve uppermost.
TO Empty Drum: Connect the upper valve to an open air vent pipe.
Connect the other valve to a closed
system storage or processing unit.
Watch for leaky connections and correct immediately if found. IF LIQUID SPILLS, absorb spillage with dry
clay or sawdust. Bury or burn these
sweepings. (Avoid the smoke. It
may carry poisonous vapors. Scrub
the spill area with soda ash and soap.
Flush this thoroughly and repeat the
operation as often as necessary to
destroy or remove as much of the
poison as possible. Don't track spilled
)
poisons around.
To Discard Empty Drums
Safely:
NEVERUSE CONTAMINATED
DRUMS FOR ANYTHING ELSE no
matter how
clean they seem to be.

Empty drums must be decontaminated
and disposed of as follows: (1)
Thoroughly scrub out the open drum
with hot water and soda ash or 5%

caustic solution. (2) Flush and wash
again until as much as possible of the
poison has been removed. (3) To be
sure drums are not re -used, perforate sides, top and bottom before discarding. (4) For greater safety burn
out the perforated drum (avoid the
smoke) before finally dumping it in a
safe area. Rain water may rinse
traces of poison out of a drum onto
soil or into drainage streams where
the poison could eventually reach animals, fish or even humans. Take no
chances of this in drum disposal.
Perform all operations carefully and

with thoroughness.
Appendix
EXPLOSIVES
Explosives are shock- sensitive to
varying degrees. (See Explosives,
High in S e c ti on 10 for exact data.
Explosives manufacturers as well as
other organizations have issued numerous recommendations as to safe
)
and effective storage. The Institute

of Makers of Explosives* has published a pamphlet, "Standard Storage
Magazines Recommended by the Institute of Makers of Explosives" and
has also issued the "American Table
of Distances, Specifying Distances to
be Maintained between Magazines for
Explosives and Inhabited Buildings,
Public Railways, and Public Highways. " In addition, the Institute has
issued a pamphlet entitled "Suggested
State Law Compiled by Institute of
Makers of Explosives," which has
been the foundation of the law of at
least some states with respect to explosives.
Those in close contact with explosives are of the opinion that conditions
of storage largely determine not only
the safety but also the efficiency that
may be expected when explosives are
used. Extremes of heat or cold, of
air dryness, or of moisture in storage, the roughness or carefulness
with which handled, the length of time
stored, the length of time out of their
original container before used these
and many other considerations have a
vital influence on the behavior of a
commercial explosive. The manufacturers issue pamphlets in connection with their products, and many
excellent suggestions are made with
respect to the safe and efficient transportation and storage as well as use
of explosives; a particularly informative pamphlet entitled "Safety in
the Handling and Use of Explosives"
was issued by the Institute of Makers
of Explosives under the auspices of
representative explosives manufacturing organizations of the United

State s
The Bureau of Mines of the U. S.
Department of Interior has issued
*250East 43rdStreet, New York, N.Y,
153
much
information about the testing,
transportation, storage and use of

explosives in the mining and allied
industries, but more especially with
respect to coal mining. The infor-
mation has been published in numerous pamphlets (Bulletins, Technical

Papers, Reports of Investigations,
and Information Circulars), many of
which
are now out of print. Other

publications on explosives can be obtained from the Superintendent of
Documents, Washington, D. C. Reports of Investigations can be obtained
from the Bureau of Mines, United
;
States Department of Interior, Washington, D. C. Safety in the use of explosives is treated in publications of
the National Safety Council, the
American Standards Association, as
well as in various other technical
journals.
Location and Construction of Magazines
Magazines should be situated far

enough away from other buildings or
vital structures so that in case of an
explosion in the magazine the least
possible damage will be done to
buildings or persons in the surrounding area. Some states and
cities have laws or regulations that
specify this distance. Where such
laws do not exist, it is recommended
that, insofar as feasible, the magazine location comply with the American Table of Distances (Table 1).
The mandatory regulations as to
the location of surface magazines under the Federal Explosives Act state
(as of June 1, 1944):
All storage
Section 24 (c) (4).
magazines must be properly constructed, safely located, and securely locked.
Section 25 (b) (2). Location of
Box-type Magazines. Box-type
magazines, when located outside a
building, shall be securely anchored. No magazine shall be
placed in a building containing oil,
grease, gasoline, waste paper, or
other highly flammable materials
nor shall a magazine be placed
less than 20 feet from a stove or
furnace or open fire or flame, or
less than 5 feet from other sources
of external heat.
In the administration of the FederExplosives Act, it is also recommended that surface magazines be detached
other buildings in conformity with the American Table of
Distances and that they not be nearer
than 200 feet from any power plant,
hoist-house, mill, dam, or other vishaft,
tal structure or to any
tunnel, or slope -opening at the surface. In other words, the magazine
should be at least 200 feet from any
structure or opening, and the
al
from
mine
mine
explosives and detonator magazines

should be at least 100 feet apart if
not barricaded, or 50 feet if barricaded. Barricading is defined in
Table 1.
The magazine site should be selected with the thought of safety and
protection as well as economy of operation. The topography of the ground
should be carefully considered to take
full advantage of protection offered

by hills, rock-ledges, soil-banks,
dense woods or forests, etc. A site
on sandy soil is preferable to one on
rocky ground, though rock-ledges
can afford considerable protection.
Wooded regions are highly desirable,
but precautions must be taken against
brush or other fires.
The site should have a good drainage to prevent dampness or moisture
from penetrating the magazine. Dugouts and tunnels in the sides of hills
offer good protection for the storage
of e xp 1 o s i ve s, but are not recommended unless they can be well-ventilated and well-drained.
In brief, the magazine should be
located so that in the event of an explosion there would not be serious
damage
to life
and property.
It
should also be located so as to prevent damage to or deterioration of

explosives because of dampness or
unduly high or low temperatures; although the magazine should be so isolated by natural or other barriers as
to minimize loss of life or property
in the event of an explosion, it should
not be so far away that its contents
could be stolen by mischievous persons.
An artificial barricade should consist of a constructed mound of earth
or sand -fill with a minimum width of
three feet at the top. One or more of
i
i
SECTION
154
TABLE
AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES FOR STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES

As Revised and Approved by The
Institute of
Makers
of Explosives
September 30, 1955

Distances in Feet When Storage
Explosives
Pounds
Over
Pounds
Not Over
Inhabited
Buildings
70
10
10
20
30
40
90
110
125
140
20
30
40
Passenger
Railways
Is
Public
Highways
Barricaded
Separation
of
Magazines
30
35
45
50
55
30
35
45
50
55
60
70
75
80
85
14
15
16
18
6
8
10
11
12
50
75
100
125
150
150
170
190
200
215
60
70
75
80
85
200
250
300
400
200
250
300
400
500
235
255
270
295
320
95
105
110
120
130
95
105
110
120
130
21
23
24
27
29
500
600
700
800
900
600
700
800
900
1,000
340
355
375
390
400
135
145
150
155
160
135
145
150
155
160
31
32
33
35
36
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
425
450
470
490
505
170
180
190
195
39
41
43
205
165
170
175
180
185
2,000
2,500
3,000
4,000
5,000
2,500
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
545
580
635
685
730
220
235
255
275
295
210
225
235
49
52
58
61
65
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
12,000
770
800
835
865
875
310
320
335
345
370
245
250
255
260
270
68
72
75
78
82
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
25,000
885
900
940
975
1,055
390
405
420
435
470
275
280
285
290
315
87
90
94
98
105
50
75
100
125
150
190
195
19
44
45
155
TABLE
(continued)
AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES FOR STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES

As Revised and Approved by The
Institute of
Makers
of Explosives
September 30, 1955

Explosives
Pounds
Distances in Feet
When Storage
Passenger
Railways
Is
Barricaded
Pounds
Over
Not Over
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
1,130
1,205
1,275
1,340
1,400
500
525
550
570
590
340
360
380
400
420
112
119
124
129
135
50,000
53,000
60,000
65,000
70,000
55,000
60,000
65,000
70,000
75,000
1,460
1,515
1,565
1,610
1,655
610
630
645
660
675
440
455
470
485
500
140
145
150
155
160
75,000
80,000
85,000
90,000
95,000
80,000
85,000
90,000
95,000
100,000
1,695
1,730
1,760
1,790
1,815
690
705
720
730
745
510
520
530
540
545
165
170
175
180
185
100,000
110,000
120,000
130,000
140,000
110,000
120,000
130,000
140,000
150,000
1,835
1,855
1,875
1,890
1,900
770
790
810
835
850
550
555
560
565
570
205
215
225
235
150,000
160,000
170,000
180,000
190,000
160,000
170,000
180,000
190,000
200,000
1,935
1,965
1,990
2,010
2,030
870
890
905
920
935
580
590
600
605
610
245
255
265
275
285
200,000
210,000
230,000
250,000
275,000
210,000
230,000
250,000
275,000
300,000
2,055
955
980
1,010
1,040
1,075
620
635
650
670
690
295
315
335
360
385
Inhabited
Buildings
2, 100
2,155
2,215
2,275
Notes for Table
Public
Highways
Separation
of
Magazines
195
"Explosives" means any chemical compound, mixture, or device,

of which is to function by explosion, i.e.
with substantially instantaneous release of gas and heat, unless such compound, mixture, or device is otherwise specifically classified by the InterNote
the
1.
primary or common purpose
state
Commerce Commission.
2.
"Magazine" means any building or structure, other than an explosives manufacturing building, used for the permanent storage of explosives.
Note
(Continued)
SECTION
156
Notes for Table
(continued)
"Natural Barricade" means natural features of the ground, such as

or timber of sufficient density that the surrounding exposures which
require protection cannot be seen from the magazine when the trees are bare
of leaves.
Note
3.
hills,
Note 4. "Artificial Barricade" means an artificial

earth of a minimum thickness of three feet.
mound
or revetted wall of
"Barricaded" means that a building containing explosives is effecfrom a magazine, building, railway, or highway, either by a
natural barricade, or by an artificial barricade of such height that a straight
line from the top of any sidewall of the building containing explosives to the
eave line of any magazine, or building, or to a point twelve feet above the
center of a railway or highway, will pass through such intervening natural or
Note
5.
tually screened
artificial barricade.
Note 6. When a building containing explosives

tances shown in the Table should be doubled.
is not
barricaded, the dis-
Note 7. "Inhabited Building" means a building regularly occupied in whole or

in part as a habitation for human beings, or any church, schoolhouse, railroad station, store, or other structure where people are accustomed to assemble, except any building or structure occupied in connection with the
manufacture, transportation, storage, or use of explosives.
Note 8. "Railway" means any steam, electric, or other railroad or railway
which carries passengers for hire.
Note
9.
"Highway" means any public street or public road.
Note 10. When two or more storage magazines are located on the same
property, each magazine must comply with the minimum distances specified
from inhabited buildings, railways, and highways, and in addition, they
should be separated from each other by not less than the distances shown for
"Separation of Magazines, " except that the quantity of explosives contained
in cap magazines shall govern in regard to the spacing of said cap magazines
from magazines containing other explosives. If any two or more magazines
are separated from each other by less than the specified "Separation of
Magazines" distances, then such two or more magazines, as a group, must
be considered as one magazine, and the total quantity of explosives stored in
such group must be treated as if stored in a single magazine located on the
site of any magazine of the group, and must comply with the minimum of
distances specified from other magazines, inhabited buildings, railways,
and highways.
Note 11. The Institute of Makers of Explosives does not approve the permanent storage of more than 300,000 pounds of commercial explosives in one
magazine or in a group of magazines which is considered as one magazine.
This Table applies only to the manufacture and permanent storage
commercial explosives. It is not applicable to transportation of explosives, or any handling or temporary storage necessary or incident thereto.
It is not intended to apply to bombs, projectiles, or other heavily encased
Note 12.
of
explosives.
13. All types of blasting caps in strengths through No. 8 cap should be
rated at 1 l/2 pounds of explosives per 1, 000 caps. For strengths higher than
No. 8 cap, consult the manufacturer.
Note
157
should be supported by a
concrete, timber or masonry wall.
Barricades. The location and construction of magazines and the use of
barricades to minimize destruction of
life and property should the contents
of the magazine be detonated are
closely related. Magazines should be
protected by barricades, either natural or artificial, regardless of their
distance from other buildings. The
distances given in Table 1 should be
used in choosing a site and should be
doubled where the magazine is not
screened or protected by natural or
artificial barriers or barricades. An
efficient barricade will limit or control the forces of an accidental explosion by diverting them upward and
by shortening the trajectories of flying fragments. In some cases, it is
not practical or even possible to sepa g a z i n e s the required disarate
tances; but the danger can be greatly
minimized by building efficient barricades.
The choice of a barrier will be
governed largely by the material that
is readily available or the ease with
the sides
which
it is
procured.
simple bar-
ricade can be erected by scraping or

hauling dirt and piling it close to the
magazine. A concrete or timbered
wall can be erected at least 4 feet
from
the
magazine, and the dirt
may
be piled against the wall; the width at

the top of the pile or bank should not
be less than 3 feet. An excavation
made in the side of a hill for a magazine, with the excavated dirt built up
in front, makes an efficient barrier.
When the structures to be protected
are on the same plane as the magazine, all sides should be barricaded
essentially to or above the height of
the magazine.
Foundations,
so
Magazines should be
constructed as to prevent the

explosives from absorbing
stored
dampness and
allow free circulaif it is a

surface structure. Foundations
should preferably be of brick, stone,
concrete, hollow-tile or concrete
blocks filled with concrete, or a combination of these. The height of the
foundation above the ground at any
point should be at least 1 foot. Founto
tion of air beneath the floor
dations of magazines used for temporary storage may be wood posts,
but the space between the ground and

the floor should be enclosed and the
enclosure covered with galvanized or
sheet iron. In fact, the space under
the floor of building -type magazines
of any kind should be enclosed to prevent entrance of persons, animals
sparks, or firebrands. Screened
vents should be left in the foundation
walls for ventilation.
Ventilation.
To be
properly
stored, explosives should be kept in

a magazine which is dry and of uniform temperature; adequate ventilation is probably the best means of
attaining such a condition. By means
of vents in the foundation, walls and
roof, air can be made to circulate
freely in the magazine.
More consideration would be given

magazine ventilation if it were realized that the two primary causes for
to
deterioration of explosives are

moisture and excessive fluctuation in
temperature. Unless air circulates
freely in the magazine the atmosphere may become excessively hot,
cold, or humid. Long exposure to
such atmospheric conditions has essentially the same effect upon some
explosives as dampness, with the result that the re maybe misfires or incomplete detonation or burning. With
the
some types
of explosives
unfavorable
may cause the

separate from the
atmospheric conditions
nitroglycerin to
other ingredients causing nitroglycerin "leaks" which make the explosives more sensitive to shock or frictional impact.
The
Materials of Construction.
field representatives of the Bureau of
Mines
engaged in administering the

Federal Explosives Act find magazines of various types and construc-
tion.
Many of them
built of concrete,
are substantially
stone, or hard-
burnt brick; more frequently, however, magazines are built flimsily,

as for instance, a light framework of
wood covered with corrugated iron,
with little or no attempt to make them
bulletproof, theftproof, fireproof, or
resistant to heat, cold or moisture.
Stone, concrete, or hard-brick
magazines generally are thought to be
undesirable because of the possibility
of flying fragments in case of an exate r ial used in the
plosion. The
construction of a magazine should
SECTION
158
disintegrate and shatter easily if an

explosion were to occur within the
magazine, yet construction should be
substantial enough to prevent theft.
The mandatory regulations relating to construction of surface explosives storage -magazines are given
in the Federal Explosives Act.
In addition, those in charge of the
Precautions Against Fires

In order to prevent fires the following precautions should be taken:
(1) The magazine should be kept
clean.
(2)
administration of the Act offer the

following recommendations:
Recommendations as
Magazines
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
zine.
to Surface
(3)
Surface magazines should be

well ventilated.
Natural light or light by portable electric storage lamps or
by protected electrical systems, or flood lights from the
outside of the magazine should
be provided.
Floors should be made of wood
or other nonsparking material
and have no metal exposed.
Magazines should be grounded
if constructed of steel or covered with sheet iron.
Precautions Against Theft
Explosives must be protected

against theft by storing them in magazines constructed and locked as required by regulations. Additional
protection may be secured in appropriate cases by using:
(1) Mortise locks wherever practicable. When padlocks are
used they should be protected
by steel hoods or shields
placed around the locks to prevent tampering. The hood or
shield may be made from pipe
or of steel large enough in diameter to enclose and protect
the lock and hasp and at least
4 inches in length, securely
fastened to the door by welding
or by lugs that are riveted or
bolted or fastened by some
other secure method.
(2)
Fences
(3)
Floodlights
(4)
(5)
Gas bombs
Alarm systems, such as
(6)
"electric eye," etc.

Additional guards or inspection
by watchmen.
Wastepaper, sawdust, used

boxes and containers,
and other combustible material should not be left to accumulate in or around any maga-
empty
the
All surrounding
area
for 25
feet, and preferably 50 feet in

all directions should be kept
free of rubbish, dry grass, or
other material of a combustible nature and where feasible
should be covered
with a material to prevent the
growth of grass, weeds, and
brush.
Smoking, open lights, or other
flame, or carrying of matches
and smoker's articles into or
around any magazine should be
prohibited.
Black powder and high explosives should be stored in separate magazines.
the area
(4)
(5)
General Rules
The following rules, although not

directly applicable to magazine construction, do apply to the safe operation of explosives and detonator
magazines.
No detonators,
tools, or other
materials should be stored in a magazine containing explosives.

No high or low e xplosives or
blasting device heaters should be
stored in a detonator magazine.
Lighting in the magazine should be
natural or by permissible lights; if a
magazine is electrically lighted, the
lamps should be of the vapor -proof
type, the switch should be outside the
building, and the wiring should be in
conduit.
Only tools made of wood or other
nonmetallic material should be used
in opening cases of explosives.
Explosives should be so stored
that the oldest stock is used first.
Cases of explosives should be
stored top -side up; in other words,
so that cartridge s are lying flat.
159
However,
they should be turned at

regular intervals as this will help to
prevent their deterioration.
Preferably, cases of explosives
should not be piled in stacks more
than 6 feet high.
Cases containing explosives should
always be lifted and set down carefully; never slide one over on another
or drop from one level to another or
otherwise mishandle them.
Only authorized persons should be
allowed in the magazine. One person
should be made responsible for the
operation and beheld responsible and
accountable for the contents of the
SAFETY WITH EXPLOSIVES

Safe use of explosives is the result
of planning and doing the thing right.
The user must remember that he is

dealing with a powerful force, and
that various devices and methods have
been prepared to enable him to direct
He should realize
2.
DON'T
store
explosives
any-
where except in a magazine which is

clean, dry, we 11 -ventilated, properly
located,
substantially constructed,
and securely locked.

3
DON 'T allow persons under
eighteen years of age to handle or use

explosives, or to be present where
explosives are being handled or used.
4.
DON'T leave
explosives lying
around where children can get them.

5.
DON'T allow leaves, grass,
brush, or debris to accumulate within 25 feet of an explosives magazine.
magazine.
this force.
this force, if
with organizational, local, state, and

federal regulations.
that
misdirected, may seriously and permanently injure him and

his fellow-workers.
The following list of "Don'ts" has
been prepared after many years of
experience, and furnishes a comprehensive guide to safe practice s.
Nothing in this book is to be construed as superseding federal, state,
corporation, or municipal laws ordinances, or regulations.
DON'T smoke or have matches,

open lights, or other fire or flame,
6.
while handling or
loading explosives.
7.
DON'T shoot into explosives
with any firearm, or allow shooting
in the vicinity of an explosives maga-
zine.
8.
DON'T store any metallic tools
or implements in an explosives magazine.
9.
DON'T drop, throw,
packages
roughly
DON TS
near an explosives magazine, or
in or
have them nearby
10.
or
slide
them
of explosives or handle
in any manner.
DON'T open kegs
or cases of
explosives in a magazine.
Adopted by The
Institute of
of Explosives,
May
8,
Makers
1951
For the purposes of this list of

DON'TS, the terms contained therein
shall be as follows:
The term "explosives" shall signify any or all of the following: dynamite, black blasting powder, pellet
powder, blasting caps, and electric
blasting caps.
The term "electric blasting cap"
signify any or all of the following: instantaneous electric blasting caps, delay electric blasting caps,
and delay electric igniters with
blasting caps attached.
shall
DON'T purchase, possess,

transport, handle, or use
1.
sives except in strict
store,
explo-
accordance
11. DON'T open kegs or wooden

cases of explosives with metallic
tools. Use a wooden wedge and wooden, rubber, or fiber mallet. Metallic slitters may be used for opening
fiberboard cases, provided that the
metallic slitter does not come in contact with the metallic fasteners of the
case.
12. DON'T store or leave packages
of explosives which have been opened
without replacing the cover.
13.
DON'T use empty
cases for kindling.
explosives
14. DON'T permit any paper product

used in the packing of explosives to
leave your possession. Accumulations of fiberboard cases, paper case

liners, cartons, or cartridge paper
should be destroyed by burning after
SECTION
160
DON'T
they have been carefully examined to
29.
make sure that they are empty.

15. DON'T use explosives that are
charge of explosives that has misfired.

Misfires should be handled only by a
competent and experienced man.
obviously deteriorated.
16.
DON'T attempt to reclaim
or use
fuse, blasting caps, electric blasting

caps, or any other explosives that
have been water -soaked, even if they

have dried out. Consult the manufacturer.
17.
DON'T carry explosives in pock-
ets of clothing.
18. DON'T make up primers of explosives in a magazine or near excessive quantities of explosives.
19. DON'T force cartridges of any
explosives into a bore hole or past
any obstruction in a bore hole.
20. DON'T allow explosives, or

drilled holes while being loaded with
explosives, to be exposed to sparks
from steam shovels, locomotives, or

any other source.
DON'T spring a bore hole near

another hole loaded with explosives.
21.
drill, bore, or
pick out a
30. DON'T abandon any explosives.

Dispose of or destroy them in strict
accordance with the methods recommended by the manufacturer.
DON'T store cases of dynamite

so that the cartridges stand on end.
31.
32.
DON'T leave dynamite,
black
blasting powder, or pellet powder in

a field or any place where livestock
can get at them.
33. DON'T take surplus quantities of
permissible dynamite, black blasting
powder or pellet powder into a mine

These explosives
at any one time.
deteriorate rapidly in a damp atmosphere.
DON'T use black blasting powder

or pelletpowder with permissible explosives or dynamite, nor dynamite
with permissible explosives, in the
same bore hole in a coal mine.
34.
35.
DON'T tamp
pellet
powder
in a
load a sprung bore hole

with another charge of explosives until it has cooled sufficiently.
bore hole hard enough to crush the

pellets, because of danger of prema-
DON'T tamp with metallic bars

or tools. Use only a wooden stick
with no exposed metal parts.
DON'T store blasting caps or

electric blasting caps in the same
box, container, or magazine with
other explosives.
22.
DON'T
23.
24.
for
DON'T
use combustible material
25. DON'T allow near the danger

area of a blast any per sons not essen-
and until adequate warning has been

given.
DON'T
face
smoke and fumes from the
return to the
DON'T
insert a wire, a nail, or
any other implement into the open

end of a blasting cap to remove it
from a box.
39.
DON'T
strike,
tamper with, or
attempt to remove or investigate the

contents of a blasting cap or an electric blasting cap.
until
blast
have been dissipated by adequate ventilation.
28.
DON'T leave blasting caps or

electric blasting caps exposed to the
direct rays of the sun.
38.
blasting operations.
26. DON'T fire a blast until all surplus explosives are in a safe place,
all persons and vehicles are at a safe
distance or under sufficient cover,
27.
the
36.
37.
stemming.
tial to the
ture explosion.
DON'T attempt
to investigate a
Follow all appli-
misfire too soon.

cable rules and regulations, or, if no
rules are in e ffe c t, wait at least an
hour.
40. DON'T try to pull the wires out

of an electric blasting cap.
41. DON'T connect blasting caps or
electric blasting caps to Primacord
except by methods recommended by

the manufacturer.
42.
of
DON'T attempt
electric
blasting
to fire a circuit
caps
except by
161
an adequate quantity of delivered current.
43. DON'T use in the same circuit

electric blasting caps made by more
than one manufacturer.

44. DON'T handle explosives during
the approach or progress of an electrical storm. All persons should retire to a place of safety.
45. DON'T make electrical connections without first making sure that
the ends of the wires are bright and
clean.
46. DON'T allow electrical connections to come in contact with other

connections, bare wire, rails, pipes,
and ground, or other possible sources

of current or paths of leakage.
DON'T
leave electric wires or

cables of any kind near electric blasting caps or bore holes charged with
explosives except at the time of, and
47.
for the purpose of, firing the blast.

48. DON'T use electric blasting caps
in very wet work unless they have adequate water -resistance and suitably
insulated leg wires.
49. DON'T use any means other than
a blasting galvanometer containing a
silver chloride cell for testing electric blasting caps singly or when connected in a circuit.
,
50. DON'T use damaged leading or

connecting wire in blasting circuits.
51. DON'T use Duplex leading wire
except for single shot firing.
52.
the
DON'T tamper
with or change
circuit of a blasting
any way for any purpose.
machine
in
DON'T
spare force or energy in

operating a blasting machine.
53.
54. DON'T store fuse or fuse lighters

in a wet or damp place, or near oil,
gasoline, kerosene, distillates, or
similar solvents.
DON'T store fuse near radiators,

steam pipes, boilers, or stoves.
55.
DON'T handle fuse carelessly in

cold weather.
If possible, it should
be warmed slightly before using to
avoid cracking the waterproof coat.
56.
57. DON'T use short fuse. Cut fuse

long enough to extend beyond the collar of the hole and to allow time to retire safely from the blast. Never use
less than 2 feet.
DON'T cut fuse until you a r e

ready to insert it into a blasting cap.
Cut off an inch or two to insure a dry
58.
end.
DON'T cut fuse on a slant. Cut

square across with a clean, sharp
Seat the fuse lightly against
blade.
the cap charge and avoid twisting af59.
it
ter
it is
in place.
DON'T crimp
blasting caps to
with a knife or with the teeth.
Use a standard cap crimper and make
sure that the cap is securely fastened
60.
fuse
to the fuse.
61. DON'T use fuse and blasting caps

in wet work without having a thoroughly waterproof joint between the
fuse and cap.
62.
DON'T
primers or
kink fuse
in
in
making up
tamping a charge.
63. DON'T hold the primer cartridge

in the hand when lighting fuse.
64.
until
DON'T
light fuse in
the holes contain
any bore hole
sufficient
stemming to protect explosives from

sparks from the end spit of fuse or a
flying match head.
65.
DON'T
try to
light fuse with
burning paper, other flammable refuse, or improvised torches.
DON'T light fuse near blasting

caps or any explosives, other than
those being used in the blast.
66.
Destruction of Explosives*
Explosives to be destroyed may be

fresh material from damaged packages, or material that has deteriorated either from natural aging or
from improper storage to the point
where
it
is unfit for use.
Deteriorated explosives may be,

and often are, more dangerous to
handle than explosives in good condition. When there is any question about
the safety of the undertaking, a rep-
*U.S. Bureau
of
Mines Circular 7335
SECTION
resentative of the manufacturer of the

particular lot of explosives should be
consulted or a request for assistance
made to an authorized representative
of the Bureau of Mines, or to some
one else known to have had the necessary experience. This is especially
true if large quantities of explosives
must be destroyed.
Most explosives, except detonators, are best destroyed by burning.
The hazard of an explosion is always
present, even under the most favorable conditions, so it is of prime importance to select a site where no
damage will be done, either to persons or property, if the explosives
detonate. This means a safe distance
from any structure, railroad, or
highway and from any place where one
or more persons may be even accidentally exposed to danger, including
from flying fragments.

During the destruction of any type
of explosives the possibility of preignition should be prevented by eliminating smoking and open lights.
Only one type of explosive should
be destroyed at a time, and the utmost
care should be taken to see that no
detonators are accidentally included
in explosives to be destroyed by burnthat
ing.
High explosives should never be

in cases or in deep piles.
Dynamites, especially permissible
burned
gelatins,
become increasingly sen-
sitive when overheated before ignition.

Quantities of dynamite to be
burned should not exceed 100 lbs of
regular dynamite or 10 lbs of permissible gelatin.
Local conditions
may limit destruction to much small-
er amounts, but when more than these

quantities mustbedestroyed, a new space should be selected for each lot, as it is not safe to
place explosives on ground heated by
the preceding burning.
No attempt should be made to return to the site as long as any flame
or smoke can be observed.
As soon as all dynamite has been
burned, it is believed to be good
practice to plow the ground, as the
residue remaining may contain salts
said to be attractive to livestock,
which if eaten may produce serious
maximum
results.
162
Dynamite. When properly stored,

dynamite should remain in good condition for a long time, but it may, and
usually does deteriorate rapidly if
improperly stored or handled. The
most common
signs of deterioration
are discoloration, leakiness, hardness or excessive softness, or the
formation of crystals on the outside
of the wrapper.
Frequently a combination of two or more of these signs
can be noted.
Many persons believe that the
crystals are nitroglycerin and that
they are especially dangerous; while
these are not facts, because the crystals actually are salts that have exuded through the wrapper, whereas
nitroglycerin is an oily liquid at normal temperatures, their presence on
the outside of the wrapper or on the
container shows that the dynamite
has deteriorated to some degree.
Care should be exercised in handling deteriorated explosives, whether loose or in containers. Most persons experience undesirable effects,
especially headaches of varying degrees of severity, by absorption of
nitroglycerin through the skin when
handling leaky or loose dynamite, and
some persons are so sensitive as to
have headaches after working over
loose dynamite for only a short time,
even without touching it. Therefore,
if leaky or loose dynamite must be
handled, gloves should be worn and
then burned as often as they become
impregnated with nitroglycerin.
Some dynamites are rather difficult to ignite, especially when wet, so
it is best to prepare a b e d of dry,
combustible material, such as excelsior, wood shavings, or sawdust; to
maintain combustion it is sometimes
necessary before igniting the pile or
bed to pour a little kerosene over the
dynamite and the fuel bed. The area
of the bed should be such that the dynamite can be arranged in a single
layer if sticks or part sticks are being
destroyed, or arranged not to exceed
2 inches in thickness if loose dynamite is to be burned. The bed should
be long and narrow rather than square
or circular.
It
is
often
recommended
to
slit
dynamite and scatter

the loose material on the fuel bed;
each stick
of
163
but, considering the extra hazard to
the operator it seems preferable to
deposit whole sticks of the more common sizes on the fuel bed as carefully
If the
as possible without slitting.
cartridges are of large diameter,
such as those often used in quarryblasting, the loose material should
be spread; "free running" (loose) dy-
namite
may
be so spread, but never
in a thickness exceeding 2 inches.

When the bed has been formed and
the dynamite deposited on it, a train
of paper or similar readily ignitable
material should be laid to it, preferably on the down-wind side, and the
explosives ignited thus. The train
should be long enough to permit the
operator to reach a safe place.
Dynamite should ordinarily

quietly, with a bluish flame.
If
burn
solid
pieces remain, as sometimes happens, especially if the dynamite is

wet, it is dangerous to poke about the
debris or attempt to handle the pieces
for reburning until it is certain that
they are cool. The containers should
be burned separately.
Detonators. Blasting caps, electric blasting caps and delay electric
blasting caps that have so deteriorated
from age or improper storage that
they are unfit for use should be destroyed. These devices should also be
destroyedif theyhave ever been under
water as, for example, during a
flood, regardless of 'whether or not
they have been subsequently dried out.
In some cases, the shells of caps that
have been wet and then dried will
show signs of corrosion. Such caps
may be very dangerous to handle, and
it is recommended that they not be
disturbed until a representative of the
manufacturer has had an opportunity
to pass on them.
The method most
generally used for destroying detonators is to explode them under some
confinement as described below.
Detonators should not be thrown into small
bodies of water suchas rivers, creeks,
ponds, or wells.
If possible, it is advisable to explode ordinary (fuse) blasting caps in
the original container with the cover
removed. Otherwise, they should be
prepared for blasting as follows:
They should be placed in a small box
or bag; a hole should be dug in the
ground, preferably in dry sand, at
least 1 foot deep; the container should

be placed in the bottom of the hole and
primed with one cartridge of dynamite and a good electric blasting cap
or ordinary cap and fuse; the caps and
the primed cartridge should be carefully covered with paper and then with
dry sand or fine dirt and fired from a
safe distance. It is recommended
that not more than 100 caps be destroyed at a time and that the ground
around the shots be thoroughly examined after the shot to make certain
that no unexploded caps remain. The
same hole should not be used for successive shots.
To destroy electric blasting caps
or delay electric blasting caps, it is
necessary first to cut the wi res off
about 1 inch from the top of the cap,
preferably with a pair of tin snips.
No attempt should be made to cut the
wires from more than one cap at a
time. Not more than 100 caps should

be placed in a box or paper bag,
primed with a cartridge of dynamite
and a good electric blasting cap
buried under paper and sand or dirt,
and exploded as described above.
The same precautions mentioned

above should be observed.
Blasting caps should never be destroyed by placing them in a hole
which is to be shot, especially by
dropping them into well-drill holes.
Many bad accidents have occurred in
this way.
Electric Squibs and Delay Electric Squibs. These devices should be
destroyed by the same procedure as
used for electric blasting caps.
Safety Fuse. This material may
be disposed of very satisfactorily by
burning in a bonfire.
Primacord. The preferred method
of destroying Primacord is by burning. It should not be burned on the
spool but should be strung out in parone -half inch or more
apart on paper or dry straw.
Removal of Nitroglycerin from
Magazine Floors. Contaminated
floors should be scrubbed well with a
stiff broom, hard brush or mop, using
allel lines
an ample volume of a solution in the

proportion of 1 l/z quarts of water,
3 /z quarts of denatured alcohol,! quart
l
of
acetone, and
pound
of
sodium
sulfide (60 per cent commercial). The

liquid should be used freely todecom-
SECTION
164
pose the nitroglycerin thoroughly. If

the magazine floor is covered with
"Ruberoid" or any material impervious to nitroglycerin, this portion of
the floor should be swept thoroughly
with dry sawdust and the sweepings
taken to a safe distance from the magazine and destroyed by burning.
It
was formerly considered good
practice to cover explosives -magazine floors with rubber or similar

material, but the best practice now is
generally believed to be a tight,
smooth floor, free from exposed
nails or other metal fastenings, so
as to eliminate holes and ragged edges
that sooner or later result from excessive wear. Floor coverings often
hide floor stains and, when worn,
render proper cleaning difficult or
impossible unless the whole covering
is removed. With the tight wood
floor now considered best, cleaning
is more certain and, if necessary,
parts of the floor can be carefully removed and replaced.
Conclusion
Manufacturers frequently employ
other methods
ground, outside building;

ground, inside building.
Plans for underground
tion of buildings, cellars, pits, etc.

in the
area. Also the possibility of corrosionis an important
factor.
(c) Adequate anchorage for the
tank, keeping in mind the possibility
of flood, heavy rainfall, or other
same
events and what effect these might

have on the installation.
(d) Sufficient covering for the
tank; this will improve the safety of
the installation and help with the
purpose of encouraging persons unfamiliar with the proper methods of

destroying explosives to undertake
such work unassisted. It is realized
however that expert advice and assistance are not always available and it
is believed that de struction of unwanted explosive s can be accomplished with less hazard by following
plants,
tion 6.
Appendix
TANKS FOR STORAGE OF
FLAMMABLE
The contents
played a
part
(e)
of anchorage.
In selecting a locationin
which
bury
a tank, cognizance must be

taken of the possibilities for corrosion, to prolong the life of the tank.
to
It is
important
to
determine
if
the
region chosen is reasonably free of
corrosive effluents from nearby

corrosive cinder -fill, or
possibly corrosive ground water. If

corrosion is considered likely, tanks
should be painted with at least one
coat of red lead in linseed oil primer
and then one coat of asphalt or coaltar base paint. Other formulas may
be equally effective.
(f) It must be remembered that
the equivalence of a below ground location maybe obtained with a partially
buried tank. In such a situation the
exposed part of the tank may be covered with a dirt fill and a concrete
cap as well as a concrete retaining
wall for anchorage.
Above Ground Tanks
LIQUIDS
of storage tanks have

in some very serious
There are three types

storage (a) underground; (b)
fires.
storage
tanks designed for flammable liquids

should be discussed with local building groups, national regulatory
groups, and an insurance carrier.
The following is a check list of items
to be considered:
(a) The optimum size and position
of the buried tank; that is, whether it
shall be vertical or horizontal.
(b) Location of the tank with respect to the terrain in the general area
which is to be considered, the loca-
problem
See also
Explosives; Explosives, High; Explosives, Low in Section 10 and Sec-
above
Underground Tanks
of destroying explosives and blasting supplies than those

described above, but when employed
these should be used only under
direction of the manufacturer's representative.
As indicated previously, the information given here is not for the
the foregoing suggestions.
(c)
of tank
above
Above ground tanks can be a source

of
extreme
carefully.
danger,
if
not planned
For instance, rupture
of
an above ground tank or a leak in such
165
a tank at a point below the liquid level
lead to a serious
Therefore, such tanks should
fire.
be located on ground sloping away
from main buildings and plant utility
installations. Protection against fire
American Petroleum
spread is provided onlevel ground by

tank spacing, proper drainage facilities and adequate dikes. In hilly terrain provision must be made for safe
drainage past installations at lower
levels. The following considerations
must be kept in mind when planning a
flammable -liquid storage tank above
ground:
arrestors.
may very easily
(a)
The
possibility of
damage
to
nearby buildings or tanks.

(b) The amount of flammable material contained in the unit under consideration.
(c) The values involved in the unit
under consideration and those adjoin-
ing.
(d)
The burning and ignition char-
acteristics of the materials involved.

(e)
The
provision
of adequate
room
for fire -fighting operations and

access for fire -fighting equipment.
(f) Dike capacity of such an installation: In the ideal case the dike
capacity should equal the total tank
capacity inside the dike area. Where
the flammable liquid involved is such
as
be subject to boilover, i.e.
fuel oil, etc., the diking capacity
must be 1 5 time s the total liquid
capacity of the tanks in the dike area.
may
(g)
ments
Adequate drainage arrangemust be made to prevent the
accumulation of water in dike areas.
Tank Construction
The following points must be conside red in making sure that tank construction is adequate:
(a) In the case of horizontal steel
tanks, it should have an Underwriters'
label indicating that it meets definite
construction standards.
(b) All horizontal tanks must be
given a hydrostatic strength and leakage test before installation is complete.
(c) In the case of above ground
tanks, they must be constructed upon
fire -resisting supports such as brick
or reinforced concrete.
(d) Vertical steel tanks must be
constructed in accordance
with
the
Institute s
'
specification for standard tanks.

(e) A leakage testis recommended
for vertical tanks.
Provision must be made for
(f
adequate venting facilities and flame
)
Tank Connections and

(a)
(b)
Fittings
Connections to horizontal tanks

The use of steel flanges or
to make pipe
connections
(c) Provision for man-holes
(d) Provision for shut-off valves
(e) The use of heating equipment
(f) The use of electrical equipment with the attendant necessities
for prevention of sparks i.e. grounding, electrical bonding, etc.
wrought iron couplings
Fire Protection
The protection required for tanks

containing flammable liquids is determined by the tank size, type, location,
exposure to or from buildings or other
tanks, value of contents, flash point
of the liquid stored, and the probability of the interruption to production
by loss of tank contents.
Conditioning and Use of Old Tanks
Failure to take proper precautions

during the cleaning and repair of used
tanks can result in serious explosion
hazards. To avoid such hazards the
following precautions should be observed.
(a) Tanks which have contained
flammable liquids should be purged
with steam or filled with water and
allowed to drain, or combinations of
these methods may be employed.
(b) Use a portable flammable vapor indicator to determine that vapor
concentrations inside such tanks have
been reduced
(c)
to safe levels.
all remaining
Remove
scale
and sludge from inside such tanks with

non-ferrous scrapers. The use of
detergents to clean such tanks, while
helpful in actually removing the residues, should be undertaken with care,
because for example, caustic solutions promote the decomposition of
nitrocellulose residues, and the
reaction thus started will move with
explosive violence under the proper
conditions.
SECTION
166
Take the additional precaution

water or an inert gas such as carbon dioxide, if
(d)
of filling the tank with
cutting
or welding torches
must
be
used on it.
(e) Proper supervision of the
workers and sufficient ventilation is
essential inside a tank.
While such reconditioning or
(f
)
repair
is in progress, it is wise to
any readily flammable materials from the neighborhood.
move
Appendix
INDUSTRIAL DISASTER CONTROL

The function of disaster control in
industry is taking on increased importance. Such factors as industrial
plant decentralization and the advent
of
of
newer and more powerful weapons

war have made it necessary for a
plant to be as self-sufficient as possible,
particularly
during times of
emergency. All that disaster planning

involves is an extension of routine
fire and emergency programs to cope
with disaster.
The first requirement of a disaster

control program is common sense.
No highly specialized knowledge or
backlog of experience is necessary.
The essence of disaster planning is
thorough analysis of the existing plant
facilities, with emphasis on emer-
gency
facilities,
and observance
of
how they may be
affected by a disaster. Unless a plant is in iihe zone

of total destruction of an atom bomb,
or some similar destructive agency,
an adequate disaster control plan is
important. Although it is possible to
protect against an atomic detonation,
the protection necessary is so elaborate and so costly that it may not be
economically feasible.
Model Disaster Control Program
Make a complete survey of existing

functions and facilities, including
possible emergency facilities.
It is
necessary to determine what is done

under routine conditions and what is
done when these conditions are
e.g., during the emergencies created by fires, hurricanes,
earthquakes, release of toxic mate-
to be
disrupted,
bombs, etc.
Determine the key production
points in the plant the departments
rials,
and processes which, if interrupted,

would result in a complete production
stoppage. Such key locations should
have the best possible protection. A
plan, to be successful, must be sufficiently broad in scope to be adaptable to any emergency.
Specific
operational details, of course, need
not be included, since these will depend upon the actual nature of the
emergency. The following factors,
however, must be taken into consideration: executive authority and
duties; handling the alarm; emergency headquarters; operations of the
police force; operations of maintenance force; operations of fire depart-
ment; operations of medical department; operation of public information

andindustrial relations group; operation of monitoring group for toxic inhalants and radioactivity.
Executive Authority and Duties
A person
responsible for cooroperation of all emergency groups must be designated in

advance to serve as plant emergency
director. Provision must be made
for succession of command.
There
must be no confusion as to who is in
charge. The plant manager is usually
a good choice during office hours, and
the general shift foreman for nights
and holidays. It is recognized that
someone with authority must be available during emergencies.
The plant emergency director
dinating
shall
the
coordinate
the efforts of the
emergency
groups which shall include: determination of seriousness

of emergency condition; sounding general alarm throughout plant; directing
operation
of all plant forces from

emergency headquarters; promptly
summoning any outside aid which may
be deemed necessary. (In calling

outside assistance, the plant emergency director may secure excellent
advice from
the heads of his
own
e.g., the plant fire chief

might be consulted on the necessity
of summoning outside fire assistance.
Aid of various types should
be promptly summoned. If necessary,
it can be turned back if not needed
upon arrival. Delay can be disastrous; inform the press as to requirements of public interest in an attempt
to avoid promoting misinformation;
forces,
167
attempt to maintain a log of events to

serve as a record.
Handling the Alarm
Upon discovering an emergency,
the individual employee shall:
For a fire or explosion,pull n e a r e s t
fire alarm box, or telephone fire
department.
(The
importance
of
indoctrinating all personnel in advance as to how to transmit a fire
alarm cannot be overemphasized.)

For other emergencies, telephone for
ambulance, police patrol, emergency repair, medical, safety or
be
decontamination aid as
may
necessary.
For notification, the plant emergency
director should be notified immediately after completing the call
The supervisor
for assistance.
shall, immediately upon learning
of an emergency in his area, proceed to the scene and see that the
appropriate notifications as required above have been made. He

will direct the forces at hand in
initiating appropriate action and
then report to the plant emergency
director. An emergency procedure
should be established for the tele-
phone switchboard operators to

screen telephone calls, restricting
the use of lines to official calls.
When an emergency is reported,
a general alarm should be sounded
alerting the entire plant; the
meth-
od of sounding the alarm depends

on the equipment available at the
plant. In such an eventuality, all
personnel except those initiating
on-the-spot-action or assigned to
some specific function, should
evacuate their respective buildings, closing all doors but not
locking them, and assemble in

front of their buildings to await
further orders. All radioactive,
highly toxic or corrosive materials should be locked up.
Emergency Headquarters
Primary and secondary emergency
plant headquarters from which operations will be directed should be established in advance. The communications room in the police or guard
headquarters is usually a good location for the primary headquarters. A
is necessary
primary location
secondary headquarters
in the event that the
is
involved in a disaster;
if
both the
primary and secondary locations are

knocked out, an alternate will have to
be set up on the spot by the executive
authority. Depending upon the plant,
the secondary or alternate headquarters might be established at the
fire headquarters, plant management
office, safety director's office, etc.,
or in the field. A portable sign reading "Emergency Headquarters" should
be provided at the appropriate location. (Red lettering on a white backRed elecground is recommended.
tric lanterns should be used at night
in emergencies to designate the head)
quarters. Both primary and secondary headquarters should be equipped

with: telephone facilities, both inter
plant and outside; radio (if available);
map showing
fire
mains,
fire
alarm
boxes, fire hydrants, general piping

layouts and similar pertinent data;
telephone numbers (plant and home)
and home addresses of key personnel,
together with information as to the
time and route required for each person to report to the plant in response
to
an emergency
call;
same informa-
tion as above for all other personnel;

specific information as to how to contact and/or obtain the following services: fire department; police de-
services; ambulances; public utilities; other public

services, and means of contacting
partment; medical
nearby
military
assistance
is
establishments if
needed, e.g. air trans,
portation.
Operation of Police Force
The chief of the police force is

responsible for maintaining the material and data required at primary and
secondary emergency headquarters.
In case of emergency, the Senior Police Officer on the premises shall:
maintain liaison with the plant emergency director; alert guards on duty;
maintain order at all scenes of emergency; assist plant emergency director in placing calls for outside assistance and for recalling off-duty personnel; escort emergency vehicles
and personnel returning to the plant
to appropriate locations; if equipped
with radio, dispatch radio patrol cars
to locations determined by the plant
emergency director in order to maintain communications, particularly in
SECTION
168
the event of telephone failure
(if both
telephone and radio fail, police will
have to handle communications within plant and with outside agencies by
messenger); stand by to evacuate entire plant if necessary; if the emergency requires outside personnel, the
police should guide them to the emergency headquarters where the director will direct their admittance and
disposition.
Operation of Maintenance Staff
The maintenance staff initiates

emergency action if large-scale plant
emergency groups are not maintained,
in the event a plant does not
e.g.
have a full-time fire department, the
maintenance personnel organized and
trained as a fire brigade should immediately combat a fire and attempt
to prevent it from spreading pending
arrival of the outside fire department.
Maintenance personnel should be
organized by the chief of maintenance
into appropriate squads to handle elec,
repairs, emergency lighting,

rescue, maintenance of power and water supply, salvage operations to
minimize water damage, transportaThe senior maintenance
tion, etc.
man should maintain liaison with the
plant emergency director and direct
the operations of his various divisions. Maintenance personnel should
be kept informed of hazardous materials in the plant and how to cope with
trical
them.
Operation of Fire Department
The cooperation between the plant

and municipal fire departments should
be outlined in detail on a mutual aid
agreement plan. Regardless of how
an alarm is received, the fire department immediately responds in accordance with prearranged plan. Upon
arrival at the scene, the senior fire
officer present is in charge of all fire
department apparatus and personnel.
He maintains liaison with the plant
emergency director and with the monitors as concerns radiological and toxic
chemicals safety.
An extra supply of rubber boots,
clothing, helmets and fire hose is desirable where regular equipment may
become contaminated.
Fire department personnel should
informed of all hazardous
be kept
materials in a plant and on how

cope with same.
to
Operation of Medical Department
The chief of the medical department

shall be responsible for first aid
training and for the procurement,
maintenance and availability of appropriate medical supplies.
The senior medical man present at
the time of an emergency shall: maintain liaison with plant emergency director; care for injured; transport
casualties to municipal hospitals as
may be necessary; arrange for appropriate ambulances and for other
vehicles to serve as ambulances in
cases of catastrophe; when casualties
are sent to outside hospitals, maintain liaison with the hospital personnel as to the nature of injuries and
whether or not radioactivity is a factor; coordinate efforts of Red Cross
units which may be called in.
Depending upon the outside hospifacilities available,
the medical department
the chief of
tal
may want
to
have mimeographed copies of medical data available relative to contamination control for distribution to
municipal hospital medical personnel
in times of emergencies. Immediately after a disaster the medical division, in cooperation with industrial
hygiene personnel, shall evaluate the
degree of severity of exposures.
Special clinical and laboratory examinations of blood and urine should then
be performed on all individuals who
may have received significant exposure.
Follow-up examinations will
have to be made at the discretion of
the medical department.
Operation of Public Information and

Industrial Relations Group
Public information releases should
generally be prepared by the plant
emergency director or some other
authoritative individual designated in
e n d e d that
advance. It is r e c o
these be in writing, if time permits,
to prevent misinterpretation. A list
of editors and radio newsmen should
be prepared well in advance, so that
these individuals can be contacted as
quickly as possible and informed that
a written release statement is being
prepared with authoritative informa-
mm
tion relative to the
emergency.
169
The senior industrial relations

representative, safety director and
senior insurance department representative shall maintain liaison with
the plant emergency director. The
insurance representative shall, in
addition: obtain names, addresses
and severity of injury to all casualties; when ordered by plant emergency
director, notify the families of the

casualties as to the nature of injury
and location of injured; prepare necessary reports for insurance carrier.
Operations of Monitoring Group for

Toxic Inhalants and Radioactivity
When an emergency occurs this

group shall assemble at its base and
immediately contact the plant emergency director, who shall instruct
the monitoring group leader as to the
areas to be monitored and the contaminants or radiations to be measured. While maintaining constant
contact with the plant emergency director both for direction and to report
monitoring results, this group has
the following responsibilities:
In accordance with a prearranged

plan to have personnel evacuated from
contaminated or high radiation level
areas; to assist in the control of exposures to radiation and toxic materials by firemen or other emergency
workers; to monitor possible contaminated personnel in order to control
the spreading of contamination as
well as to be able to advise personal
decontamination procedures; to help
in decontamination of any contaminated areas; to make checks upon
possible environmental contamination,
e.g. fall-out, radiation, contamination of water, air or food, livestock,

houses, etc.
Since hastily given numbers are often misunderstood, it is a prime
responsibility of a monitor to see to it that
his data go only to the plant emergency director to use as he sees fit.
,
While the foregoing discussion

does not provide a complete plan for
controlling plant disasters, it is hoped
that it will serve as a guide and provide stimulus for thought and planning
relative to continuity of production
and safe -guarding of personnel during
actual emergencies.
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SECTIONS

Irving Hartmann, "The Explosibility
Titanium, Zirconium, Thorium,

Uranium and Their Hydrides,
Bureau of Mines Report No. 3202,
of
,[
NYO-1562
G. D. Bararas, et
and
"Safety in The Mining Industry, "

481, Bureau of Mines, Washing-
BM
ton,
D.C.
"Investigations on the Explosibility

Ammonium Nitrate, " Bureau of
Mines Report of Investigations 4994,
August 1953
of
al.
"Zirconium
Metal Powder Precautionary Handling Suggestions," J.

Soc. 70, 877, (1948)
Am. Chem.
Fire Protection" (11th edition), National Fire

Protection Association, Boston,
"N.F.P.A. Handbook
of
Mass.
James D. Birchall, "The Classification of Fire Hazards and Extinction

Methods," Ernest Benn Ltd. London,
,
1954
"Fire and Explosion Hazards of
Thermal
Insecticidal Fogging,"
National Board Fire Underwriters

Research Report No. 9
"National Fire Codes, " Vol. 1, 1951,
National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Mass.
"Potential Hazards in Molten Salt

Baths for Heat Treatment of Metals,
National Board Fire Underwriters
Research Report No. 2, 1954
"Fire Hazards and Safeguards for

Metal Working Industries,"
Technical Survey No. 2, National
Board of Fire Underwriters, 1954
'
"Flammable Liquid Pumping

Equipment," Factory Mutual Bulletin of Loss Prevention No. 13.24,
Associated Factory Mutual Fire
Insurance Companies, December
1949
"Explosives Drivers' Handbook,"

OP2239, Department of the Navy,
Bureau of Ordnance, March 29, 1956
SECTION
170
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SECTIONS

"Storage, Handling and Use of
Flammable Liquids," National

Board Fire Underwriters No. 30,
July,
1956
"Dangerous Chemicals Code," 1951

Edition, Bureau of Fire Prevention,
City of Los Angeles Fire Department,
Parker and Co. ,'Los Angeles,
Calif.
and
7 (continued)
"Blasters' Handbook, " (12th edition).

E. I. DuPont deNemours and Co.
,
Inc.
Wilmington, Delaware
"Handbook of Chemistry and

Physics," (37th edition), Chemical
Rubber Publishing Co.
Cleveland,
Ohio
"Storage Tanks for Flammable Liq" Factory Mutual Bulletin of
Loss Prevention No. 13.23, Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies.
uids,
Marshall Sittig, "Sodium, Its

Manufacture, Properties, Uses,"
Reinhold Publishing Corp. New
York, 1956
,
"Flammable Liquid Safeguards,
"
and Toxicology,
Factory Mutual Bulletin of Loss

Prevention No. 13.20, Associated
Factory Mutual Fire Insurance
Companies, December 1940
Clark Shove Robinson, "Explosions,

Their Anatomy and Destructiveness ,"
"Ventilation and Operation of Open

Surface Tanks," American Standard
Safety Code No. Z9. 1-1951, American Standards Association, Inc.
Frank A. Patty, "Industrial Hygiene

" Interscience
Publishers, Incorporated, New
York, 1948
McGraw
York
Hill
Book Company, New
New York
SECTION
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
Joseph
J.
Fitzgerald
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
SECTION
172
Table
Estimated World Reserves
1.
Estimated
Reserve
Coal
3X
Oil
Units
10 12 metric tons (4)

10
12
barrels
Table
2.
Oil
1.
38X10 12 tons
250X
Natural Gas
10
600X10
8Q
Duration
3.2
t
e - 025t -l)
134 years
Estimated United States Reserves
Q
Units
barrels
12
cu.
ft.
Estimated Duration of
Reserves in Years
37.
(4)
84Q =1.6
Duration
(2)
(e
0025t
-l]
128 years
(2)
It has been stated that oil production will begin to decline in the United
States in 10 to 15 years (2), and the
rest of the world not long afterwards.
Natural gas production will probably
begin to decline by 1970. In the eastern part of the United States, Ayres
(2) indicates that bituminous coal beds
will be so depleted by 1970 that the
cost of coal would be significantly
increased or new ways of using poorer quality coal would have to be found.
The extraction of oil from oil shale

and tar sands m ay ultimately be
called upon to extend our fossil fuel
supply a few years.
Present estimates
89.
(4)
Estimated
Reserve
Coal
Estimated Duration of
Reserves in Years
plac e the
world's total commercially significant uranium and thorium resources

at 8 million (5), or 655Qunits;
assuming that all fuel is converted to
fissionable material through breeding.
Another clue to the urgency of the

world's need for atomic energy is that
although the total world expenditure
of energy during the years
to 1950
A. D. was less than 13 Q units, it is
estimated that 20 Q units will be used
in the 50 years from 1950 to 2000 A. D.
During the 100-year period from
2000 A. D. to 2100 A. D. the energy
requirements will be 100 Q units.
Therefore, it is clear that nuclear
energy or some other source of large
quantities of energy will be necessary
to fulfill future requirements, even
in fact if estimates of available energy sources are high by as much as
one order of magnitude.
and Economy
Energy
Utility
of
Nuclear
The utility of nuclear power is today more clearly evident to the population as a whole than was the utility of the airplane during the equivalent stage in its development. For
example, it is realized that a nuclear
powered submarine has the advantage
of possible prolonged operation under
water since a nuclear reactor for the
production of power does not require
oxygen for its operation as does a
diesel engine. In addition, the possible speed and endurance made possible by nuclear propulsion is significantly greater than that possible under conventional methods of propulsion. Similarly, a nuclear powered
airplane could probably make a nonstop flight around the earth at the
equator without refueling. There are
furthermore many military advantages to the use of nuclear power that
make it attractive to use at any price.
Finally, nuclear reactor produced
power would even at the present stage
of development be very useful in areas
where the cost
of transporting fuel is
high. Since 1 gram of fissionable fuel
will release approximately the same
quantity of heat or power as 1 ton of
coal, transportation of nuclear fuel
per unit of energy produced is much
easier.
The utility of and market for nuclear reactors are further demonstrated by the following classification
of reactors.
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
173
Classification of Nuclear Reactors
low)
the reactor operates for

periods in the megawatt
range, it is considered a power reactor. A single purpose reactor is
a reactor that is operated for the
purpose of producing power alone or
for the single purpose of producing
fissionable material such as Pu-239.
A dual purpose reactor is one which
is designed to produce both power and
fissionable material. Under the practical classification, the utility of nuclear power for medical therapy, industrial research, and/or educationor,
if
extended
A.
Legal Classification
Production facility
1.
2.
B.
Hazard Classification
1.
2.
C.
Utilization facility
Critical (Zero Power Reactor) assembly
Power reactor
General Classification
Single purpose reactor
Dual purpose reactor
2.
1.
D.
Practical Classification
Power reactor
(a) For central power sta-
1.
tions
(b)
To locomote submarines, airplanes, ships,

trains, etc.
(c)
To provide package reactors for remote locations
2.
3.
4.
Breeder reactors
(a) Dual purpose reactor
(b) Single purpose fuel
breeder reactor
Medical reactor
(a) Isotope producer
(b) Medical therapy reactor
Research and development
(a)
(b)
(c)
Material test reactor

Preliminary test reactor
Educational reactor
The AEC has the responsibility

under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954
licensing installations using nuclear fuel. The Commission has
classified all reactors as production
facilities or u t i li z a ti o n facilities
where a production facility (6) is any
reactor designed or used primarily to
produce fissionable material (Pu-239,
U-233); to separate uranium or plutonium isotopes (except facilities designed and used for research, development or analytical purposes only);
for the chemical, physical or metallurgical processing of special nuclear
materials (except facilities designed
and used for research, development
or analytical purposes). A utilization
facility is any nuclear reactor other
than one designed or used primarily
to produce Pu-239 or U-233.
For
the purpose
of hazard evaluations
reactors may be classified as either
critical assemblies (if the operational period is short and the power level
of
purposes is evident.
Domestic and foreign industrial
power requirements plus military requirements for atomic energy will in
al
future provide the largest mar(7) for nuclear reactors. It has

been predicted (8) that by the year
1980, 65% of all new generating installations in this country will be nuclear.
As to the costs, the construction
and operation costs of a nuclear reactor plant have been frequently estimated (9) and then compared with
the cost of construction and operation
of a conventional power plant. These
estimates vary with the location, the
design and the operating power of the
reactor in addition to the use to which
the reactor will be put. There has
been some disagreement as to the estimated cost of nuclear power. This
the
kets
disagreement has resulted* because of

the variety of unknown economic factors associated with nuclear power
operations. To illustrate, the unit
cost may be significantly different
when calculated for a single purpose
reactor than for a dual purpose one.
Also such factors as the selling price
of the nuclear fuel produced in the
reactor together with the cost of insurance and radioactive waste disposal are very difficult to estimate at
this time. In fact, several years ago
the cost of nuclear power was estimated to be at least twice the cost of
coal-produced power, but relatively

up-to-date detailed cost comparisons
(10) of a boiling water reactor, a
graphite reactor and a coal fired plant
at a power level of 300 Mw find the
reactors to be competitive. The actual estimated costs of power were
6. 7
6. 8, and 6. 9 mills/kw-hr, respectively. All estimators, signifi,
SECTION
174
agree that costwise nuclear

someday be competitive
with conventional power, particularly
cantly,
power
will
with improvements in reactor design,

increased burn-up of fuel and reduction in cost of separation processes;
they simply disagree as to when this
will be.
Some of the unusual expenses associated with the construction and operation of nuclear power plants are
listed below.
Unusual Expenses Associated With
Nuclear Power Plants
Construction Costs for:
Containment building
Radiation shielding
Safety mechanisms
Exclusion area
Operation Costs for:
Reprocessing
of fuel
Power losses from locating at

a distance, from populated
areas
Insurance
Decontamination
Waste disposal
General Sources
of
Reactor Failures
Although nuclear reactors can at

the present time not be considered as
inherently safe, the probability of a
serious incident resulting from the
operation of a reactor in accordance
with present day federal and state
regulations is very small.
Nuclear
incidents (ll) which do occur may be
the result of an improperly designed
reactor, gross equipment failure,
human error and sabotage.
Responsibility for Reactor Safety
The United States Atomic Energy
Commission has promulgated
a regulation (12) concerning reactor safety

which is applicable to AEC -owned reactors. Reactors subject to license
by the AEC but not owned by the AEC
are left for future regulations.
In general, this regulation provides
for a system of reporting of safety
considerations in connection with reactor construction, modification and
operation. It also establishes a procedure for the evaluation of reactor
hazards on the basis of such reporting
and other available data. With regard
to "responsibility" the regulation
"Managers of Operations in
states,
developing and administering safety

within their jurisdiction
have a responsibility for the safe operations of reactors and for carrying
out the requirements of this instrucThis regulation is completely
tion. "
programs
reproduced in this section.

The Commission has under consideration a proposed regulation (13)
for the establishment of standards for
employee and public protection against
radiation hazards arising out of activities under licenses issued by the
AEC pursuant to the Atomic Energy
Act of 1954.
In addition to the federal government, the state governments also may
have a regulatory function in connection with the use and possession of
special nuclear materials. Both the
Department of Health and the Department of Labor in the State of New
York for instance have formulated
codes for protection of employees and
public against radiation. Many
other states are in the process of officially adopting or drafting codes on
radiation protection.
In addition to
the state codes, and the AEC Regulations on radiation protection, the
National Committee on Radiation Protection has appointed a Committee to
draft a model state law on radiation
protection for use by governmental
agencies.
Considerable effort is being exthe
all AEC sites to improve

the safety of nuclear reactor operations. It is customary at many sites
to form a Safeguard Task Force
pended at
whose responsibility it is to consider

all methods of improving the safe operation of reactors; (l) by improving
the design of the nuclear plant and the
power plant building; (2) by reducing
the incidence of gross equipment failure; (3) by reducing the possibility of
human error through the insertion of
automatic control and the concept of

safety whenever possible
in nuclear reactor operations; and (4)
by making sabotage practically im-
inherent
possible. Such a Task Force may also draft the required report of the nuclear hazards associated with a particular reactor operation for transmittal to the Advisory Committee on
Reactor Safeguards
Manager
of the
AEC.
of
the
General
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
175
Many
of the
AEC
sites have their
own advisory committees on reactor

safeguards which review all the safeguard problems at the site and make
recommendations for action to the

General Manager of the site.
With all of these committees and
task forces striving to make reactors
inherently safe, there is little doubt
of the future of nuclear reactors from
a safety viewpoint. The health records of personnel working at AEC
AEC contractors, it is the

the AEC to evaluate hazards
of existing reactors as well as with each proposal to build a new AEC reactor or
to significantly modify an existing
AEC reactor against established safe -
ty standards, guides
The Reactor Hazards Evaluation

Staff,
a.
exercised by
AEC
Regulations on Reactor Safety

Determination (12)
b.
Purpose and Scope

This Instruction provides a guide
for the processing of reactor safety
determinations involving AEC -owned
reactors within the AEC. It has no
application to reactor hazard matters
pertaining to reactors subject to license, which will be covered by separate regulations published in the
Code of
fically,
a.
c.
Federal Regulations.
Speciestablishes:
AEC policy on evaluating safety
b.
c.
d.
it
aspects of proposed new AEC

reactors or significant modifications of existing reactors.
Role of the Reactor Hazards
Evaluation Staff, the Advisory
Committee on Reactor Safeguards and other offices.
Responsibility for evaluating
reactor hazards, and for developing reactor standards,
guides and codes.
Procedure for obtaining a review of reactor hazards evaluations and information by the
Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards.
Policy
In order to protect the health and
safety of the public, AEC property
and employees, and employees of
*The Advisory Committee on Reac-
and codes.
Responsibilities
installations are very good and indications of the excellent control over
radioactive hazards
these organizations.
policy of
d.
serving in a staff capacity:

Develops standards, guides,
and codes considered necessary to the public health and
safety for the design, operation, supervision, containment, and location of reactors.
Evaluates all proposals for
new reactors and significant
modifications in existing reactors by reviewing all pertinent
reactor hazard information on
the basis of established standards, guides, and codes.
Provides staff advice and

assistance as required to the
Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards.
(The Chief,
Reactor Hazards Evaluation
Staff, serves as the AEC staff
associate of the Advisory
Committee on Reactor Safeguards as required by GM-O
and M-22 to be published as
Chapter 0105. )
Supplies secretarial and administrative assistance to the
Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards as required.

e.
Participates jointly with the

Division of Inspection in developing a comprehensive plan
for conducting investigations
as to the cause of major reactor accidents.
Directors
of
Operating Divisions
Shall:
a.
the AEC that Operations Offices under their jurisdiction apply the AEC reactor
Assure
safety standards,
codes.
b.
guides and
AEC
Reactor Hazards
Reports for completeness and obtain additional
Review
tor Safeguards serves in an advisory

capacity to the General Manager of
the AEC, with regard to hazards as-
Summary
sociated with the construction and operation of AEC-owned reactor facili-
sary, prior to transmittal of

subject reports to the Reactor Hazards Evaluation Staff.
ties.
information, whereneces-
SECTION
176
Managers of Operations in developing and administering safety programs within their jurisdictions have
a responsibility for the safe operations of reactors and for carrying out
the requirements of this instruction.
Specifically, they shall:
Apply the AEG reactor safety
a.
standards, guides, and codes
to
reactor
facilities
u nd
e r
jurisdiction.
b.
c.
Conduct
inspections
b.
of the site.
Obtain Hazards Summary Reports from contractors as required, and forward such reports to the Headquarters Operating Division evaluation.
of Inspection
Appraises
reactor safety inspection programs of the Operating Division and Operations

Offices.
Conducts investigations of reactor accidents and occasional
independent inspections of reactors if deemed advisable by
Manager.
The Hazards Summary Report

shall contain the following:
A description of the chemical,
a.
other
description of the site on

which the facility is to be located which shall include a map
of the area showing the location of the site and indicating
the use to which the surrounding
land is
put
i.e.,
indus-
commercial, agricultural, residential, and a scale

plot plan of the site showing
the proposed location of the
trial,
facility.
general description of proposed procedures for: routine

and non- routine operations,
start-up and shut-down, maintenance,
The Hazards Summary Report
activities,
subject to license,
proposed to be carried on in
the building which will house
the facility and on the balance
jurisdiction.
the General
storage,
training of
employees, minimizing operational mishaps such as locked

controls, preparation of checklists,
and arrangements for
of the process
shall be sufficiently detailed to
permit evaluation of the radio-
close supervision, investigating unusual or unexpected incidents; and a description of such

other details as may be useful
in evaluating the existence and
effectiveness of safeguards
against the hazards of operation of the facility.
A description of plans or proposals in the event that acts or
active hazards involved.
accidents
magnitude
create radiological hazards.

The description shall r e la t e
physical,
metallurgical, or
nuclear process to be performed, and a statement of the
kind and quantity of any radioactive effluent expected to result from the process.
The
description
eration
terms
of the
The
proposed op-
be
indicated in
shall
of the
amount and radio-
activity of source, special nuclear, or by-product material

to be handled per unit of time,
and thermal power

ated,
b.
cover any
than those
owned reactors under their
The Director, Division

a.
ofAEC
sufficient detail t o allow an

evaluation of the adequacy of
the various means proposed to
minimize the probability of
danger from radioactivity to
persons both on- and off- site.
The description shall also
if
to be
gener-
the various operational procedures, the protective devices,

and the pertinent features of the
site,
to such happenings a s
operational mistakes,
ment or instrument
any.
description of the
occur which would
facility
based on the design criteria

for the facility as a whole and
for those major component
parts which are essential to
the safe operation of the facility, and shall be presented in
malfunction,
power
equip-
failure or
fire, electric
flood, earthquake, storm, strike and riot.

Meteorological, hydrological,
geological, and seismological
data necessary for evaluating
the
failure,
measures
proposed for
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
177
g.
protecting the public against

possible radiological hazards,
An evaluation of the proposed
measures and devices to prevent deliberate or accidental
acts which would create radiological hazards or to protect
against the consequences
should such events occur.
the basis of established standards, the findings shall be submitted to the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards
for review.
d.
Procedures for Processing Reactor

Hazards Summary Reports Submitted by AEC Contractors
a.
The responsible Manager of

Operations shall obtain a Hazards Summary Report from
the contractor proposing to
construct a new, or to significantly modify an existing reactor, and submit 20 copies of
such Hazards Summary Report
to the responsible Operating
e.
The responsible Operating Division Director shall review

the Hazards Summary Report
for completeness and obtain
any additional information required for an evaluation of the
hazards associated with the
proposed
facility,
prepare
such comments as are considered appropriate, and forward

20 copies of the report to the
Reactor Hazards Evaluation

Staff.
c.
The Reactor Hazards EvaluaHaz-
tion Staff shall review the
ards
Summary
Report, detercontains adequate information for making a

reactor safety evaluation and
evaluate the hazards involved
in the operation of the proposed
reactor as designed. In cases
where this evaluation clearly
indicates that the hazards are
or are not acceptable on the
basis of established standards,
the Staff shall transmit its
findings directly to the responsible Operating Divisions
with copies to the Division of
Inspection and to the Advisory
Committee on Reactor Safeguards. In cases where the
hazards involved are so serious, new or unusual, or where
there is question as to the acceptability of the hazards on
mine whether
it
the Divisions of Inspection.

In cases involving controversy
the Reactor Hazards Evaluation Staff shall submit the facts,
its comments and recommendations to the
for
Research and Industrial Devevelopment. If there is no controversy, the comments and
recommendations will be submitted directly to the responsible Operating Division, and
a copy to the Division of In-
with
Division.
b.
The Advisory Committee on

Reactor Safeguards reviews the
Hazards Summary Report
submitted to it and makes such
comments and recommendations as it deems appropriate
to the General Manager with
copies to the Reactor Hazards
Evaluation Staff, the responsible Operating Division and
AGM
spection.
f.
The Director
of the responsible
Operating Division incorpor-
ates the Hazards Summary Report and comments thereto, in

the pertinent reactor proposal
and makes such recommendations as he deems appropriate
to the
General Manager.
Representation
The Director of the responsible

Division shall arrange for the attendance of one or more technical representatives of the contractor at any
meeting at which the Chairman of the
committee requests such attendance.
General Criteria for Evaluating

Nuclear Hazards
The biological hazards associated

with the operation of a nuclear reactor arise chiefly from the production
and accumulation of radiologically
toxic fission products and secondarily
from the neutrons which may stream

away from the core of the reactor
during operation. Very shortly after
the fissioning process stops, the flow
of neutrons ceases but the inventory
of fission products remains and it is
that which may be dispersed from the
SECTION
178
reactor container following a nuclear

and/or a chemical explosion. Weight
for weight, the radioactive products
of nuclear fission are more toxic than
chemical elements by factors of 10 6
to
10 12
To
illustrate,
the
usually-
accepted maximum permissible air

concentrations for continuous inhalation of finely divided stable iodine,
non- radioactive beryllium (one of the
more toxic chemical elements) and
radioactive iodine- 131 are 1 X 10,
1CT 3 and 2. 4 X 10~ 12 mg/m 3
2.
OX
respectively. Therefore, extreme

care must be exercised to eliminate
or minimize the hazards resulting
from the dispersal of these fission
products.
Considerable effort has
expended
in all reactorproand construct reactors which are approximately inherently safe (14). Although the goal to
construct inherently safe reactors
has not yet been achieved, considerable progress has been made to minimize the probability and the extent of
nuclear incidents.
There are many factors which influence the magnitude of both the onsite and the environmental hazards
resulting from an uncontrolled release of fission products from a reac-
been
grams
In general, the integrated doses received as a result of

an incident will depend to a great extent on the following factors:
1.
The reactor operation history
prior to the incident.
2.
The magnitude of the nuclear
3.
5.
The total activity available
and/or the chemical incident.

The building design.
The meteorological conditions.
The topographical, hydrological and geological conditions.
Influence of Reactor Operations on

Magnitude of Incident
The magnitude of a nuclear incident depends fundamentally on the

quantity and quality of fission products released during the incident
from the reactor container. In general, there are two types of reactors
to evaluate.
These are the critical
assemblies and the power reactors.
The hazards associated with even a
major incident in the operation of a
critical assembly are usually significantly less than those associated with
power reactors. Critical assemblies
o r
dispersion following a critical assembly accident will vary, principally

with the design of the reactor. In a
assembly incident essentially
critical
no accumulation of fission products

is available in the core prior to the
incident. The power output of a critical assembly may reach megawatt
levels in a fraction of a second before the products of the reaction separate the fuel and cause the reaction
itself to stop.
The largest portion of
this activity will be composed of
short-lived fission products.
The
quantity of this activity can be estimated by the Wigner-Way equation.
to design
tor container.
4.
are operated only for short periods

and at watt levels.
A '(t)
(0) t"
where:
A
A
the activity at any time t

seconds after the incident,
(0) = the activity at time zero
t = the time after the incident in
(t)
seconds
n = approximately 1. 2 for values
of t from 10 seconds to 100
days.
A determination of the number of
curies built up in the reactor as a
function of the product of the average
power level and the time of the incident can be readily determined by the
use of the Wigner-Way equation. Below are given some theoretical and
experimental values.
The beta
from
and
gamma
activities
dissipation of fission products energy are given by K. Way(l5)

-1 2
and 1.26t" l,2 in mev/
as 1.40t
These
sec/fission, respectively.
values are valid for a decay period of
10 seconds to 100 days. Assuming
average beta and gamma energies of
0. 40 mev/dis integration and 0. 58 mev/
photon respectively, the beta and
the
gamma
-1
-1
2
and
are 2. 94t
curies*/watt-sec, respectively.
An average energy of 0. 58
mev/photon is indicated in Figure 1
when the complete gamma ray spectrum from the fission products is
computed for an infinite irradiation
period and a 1 day decay period. On
1.82t
activities
'
*For gamma activity, a curie refers

an equivalent curie or 3. 7 X 10 10
to
photons/sec.
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
179
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
_2.2
/LS
'f/
-
^2.0
OI.6
o
fe>-2
10
1.8
Ul
.6
.4
.2
.0
%
Figure
1.
LESS THAN ENERGY STATED
Distribution of
Gamma
Energies
Key:
APEX- 176; 10 3 hours operation; 24 hours decay

Stehn-Clancy; infinite operation; 240 hours decay
Stehn-Clancy; infinite operation; Z400 hours decay
Stehn-Clancy; infinite operation; 24 hours decay
b
c
the
experimental
side,
from
the
where:
Stehn-Clancy (16) activity curves, the

beta and the gamma activities are
computed to be 3. 08 and 1.82t -1 2
The
curies/watt-sec, respectively.
values from the Stehn-Clancy curves
are used in the calculations which
the operational period of the

reactor in seconds
t<} = the decay period in seconds
The beta activity from a specific
isotope is given by the expression:
follow.
'
The activity as a function of the

power level can be readily determined
by a simple integration.
tQ
8.46x10
td
U2
dt
-0.2
(3
=/
t0
3.08(t +
5 4 [td
-
0.2
--w
a2
-(t
Jcuries/watt
(l)
2
t
d f'-
df
a2
jcuries/watt
(2)
(l-e'ô)
Xt,
curies /Mw
the fractional yield per

fission
the operational and decay
periods, respectively, in
seconds
decay constant in reciprocal seconds
The radioactivity A 2 from an isotope with a decay constant X 2 which is
formed by the decay of an isotope with
a yield y 1 and a decay Xi is presented
by the following formula (17).
X
9.,[
where
tQ
82(t+t d r
A 2^ 8 46
-
the
* '
5
Vl
-(
\, e
-X
-M>-\
2e
X.-X,
-VoV
SECTION
180
c/Mw
Activity,
Decay
Saturated
10
O
O o
38
38
5.
5.
ococofvjr-rôo o
o o o O O rONN
o o o NNOOO
I f
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74
i
4.74
4.
CO
in in
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.
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o
o
o
o-d
+->
ii
^cOcOPsJOOOO m s
oooooooo o O
S
a
O
ff.5
rd
t3
o o o oo
o o o oo
u u
co
CO
Electron
Beta
-^ co vO
i-h
ovo
fNJ
O*
r- -^
OO
OOO
fVJ
so
CO 00 00 Iss
I f- fO
s-
^h
oo
o o o o o 00
tM
o ooo oo
' ' -H
oo
m
m
ii
vo
rCO 00
r-
CO
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14
CO
o
O
-*
or
o o
Conversion
o o
Fission
Yield
in
o CO

oo
ii
<tf
00
in
r-H
so
h^v^voo
om HH ON
(VJ
m
^H
O M m
tM ^
r
-4 CD
O
CD*
ll
o oo o
mm
o
1I 1
<*
in"
in
vO Ô
oo"
id
s-
un in
>>
CO
r-
m
tM O
s-
co
^H
r
1
r>-
vO
CO
^h
CO
s-
0)
s-
m
00
CO
<:
00
o
o
Qn s
>
u
en
5*
ss-
s
i
1
in
><
Tt<
H
H
o oo ooooo
mvOOvor-îMrsj
r
OOr-nOOr-iiiO o o
in
c u c
S5
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
181
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CO
CO
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vO vO
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[N-
IN-
r-H
LO LO
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oo
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LO
r-
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LO
r4
CO
f-i fM
lo vO
r- lo
oo lo rh
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CO
r-H
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f\]
rjj
r\J
rO
CO
r-H
,-H
r-H
r- lo
LO f\J
o"
LO
"nF
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o O
CO
LO LO
co
r\J
r-H
co
r-n
O
e\]
LO LO
CO co
oo
NO
r-H
ro
co
&
LO
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i
i
r-H
t^
i-H
r-H
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cm
oo oo oo
CO CO CO
oo
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r-H
NO
r-H
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ooo
ooo
oo
oo
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LO
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o" o*
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t- O^ CO
oo
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ro
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00
r-H
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o o O* O
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r*-
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r- h-
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r-H
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r-H
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r-H
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1
1
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in
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s
l-H
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rvj
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1
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Q)
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r~2
n
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HH
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SECTION
182
r^
r- i>
r- r-
f\J
(NJ
LO
0O
rO
00
i-h
LO LO
0O OO
i-H rH
rl
r\*
00 OO
LO
LO
o*
o" o*
LO*
LO*
LO rH
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ooo
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o
rH vO
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oo
O* O*
o"
c/M
Activit
sO
Decay
Saturated
10
No
eta
.n
PQ
"
^h
m
2
G .h
r-
N O LD rH
O O LO CO O h h
o o o O O rH O O O o ^
o o* o O O o o*
CD
i-H
+j
o o n
00
CD* CD*
CD*
-h*
CD*
^v
i-H
vO "^ rH LO
r\j
ooo
CD* CD* CD*
CD O*
i
cti
6
a
j
dis.
Mev
ergy
C u
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r0\O N N
rvi
o*
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ti
00
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0)
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oo OOhN
rvj
r^
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o r^ co
o o o O00h
.-h
CD CD
CD* CD*
hOO
CO LD
LO CO
o* o*
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LO 00 Tf
00
TjH
rH'
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oo
vO
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o
TH vO
0O
oo
oo
rH
O*
^
CO
o*
LO
oo oo
(M
,
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LO
f\J
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oo
LO 00 00 "^
fV3
rH* I-"
LO LO
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00
o
o
o
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LO
CD*
r^
o*
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CD CD
a,
a)
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rH
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CD
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r\j
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11
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REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
183
o
5.20
5.20
4.
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ro
r-
hnO
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60
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02
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025
0.
0.
13
18 70
0.
2. 0.
ro
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35d
2.
12.
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33
40
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20) 05)
01
33
0.
0.
0.
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09
52 39 31
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fM ro
0.
0. 0. 0.
02
0.01
CO
280
ro
17
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07
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92
92
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6.65
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2.
LO
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Cs-137
Ba-137
Ba-140
La-140
Ce-143
Pr-143
Ce-144
Pr-144
Nd-147
Pm-147
0,
-+
SECTION
184
c/Mw
CO
s-
Activity,
Decay
Saturated
0.406
0.406
10
O
O
O
o
No
Beta
in
of
dis.
ooo
oo
in uo in o
O O O O ^H
per
No.
ir>
Photons
(0.20)
CO
vO
o
1
f\3
(0.05)
a
,
dis.
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f-i
s-
per
of
in
^
ro
r-
rsj
o
ooooo
I
Energy
rvj
dis.
0.07
0.
67
1.00
Betas
10
oo
33
(0.40)
1.00
0.
(0.08)
0.
No.
Beta
(\]
oo
per
Electron
00
oo
vO
or
Conversion
Mev
68
0.076
1.
Max.
0.
Energy,
(e)
0.05
0.80
(e)
0.09
in
Fission
Yield
un
i
0.48
0.48
in
o
o
ro
o
O
rs-
(M
ro
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ro
tn
t-i
LT)
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LO
IT)
i
1
Pm-151
a
Sm-151
Tt<
oo
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
185
To illustrate the use of these activity-operational time relationships,

the beta and gamma activities built
up during a one megawatt-sec critical assembly incident are
K2 and
6
3. 08 X 10 t"
6 -1 2 curies, respec1.82 X 10 t
tively. In 32 seconds after the incident, the total activities are approximately a factor of 64 less than the
activities at 1 second after the incident, as indicated in Figure 7. For
'
infinite
operations,
power level
(t
=00)ata
megawatts, the
gamma and beta "activities are
8
2
equivalent curies
9. 1 X 10 t d
and 15. 4 X 10 8 td~ 2 curies, respectively, as indicated by Equations land
2.
These activities are reduced only
by a factor of 2 during a period of 32
seconds following the incident which
was preceded by an infinite operational period. The fractional decays folof
100
-
'
lowing a
(t
long period
td) are given
in
of
Figure
operation
building to the atmosphere is desirable prior to power operations. Periodic tests are desirable to determine the leakage because of penetrations after power operations are initiated.
Ventilation systems must be
designed to close automatically in the
event of a serious incident. A water
spray system
Magnitude of the Incident
The release of the fission products

result from a nuclear and/or a
chemical incident. If the incident is
a major one, rupturing the reactor
container and fracturing the building,
the hazard to the environs may be
may
significant. If the incident is large

enough to release all of the activity
instantaneously, the cloud may rise
enough to reduce substantially

the external doses and to eliminate
the internal doses. In most instances
the activity will probably be released
over a relatively long period of time.
In general, it is assumed in the calculations that the cloud does not rise
and that the center of the fission products cloud passes directly through
the observer.
high
Building Design
If the power plant building is constructed properly one may maintain
the integrity of the building following
a maximum incident. A leakage rate
of less than 1 or 2% in 24 or 48 hours
may be adequate to afford the necessary protection to the environs. The
power plant building is the last line
of defense between the release of the
fission products and the environs. An
experimental determination of the
leakage of gases from the power plant
at favorable
may be usereduce temperature and corresponding pressure rises in the event

of a major incident.
This water will
also be useful in washing out some of
the fission products. Thus, the fraction of radioactive material released
to
ful
from
the building following the incibe materially reduced by

this action.
The building should be
designed to maintain its integrity even
at maximum pressure rises. Provisions within the building should be
made to protect the building structure itself from being penetrated by
may
dent
missiles.
8.
located
positions in the building
well-designed
power
plant building is expensive, but if it

affords maximum protection to the
environs and if it reduces the cost of
the exclusion area, it can be an excellent investment.
Meteorological Conditions
Once the activity has been released

from the power plant building to the
atmosphere, the radiological hazards
to the environs because of the activity
released depend largely upon the

meteorological conditions.
The following is a general formula (18) which may be applied to the
problem of determining dose either
inhaled or external, due to a calculated release of activity in the form of
a burst or cloud.
e
3(2-n)
7T
LC d2 (x v+ vt) 2
- n
3/2
Cd(x v +vt)
Where:
concentration at point of
interest
Q
r
=
=
xv
C^
amount of activity in cloud

distance from the center of
cloud to point of interest
distance from the virtual origin to origin of the incident
total
coefficient of diffusion
SECTION
186
n = stability parameter
v = wind velocity
t
time at which the measurement
is made following the incident

Since meteorological conditions
can be very variable, for purposes of
discussion only two types of meteorological conditions are generally evaluated. These conditions are the
lapse and the inversion cases. During
inversion conditions, the cloud cannot rise above the inversion layer unless the heat from the incident is sufficient to break through a low enough
lying inversion layer. In the inversion case therefore the doses are
higher than in the lapse case since
the diffusion rates are smaller and
the stability factor n, is larger. The
dose from the passage of the fission
products cloud (18) following a critical assembly incident varies with v 2
while the dose from the power reac-0 8
The
tor incident varies with v
difference is due to the decay of the
fission products activity in the first
case according to the t" 1 2 Law and in
the second case according to the t~' 2
Law. In these calculations, the value
of t is approximately equal to X Q /v,
where X Q is the distance from the incident in meters at which the dose is
determined. The wind velocity, v, is
in meters/second. In general, the
inversion case doses are taken to be
a factor of 5 greater than the lapse
case doses at a quarter mile distance
from the incident when the wind velocities are the same in each case. At
a distance of three miles from the
incident the inversion case doses are
approximately 10 times the lapse case
doses.
The meteorological factors considered are listed below:
1.
Wind direction and frequency
,
'
'
of direction.
2.
Surface and aloft wind speeds.
3.
Types
4.
Miniumm, maximum and mean
5.
temperatures on an hourly,
monthly and annual basis.
Frequency and duration of in-
of gustiness.
versions.
Average and
maximum
quan(snow and
rain) on a daily, monthly and
annual basis.
An evaluation of the atmospheric
6.
tity of precipitation
stability
may
be
made from
the
tem-
perature measurements at various

heights. The frequency, altitude and
duration of inversion conditions together with the wind velocity and direction at various heights should also
be recorded. In general, the stability
parameter n, which varies from to
1, is approximately 0. 5 for inversion
conditions and 0. 25 for lapse meteorological conditions. The coefficient of
diffusion, C^, has specific values in
the x, y and z directions. At heights
greater than 25 meters, however,
In general one may
C x = Cy = C z
consider C^ as an average coefficient
of diffusion where C^ = (C x CyC z ) l/3
If the value of C^ has not been experimentally determined for the site, an
average coefficient of diffusion of
1/4
0. 06 meter
and 0. 12 meter 1/8 may
be assumed for inversion and lapse
meteorological conditions, respec.
tively.
An experimental determination
of
the diffusion coefficients and the atmospheric dilution at a proposed reactor site can be made by the use of
oil smoke and fluorescent particles.
The oil smoke particles can be used
to determine visually the atmospheric
dilution and the diffusion of particles
in the atmosphere, while the fluorescent particles can be used for an accurate determination of the diffusion
coefficients.
Topographical, Hydrological and

Geological Conditions
The hazard to the environs depends

initially on the meteorological conditions; however, unfavorable topographical, hydrological and geological
conditions can accentuate the hazard.
Topographical, hydrological and geological conditions must be evaluated
in the selection of a site for a reactor.
The topography influences the immediate meteorological conditions in
the area. For example, the meteorological conditions may be significantly
different in locations only 100 meters
apart but separated by a sharp rise
and/or a deep depression in the
earth's surface. The presence of a
water system which supplies water
for drinking, bathing or fishing purposes in the vicinity of a reactor site
must be evaluated. The geological
aspects are important in view of the

possible fixation of fission products
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
187
in the
dent.
soil following a nuclear inciof the hydrological
The extent
and geological evaluation necessarydepends on the estimated level and

quality of radioactive material that
may be deposited in the environment
at the proposed site.
The geological and hydrological
survey (19) of a reactor area would
be expected to contain the following
information.
Geology
1.
2.
3.
4.
Depth and nature of overburden

General area information
Stratigraphy of bedrock formations
Soil characteristics pertinent
to plant waste
Hydrology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
General area information

Elevation of water table
Direction, rate and nature of
underground movement of
wastes and water
Effect of withdrawals or recharge
Surface streams
Stream flow and impoundments
Study of water quality (chemical and physical)
In addition to these factors, it may

be desirable to determine the potential hazards associated with the deposition of radioactive material in
the water systems. The quantity and
quality of radioactive materials deposition on suspended river sediment
and in the bottom mud should be investigated. If radioactive laboratory
waste may be discharged into a stream
used for fishing, bathing and/or drinking purposes, a detailed study on the
dilution of the radioactivity in the
stream, the concentration of radioactivity in mud, vegetation, plankton
and fish should be conducted (20).
Simplified Method for Evaluating

Radiation Hazards From a Nuclear
Incident
Introduction
An evaluation of the hazards associated with the operation of a critical assembly and/or a power reactor can be made when the general
criteria for evaluating these hazards,
as previously stated, are known. The
fundamental
dosage
determinations
must be made are listed below.

External Dose Determinations
that
Direct radiation exposure

Fission products cloud exposure
Fall-out radiation exposure
Submersion exposure
Internal Dose Determinations
Inhalation exposures
Ingestion exposures
A method (18) has been developed

to estimate the se dosage s and the
derivations of new formulas are discussed in detail. The available beta
and gamma activity as a function of
operational time and power level has
beendiscussedpreviously in this section.
The data presented in graphic
form are based on the formulas developed in KAPL-1045 (18), KAPL1178 (21), and KAPL-1527 (22). The
exposures from a nuclear incident involving a critical assembly and a power reactor are given in terms of kwsec and
e g a wa tt s, respectively.
The exposures from the critical assembly will be presented first. However, it appears appropriate here to
discuss some of the assumptions that
have been made in the calculation of
these exposures.
The dose-rates from the direct
radiation exposure to the fission products contained within a power plant
building were computed by an analysis of the individual dose- rates from
the ranges of photon energies indicated in Figure 1. It would not be
correct to compute the dose-rates on
an average energy basis, since the
absorption and build-up factors in
steel vary considerably with the
energy of the photon. In the determination of the air scatter, energy
absorption coefficients (which combine the attenuation in air and the
The
build-up factors) were used.
dose from ground scatter is very
small and was neglected.
The direct radiation from other
activated materials (coolant or structural material) in some instances may
contribute significantly to the direct
radiation dose, and therefore, should
be considered in the determination of
the total direct radiation dose.
SECTION
188
io
I0
io
i<f
2
10"'
IO'
10
10'
IO
IO
REACTOR OPERATIONAL TIME (DAYS)
Figure
2.
Key: a
Initial Activity of
=
Bone Seekers from Fissioning
Sr-91; b = Y-91; c
IO"
Sr-89; d
Ce-144;
of
U-235
Sr-90
10
Reactor Operational Time (Days)
Figure
Key:
3.
Initial Activity of
a = Ce-143; b =
Bone Seekers from Fissioning
Mo-99;
Y-90; d
Pr-143;
of
U-235
Ce-141
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
189
So
!0'
so*
io-
Operational Time (Days)
Figure
4.
Initial Activity of
Key:
!0
Thyroid Seekers from Fissioning of U-235
a = 1-132; b = 1-135; c = 1-133; d = 1-131
or
<
<
"3f
=>I0
IO
jf~
7f
10-2
10
io-
IO 2
10'
IO
OPERATIONAL TIME (DAYS)
Figure
5.
Initial Activity of
Key: a
Radiogases from Fissioning
Xe-135; b
Xe-153;
of
U-235
Kr-85
SECTION
190
10
10"
10'
10"
10
10'
I0
I0 3
10*
OPERATIONAL TIME (HOURS)
Figure
Total Beta Activity from Fissioning of U-235
6.
Key: a
10 seconds decay; b =
3600 seconds decay
so
1 10
<
b^^
X
10"
10
10*
10'
I0
10''
OPERATIONAL TIME (HOURS)
Figure
7.
Key:
Total Gamrrua Activity

a =
from Fissioning
10 seconds decay; b =
of
U-235
3600 seconds decay
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
191
|.o"
1-
o
<
u.
o
o
o
1o
<
Ll.
lO"
10
I0
ro'
I0 3
I0
!0
DECAY PERIOD (SECONDS)
Figure
8.
Short Lived Fission Products; Decay from Fissioning of U-235
0.8
0.b
0.4
0?
10
10'
I0
iO
DECAY PERIOD (SECONDS)
Figure
9.
Long Lived Fission Products; Decay from Fissioning
of
U-235
SECTION
192
tance measured from the cen-
The doses from the passing of the

fission products cloud were computed
by assuming an average gamma energy per photon of 0. 7 mev. No air
At disscattering was computed.
tances
close to the origin of the incident the air scattering is not important, but, as the cloud increases
in size, it should not be neglected.
In these calculations, it was assumed
that the cloud traveled along the
ground and the center of the cloud
passed through the observer. In addition, it was assumed that there was
no fallout of radioactivity. These factors tend to maximize the dose and,
therefore, no air scattering was included in these calculations. It should
be noted that these calculations are
based on the irradiation of a body by
a finite cloud of fission product activity.
The well-known formula* frequently used to estimate the exclusion
area for a power plant building (which
cannot contain the fission products)
was based on an infinite cloud irradiation. A comparison of the calculated
doses yielded by these two methods
indicates that the infinite cloud method overestimates the dose to observers at distances of 100 meters and
one mile by factors of 100 and 10,
respectively. The exclusion area or
distance for power plant build-up
which can contain all of the fission
products is based on the direct radiation dose.
The internal dose** from the inhalation of the fission products was
determined by making the following
assumptions:
1.
2.
The exposed person remains
in the center path of the cloud

at a specified distance from
the origin.
The dose to the critical organ
4.
for each specific isotope was
computed from the beginning
of the inhalation to infinity.
The total iodine dose to the thyroid will be received in approximately 54 days. The total Sr-89 and Sr-90
doses to the bone will be received in
approximately one year and 52. 5
years, respectively. Approximately

one -half of the total Sr-90 dose to the
bone will be received over a period of
7. 5 years.
Therefore, corrections
for the Sr-90 dose can be made as a
function of time over which the bone
is irradiated.
Approximately 75%
of
the total dose to the bone from Ce-144

will be achieved in a period of one
year, as indicated in Figure 10.
In the assessment of the maximum
permissible damage that may be inflicted on an individual under emergency conditions, one finds a lack of
official standards for such conditions.
It is difficult, however, to establish
standards which could cover the majority of emergency conditions and be
rationally acceptable to all concerned.
Certainly, it is not realistic to observe the conservative lifetime maxipermissible dose limits to a
man when he may, under the same
emergency conditions, be also sub-
mum
jected to fire, explosion and/or chem-
hazards more damaging to the

body than the associated radiation.
In addition, the period of exposure
under emergency conditions may be
brief and such an exposure may occur
ical
The cloud does not rise.

The concentration of fission
products in the cloud
Gaussian function
ter of the cloud.

3.
is a
of the dis-
*The exclusion distance, D, in miles

has been computed by the use of the
formula, D = 0.01 (kw) 1/2 where kw
is the average operating level in kilowatts. For example, if a reactor is
operated at an average power level of
10,000 kw or 10 megawatts, the exclusion area will be 1 mile.
**The method for computing the internal dose is given in detail inKAPL1178 (21) with nomograms to aid in
the calculations.
only once in a lifetime. Therefore,

natural that one would expect the
standards for emergency conditions
to be significantly different from
those for statistical lifetime exposure conditions.
The only official maximum permissible emergency radiation exposure standards at the present time are
those recommended by the National
Committee of Radiation Protection
(23). As stated in NBS Handbook 59,
exposures greater than the maximum
permissible lifetime exposures are
permitted in the individual performit is
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
193
200
i.o
0.9
0.7
*SJ /*
/
/
1400
fa
0J8
EXPOSURE PERIOD (DAYS AFTER INHALATION)

800
1000
1200
400
600
0.6
Key:
a = Mo-99
b = Sr-89
'1
0.5
Ce-144
All radio
isotopes
Sr-90
///
0.4
03
*^-^
02
^^
0.1
EXPOSURE TIME (MULTIPLES OF EFFECTIVE HALF
7
LIVES)
Figure 10. Exposure Time-Correction Factor

Relationship for Finite Exposure Periods
ance of an unusual task to
protect
himself, others, or valuable property.

A maximum emergency dose of 25
roentgens from an external source is
permitted provided that an exposure

of this magnitude is permitted by an
individual only once during his lifetime. The maximum permissible
emergency dose to the hands and forearms as well as to the feet and the
ankles is 100 roentgens under the
same
received during the first day following
Under these circumstances, however, larger doses may

be acceptable since the doses are received over a period of time and action may be possible to increase the
excretion rate of fission products
concentrated in the body. Thus the
total dose to the body will be reduced.
the inhalation.
Critical
Assembly Hazard Evaluation
conditions.
Although no
official
standards on
internal doses have been recom-
mended by the National Committee on

Radiation Protection, doses of 100
rep to a critical organ (lung, bone,
thyroid, etc.) over a period of 60
days appear to be acceptable provided
that not more than 15% of this dose is
Direct Radiation Exposure

The dose -rates from the fission
products contained within a 2 -inch
steel container are given in Figure 11
as a function of distance from the origin of the incident, 10 seconds after
the incident occurred. The dose-rate
at a time, t seconds after the incident,
SECTION
194
5
2 o
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REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
195
10"
Key:
a = inversion meteorological
conditions (18)
3
o
o
b = lapse conditions (18)

a
\.
>v
\b
( I
i
o 3
a:
uj
--
10
10'
I0
I0 4
I0 3
10 5
I0
DISTANCE FROM ORIGIN OF INCIDENT (METERS)
Figure
13.
Critical
Assembly Data
Integrated External Dose from Passage of Fission Products Cloud Following

the Continuous Release of the Fission Products over a 2-hour Period. Assume
continuous point source emission over a 2-hour period, 100% release, wind
velocity of 1 meter/second, E = 0. 7 mev/disintegration, \ - 0. 0035 m' 1
.
can be
obtained by multiplying
the dose-rate curve presented in FigFor example,

ure 11 by (O.lt)" 1 2
the dose-rate from direct radiation
at a distance 100 meters from the
origin 10 seconds after the incident
~
will be 1.1 X 10 2 r /hr /kw-sec
*
two inches of steel. The

dose-rate at the same position one
hour after the incident is reduced by
~
Therefore, the
a factor of (360) 1 2
dose -rate at one hour following the
incident will be 9 X 10" 6 r/hr/kw-
through
sec.
Fission Products Cloud Exposure
The dose from an instantaneous

release of fission products as a cloud
moving along the ground and passing
through an observer at x meters from
the origin of the incident is presented
in Figure 12 for both lapse and inversion meteorological conditions. The
dose from the continuous release of
the activity of a period of 2 hours is
given in Figure 13. For periods of
release equal to or greater than 1
hour, the dose at a distance x meters
from the origin is equal to the pro-
duct of the dose given in Figure 13

and [(t hours)/2 J"1 2
For example,
for a release period of 4 hours, the
doses are multiplied by 0.437. For
wind velocities other than 1 meter/
second, the corresponding doses are
obtained by multiplying the doses
given in Figure 13 by v 2
*
Fall- Out Radiation Exposure
The integrated fall-out doses are

presented in Figure 14. These doses
are the integrated dosesfromthe
maximum fall-out at each position.
It should be noted that the assumption
of maximum fall-out at each distance
yields values much greater than normally would be expected. For example, at a distance of 100 meters
from the accident in the lapse case
where
the
ters/sec,
cloud velocity is five
me-
the assumption corres-
ponds to a fall-out rate of five percent per minute for the anticipated
particle sizes.
The doses obtained
must be too large by a factor of the
order of 100 at this distance. The
only way in which fall-out cases of
the calculated magnitude could be
SECTION
196
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Sr-90
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REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
197
10
10
*
UJUI
to a:
10"
I0"
8
!0'
I0
10*
I0
10
I0
DISTANCE FROM ORIGIN OF INCIDENT (METERS)
Figure
16.
Integrated Internal Dose to
Assembly Data
Lungs from the Inhalation
Critical
of
Fission
Products Following a Nuclear Incident
obtained would be for the particle size

to be large enough to make the gravity fall-out component important,
which is not realistic.
Submersion Exposure
In general, the dose
to a
body
from submersion in contaminated water is not significant. In specific

instances, however, this exposure
may be significant. The dose-rate in
rep/week from the submersion of a
human body in water with an activity
of C (jLXc/cc) with an average energy
per disintegration of 2bE in mev is
19C2bE.
To illustrate,
submerged body in
the dosea concen-
rate to a
tration of ljLtc/ccwith an average energy of 1 mev is 1. 9 X 10 1 rep/week.
Inhalation Exposure
Power Reactor Hazard Evaluation

Direct Radiation Exposure
The dose-rates from the fission

products contained within a Z-inch
steel container are given in Figure 18
as a function of distance from the origin of the incident, 10 seconds after
the incident occurred. The dose-rate
at a time, t seconds after the incident, can be obtained by multiplying
the dose-rate curve presented in Figure 18 by (0. It)" 2
For example,
the dose-rate at a distance 100 meters from the origin 10 seconds after
*
the incident from the direct radiation

will be 34 r/hr/Mw through 2 inches
of steel.
The dose-rate at the same
position 1 hour after the incident is
reduced by a factor of (360)" * 2
Therefore, the dose-rate at 1 hour
following the incident will be 10. 5
.
r/hr/Mw.
The dose to critical organs of the
body from the inhalation of fission
products and Na-24 at a distance of x
meters from the origin is presented
in Figures 15, 16, and 17 in rep per
curie.
Fission Products Cloud Exposure
The dose from the instantaneous

release of the fission products cloud
along the ground and passing through
an observer at x meters from the
SECTION
198
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1h
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REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
199
origin of the incident is presented in
Figure 19 for both lapse and inversion
meteorological conditions. The dose
Fall- Out Radiation Exposure

The integrated fall-out dose for
periods of 1 10, and 100 hour expo-
from
sures are given in Figures 21 and 22.

As indicated by these two figures, the
fall-out doses are relatively independent of the cloud velocity. These fallout doses are doses from the maximum fall-out at each position. It is
believed that these doses over-estimate the actual doses by factors of
10 1 to 10 2 as previously stated.
the continuous release of the activity of a period of one hour, the dose
at a distance x meters from the origin, is equal to the product of the dose
given in Figure 20, and
[(Thours)/2]" L2
For example, for
a release period of
the doses are multiplied by
0. 87.
For wind velocities other than
1
meter/second, the doses are multiplied by v" 0,8 where v is in meters/
4 hours,
Submersion Exposure
The submersion dose
is generally
very small and may be neglected. The
second.
I0
io'
DISTANCE FROM ORIGIN OF THE INCIDENT (METERS)
Figure
19.
Power Reactor Data
Integrated External Dose from the Passage of a Fission Products Cloud FoL
lowing an 100% Instantaneous Point Source Emission from a Power Reactor
Incident. Assume saturated activity, E = 0. 7 mev/ disintegration and
0. 0035 m" 1
/i =
.
i
I
SECTION
200
Key:
a = inversion meteorological
conditions (18)
b = lapse conditions (18)
S
c
>â
1
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N^b
UJ
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z
Z5
a:
Sio'
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w
o
a
EXTERNAL
9>
10'
I0
I0 5
10*
10
I0
DISTANCE FROM ORIGIN OF THE INCIDENT (METERS)
Figure 20.
Power Reactor Data
Integrated External Dose from the Passage of a Fission Products Cloud Following a Nuclear Incident. Assume continuous point source emission over 2hour period, 100% release, saturated activity, wind velocity of 1 meter/second, E = 0. 7 mev/ disintegration.
formula for computing the dose is the

same as given under the corresponding section in the Critical
Assembly
Hazard Evaluation.
Inhalation Exposure
in Figures 23, 24, 25 and 26 for op-
periods
8760 hours.
of
100 hours and
Example of Hazard Evaluation

To illustrate the use of the graphs,
a critical assembly incident of one
megawatt- sec and a reactor incident
following a 100 hour operation at a
power level of 1 megawatt will yield
the doses and dose-rates, shown in
Table 4 (page 204).
The author is very grateful for

the advice and assistance given by
L. L. German and H. Hurwitz, Jr.
the initiation and development of many
formulas used in this study by H. Hurwitz, Jr. and L. Tonks; the calculations made and the graphic aids constructed by D. G. Chappell; the fission yields and data supplied by J. R.
Stehn and E. F. Clancy; the legal advice and discussions given by A. Gallen; the construction of graphic aids
by C. G. Detwiler; the preparation
of graphic aids for reproduction by
R. H. Miles and R. W. Miles.
;
The dose to the critical organs of

the body from the inhalation of the
fission products at distances ofx
meters from the origin are presented
erational
Acknowledgments
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
201
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REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
203
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SECTION
204
Table
Radioactivity-
Hazard Evaluation
4.
Reactor Incident
100 hours operation at
Assembly Incident
megawatt sec transient
Critical
1
3X10 6 t" 1,2 curies
Total Beta
Total
Gamma
Sr-89
-1 - 2
1.
82Xl0 6 t
0.
057 curies
15.4X10 6 t~
9axi0 6 t'
equivalent
curies
Sr-90
0.0001 curies
1-131 + Te-131
0.
megawatt
'
'
curies
equivalent
curies
025 curies
External Dose
100 meters from
(at
origin)
Direct Radiation
11
r/hr (2" steel)
34 r/hr (2" steel)
F. P. Cloud
0.73
Fail-Out
0.
64 r (infinite exposure)
Sr-89
0.
75
Sr-90
0.
12
1-131
8. 8
(at
(instantaneous
release)
4.4 r (instantaneous
release)
940 r
(1
hour exposure)
Internal Dose*
100 meters from
origin)
Assumes
mrep
mrep
mrep
22 rep
33 rep
3700 rep
lapse meteorological conditions with a wind velocity of
m/sec
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
U.S. Geological Survey
2.
Eugene Ayres, "The Fuel Situation, " Scientific American, Oc-
6.
tober 1956.
3.
H. F. Lansing, "The Role of
7.
En-
5.
Geneva Report, Vol. 2, "The

World Requirements for Energy;
The Role of Nuclear Power. "
Geneva Report, Vol. 6, "Geology of Uranium and Thorium. "
H. Gary, "Foreign Market for

Package Nuclear Power, " Nu-
cleonics H, No. 5, May 1953.

R. W. Everett, "Market for Pack,
age Nuclear Power, " Nucleonics
U, No. 4, April 1953.
gineering in Nuclear Energy

Development," TID-5031 (Technical Information Service, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee).
4.
"AEC License Requirements and

Regulations, " Nucleonics L3,
No. 4, April 1955.
8#
McCune, General Electric

General Electric News.
"U. S. Power Reactors Program,
Goal: Economic Power in 10
F. N.
Co.
9.
Years,
"
Nucleonics
July 1954.
1_2_,
No.
7,
REACTOR SAFEGUARDS
205
BIBLIOGRAPHY
10.
"Power Costs: Nuclear

Nucleonics
12_,
No.
8,
vs. Coal, "
(continued)
17.
August
1954.
11
12.
H. Hurwitz, Jr. "Safeguard Consideration for Nuclear Power

Plants, " Nucleonics 12, No. 3,
March 1954.

AEC Manual, Vol. 8000, "Research and Development, " Part
8400, "Nuclear Reactor DevelopU.S. Atomic Energy Commis"Standards for Protection
Against Radiation, " Director,
Division of Licensing.
14.
KAPL-1045, March
19.
20,
15.
K. Way, Physical Rev. 70, 115
16.
Unpublished work of J. R. Stehn

and E. F. Clancy, Knolls Atomic
Power Laboratory, General
1954.
"
"
L. J. Cherubin, "Evaluation of
Potential Hazards Associated
with the Release of Laboratory
Liquid Waste to the Mohawk

River, " KAPL-1353.
21
J. J.
Fitzgerald, D. G. Chappell,
"Graphic Aids to Estimate Nuclear Radiation Hazards. " KAPL1178, August 30, 1954.
22
(1946).
Electric Company.
26,
E. S. Simpson, W.A. Beetem,

CD. Albert, F. H. Ruggles,
"Geology and Hydrology of the
West Milton, New York, Area,
KAPL-ADM-1365.
"AEC
Inspect Reactors for

Safety," Nucleonics 13, No. 3,
March 1955.
"Reactor Hazards Predictable,
Says Teller. Great Need for
Public to be Educated, " Nucleonics 11, No. 11, November 1953.
Fitzgerald, H. Hurwitz,
Tonks, "Method for

Evaluating Radiation Hazards
from a Nuclear Incident, "
"
sion,
J. J.
Jr. and L.
U. S.
ment.
13.
18.
Clark Goodman, "The Science

and Engineering of Nuclear
Power, " 1947, page 241.
J. J. Fitzgerald, "Criteria and

Methods for Evaluating Environmental Reactor Hazards, " KAPL-
1527.
23,
"Permissible Dose from External Sources of Ionizing Radiation, "
NBS Handbook
59.
C
$
SECTION
ALLERGIC DISEASE IN INDUSTRY

Milton
S.
Dunn, M.S., M. D.
Medical Director, Rensselaer Division

General Aniline and Film Corporation
Rensselaer, New York
This section is included primarily
to acquaint the nonmedical reader
with some representative industrial
medical problems which until now

have in many cases been obscurely
defined. It has been found that the
concept of allergy explains many of
these problems. What h e r e t o f o r e
have been considered to be purely
toxicological reactions have in some
instances, after careful evaluation
bearing allergic reaction in mind,
turned out to be allergic phenomena.
Allergic diseases may affect almost any part of the body and this
chapter attempts in a general way to
categorize these and to explain them
in a rational manner.
These diseases are found in both
occupational and nonoccupational pursuits. It is the purpose of this section to indicate wherein industrial materials may act as causative factors.
The most easily recognizable allergic symptoms are listed in the adjacent table.
General Symptoms of
Allergic Disease
Organ
Affected
Skin
mechanism
of
which
is the
same
as for sinusitis above.

(3) Asthmatic bronchitis-may result from infection which becomes
superimposed upon chronic bronchial
asthma.
It
may become
deepseated
rash,
Symptoms
usually of the ec-
oozing,
crusting,
scaling
and swelling. These

patches may even at times
run together to form larger areas, sometimes large
enough to cover the whole

face, neck, hands, arms,
trunk, chest, etc. For example: contact dermatitis,
hives, angioedema and ec-
zema,
Lungs
Cough,
tenacious sputum,
cyanosis, wheezing, shortness of breath, or even at
times complete or almost
complete obstruction of
breathing;
for example:
asthma.
Eye
Lachrymation, often with

severe itching and swelling
of the lids. Occasional
photophobia.
may
the
of
zematous type, seen as

reddened patches with some
Complications of Allergic Disease

(1) Sinusitis complication of long
standing nasal allergy. Chronic obstruction of nasal passages causes
infection to supervene more frequently.
Such infection (sinusitis)
cause disability. Thus the infected
sinus while nonoccupational may be a
sequela to an industrially caused nasal allergy.
(2) Chronic middle ear disease,
Description
Nose
blockage watery
rhinorrhea, itching nasal
passages, sneezing, post
nasal discharge.
Nasal
and long lasting.

(4) Emphysema a late complication of chronic obstructive lung dis-
ease characterized by "barrel shaped"

chest, lungs in chronic state of expansion, and dyspnea due to marked
SECTION
208
TwP
Tm?
ALLERGEN
REAGIN
CELL
TINY BLOOD
VESSEL
H
Figure
loss of elasticity of
ratus.
1.
(5) Heart damage a very late and

infrequent sequela of long standing and
severe respiratory obstruction.
(6) Eyelid and conjunctival infectionoccasional complication due to
rubbing the eyes which are affected
by an allergic reaction.
(7) Pyodermas infections in the
skin as a result of bacterial implantation superimposed upon any type of
allergic skin disease.
The Mechanism
of Allergic
Reactions
The mechanism by which an allergic
reaction
takes place is rather
FLUID INTO
TISSUES
Simplified Allergen
pulmonary appa-
RELEASE OF
Mechanism
organ is excited by the "H"

substance spasm follows. This spasm
is particularly noted in the bronchial
musculature, as in the case of asththe hollow
ma.
In
summary
(1)
(2)
(3)
(see also Figure 1):

allergen enters the body
specific reagin is produced
allergen and reagin are
attached to tissue cell.

(4) "H" substance is liberated
(5) (a) "H" substance acts upon
tiny blood vessels with resultant
edema; (b) "H" substance acts on
smooth muscle with resultant spasm.
Allergy, or more accurately,
allergic disease, is presently esti-
from
complex; but this possibly oversim-
mated
plified explanation may explain it

more easily.
An allergic person, by inheritance, produce s reagins in the blood
stream. These reagins are the body's
response to the presence of allergens
and are specific reactors 'to specific
percent of the population. The

concept of allergy is relatively new
in medical circles and within the last
25 years many otherwise puzzling
ailments have been recognized to be
allergens.
The
reagin attaches itself to specific organ tissues such as

mucous membranes of the nose, conjunctivae, paranasal sinuses,pul-
monary membrane s and the skin.

When the allergen and reagin unite,
a substance resembling histamine (or
"H" substance) is released into the
fluids. This "H" substance may
affect the walls of the tiny blood vessels and/or the smooth muscles of
the hollow organs. Increased per-
body
meability of blood vessels leading to

edema causes hives (urticaria) or angioedema. If the smooth muscle of
to
affect the lives of
10
to 30
allergic diseases.
Generally, an allergic disease is

may be disabling. The
materials which cause it are usually
quite harmless to the non-allergic
In industry the problem
individual.
of lost time as a result of on-the-job
contacts with allergens is a perplexing one, and is complicated by offthe -job contacts over which the industrial hygienisthas little or no control.
Probably the most frequent industrial allergic disease is one of the
skin, namely, contact dermatitis.
This disease may vary from ill defined erythema to edematous, papular, vesicular, and bullous eruptions,
not fatal, but
ALLERGIC DISEASE
209
depending on the degree of sensitization and concentration of the inciting
agent. Such other manifestations as
bronchial asthma, "hay fever," chronic sinus diseases, hives, angioedema,
eczema, etc., and even migraine

headache may at times be precipitated
by industrial contact.
Factors Influencing Allergic Disease
Predisposition or SusceptiAllergically susceptible persons are usually so by heredity.
Statistically 30 to 90 per cent of the
offspring of allergic parents may
show allergic predisposition.
(1)
bility.
(2)
(a)
Exposure
Quantitative.
can be said that the
exposure the
toms.
(b)
In
general
it
more severe the

more severe the symp-
Duration.
There isusually
a lapse between initial exposure and

the time at which symptoms become
manifest. During
person
this
period the
is developing the
p e c ific
sensitivity. This time varies depending on the type of substance as well

as many other factors.
(3) Specificity
(a) Individual. An allergic re-
action may be precipitated by one

specific substance, i.e.
by the wool
of sheep but not necessarily of other
animals, or by chromium and not
necessarily by other metals.
(b) Group.
Some allergic people
react to groups of allergenic substances which are closely related
either biologically (all members of
the cucumia or melon group such as
cucumber, muskmelon, cantaloupe,
etc.) or chemically (the qu i n o n e s
arsenicals, mercurials, salicylates,
,
etc.
).
Summation
of Allergenic Eftotal manifestation of allergic disease is a summation of all

the allergic reactions existing at a
(4)
fects.
The
given time.
For example, two or
more allergic reactions occurring
may
simultaneously
noticeable
result in
symptoms,
very
whereas the
effects of any one might escape conscious notice.

(5)
Miscellaneous. Emotional up-
set and other
psychosomatic factors
may
may
allergic disease, as
toxic states secondary
aggravate
fatigue,
to infection, the use of certain drugs,

and the ingestion of alcohol.
Major Classifications and Excitants

of Allergic
Disease
(1) C onta c t Allergy. An all inclusive concept covering eruptions

resulting from sensitization to agents
reaching the skin or mucous membranes externally. It does not include dermatitis from direct irritation due to caustics, heat, etc. It is
probably the most

of
modern
life.
common dermatosis
The skin eruption is
generally nonspecific in type; that is,

a variety of causes may produce the
same clinical reaction. This skin
disease may vary from a barely perceptible reddening to edematous,
papular, vesicular, or even bullous
eruptions. The degree of sensitization and the concentration of the inciting agent or agents largely deterthe severity of this skin reaction. Although
areas of
the body are most commonly involved,
any part of the skin or mucous
brane may be affected. Contact dermatitis, though usually of short duration, may persist, at times for
many weeks after the inciting agent
has been identified and removed. It
mine
exposed
memr
,
is
characterized by an eczematoid
skin eruption usually limited to exposed areas and is caused by a local

allergic type of reaction to specific
substances.
Examples
such incit-
of,
ing substances are:
Plant Products
Grasses (timothy, etc.
Flowers (primrose, pyreth)
rum, etc.
Weeds (ragweed, etc.
Trees and their products
)
(jute,
hibiscus, acacia, coco bolo,

turpentine, etc.)
Nuts (walnuts, etc.)
Spices (mustard, etc.)
Fruits and vegetables (asparagus, oranges, etc.)
Cosmetics
Hair dye
Toilet waters
Perfumes, etc.
Animal Products
Lanolin
Glue
Furs, etc.
(continued)
SECTION
210
Nuts and seeds (walnut, flax-
Drugs
seed, etc.
Spices, and flavorings (mustard, etc.
Ammoniated mercury
Arsphenamine
Procaine, etc.
Cosmetics
Chemicals
Arsenic compounds
Chromium compounds
Orris root, perfumes, etc.
Quinones, etc.
Note: Table 1 will assist in establishing the relationship between the
occupation and the contactants above
listed.
Respiratory Allergy. This is

characterized by coughing, wheezing,
sneezing, excess mucous production
(2)
resulting in obstruction of the nasal
and pulmonary airway and precipitation of asthma by edema of the mucous

membranes and/or spasm of the
smooth muscles of the bronchioles.

Examples of this are bronchial asthma
and nasal allergy caused by a systemic allergic reaction to inhaled
and/or ingested allergenic subExamples of such substances.
stances are:
Plant Products
Pollens of grasses, ragweed,
trees, etc.
Spores of mold (alternaria, hor-
modendrum,
etc.)
Trees and their products (sawdust, jute, etc.
Nuts and seeds (cotton-seed, flaxseed, etc.

Spices (mustard, etc.
)
Cosmetics
Perfumes, etc.
Animal Products
Animal furs
Danders, etc.
Drugs
Aspirin, salicylates, etc.
occupation and the substances listed
above.
(3) Skin Allergy. This is characterized by urticaria, angioedema and
atopic eczema caused by a systemic
allergic reaction to inhaled and/or
ingested allergenic substances. Examples of such substances are:
Plant Products
Pollens of grasses, ragweed,
trees, etc.
Mold products (mushroom,

cheese, penicillin, etc.)
Trees and their products

(hibiscus, turpentine, etc.)
Animal Products
Wool
Animal danders,
Drugs
etc.
Aspirin and salicylates

Penicillin, etc.
occupation and the substances listed
above.
Differential Diagnosis
Contact allergy should be differentiated
from other types
eases with which
it is
of skin disfrequently con-
fused.
(1) Dermatitis from primary irritants is caused by the direct action of a chemical substance on the
skin at the point of contact. Such a
substance
may
the fat in the
dissolve or emulsify
skin, precipitate the
as in a tanning action, or
a chemical oxidation or
reduction of the outer skin. It may
dehydrate or dissolve the keratin or
outer layer or cause a keratogenic or
thickening action. Primary irritation
produces a skin inflammation resembling a burn; this will occur almost
invariably when such substances come
in contact with the skin. A common
example of such a substance is kerosene; its effects on the skin vary
from the diffuse redness of a first
degree sunburn to the blistering of a
proteins,
it
may cause
second degree burn.
Susceptibility
greatest in thin-skinned blondes,

but almost anyone will react to some
degree.
(2) Oil folliculitis is not an allergic reaction but is often confused with
allergic disease. It is an inflammation and infection localized to the hair
follicle and is caused by oil. Severe
cases are often called "oil boils."
This skin disease results from continued contact of the hairy skin with
oil which carries bacteria down into
the follicles causing an infection.
Dark, oily-skinned persons are more
likely to develop such an irritation
than fair -skinned persons. Of utmost
importance here is personal hygiene;
is
ALLERGIC DISEASE
211
Table
Key:
1.
Occupations, Symptoms
and Likely Sensitizers
Respiratory Symptoms Asthma and Nasal Allergy (hay fever)

Skin Symptoms Eczema and Hives, Angioedema
Contact Dermatitis
Occupation
Agricultural
Symptoms
R,
s,
Sensitizers Allergens
Animal, plant and mold products. Insecticides, chemicals, drugs, solvents, detergents, etc.
Airplane
"Dope" solvents, paints, woods, glues,

electroplating compounds
Pitch, tars and petroleum products
Bichromate form
workers
Asphalt and
pitch workers
Autotype r
Bakers and
R, s, c
Brewery
R, s, c
chromium
Flours, conditioners, bleaches, flavoring extracts, vegetable dyes,

sugars, eggs, chocolate, mold, etc.
millers
Barbers
of
Cosmetics, depilatories, hair dyes,

hair preparations containing mercury,
quinine, resorcin and sulfur
Barley, grains, hops, malt, yeast,
mold, glues, paper products inks,
detergents, etc.
workers
Paints and stains
c
c
Arsenic and metallic salts
R, S, C
(Hog
Animal hairs and danders,
Bricklayers,
masons
Bronzers
Burnishers
Butchers
Mercurials
Itch)
Cabinet
intestinal
contents, molds, detergents, insecticides
R,
s,
Sawdusts, resins, glues, lacquers, solvents, varnish, thinners
R,
s,
Nuts, spices, flavorings, fruits,

sugars, dyes, vegetable colorings
makers and
carpenters
Candy makers
Canners of
fruits and
Fruits, vegetables, juices
vegetables
Cattlemen
R, s, c
Chemists
Circus
workers
R, s, c
Cottonseed, feeds, grains, hair and

danders, molds, pollens, detergents,
cleansers, etc.
Irritants and allergenic substances in
common use in the laboratory
Animal hairs and danders,
disinfecting,
deodorizing and cleansing chemicals,

dyes, fabrics, foods, grains, pollens,
molds, sawdust
SECTION
Table
212
1.
Occupations, Symptoms, and Likely Sensitizers (continued)
Occupation
Symptoms
Cooks
Chromium compounds
Compositors
R,
s,
Flours, fruits, vegetables, flavorings,

vegetable dyes, spices, soaps, deter-
mold
gents, insecticides,
Dentists and
dental
technicians
Antibiotics such as streptomycin,

penicillin, etc.
iodoform, "Novo-
caine", various 'caine drugs,
mer-
cury amalgam
Dye workers
Dyes
Electr opiate rs
Chromium compounds
of all sorts
and intermediates
,
cyanides, cop-
per compounds
Electrotypers
Copper compounds, chromium compounds
Explosive
Ammonium
manufacturers
nitrate
DNT, mercury
fulminate, "Hexite," picric acid,

picrates, tetryl, TNT, p-phenylene-
diamine
Exterminators
R,
Felt workers
R, s, c
Bichromates, hair and dander, mercury salts, sizings
Foresters
R, s, c
Insecticide sprays, "poisonous" shrubs,

pollens, sawdusts, molds
Fruit and
vegetable
handlers
R, s, c
Dyes, fruit colorings, fruits, vegetables, glues, insecticides, mold,

oils, paper, waxes, woods
Fur cleaners
R,
Furniture
R, s, c
s,
Arsenic compounds, fluorides, formalin, mercury compounds, pyrethrum,

cereal grains, DDT, "Lethane,"
paradichlorbenzene rotenone
,
s,
workers
Cleansers, dusts, dyes, fabrics, hair,

danders
Dusts, fabrics, glue, lacquers, metals,
mold, paint, plastics, sawdusts,
woods, kapok
Furriers
R, s, c
Garage
workers
Aniline dye, arsenic compounds,
p-amidophenol, p-phenylenediamine
Chromium compounds, copper
Gardeners
R,
Grocers
R, s, c
Hair dressers and

beauticians
salts,
detergents, oils, rubber, soaps

s,
Arsenic compounds, fertilizers, insecticides, mold, plants, pollens, and

substances from trees and plants
Sugar, flours, flavorings, spices,
fruits, vegetables, burlap, glue
Ammonium
wave
thioglycolate
hair dyes,
set solutions, cosmetics, per-
fumes, resins
ALLERGIC DISEASE
213
Table
1.
Symptoms
Occupation
Insecticide
DDT
R, S,
Insecticides, 'pyrethrum,
R,
House dusts, dyes, colorings, paints,
workers
Interior
S,
decorators
lacquers, resins, fabrics
Iron and
Chromium compounds
"pickling"
chemicals, "case hardeners "

quenching oils, mold makers' sand
steel
workers
C
C
Jewelers
Leather
workers
Machinists
Chromium
salts, cyanides, nickel salts
Amido-azo-toluene hydrochloride,
arsenic, sodium sulfide, bismark
brown, dyes, nigrosene, vegetable
and chemical tanning agents, bichromates, sumac, tannins
Oils, cutting oils (espec), soaps,
chromium compounds
R, S, C
Milliners
Dyes, arsenic, feathers, wool,
felts,
hair, dusts, glues, fabrics
Nurses
Mercury bichloride,
'caine drugs,
formalin, detergents, soaps, medicated oils and alcohols, streptomycin,
penicillin, antiseptics
Painters
Aniline dyes, linseed
oil,
paint re-
movers, pigments, dyes, arsenic

compounds, thinners, tar distillates,
turpentine, varnish removers, bichromates
Paper
makers
Pharmacists
Chemicals, drugs, dyes, coloring,

glue, solvents, oils, waxes, etc.
Photoengravers
and lithographers
Bichromates, photodevelopers
dyes
Chromium compounds, hydroquinones
Photographers
Dyes, glue, resins, wood pulp, mucilage, bleaching solutions, digesting

solutions, paper dust
inks,
metol, mercury salts, silver and

platinum salts, pyrogallol, sulfides,
p-phenylene diamine
Photogravure
workers
p-nitranilin red, inks, dyes
Photostat
Chromium compounds
C
C
Aniline dyes, arsenic in felts
workers
Piano workers
Plywood
workers
made from
woods and wood
Casein, glues (espec. those

the synthetic resins),
dusts
SECTION
Table
214
1.
Occupation
Symptoms
Polishers of
metals
Bichromates, turpentine
Preserve
packers
Fruits and vegetables, glues, inks,

colorings
Printers
c
c
Inks, soaps, dyes
Formaldehyde hexamethylenetetramine monomers of polymerized
Rayon manu-
Bleaches, coning oils
facturers
Resin manu-
facturers
resins, phenol, urea
Restaurant
Fruits, vegetables, juices, flavorings,

extracts, spices, colorings, flours,
soaps, mold, insecticides
workers
Road workers
R, S, c
Soap manu-
Asphalt, tar, "poison" plants

of plants in the vicinity
Aromatic s added
c
c
Chromium compounds
Varnishers
and
lacquerers
Resins, thinners, dyes, pigments,

lacquers
most effective prevention lies in

adequate washing facilities.
the
(3)
Dermatophytosis
is
commonly
called "athlete's foot." This fungustype disease can also cause a skin
eruption on the hands, called derma tophytid. The dermatophytid, or
"id" reaction, can be very easily confused with contact dermatitis. In
many cases the reaction on the hands
opens the way for further difficulty
due to contact with chemicals or to
other substances acting as sensitizers.
Things for the Safety Director to
Keep in Mind with Regard to

Allergic Disease in Industry
(1)
Should an employee
pollens
to soaps, soap, detergents, volatile oils, colorings
facturers
Solderers
present
allergic symptoms outside his occupation as well as while at work, the

probable extra-occupational allergenic exposures must be carefully
evaluated.
(2) The more frequent allergy
problem which has to be faced will
In
probably be contact dermatitis
this regard it should be remembered
that contact dermatitis will be found
.
most
the
often at the site of contact with

offending substance. A rubber
face mask may produce a dermatitis

of the face; a plastic handle may pro-
dermatitis of the hand.

should also be remembered that
duce
It
in
some instances the allergens cause

dermatitis only when they become
dissolved in perspiration or other
body fluids. A dust which is susin the air and permeates the
clothing might cause dermatitis of the
armpits or the groin only because
there is sufficient moisture from perspiration to dissolve the dust and
carry it through the clothing and into
the skin.
Friction from clothing may also
be a factor in rubbing the allergen
into the skin at the point of contact.
Thus contact dermatitis may develop
more easily under the waist band or
under the collar or cuffs.
pended
ALLERGIC DISEASE
215
it
(3) As to the use of antihistamines,

must be remembered that they do
not relieve the disease. In order to

relieve the disease they would have
to prevent the reaction between the
allergen and the reagin, which produces the "H" substance. All the
antihistamines can do is prevent the

"H" substance from reacting with the
small blood vessels or smooth muscle which results in the allergic manifestation. Now, once the body reacts
to an allergen by manufacturing a
reagin to the specific allergen an
equilibrium is established. The more
the body is in contact with that aller-
more reagin
it is going to
follows therefore that
after exposure to a massive dose of
allergen, so much reagin is produced
that a great deal of "H" substance is
formed and a tremendous amount of
antihistaminic would be necessary
merely to relieve the symptoms.
gen, the
produce.
It
Antihistaminic
drugs have bene-
ficial reactions, but
they may
also
have toxic reactions. It may become

necessary for the patient to take so
much
antihistiminic to
relieve
the
symptoms that he may suffer more

from the toxic reaction to the drug
than he would have suffered from the
allergic symptoms. Another general
cisely the same as those described in

Section 3 for protection against the
effects of industrial poisons.
While the primary job of the
(5)
Safety Director is related to the control of environmental allergenic factors he should not overlook the fact
that emotional tensions can contribute
to allergic reactions.
He may help
the worker to resolve his emotional
tensions either by suggesting medical
aid or discussing the work problem if
that is a cause, etc.
,
(6)
The laws
of
various
states
what constitutes an
"allergic disease" in industry. It is
recommended that the law be care-
differ as to just
fully investigated before a case deci-
Some states require

be present at the time
material or substance in
sion is made.
trauma
that
that the
question was first introduced into the

skin before a "resultant allergic
dermatitis" can be legally declared.
In other states this trauma is not required. There are various interpretations as to specific cause and aggravation, and in most states the law has
been very carefully worded to include
all of the usual circumstances.
It is
not the intention of the writer to enter
into any legal discussion regarding
an industry's liability in any of the
disadvantage of antihistaminic drugs
aforementioned circumstances.
their sedative effect. An individual whois under the influence of these

drugs may become sleepy or sluggish
to the extent that his coordination
only recommended that those substances which seem likely to cause

trouble be carefully watched, and
either avoided or handled in such a
way that a minimum of disability re-
is
becomes affected and he is unable to

perform his normal duties at work or
even
to drive his car. It is important

that the
of antihistaminic
amount
which an individual takes is carefully

controlled by a physician.
Furthermore, he may depend upon
the antihistaminic drug to control the
allergic symptoms and forget to do
something about the cause of the
trouble.
Only by searching out and
identifying the exciting agent can proper measures be taken either to remove it from contact with the worker
or to protect him from it. Palliative
measures are therefore really justified only if at the same time a con-
certed effort is being

with the causal agent.
(4)
vVith
measures
effects
to deal
regard to protective
personnel against the
allergens they are pre-
for
of
made
It
is
sults.
(7) In industries in which allergic
disease is prevalent (see Table 1),
stress should be laid during the preplacement physical examination on
the history of allergic disease in the
person and in his family. During this

examination the physician has the opportunity to prevent the development
of a large number of chronically allergic patients. If a prospective employee has hay fever, asthma or allergic eczema or if he is known to
have hives or angioedema at various
times and under specific circumstances, it is better to place him in a
job which will be as free from aller-
gens as possible.
SECTION
216
Emergency Treatment
A physician called
room
to
(6)
an emergency
victim of a severe
allergic reaction should have available various drugs, medications and
materials. Time may be precious.
One of the more important things is
an oxygen tank, equipped with the proper valves and gages to deliver oxygen to a patient either by mask, funnel or the like. It is also suggested
that hypodermic syringes and needles
be kept available in a sterile condition incase the physician needs them.
Table 2 lists the materials which
should be kept available in the emergency room. None of these materials
are expensive and yet they can be lifesaving when they are at hand and can
be used by the physician in charge.
It should be stressed that the dosage,
the technique of administration and
the frequency of administration, as
well as the decision when to use any
of the procedures should be left solely
to the discretion of a physician.
to treat the
Criteria for the Diagnosis of

Occupational Dermatoses*
(1) An occupational dermatosis is
one in which the role of an occupational causal factor has (at some previous time) been established beyond
reasonable doubt.
(2) The person has been working
in contact with an agent known to have
produced similar changes in the skin.
(3) The time relationship between
exposure to the agent and the onset of
the dermatosis is
correct
for that
The person
is
agent, followed by improvement and

clearing after cessation of exposure,
constitute convincing evidence of the
occupational factor as a cause.
(b) The results of patch tests
performed and interpreted by competent medical personnel corroborate
the history and examination in the

majority of cases.
Common Allergens
Table 3 lists the substances which
are among the more frequent causes
of allergic diseases.
These are arranged whenever possible according
to a general classification "Fruits "
"Furs," "Waxes," etc. This does
not mean that all the materials have
the same ability to cause allergic diseases, but it will allow for a more
rapid survey of the contactants. The
column "Danger of Sensitization by
Testing" has been included because,
even though it is not a frequent phenomenon, it is an extremely important one and should be avoided if
,
abnormality of the skin.

(4) The site of the onset of the cutaneous disease and the site of maximum involvement are consistent with
the site of maximum exposure.
(5) The lesions present are consistent with those known to have followed the reputed exposure or trauma.
Allergenic Potential
118:613, 1942.
an
(9) If the diagnosis is dermatitis,

the following items are important:
(a) Attacks after exposure to an
possible.
*These criteria with the exception of

f e w words are copied ve rbatim
from "Industrial Dermatoses, A Report by the Committee on Industrial
Dermatoses of the Section on Dermatology and Syphilology of the American Medical Association, " J. A. M. A.
in
plicated.
particular agent and that particular
employed
occupation in which similar cases

have previously occurred.
(7) Some of the person's fellow
workers using the same agent are
known by the examiner to have similar manifestations.
(8) So far as the examiner can ascertain, there has been no exposure
outside of occupation that can be im-
has been noted that allergenic

are a cause of allergic
disease.
However, this should be
It
materials
The allergenicity
of all substances is not the same.
Some materials, such as poison ivy,
buckwheat, p- phenylenediamine,
cottonseed, castor bean dust, chocolate, fish glue, wintergreen, are very
powerful allergens. These are said
to have a high allergenic potential.
Extremely small amounts of these
allergens acting over a relatively
short time are found to produce severe symptoms in the allergic person. Conversely, if an allergen in
large amounts, acting over a long
further qualified.
ALLERGIC DISEASE
217
Table
2.
Suggested Materials for Emergency Treatment
Form and /or

Concentration
Drug or
Apparatus
Oxygen tank
with proper
valves and
Purpose
100% medical
oxygen
To supply oxygen to the asthmatic patient who is suffering

from oxygen lack
Rebreathing type
To administer oxygen
gages
Oxygen mask
to patient, better than a funnel or
tube
Hypodermic
1,
syringes
2,
10,
and
20 cc
To be available to physician
needed in an emergency
if
To be available to physician
needed in an emergency
if
(sterile)
Hypodermic
20 gage
and 1 l/? in.

25 gage % in.
needles
(sterile)
Epinephrine
1-1000 aqueous
30 cc rubber
capped vial
Injected subcutaneously for

rapid relief of asthma and
hives
Epinephrine
1-100 in oil
2 cc glass vial
Injected intramuscularly for
Aminophyllin
of
asthma
% grains
/2 grains
20 cc glass vial
Injected intravenously (slowly)

for relief of asthma
2 cc glass vial
Aminophyllin
"Demerol"
30 cc rubber
capped vial
Antihistamine
prolonged relief
and hives
Injectable
relief of
asthma

the relief of severe apprehension in patient with asthma. Use caution and small
doses.
Injected for severe hives in
emergency
Cortisone
Injectable
To be injected intramuscularly
ACTH
Injectable
To be injected intramuscularly
for severe allergic disease

for severe allergic disease
Calcium
salts
Glass vials
To be injected either intramuscularly or intravenously

for emergency treatment of
severe hives
Sodium iodide
10%
10 cc glass vial
Intravenous
infusion
set-up
Sterile and ready
use 1000 cc
flasks of water,
glucose, saline,
to
etc.
Administered intravenously for

the liquefaction of pulmonary
mucus in asthma
Given by intravenous route for
emergency treatment of asthma. Also used as vehicle to
administer aminophyllin,
sodium iodide, etc. by intravenous route
,
SECTION
218
Table
2.
Suggested Materials for Emergency Treatment (continued)
Form and /or

Concentration
Drug or
Apparatus
"Isuprel" or
Purpose
To be kept under
Sublingual
"Aludrine"
tablets
until
the tongue
completely dissolved
acting in same way as epinephrine. This method is

very useful.
Nebulizer
May
"Vaponefrin" or
DeVilbis #40
be used as a rapid
of bringing relief in
means
asthma.
May
use "Vaponefrin, "

"Aerolone, " "Isuprel, " or
epinephrine 1-100
period of time, produces only slight

symptoms, then these substances are
said to have alow allergenic potential.
Examples of low potential materials
are boric acid, rice dust and tea. A
material which in moderate amounts,
acting over a moderate period of time,
causes only moderate symptoms is
said to have a moderate allergenic
potential.
Most substances are in
this class.
Testing
The Patch Test. This test is used

the offending
for determination of
agent in
contact
dermatitis. It is
the appropriate
performed by placing
substance on the cleansed skin, and

covering it with a small square of
cellophane held down with a strip of
adhesive or cellulose tape. The name
of the material used, or an identifying number should be written on the
tape for
later
identification.
The
reason for the cellophane is twofold.

It prevents the solution from leaking
through the tape and aids in the final
reading. If the worker is sensitive
to the adhesive he will have a zone of
redness with a clear zone under the
cellophane. If he is senistive to the
substance, as well as to the tape, he
will usually have an outer red area,
a clear space and an inner reaction.
The actual testing should be done
as close to the site of the rash as is
practical. If the rash is on the face,
it is best to make the test on the neck
or back; if it is on the hands, it is
best to test on the arm. In some cases

several sites may be used successively in order to demonstrate the
suspected sensitivity.
The length of time of contact with
the test material is important. In
some cases a reaction occurs within
minutes to a few hours. If so, the
patch should be removed and the substance washed off. If no reaction
takes place in 24 to 48 hours, it may
be necessary in some cases to allow
the test to stay in place up to 96 hours.
The patch test is read by recording the amount of redness, vesicle
(blister) formation, or more severe
inflammatory reactions. If there is

only slight localized redness at the
then a 1+ reaction is
there is marked redness
and inflammation and a large amount
of blister formation, then it is read
as a 4+ reaction. Gradations between
these are 2+ or 3+. Of course, if no
reaction takes place it is recorded as
negative.
The Intracutaneous Test. The intracutaneous testis made by injecting
a tiny amount of the properly extracted, sterilized, diluted and standardized material into the outer layers of
the skin with a hypodermic syringe
and fine needle. The test is read in
10 to 15 minutes as a 1+ to 4+ reac-
point
of
recorded;
test,
if
depending upon the amount of

wheal or mosquito-bite -like reaction.
A 4+ reaction is noted as a large irregular raised welt with surrounding
redness
tion
ALLERGIC DISEASE
219
Table
3.
Common
Allergens
Key
Their Effects and Methods
of
C.
Negl
of Sensitization
Negligible
Sit - Slight
Mod
Var
Moderate
Variable
Mkd
Marked
Mod
Mkd
Moderate
Marked
Sit
Slight
Test
Allergenic Potential
Patch Test
I.
Danger
Contact Dermatitis
Respiratory: Nasal, Pulmonary
Skin: Hives, Eczema
Type
Testing
Abbreviations
to
Symptoms
-
of
Intracutaneous (or Scratch

Test)
Var
P.
I.
Variable
-
Primary
Irritant
Vehicle
Ale
Aq
Alcohol
Type
Aqueous
Acet - Acetone
Petr - Petrolatum
-
of
Action
Cont.
Contact
Inh - Inhalation
-
The concentration of the test material for scratch or intracutaneous test'

ing is left to the attending physician.
Substance
Adhesive
Symptoms
Type
of
Test
Danger
Concentration
or % for
of
Vehicle
Testing
Sen-
sitization by
Testing
Negl
as is
Allergenic
Poten-
Action:
Contact,
Inha-
tial
lation
Low-
Cont
100%
--
Negl
c
c
P
P
P
10%
Aq.
Negl
5%
Petr
Negl
Mod
Mod
Low
Mod
1%
Aq.
Sit
Mod
Cont
10%
Aq
Sit to
Mod
Cont
Mod
Mod
Inh
Low
Low
Mkd
Mod
Cont
plaster
Almond oil
Alum
Ammoniated
mercury
Ammonium
Cont
Cont
Cont
fluoride
Auto
Mod
polishes
Barley
Bleaching
R, S
i.e.
--
10%
--
Aq
powders
Sit to
Cont
Mod
P
P
Boric acid
c
c
Buckwheat
R, S
"Butesin"
R, S
i.e.
Blueing
Negl
I.
c.
as is
50%
--
--
Negl
Petr
Negl
--
Negl
1%
Ale
Negl
is
--
Negl
Cont
Inh
Cont
picrate
Casein
as
Negl
Mod
Mod
Cont
Inh
SECTION
Table
220
3.
Common
Substance
Castor bean
Allergens
Symp toms
R,S
Type
of
Test
C.
I.
Their Effects and Methods
of
Danger
Concen-
of
tration
or % for
Vehicle
Testing
Sen-
sitization by
Testing
(GREAT CAUTION
Negl
Chrysanthe -
mum
Cocoa
Copper
I.
C
R,S
i.e.
C
R,S
C
Aq
50-100%
100%
c.
I.
Action:
tial
lation
Mod
Mod
Mod
Mkd
Mkd
Mkd
Mod
Negl
C.
Allergenic
Poten-
Sit to
grains
R,S
(cont.)
Contact
Inha-
Inh
Mkd
__
as is
Testing
Very
ADVISED)
(dust)
Cereal
Aq
Sit
Sit
Negl
Negl
1-5%
as is
Negl
Negl
100%
Negl
Cont
Inh
Cont
Inh
Cont
Inh
Cont
sulfate
Corn
Cosmetics
Cottonseed
c
R,S
C
R,S
R,S
Crayons
Daffodil
i.e.
Mod
Mod
Mod
Mkd
Inh
Cont
Inh
I.
c.
Negl
Negl
I.
C. (Use Caution)
Negl
Very
Inh
Negl
Mkd
Low
Low
Cont
P
P
50-100%
Petr
Negl
leaf or
Cont
Cont
bulb
Deodorants
Egg White
Feathers
c
c
R,S
c
R,S
c
R,S
Fish
Formalde-
P
P
Aq
Aq
50-100%
50-100%
i.e.
P
P
Aq
Var
C. (Use Caution)
I.
Negl
Negl
Negl
Negl
as is
C.
I.
Low
Mod
Mkd
Mod
Mod
Mod -Mkd
Mod -Mkd
Mod
Negl
Negl
Negl
2%
Aq
Negl
2%
Ale
Negl
Cont
Cont
Inh
Cont
Inh
Cont
Inh
Cont
hyde
Flavoring
Slt-
Cont
Negl
Negl
Mod
Mod
Mkd
Inh
oils
j
Flaxseed
Floor
Wax
Flour
Flowers
Fruits
c
R,S
c
c
R,C
C
R,S
C
P
I.
P
P
I.
as is
C.(Use Caution
10%
Petr
as is
C.(Use Caution
'
as
is
i.e.
50-100%
Aq
Cont
Var
Var
Cont
Negl
Negl
Var
Var
Inh
Var
Var
Var
Var
Inh
Sit to
Cont
Negl but
some
Sit
Mkd
Cont
Cont
ALLERGIC DISEASE
221
Table
3.
Common
Symp-
Substance
toms
C
R,S
C
R,S
C
Furs
Glue
Glycerine
c
c
R,S
C
Green soap
Hair
Allergens, Their Effects and Methods of Testing
all
kinds
Hair dyes
Danger
Concen-
Type
of
tration
or % for
of
Test
Vehicle
Testing
as
Sen-
sitization by
Testing
Negl
Negl
is
i.e.
Aq
Negl
P
10-50%
(Dangerous - Use Great Caution)
P
P
P
as is
Aq
Aq
1-5%
as is
i.e.
Aq
10-100%
(cont.)
Allergenic
Poten-
Action:
tial
lation
Mod
Mod
Mkd
Mkd
Contact
Inha-
Cont
Inh
Cont
Inh
Negl
Sit
Cont
Negl
Sit
Cont
Negl
Negl
Mod
Mod
Inh
Var &
Sit to
Cont
Undeter-
Cont
Mkd
mined
C
R,S
House dust
c
R,S
C
R,S
Hops
Inks
Iodoform
Juniper
oil
Kapok
Karaya
Gum
Lacquers
Lanolin
Latex
Leathers
Lysol
Mercury
Negl
Negl
Sit
Cont
Inh
Negl
Negl
Mod
Mod
Low
Negl-Slt
Slt-Mod
Cont
Negl
Sit -Mod
Inh
Petr
Negl
Sit
Cont
Ale
as is
i.e.
as is
i.e.
Aq
10-100%
i.e.'
Cont
Inh
C
C
p
p
Negl
Sit
Cont
R,S
i.e.
Negl
Inh
R,S
i.e.
Negl
Mod
Mod
Negl-
Mod-
Cont
Mod
Cont
c
c
c
c
c
p
p
p
p
p
c
c
c
p
p
p
R,S
I.C
25%
1%
100%
Inh
100%
Negl
100%
Negl
Mkd
Mod
Mod
as is
Negl
Sit
Cont
Negl
Cont
Negl
Mod
Mod
as is
Negl
Slt-Mod
Cont
as is
Negl
Slt-Mod
Cont
Mkd
Mod
Cont
Negl
Mod-
Inh
Aq
Aq
1%
0.
1%
Cont
Cont
bichloride
Metals
Metal alloys
Methyl
2%
Petr
salicylate
Mold spores
Mucilage
Mustard
oil
1
Nickel
sulfate
C
c
c
p
p
p
Negl
100%
\
1%
5%
Ale
Negl
Aq
Negl
Mkd
Mod
Mod
Mod
Cont
Cont
Cont
SECTION
Table
222
Common
3.
Symp-
Substance
toms
"Novocaine"
Nylon
Oats
Orange
Allergens, Their Effects and Methods of Testing (cont}
oil
C
R,S
C
R,S
C
Type
of
Test
P
P
P
P
P
Peanut
R,S
i.e.
Penicillin
C
R,S
i.e.
Perfume
oils
Phenol
C
C
Photographic
developers
Picric acid
Plants
C
C
Poison Ivy
Poison oak
Vehicle
Testing
1%
Aq
as is
as is
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
1%
Ale
as is
2%
Sen-
sitization by
Testing
i.e.
i.e.
Paraphenylene diamine
of
i.e.
C
R,S
Orris root
Danger
Concentration
or % for
Petr
tial
lation
Mod
Cont
Negl
Negl
Sit
Sit
Inh
Negl
Negl
Sit
Sit
Inh
Negl
Mod
Cont
Negl
Negl
Sit
Mod
Mkd
Mod
Cont
Cont
Cont
1
Inh
Cont
1%
Petr
Negl
Mkd
Mkd
Mkd
Mod
2%
5%
Aq
Aq
Negl
Sit
Cont
Negl
Mod
Cont
1-5%
Aq
Negl
Mod
Cont
Slt-Mkd
Slt-Mkd
Cont
Very
Very
Cont
Mkd
Mkd
Negl
Var
Var
Aq
as is
0.01%
0.01%
Acet
Acet
0.01%
Acet
sumac
c
Potassium
dichromate
0.5%
Primrose
25%
Powder,
Action:
Contact,
Inha-
Negl
Sit
Sit
Very
Very
Mkd
Poison
Allergenic
Poten-
Inh
Cont
Inh
Cont
Cont
Mkd
Very
Very
Mkd
Mkd
Cont
Negl
Sit
Cont
Aq
Negl
Mod
Cont
Aq
Very
Mkd
Cont
Mkd
Mkd
Mod
Inh
as is
cleansing
Mkd
Pyrethrum
Ragweed
c
R,S
i.e.
C
R,S
i.e.
20%
Ale
Negl
Negl
Negl
as is
Cont
Cont
leaf
Ragweed
pollen
Resins
1-5%
50-100%
Petr
Ale or
Petr
Negl
Negl
Negl
Mkd
to
Mod
Mkd
Mod to
Mkd
Cont
Inh
Cont
ALLERGIC DISEASE
223
Table
3.
Common
Allergens, Their Effects and Methods of Testing
Danger
ConcenSubstance
Rubber,
Symptoms
Type
of
tration
or % for
Test
Testing
Vehicle
of Sensitiza-
tion by
Testing
(cont.)
Allergenic
Poten-
Action:
tial
lation
Contact
Inha-
as is
Negl
Mod
Cont
as is
Negl
Mod
Cont
c
R,S
as is
i.e.
Negl
Negl
Inh
Low
Low
Mod
natural
Rubber,
synthetic
Sawdust
Shellacs
50-100%
Negl
Ale
to
Cont
Cont
Sit
Silk
Silver
nitrate
Soaps
Sulfonamides
Sulfur, ppt.
Tannic acid
Tars
R,S
C
C
C
C
C
c
C.
I.
P
P
P
P
P
P
Negl
Mod
Inh
5%
Aq
Negl
Sit
Cont
1-3%
Aq
Negl
Sit -Mkd
Cont
5-50%
Petr
Mod
5%
Negl
1%
Aq
Negl
as is
Do
Mkd
Mod
Mod
Mod
Cont
Petr
Test Dil
not
Negl
Cont
Cont
Cont
cover
Tobacco
c
R,S
Tulip bulb
Turpentine
Varnishes
Vegetables
Waxes
Wheat
Wintergreen
C
C
R,S
C
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
as
is
pulp
Wools
Cont
Petr
Negl
Sit
Cont
25-100%
Ale or
Petr
Negl
Sit to
Cont
as is
25-50%
Petr
as is
0.5%
Ale
Sit
to
Mod
Negl
Slt-Mod
Negl
Slt-Mod
Cont
Negl
Negl
Mod
Mod
Mkd
Inh
Very
Cont
Cont
Cont
Mkd
oil
Wood and
Cont
25-50%
i.e.
Inh
Negl
Mod
Mod
Low
Negl
Negl
as is
i.e.
C
R,S
C
R,S
as is
Negl
Negl
as is
Negl
Negl
i.e.
p
i.e.
Foods and inhalant allergens are
generally used
for intracutaneous
testing. Chemicals such as aspirin,
penicillin, and formaldehyde should
not be used since severe reactions
may result (see Table 3).
Low
Low
Mod
Mod
C ont
Inh
!
C ont
Inh
The Scratch Test. This is a relatively simple test consisting merely

of the application of the test material
in proper dilution to a tiny scratch
made into the skin. The reactions
are recorded in 5 to 15 minutes as 1 +
SECTION
224
This test is much less sensito 4+.

tive and less reliable than the intra-
cutaneous test (see Table 3).

The Ophthalmic Test, This test
is performed by instilling a drop of
the properly prepared extract into
the conjunctival sac and noting the
reactions.
Watering and itching of
the eyes result quite quickly if the
test is positive. This testis sometimes used to detect sensitivity to in-
haled allergens. It is, however, quite

unpredictable and therefore not recommended unless the physician feels
that there is no other way to determine
sensitivity (see Table 3).
Both the scratch and ophthalmic
tests are explained here in order to
be complete. They are, however, not
mentioned in Table 3 because they
are not the usual or even preferred
method
of testing.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Urbach, "Allergy,
"
Greene and Stratton
Vaughn & Black, "Practice
of Allergy, "
Mosby Publishers
Feinberg, "Allergy in Practice," Year Book Publishers

L. Criep, "Allergy,
"
Lippincott
Alexander, "Synopsis of Allergy,

'De
Re Medica,
"
"
Mosby
Chapter on Allergy, Eli Lilly Drug Co.
SECTION
10
GENERAL CHEMICALS
ffl
226
ABBREVIATIONS USED
ACGIH
IN
SECTION
American Council
of Governmental
and Industrial Hygienists
anh
anhydrous
atm
atmospheres
Autoign. Temp.
10
autoignition temperature
B.
boiling point
C.
closed cup
C
decomp
decomposition
degrees centigrade
degrees Fahrenheit
Flash P
flash point
C. C.
Interstate
C. O.
I.
L. E.
L,
MAC
MCA
M.-
Cleveland open cup
Commerce Commission
lower explosive limit
maximum
allowable concentration
Manufacturing Chemists' Association
melting point
mm
millimeters
Mol. Wt
molecular weight
O.
open cup
C
U. E. L
T. O.
Vap.
Vap. Press
Tag open cup

upper explosive limit
vapor density
vapor pressure
ABIE TIC ACID

Synonyms: Abietinic acid, sylvic
acid.
Yellow powder.
Description:
Formula:
C 2 oH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 302.4
M. P. 172 - 175C
Toxic Hazard Rating:
Acute Local: Irritant
2;
Inges-
tion 2
Acute Systemic: Ingestion 1

Chronic Local: Irritant 2
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Slight; emits acrid
fumes when exposed to flame; can
react with oxidizing materials
(Section

Acute Local: Allergen 2
Chronic Local: Allergen 2
Chronic Systemic: Ingestion 2
Caution: Habitual users develop
"absinthism, " with tremors,
vertigo, vomiting and hallucinations. Local contact may cause
contact dermatitis (Section 9).
Fire Hazard: Slight.
Ventilation Control (use normal rate):
Section 2
Personal Hygiene: Section 3
Storage and Handling: Section 7
ACACIA GUM
Gum arabic.
Description: Spheres or "tears"
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 240,000
Density 1. 35-1. 49
Acute Systemic:
Synonym:
6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, if dust

exposed to flame or sparks.
Personnel Protection: Section 3
is
ABRIN
Synonym: Toxalbumin
Description: Yellowish-white powder.
Acute Local:
Acute Systemic: Ingestion 3; Inhalation 3; Skin Absorption 1
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
Caution: Exceedingly toxic in eye

and nose. Smallest particle in a
wound may be fatal.

Disaster Control: Dangerous, when
heated to decomposition, emits
highly toxic fumes.
Section 2
Chronic Systemic:
Caution: Local contact may cause
contact dermatitis. Inhalation as
dust may cause respiratory symptoms such as asthma, watery nose
and eyes, cough and wheezing.
Hives, eczema and angioedema
may also result from inhalation or
ingestion (Section 9).
Fire Hazard: Slight (Section 6).
ACACIA WOOD
Acute Local: Allergen
tion
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Local: Allergen
halation
ABSINTHIUM
Inhala-
1;
In-
Chronic Systemic:
Synonym: Wormwood
Description: Dried leaves and flowering tops of Artemisia absinthium L.
Toxic Rating Code:
1;
None
= Slight
Toxicology:
Toxicity by inhalation
is
that of any wood dust. Local contact may cause contact dermatitis
(Section
2 =
9).
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ACENAPHTHENE
228
Fire Hazard: Slight, can react with

oxidizing materials.
ACENAPHTHENE
Synonym: Naphthalene ethylene.
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 154. 2
M. P. 95 C
B. P. 277. 5C
Density 1. 024 @ 99 /4C
Vap. Press. 10
@ 131. 2C
Vap. D. 5. 32
mm
Toxicity:
Caution:
Unknown
cause vomiting if swallowed in large quantities.

Fire Hazard: Slight; it emits acrid
fumes when heated; reacts with

oxidizing materials (Section 6).
ACETAL
1,
-Diethoxyethane;
diethylacetal.
Colorless, volatile
agreeable odor; nutty after-
Description:
liquid;
taste.
Formula:
heating.
1.
65% (lower
CH 3 CH(OC 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 17
B. P. 102. 0C
Flash P. -5F (C.C. )
Density 0. 831
Autoign. Temp. 446 F
Vap. Press, 10
@ 8. C
Vap. D. 4. 08
Acute Local: Inhalation 1
Acute Systemic: Ingestion 2; Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: Ingestion 1;
Inhalation 1
Toxicology: No cases of industrial
intoxication are known. It is
narcotic and more toxic than
paraldehyde. Conclusions are
based upon animal experiments.
High concentrations in air cause
narcosis.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; can react
vigorously with oxidizing materi-
mm
als.
No
To Fight Fire: Carbon dioxide, dry
Spontaneous Heating:
Toxic Rating Code:
Disaster Control: Dangerous, due

to fire and explosion hazards.
Section 2
ACE T ALDEHYDE
Synonyms: Acetic aldehyde;
May
Synonyms:
6).
limit)
C 10 H6(CH 2
Formula:
(Section
Explosion Hazard: Moderate, when

exposed to flame. Old samples
have been known to explode upon
Explosive Range:
White, elongated
Description:
crystals.
chemical or carbon tetrachloride
None
= Slight
ethyl
aldehyde.
Description: Colorless, fuming
liquid; pungent, fruity odor.
Formula:
CH 3 CHO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 44. 05
M. P. -123. 5C
B. P. 20. 8C

Density 0. 7827 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 1. 52
Acute Local: Irritant 3; Ingestion 3; Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: Ingestion 2;
Inhalation 2
Inhalation 2
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 200 parts
per million in air; 360 milligrams
per cubic meter of air.
Toxicology: It has a general narcotic
action on the central nervous
system. In chronic intoxication
the symptoms resemble those of
chronic alcoholism. It is irritating to the eyes. High concentrations cause headache and stupefaction.

vigorously with oxidizing materials.
No

(Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: Severe when exposed to flame.

- 57. 0%
Explosive Range: 4.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ACETATE RAYON
229
Disaster Control: Highly dangerous
due to fire and explosion hazard.
Section 2
First Aid: Section 1
Shipping Regulations: Section 11.
C. C. Classification: Flammable liquid; red label.
Coast Guard Classification: Inflammable liquid; red label.
warning label.
I.
MCA
ACETALDEHYDE AMMONIA.
See
Aldehyde Ammonia.
ACETALDOL.
See Aldol.
ACETAMIDE
Synonym: Acetic acid amine.
Description: Colorless, mobile
liquid;
Formula:
mousy
odor.
CH 3 CONH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
59. 07
81 C
B.
;
P. 222,C
Density 1. 159 @ 20 /4C

Vap. Press. 1
@65. C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Disaster Control: Dangerous; when
heated to decomposition, it emits
highly toxic fumes of cyanides.
mm
2-ACETAMIDOFLUORENE
Powder.
C 6H 4 CH 2 C 6 H 3 NHCOCH3
Description:
Formula:
Constant: Mol. Wt. 223. 3

Toxicity: Details unknown; an insecticide.

highly toxic fumes of cyanide.
ACETANILIDE
Synonyms: N-Phenylacetamide
antifebrin.
Description: White, shining crystalline scales.
Formula:
CH 3 CONHC 6H 5
For detailed discussion
Constants: Mol. Wt. 135. 16

M. P. 113. 5C
B. P. 303. 8C
Flash P. 345 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 2105 @4 /4 C
Autoign. Temp. 101 5 F
Vap. Press. 1
@ 114. C
Vap. D. 4. 65
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: In experimental poisoning a variety of effects have been
reported, depending on the animal
or tissue used for testing. Acute
poisoning in humans may occur if
several grams are taken by mouth.
mm
Cyanosis
is a
prominent finding in
both acute and chronic poisoning.

Habitual use of acetanilide for relief of headache has resulted in
damage to the blood forming
organs, with anemia and cyanosis.
The latter is due to the presence
of
methemoglobin.
Sulfhemo-
globin has also been demonstrated

in such cases. Habitual use may
cause serious injury to the blood.
It may also cause contact dermatitis and inhalation or ingestion
may cause an exematous eruption
of the skin (Section 9).
Fire Hazard: Slight, when exposed

to heat or flame.
Spontaneous Heating: No
To Fight Fire: Water, carbon
dioxide, dry chemical or carbon
tetrachloride (Section
6).

highly toxic fumes of aniline.
Ventilation Control (normal rate):
Section 2
ACETATE RAYON
Skin rashes from rayon
garments are usually due to dyes,
conditioners or other chemicals
added to the rayon (Section 9).
Caution:
to heat or flame;
can react with

of Toxicology, see Section
ACETIC ACID
230
ACETIC ACID
Personnel Protection: Section

Storage and Handling: Section
Synonyms: Methane carboxylic acid;
Shipping Regulations:
Storage and Handling:
Section
vinegar acid; ethanoic acid.

Description: Clear, colorless liquid;
pungent odor.
Formula:
CH 3 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60.05
M. P. 16. 7C
B. P. 118. 1C
Flash P. 104F (C. C. )
Density 1. 049 @20/4rC
Vap. Press. 10
@17. 5C;
@20C
11.4
Vap. D 2. 07
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Caustic, irritating, can
mm
mm
cause burns, lachrymation and

conjunctivitis. It penetrates the
skin easily and can cause dermatitis and ulcers.
Inhalation causes
irritation of mucous membranes.
In case of contact with skin, eyes
or clothing, immediately flush
skin or eyes with plenty of water
and remove
clothing.
If
contaminated
swallowed give
all
magnesia, chalk or whiting in

water.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; can react
vigorously with oxidizing materials (Section 6).
Caution: Particularly dangerous in
contact with chromic acid, sodium
peroxide, nitric acid.
chemical, or carbon tetrachloride
(Section
6).

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 4. 0% (lower limit)
toxic fumes.
Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Section 11.
Coast Guard Classification:
Com-
bustible liquid.
MCA
warning label.
ACETIC ACID
80%; 56-70%; 28%.

See Acetic Acid.
ACETIC ACID, GLACIAL.
See
Acetic Acid.
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
Synonyms: Acetyl oxide; acetic
oxide; ethanoic anhydride.
Description: Colorless, very
mobile, strongly refractive
liquid; very strong acidic odor.
Formula:
(CH 3 CO) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102.09
M. P. -73. 1C
B. P. 140 C
Flash P. 121 F (C.C.)
Density 1. 082 @ 20 /4C
Vap. Press. 10
@36. C
Vap. D. 3. 52
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: An irritant corrosive
on contact with tissue, particularly the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Systemic effects can
be avoided by heeding the warning
coughing and a
of its presence
burning sensation in nose and
throat. Ingestion causes a burning pain in the stomach followed
by nausea and vomiting. If not
removed from skin at once it will
cause a reddening which may be
followed by wrinkling, whitening
and peeling. Continued contact
with skin can cause dermatitis
(Section 9). It is especially
hazardous to the eyes, with delayed action causing eye burns.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame.
mm
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ACETOACET-p-CHLORANILIDE
231
No
To Fight Fire: Carbon dioxide,
dry-

(Section
6).

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 2. 67 - 10. 13%
highly toxic fumes; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials;
will react violently on contact
with water or steam.
Section

3
7
Section 11.
Com-

bustible liquid.
MCA
warning label.
ACETOACETANILIDE
alpha -acetyl acetanilide.
Description: White crystalline solid.
CH 3 COCH 2 CONHC 6H
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 177. 2
M. P. 85C
B. P. Decomposes
Flash P. 325F (C.O.C.)
Density 1. 260 @ 20 C
Vap. Press. 0.01mm@20C
Toxicity: Details unknown; a weak
allergen (Section 9). See also
Acetanilide.
to heat or flame.
To Fight Fire: Water, foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or
carbon tetrachloride (Section 6).
highly toxic fumes of aniline and
cyanides.
ACETOACET -o-ANISIDIDE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
CH 3 COCH 2 CONHC 6H 4OCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
207. 22
M. P. 86. 6C
Flash P. 365F
Density
Toxicity:
1.
132
(O. C.
@ 86.
/20 C
Unknown
6).
ACETOACET -o-CHLORANILIDE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
C^COCHzCONHC^Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 211.65
M. P. 107C; B. P. Decomposes
Flash P. 350 F (C.O.C.)
Density 1.438 @20C
Vap. D. 7. 31
Toxicity: See Acetanilide.

to heat or flame.
To Fight Fire: Water, foam, carbon
Synonyms: beta-Ketobutyranilide;
Formula:

to heat or flame; can react with
6).

highly toxic fumes of aniline, phosgene and cyanides; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
Section 2
ACETOACET -p-CHLORANILIDE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
C^COCHjjCONHC^Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 211. 65
M. P. 133C
B. P. Decomposes
Flash P. 320 F (O. C.
Density 1.348 @ 20 C
@20C
Vap. Press. < 0.01
Vap. D. 7. 31
to heat or flame.
dioxide, dry chemical, or carbon
tetrachloride (Section 6).
highly toxic fumes of aniline, phosgene and cyanides; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
Section 2
mm
ACETOACETIC ACID
232

ACETOACETIC ACID

Synonym: Acetyl acetic acid.

Description:
Formula:
ACETOL
Colorless syrup.
CH 3 COCH 2 COOH
Synonyms: Acetyl salicylic acid;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 1
B. P. < 100 C (decomp. )
Toxicity: Unknown
Fire Hazard: Slight"; when heated,
emits acrid fumes; reacts with
aspirin.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 180. 2
M. P. 135C
Density 1. 35
ACETOACET-p-PHENETIDIDE
Description:
Formula:
B. P.
Acute Systemic:
Crystals.
CH 3 COCH2CONHC 6H 4 OC 2 H5
Decomposes
Flash P. 325 F (O. C. )

Density 1. 220 @ 20 C
Vap. Press. 0. 02
@ 20 C
Vap. D. 7. 63
Fire Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat or flame; can react
mm
with oxidizing materials.

Section 2
ACETOACET-o-TOLUIDIDE
B. P.
191. 22
106C
Decomposes
Density 1. 300 @ 20 C
Vap. Press. 0. 01
@ 20 C
For details see Aceto-p-phenetidide.
mm
ACETOGUANAMINE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
CH 3 (C 3 N3)(NH 2
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 125. 15
M. P. 270 C (decomp.
Density 1. 44
Toxicity:
Unknown
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Caution: Ten grams may be fatal.

Contact, inhalation or ingestion
can cause asthma, sneezing,
irritations and watering of eyes
and nose as well as hives and
eczema (Section 9).
to heat or flame (Section 6).
Ventilation Control (use optional):

= Slight
ACETONE
Synonyms: Dimethyl ketone; ketone
propane; propanone.
Description: Colorless liquid;
fragrant mint-like odor.
Formula:
CHÔCHzCONHC^CHs
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Crystals
1;
Section 2
Formula:
Ingestion
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
Allergen
Chronic Systemic: U
221. 25
108. 5C
Description:
Inges-
1;
tion 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
White crystals.
CH 3 COOC 6H 4 COOH
CH 3 COCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 58. 08
M. P. -94. 6C
B. P. 56. 48C
Flash P. 0F (C.C. )
Density 0. 7972 @ 1 5 C
Vap. Press. 400
@39. 5 C
Vap. D. 2. 00
Inhalation 2; Skin Absorption 2
per million in air; 2400 milli-
mm
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ACETONE
233
grams per cubic meter
decomposes
of air.
Acetone is narcotic to
animals in very high concentrations. Cats are anesthetized by
concentrations of 8,000 to 17,000
ppm and above, but repeated exposures to concentrations of 2, 000
ppm cause no ill effects other than
slight irritation of the eyes and
Toxicology:
nose.
In industry, no injurious
from its use have been reported, other than the occurrence
of skin irritations resulting from
its de -fatting action.
It can give
rise to bronchial catarrh and
effects
headache.
Fire Hazard:
Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame.

Underwriters Laboratory Classification:
90

(Section
6).

vapor is exposed to flame.
Disaster Control: Dangerous, due
to fire and explosion hazard;
can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
Section

poison label.
Poison B; poison label.
ACETONEDICARBOXYLIC ACID
Synonym: beta-Ketoglutaric acid.
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
146. 10
135C (decomp.
Unknown
OIL
(a)
Standard:
light,
lemon-yellow, (b) Refined:

almost water white, (c) Heavy:
dark, orange-yellow.
Constants:
B. P. (a) 75-l60C;
nitrile.
(b)
75-105C; (c) 80-225C

Density (a) 0.826-0.830
Liquid.
CH 3 COCH 3 HCN
Constants: Mol. Wt. 85.10

M. P. -20C
B. P. 82C @23
Density 0.932 @19C
Vap. D. 2. 93
Acute Local: Irritant 1
Inhalation 3; Skin Absorption
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: This material readily
White crystals.
C5H6O5
Description:
Description:
ACETONE CYANHYDRIN
Formula:
6).

Ventilation Control (use moderate
rate): Section 2
Poison B;
I. C. C. Classification:
ACETONE

MCA warning label.
Description:
(Section

Fire Hazard: Slight; when heated,

it emits acrid fumes.
7
11.
Shipping Regulations: Section

FlamI. C. C. Classification:
mable liquid; red label.
Synonym: Oxyisobutyric
must be kept
Hydrocyanic Acid and Acetone.

to heat or flame.
Toxicity:
hydrogen cyanide
It
slightly acidfied. It should not

be stored for long periods and it
should be kept cool. See also
M. P.
to
and acetone.
OIL
(b) 0. 812; (c) 0.
Toxicity:
mm
885-0. 865
Unknown
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; when exposed to heat or flame.

(Section
6).

exposed to flame.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; can
react vigorously with oxidizing
materials.
ACETONE PEROXIDE
234
Section 11.

I.
MCA
warning label.
ACETONE PEROXIDE
3-(alpha-ACETONYLBENZYL)4- HYDROXYCOUMARIN
Description: Liquid.
Toxicity: Details unknown.
Peroxides, Organic.
See also
ACETONE SEMICARBAZONE
Formula: (CH 3 2 CNNHCONH2
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 115. 1
Toxicity: Details unknown;
secticide.
ACETONITRILE. See Methylcyanide
ACETONYL ACETONE
5;
2-diacetylethane.
Description: Colorless liquid.
1,
CH3COCH2CH2COCH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
114. 14
M. P. -9C
B. P. 192.4C
Flash P. 174F
Density
0.
Autoign.
Vap. D.
970
(C. C.
Temp. 920 F
94
tion
@ 20 /4C
3.
1;
Inhalation
2;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution:
Can
Fire Hazard:
posed
irritate the eyes.
Moderate, when excan react
Colorless, crystalline
solid.
Formula:
CjgHjfcO,^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 308. 2
M. P. 159-l6lC
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: Ingestion
Inhalation 2
MAC: ACGIH
an in-
Disaster Control: Moderately

dangerous; when heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes.
Synonyms: Hexanedione- 2,
Synonym: Warfarin.
Description:
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction; when

heated, it emits acrid fumes; can
react vigorously with reducing
materials (Section 6).
shocked.
Formula:
(Section 6).
Section 2
(tentative);
0. 5

2;
mg
7
3-(al P ha-ACETONYLFURFURYL)4- HYDROXYCOUMARIN
Description: White powder.

Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
Caution: This rodenticide is almost
always used mixed with bait
preparations unpalatable to
humans. However, in case of
accidental ingestion, induce
vomiting until fluid is clear.
Administer vitamin K (oral or
intravenous) in large doses. Call
a physician immediately.
Fire Hazard: Slight; when heated it
evolves acrid fumes.
Section 2
to heat or flame;

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
ACETOPHENETIDINE
Synonyms: p-Acetophenetide;
phenacetin.
Description: Glistening, crystalline
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ACETYL BENZOYL PEROXIDE
235
Constant: Mol. Wt. 139.2

Toxicity: Details unknown; an in-
powder.
Formula: Ct^CONHCÔCzHs
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 179. 21
M. P. 138C
Acute Local: Ingestion
tion
secticide.

heated to decomposition it emits
2;

Section 7
Inhala-
Acute Systemic:
halation 1
Chronic Local:
Ingestion
2;
P-ACETOTOLUIDIDE
In-
Synonym: p-Tolylacetamide.
Chronic Systemic:
Description:
Ingestion
Formula:
2;
Inhalation 1
Toxicology: A dose of 0. 5 gram of
this material has caused death.
Although it is considered less
toxic than acetanilide, the symptoms of poisoning from it are
nearly identical: weakness, dizziness, depression, collapse and
very evident cyanosis. Chronic
effects consist of loss of weight,
insomnia, shortness of breath,
weakness and often anemia.

dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic
fumes.
Section 2
ACETOPHENONE
Synonyms: Phenyl methyl ketone.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
C 6 H 5COCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 14
M. P. 20. 5C
B. P. 202 C
Flash P. 221 F (C. C. )
Density 1. 033 @ 15 /l5 C
Vap. Press. lmm@37. 1 C
Vap. D. 4. 14
Caution: A hypnotic. See also
Ketones.
ACETOPHENONE OXIME
Formula: C 6H 3 0(NOH)CH 3
Crystals.
CH 3 C 6 H 4 NHCOCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 149.
B. P. 307C
Flash P. 335F
Density 1. 212
(C. C.
Vap. D. 5. 14
Toxicity: Unknown

To Fight Fire: Water, foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or
ACETOXY MERCURI BENZO

THIOPHENE
Toxicity:
See
Highly toxic.
Mercury Compounds, Organic.

heated to decomposition, it
emits highly toxic fumes of
mercury and oxides of sulfur.
ACETYLACETONE
dione-2,
See Pentane-
4.
ACETYL BENZOYL PEROXIDE

Synonym: Acetozone.
White crystals.
Formula: C 6 H 5 COOOCOCH 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 180. 2
M. P. 36 - 37C
B. P. 130C @19
mm
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: Irritant
gestion
1;
2;
In-
Inhalation 2
Chronic Systemic:
Caution: This material is a powerful oxidizing agent which is

corrosive to skin and mucous
membranes.
Inges-
3;
tion 2
ACETYL BENZOYL PEROXIDE, SOLUTION
236
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction.
To Fight Fire: Carbon dioxide or
ACETYL BROMIDE
dry chemical (Section 6).

shocked or exposed to heat.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; shock
or heat will cause detonation with
evolution of toxic fumes; will
react with water or steam to
produce heat; can react vigorously
with reducing materials.
Synonym: Ethanoyl bromide.

Description: Colorless fuming
Section 2

Section 11.
I.
C.C. Classification: Not

accepted.
Coast Guard:
Not permitted.
ACETYL BENZOYL PEROXIDE,

SOLUTION. See
also Acetyl
Benzoyl Peroxide.
Section 11.
I.
C. C. Classification: Oxidizing
material; yellow label.
Coast Guard: Oxidizing material;

yellow label.
ACETYL BENZYL PEROXIDE, DRY

Description: Powder,
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by

spontaneous chemical reaction
(Section 6).
Caution: A powerful oxidizing agent.

will cause detonation with evolution of toxic fumes; will react
with water and steam to produce
heat; can react vigorously with
reducing materials.
ACETYL BENZYL PEROXIDE, WET

Details unknown. See also
Peroxides, Organic.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction (Section
Toxicity:
6).

dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes;
can react vigorously with reducing materials.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
liquid;
Formula:
Section
turns yellow in air.
CH 3 COBr
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 96
M. P. -96. 5C
B. P. 76. 7C
Density 1. 52 @ 9. 5/4C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: This material readily
hydrolyzes. See also Hydrobromic
Acid, Acetic Acid.
To Fight Fire: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or carbon tetrachloride (Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by

spontaneous chemical reaction;
decomposes violently upon contact with moisture.
highly corrosive and toxic fumes
of carbonyl bromide and bromine;
will react with water or steam to
produce heat.
Section 2

ACETYL CHLORIDE
Synonym: Ethanoyl chloride.
liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 COCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 78. 50
M. P. -112C
B. P. 51 - 52C
Flash P. 40 F (C.C. )
Density 1. 1051 @20/4C
Vap. D. 2. 70
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: It readily hydrolyzes to
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ACETYLENE CHLORIDE
237
reached. Dizziness, headache,

mild gastric symptoms, and in
high concentrations, semiasphyxia and brief loss of consciousness have all been reported.
In general industrial practice,
however, acetylene does not constitute a serious hazard. See
Argon for discussion of simple
form hydrogen chloride and

acetic acid. See also Hydro-
is
chloric Acid, Acetic Acid.

Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; reacts
violently with water.
To Fight Fire: Carbon dioxide, or
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by spontaneous chemical reaction.
highly toxic fumes of phosgene;
produce heat and toxic or corrosive fumes.
Section 2
Corrosive
liquid;
asphyxiants.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame.

water spray, or dry chemical.
exposed to heat or flame or by
spontaneous chemical reaction.
At high pressures and even moderate temperatures, acetylene
has been known to decompose
explosively.
Synonyms: Ethyne; ethine.

garlic-
als.

Section 2
FlamI. C.C. Classification:
mable gas; red gas label.
Coast Guard Classification: Inflammable gas; red gas label.
HC=CH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 26.04
B. P. -84. 0C (sublimes)
M. P. -81. 8C
Flash P. 0F (C.C. )
Density 1. 173 grams per liter
@0C
Autoign. Temp 635 F
Vap. Press. 40atm@l6. 8C
Vap. D. 0. 91
Acute Local:
Acute Systemic: Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic: Inhalation 1
Caution: When mixed with oxygen, in
proportions of 40 per cent or more
acetylene also acts as a narcotic
and has been used in anesthesia.
Acetylene also acts as a simple
asphyxiant, by diluting the oxygen
in the air to a level which will not
support life. However, the
presence of impurities in commercial acetylene may result in
the production of symptoms before
an asphyxiant concentration
silver
Explosive Range: 2. 5 - 80%

Disaster Control: Dangerous, shock
can shatter the compressed gas
container with explosive force;
when heated, it burns with an intensely hot flame; can react
white label.
ACETYLENE
Formula:
explosive
(See Acetylides).

Corrosive liquid; white label.
MCA warning label.
Description: Colorless gas;

like odor.
Forms
compounds with copper and
ACETYLENE CHLORIDE
Synonym:
Chloroethyne
Description:
Gas
CHCC1
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60. 5
B. P. -32 to -30C
Density 2.
Toxicity:
Unknown
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by spontaneous chemical reaction

(Section
6).
Spontaneous Heating: Spontaneously
flammable
in air.
Explosion Hazard: Severe, when

will explode it; when heated to
ACETYLENE DICHLORIDE
238
decomposition, emits highly toxic

of phosgene; can react
fumes
Density 1. 600 @ 20 /4C

Acute Local: Irritant 2; Ingestion
als.
Section
ACETYLENE DICHLORIDE.
See
Die hloro ethylene
ACETYLENE DIUREINE
Synonym: Glycol
Description:
crystals.
uril.
NHCONHCNCHNHCONH
Formula:
Toxicity:
142.12
Unknown
(Section
There
6).
Section
effect.
Colorless to yellow
liquid.
Formula:
CHBr 2 CHBr 2
Constants
Mol. Wt.
345. 70
151 C @54
Freezing P. - 1 C
Density 2. 9638
20 /4C
mm
B. P.
serous membranes, and edema
dicate a toxic action on the central nervous system, with changes

in the brain and in the peripheral
nerves. The effect on the blood
one of hemolysis, with appearance of young cells in the circulation and a monocytosis. Due to
its solvent action on the natural
skin oils, dermatitis is not unis
Section 2

common
mobile
Heavy, colorless,
chloroform-like
Continued exposure to high concentrations results in restlessness, dizziness, nausea and vom*
The latter,
iting and narcosis.
however, is rare in industry.
liquid;
odor.
Formula: CHC1 2 CHC1 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 167. 86
M. P. -43. 8C
B. P. 146. 3C
Toxic Rating Code:
9).
are lacrimation, salivation and

irritation of the nose and throat.
1,
2, 2
Description:
(Section
The initial symptoms resulting from exposure to the vapor
ACETYLENE TETRACHLORIDE
Tetrachloroethane-1,
is thus an initial warning

Its narcotic action is
of the brain have also been found

in fatal cases. Some reports in-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
heated, it emits highly toxic
fumes of carbonyl bromide.
Synonyms:
stronger than that of chloroform,

but because of its low volatility,
narcosis is less severe and much
less common in industrial poisoning than in the case of other
chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
toxic action of this material
is chiefly on the liver, where it
produces acute yellow atrophy
and cirrhosis. Fatty degeneration of the kidneys and heart,
hemorrhage into the lungs and
Tetrabromoethane.
Description:
of the eyes and upper respiratory

tract; a concentration of 3 ppm
produces a detectable odor.
ACETYLENE TETRABROMIDE
Synonym:
accepted); 5 parts
Toxicology: This is generally considered the most toxic of the
common chlorinated hydrocarbons.
It has a fairly strong irritant
action on the mucous membranes
Fire Hazard: Slight; when heated to

decomposition it emits toxic fumes
Inhalation
MAC: (ACGIH
White, needle-like
Constants: Mol. Wt.

Density 1.599
3;

Chronic Local: U
More commonly, the exposure is

less severe, and the complaints
are vague and referable to the
=
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ACETYLIDES
239
digestive and nervous systems.
The patient's complaints gradually
progress to serious illness, 'with
development of a toxic jaundice,
and posliver tenderness, etc.
sibly albuminuria and edema.
With serious liver damage the
jaundice increases and toxic
symptoms appear, with somnolence, delirium, convulsions and
coma usually preceding death.
,
This material is considered to

be a very severe industrial
hazard and its use has been restricted or even forbidden in
certain countries.
Explosion Hazard:
Moderate, in

Acetylides are very sensitive to
shock, friction and heat. They
explode readily and are one of
the few commercial explosives
which contain no oxygen or nitrogen. Their explosion produces no
gas but simply is an effect of the
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 103. 1
Flash P. 350 F
Density 1.12
Unknown

ACETYL GLYCOLIC ACID ETHYL

ESTER
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 COOCH 2 COOC 2 H 5
Constants:
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
to heat or flame; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials
Synonym: Carbides.
Toxicity: Unknown
Fire Hazard: Unknown
N-ACETYL ETHANOLAMINE
CH 3 CONHCH 2 CH 2 OH

Section 7
Inhala-
ACETYLIDES
Formula:
2;
tion 2
(Section 6).
Section 2
contact with sodium or potassium; when heated in contact

with solid potassium hydroxide a
spontaneously flammable gas is
evolved. It may be used in the
absence of air and dissolved
water up to 120C. Any undissolved water causes appreciable
hydrolysis even at room temperature and both hydrolysis and
oxidation become comparatively
rapid above 110C.
heated, it emits highly toxic decomposition products.
rate): Section 2
Toxicity:
Constants: Mol. Wt. 146

B. P. 184 - 189C
Flash P. 349 F
Density 1. 094
large amount of heat, instantaneously produced. Acetylides are

used for detonating compositions,
or in combination with lead azide
in detonating rivets where the
acetylides reduce the flash point
of the more insensitive azides.
They are in a class with the
fulminates and the azides as
primary detonants.
Because these materials are
so sensitive to shock and temperature, they must be handled with
extreme care. They must be
kept cool, and if they are to be
stored, should be kept wet. (See
Fulminates for suggested precautions in storage and handling
of acetylides. )
Metal powders,
such as finely divided copper or
silver should not be stored or
kept with acetylene or acetylides,
because it is possible for them to
react with these metal powders to
form very sensitive acetylides
which, while they are not dangerous in themselves, can cause
ACETYL IODIDE
240
enough
of a flash to ignite a possibly explosive mixture of gases

and thus cause an explosion in a
warehouse or storage area (For

destruction of acetylides, see
Section 7). Examples of commercially used acetylides are
silver acetylide and copper
ACETYL PEROXIDE
Synonym: Ethanoyl peroxide.
Description:
crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
acetylide.
ACETYL IODIDE
Synonym: Ethanoyl iodide.
Description: Brown, transparent,
fuming liquid.
Formula: CH 3 COI
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 169. 96
B. P. 104 - 106C
Density 2. 067
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes of iodine and
iodides; will react with water or
steam to produce toxic or corrosive fumes.
Section 2
tion
Formula:
CH 3 CO NCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
21
2;
2;
Inges-
als on contact.

(Section
6).

shocked or exposed to heat. It
may explode spontaneously possibly when more than 24 hours
old; it should be used up as soon
as prepared.
Disaster Control: Highly dangerous;
shock will explode it; it will react with water or steam to produce heat; can react vigorously
with reducing materials; can
emit toxic fumes on contact with
acid or acid fumes.
2

129. 16
I.
14C
Section 11.
Not
C. C. Classification:
accepted.
Decomposes
Unknown

permitted.
Not
ACETYL PEROXIDE 25% SOLUTION

(IN DIMETHYL PHTHALATE)
Synonym: Diacetyl peroxide solu-

tion.
Description: Crystal clear liquid.

Constants:
M. P. -7C (approx. )

Toxic Rating Code:
mm
Inhalation 2
Flash P. 235 F (O. C. )

Density 1. 1164
Vap. D. 4.46
Toxicity:
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by spontaneous chemical reaction. A
powerful oxidizing agent; can
cause ignition of organic materi-
Section
Liquid.
118.
30C
63C
Density 1.18
N^CETYL MORPHOLINE
Description:
(CH 3 CO) 2
Formula:
M. P.
Solid or colorless
None
Flash P. 113F (O. C.

Density 1. 18 @20C

= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
2;
Unknown
ACID, SPENT, or ACID, SLUDGE
241
Ingestion
Toxicity Hazard Rating:

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
emits acrid fumes (Section 6).
Inhalation 2
2;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
See also Peroxides, Organic.
Fire Hazard: Moderate when exposed to heat or flame, or by
An
oxidizing agent.
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, or
carbon tetrachloride
(Section 6).
Disaster Control:
Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes; can

materials.
Section 2
Oxidizing
Coast Guard Classification: Oxidizing material; yellow label.
1 -
ACETYL- 2- PHENYLHYDRAZINE
Formula:
C^CONHNHC^s
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 150. 2
secticide.
Disaster Control:
sition,
it
Flash P.
370F (C.O.C.
an in-
to decompotoxic fumes.
Section
ACETYL SALICYLATE
Probably quite low. A

sensitizer. Inhalation or
ingestion may cause asthma,
contact may
sneezing, etc.
cause hives or eczema (Section
Toxicity:
weak
details see Acetyl

Tributyl Citrate.
ACETYL TRI-2-ETHYL HEXYLCITRATE

Description:
Liquid.
Formula: CH 3 C0 2 C(C0 2 C 8 H 17
CH 2 (C0 2 C 8 H 17 )CH 2 (C0 2 C 8 H 17
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
570. 8
225C at 1 mm
Flash P. 430F (C.O.C. )
Density 0.983 @25/25C
Toxicity: Details unknown; probably
B. P.
ACID CARBOYS, EMPTY

Warning: These containers may contain concentrated vapors or even
some liquid acid remaining from
their original contents. Therefore, they can give rise to all the
hazards of their original contents.
C. C. Classification: See
Section 11, 73. 29 (c).
I.
9).

Explosion Hazard: Slight
Hazardous
article.
ACID LIQUIDS,
N. O.S.
Odorless powder.
2
(COOC 4 H9 )3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 402. 5
B. P. 172 - 174C @1
Flash P. 204C (C.O.C. )
Densitv- 1. 048 (5) 25 !ZS C
mm
See
Corrosive Liquids.
ACETYL TRIBUTYL CITRATE

Formula: C5H 7
Description:
For further
low.
Moderately dan-
may emit
ACETYL TRIETHYL CITRATE

Constant:

when heated
gerous;
it
I.
Section 11.
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.

rosive liquid;
ACID, SPENT,
Cor-
white label.
or ACID,
SLUDGE.
See Nitric Acid, Sulfuric Acid.

Section 11.
ACONITE
242

ACONITIC ACID
Synonym:
1, Z,
3-Propenetricarbox-
ylic acid.
ACONITE
wolfsbane.
Description: The dried tuberous
root of Aconitum Napellus, composed of several alkaloids, the
chief one being aconitine.
Acute Local: Ingestion 3; Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic:
Ingestion 3;
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: Ingestion Z;
Inhalation Z; Skin Absorption Z
Toxicology: The poisonous alkaloid
can be absorbed through the
skin sufficiently to cause death.
Usually causes pupils to dilate,
but may cause them to be contracted. A lethal dose causes
diminution in force and frequency
of pulse, a cold and clammy skin
and a tingling and numbness of the
mouth, face and throat. Some-
what larger doses cause burning

of the throat and stomach, increased salivation, nausea,
retching and vomiting, grinding of
the teeth and extension of the
numbness and tingling to other
parts of the body. There is difficulty in swallowing and speaking
and pain in eyes and head. The
fatal period is from 8 minutes to
3
or 4 hours.
Treatment and Antidotes: Wash

stomach with tannic acid or
powdered charcoal. Heart stimulants, such as strong coffee or
caffeine. Artificial respiration
and oxygen
patient
White crystalline
powder.
Formula: HOOCCHC(COOH)CH 2 Description:
Synonyms: Monkshood; aconitum;
if
necessary.
warm.
Keep
Call a physician.

highly toxic fumes.
Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174. 11
Toxicity:
Unknown

it
ACONITINE
Synonym: Acetyl benzoyl aconine.
Description:
alkaloid;
Formula:
White crystalline
feeble bitter taste.
C 34H49 NO n
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 647. 74
M. P. 188 - 197. 8C
Inhala-
3;
tion 3

Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: This intensely poisonous
alkaloid can be absorbed through
the skin to cause death. Ingestion
in small quantities may affect the
eyes and cause blindness. Its
toxicity is about equal to that of
aconite.

highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section Z
ACONITINE DIACETYL. See

Aconitine.
ACONITINE HYDROBROMIDE. See

Aconitine.
ACONITINE HYDROCHLORIDE.
See Aconitine.
7
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ACROLEIN
243
ACONITINE NITRATE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
Cs^^NOn'HNCVSHzO
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 800. 84
Toxicity: See Aconitine.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction; an

oxidizing agent (Section 6).
fumes of oxides of nitrogen; can
materials.
Section Z
ACONITINE SULFATE
inhalation it causes sneezing,

itching or even violent burning of
the skin; sometimes even inflammatory swelling. It is regarded
as the effective irritant in tar and
creosote or pitch, etc. which
can sensitize the skin to light
(Section 9).
Disaster Control: Moderately dan-
when heated to decompoemits toxic fumes.

Section Z
gerous;
sition,
ACROLEIN
Synonyms: Propenal; acrylic
aldehyde; allyl aldehyde;
acraldehyde.
Description: Colorless or yellowish
liquid; disagreeable choking odor.
See
Aconitine.
ACONITUM FEROX
Formula:
Synonyms: Bish; visha; Indian
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 56.06
M. P. -87. 7C
B. P. 52. 5C
Flash P. < 0F
Density 0.841 @Z0/4C
Autoign. Temp. Unstable (53ZF)
Vap. D. 1. 94
aconite.
Toxicity: Most powerful poison of
the aconites. See also Aconite.
heated to decomposition,
it
emits
highly toxic fumes.

rate): Section Z

1;
Ingestion
Small colorless
C 13 H 9 N
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 179. Zl
M. P. 110. 5C
B. P. 346 C
Density 1; 1005 @ 19. 7 /4C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 1 Z9. 4 C
Acute Local: Irritant Z; Ingestion Z; Inhalation Z
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Occasional injuries
stem from its industrial use
either as a solid or as a vapor.
Is strongly irritating to the skin
and mucous surfaces. Upon
mm
3;
3;
Allergen
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: (ACGIH
ACRIDINE
Description:
needles.
Formula:
CH 2 CHCHO
accepted);
0. 5
parts

Toxicology: Due to its extreme
lachrymatory effect it serves as
its own warning agent.
Industry
records one fatality ascribed to
exposure to it formed by the heat
of welding in an enclosed space.
affects particularly the memof the eyes and respiratory tract. It is a weak sensitizer; inhalation may cause
asthmatic reaction (Section 9).
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exIt
branes
posed to heat or flame.


Explosion Hazard: Unknown
ACRYLAMIDE
244

highly toxic fumes; can react

rate): Section 2

Section 11.
C. C. Classification: Flam mable liquid; red label.

I.
ACRYLAMIDE
Description:
White crystalline
solid.
Formula:
CH 2 CHCONH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 71. 08
M. P. 84. 5 0. 3C
B. P. 125C @25
Density 1. 122 @ 30 C
Vap. Press. 1.6
@ 84. 5 C
Vap. D. 2. 45
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: This material is dangerous because it can be absorbed
through the unbroken skin. From
mm
mm
would seem
upon the
central nervous system. Adult
rats fed an average of 30 mg/kg
of this material for 14 days were
all partially paralyzed and had
reduced their food consumption
by 50%.
highly toxic fumes.
animal experiments
it
that its effect is toxic

Section 2
ACRYLIC ACID
Synonyms:
Propene acid; acroleic
acid.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid; acrid odor.
C 2 H 3 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Density 1. 062
Vap. Press. 10
@ 39. C
Acute Local: Irritant 3; Inges-
mm
tion
3;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by spontaneous chemical reaction; it
polymerizes violently.
highly toxic fumes; it can react
Section 2
ACRYLONITRILE
Synonyms:
Propene
cyanide.
Description:
liquid;
Formula:
nitrile;
vinyl
Colorless, mobile
mild odor.
CH 2 CHCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 53. 06
M. P. -82C
B. P. 78. 9C
Flash P.
32F
(O. C.
Density 0. 797 @ 20 /4C

Vap. Press. 100(5)22. 8 C
Vap. D. 1. 83
Toxicity: High. See Cyanides.
MAC: ACGIH(accepted); 20 parts
Toxicology: Acrylonitrile closely
resembles hydrocyanic acid in
its toxic action.
By
inhibiting the
respiratory enzymes of tissue, it

renders the trssue cells incapable
Poisoning
of oxygen absorption.
is acute; there is little evidence
of cumulative action on repeated
exposure.
Exposure to low concentrations
is followed by flushing of the face
and increased salivation; further
exposure results in irritation of

the eyes, photophobia, irritation
of the nose, deepened respiration,
72. 06
Toxic Rating Code:
M. P. 14 C
B. P. 141 C
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
245
ADHESIVE PLASTER
1. 55 mev and many
rays between 0. 06-0. 97
mev. See also Ra-228.
rate): Section 2
and, if exposure continues, shallow respiration. Nausea, vomiting, weakness, an oppressive

feeling in the chest, and ocasionally headache and diarrhea are
other complaints. Several cases
of mild jaundice accompanied by
mild anemia and leucocytosis
have been reported. Urinalysis
particles of
gamma
ACTIVATED CARBON
generally negative, except for

an increase in bile pigment.
Serum and bile thiocyanates are
raised. See also Hydrocyanic
Acid.
chemical or carbon tetrachloride.
exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 3.05 - 17.0%
heated to decomposition or on
contact with acid or acid fumes,
it emits highly toxic fumes of
cyanides; can react vigorously
Ventilation Control (moderate rate):
Section 2.
is
I.C.C. Classification: Flammable liquid; red label.

MCA warning label.
ACTINIC RADIATION
Outdoor workers such as
fishermen, sailors, soldiers and
farmers show a high incidence of
skin cancer. The commonest
acute manifestation of actinic
radiation effects on skin is sunburn. See p. 61 and Section 5.
Caution:
Brownish-red granular
powder.
Formula: Ac
Constants:
M. P. 1800C
At. Wt. 227
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Actinium is radioactive and has toxic
properties common to radioactive
materials. Natural isotope
Ac- 228 (Mesothorium-2); half
life 6. 13 hours; emits beta
Charcoal.
Description: Black amorphous mass.
Formula:
Constants:
M. P. > 6300F
B. P. 7600 F
Density
3. 51
At. Wt.
12.01
1;
Allergen
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Local: Irritant 1; Allergen 1
Chronic Systemic:
Caution: Pure carbon is nontoxic.
However, activated carbon,

usually made from organic
matter, is frequently found associated with small amounts of
irritating and possibly toxic impurities. Avoid wetting and subsequent drying in storage. Store
with ventilation. See also Coal
Tar.
to heat or flame.
Spontaneous Heating: Yes
To Fight Fire: Water (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when dust
is exposed to flame.
(See Dust
Explosions)
ADHESIVE PLASTER
ACTINIUM
Description:
Synonym:
Synonym: Adhesive Tape.

Acute Systemic:

Chronic Systemic:
Caution: The reaction may be of
allergic nature, manifested as
itching and burning of the skin
with redness and blister formation
(Section
9).

ADIPIC ACID
246
ADIPIC ACID
Synonyms: Hexane dioic acid;
1,4-butane dicarboxylic acid.
Description: Fine white crystals or
powder.
Formula: COOH(CH 2 ) 4 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
146. 14
Accordingly, fires involving this

material may be hazardous from a
toxicological standpoint. See also
Hydrocyanic Acid and Nitriles.
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon
M. P.
152C
B. P. 337. 5C
Density 1. 360 @25/4C
Vap. D. 5. 04
slight.

6).

Section 2
"ADRENALINE"
Synonym: Epinephrine.
Description: Light brown or nearly
white crystals.
C 6H 3 (OH) 2 CHOHCH 2 NHCH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 183. 3
M. P. 211 - 212C
Toxicology: May cause pallor,
Formula:
ADIPONITRILE
Synonyms:
1, 4-Dicyanobutane;
tetramethylene cyanide.
Description: Water-white liquid;
practically odorless.
Formula:
CN(CH 2 4CN
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
108. 14
3C
295C
2.
Flash P. 199. 4F (O. C. )

Density 0. 965 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 73
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: It is toxic since the
nitrile group will behave as a cyanide when ingested or absorbed
in the body by contact.
It pro-
duces distrubances of the respiration and circulation, irritation of

the stomach and intestines, and
loss of Weight. Its low vapor
pressure at room temperature

makes exposure to harmful concentrations of its vapor unlikely
if handled with reasonable care
in well ventilated areas. Combustion products of adiponitrile
may contain hydrocyanic acid.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
.
tremor, anxiety, nervousness,

rapid, forceful pulse, rise in
blood pressure and temperature,

rapid breathing, dilation of the
pupils. Allergic skin reactions
have been known to result from
contact causing contact dermatitis
(Section
9).
Treatment and Antidotes: Guanine

or atropine may be helpful.
Usually the symptoms are of
short duration and clear up
spontaneously.
Section 2
AIR (LIQUID
Description:
2 =
Moderate
it
AND COMPRESSED)
Bluish, mobile liquid.
3 =
High
Unknown
ALDEHYDE AMMONIA
247
Formula:
N2
Ethyl Alcohol.
Section 2
See
Alcohol or Alcohol, N. O.S.
Coast Guard Classification: In-
Constants:
B. P. -189C (liquid)
Flash P.
None
Autoign. Temp. None

Caution: Liquid air exists at so low
a temperature that contact with it
will destroy tissue. Personnel
in areas of compressed
develop caisson disease
(the bends, the chokes) if decompression is too rapid.
Explosion Hazard: Moderate when
containers under pressure are
shocked or exposed to heat or
flame. Flammable materials
which have been in contact with
liquid air may explode very easily.
Ordinary oxidation is greatly
accelerated in compressed air
flammable
employed
air
may
(Section 7).
Disaster Control:
Moderately dangerous; due to shock it can

shatter the compressed gas container with explosive force; can
materials.
Shipping Regulations: See Air, Compressed.
AIR,
COMPRESSED
ALCOHOLS, N.O.S.
(See specific
compound)
Description: A generic term applied
to a series of compounds, the
simplest of which has the general
formula C n H 2n +iOH.
Toxicity: No general statement can
be made as to the toxicity of
alcohols, due to wide differences
in toxic effects.
When
(Section
6).

specific
Section 11.
C.C. Classification: See

Alcohol or Alcohol, N.O.S.
See Explo-
I.
sives, low.
ALCOHOL, DENATURED
Composition:
(See
compound)
Denatured
11.
ALCOHOL, TERTIARY
label.
Description:
term
Flammable liquid; red label.

mable gas; green label.

Coast Guard Classification: Nonflammable gas; green gas
Synonym:
the
"alcohol" is used alone it usually

applies to ethyl alcohol (C 2 H 5OH),
which is relatively nontoxic when
compared with methyl and some
other alcohols.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; when exposed to heat or flame, will
burn readily and emit acrid fumes
I.

Nonflam-
AIRPLANE FLARES.
red label.
liquid;
spirits.
ALDEHYDE AMMONIA
Liquid.
Synonym: Acetaldehyde ammonia;
Alcohol and denatur-
ants.
Toxicity: This will depend upon the
alcohol in question (generally
ethyl alcohol) plus the denaturants
used. Some denaturants are allergens which can produce contact
dermatitis or asthma upon ingestion (Section 9).
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; when

heated it emits acrid fumes; can
Explosion Hazard: Moderate. See
1 -aminoethanol.
Description: White crystalline
solid.
Formula:
CH3 CH(NH 2 )OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 61.08
B. P. 100C
M. P. 97 C
Acute Local: Irritant 2;
tion 2; Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Inges-
ALDEHYDES
248
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion
Fire Hazard: Moderate when exposed to heat or flame; readily

decomposes into acetaldehyde and
ammonia when heated (Section 6).
exposed to heat or flame.
Explosive Range: See Ammonia
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition emits toxic fumes; can
react with oxidizing materials.
Section Z
ALDEHYDES.
Inges3;
Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: Ingestion Z;
Inhalation Z; Skin Absorption 1
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
Toxicology: All the aldehydes possess anaesthetic properties, but
this is obscured by their highly
irritant action on the eyes and
mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. The lower
aldehydes, very soluble in water,
act chiefly on the eyes and tissues of the upper respiratory
tract.
Z;
Inhalation Z
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; it decomposes into crotonaldehyde and
water when heated (see Crotonaldehyde).
6).

highly toxic fumes of crotonaldehyde; can react with oxidizing materials.
Section Z
(See also specific
compounds. )
tion
Ingestion
Z;
Inhalation 2

3;
The higher aldehydes,
less soluble in water, tend to

penetrate more deeply into the
respiratory system and
may
ALDRIN
Synonyms:
Z, 3, 4, 10,
10-hexachloro-
8a-hexahydro- 1,4,5,
8-dimethanonaphthalene.
1
4, 4a, 5, 8,
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
C 12H 8 Cl6
Constants:
Mol.Wt. 365
M. P. Not less than 90 C; up to
100 - 101C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
0.
Z5
milligrams per cubic meter
affect the lungs.
of
air.
ALDOL
Synonyms: Acetaldol;
3-butanolal;
oxybutyric aldehyde.
Description: Clear, white to yellow
water; syrupy liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 CHO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 7Z. 10
B. P. 18ZC
Flash P. 181 F (C. C. )
Density 1.11
Autoign Temp. 530 F
Vap. D. 3. 04
Acute Local: Irritant Z;
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Toxicology: Ingestion, inhalation or

absorption of this material into
the body causes irritability, convulsions and depression in from
1 to 4 hours.
Continued exposure to it causes liver damage.
highly toxic fumes of phosgene
and hydrogen chloride.
rate): Section Z
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
249
ALKALIES

Chronic Systemic: U
11.
ALFALFA MEAL
A mild sensitizer,
which when inhaled may cause
asthma, running nose, sneezing,
coughing and tearing eyes (Section
Contact with skin may cause
l).
Toxicology:
contact dermatitis .(Section 9).

Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; by spontaneous chemical reaction (Section
6).

Caution: Avoid moisture content
extremes. Fires may smolder
for 72 hours before becoming
noticeable.
Section
ALIZARIN SULFATE.
ALKALINE CAUSTIC LIQUID,

Synonym: Caustic alkali
tion
3;
Inges-
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
11.
white label.

rosive liquid;
Orange-red crystals.
C 6 H 4 (CO) 2 C 6H 2 (OH) 2
Section
C.C. Classification: Corrosive

liquid;
2-Dihydroxyanthraqui-
none.
Description:
Formula:
3;
N.O.S,
solution.

ALIZARIN
1,
See Alizarin
Red 1034.
I.
Synonyms:
it
Cor-
white label.
ALKALINE CORROSIVE BATTERY

FLUID.
See Alkaline Caustic

Liquid, N.O.S.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 240. 2
B. P. 430 C (sublimable)
M. P. 289 C
ALKALIES
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
(See also specific compounds. )

Description: A term loosely applied
to the hydroxides and carbonates
of the alkali metals, alkaline
earth metals as well as the bicarbonate and hydroxide of ammonium. They can neutralize
acids, change the color of indicators and impart a soapy
taste and feel to aqueous solutions.
ALIZARIN 778
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Slight; when heated
ALIZARIN RED 1034

Acute Systemic: U
Variable
Toxicology: The alkalies, as a
group, constitute one of the commonest causes of occupational
dermatitis. They act on the skin
as primary irritants. Alkaline
solutions soften and dissolve the
keratin layer, and the skin becomes white, soggy, wrinkled and
Toxicity:
it
macerated.
Repeated exposure
frequently results in the development of chronic eczematous skin

conditions (Section 9). The
stronger caustics may produce
chemical burns which are often
deep and slow in healing.
ALKALIES, N.O.S.
250
Systemically, the only alkali

presenting any hazard is ammonia.
ALKALIES, N.O.S. See Sodium

Hydroxide.
ALKALINE CORROSIVE LIQUID,

N.O.S.
See Alkaline Caustic

Liquids, N.O.S.
to heat or flame;
can react with

ALKYL DIMETHYL BENZYL

AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Synonym:
BTC
ALKALOID SALTS
Description:
Synonym: Alkaloids.
Formula

Toxicology: Practically all of the
alkaloid salts are poisonous.
Some of them also cause allergic
symptoms in humans, such as
contact dermatitis or asthma.
See specific alkaloid salt (Section

Density 0. 9884 @ 20 C (50%)
Acute Systemic: Ingestion

Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
1;
Chronic Systemic: U
ALKYL MERCURIACETATES.
9).

heated they emit highly toxic
fumes.
rate): Section 2
ALKANESULFONIC ACID, MIXED

Constants:
M. P. -40C
B. P. 248F
Density 1. 38
probably
moderately toxic.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of
oxides of sulfur.
Section
ALKYL ARYL POLYETHYLENE

GLYCOL ETHER
Constants: B. P. 302F
Flash P. 440 F
Density 1.06
Toxicity:
Clear, mobile liquid.
C 6 H 5 CH 2 N(CH 3 2 RC1
Unknown
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
See
ALKYL PHENYL POLYETHYLENE

GLYCOL ETHER
Description:
Constants:
M. P.
Density
Liquid.
23 F (approx.
0643 @ 20 /20 C
1
.

Toxicology: Water solutions of less
than 1% of this material have irritating properties comparable to
soap. Before this material is
used in foods or drug preparations
a complete physiological evaluation of it in its intended use
should be made. See also
Glycols.

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ALLYL ACETONE
251
Description:
Crystalline powder;
on exposure to air turns red;
yellow at 225 C
Section 2

Formula:
ALLETHRIN
Synonyms: dl -2-allyl-4-hydroxy3-methyl-Z-cyclopenten- 1-one
ester of cis and trans-dl-chrysan
themummono-carboxylic
Description:
acid.
Viscous liquid.
C 19 H 2 60 3
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
302.4
1;
ALLICIN
Colorless oily liquid;
sharp garlic odor.
Description:
C6H 10 OS 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162. 3
Density 1. 112 @ 20 C
1
Inhalation
contact (Section
9).

it
ALLYL ACETATE
Description:
Liquid.
CH 3 C0 2 CH 2 CHCH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 1
Vap. D. 3.45
Toxicity: Details unknown. Allyl
compounds are generally toxic.
Fire Hazard: Slight; when heated, it
emits acrid fumes; can react with
ALLYL ACETONE
Synonym:
5-hexen-2-one
Colorless liquid.
Description:
1;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Disaster Control: Slightly dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes.
Section 2

ALLOXANTIN
Synonym:
Composition: Eugenol, etc.

Toxicology: A weak sensitizer which
may cause dermatitis on local
Formula:
9).

tion
322. 19

Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes.
Synonym: Pimenta.
Toxicology: It can cause liver and

kidney damage by all routes of
entry into the body. Lung congestion may occur due to exposure. Local contact may cause
contact dermatitis. Inhalation
may cause asthma, coughing,
wheezing, running nose and eyes
Formula:
2H z O
ALLSPICE
Allergen 1
Inhalation
1;
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
(Section
C 8 H 6 N4
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Uroxin.
Formula:
CH 2 CHCHCH 2 COCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 98. 1
B. P. 129. 5C
Density 0. 841 @20/20C
Vap. D. 3. 39
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon
ALLYL ALCOHOL
252
ALLYL ALCOHOL
Synonym:
Z-Propen- 1 -ol
Description: Limpid liquid; pungent
odor.
Formula:
CH 2 CHCH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 58.08
M. P. -129C
B. P. 96 - 97C
70F
Flash P.
(C. C.
Density: 0. 854
Autoign. Temp. 713F
Vap. Press. 10
@ 10. 5C
Vap. D. 2. 00
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH (tentative); 5 parts
per million in air.
Toxicology: It is a toxic irritant
very dangerous to the eyes and
readily absorbed through the
mm
skin.

(Section
6).

exposed to flame.
- 18.0%
Explosive Range: 3.
Disaster Control: Dangerous;
when heated, it emits toxic
fumes; can react vigorously
Section 2
I. C. C.
Classification: Poison B;
poison label.
MCA warning label.
ALLYL ALDEHYDE.
See Acrolein.
Synonym: 2-propenylamine.
Description:
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 CHCH 2 NH 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
ALLYL AMINE, ANHYDROUS.

See Allyl Amine.
ALLYL BROMIDE
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
CH 2 CHCH 2 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 121.
M. P. -119. 4C
B. P. 71. 3C
Flash P. 30 F
Density: 1 3980 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 4. 17
Toxicity Hazard Rating:
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
.
ALLYL AMINE
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 57. 09
B. P. 53. 2C
Density 0.761 @20/4C
Vap. D. 2. 00
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: In animal experiments,
inhalation produced irritation of
nose and mouth, congestion of
the eyes, irregular respiration,
cyanosis, excitement, convulsions, coma and death. Extraordinary precautions against
fumes is advised.
Section 2
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ALLYL CHLORIDE
253
including damage to the lungs,

especially on repeated exposure,
may not be intolerable. Consequently, the warning characteristics should never be disregarded. In general, precautions
should be taken at all times to
avoid spillage and accumulation
of noticeable concentrations of
the vapors in the atmosphere.
Treatment and Antidotes:
Upon contact of liquid with
1.
skin or clothes:

highly toxic fumes of carbonyl
bromide and hydrogen bromide;
rate): Section 2
(a) Remove immediately

any clothing wet or even slightly
splashed and wash allyl chloride
off skin at once, using soap and
a shower bath. Do not delay for
any reason. Do not use organic
solvents for washing, as they
may increase the rate of pene-

ALLYL CHLORIDE
tration.
Synonym:
3-Chloropropene.
Formula: CH 2 CHCH 2 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 76. 53
M. P. -136. 4C
B. P. 44. 6C
Flash P. -25F
Density 0. 938 @ 20/4C
Vap. D. 2. 64
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: The vapors of allyl
chloride are quite irritating to
the eyes, nose and throat and
contact of the liquid with the skin,
in addition to local vasoconstriction and numbness, may lead to
rapid absorption and distribution
through the body. If remedial
measures are not taken promptly,
such contact may result in burns
and internal injuries. Inhalation
may cause headache, dizziness,
and in high concentration, loss of
consciousness; however, even in
low concentration, its odor and
irritating effects furnish warning
of its presence in most cases.
Concentrations of the vapors high
enough to cause serious effects,
Treat exposed area as
(b)
Even
if there is no redness, cover the area liberally

with a good burn ointment; keep
the part dry a.nd renew ointment
a burn.
daily until all
symptoms have
subsided.
If burn is severe, or
(c)
there is any question regarding
its severity, call a physician (see
item 4 below).
if
(d)
Muscular pain, which
may
be noted at the site of skin

penetration, can be relieved by
the intravenous injection of a
soluble calcium salt (e. g.
10 ml.
,
of
10% calcium gluconate).
2. Contact of liquid or vapor

with eyes (symptoms: burning,
redness, pain):
(a) Immediately wash eyes
with copious amounts of clean
water.
(b) Bathe eye thoroughly
with normal saline solution (8 gm.
sodium chloride per liter of
distilled water).
(c)
Instill one drop of an
ophthalmic local anesthetic
(pontocaine) in each eye for re-
Pad if necessary;
dark glasses if necessary; rest.
3.
Entrance of liquid into
mouth:
(a) Immediately wash
mouth out with copious amounts
lief of pain.
of water.
ALLYL CHLORIDE
(b)
254
Immediately administer
white of egg or other emollient,

and as soon as possible follow
with 5% saline solution or other
mild emetic. In any case take
patient to emergency hospital or
physician at once, using stretcher
and vehicle so that patient will
avoid exertion.
It is preferable that internal treatment (other than the
first aid measures in item 3b) be
administered by a physician. The
following is the advice of the Shell
Chemical Co.: "The most serious
type of respiratory difficulty that
may be encountered is pulmonary
edema arising from the irritation
of the lung alveoli.
Though no
cases of a serious nature have
been encountered to date, treatment of serious lung irritation,
if it should occur, should include
use of oxygen (50-60%), bed rest,
and administration of an atropine
derivative. If toxic systemic reactions occur in an individual, it
seems wise to induce mild alkalinization, and to force fluids, so
as to reduce injury to the kidneys
to a minimum. It also seems wise
to promote protection to the liver
by administration of alkaline
buffered salt and glucose solutions
in order to build up the general
alkaline reserves, and to further
protect the liver by the use of
intravenous injections of aminoacid preparations containing high
quantities of methionine, and the
adoption of a high protein, lowfat diet.
In general, the maintenance of the optimal nutritional
state is desirable. "
General comments:
Treat every exposure;
do not assume that -any exposure
4.
(a)
is insignificant.
(b) Do not underestimate
extent of injury from any exposure. Reactions may be slow,
but when left without care, can
become painful and complicated.
(c) Clothing wet with allyl
chloride should be washed before
re-use.
Storage and Handling: Keep away
from heat, radiators and sunlight.
Dry allyl chloride can be stored
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
in steel for long periods without
appreciable corrosion. Experiments show that cast iron, 18-8

stainless steel, monel, "Inconel,"
nickel, "Hastelloy AB, " stone-
ware and red brass are corroded

0. 020 inch per year at
storage temperatures. Aluminum,
however, is corroded more than
0. 05 inch per year by dry allyl
chloride under similar conditions.
When allyl chloride contains more
than a trace of water, corrosion
of carbon steel becomes appreciable and localized attack is
frequently observed. This is
due to the hydrogen chloride
evolved during hydrolysis. Keep
less than
the liquid off the skin and clothes.

Where danger of spillage upon
the body may exist, workers
should wear rubber gloves,

goggles, aprons, and/or other
protective clothing to avoid the
consequences of spilling or
splashing allyl chloride. Antisplash face masks are also
recommended. Gloves made of

materials which can be wet
through, such as untreated canvas, are useless. Maintain good
ventilation. Work in a fume hood
or with closed system if possible;
otherwise, use enough ventilation
so that the odor of allyl chloride
does not persist. If it should be
necessaryto enter an area in
which the odor of allyl chloride is
at all noticeable, use a gas mask
equipped with an "organic vapor"
canister. Do not disregard the
warning odor or eye irritation of
allyl chloride. See also Section 7.
Fire Hazard: Highly dangerous,
when exposed to heat or flame.
chemical, carbon tetrachloride
or water spray (Section 6).
exposed to flame.
highly toxic fumes of chlorides;
it can react vigorously with
rate): Section 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ALLYLENE
255

First Aid: See "Treatment and Antidotes" above.
MCA
warning label.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 67. 1
B. P. 116 - 119C
Density 0. 831 8 @ 20 /4C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanides.
ALLYL CHLOROCARBONATE
Disaster Control:
Synonym:
highly toxic fumes when heated to

decomposition or on contact with
acids or acid fumes.
Allyl chloroformate.
Formula:
CH 2 CHCH 2 OCOCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 5
B. P. 106 - 114 - C
Density 1. 14
Vap. D. 4. 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
To Fight Fire: Water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon
it can react with oxidizing materi-
Dangerous; emits
ALLYL DIGLYCOL CARBONATE

Constants:
B. P. 324F
Flash P. 378F
Density 1.14
allyl
The
compounds are generally
toxic


carbon tetrachloride (Section
Section
6).
ALLYLENE
als.

Section 2
Corrosive
liquid; white label.
Coast Guard Classification: Corrosive liquid; white label.
ALLYL CHLOROFORMATE
See
Allyl Chlorocarbonate.
ALLYL CHLOROPHENYL
CARBONATE
Toxicity: Details unknown; herbicide.
Allyl compounds are generally toxic

highly toxic fumes of phosgene.
Synonym: Propyne.
Description: Gas
Formula: CH 3 CCH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 40. 06
M. P. -104. 7C
B. P. -23. 3C
Density 1. 787 g/l @0C
Vap. D. 1. 38
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: This compound is a
simple anesthetic and in high
concentrations is an asphyxiant.
chemical or water spray (Section
6).
ALLYL CYANIDE
Synonym: Vinylacetonitrile.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 CHCH 2 CN

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 1. 74% (L. E. L.
)
ALLYL ETHER
dangerous;
256
shock can shatter the
compressed gas container with

explosive force; can react

Section 2
ALLYL ETHER
Synonym: Diallyl ether.
Description:
Formula:
(CH 2 CHCH 2 ) 2
Section
ALLYL FLUORIDE
Synonym:
3-Fluoropropene.
Colorless gas.
Description:
Formula:
CH 2 CHCH 2 F
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60. 07
B. P. -10 C
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: Ingestion 3
Inhalation 2
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 2.5
milligrams as fluoride per cubic
meter of air; 1 part per million
in air.

highly toxic fumes of fluorides;
produce toxic and corrosive

fumes.
rate):
Section 2

Toxic Rating Code:
Section
None
-Allyloxy- 2, 3-epoxy-
propane.
Formula:
CH 2 CHCH 2 OCH 2 CHOCH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114. 14
B. P. 153. 9C
Freezing P. 100C (forms glass)
Flash P. 135F (O. C. )

Density 0. 9698 @ 20 /4C
Vap. Press. 21 59
@ 60 C
Vap. D. 3.94
Acute Local: Irritant 2; Inges.
Liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 98. 1
B. P. 94. 3C
Density 0. 805
Vap. D. 3. 38
Fire Hazard: Moderately dangerous;
when heated, it emits acrid fumes
it can react with oxidizing materials
ALLYL GLYCERYL ETHER

Synonym:
= Slight
tion
mm
Inhalation 2
2;

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxdry chemical or carbon

Section 2
ide,
ALLYLIDENE DIACETATE
Liquid.
Description:
Formula:
CH 2 CHCH(OCOCH 3
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158. 15
M. P. -36. 6C
B. P. 107C @50
Flash P. 180F (O.C.)
Density 1 0749 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 5. 46
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown

Section 7
ALLYL IODIDE
Synonym: 3-Iodo propene.
Description: Yellow liquid.
Formula: CH 2 CHCH 2 I
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 168.
M. P. -99. 3C
B. P. 103. 1C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ALLYL SULFIDE
257
Density 1. 825 @ 20/4C

Vap. D. 5. 8
cyanides; can react with oxidizing materials.

Section 2

Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
tion
3;
Chronic Systemic: U
ALLYL ISOTHIOCYANATE
Inhalation 2
9).
Description:
oil.
liquid.
Formula: C 3 H5S 2 C 3 H 7
Mol. Wt. 148.16
Constant:
Inhalation 3
Ingestion
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
tion
3;
Acute Systemic:
3;
U
2 parts
(tentative):
million in air.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: A fumigant. Mild sensitizer and allergen. Local contact may cause contact dermatitis.
Inhalation may cause asthma,
watery eyes and nose and sneezing
to heat or flame.
tetrachloride ( Section 6).
heated to decomposition, or on
ALLYL PROPYL DISULFIDE

Synonym: Onion
Fire Hazard: Moderate.

Density 1. 013- 1. 016 @ 25/25C

Vap. Press. 10mm@38. 3 C
Vap. D. 3. 41
(Section
EPOXY PROPANE.
Toxicology: This material is

particularly irritating to the
eyes and respiratory passages.
99. 15
2;
3-
See Allyl Glyceryl Ether.
per
M. P. -80C
B. P. 150. 7C
Flash P. 566 F
tion
l-ALLYLOXY-2,
Chronic Systemic:
CH 2 CHCH 2 NCS
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
OIL. See Allyl
Isothiocyanate.
MAC: ACGIH
oil.
Description: Colorless to pale

yellow liquid; irritating odor.
Formula:
6).

iodides; can react with oxidizing
materials.
Section 2
Synonym: Allyl mustard
ALLYL MUSTARD
6).

highly toxic fumes of oxides of
sulfur; can react with oxidizing
materials.
Section 2
ALLYL SULFIDE
Synonym: Allyl
disulfide;
disulfide; diallyl
garlic oil.
Description: A colorless liquid;

garlic odor.
Formula:
(CH 2 CHCH 2 )S 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114. 20
M. P. -83C
B. P. 139C
Density 0. 888
3;
ALLYL SULFOCYANIDE
Ingestion
3;
258
Inhalation

halation 3
Chronic Local:
ALLYL TRISULFIDE
3
3;
In-
Synonym: Diallyl
Description:
Formula:
Chronic Systemic: U
heated to decomposition or on contact with acid or acid fumes, it
emits toxic fumes of oxides of
sulfur.

Section 2
ALLYL SULFOCYANIDE
trisulfide.
Liquid.
(C 3 H 5 )2S3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 178. 3
B. P. 140C
Density 1. 085 @15C
Toxicity: Details unknown. The
allyl compounds are generally
toxic.

oxides of sulfur.
Synonym: Allyl ester thiocyanic acid.

Description:
Formula:
An
ALMOND
oil.
CH 2 CHCH 2 CNS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 99. 2
B. P. 161 C
.Density 1. 056 @15C
Toxicity: Details unknown. The allyl
emits highly toxic fumes of cyanides and sulfur.
ALLYL THIOUREA
Description: White crystalline solid;
slight garlic odor; bitter taste.
C 3 H 5 NHCSNH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 1
M. P. 72 - 74C
Density: 1. 22
tion
3;
Inges-

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
sulfur.

Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
Description:
Fixed, non-drying
None
= Slight
oil;
oily liquid.
Composition: Oleic, linoleic,

myristic, palmitic acids.
Constant:
Density 0. 910 - 0. 915 @25/25C

Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
Toxicology: A weak sensitizer.
Contact dermatitis may result
from local contact (Section
Synonym: Allyl sulfocarbamide.

Formula:
OIL
Synonyms: Almond oil expressed;
almond oil sweet.
9).

ALMOND OIL, BITTER

Description: Colorless oil, which
turns to yellow; bitter almond
odor.
Composition: Chief known constituents are benzaldehyde, hydrocyanic acid, benzaldehyde
cyanhydrin.
Constants:
B. P. 179C
Density 1.045 - 1.070 @15C
Acute Local: Irritant 1; Allergen 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: This material can be
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ALUMINUM
259

Acute Systemic:
Chronic Local: Inhalation 2
Chronic Systemic:
Toxicology: There has been some
record of lung damage due to the
inhalation of finely divided
aluminum oxide particles. However, this effect, known as
Shaver's disease, is complicated
by the presence in the inhaled air
of such things as silica and oxides
has not been sepahydrogen oyanide.

Weak sensitizer; may cause a
quite toxic
if it
rated from
its

Disaster Control: Dangerous in a
disaster because when heated to
acid or acid fumes, it emits
highly toxic fumes of cyanides,
etc.

of iron.
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted); 50 million
particles per cubic foot of air.
Section 2
ALPHA RAYS
Description: Particulate radiation
emitted by certain radioactive
isotopes. Alpha rays consist of
heavy charged particles (helium
nuclei)moving at high velocity.
See Section 5.
Radiation Hazard: See individual
isotopes.
ALUMINUM
Constants:
At. Wt. 26.97; M. P. 660C
B. P. 2056C; Density 2.702
Vap. Press. lmm@1284C
Acute Local:
ALUM
fate.
Colorless crystals.
Formula: KAl(S0 4 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
92.
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Local: Inhalation
Chronic Systemic:
2H 2 G
particles per cubic foot.
Toxicology: There is some controversy concerning the toxicity of
5C
Ingestion
1;
1;
Allergen
Inhalation
Acute Systemic:
gen 1
Chronic Systemic:
Aller-
ALUMINA
Synonym: Aluminum oxide.
Description:
White powder.
Formula: A1 2 3
M. P.
B. P.
101. 94
2Q50C
2977C
Density 3. 5
Vap. Press.
4.
1
mm
aluminum.
However, based on
the reported literature the pos-
cannot be dismissed.
is not generally regarded as an industrial poison.
A form of acute lung fibrosis
associated with the manufacture
sibility
1;

Local contact may cause contact
dermatitis (Section 9).
Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
MAC: ACGIH
474. 39
Density 1. 725
1;
silvery ductile metal.
Formula: Al
Synonym: Potassium aluminum sulDescription:
Description:
@2158C
Aluminum
of
aluminum powder was
covered
in
Wold War
dis-
Germany during
II.
In 1942 a similar
lung disease was discovered independently in Ontario, in connection with the fusing of bauxite
in the manufacture of aluminum
oxide abrasive materials.
Fire Hazard of Dust: Moderate, when
chemical reaction.
To Fight Fire: Special mixtures of
Explosion Hazard of Dust: Moderate,
ALUMINUM ACETATE
260

Section 2
ALUMINUM ACETATE
Description:
Amorphous white
powder.
Formula: Al(C 2 H 3
2 )3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 204. 1
M. P. Decomposes
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
Toxicology: Weak sensitizer. Local
contact may cause contact dermatitis
(Section
9).
Personal Hygiene: Section
ALUMINUM
Description:
8H z O
)3
9H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 572. 9
M. P. 62. 3C
B. P. Decomposes
See also
ALUMINUM BROMIDE
White
lumps.
Formula: AlBr 3
Description:
See also
ALUMINUM ARSENIDE
A
Crystals.
Formula: Al(Br0 3
6).
Arsenic Compounds.
Description:
Description:
Disaster Control: See Bromates.

White powder.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 310
Density 3. Oil
Toxicity: Highly toxic.
ALUMINUM BROMATE
Bromates.
Fire Hazard: See Bromates (Section
o- ARSENATE
Formula: AlAs0 4
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; will react with water or

steam to produce heat, hydrogen
or toxic fumes; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials;
can emit toxic fumes on contact
with acid or acid fumes.
solid.
to
yellowish-red
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 266. 73
M. P. 97. 5C
B. P. 263. 3C @748
Density 3.
Vap. Press. 1
@81. 3C
Toxicity: See Bromides.
Disaster Control: See Bromides
mm
Formula: AlAs
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 101. 9
mm
See also
Arsenic Compounds and Arsine.
ALUMINUM BOROHYDRIDE
Description:
ALUMINUM CARBIDE
Liquid.
Formula: A1B 3 H 12
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 71. 53
B. P. 44. 5C
M. P. -64. 5C
Vap. Press. 400
@ 28. 1 C
Toxicity: Details unknown. See also
mm
Hydrides and Boron Compounds.

Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by spontaneous chemical reaction; ignites
spontaneously in air; when heated,
it emits toxic fumes.
(Section
(Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: Moderate; by

Explosive Range: See Hydrogen.
Caution: Evolves hydrogen on contact with water.
Toxic Rating Code:
Greenish-gray, pulverized mass.

Formula: A1 4C 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143.91
M. P. Stable to 1400 C
B. P. Decomposes at high temp.
Density 2. 36
Toxicity: See Carbides.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction with
moisture to liberate methane.
Description:
None
= Slight
6).
Moderate, due to
evolution of methane and when exposed to flame.
Explosion Hazard:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ALUMINUM DUST
261
steam
produce flammable
to
properties are due to the radical

is joined to the aluminum
which
atom.
on contact with acid

fumes, can emit flammable
vapors.
vapors;
ALUMINUM DIBORIDE
Description: Hexagonal crystals.
Formula: A1B 2
ALUMINUM CHLORATE
Colorless, deliquescent
Description:
crystals.
Formula: Al(C10 3
6H 2
ALUMINUM DICHROMATE
Description:
Solid.
Formula: Al 2 (Cr 2
sensitized.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; shock or heat will explode it; when heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes.
7 )3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 702
Toxicity: See Chromium Compounds.
Fire Hazard: See Chromates.
Disaster Control: Slightly dangerous; reacts with reducing materials.
ALUMINUM CHLORIDE
ALUMINUM DROSS.
Description: Yellowish-white granular crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 133. 35
M. P. 192. 4C
B. P. 180. 2C (sublimes)
Density 2. 44
Vap. Press. 1
@ 100. C
Toxicity: See Chlorides and Hydrochloric Acid.
when heated to decomposition,
hydrochloric acid; will react
with water or steam to prodace heat, toxic or corrosive
ALUMINUM DUST
Description:
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS
Most aluminum compounds have
Exceptions to
such substances
as aluminum arsenide or aluminum
silicofluoride in which the toxic
Silvery metallic
powder.
Formula: Al
or no toxicity.
this rule are found in
See Aluminum.
Section 11.
Synonym: Aluminum powder.
mm
little

Inflammable Solid.
Formula: A1C1 3
Section
See
drides
Disaster Control: Dangerous; will
produce toxic fumes; on contact
with acid or acid fumes, it can
emit toxic fumes.
6).
fumes.
48.6
19
Fire Hazard: See Boron Hydrides

Explosion Hazard: See Boron Hy-

shocked, exposed to heat or by
with reducing agents.
Caution: When contaminated may
become
Mol. Wt.
3.

also Boron Compounds
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 385.4
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: Details unknown. See
Chlorates.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction; a
powerful oxidizer; may ignite
upon contact with combustibles
(Section
Constants:
Density
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 26. 97
M. P. 660C
Density 2. 708
Acute Local: Irritant 1; Inhalation 1.
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
Toxicology: This material can
irritate the eyes. There are
reports in the European literature
of chronic pulmonary disease due
to the inhalation of aluminum dust.
See also Aluminum.
ALUMINUM FERROCYANIDE
262
Formula: A1H 3
Toxicity: Hydrides
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame or by

chemical reaction with oxidizing
agents.
AsH 3
To Fight Fire: Special mixtures
of

exposed to flame.
Section 2
ALUMINUM FERROCYANIDE
Brown powder.
Formula: Al 4 (Fe(CN) 6 ) 3 17H z O
Toxicity: See Ferrocyanides.
Disaster Control: Dangerous,
when heated to decomposition or
Description:
on contact with acid or acid
fumes, it emits highly toxic

fumes.
ALUMINUM IODIDE
Description: White to brown plates.
Formula: A1I 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 407. 7
ALUMINUM FLUORIDE
Description:
of some metals
are extremely toxic;
little is known about A1H 3
See
also Hydrides.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical
reaction with water or oxidizing
agents (Section 6).
Caution: It evolves hydrogen upon
contact with moisture.
Explosion Hazard: Severe, by
chemical reaction wherein hydrogen gas is produced.
steam to produce heat and hydrogen; reacts with oxidizing materials; on contact with acid or acid
fumes, it can emit toxic fumes.
such as
Colorless crystal.
Formula: A1F 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84
M. P. 1040C
B. P. 1537C
Density 3. 07
Vap. Press. 1
@1238C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluorides
Disaster Control: See Fluorides.
mm
M. P.
191C
B. P.
385. 5C
Density 3. 98 @25C
Vap. Press. lmm@178. C
(sublimes)
Toxicity: See Iodides.
highly toxic fumes of iodine.
Section 7
ALUMINUM FORMATE
White powder.
Formula: Al(CH0 2 ) 3
ALUMINUM LACTATE
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 162.
Formic Acid.
powder.
Formula: Al(C 3 H 5
Description:
Description:
See also

Storage and Handling: Section 7.
it
ALUMINUM FORMOACETATE
White powder.
Formula: Al(OH)(OOCH)(OOCCH 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 148. 1
Toxicity: Slight.
emits acrid fumes.
ALUMINUM HYDRIDE
Powder.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
3)3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 294. 2
Toxicity: See Aluminum Compounds.
emits acrid fumes.
ALUMINUM LIQUID
Description:
Description:
White, yellowish
= Slight
(or
PAINT)
Description: Silvery liquid.

Formula: Al in volatile vehicle.
Constant:
Flash Point 100 F or lower
Toxicity: See Aluminum and vehicle
involved.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ALUMINUM PHENOXIDE
263
ALUMINUM NITRIDE

Explosion Hazard: Moderate.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition emits toxic fumes; can react vigorously with oxidizing
materials.
I.
White or colorless
Description:
crystal.
Formula: A1N
M. P. > 2200C
B. P. Sublimes @2000C
Density 3. 26
Toxicity: See Nitrides and Ammonia.
Disaster Control: Slightly dangerous:
produce toxic or corrosive fumes.
11.
Flam-

ALUMINUM METHYL
ALUMINUM OXIDE.
Trimethyl aluminum.
Formula: Al(CH 3 ) 3
See Alumina.
Synonym:
ALUMINUM OXALATE
Description: White powder
Formula: A1 2 (C 2 4 ) 3 4H z O
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Oxalates,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72. 07
B. P. 130C
M. P. 0C
ALUMINUM PAINT
Unknown.
Toxicity:
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by spontaneous chemical reaction with

air and reacts violently with water
(Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: Moderate, by

chemical reaction with air; explodes on contact with water.
shock or heat can shatter the
when heated to decomposition, it
emits toxic fumes of alumina;
will explode on contact with moisture; reacts vigorously with
ALUMINUM NITRATE
White crystals.
Description:
Formula:
A1(N0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
M. P.
Toxicity:
9H 2 Q
ALUMINUM- -PHENOL -4-SULFONATE

1
Description:
Reddish-white powder.
Formula: Al(C 6H 5
Constant:
4S) 3
Mol. Wt. 546.

Acute Local: Irritant 2; Allergen 1; Ingestion 2; Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes of phenol and
50 C
70C
Section 11.
Oxidizing material; yellow
label.

label.
oxides of sulfur.
Section 2
375. 14
Decomposes @
See Nitrates.
Fire Hazard: See Nitrates.
Disaster Control: See Nitrates.
I.
See Aluminum
Liquid or Paint
ALUMINUM PHENOXIDE
Description: Gray-white powder or
crystalline mass.
Formula: Al(C 6 H s O) 3
M.
P. 265C (decomp. )
Density: 1. 23
Acute Local: Irritant 2; Allergen 1; Ingestion 2; Inhalation 2.
Acute Systemic: U
2;
ALUMINUM PICRATE
264
Allergen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
emits highly toxic fumes of phenol.
Section Z

ALUMINUM RESINATE
Formula: Al(C 44H53

ALUMINUM RICINOLEATE
Description:
CHOH(CH 2 5CH 3
)
Mol. Wt. 771.3

Acute Local: Allergen Z; Inges-
Constant:
3;
Inhalation

halation 3
Chronic Local:
Irritant
gen Z
Chronic Systemic:
Inhalation
Fire Hazard:
3;
In-
Aller-
Z;
Ingestion
3;
Dangerous, by chemi-
6).

shocked or exposed to heat. See
also Explosives, High.
shock will explode it; when heated
to decomposition, it emits highly
fumes of oxides of nitrogen

and explodes; can react vigorously with reducing materials.
rate): Section Z
toxic
White powder.
Formula: Al(C 3 H 7 0) 3
Description:
M. P.
106C
Z48C
Density 1. 058
@ 20 /0 C
Aluminum Compounds and Propyl

Alcohol.
emits acrid fumes; a combustible
material (Section 6).
=
None
= Slight
sulfate.
Colorless crystals.
Formula: NaAl(S0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
1ZH 2
458. Z9
61 C
Density 1. 675
Acute Local: Irritant 1; Allergen 1; Ingestion 1; Inhalation 1
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
Local contact may cause contact
ALUMINUM SULFATE, DRY

Synonym: Cake alum.
White powder.
Formula: A1 2 (S0 4
)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Density
B. P.
Toxic Rating Code:
Synonym: Sodium aluminum
342.
@ 770 C
M. P. Decomposes
Z04. Z
M. P.
Toxicity:
ALUMINUM SODIUM SULFATE
Description:
ALUMINUM PROPOXIDE
]3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 91
M. P. 95C
Toxicity: See Aluminum Compounds.
emits acrid fumes.
Description:
cal reaction with reducing materials; a powerful oxidizer (Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
yellow-
Plastic solid,
dark brown.
to
Formula: Al[C0 2 (CH 2 ) 7 CHCHCH 2 -
solid.
Formula: Al(N0 2 ) 3 C 6 H 2 0) 3
tion
Z04Z. 8
ALUMINUM PICRATE
A
5) 3
Constant: Mol. Wt.

Toxicity: Unknown
brown
Description:
Brown mass.
Description:
Z.
71
Toxicity: None
Caution: This material hydrolyzes
readily to form some sulfuric
acid which acts as a tissue irritant, particularly to the lungs.
See Sulfuric Acid.
ALUMINUM SULFIDE
Description: Yellowish-gray lumps;
odor of hydrogen sulfide.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ALYPIN
265
Formula: A1 2S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150. 12

Acute Local: Irritant 1; Aller-
M. P. 1100C
gen 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
air; can react vigorously with
Explosion Hazard: It hydrolyzes to
Subl. @1550C
Density 2. 02
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Sulfides.
Fire Hazard: See Sulfides.
Explosion Hazard: See Sulfides.
Disaster Control: See Sulfides.
B. P.
ALUMINUM SULFOCARBOLATE.
See Aluminum- 1 -Phenol- 4-
evolve flammable vapor.

Sulfonate.
ALUMINUM THALLIUM SULFATE
"ALUNDUM"
Description: Cubic, octagonal,

colorless crystals.
Synonym: Alumina
Formula: A1T1(S0 4 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 639. 7
M. P. 91 C
Density 2. 32
Description: White to dark winered, dense, crystalline lumps.
2H z O
Formula: A1 2
See Thallium
See Thallium
Com-
Colorless liquid.
Formula: Al(C 2H 5
"ALVAR"
)3
Description:
114. 15
to evolve ethane (Section 6).

also Ethane.
steam to produce heat and flammable vapors; it can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
ALUMINUM TRIMETHYL,
See
Aluminum Methyl.
ALUMINUM TRIPROPYL
Synonym: Tripropyl aluminum.
Liquid.
Formula: Al(C 3 H 7
solid polyvinyl acetal
resin.
B. P. 194C
M. P. < -18C
Aluminum.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by spontaneous chemical reaction v/ith
air; reacts violently with water
Description:
(accepted) 50 million
Section 2
Synonym: Triethyl aluminum.

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Mol. Wt.
MAC: ACGIH
ALUMINUM TRIETHYL
Description:
101.94
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
Constant:
Compounds.
Disaster Control:
pounds.
)3

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Local contact may
cause a contact dermatitis (Section 9).

ALYPIN
Description:
White crystalline
powder.
Formula: C 16 H 26 2 N 2
Acute Local: Allergen 1; Ingestion
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
AMATOL
266
Chronic Systemic: U
Poisonings have occurred
from small doses but this is very-
45 mev and gamma rays of

062 mev. The permissible
of 5.
Caution:
0.
unusual.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decompo-
levels are:
In body: 0. 056 microcurie
In air: 3 X 10~ n microcurie
per milliliter
In water: 10 4 microcurie per
sition,
emits toxic fumes.
it
Ventilation Control (optional): Section 2

AMBER
AMATOL
Description:
Description:
Composition:
A high explosive.
NH 4 N0 3 80%; T.
:
milliliter.
OIL
Synonym: Oil
oil,
N. T.
20%
Constant:
Density 1. 47

Chronic Systemic: Ingestion 3:
Inhalation 3
Fire Hazard: High, as result of
A powerful oxidizing mixture
(Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: High, due to
shock, spontaneous chemical reaction or exposure to flame (Section
7).

emits highly toxic fumes; can
materials.
Section 2
AMERICIUM
Description:
metal.
Formula: Ann
Constant:
At. Wt.
Toxicity:
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
of
amber.
Pale yellow to brov/n
volatile.
Composition: Phenols and terpenes.

Constant: Density 0. 85 - 0. 92
Acute Local; Irritant 1; Allergen 1; Ingestion 1; Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: A weak sensitizer. Local

contact may cause contact dermatitis (Section 9).

to heat, it emits acrid fumes (Section 6).

Section 2
AMIDOL
Synonym: Diaminophenol hydrochloride.
Description:
Formula:
Grayish-white crystals.
C 6 H 8 N2
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
2HC1
197. 07

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
241
Americium
and derives
is radioactive
from this
its toxicity
fact.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Am 241, half-life

490 years; emits alpha particles
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
220 M
Description: Liquid
"AMINE
Formula: C 17 H 33 CNC 2 H 4 NC 2 H 4OH

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
2 =
Moderate
350
3 =
High
Unknown
267
2-AMINOBENZENETHIOL
mm
235C @1
Flash P. 465 F (O. C. )
Density 0.9300 @20/20C
Vap. D. 12. 1
B. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 197. 2
B. P. > 360C
M. P. 126C
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxdry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6).
ide,

o-
AMINES. See
also specific
com-
pounds.
A large group of organic compounds, containing nitrogen and
considered as being derived from
ammonia (NH 3 ) by replacement of
one or more H atoms by an
organic radical.
Toxicity: Variable; some are highly
toxic, others only slightly.
P- AMINOACETANILIDE
Synonym: Acetyl-p-phenylenediamine.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
White to reddish
AMINOACETOPHENONE
Synonym: o-Aminoacetylbenzene.
Formula:
Unknown
fumes (Section

P-
225. 3
99 - 117C
Details unknown.
Toxicity:
also Toluene.
See

Synonym: 2-Amino- 5-azotoluene

hydrochloride.
Description: Crystals.
Formula:
C 14H 14 N 3 -HC1
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 260. 8
Toxicity: Details unknown. See also Toluene.
2-AMINOBENZENETHIOL
Fire Hazard: Slightly dangerous;

when exposed to heat, it emits
toxic
M. P.
Yellow, oily liquid.
CH 3 COC 6 H 4 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 135. 2
B. P. 250 - 252C (slight decomp.)
Toxicity:
CH 3 C 6H 4 N 2 C 6H 3 NH 2 CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
CHLORIDE
decomposition it emits toxic

fumes.
Description:
yellow crystals.
Formula:
AMINOAZOTOLUENE HYDRO-
NHzC^NHCOCHa
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 150. 2
p-Phenylene diamine.
dangerous; when heated to
o-
AMINOAZOTOLUENE
Synonym: 2-Amino- 5-azotoluene.

Description: Reddish brown to
6).
Section
AMINOAZOBENZENE
Synonym: p-Phenylazoaniline.
Description: Yellow crystals.
Formula:
C^NNC^N^
Synonym: 2-Amino phenyl mercaptan.

Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
NH 2 C 6H 4SH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
125. 2
M. P.
23C
B. P. 227. 2C
Flash P. 175F
Density: 1. 168
Vap. D. 4. 3
See also
Mercaptans.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when
p-AMINOBENZOIC ACID
exposed
268
2- AMINO-
to heat or flame.
1 -
Description:

Formula:
heatpd to decomposition, it emits

highly toxic fumes; can react with
P-AMINOBENZOIC ACID
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
137.
M. P. 187C
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 150. 2
Toxicity: Details unknown, but
Crystals.
Formula: C 7 H 10 N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 17
B. P. 235. 3C
M. P. 68. 5C
P-
m- AMINOBENZ OTRIFLUORIDE
Colorless liquid with
aniline -like odor.
Formula: H2NC6H4CF3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 161. 13
M. P. 3C
B. P. 189C
Density 1. 303 @ 15. 5/l5. 5C
Vap. D. 5. 56
probably toxic.
hignly toxic fumes.
None
Unknown
AMINODIPHENYL
Synonym: Xenylamine; p-biphenyl-
probably toxic.
highly toxic fumes.
DIMETHYLPYRIDINE
2 - AMINO-4,6
Description:
Toxicity:
Crystals.
Toxic Rating Code:
Fire Hazard: Slight; on decomposition it emits toxic fumes.

C 6H 4SCNH 2 N
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 89. 14
M. P. -2C
B. P. 178C
Density 0. 944 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 3. 06
Toxicity: Unknown

Section
AMINOBENZ OTHIAZ OLE
Formula:
liquid.
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
1
Water-white
CH 3 CH 2 CHNH 2 CH 2 OH

To Fight Fire: Water spray, carbon
Yellowish to red
NH 2 C 6 H 4 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
BUTANOL
= Slight
amine.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
C b U 5C^{ A Nll z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 169. 2
M. P. 53 C
B. P. 302C
Density 1. 160 @ 20 /20C
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Ventilation Control (use normal rate)
Section 2
o-AMINOETHYLBENZENE.
See
o-Ethylaniline.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
269
2-
AMINO 2- METHYL- 1, 3-PROPANEDIOL
2-AMINO ETHYL ETHANOL
Vap. D.
AMINE
Toxicity:
Synonym:
(2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine.

Description. Colorless liquid.
NH 2 CH 2 CH2NHCH2CH 2 OH
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 16
B. P. 243. 7C
Flash P. 265 F (C. C. )
Density 1. 0304 @ 20 /Z C
Vap. Press. < 0.01 mm@20C
Vap. D. 3. 59
4. 11
Unknown

1 -
AMINO- 5- HYDROXYBENZO-
THIAZOLE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
(NH 2 )(OH)(C 6H 3 )SCN
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 166. 2
toxic.

Disaster Control: Moderate, when
toxic fumes.
1
AMINO- 2- METHOXY-4- NITRO-
BENZENE
1 -
AMINOETHYL-2- HEPTADECYL
GLYOXALIDINE

fungicide.
Synonyms:
a plant
Fire Hazard: Slight; when exposed to

heat, it emits acrid fumes.
N-AMINO ETHYL MORPHOLINE

Description:
Constants:
M. P.
Liquid.
C 2 H 4 OC 2 H 4 NC2H 4 NH2
Formula:
Mol. Wt.
6C
B. P. 204. 2C
Flash P. 175C
25.
Density
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
130.2
4-Nitro-o-anisidine;
5-nitro-2-aminanisole; 2-methoxy- 4- nitroaniline
Formula: C 6H 3 (N0 2 )(OCH 3 )(NH 2 )
also Nitrobenzene.
toxic fumes; can react with
991 5
4. 49
0.
2-AMINO-4-METHYLPENTANE
(O. C.
Description:
Formula:
20 /20 C
6).
101.2
8C
55F
B. P. 222.
Fire Hazard: Moderate when exposed to heat or flame; can react

(Section
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Unknown
Liquid.
CH 3 CHNH2CH 2 CHCH 3 CH3
Flash P.
Density 0. 74
Vap. D. 3. 48
Toxicity:
Unknown
Fire Hazard: High, when exposed

heat or flame; canreact with
to
Section 7
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon diox-
2-AMINO- 2- ETHYL- 1, 3-PROPANEDIOL

Colorless liquid or
Description:
rate).
solid.
Formula:
dry chemical or carbon

ide,
CH 2 OHC(C 2 H 5 )NH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Section
2-AMINO- 2- METHYL- 1, 3-PRO-
119. 16
M. P.
38C
B. P. 1 52C (5)10
Density 1 099 @ 20 /20 C
mm
PANEDIOL
Description:
Formula:
Clear liquid.
CH 2 OHC(CH 3 )NH 2 CH 2 OH
2-AMINO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANOL
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

(Section 6).
105. 14
M. P. 110C
B. P. 151 C @10
Vap. D. 3. 63
Toxicity: Unknown
mm
2- AMINO- 5-
-AMINO- 2 - METHYL- 1-PROPANOL
Synonyms: AMP, isobutanolamine.

Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 CCH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 89. 14
M. P. 30 - 31 C
B. P. 165C
Flash P. 159F (Tag. O. C. )
Density 0. 934 @ 20/20C
Vap. D. 3. 04
(Section
6).

2- AMINO- 3-
Description:
METHYLPYRIDINE
Liquid.
Formula: NC 5H 3 (CH 3 )NH 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 08
B. P. 221. 1C
M. P. 33. 3C
Vap. D. 3. 73
Pyridine.
Fire Hazard: Slight; on decomposition it emits toxic fames; can react with oxidizing materials (Section
6).

2- AMINO- 4-
Description:
Formula:
Section
METHYLPYRIDINE
Crystals.
NCgH^CH^NH;,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108.08
M. P. 99 C
B. P. 230. 9C
Vap. D. 3. 73
Pyridine.
Fire Hazard: Slight; on decomposition it emits toxic fumes; can
Toxic Rating Code:
METHYLPYRIDINE
Description:
Fire Hazard: Slight, when exposed to

2
270
None
= Slight
Formula:
Crystals
NC 5H 3 (CH 3 )NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 18
M. P. 76.6C
B. P. 227. 1C
Vap. D. 3. 73
Pyridine.
Fire Hazard: Slight; on decomposition it emits toxic fumes; can react with oxidizing materials (Section
6).
Section
2- AMINO- 6 - METHYLPYRIDINE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: NC 5H 3 (CH 3 )NH 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
108.08
7C
214.4C
43.
B. P.
Vap. D. 3. 73
Pyridine.
Fire Hazard: Slight; on decomposition it emits toxic fumes; can react with oxidizing materials.
4-AMINO-3-PENTADECYL PHENOL
Synonym: p-Amino hydrogenated
cardanol.
Description:
Tan-colored, crystal-
line solid.
Formula: C 15H 31 C 6H 3 (NH 2 )OH

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 319. 5
M. P. 99 - 101 C
B. P. 225 - 230 C
Toxicity:
@1
mm
Unknown

P-AMINOPHENOL
Synonyms: Rodinol; ursal P;
p- hydroxy aniline.
Description:
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
2 =
White powder.
NH^ÔH
Moderate
109.
3 =
High
Unknown
2-AMINOPYRIDINE
271
exposed
to heat or flame; can

Section 2

Acute Systemic: U
Caution: This material resembles
p-phenylenediamine. It has reportedly been the cause of contact
dermatitis and bronchial asthma
(Section
N-AMINOPROPYL MORPHOLINE
9).
Description:
Ventilation Control: Section 2
Liquid.
Formula: C 2 H 4OC 2 H 4 NC 3 H5NH 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
144. 21
-15C
224. 7C
Density 0. 9872 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. Press. 0. 06mm@20C
Vap. D. 4.97
Morpholine.
B. P.
P-AMINOPHENYL CADMIUM
DILACTATE
High. See Cadmium Compounds and Phenol.
highly toxic fumes.
Toxicity:

ide,
P-AMINOPHENYL MERCURIC
LACTATE
Highly toxic. See Mercury
Compounds, Organic.
Disaster Control: See Mercury
Compounds, Organic.
Synonym: alpha- Aminopyridine.

Description: White powder or
Formula:
Toxicity:
3-
AMINOPROPANOL
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
H 2 NCH 2 CH2CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 75. 11
B. P. l68C @50Q
Flash P. > 175F (T.O.C.)
Freezing P. 12. 4C
Density 0.9786 gm/cc @ 30 C
Vap. Press. 2. 1
@ 60 C
Vap. D. 2. 59
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: A moderately strong base
which, from animal experiments,
would seem to be a non-specific
mm
mm
irritant.
Fire Hazard:
Moderate, when
2-AMINOPYRIDINE
crystals.
CsH^^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 94. 11
M. P. 58. 1C
B. P. 210. 6C
Acute Local: U
halation 3
Chronic Local: U
3;
In-
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: A convulsant poison
with effects resembling strychnine,
In humans the symptoms are headache, weakness, collapse and
epileptiform convulsions (Section
l).

highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
AMINOPYRINE
272
AMINOPYRINE
Synonym: Dimethylaminoantipyrine.
Colorless crystalline
powder.
Formula: C 3 ON3(CH3) 4 C 6H5
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 231. 29
M. P. 107 - 109C
Inhalation 2
Caution: Only a small proportion of
its users are susceptible to its
toxic effects. Mortality in untreated cases is nearly 75 percent. Local contact may cause
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes.
Section 2
P- AMINOSALICYLIC
ACID
Synonym: 4-Amino
Description:
Formula:
salicylic acid.
White to brown powder.
C 7H 7 N0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 153. 13
M. P. 147 - 150C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
Caution: Causes nausea, vomiting,
and diarrhea.
Fire Hazard: Slight; on decomposition
it emits toxic fumes (Section 6).
Inhalation 1
Caution: Can cause a transient
anemia. Over a period of time

thyroid enlargement may occur.
sulfur.
Sec-
Ventilation Control (optional):

tion 2

2-AMINOTHIAZOLE
Light brown crystals.
Description:
Formula: C 3 H 2 NSNH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 14
M. P. 90 C
B. P. Decomposes
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: Believed to cause nausea,
headache and general weakness
after exposure to from 3-100 mg
Section 2
AMIODOXYL BENZOATE
Synonyms: Arthrytin, oxoate.
White odorless,
Description:
slightly bitter, crystalline
pow-
der.
Formula: C 7 H 8IN0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
297.06
Acute Local: U
2;
2 -AMINO- 5 -
SULFANILYLTHIAZ OLE
Formula: C 9 H 9 N 3 2S2
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
255. 32
Acute Local: U
Acute Systemic:
halation 1
Chronic Local:
1;
Inhalation 1
Disaster Control:
Ingestion
1;
In-
U
Ingestion
=
None
1;
= Slight
sition,
Moderately danto decompoemits toxic fumes.
when heated
gerous;
Chronic Systemic:
Toxic Rating Code:
it

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
AMMONIUM ARSENATE
273
AMMONAL
Toxicity:
Signs and symptoms of

exposure are irritation of the
tract.
Details unknown, but
probably toxic.
Fire Hazard: A powerful oxidizer.
Explosion Hazard: High, when
it can explode when shocked or
heated; when heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes; can
material.
AMMONIA -d
Section
eyes, conjunctivitis, swelling of

the eyelids, irritation of the nose
and throat, coughing, dyspnoea
and vomiting. Irritation of the
skin may be experienced, especially if it is moist. Corneal
ulcers have been reported following splashing of ammonia water
in the eye (Section l).

Spontaneous Heating: No. Requires
high concentrations in air before
it catches fire.
chemical or water spray (Sec-
Trideuterio ammonia.
Description: Gas
Synonym:
Formula:
ND 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
Toxicity:
tion 6).
2,0.

exposed to flame. Forms ex-
05
-74C
-33.4C
See Ammonia, Anhydrous.

Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame (Section 6).
exposed to flame (Section 7).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; shock can shatter the
compressed gas container with explosive force; exposed to heat, it
emits toxic fumes; reacts vigorously with oxidizing materials.
AMMONIA, ANHYDROUS
Synonym: Ammonia gas.
Description: Colorless gas, extremely pungent odor, liquefied
by compression.
Formula: NH 3
label.
Inhalation
3;
(accepted);
per million in air.

Toxicology: Irritating
mucous membranes
Hydroxide.
AMMONIUM ARSENATE
Description:
to
of
Formula:
(NH 4 3As0 4
3H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 247. 1
M. P. Decomp. to yield
NH 3
See Arsenic Compounds.

Disaster Control: See Arsenic Compounds.
Toxicity:
100 parts
eyes and
respiratory
White powder or
crystal.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH

rate): Section 2
NonflamI. C.C. Classification:
Coast Guard Classification: Noninflammable gas; green gas
MCA warning label.

AMMONIA AQUA See Ammonium
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 17. 03
M. P. -77. 7C
B. P. -33. 35C
Density 0.771 g/liter@0C;
0. 817 g/ml @-79C
Autoign. Temp. 651 C
Vap. Press. 10atm@25.7C
plosive compounds in contact

with silver or mercury (Section 7).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; can shatter the compressed gas container with explosive force; exposed to heat,
I.
Section 11.
C.C. Classification:
Poison B;
AMMONIUM m-ARSENITE
274
crystals.
poison label.
Formula:
AMMONIUM m-ARSENITE
White powder.
Description:
NH 4As0 2
Formula:
AMMONIUM AZIDE
Colorless plates.
NH 4 N 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60. 1
M. P. 160C
B. P. 133. 8C
Density 1. 346
Vap. Press. 1 mm@59.2,C (sublimes)
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate; on decomposition it emits toxic fumes (Section 6).

heated (Section 7).
rate):
Section 2
Section
Ammonium
Description:
Formula:
dichr ornate.
Yellow needles.
(NH 4 2 Cr 2
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 252. 10
M. P. Decomposes before
it
melts
Density 2. 15 @25C
Fire Hazard: Moderate; reacts with
reducing agents.
Caution:
An
oxidizer.

I.C.C. Classification: Flammable solid; yellow label.
Coast Guard Classification: Inflammable solid; yellow label.
AMMONIUM BIFLUORIDE
White crystals.
Description:
Formula:
NH 4 FHF
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 57.05
Density 1.21 @12/l2C (liquid)
Toxicity: See Fluorides.
Crystals.
175. 2
M. P.
271
Density
342
Colorless crystals.
Description:
Formula: NH4C6H5S03
Toxicity:
See also
AMMONIUM BENZENE SULFONATE
4H zO
AMMONIUM BICHROMATE
Synonym:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
AMMONIUM BINOXALATE

Description:
Boron Compounds.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 125
Toxicity: See Arsenic Compounds.
Description:
(NH 4 2 B 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 263.4
M. P. Decomposes
NH 4 HC 2
H2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 125. 08
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 556
Toxicity: See Oxalates.
275C (decomposes)
AMMONIUM BISULFITE
1.
Synonym:
probably toxic.
Ammonium hydrogen
s ulf ite
White crystals.
Description:
Formula:
NH 4 HS0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
99.
M. P. Decomposes
AMMONIUM BIBORATE
Synonym:
Ammonium
Description:
tetraborate.
Colorless, tetragonal
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Toxicity: See Bisulfites.

Disaster Control: See Bisulfites.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
AMMONIUM CHLORATE
275
AMMONIUM BROMATE
Description:
Formula:
Density
Colorless crystals.
Toxicity:
NH 4 Br0 3
Disaster Control: Slightly dangerous;

emits toxic fumes.
Fire Hazard: See Bromates.

Explosion Hazard: Severe.
Disaster Control: Dangerous.
AMMONIUM CADMIUM CHLORIDE

Description:
Colorless, cubic,
slightly hygroscopic crystals.
Formula:
NH 4 Br
98.0
Description:
Formula:
M. P.
Colorless crystals.
NH 4 CaAs0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
305.
6H z O
140C (decomp.)
Density
1. 905
Toxicity:
AMMONIUM BROMOPLATINATE
Red-brown, cubic
(NH 4 2 PtBr 6
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 710.8
M. P. 145 C (decomp. )
Density 4. 265
AMMONIUM CARBONATE
Synonym: Crystal ammonia.
Description:
Formula:
See also

AMMONIUM BROMOSELENATE
Red octagonal crystals.
Formula: (NH 4 )SeB.r 6
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 594. 5
Density 3. 326
Toxicity: See Selenium Compounds
and Bromides.
Disaster Control: See Selenium
Compounds.
7
AMMONIUM BROMOSTANNATE
Colorless crystals.
(NH 4 2 SnBr 6
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 634. 3
M. P. Decomposes
96. 09

1
Inges-
1;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
AMMONIUM CHLORATE
Description:
Formula:
(NH 4 2 C0 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
tion
Description:
plates.
Bromides and Platinum Compounds.
Formula:
CdCl 2
AMMONIUM CALCIUM ARSENATE
@ 542 C
Density 2. 429
Vap. Press, lmm @198. 3C
Disaster Control: See Bromides.
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 397. 3
Density 2. 01
Toxicity: See Cadmium Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Cadmium Compounds.
AMMONIUM BROMIDE
Description:
crystals.
Crystals.
Formula: 4NH 4 C1
Description:
M. P. Sublimes
B. P. 396. 0C
See also
Bromides and Tin Compounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 145.96
M. P. Explodes
Toxicity: See Bromates.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
3. 50
Details unknown.
White crystal or mass.
NH4 C10 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 101. 6
Chlorates.
See also
Fire Hazard: Moderate fire hazard

due to spontaneous chemical reaction with reducing agents. A
powerful oxidizer. When
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
276
contaminated by combustibles
may
it
ignite (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: High, due to

shock, chemical reaction or exposure to heat (Section 7).
Caution: When contaminated it is
very sensitive. It can be detonated.

can explode when shocked or exposed to heat; when heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic
fumes; can react vigorously with
reducing material.
Synonym: Sal ammonia.

Formula:
White crystals.
NH4 C1
mm
AMMONIUM CHLOROAURATE
Yellow crystals.
Formula: NH4AuCl 4
Description:
Greenish-brown
(NH 4 ) 3IrCl 3 iy2H 2
Description:
Formula:
solid.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 487
See also
Iridium Compounds.
AMMONIUM CHLOROOSMATE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
(NH 4 ) 2 OsCl 6
See also
White crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 229.6
M. P. 275 C
Red-brown crystals.
(NH4 ) 2 PdCl 6
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 355. 5
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2.418
See also
Palladium Compounds.
AMMONIUM CHLOROPALLADIT2
Description:
F o rmula
Olive-green crystals.
(NH 4 ) 2 PdCl 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 284. 6
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 17
Formula:
See also
See also
Cubic, yellow crystals.
(NH 4 2 PtCl 6
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 444. 05
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3.065
Toxicity:
Gallium Compounds.
See Platinum Compounds.
AMMONIUM CHLOROPLATINITE
Red crystals.
(NH 4 ) 2 PtCl 4
Description:
Formula:
AMMONIUM CHLOROIRIDATE
Red-black crystals.
(NH4 ) 2Ir Cl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 441.9
M. P. Decomposes
Formula:
AMMONIUM CHLOROPALLADATE
Description:
NH4 GaCl 4
Toxic Rating Code:
AMMONIUM CHLOROIRIDITE
AMMONIUM CHLOROPLATINATE
AMMONIUM CHLOROGALLATE
Description:
See also
Iridium Compounds.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 357. 1
Toxicity: See Gold Compounds.
Description:
856
Osmium Compounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 53. 50
M. P. 520C
B. P. 337. 8C
Density 1.520
Vap. Press. 1
@ 160. 4C
(sublimes)
Acute Systemic: U
Section 2
Personal. Hygiene: Section 3
Formula:
2.
Details unknown,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 439
Density 2. 93
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Description:
Density
Toxicity:
None
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 373. 1
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 936
Toxicity: See Platinum Compounds.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
AMMONIUM CYANATE
277
AMMONIUM CHLOROPLUMBATE
Description:
Section
Yellow crystals.
Formula: (NH 4 ) 2 PbCl 6
Formula:
6H z O
White crystals.
AMMONIUM COPPER ARSENITE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 367. 5
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 4

See also
Tin Compounds.
arsenic.
rate): Section 2
AMMONIUM CHROMATE
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 395. 3
Density 1.902
Toxicity: See Cobalt Compounds.
rate): Section 2
(NH 4 2SnCl 6
Description:
material.
Red crystals.
(NH 4 )2S0 4 CoS0 4
Description:
AMMONIUM CHLOROSTANNATE
Formula:
AMMONIUM COBALTOUS SULFATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 456
M. P. 120C (decomp. )
Density 2. 925
Toxicity: See Lead Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Lead Compounds.
Description:
Yellow, crystalline
(NH 4 2 Cr0 4
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 152. 1
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1.866
AMMONIUM CUPRIC CHLORIDE

Description:
Blue crystals.
See Chromium Compounds.

Explosion Hazard: Slight, when
shocked or heated (Section 7).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; shock or heat will explode it; can react with reducing
AMMONIUM CUPRIC SULFATE
material.
Formula:
Toxicity:
Formula:
Green or
M. P.
CuCl 2
Mol. Wt.
)2
2H 2
277. 5
Decomposes @110C
Density 1. 993
Toxicity: See Copper Compounds.
Blue, violet crystals.
(NH 4 )2S0 4
CuS0 4

violet
AMMONIUM CUPROUS
NH 4Cr(S0 4
'
12H 2
Description:

M. P. 94C (-9H 2 @100C)
Density 1. 720
Disaster Control: See Sulfates.
AMMONIUM COBALTOUS
o -PHOSPHATE
Description:
Constants:
2NH 4 C1
Description:
Section
AMMONIUM CHROMIC SULFATE

Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Violet crystals or
powder.
Formula: NH 4 CoP0 4 H 2
Constant: Mol. Wt. 190
IODIDE
Crystals.
NH 4I Cul H 2
Mol. Wt. 353.4
Toxicity: See Copper Compounds
and Iodides.
Formula:
Constant:
AMMONIUM CYANATE
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
NH 4 OCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60. 1
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity:
@60C
Details unknown.
Cyanates.
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; when
rate):
See also
AMMONIUM CYANIDE
278

emits highly toxic fumes of cya-
AMMONIUM DECABORATE.
nides.
AMMONIUM DICHROMATE.
Section
Ammonium
Solid, white
powder or
NH 4 CN
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
44.
M. P. 36C
B. P. 31. 7C (sublimes)
Density 1 002 g/liter @ 100 C
Vap. Press. 400mm@20.5C
Toxicity: See Cyanides.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame. At 95
a flammable gas is evolved (Sec.
tion
Description:
Formula:
crystal.
Formula:
See
Pentaborate.
See
Bichromate.
AMMONIUM DICYANOGUANIDINE
AMMONIUM CYANIDE
Description:
Ammonium
Crystals.
NH 4 [NH 2 CN(NCN)CN]
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 12,6. 2
M. P. > 300C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See also
Cyanides.
cyanides.
6).

heated. At 95 F a gas is liberated. See also Hydrogen Cyanide.
Disaster Control: See Cyanides.
AMMONIUM CYANOAURATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless plates.
NH4Au(CN) 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
337.
Compounds.
AMMONIUM CYANOAURITE
Colorless crystals.
NH 4Au(CN) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
267.
M. P. Decomp. @100C
Toxicity:
See Cyanides and Gold
Compounds.
AMMONIUM CYANOPLATINITE
Yellow crystals.
(NH 4 2 Pt(CN) 4 H z O
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 119
M. P. 213C
NH 4H 2As0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 159
M. P. Decomp. to lose NH 3
Density 2. 311
arsenic.
rate): Section 2
AMMONIUM DINITRO-o-CRESOL
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Crystals.
Description:
353.4
Toxicity: See Cyanides and Platinum
Compounds.
Toxic Rating Code:
Colorless crystals.
Description:
Formula:

Formula:
Colorless crystals.
NH 4P0 2 F 2
ARSENATE
@ 200 C
See Cyanides and Gold
Description:
Formula:
AMMONIUM DIHYDROGEN
M. P. Decomp.
Toxicity:
H zO
AMMONIUM DIFLUOPHOSPHATE
Description:
None
= Slight
Formula: C 7 H 9
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
N3
215. 2

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
3;
Unknown
AMMONIUM FLUOSILICATE
279
Ingestion
Acute Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: See Nitrates
Explosion Hazard: See Nitrates
violently with reducing materials.
First Aid:
Section
AMMONIUM EMBELATE
Description:
Formula:
(NH 4 2 C 18 H 26
)
mony Compounds.
Disaster Control:
See Fluorides and
Antimony Compounds.
Section
AMMONIUM FLUOBORATE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
NH 4BF 4
AMMONIUM FLUOGALLATE
Description:
1;
Formula:
Inges-
White crystals.
(NH 4 3 GaF 6
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 237. 8
B. P. Decomp. to yield GaF 3
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Gallium
Compounds.
Disaster Control. See Fluorides.
(Section 6).
Section 2
AMMONIUM FLUOGERMANATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
(NH 4 2 GeF 6
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 222. 1
Density 2. 564 @ 25/25C
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Germa-
AMMONIUM FERRICYANIDE
Red crystals.
(NH 4 ) 3 Fe(CN) 6
Description:
nium Compounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 266. 1
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: See Ferricyanides.
Disaster Control: See Ferricyanides
AMMONIUM FLUORIDE
AMMONIUM FERROCYANIDE
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Description:
White crystals.
NH 4 F
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
37. 04
M. P. Sublimes
338. 2
M. P. Decomposes
Disaster Control: See Ferrocyanides.
Density
1. 315
See Fluorides.
Toxicity:
AMMONIUM FLUOSILICATE
AMMONIUM FLUOANTIMONITE
Description:
Formula:

Yellow to blue cyrstals.

(NH 4 4 Fe(CN) 6 3H z O
Description:
Formula:

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
when heated, it emits acrid fumes
Formula:
Sublimes with decomp.

Toxicity: See Fluorides and Anti-
Compounds.
Grayish-violet powder.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 342.47
252. 8
M. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 9
M. P. Sublimes
Density 1. 851
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Boron
Section 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Colorless crystals.
(NH 4 2 SbF 6
)
Synonyms: Cryptohalite; ammonium

silicofluoride.
Description:
Colorless crystals.
AMMONIUM FLUOSULFONATE
Formula:
(NH 4 2SiF 6
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
178.
M. P. Sublimes
Density
2.
01
See Fluosilicates and

Fluorides.
Toxicity:
AMMONIUM FLUOSULFONATE
Colorless needles.
Description:
Formula:
NH 4S0 3 F
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 117. 1
M. P. 244. 7C
Toxicity: See Fluosulfonates.
Disaster Control: See Fluosulfonates.
AMMONIUM FLUOTITANATE
)
AMMONIUM FLUOZIRCONATE
Crystals.
Description:
(NH 4 2 ZrF 6
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 241. 3
Density 1. 154
AMMONIUM FORMATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 63. 1
M. P. 116C
B. P. Decomp.
Density 1 266
@180C

also Esters and Formic Acid.
when heated, it emits smoke
(Section 6).
AMMONIUM HEXAFLUOPHOSPHATE
Formula:
White crystals or
powder.
Formula: NH 4 PF 6NH 4 F
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 200.06
M. P. No melting, sublimes at
about 140 C
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Ammonium Hexafluophosphate.
See
Ammonium
Colorless crystals.
NH 4 PF 6
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Bifluoride.
AMMONIUM HYDROGEN SELENATE

Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
NH 4HSe0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162.0
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 162
Toxicity: See Selenium Compounds.
Compounds.
Section
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
Synonyms: Aqua ammonium; water
of ammonia; aqua ammonia;
Description:
Formula:
NH 4 COOH
Description:
PHATE FLUORIDE
Description:
ammonium
White, deliquescent
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
AMMONIUM HEXAFLUOPHOS-
AMMONIUM HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
(NH 4 2 TiF 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198
M. P. Decomposes
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 163
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 180
Crystals.
Description:
Formula:
280
hydrate.
Colorless liquid.
NH 4OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 35.05
M. P. -77C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
per million in air.
emits toxic fumes; can react with
Disaster Control: Dangerous; emits
irritating fumes and liquid can
k
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
AMMONIUM NITRATE
281
inflict
burns.
Formula: (NH 4
Use with adequate
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
ventilation.

Section 2
MCA
Density
Toxicity:
2. 27
Details unknown.
Formula:
Colorless, hygroscopic
NH 4I
ARSENATE
Description:
HAs0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 176
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1.989
6H z O
AMMONIUM NICKEL CHLORIDE
Compounds.
Section
Description:
Formula:
AMMONIUM MAGNESIUM
CHROMATE
Yellow crystals.
(NH 4 2 Cr0 4 MgCr0 4
Green crystals.
NiCl 2 6H 2
NH 4 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 291. 2
Density 1. 645
Toxicity: See Nickel Compounds
Description:
AMMONIUM NICKEL SULFATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
400.
Synonym: Double nickel salt.

Description: Black to green
M. P. Decomposes
Density
(SOLID)
White crystals or
powder.
Formula: (NH 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 289.4
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 932 @15C
Disaster Control: See Arsenic
Formula:
6H z O
AMMONIUM MONOHYDROGEN
Colorless crystals.
7H 2
Compounds.
ATE
NH 4 MgAs0 4
24 )
AMMONIUM MAGNESIUM ARSENFormula:
Colorless crystals.
(NH 4 6 (TeMo 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1321. 7
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 78
Toxicity: See Tellurium Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Tellurium
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 145
M. P. Sublimes @ 551 C
B. P. 404. 9C
Density 2. 514
Vap. Press. lmm@210.9C
(sublimes)
Disaster Control: See Iodides.
Description:
See also
AMMONIUM MOLYBDOTELLURATE
Description:
Formula:
196
Molybdenum Compounds.
IODIDE
Description:
crystals.
Mo0 4
M. P. Decomposes
warning label.
AMMONIUM
)2
1.
84
crystals.

Fire Hazard: Moderate, as a result
of chemical reaction with reducing
agents (Section 6).
(NH 4 2 S0 4
NiS0 4
6H 2
Toxicity:
Formula:
Caution:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 395
Density 1.923
Toxicity: See Nickel Compounds.
An
oxidizer.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated, it can exStorage and Handling:
Section
AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE
Colorless crystals.
AMMONIUM NITRATE
Description:
plode.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Colorless crystals.
NH 4 N0 3
80.05
6C
169.
AMMONIUM NITRATE. FERTILIZER

B. P.
AMMONIUM OXALATE
Decomp. @210C
Density
1.
725
@25C
Description:
See Nitrates.
To Fight Fire: Use water in large
amounts. It is important that the
mass of material be kept cool and
that burning be extinguished
promptly. Ventilate well (Section 6),
Explosion Hazard: May explode
under confinement and high temperatures. Explosions have
occurred in ships holds, etc.
There have been warehouse fires
Toxicity:
that did not detonate (Section 7).
See also Nitrates.

Caution: This material explodes
more readily if contaminated,
must be kept cool and unconfined. See also Explosives,
High.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; heat

and confinement may explode it;
when heated to decomposition it
emits highly toxic fumes of oxides
of nitrogen; can react vigorously
I.C.C. Classification: Oxidizing
AMMONIUM NITRATE,
FERTILIZER. See Ammonium
Nitrate.
Section 11.

AMMONIUM NITRITE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
White to yellow
NH 4 NO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 64. 1
M. P. Decomposes
Flash P. 158F
Vap. D. 1. 69
Toxicity: See Nitrites.
Fire Hazard: See Nitrites.
shocked or exposed to heat (Section 7).
Disaster Control: See Nitrites.

Toxic Rating Code:
None
282
= Slight
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
(NH 4 2 C 2
)
H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 142. 12
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 50
AMMONIUM PENTABORATE
Synonym:
Ammonium
Description:
Formula:
decaborate.
White solid.
NH 4 B 5
4H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 272. 20
Toxicity: See Boron Compounds.
AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
NH 4 C10 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 117. 50
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1.95
Toxicity: See Perchlorates.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when exposed to heat or flame or by

with reducing materials (Section
Caution: A very powerful oxidizer.
6).
Ignites violently with combustibles,

etc.

Explodes at high temperatures.
When contaminated by reducing
materials it can become a very
sensitive high explosive (Section
See also Perchlorates.
7).
Disaster Control: See Perchlorates
and Explosives, High.

AMMONIUM PERCHROMATE.
See
Ammonium Peroxychromate.
AMMONIUM m-PERIODATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
NH 4 I0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 209
M. P. Explodes
Density 3. 056
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
AMMONIUM PICRATE
283
Toxicity: See Periodates.
Fire Hazard: See Periodates.
Explosion Hazard: See Periodates.
Disaster Control: See Periodates.

heated (Section 7).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes and
AMMONIUM PERMANGANATE
may
Description:
Formula:
AMMONIUM PERRHENATE
NH 4Mn0 4
White plates.
Description:
Formula:
NH 4 Re0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 268. 4
M. P. Decomposes
B. P. Decomposes.
Toxicity:
Details unknown.
See also
Rhenium Compounds.
(Section 6).
Caution: A powerful oxidizer.
Fire Hazard:

shocked or exposed to heat. Can
be exploded by percussion (Sec-
Moderate, by chemical
reaction with reducing agents (Section 6).
AMMONIUM PERSULFATE
tion 7).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous, shock and heat will explode it; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes; can
react with reducing material.
I.C.C Classification: Oxidizing
AMMONIUM PEROXYBORATE
Description:
White crystals.
NH 4 BO s
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
V2 H 2
Synonym:
Ammonium
peroxydi-
sulfate.
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
(NHjÔs
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 228. 20
M. P. Decomposes 1 20 C
Density 1. 982
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard:
reaction with reducing agents

(Section 6).
85. 9
M. P. Decomposes

shocked, exposed to heat, or by
Generally requires contact with
reducing materials or combus-
Fire Hazard: Slight, by chemical

(Section 6).
Caution: An oxidizer.
tibles.
AMMONIUM PEROXYCHROMATE
Red-brown crystals.
(NH 4 3 Cr0 8
Description:
Formula:
Crystalline solid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137.
M. P. Explodes
Density 2. 208
Toxicity: See Manganese Compounds.
Formula:
explode.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 234. 1
M. P. Decomp. @ 40 C
B. P. Expl. @50C
(Section 6).

explode when shocked or heated;
of sulfur; can react vigorously
with reducing material.
Section 2
Personal Hygiene Section 3
:
AMMONIUM PICRATE
Synonyms:
Ammonium
carbazotate;
AMMONIUM PICRATE. WET

ammonium
Description:
284
exceed 16 oz.
picronitrate.
Yellow crystals.
N^C^Ôy
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 246. 14
M. P. Decomposes
B. P. Explodes @423C
Density 1.719
Inhalation 3
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction (Sec-
powerful oxidizer.
Explosion Hazard: Severe when
flame (Section 7). See also
Explosives, High.
will explode when shocked; when
nitrogen, etc.
can react
vigorously with reducing materi;
als.

rate): Section 2
High explosive.
Coast Guard Classification: High
explosive.
Ammonium carbazotate.
See Ammonium Picrate.
Synonym:
Toxicity:

heated (Section 7).
fumes
of
oxides of nitrogen,
and explodes.
,
I.
AMMONIUM POL YSUL FIDE.

Ammonium
Se<
Sulfide.
AMMONIUM SELENATE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: (NH4 )2Se0 4

M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 194
Section 11.
Toxic Rating Code:
(Not to
None
AMMONIUM SELENIDE
Description:
Formula:
Brown
crystals.
(NHjzSe

B. P. Decomposes
Fire Hazard: See Hydrogen Selenide.
selenium and it will react with
water or steam to produce toxic
and flammable vapors.
AMMONIUM SELENITE
Description: Colorless or slightly
reddish crystals.
Formula: (NH 4 )2Se0 3 H zO
Compounds.
= Slight
AMMONIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
See
(Section 6).
etc.
Solid.

AMMONIUM PICRATE, WET
toxic
(Not
less than 10% water, not to
exceed 16 oz. ) Inflammable
Compounds.
tion 6).
Caution:
See Section 11,
73. 192.
Ammonium
Fluosilicate.
AMMONIUM SULFAMATE
Synonym: Ammate.
Description: Deliquescent crystalline
material (white crystalline solid).
Formula:
NH4 OSO z NH 2

B. P. 160 C (decomp. )
M. P. 125C
Toxicity: Details unknown; an
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE
285
AMMONIUM SULFITE
herbicide.
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
15 milli-
Description:
of air.
Formula:
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat or by spontaneous

chemical reaction (hydrolysis);
in a hot acid solution this material
can undergo spontaneous hydrolysis liberating
much
heat.

oxides of sulfur.
Constants:
Sublimes @ 150 C
Density 1.41 @25C
Toxicity: See Sulfites.
Disaster Control: See Sulfites.
AMMONIUM TELLURATE
Formula:
(NH 4 2S0 4
(NH 4 2 Te0 4
)
Constants:
Inhalation
1;
01
@25C
Ammonium hydrosulfide;
ammonium hydrogen sulfide.
Powder or
Formula: NH 4 HS
Description:
Mol. Wt.
crystals.
Section
AMMONIUM TETRABORATE.
Ammonium
See
Biborate.
Colorless crystals.
T1C1 3
2H z O
3NH 4 C1
Constants
Mol. Wt. 507. 3
Density 2. 39
Toxicity: See Thallium Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Thallium
Compounds.
Section
AMMONIUM THIOANTIMONATE
51.11
M. P. 118C (decomp.
B. P. 1Z0C (sublimes)
Yellow crystals.
(NH 4 3 SbS 4 4H z O
Description:
mm
Description:
Synonyms:
Formula:
Vap. Press. 400

@ 21 8 C
Toxicity: See Sulfides.
.
AMMONIUM SULFIDE
Ammonium
Description:
crystals.
3.
See Tellurium Compounds.

Toxicity:
Formula:
AMMONIUM SULFHYDRATE
Synonym:
227.7
Decomposes
AMMONIUM THALLIUM CHLORIDE
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Compounds.

M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 77
White powder.
Description:
Density
Description: Brownish-gray to
white crystals.
134.16
B. P.
M. P.
AMMONIUM SULFATE
H zO
Mol. Wt.
Decomposes
M. P.
Forumla:
Section
Colorless crystals.
(NH 4 2 S0 3
monosulfide.
Yellow, hygroscopic
"
Constants
Mol. Wt.
376. 2
Decomposes
Toxicity: See Antimony Compounds.
M. P.
oxides of sulfur and antimony.
Formula: (NH 4 2S
AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE

M. P. Decomposes
Synonym:
Ammonium
Description:
NH 4 SCN
Formula:
Constants
Mol. Wt.
:
76. 1
149. 6C
M. P.
B. P.
Decomposes @170C
Density
sulfocyanate.
Colorless solid.
1.
305
AMMONIUM THIOGLYCOLATE
286
Toxicity: See Thiocyanates.

Disaster Control: See Thiocyanates.
AMMONIUM THIOGLYCOLATE
Section
Description: Colorless liquid, strong

skunk-like odor.
Formula
HSCH 2 COONH 4
Constant:
MOl. Wt.
109.

AMMONIUM
Description:
Z
Chronic Local: Allergen Z

Caution: Emits hydrogen sulfide.
Upon local contact it can cause
a contact dermatitis (Section 9).
sulfides.

Section Z
AMMONIUM THIOSULFATE
Formula:
White, monoclinic
Formula:
NH 4I 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Density
398. 8
749
See Iodides.
3.
Toxicity:
AMMONIUM URANYL CARBONATE

Yellow crystals.
Z(NH 4 2 C0 3 U0 2 C0 3
Description:
Formula:
2H 2
2S 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 558. 3
M. P. Decomposes @100C
Density Z. 773
Toxicity: See Uranium Compounds,
Soluble.
See Uranium.
AMMONIUM URANYL PENTADescription:
03
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 148. Z
Toxicity: See Thiosulfates.
sulfur.
Section
AMMONIUM TRICHLOROACETATE
Formula:
FLUORIDE
(NH 4
Description:
TRI IODIDE
Brown crystals.
Radiation Hazard:
Description:
crystals.
Section

Acute Local: Irritant 1; Allergen Z; Ingestion Z; Inhalation
Inhalation
acid fumes, it emits toxic fumes;

produce toxic or corrosive fumes
Ventilation Contol (use normal rate):
Colorless crystals.
NH 4
CCC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 180. 6
Acute Local; Irritant Z; Ingestion 3; Inhalation Z
Acute Systemic: U
Inhalation
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition or on contact with acid or
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Formula:
Crystals.
(NH 4 3 U0 2 F 5
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
419. Z
M. P. Sublimes
Density 3. 186
Soluble and Fluorides.
Radiation Hazard: See Uranium.
fluorides.
Section
AMMONIUM m- VANADATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Colorless
to
yellow
NH 4 V0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
117
M. P. Decomposes
Density Z. 3Z6
Toxicity: See Vanadium Compounds.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
sec-AMYL ACETATE
287
AMMONIUM ZINC SULFATE

Formula:
Ingestion
(NH 4 2S0 4
ZnS0 4
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
6H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 401. 7
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 931
Toxicity: See Zinc Compounds.
MAC: ACGIH
is irritating to the
tals.
Inges-
tion 2
1;
Inhalation 1
Caution: Continued use of this
material may lead to habituation.
200 parts
mucous mem-
utes.
Symptoms are burning of the

eyes, lacrimation, headache,

irritation and dryness of the

throat, "dopiness", fatigue, and
"AMSCO" NAPHTHAS and

SOLVENTS
Liquid petroleum hydro
occasionally vague nervousness.

See also Esters, Amyl Alcohol,
Acetic Acid.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; when
Composition: 40
hydrocarbons.
90% aromatic
Variable. See specific

petroleum hydrocarbon.
Fire Hazard: Variable.
Explosion Hazard: Variable.
Toxicity:
AMYL ACETATE
Synonyms: Amyl acetic ether; pear
oil.
Description: Colorless liquid, pear

or banana-like odor.
Formula:
(accepted);
branes; it also possesses a

narcotic effect, and from animal
experiments it appears to be more
toxic than butyl acetate. A concentration of 1,000 ppm, breathed
for half an hour, has cause headache, fatigue, oppression in the
chest, and irritation of the eyes
and mucous membranes of the
nose and throat, with excessive
salivation.
5, 000 ppm produces
deep narcosis in cats in 30 min-
Formula: C n H 18N20 3
Description:
carbons.
high concentrations, amyl acetate
5-Ethyl-5-isoamyibarbiamytal.
Description: Slightly bitter crysturic acid;

Irritant
2;
per million in air; 1064 milligrams per cubic meter of air.

Toxicology: Chronic toxicity is of a
very low order. When inhaled in
AMOBARBITAL
1;
Inhalation 2
Chronic Systemic:
Synonyms:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 226. 27
2;
White crystals.
Description:
CH 3 COO(CH 2 4 CH 3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 130. 18
M. P. -78. 5C
B. P. 148C (737mm)
Flash P. 77F (C.C.)
Density 0. 879 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 5

Underwriters Laboratory Classification: 55-60

(Section
6).

Explosive Range: 1 10% (L. E. L. )
.
Section 2


I.
sec-AMYL ACETATE
Synonym: Amyl acetate.
Description:
1;
Section 11.
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH3C0 2 C5H n
AMYL ALCOHOL
288
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 130. 1
B. P. 249 F
Flash P. 89 F (C. C.
Density 0. 862-0. 866
Vap. D. 4.48
@ 20 /20 C
See also
Esters, Amyl Alcohol, Acetic
Acid, Amyl Acetate.
heated, it emits acrid fumes, can
(Section
No
Probably toxic.
Toxicity:
40
6).

(Section
6).

Explosive Range: 1. 2 % (L. E. L. )
Section 2

Com-

bustible liquid.
AMYL ALCOHOL
sec-n-AMYL ALCOHOL
Synonyms: 1-Pentanol; primary

amyl alcohol.
Synonym: Methyl propyl carbinol,
Description:
Formula:
Clear liquid.
CH 3 CH2CH2CH 2CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 1
M. P. -79C
B. P. 137. 8C
Flash P. 100F (C.C.)
Density 0. 8168 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. Press. lmm@13.6C,
10
@44. 9 C
Vap. D. 3. 04
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: According to animal
experiments, the amyl alcohols
are about four times as toxic as
mm
ethyl alcohol. However, because

low volatility and their
low solubility in the body fluids,
3-pentanol, diethyl carbinol.

Formula:
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CHOHCH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 2
B. P. 116C
Flash P. 94F (C.C.)
Freezing P. -50C
Density 0.8169 @ 20 /20 C
Autoign. Temp. 650Fto725F
Vap. D. 3. 04
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; when
they are absorbed slowly and only

small extent. There is little

definite evidence that their use in
industry has resulted in poisoning.

Ventilation Control (use normal
of their
to a
The vapor may, however, be

irritant to the eyes and the upper
respiratory tract. See also
Alcohols.
heated, it emits acrid fumes, can
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
(Section
6).
Section 2
rate):
3
AMYL ALCOHOL, COMMERCIAL

See Isoamyl Alcohol.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
AMYLAMINE STEARATE
289
tert-AMYL ALCOHOL, REFINED
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Synonyms: Dimethyl ethyl carbinol;
M. P.
2-methyl-Z-butanol.
Formula:
104C
Flash P. 30 F (O.C. )
Density 0. 7614 @ Z0 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 01
Toxicity: Unknown.
heated, it emits smoke; can react
B. P.
CH 3 CH 2 C(CH 3 )OHCH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 15
M. P. -11. 9C
B. P. 101. 8C
Flash P. 67F (C.C.)

Density 0. 809
Vap. Press. 10mm@17.ZC
Vap. D. 3. 03
Acute Local: Irritant 1; Ingestion Z; Inhalation Z
Acute Systemic: Ingestion Z;
Inhalation Z
Chronic Local: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame. When
(Section
dioxide, dry
(Section
liquid.

ide,
AMYLAMINE
1
Description:
-Amino pentane.
Water-white
liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 4 NH 2
)
AMYLAMINE LAURATE
Constants:
Flash P. 150F
Density 0. 88
Toxicity: Unknown

To Fight Fire: Water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 15
B. P. 118 - 140C
Flash P. 115F
Density 0. 81 -0. 8Z @ Z0 /Z0 C
Toxicity: See n-Amyl Alcohol.
heated it emits acrid fumes, can
Synonyms:
6).
rate):
AMYL ALCOHOL, SYNTHETIC

Synonym: Pentasol
Description: Water-white
Formula: CsHnOH
Formula:
To Fight Fire: Carbon
6).

Section Z
87. 16
-55C
6).
Section
AMYLAMINE OLEATE
Constants:
Flash P. ZZ0F
Density 0. 89
Toxicity: Unknown

Section
AMYLAMINE STEARATE
Constants:
Flash P. 160 F
Density 0. 88
Toxicity: Unknown

AMYL BENZENE
290
6).
AMYL BENZENE
Description:
Liquid.

Section 2
Formula: C6H 5C 5H n
AMYL BENZYL ETHER
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148. 24
B. P. 365F
Density 0. 78 - 0. 85
Vap. D. 5. 11
Toxicity: See Benzene.
heated it emits acrid fumes;
reacts with oxidizing materials.
Synonyms: Benzyl isoamyl ether;
AMYL BENZOATE
Description:
Formula:
Clear liquid.
C 6 H 5 COOC5H n
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 192. 3
B. P. 420 - 509 F
Flash P. 230 F
Density 0. 98
Esters, Amyl Alcohol, Benzoic
Acid.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, "when exposed to heat or flame; when
heated, it emits acrid fumes;
(Section
6).
Section
N-AMYL BENZYLCYCLOHEXYLAMINE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 17 H 2 7N
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 245.4
Acute Local: Irritant 1; Ingestion 1
Inhalation 2
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: A moderately flammable liquid; when heated, it
emits toxic fumes; can react
;
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
"gardenia oxide. "

Description: Liquid
CÔC^C^
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
178. 3
235C
Density
0.
965
5/l5. 5C
(8)15.
Details unknown.
See also
Ethers.
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or carbon
Explosion Hazard: See Ethers.
Toxicity:
AMYLBIPHENYL
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 5H 11 C6H 4 C6H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 224. 3
M. P. -60C
B. P. 305 - 337C
Flash P. 300 F
Density 0. 958 @ 20 / ZQ C
Vap. D. 7. 73
Toxicity:
unknown
Fire Hazard: Slight when exposed

to heat or flame.
6).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes; can
AMYL BROMIDE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 4Br
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 151. 1
B. P. 128 - 130C
Flash P. 90 F
Freezing P. < -30C
Density 1.211 @25/25C
Toxicity: See Halogenated Hydrocarbons.
Fire Hazard:
2 =
Moderate
Moderate, when
3 =
High
Unknown
AMYL CHLORIDE, MIXED
291
exposed
to heat or
flame.


react with oxidizing material.
tert-AMYL
CARBAMATE
Description:
odor.
Formula:
M. P.
Toxicity:
Crystals, camphor
83
131.2
-
hexanol; pentylcarbinol.
CH 3 (CH 2 4 CH 2 OH
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 2
M. P. -52C
B. P. 155 - 158C
Flash P. 145F (C. C.

Density 0. 820 @20C
)
See
also Alcohols.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when exposed to heat or flame; when

heated, it emits acrid fumes; reacts with oxidizing materials.
AMYL CHLORIDE
M. P.
B. P.
Section 11.

Classification:
C. C.
Liquid
Description:
CH 3 CH 2 CCl(CH 3 )CH 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B.
Synonyms; n-Hexyl Alcohol;
P.
106. 6
187F
Density 1. 407
Vap. D. 3. 67
also Chlorinated Paraffins.

can react with oxidizing materials.
Section
AMYL CHLORIDE, MIXED
Water-white, sweet
CH 3 (CH 2 3 CH 2 C1
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
tert-AMYL CHLORIDE
it
AMYL CARBINOL
Formula:
7).
86C
Unknown
Description:
odor.
tion
6).
Moderate (Sec-

can react with oxidizing materials
I.

emits toxic fumes (Section 6).
Formula:
Explosion Hazard:
CH 3 CH 2 CH2CH 2 CH 2 C0 2 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Straw
Description:
colored.
Formula:
to
deep-purple
C 5 n Cl
}r{
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
106. 60
106. 6
85 - 109C
Flash P. 38F (O. C.
-99C
108. 2C
B. P.
Flash P. 54F (O. C.

Desnity 0. 885 @ 20 /4C
)

Vap. D. 3.67
also Chlorinated Paraffins.
Density
Vap. D.
0.
88
@20C
3. 67
Details unknown.
Chlorinated Paraffins.
Toxicity:
See

AMYL CHLORONAPHTHALENE
6).

AMYL CHLORONAPHTHALENE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CsHnClCioH^
292
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 164.
B. P. 469F
Flash P. 212F
Density 0. 91
Cyclohexanol.
(Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 232. 8
B. P. 406F
Flash P. 295F
Density 1. 07
also Chloronaphthalenes.
Fire Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat or flame.
can react with oxidizing mate-
ide,
Section
AMYL-o-CRESOL
C^C^CHC^

B. P. 496F
Flash P. 240 F
Density
97
Acute Local: Irritant 3; Ingeso
tion
3;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
6).
AMYL DICHLOROSILANE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CsH^SiHC^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 171. 2
B. P. 235C
Toxicity: See Chlorosilanes.
Disaster Control: See Chlorosilanes.
AMYLENE
Description:
Liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 2 CHCH 2
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 70. 13
M. P. -124C
B. P. 36. 7C
Flash P. 0F (O.C. )
Density 0. 666
Vap. D. 2. 42
Acute Local: Ingestion 2;
Inhalation 2
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

toxic fumes; can react with oxidizing materials.
Section 2

Section
4-tert-AMYL
Description:
Formula:
diox-
Formula:
Formula:
6).
Synonym: Propylethylene.
rials.
p-tert
CYCLOHEXANOL
Liquid.
CsHnCÔH
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
6).

Explosive Range: 1.6 - 7. 7%
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
AMYL LAURATE
293
Section 2
AMYLENE HYDRATE.
Amyl
See
tert-
Alcohol.
AMYLENES, MIXED
Description: Water-white liquid.
CsHjq
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 70. 58
B. P. 32. 2C
Flash P. Above 0F
Density 0. 66 @ 20 C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
heated, it emits acrid fumes; reacts with oxidizing materials (Sec
Formula:
tion 6).

Synonyms: Amyl oxide; diamyl

ether.
Formula:
Liquid.
(CH 3 (CH 2 3 CH 2
)
AMYL FORMATE
Description:
Formula:
Clear liquid.
HCOO(CH 2 4 CH 3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 2
M. P. -73. 5C
B. P. 130. 4C
Flash P. 80 F
Density 0. 893 @ 1 5 /4C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; it can
materials.
Section 2
Description:
rate):
AMYL ETHER
Description:
Section
AMYL LACTATE

Section 2
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158. 3
M. P. -69. 3C
B. P. 338F
Density 0. 774 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 5.46
Ethers.
heated, it emits acrid fumes; reacts with oxidizing materials.
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 CH(OH)COO(CH 2 4 CH 3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 160. 2
B. P. 210C
Flash P. 175F
Density 0. 960 @ 20 C
Acute Local: Irritant 1; Ingesgestion 1; Inhalation 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
'
AMYL LAURATE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 5H 11 O 2 C(CH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 270.44
B. P. 554F
10
CH3
AMYL MERCAPTAN
294
Flash P. 300 F
Density 0. 86
Toxicity: Unknown.
Density
Vap. D.
52
Details unknown.
Alcohols.
3.

(Section
6).
Description:
Synonym:
Formula:
-Pentanethiol.
Water-white to yellow
liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 (CH 2 4SH
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 21
B. P. 126. 64 C
Flash P. 65F
Density 0. 842 @20C
Vap. D. 3. 59
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Explosion Hazard: Unknown.

Section
AMYL METHYL KETONE
AMYL MERCAPTAN
Description:
See also
Toxicity:
Caution: May de-fat skin and lead to

804
0.
Liquid.
CH 3 CO(CH 2 4 CH 3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114. 2
B. P. 302F
Flash P. 120F (O. C.)
Density 0. 817
Vap. D. 3. 94
Ketones.
AMYL NAPHTHALENE
Formula: Ci H 7 C 5 H n
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198. 3
M. P. -21 F
B. P. 550F
Density 0. 973
Vap. D. 6. 86
Naphthalene.
See also
Moderate, when exposed
of sulfur; reacts with oxidizing

materials.
Section 2.
flame; can react with

AMYL METHYL ALCOHOL
AMYL beta-NAPHTHOL
Description:
Formula:
to heat or
Description:
Liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 2 CH(CH3)CH 2 OH
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 2
B. P. 266F
Flash P. 114F (C.C.
Toxic Rating Code:
Fire Hazard:
Liquid.
C^nC^Ô
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 214. 3
B. P. 586 F
Flash P. 325F
None
Formula:
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
AMYL OLEATE
295
Density
0.
Acute Systemic:
91
Details unknown.
beta-Naphthol.
See also
Toxicity:

Formula:
ISOMERS)
C5H n N0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 133. 15
B. P. 145C
tion
2;
AMYL
NITRITE
Synonym: Isoamyl
nitrite.
Description: Clear yellowish liquid,

peculiar ethereal fruity odor and
pungent aromatic taste.
Formula:
CH 3 (CH 2 4 N0 2
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 117. 15
B. P. 104C
Density 0. 8528 @ 20 /4C
Acute Local: Ingestion 2;
Inhalation 2
Flam-
red label.
liquid;
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C5H n NHC 8 H 17

Constant:
Mol.
rtft.
199.3

insecticide.
An
A moderately flammable material; when heated, it

emits smoke; can react with
Fire Hazard:
Caution: An oxidizing agent.

To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: See Nitrates.
Section 2
red label.
AMYL OCTYLAMINE
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
liquid;
mable
Inhalation 2
flammable
1;

nitrogen; can react with oxidizing
or reducing materials.
Section 2
I.
2;
(Section 6).
Caution: An oxidizing material.
Liquid.
Flash P. 118F
Density 0. 99
2;
Ingestion 1;
Skin Absorption
Inhalation
6).
AMYL NITRATE (MIXED
Ingestion
Chronic Systemic:
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes; can
Description:
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:

AMYLOFORM
Soft white powder. A
formaldehyde -carbohydrate con-
Description:
densation product.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
to heat or flame; it can react
AMYL OLEATE
Description:
Liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 7 CH:CH(CH 2 )7COOC 5H n
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
352. 6
AMYL OXIDE
296
200C
Flash P. 366 F
Density 0. 86
B. P.
tion 2;
Formula:
2;
Inges-
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

Section 2
ide,
AMYL
OXIDE.
See
Amyl Ether.
Formula:
Liquid.
CgHnCÔH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 164. 24
B. P. 342C
Flash P. 219 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 96 - 0. 97
Vap. D. 5. 66
p-tert-AMYL
Description:
Formula:
PHENOXYL ETHANOL
Liquid.
CsHnOC^CHzCHzOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212.
B. P. 566F
Flash P. 282F
Density 1.01
Alcohols.
o-AMYL PHENOL
Description:
CH 3 CH2C(CH3) 2 C 6H 4OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 164. 2
B. P. 250C
M. P. 92 - 93 C
Phenol.
Fire Hazard: A slightly flammable
material (Section 6).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes;
it can react with oxidizing
materials.
Inges-
tion 3

Chronic Systemic: U
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical or carbon
when

6).
p-tert-AMYL
PHENOXY ETHYL
LAURATE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: CsHhOC^CHjjCHzOOC(CH 2 10 CH 3
)
Constants: Mol. Wt. 390.

B. P. 464F
Flash P. 410F
Density 0. 94
Toxicity: Unknown


rate): Section 2

p-tert-AMYL PHENOL
p-tert-AMYL PHENYL ACETATE
Synonym: p- (alpha, alpha -Dimethyl
Description:
propyl) phenol.
Description: Colorless needles.
Formula:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Liquid.
CsHnOCk^C^COO
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
AMYL
297
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 222. 3
B. P. 253C
Flash P. 240 F
Density 0. 99
Formula:
2;
Inges-
tion 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; it emits
toxic fumes on heating (Section
6).

SALIC /LATE
CsHnCÔHOC^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 195. 3
B. P. 464F
Flash P. 210F
Density 0. 94
Ethers.
See also

To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section
6).

AMYL PROPIONATE
Synonym: Pentyl propanoate.
p-tert-AMYL PHENYL-n-AMYL
Description: Stable, colorless,

apple-like odor, liquid.
Description:
Formula:
ETHER
Formula:
Liquid.
CsHnCÔHOCsHn
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 251.4
B. P. 285C
Flash P. 260 F
Density 0. 9
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; it can
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, carbon tetrachloride (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Details unknown.
See also Ethers.
AMYL PHENYL ETHER

Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CsHnOCfcHsOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 181. 3
B. P. 417F
Flash P. 185 F
Density 0. 92
Ethers.
See also

6).

AMYL PHENYL METHYL ETHER

Description:
Liquid
CH 3 CH 2 COO(CH 2 4 CH3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144. 21
M. P. -73. 1C
B. P. 106. 2C

Density 0.8761 @15/4C
Vap. D. 5.
2; IngesInhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
tion
2;
Chronic Systemic: U
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide
dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6).
Section 2
AMYL SALICYLATE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
HOC^COOCsHu
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 208. 24
B. P. 266. 5C
Density 1. 065
Vap. D. 7.17

2;
AMYL
SILICATE
298
AMYL SULFIDE
Ingestion 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: Mild sensitizer. Local
(Section
9).
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; it can react with oxidizing materials.
6).

AMYL
3
7
SILICATE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: Si(OC 5H 9 ) 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
368. 6
M. P. 148C @3 mm.
Acute Local:
Irritant
2;
Inges-
tion 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
it
Synonym: Diamyl
AMYL TOLUENE
Description:
Formula:
AMYL STEARATE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 (CH2) l6 COOC 5H 11
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
354. 60
359. 5C

Density 0. 860
Acute Local: Irritant 2; Inges)
tion 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
sulfide.
Description: Liquid
Formula: (C5H n ) 2S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174. 3
B. P. 170 - 180C
Density 0. 85 - 0.91
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
sulfur; can react vigorously with
Section 2
Liquid.
C^nC^^C^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162. 25
B. P. 400 - 415F
Flash P. 180 F (O.C.)
Density 0. 87
Vap. D. 5.6
Toluene.
AMYL TOLYL ETHER

Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CgHnOCHzCfiHs
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 178.
B. P. 440 F
Flash P. 195F
Density 0. 91
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ANESTHESIN
299
Ethers.
Toxicity:
AMYL TRICHLOROSILANE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CsHnSiCls
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 205. 7
I.C.C. Classification:
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.

rosive liquid;
Cor-
white label.
AMYL TRIETHOXYSILANE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 5H 11 Si(OC 2H 5 )3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 234.4
B. P. 198C
Density 0. 889 @ 20 C
Inhalation 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: A moderately flammable material; when heated, it
emits toxic fumes; reacts with
ANABASINE
Synonyms: Neonicotine; nicotine
isomer.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless, oily liquid.
C 10H 14 N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162. 2
B. P. 280. 9C
Density 1. 048 @ 20 /Z0 C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
highly toxic fumes of nitrogen
oxides and cyanides.
rate): Section 2
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 192. 29
B. P. 480 - 500 F
Density 0. 907
Ethers.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; it can react with oxidizing materials.
sulfate.
(C 10 H 14 N 2 ) 2 H 2 SO 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
C 5H 11 OC 6H 3 (CH3)2
6).
Synonym: Neonicotine
AMYL XYLYL ETHER

Formula:
chloride (Section

ANABASINE SULFATE
Description:
dry chemical or carbon tetra-
422. 5

Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
highly toxic fumes.
rate):
Section 2

Section
ANESTHESIN
Synonym: Ethyl-p-aminobenzoate.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
C 9 H n N0 2
ANHALONIDINE
300

M. P. 88 - 90 C
Toxicity: Used medicinally and has
low systemic toxicity when taken
by mouth. See also Esters, Ethyl
Alcohol and p-Amino Benzoic Acid.
Caution: A mild sensitizer. Local
(Section
9).
ANHALONIDINE
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
C 12 H 17 N0 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
223. 3

Acute Local: U
halation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
In-
show
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes such as cyanides.
rate): Section 2
ANILINE
benzene; aniline oil.
Description: Colorless, oily liquid.
C 6 H 5NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
93. 12
184. 4C
immature

Vap. Press. lmm@34. 8C
Vap. D. 3. 22
Chronic Systemic: Ingestion 3; Inhalation 3; Skin Absorption 3
=
None
= Slight
cells
be present. The white blood

cells usually show little change
either in number or morphology.
The liver may be affected, with
production of jaundice. The urine
is frequently dark brown or wine
colored, and may contain hemoglobin, hematoporphyrin, and in
some cases, excretion products
of aniline, such as para-aminophenol. Long continued employin the
manufacture
of aniline
dyes has been associated with the

development of papillomatous
growths of the bladder, some of
which became malignant. Aniline,
and certain other amino compounds
particularly benzidine and beta-^
naphthylamine have been suspected of causing the condition.
See also Naphthylamine s.
contact may cause contact derma

Freezing P. -6. 2C
Density 1. 02 @ 2.0 /4C
Toxic Rating Code:
stippling;
may
ment
Synonyms: Phenylamine; aminoFormula:

Toxicology: The most important
action of aniline on the body is the
formation of methemoglobin, with
the resulting anoxemia and depression of the central nervous
system. Some investigators believe that aniline may also have a
direct toxic action, resulting in a
fall in blood pressure and cardiac
arrhythmia. In acute exposures,
which usually result from spilling
the liquid on the skin and clothes,
but which may also follow the inhalation of the vapor given off
when aniline is heated, the signs
are of methemoglobinaemia and
anoxemia. In less acute exposure
which has been prolonged over
some weeks or months, there is
usually hemolysis of the red blood
cells, followed by stimulation of
the bone marrow and attempts at
regeneration. The red cells may
titis
(Section
9).

6).

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ANILINE HYDROBROMIDE
301
als.
ANILINE CAMPHORATE
Ventilation Control (use high rate):

Section 2
I. C. C.
Description:
Formula:
Variable. The finished

dyes are generally very much less
toxic than many of the intermediates
occurring or used in the manu-
Toxicity:
C 6 H 5NH ? CH 3 COOH
Synonym: Antimonyl aniline
tartrate,
White crystals.
C 6H 5 NH 2 H[(SbO)C 4 H 4
Description:
6]
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 380
Toxicity: See Aniline and Antimony
Compounds.
antimony.
ANILINE BLACK 870
Description: A dye.
Toxicity: An allergen.
contact may cause contact derma(Section
Some of the
aniline dyes can cause local irritative effects to the eyes, mucous
membranes and skin; the basic
dyes are believed to be more irritating than the acid dyes.
Allergic responses to aniline dyes
have been known to occur (Section
See also specific compounds.
9).
facture of the dyes.
ANILINE ANTIMONYL TARTRATE
titis
ANILINE DYES
Colorless liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 153. 2
Density 1. 071
Toxicity: See Aniline.
Disaster Control: See Aniline.
Formula:
Yellow crystals.
(C^NH^CioH^

heat or flame (Section 6).
ANILINE ACETATE
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 386. 5
poison label.
Description:
Section
9).
ANILINE BRILLIANT GREEN
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, they emit toxic fumes.
ANILINE FLUORIDE
Synonym: Aniline hydrofluoride.
Description:
Formula:
Crystalline powder.
C 6H 5 NH 2
HF
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 113. 1
Toxicity: See Aniline and Fluorides.
fluorides and aniline; it will
react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes.
ANILINE HYDROBROMIDE
Description: A dye.
contact may cause contact derma-
Synonym: Aniline bromide.
(Section 9).
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174.
M. P. 286 C
Toxicity: See Aniline and Bromides.
titis
gerous;
sition, it
when heated
to
decompo-
emits toxic fumes.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
of Toxicology,
White to reddish
C 6H 5NH 2
HBr
see Section
ANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE
302

highly toxic fumes of bromides
and aniline; can react vigorously
ANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Synonym: Aniline chloride.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
C 6 H 5NH 2
'
HC1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129. 59
M. P. 198C
B. P. 245C
Flash P. 380 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 22
Vap. D. 4.46
to heat or flame.
aniline and chlorine compounds;
ANILINE OIL DRUMS,
EMPTY
See Aniline
to heat or flame. Such drums
may fill with vapors and under the
proper conditions ignite.
Disaster Control: Dangerous, depending on the number involved;
when heated, they emit highly
Toxicity:
toxic
fumes
of aniline.


Hazardous.
Inhalation
ANILITE
high explosive mixture composed

NO z and carbon disulfide or
gasoline. It is extremely sensitive
to shock. See Section 7.
of liquid
ANISE SEED OIL

Description: Colorless or pale
yellow liquid.
Composition: 80 - 90% Anethol,
methyl chaoicol, anisaldehyde.
Constant:
Density 0. 978 - 0. 988 @25/25C
acid.
None
9).
ANISIC ACID
Description:
Formula:
Light tan powder.
CH 3 OC 6H 4 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 152. 14
M. P. 180 - 183C
Toxicity:
Unknown
6).
Section 7
o-ANISIDINE
Synonym: o-Methoxyaniline.
Tan flakes.
Formula: C 6H 4 (NH 2 )(NaS0 3 )
Description:
(Section

it emits acrid fumes (Section 6).
ANILINE SODIUM SULFONATE
Toxic Rating Code:
3;
Inhalation 3
Caution: A mild sensitizer. Local
See also Aniline
and Sulfonates.
aniline and oxides of sulfur.
rate): Section 2

with oxidizing materials (Section
Synonyms: Metanilic acid, sodium

salt; 3-aminobenzine-l -sulfonic

Toxic Hazard: Rating:

Description:
Formula:
3;
= Slight
Liquid.
CH 3 OC 6H 4 NH 2
Constants;
Mol. Wt. 123. 15
M. P. 5. 2C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ANISOYL CHLORIDE
303
B. P.
225C
straw color.
Density 1. 108 @26C

Acute Local: Irritant 2; Allergen 1; Ingestion 2
Caution: Local contact may cause a
See also Aniline.
Fire Hazard: Unknown.
toxic fumes (Section 6).
rate): Section 2
P-ANISIDINE
Synonym: p-Methoxyaniline.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 OC 6H 4 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123. 15
M. P. 59 C
B. P. 240 C
Density 1. 071 @ 55/4C
Vap. D. 4. 28
Chronic Local: Irritant 2;
Allergen 1
contact may cause a contact dermatitis (Section 9). See also
Aniline.

evolves toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
C 6H 5OCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 13
M. P. -37. 3C
B. P. 153. 8C
Flash P. 125F (CO. C. )
Density 0. 996 @ 1 8 /4 C
Vap. Press. 10mm@42. 2C
Vap. D. 3. 72
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

ide,

Section 2
Synonym: Phenyl methyl ether.

Mobile liquid, clear
rate):
3
ANISOYL CHLORIDE
A liquid.
CHsOC^COCl
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 170. 59
M. P. 27C
B. P. 145C @14
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: Can readily evolve hydrochloric acid by hydrolysis.
rate): Section 2
mm
I.
liquid;
ANISOLE
Description:
Formula:
Corrosive
white label.

rosive liquid;
Cor-
white label.
ANOGON
304
See Mercury Compounds

and Iodine.
ANOGON.
ANSOL M.
See Denatured Alcohol.
ANTHRACENE
chemical reaction with oxidizers

(Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exposed to flame (Section 7).

Section 2
Synonyms: p- Naphthalene; green
ANTHRALIN
oil.
Description: Yellow crystals with

blue fluorescence.
Formula: C 6 H 4 (CH) 2 C 6H 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 178. 22
M. P. 217C
B. P. 345C
Flash P. 250 F (C. C. )
Density 1. 25 @27/4C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 145. C
(sublimes)
Vap. D. 6. 15
mm
Acute Systemic: U
Allergen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: Although it is thought that
the pure product is nontoxic, the
product as used in industry is
thought to be carcinogenic because
of contained impurities.
heated, it emits acrid fumes;
Synonym:
Coal dust.
Description: Black powder or dust.
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted): 50 million
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame, or by
None
8-Dihydroxy anthranol.
Yellow, crystalline
powder.
Formula: C 14H 10 O 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 226. 2
M. P. 176 - 181C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Slight, when heated,
ANTHRANILIC ACID
Synonym: o-Amino benzoic
Description:
Formula:
acid.
Needle-like crystals.
C 6 H 4 (NH 2 )COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137. 1
M. P. 145C
B. P. Sublimes
T oxic ity
Unknown

ANTHRAQUINONE
Description:
Powder.
CfcH^CO^C^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 208. 20
M. P. 286 C
B. P. 379. 9C
Density 1.438
Vap. Press. 1
@ 190. C
Vap. D. 7.16
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Weak sensitizer. Local contact may cause contact
mm
ANTHRACITE PARTICLES
1,
Description:
Formula:
6).

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 0. 63% (L.E.L. )
Toxic Rating Code:
Synonym:
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
305

to heat or flame.
Density 6. 684 @25C

Toxicity: Highly Toxic. See Anti-
mony Compounds.
MAC: ACGIH (accepted);
ficial isotope
7
*
ANTHRAQUINONE BLUE
Description: A dye.
S.R. 1089
Toxicity: Weak sensitizer. Local

ANTHRAROBIN
Synonym:
3,
4- Dihydroxy anthranol.
Yellow-brown powder.
Description:
mev and gamma
of dust
Moderate,
when exposed
flame (Section
Arti-
5):
rays of
Artificial isotope
0. 57 mev.
Sb 124 half -life 60 days; emits
0. 57 mev beta (50%) and 2. 24 mev
beta (50%) and many gamma rays
between 0. 65-2. mev.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, in the form
of dust or vapor, when exposed to
heat or flame (Section 6). See
also Powdered Metals.
1. 8
form
Toxicity: Mild allergen. Local contact may cause contact dermatitis (Section 9).
it emits smoke (Section 6).
of air.
half-life 2. 7
emits beta particles of 1 3
Explosion Hazard:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 226. 22
M. P. 208C
7).
in the
to
See also
Powdered Metals.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated or on contact with acid, it emits toxic
fume s
ANTIMONY ARSENATE
ANTIFREEZE COMPOUND
Heavy, white powder.

Composition: Sb 2 3 + 20% H^sOy
Toxicity: See Arsenic and Antimony
Description:
(LIQUID)
See specific components.
Compounds.

Coast Guard Classification: Combustible liquid; red label.

ANTIFREEZE PREPARATIONS,
Disaster Control: See Antimony and

Arsenic Compounds.
ANTIMONY ARSENITE
Fine white powder.
Composition: Sb 2 3 + As 2 3
Toxicity: See Antimony and Arsenic
Description:
Compounds.
LIQUID
Disaster Control: See Antimony and

Arsenic Compounds.

I.
days;
and
Sb 122
milli-
0. 5

Radiation Hazard (Section
Flam-

Com-
bustible material; red label.

flammable
liquid;
red label.
ANTIMONY BROMIDE
See Antimony
Tribromide.
ANTIMONY CHLORIDE.
See
Antimony Pentachloride or
Antimony Trichloride.
ANTIMONY
Synonyms: Antimony regulus;
stibium.
Description:
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
Gray metal.
Formula: Sb
Constants: At. Wt.
M. P. 630C
B. P.
121.76
1380C

Acute Local: Ingestion 3
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
Irritant 2
3;
ANTIMONY DIOXYSULFATE
306

Inhalation 3
3;
mg
0. 5
Toxicology: Because of the association with lead and arsenic in industry, it is often difficult to
assess the toxicity of antimony

and its compounds. Animals exposed to fumes of antimony oxide
have developed pneumonitis, fatty
degeneration of the liver, a decreased leucocyte count affecting
in particular the polymorphonuclears, and damage to the heart
muscle. In humans, complaints
referable to the nervous system
have been reported. In assessing
human cases, however, the possibility of lead or arsenical
poisoning must always be borne in

mind. Locally antimony compounds are irritant to the skin and
mucous membranes.
Signs and symptoms may
in-
clude irritation and eczematous

eruption of the skin, inflammation
of the
mucous membranes
of the
nose and throat, metallic taste

and stomatitis, gastrointestinal
upset, with vomiting and diarrhea,
and various nervous complaints,
such as irritability, sleeplessness, fatigue, dizziness and
muscular and neuralgic pains.
Section 2
rate):
Formula: Sb 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 371. 6
Density 4. 89
Disaster Control: See Antimony.
See
Antimony Pentafluoride or
Antimony Trifluoride.
ANTIMONY HYDRIDE
Synonyms: Stibine; hydrogen
Toxic Rating Code:
None
posed to flame (Section 6).

container; when heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic
Section 2
ANTIMONY
IODIDE.
See Antimony
Triiodide or Antimony Pentaiodide.
ANTIMONYL PYROGALLOL
Formula:
HOC 6 H 3 0(SbOH)0
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
An
262. 9
allergen.
See also

ANTIMONY alpha-MERCAPTOACETAMIDE
S0 4
ANTIMONY FLUORIDE.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 124.78
M. P. -88C
B. P. -17C
Density 5.30 g/liter @0C
Acute Local: Irritant 0; Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH (accepted): 0. 1 parts
per million in air; 0. 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when ex-
Antimony Compounds.
White powder.
2
Formula: SbH 3
Toxicity:
ANTIMONY DIOXYSULFATE
Description:
antimonide.
Description: Colorless gas.
= Slight
Synonym: Antimony thioglycolamide.

Description:
White crystals.
Formula: Sb(C 2 H 4 NOS) 3

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
392.
M.
139C
See Antimony Compounds.
antimony and oxides of sulfur;
P.
Toxicity:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ANTIMONY PENTAOXIDE
307
ANTIMONY OXIDES.
See Antimony
fluorides and antimony; it will
react with water or steam to produce toxic or corrosive fumes.
Ventilation Control (use high rate).
Shipping Regulations: Section 11
Corrosive
Trioxide, Antimony Tetraoxide

and Antimony Pentaoxide.
ANTIMONY OXYCHLORIDE
Synonyms: Basic antimony chloride;
powder of algraoth.
Description: White, amorphous
powder.
Formula: SbOCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
173.22
M. P. Decomposes @ 170 C
it
highly toxic fumes.

ANTIMONY PENTAIODIDE
Synonym: Antimony iodide.
emits
7
ANTIMONY PENTACHLORIDE
Synonyms: Antimonic chloride;
antimony perchloride.
Description: Reddish-yellow, oily
liquid, offensive odor.
Formula: SbCl 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
299. 05
8C
B. P. 140C
Density (lq) 2. 336
Vap. Press. 1 mm
2.
@ 22.
7C
See Antimony Compounds

and Hydrochloric Acid.
highly toxic fumes of antimony and
hydrochloric acid; it will react
with water or steam to produce
heat, toxic or corrosive fumes.
Corrosive
Coast Guard Classification: CorToxicity:
white label.
rosive liquid;
ANTIMONY PENTAFLUORIDE
Synonym: Antimony fluoride.
Description:
Oily, colorless liquid.
Formula: SbF 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
216. 76
M. P.
71 C
B. P. 149. 5C
Density (lq) 2.99
Toxicity:
@ 23 C
See Fluorides and Anti-
mony Compounds.
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; when
Description: Brown solid.

Formula: Sbl 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 756.4
M. P. 79 C
B. P. 400. 6C
Toxicity: See Antimony Compounds
and Iodides.
contact with acid or acid fumes;
iodine and antimony; it will react
toxic or corrosive fumes.
rate): Section 2
ANTIMONY PENTAOXIDE
Synonym: Antimony pentoxide.
Description: Yellow powder.
Formula: Sb 2 0.5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 323. 5
M. P. 380 C (loses an oxygen
molecule)
B. P. 930 C (loses 2 oxygen
molecules)
Density 3. 78
reaction with reducing agents.
antimony.
ANTIMONY PENTASULFIDE
308
ANTIMONY PENTASULFIDE
antimony tartrate.
Synonym: Antimony sulfide.

Description: Orange-yellow powder.
Formula: Sb 2S 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
403. 82
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 120
Toxicity: See Antimony
and Sulfides.
Compounds
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or by chemical reaction with powerful oxidizer.
To Fight
Fire:
Water (Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: Moderate; when

shocked or by spontaneous chemical reaction in contact with
powerful oxidizers (Section 7).

oxides of sulfur and antimony; it
produce toxic and flammable
vapors; it can react vigorously
rate): Section 2
ANTIMONY PENTOXIDE.
See
Antimony Penta oxide.
ANTIMONY POTASSIUM OXALATE

Synonym: Potassium-antimony
oxalate.
Description:
White,
crystalline
powder.
Formula: K 3 Sb(C 2 04)3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 503. 1
and Oxalates.

highly toxic fumes of antimony.
rate): Section 2
ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE

Synonyms:
Tartar emetic; potassium
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Description: Colorless crystals;

white powder.
Formula: KSbC 4H 4
y2H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 333.94
M. P. -V2H 2 @100C
Density 2. 607
Caution: This compound is used
medicinally but the therapeutic
dose is close to the toxic dose.
It can cause cough, metallic
taste, salivation, nausea
and
diarrhea. Skin rashes may also

occur. Large doses can cause
severe damage to the liver.

Disaster Control: See Antimony
Compounds.
Section
ANTIMONY SALT
Synonym:
Haens salt)
White crystals.
Composition: Mixture of antimony
trifluoride and sodium fluoride or
(de
Description:
ammonium
Toxicity:
sulfate.
and Fluorides.
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted):
2. 5
milli-
of air.

fluorides and antimony.
rate): Section 2
ANTIMONY SELENIDE.
See
Antimony Triselenide.
ANTIMONY SULFATE
Synonym: Antimony
Description:
trisulfate.
White powder.
Formula: Sb 2 (S0 4 ) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 531. 70
M. P. Decomp.
Density 3. 625 @4C
rate): Section 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ANTIMONY TRIETHYL
309

Section
Synonym: Antimonous bromide.

Description: Yellow, deliquescent,
crystalline mass.
Formula: SbBr 3
ANTIMONY SULFIDE.
mony Penta sulfide
ANTIMONY TRIBROMIDE
See Anti-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 361. 51
M. P. 96.6C
B. P. 275C
Density 4. 148
Vap. Press. lmm@93.
or Antimony
Tri sulfide.
ANTIMONY, SULFURATED
Synonym: Kermes mineral.
Description: Reddish-brown, odor-
Toxicity:
less, tasteless powder.

Composition: 50 - 60%Sb
and Sulfides.
oxides of sulfur and antimony;
it will react with water or steam
to produce toxic and flammable
vapors; on contact with oxidizing
materials, it can react vigorously.
rate): Section 2
ANTIMONY
Description:
D-
TARTRATE
White crystals.
Formula: Sb 2 (C 4 H 4
6)3
6H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 795. 8
and Bromides.
rate): Section 2
ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE
Synonyms: Antimonous chloride;
butter of antimony.
Description: Colorless, transparent crystalline mass.
Formula: SbCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 228. 13
M. P. 73.4C
B. P. 219. 0C
Density 3. 140 @25C
Vap. Press. 1 mm@49.2C (sub^
limes)
rate): Section 2
ANTIMONY TETROXIDE
Synonym: Antimony oxide.
Formula: Sb 2 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 307. 5
M. P. Loses O z @920C
Density 4. 07
ANTIMONY THIOGLYCOLAMIDE.
See Antimony alpha -Me rcaptoacetamide.
ANTIMONY TRIETHYL
Synonym:
Triethylstibine.
Formula: Sb(C 2H 5 ) 3
Constant: Mol. Wt. 209.
Fire Hazard:
Dangerous, by chem-
ical reaction. Spontaneously

flammable in air (Section 6).

can shatter the container with
explosive force; when heated to
decomposition it burns and emits
highly toxic fumes of antimony;
ANTIMONY TRIFLUORIDE
it
310
can react vigorously with oxi-
Section
ANTIMONY TRIFLUORIDE
Synonym: Antimony fluoride.
Octagonal crystals.
Description:
Liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 178. 8
M. P. 292C
B. P. Sublimes
Density 4. 379 @20.9C

and Fluorides.
Toxicity:
(accepted);
)3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 166. 9
pounds.
Com-
Dangerous, by chem-
Fire Hazard:

Formula: SbF 3
MAC: ACGIH
Description:
Formula: Sb(CH 3
dizing materials.
milli-
2. 5
of air.

fluoride and antimony; it will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes.

can shatter the container with explosive force; when heated to
decomposition it emits highly
toxic fumes of antimony; it can
materials.
ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE
Description:
White, odorless,
tasteless, crystalline powder.
Formula: Sb 2
ANTIMONY TRHODIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 291. 52
M. P. 656C
B. P. 1550 C (sublimes)
Density 5. 2
Synonym: Antimony iodide.

Description: Red to yellow crys-
ANTIMONY TRLSELENIDE
rate):
Section 2

Section
Description: Gray powder.

Formula: Sb2Se 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 480.40
tals.
Formula: Sbl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
502. 5
See Antimony and Selenium

Compounds.
Toxicity:
167C
401 C
Density 4. 768
B. P.
MAC: ACGIH
@22C
mm
Vap. Press. 1
@ 163. 6 C
and Iodides.
iodides and antimony; it will react with water or steam to produce
toxic and corrosive fumes.
rate): Section 2
ANTIMONY TRIMETHYL
Synonym:
Trimethyl stibine.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
(accepted), as seleni-
um; 0. 1 milligrams per cubic

meter of air.
contact with moisture or acid,
antimony and selenium; can react
Section
ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE
Synonym: Antimony sulfide.
Description: Red to black crystals.
Formula: SbS 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 339.
M. P. 550C
Density 4. 64
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
..
APOATROPINE SULFATE
311
and Sulfides.
Compounds
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction in

contact with strong oxidizers
(Section

Acute Local: U
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
2;
6).
2;

spontaneous chemical reaction in
contact with chlorates, perchlo-
Inhalation 2
rates (Section 7).

oxides of sulfur and antimony; it
emits toxic fumes.

Section 2

ANTIMONY TRITE LLURIDE

Synonym: Antimony telluride.
Description: Gray powder.
Formula: Sb 2 Te 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 626.4
M. P. 6Z9C
Toxicity: See Antimony and Tellu-
when heated
gerous;
to
decompo-
sition, it
ANTISEPTIC OIL
Synonym: Hydroquinone
in oil.
Toxicity: A weak sensitizer. Local
(Section
Fire Hazard:
9).
combustible mate-
When
heated, it emits
acrid fumes (Section 6).
rial.
APACHE COAL POWDERS
See
Explosives, High.
rium Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by
chemical reaction in contact
with strong oxidizers (Sec-
APOATROPINE
Synonym: Atopamine.
Description:
Formula:
tion 6).

chemical reaction in contact
with chlorates and perchlor-
White powder.
C 17 H 21 N0 2
Fine white, crystalpowder.

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 271. 35
M. P. 62C
Acute Local:
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: A poisonous alkaloid,
which causes a marked conjuncSee also Atropine.
tivitis.
highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
A POATROPINE HYDROC HLORIDE
ates (Section
7).
Disaster Control: Dangerous when

antimony and tellurium; it will
react with water or steam to produce toxic and flammable vapors;
ANTIPYRINE
Synonym: Phenozone,
Description:
line
188. 23
M. P.
113C
B. P. 319C
Density 1.19
(5)174
mm
See Atropine.
APOATROPINE SULFATE.
Atropine.
See
APOCODEINE
312
APOCODEINE
Description:

rate): Section 2
Personel Hygiene: Section 3
White crystalline
solid.
Formula:
C 18 H 19 N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 281. 34
M. P. 100 - 110C (Decomp.
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
Allergen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: A poisonous alkaloid.
See also Codeine. Weak sensitizer. Local contact may
cause contact dermatitis (Sec-
See Apomorphine.
AQUAMARINE.
See Beryl.
AQUAPHOR
Toxicity:
An
sitizer.
allergen.
Weak
Local contact

highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
APOCODEINE HYDROCHLORIDE
See Apocodeine.
APOMORPHINE
Description:
White crystalline
alkaloid.
C 17 H 17 N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 267. 32
M. P. 170C (Decomp.)
Inhalation 3
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: Small doses cause depression while large doses produce
excitement, convulsions and
death. A powerful emetic. A
weak sensitizer. Local contact
may cause contact dermatitis
(Section 9). Mild symptoms require no treatment, but stimulants
such as coffee or caffeine may be
given. For severe cases, chloral
hydrate, chloroform or ether.
Call a physician.
highly toxic fumes.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
sen-
may
cause
contact dermatitis (Section
9).
AQUA REGIA
Synonym: Nitro hydrochloric
tion 9).
Formula:
APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE.
acid.
Description: Fuming yellow, corrosive, suffocating volatile

liquid.
Composition:
plus 82 cc
(U.S. P.):

tion 3;
18 cc
HN0 3
HC1
Inges-
3;
Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate by chemical
reaction with easily oxidized
highly toxic fumes of nitrosyl
chloride; can react vigorously
rate): Section 2
ARECA NUT.
Synonym: Betel.
Description: Brown, mottled with
fawn color.
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic: U
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
it
Unknown
ARGYROL
313
ARECOLINE BASE
concentration of 33 percent in the

mixture of air and gas. When the
simple asphyxiant reaches a con-
Synonym: Methyl 1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydro - 1 -methyl nicotinate.

Description:
Formula:
centration of 50 percent, marked

symptoms can be produced. A
concentration of 75 percent is
fatal in a matter of minutes.
Oily liquid.
C 8 H 13 N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 155. 2
B. P. 209C
The first symptoms produced

by simple asphyxiant gases, such
2;
as argon, are rapid respirations

and air hunger. Mental alertness
is diminished and muscular coordination is impaired. Later,
judgment becomes faulty and all
sensations are depressed.
Emotional instability often results
and fatigue occurs rapidly. As
the asphyxia progresses, there
may be nausea and vomiting,
prostration and loss of consciousness, and finally, convulsions,
deep coma and death.
Radiation Hazard: Artificial isotope
A 41 half-life, 1. 8 hours; emits
beta particles of 1. 3 mev and
gamma rays of 1. 3 mev. The
permissible levels are: In body:
30 microcuries. In air: 5 X 10 7
microcurie per milliliter. In
water: 5 X 10 4 microcurie per
Inges-
tion 2

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Combustible liquid
(Section
6).
Disaster Control:
when heated to
it emits highly
can react with
Dangerous;
decomposition
toxic fumes; it
oxidizing mate-
rials.

rate): Section 2
ARGON
Colorless, inert gas.
Description:
Formula:
milliliter.
Constants:
At. Wt. 39. 94
M. P. -189. 2C
B. P. -185. 7C
Density 1 784 g/liter @ C;
lq. 1.40 @_186C
cr. 1.65 @-233C
Acute Local:
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Classified as a simple
asphyxiant gas. Gases of this
type have no specific toxic effect,
but they act by excluding oxygen
half -life,
the lungs.
The effect
may
C.C. Classification: Nonflammable gas; green label.

of
is
it
I.
proportional to the extent to which

they diminish the amount (partial)
pressure) of oxygen in the air
that is breathed.
The oxygen may
be diminished to two-thirds of its
normal percentage in air before
appreciable symptoms develop
and this in turn requires the presence of a simple asphyxiant in a
simple asphyxiant gases
A41
from
Although
has a short
present a slight
hazard as an effluent from nuclear
reactors where it is formed by
neutron bombardment of A 40 the
most abundant natural isotope.
explosive force.
Section 2
Caution:
label.
ARGYROL
Synonym: Mild silver protein.
Description:
Brown
to
black crys-
tals.
Composition: 19 - 23% Silver

Acute Systemic:
ARICYL ACID
314

Caution: Continued application can
cause argyria. See also Silver
Compounds. Local contact may
cause contact dermatitis (Section 9).
ARICYL ACID
Synonym: Arsonoacetic
Description:
Formula:
acid.
Crystals.
C2H5ASO5
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
184.
Compounds.
6).
Moderate, in
usual form (Section 7).

dangerous; when heated it
emits toxic fumes of ammonia; it can react with oxidizing
materials.
rate): Section 2
its
ARSACETIN (SODIUM SALT)

Synonym: Sodium acetylarsanilate.
White crystalline
powder, odorless, tasteless.
Formula: C 8 H 9 4 NaNAs + 4H zO
Description:
ARNICA
Synonyms: Wolfsbane; mountain
tobacco.
Description: An alcoholic infusion.
Skin Absorption 3
C Chronic Local: Allergen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: Overdose can be fatal. It
can cause gastroenteritis, nervous
disturbances and collapse. Local
contact may cause contact derma(Section
alcohol)(Section
Explosion Hazard:

Toxicity:
titis
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, in its

usual form (solution of NH 3 in
ARSANILIC ACID
9).

rate): Section 2
AROMATIC SPIRITS OF AMMONIA

Synonym: Spirit of Hartshorn.
Description: Colorless liquid, suffocating odor of ammonia.
Composition: 10% by weight of NH 3
in alcohol.
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
Toxic Rating Code:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 353
arsenic.
rate): Section 2
None
= Slight
Synonyms: Antoxylic
amino
acid;
phenylarsine acid.
Description: White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: NH 2 C 6 H4AsO(OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 217.
M. P. 232C
A grasshopper bait. See

Arsenic Compounds and Aniline.
Fire Hazard: Moderate. Decomposed by heat to yield flammable
Toxicity:
vapors.
aniline and arsenic.
rate): Section 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ARSENICAL BABBITT
315
ARSANILIN ACID. See
Arsanilic

Poison B;
poison label.
Coast Guard Classification: Poison B; poison label.
Acid.
ARSENATE OF IRON, FERRIC.

See Ferric Arsenate.
m -ARSE NIC
ARSENATE OF IRON, FERROUS.

See Ferrous Arsenate.
Description:
Formula:
ARSENIC.
(See also Arsenic Vapor.)

Description: Silvery, brittle, crystalline metal.
Formula: As 4
ACID
White crystals.
HAs0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123. 9
M. P. Decomposes
Toxic Hazard Rating: See Arsenic
Compounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
299. 64
M. P. 814C @36 atm.

Sublimes @6l5C
Density Black crystals 5. 7Z4 @
14C; black amor. 4.7
Vap. Press. 1
@372C (sublimes)
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Arsenic
B. P.
mm

rate): Section 2
Compounds.
o- ARSE NIC ACID
Synonyms: True arsenic acid.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope As 76 half-life 26

hours; emits beta particles of
1.4 mev (20%); 2. 5 mev (20%);
3. 1 mev (60%) and gamma rays
,
Description:
crystals.
Formula: H 3As0 4
/ z B. z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150. 9
M. P. 35. 5C
B. P. -H z O @160C
- 2. 5
Density 2.
between 0. 57-1. 2 mev. The

10 microcuries. In air: 2X 10 6
water: 0. 2 microcurie per milliliter. Artificial isotope As 77
half -life 40 hours emits e~ particles of 0. 7 mev.
Hazard Rating: Class I (National
,
Bureau
No. 42).
Fire Hazard:
Moderate in the form

when exposed to heat or
flame or by chemical reaction
of dust
with powerful oxidizers (Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight in the form

of dust when exposed to flame
(Section 7).
when heated or on contact
with acid or acid fumes, it
emits highly toxic fumes; it
can react vigorously on contact with oxidizing materials.
rate):
Section 2

Section 7
Compounds.
Standards Handbook
of
White, translucent

rate): Section 2
Poison B;
poison label.
son B; poison label.
Poi-
ARSENIC ACID, LIQUID. See

Arsenic Acid.
I.
Section 11.
C. C. Classification: Poison
poison label.
son B; poison label.
ARSENICAL BABBITT
A bearing
metal.
Description:
Poi-
ARSENICAL COMPOUNDS
316
Composition: Up to 3% As
Disaster Control: See Arsenic.
rate): Section 2
ARSENICAL COMPOUNDS OR
MDCTURES, N.O.S. LIQUID
Poison B;
poison label.
ARSENICAL
DIP, LIQUID
Synonym: Sheep dip.

Disaster Control: See Arsenic Com
pounds.
Poison B;
poison label.
I.

B. P. 565C
M. P. (3 = 307C
Density a = 3. 506 @19C;
P = 3. 254 @19C
Toxicity: See Arsenic Compounds
and Sulfides.
of dust when exposed to heat or
flame (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when intimately mixed with powerful
oxidizers (Section 7).
oxides of sulfur and arsenic; it
rate): Section 2
ARSENIC BROMIDE
ARSENICAL DUST.
See Arsenic.
I.
Section 11.
Poison B;
poison label.
ARSENICAL FLUE DUST.

Arsenic.
I.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
See
Poison B;
ARSENICAL MIXTURES OR COMPOUNDS, N.O.S. SOLID. See

Arsenic Compounds.
Poison B;
poison label.

ARSENIC BISULFIDE
Synonym: Arsenic sulfide*, realgar.
Description: Red-brown crystals.
Formula: AS2S2
None
Yellowish-white crys-
Formula: AsBr 3
poison label.
Toxic Rating Code:
Description:
tals.
Section 11.
Synonyms: Arsenic tribromide;

arsenous bromide.
= Slight
314. 7
M. P.
32.
B. P.
220.
8C
0C
Vap. Press. 1
@41. 8C
rate): Section 2
Poison B;
I. C.C. Classification:
poison label.
mm
ARSENIC CHLORIDE.
See Arsenic
Pentachloride.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ARSENIC DI IODIDE
317
In treating acute poisoning from

ingestion the contents of the intestinal tract should be evacuated
promptly by gastric lavage and
saline cathartics. BAL (dimercaptol) is highly effective in both
acute and chronic poisoning (Sec-

(ArsenI. C. C. Classification:
ous, liq. ) Poison B; poison
label.
Coast Guard (Arsenous, liq.)

ARSENIC COMPOUNDS. See
also
tion
compound.
specific
2; Allergen 2; Ingestion 3
Inhalation

Inhalation 3
(accepted); 0. 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air.
l).

contact with acids or acid fumes,
they emit highly toxic fumes of
arsenic.
rate): Section 2
MAC: ACGIH
Poisoning from arsenic

compounds may be acute or
chronic. Acute poisoning usually
results from swallowing arsenic
compounds; chronic poisoning
from eiJier swallowing or inhalation. Acute allergic reactions
to arsenic compounds used in
medical therapy have been fairly
common. The type and severity
of the reaction depending upon the
Toxicology:
compound
of arsenic.
See Copper
Arsenide.
ARSENIC DIETHYL
Synonyms: Ethyl cacodyl; tetraethyl
diarsine.
Description: Liquid or
Formula: (As(C 2H 5 ) 2 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 266. 2
B. P. 185 - 190C
oil.
Density About 1
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by spontaneous chemical reaction (Section 6). A spontaneously flamToxicity:
Acute arsenic poisoning (from

ingestion) results in marked irritation of the stomach and intestines with nausea, vomiting and
diarrhea. In severe cases the
vomitus and stools are bloody and
the patient goes into collapse and
shock with weak, rapid pulse,
cold sweats, coma and death.
Chronic arsenic poisoning,
whether through ingestion or inhalation, may manifest itself in
many different ways. There may
be disturbances of the digestive
system such as loss of appetite,
cramps, nausea, constipation or
diarrhea. Liver damage may
occur, resulting in jaundice.
Disturbances of the blood, kidneys
and nervous system are not infrequent. Arsenic can cause a
variety of skin abnormalities including itching, pigmentation and
even cancerous changes.
ARSENIC COPPER.
characteristic of arsenic poisoning is the great variety of symptoms that can be produced.
mable
liquid.

highly toxic fumes of arsenic;
rate): Section 2
it
ARSENIC DEODIDE
Synonym: Arsenic iodide.
Description:
Red crystals.
Formula: Asl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 328. 8
Compounds.
of Toxicology,
see Section
ARSENIC DIMETHYL
318

rate): Section 2
ARSENIC DIMETHYL
Synonym: Tetramethyl diarsyl.
Colorless to yellow
Description:

ARSENIC IODIDE.
See Arsenic
Diiodide.
I. C. C.
poison label.
oily liquid.
Formula:
ARSENIC OXIDES.
(As(CH 3 ) 2 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 210.
M. P. -6C
B. P. 186 C
Density 1.15
Fire Hazard: A moderately flam-
mable
liquid (Section 6).

See Arsenic
Trioxide or Arsenic Pentoxide.
ARSENIC OXYCHLORIDE
Description:
Brown
crystals.
Formula: AsOCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
Toxicity:
126.4
Decomposes
highly toxic fumes of arsenic.

rate): Section 2

rate): Section 2
ARSENIC DISULFIDE
ARSENIC PENTACHLORIDE
See Arsenic
Description:
Bisulfide.
ARSENIC FLUORIDE. See Arsenic

Pentafluoride or Arsenic Trifluoride.
ARSENIC HEMISELENIDE
Description: Black crystals with
metallic luster.
Formula: As2Se
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 228. 78
Toxicity: See Arsenic
Compounds
and Selenium Compounds.
MAC: ACGIH
nium.
meter
0.
(accepted), as sele-
milligram per cubic
of air.

arsenic and selenium; it can react vigorously with oxidizing
materials.
rate): Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Colorless liquid.
Formula: AsCl 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 252. 2
M. P. -40 C (approx. )
emits highly toxic fumes of hydrochloric acid and arsenic; it will
fumes.
rate): Section 2
ARSENIC PENTAFLUORIDE
Synonym: Arsenic fluoride.
Description:
Colorless gas.
Formula: AsF 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
2 =
Moderate
169. 9
3 =
High
Unknown
ARSENIC PHOSPHIDE
319
M. P. -80C
B. P. -53C
Density 7. 71 g/liter
and Fluorides.
highly toxic fumes of fluorides and
arsenic; it will react with water
or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes.
rate): Section 2
ARSENIC PENTASELENIDE
Compounds.
arsenic and selenium.
solid.
Deliquescent.
Formula: As 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 229. 8
Density 4. 086
rate): Section 2
Poison B;
poison label.
ARSENIC PHOSPHIDE
Description:
Brown
to
red powder.
Formula: AsP
rate):
ARSENIC PENTASULFIDE
Description: Brownish-yellow,
glassy amorphous, highly refractive mass.
Formula: As 2S 5
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 310. 12
ARSENIC PENTOXIDE
Synonym: Arsenic oxide.
Compounds.
Description: Black, brittle solid

with a metallic luster.
Formula: As 2Se 5
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 544. 62
Toxicity: See Arsenic and Selenium
Section 2

rate): Section 2
Compounds
and Sulfides.
Fire Hazard: A flammable material (Section 6).

oxides of sulfur and of arsenic;
to produce toxic and corrosive
fumes; it can react vigorously
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 105. 9
M. P. Sublimes with decomp.
and Phosphides.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction.
Phosphine is liberated upon contact with moisture (Section 6).
oxides of phosphorus and of
arsenic; it will react with water
or steam to produce toxic and
flammable vapors; it can react

rate): Section 2
ARSENIC SULFIDE (POWDER)
320
ARSENIC TRICHLORIDE
See Arsenic Compounds

and Fluorides.
fluorides and of arsenic; it will
fumes.
Description: Clear, almost colorless

to pale yellow corrosive oily
liquid, or needle-like crystals.

ARSENIC SULFIDE (POWDER)
Toxicity:
See Arsenic Trisulfide, Arsenic

Bisulfide and Arsenic Pentasulfide.
I.
Section 11.
C.C. Classification: Poison B;
poison label.
Formula: AsCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 181. 3
M. P. -18C
B. P. 130. 2C
Density (liquid) 2.163 @14/4C
Vap. D. 6. 25

hydrochloric acid and of arsenic;
to produce heat, toxic and corrosive fumes.
Toxicity:
Section 2
rate):
I.
poison label.
MCA warning label.
ARSENIC TRIETHYL,
See Triethyl
Arsenic.
ARSENIC TRIFLUORIDE
Section 2

ARSENIC TRIMETHYL.
See Tri-
methyl Arsenic.
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE
Synonyms: Arsenious oxide; white
.
arsenic.
Description:
tasteless,
der.
White, odorless,
amorphous pow-
Formula: As 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 197. 8
M. P. 193 C (sublimes)
Density (Arsenalite) 3. 865 @25C;
(Claudedite) 4. 15; (Amorphous)
4. 09
Disaster Control: See Arsenic Com-
pounds.
rate): Section 2
Poison B;
poison label.
ARSENIC TfilPHENYL. See
Synonym: Arsenic fluoride.

Description:
rate):
Tri-
phenyl Arsenic.
Oily liquid.
Formula: AsF 3
ARSENIC TRISELENIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 131.9
M. P. -5.9C
B. P. 63 C @752
Density (liquid) 2. 666
Vap. Press 100
@ 13. 2 C;
400
(5)41. 5C
Synonym: Arsenic selenide.
mm
Toxic Rating Code:
mm
mm
=
None
= Slight
Description:
Brown
crystals.
Formula: Asê 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 386.
M. P. 360C
Density 4. 75
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ARSINE
321

selenium and arsenic; it can re-

Toxicity:
ARSENIOUS SELENIDE,
See Arsenic
Triselenide.
ARSENOUS ACID, SOLID.
See
Arsenic Trioxide.
act vigorously with oxidizing
materials.
rate): Section 2
ARSENIC TRISULFIDE
Section 11.
Poison B;
poison label.
I.
ARSENOUS AND MERCURIC

IODIDE SOLUTION, LIQUID
Synonym: Arsenic sulfide; orpiment.

Description: Yellow or red crystals.
Formula: As 2S 3
Mercury Compounds.

M. P. 300C
B. P. 707C
Density 3. 43
and Sulfides.
sulfur and of arsenic; it will react
toxic and flammable vapors; it
can react vigorously on contact
Section 2
rate):
ARSENIC VAPOR
Description:
vapor.
Formula: As
Constant:
At. Wt. 75
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 0. 5 milligram per cubic meter of air.
Fire Hazard:

Poison B;
poison label.
ARSINE
Synonyms: Arsenic hydride;
arseniuretted hydrogen.
Description: Colorless gas, mild
garlic odor.
Formula: AsH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 77.93
M. P. -116. 3C
B. P.
Moderate, by chem-
ical reaction with oxidizers (Sec-
tion 6).
Disaster Control: See Arsenic.
rate): Section 2
-55C

Vap. D. 2.66
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: Inhalation
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted);
0.
05 parts
per million in air.

Toxicology: The toxicity of arsine is
due to its hemolytic action. On
entering the blood stream it combines with the hemoglobin of the
red blood cells; gradually the
arsenic in this hemoglobin-arsenic
complex is oxidized, and the oxidation process is accompanied by
hemolysis of the
Compounds
and Mercury Compounds.

Disaster Control: See Arsenic and
cell.
The
ARSPHENAMINE
322
resulting anemia is responsible

for the production of many of the
Description: Light yellow, hygroscopic powder.
symptoms accompanying arsine

other symptoms result from the hemolysis itself,
Formula: C 12H 12As2N20 2 2HC1 2H z O
poisoning;
and occur during the excretion of

the hemoglobin. Hemoglobin and
its degradation products are
commonly found
in the urine.
Less commonly whole blood may

be passed.
Occasionally, the
renal tubules may be plugged by
debris, with resultant suppression
of urine.
Jaundice, which may be
severe, is a common result of the
hemolysis. Frequently there is
edema of the lungs, which may be
accompanied by cyanosis. Kidney
damage is common in patients
surviving acute affects of the gas.
Signs of poisoning usually
develop within several hours of
exposure. Headache, dizziness,
nausea and vomiting, epigastric
pain and weakness occur early,
followed by tea-colored urine, or
bloody urine in the more severe
cases. Some time later, albumen
and casts may appear in the urine,
or, in serious cases, there may
be suppression of urine. Jaundice
and tenderness over the liver may

appear about the same time.
Blood examination shows an anemia which may be marked. In
fatal cases, the patient
may
develop delirium, followed by

coma and death. During the acute
stage of poisoning and for some
weeks after, arsenic may be
demonstrated in the urine. See
also Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to flame (Section 6).
heated to decompositon, it emits
highly toxic fumes of arsenic; can
materials.
rate): Section 2
ARSPHENAMINE
Synonym:
3-Diamino-4-dihydroxy-
1-ar.senobenzene hydrochloride.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 475.0
rate): Section 2
ASBESTOS PARTICLES
Synonym: Asbestos dust.
In-
1;
halation 2
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH
Toxicology: The essential lesion
produced by asbestos dust is a
diffuse fibrosis which probably
begins as a "collar" about the
terminal bronchioles. Usually,
at least 4 to 7 years of exposure
are required before a serious
degree of fibrosis results. There
is apparently less predisposition
to tuberculosis than is the case
with silicosis.
Clinically, the most striking
sign is shortness of breath of
gradually increasing intensity,
often associated with a dry cough.
In the early stages physical signs
are absent or slight; in the later
stages rales may be heard, and
in long-standing cases there is
frequently clubbing of the fingers.
In early stages of the disease the
chest x-ray reveals a groundglass or granular change, chiefly
in the lower lung fields; as the
condition progresses the heart
outline becomes "shaggy" and
irregular patches of mottled shad-owing may be seen. Asbestos
bodies may be found in the sputum,
At autopsy, the pleurae are
thickened and adherent and thick
subpleural fibrous plaques are
often present. Where the disease
is far advanced there are usually
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ATROPINE METHYL BROMIDE
323
large areas of fibrosis, with
ASPIDIUM
emphysematous changes
Synonym: Male fern.

in the
apices and bases. The alveolar

walls are thickened, and the
characteristic "asbestos bodies"
are found.
Section 2
ASCARIDOLE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
Aller-
1;
gen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
CxqHÔz
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 168. 2
B. P. 115C @15
Density 1.011 @13/l5C
also Peroxides, Organic.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction (Sec-
mm
An
oxidizer.
Explosion Hazard: Explodes

at 250 C.
heated, it emits toxic fumes and
may explode; it reacts with reducing materials.
ASPHALT
Synonyms: Bitumen; petroleum
pitch.
Description:
ATABRINE
DI HYDROCHLORIDE.
See "Atabrine" Hydrochloride.
tT
ATABRINE n HYDROCHLORIDE
Synonym: Quinacrine hydrochloride.

Description:
Bright yellow crystals.
Formula: C 2 3H3 ClN 3 O
tion 6).
Caution:
See Acetol.
ASPIRIN.
Black or dark brown
2HC1
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 508. 9
M. P. Decomposes 248 - 250 C
highly toxic fumes of chlorine.
mass.
ATROPINE
Constants:
< 470 C
B. P.
Flash P. 400+ F (C. C. )
Density 0. 95 - 1.1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Synonym: Daturine.
Description:
Formula:
C 17 H 23 N0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M.
289.4
115. 5C; sublimes at 11


to heat or flame.
P.

8C
3;
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
Allergen 1
6).

alkaloid.
rate):
Section 11.
Hazardous Article.
Section 2

Section
ATROPINE METHYL BROMIDE.

See Atropine.
ATROPINE METHYL NITRATE

ATROPINE METHYL NITRATE.
See Atropine.
324
Description:
Dark green crys-
tals.
Formula: Aul 3
ATROPINE SULFATE.
See Atropine.
AURIC BROMIDE
Description:
Gray powder; crystals
brown.
Formula: AuBr 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 577. 96
AURIC OXIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 436.95
M. P. -Br 2 @160C
Toxicity: See Gold Compounds and
Bromides.
Synonym: Gold oxide.

Description:
Brown black powder.
Formula: Au 2 O s
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 442.40
M. P. -O z @160C
B. P. -30 2 @250C
Toxicity:
See Gold Compounds.
AURIC CHLORIDE
AURIC SULFIDE
Synonym: Gold chloride.

Description:
Claret red crystals.
Synonym: Gold
sulfide.
Brown black powder.
Formula: AuCl 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 303. 57
M. P. 254 C decomposes
B. P. Sublimes 265 C
Density 3. 9
Disaster Control: See Chlorides.
Formula: Au 2S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 490. 60
M. P. Decomposes 197C
Density 8. 754
Sulfides.
AURIC CYANIDE
AUROUS BROMIDE
Synonym: Cyanoauric acid.

Description:
plates.
Formula: Au(CN) 3
3H z O
Description: Yellowish-gray
crystalline powder.
mass or
Formula: AuBr
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 329. 30
M. P. Decomposes 50 C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 277. 12
Density 7. 9
Bromides.

AURIC HYDROGEN NITRATE
AUROUS CHLORIDE
Synonym: Gold nitrate.

Formula: AuH(N0 3 4 3H z O
Description:
Yellow crystals.
Formula: AuCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 232.66
M. P. Decomposes to AuCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 500. 29
M. P. 72C decomposes
Density 2. 84
170C
B. P.
Decomposes 289. 5C
See Gold Compounds.

Nitrates.
Synonym: Gold cyanide.
Description:
Toxicity:
AUROUS CYANIDE
Light yellow, crystal-
powder.
Formula: AuCN
line
AURIC IODIDE
Synonym: Gold iodide.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
325
AZIDES
223.22
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
M. P. Decomposes
Density 7. 12
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanides and Gold Compounds.
Toxicity Hazard: Unknown

with oxidizing materials (Section 6).
Section
AZIDES
(See also specific compound.)

Toxicity: Variable
AUROUS IODIDE
Greenish-yellow
powder.
Formula: Aul
Density 8. 25
Description:
AUROUS OXIDE
Description:
Gray-violet crystals.
Formula: Au z O
M. P. -O z @205C
Density 3. 6
AUROUS SULFIDE
Description:
Brown black powder.
Formula: Au 2 S
426.47
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Sulfides.

AUSTEN RED DIAMONDS.
See
Explosives, High.
AUTUNITE
uranite.
Description: Bright yellow mineral

of pearly luster.
Ca(U0 2 2 P 2 8 8H 2
Uranium Compounds,
Toxicity: See
Insoluble.
Radiation Hazard:
See Uranium.
AVERTIN. See Tribromoethanol.
AZELAIC ACID
Description:
Formula:
Powder.
HOOC(CH 2 7 COOH
)
Mol. Wt. 188.22

M. P. 106. 5C
B. P. 356. 5C (decomposes)
Density 1. 038 @110C
Vap. Press.
1
@ 1 78. 3 C
Constants:
mm
Toxic Rating Code:
tion 7).
An
azide is a compound of
hydrogen or a metal and the

monovalent -N 3 radical. The
azides as a group are one of the
few commercially produced explosives that contain no oxygen.
Hydrogen azide or azoic acid and
its sodium salt are soluble in
water. All of its salts and the acid
are unstable and decompose explosively; although lead azide, which
is one of the most important
azides, is not very sensitive and
is used as a detonating agent, in
which respect it is more efficient,
weight for weight than fulminate.
Azides can be used wherever fulminate may be used; in detonators
and priming compositions as well.
Their only drawbacks are their
high ignition temperature (detonators) and relative insensitiveness to friction (priming compo-
However, by compoundthem with other materials,

this can be overcome.
Mercury
sitions).
ing
Synonyms: Calco uranite; lime
Formula:

shocked or exposed to heat (Sec-
None
= Slight
azide, however, is more sensitive

than lead azide; in fact it is more
sensitive than mercury fulminate.
When packed in bulk, azide should
contain not less than 20 percent of
water and in this wet condition
should be placed in bags of fourounce or heavier duck. Each bag
contains approximately 25 pounds,
dry weight, of lead azide. In each
bag and over the azide is placed a
cap of the same cloth and of the
diameter of the bag, and the bag is
tied securely. Five of these bags
are placed in a larger bag of four-
ounce or heavier duck and this

large bag is tied securely. The
large bag should contain not more
than 150 pounds, dry weight of
lead azide. This bag is placed in
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
AZIDES
326
the center of a container complying with ICC specification 5 or 5B

(pertaining to metal barrels or
drums) 17H (pertaining to metal
drums, single trip) or 10B (pertaining to wooden barrels or kegs).
The container is lined with a heavyclose fitting bag of jute or other
suitable bag material of equal
strength. The large duck bag is
completely surrounded within the
jute bag by not less than 3 inches
well-packed sawdust, saturated

with v/ater and the jute bag is
closed by securely sewing to prevent escape of sawdust. The outer
container, drum, or barrel is
water-tight. When considered
necessary to prevent freezing in
shipment, or storage, an alternative method of packing is used.
The lead azide is wet with not less
than 20 percent of its weight of a
solution of denatured ethyl alcohol
in water containing not less than
33 percent by weight of ethyl
alcohol. The 25 pound duck bags
are placed in a strong waterproof
bag instead of a duck bag and the
drum or barrel is filled with sawof
dust saturated with the same 33

percent by weight solution of ethyl
alcohol. Marking should be in
accordance with U.S. Standard
Specification for marking shipment
#100-2. In addition, each barrel
or cask is marked plainly "INITI-
ATING EXPLOSIVE - DANGEROUS

DO NOT STORE OR LOAD WITH
ANY HIGH EXPLOSIVE. " For further information concerning surface
storage and the destruction of excess
azide explosives, see Section 7.
Lead and mercury azides are
the best examples of the azide
type of explosive. Further uses
of azide are in loading of fuse
detonators and in the manufacture
of priming compositions. Azides
are used as substitutes for mercury fulminate. On account of its
high temperature of ignition, lead
azide is not easily ignited by the
"spit" of a safety fuse. However,
the addition of lead styphnate for
instance, which is more readily
ignited,
overcomes
the difficulty.
also used in explosive rivets

with the addition of silver acety-
It is
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
lide or tetracine to lower its

ignition temperature.

and heat will explode it and when
highly toxic fumes.
AZOBENZENE
Synonyms: Azobenzol; azobenzide.
Description: Solid, orange-red
crystals.
Formula: C 6H 5NNC 6H 5
M. P. 68C
Density 1. 203 @ 20 /4C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 103. 5 C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
mm
AZOCHLORAMIDE
Synonym: Chloroazodin.
Description:
Bright- yellow crystals.
Formula: C 2H 4 C1 2 N6
M. P. Explodes decomp.
Acute Local: U
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
@155C

exposed to heat (Section 7).
Explosive Range: At 155C
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes and
may
explode.

AZOXYBENZENE
Synonym: Azoxybenzide.
Description:
Formula:
Pale yellow crystals.
C 12 H 10 N 2 O
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
198. 2
M. P. 36C
Density 1. 159 @26/4C
insecticide.
Fire Hazard: Slightly dangerous; on
(Section 6).
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BAKING POWDER
BAGASSE DUST
2;

Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
In-
halation 2
Acute Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
Caution: A nuisance dust; inhalation
BALATA
Dried juice of the bully
tree, Mimusops balata. Resembles gutta percha.
Description:
can cause bronchial asthma,

sneezing, rhinorrhea, eczema,
etc.
(Section
9).

exposed to flame. See Dust Explosions.
Section 2
BAGS, NITRATE OF SODA,
EMPTY
AND UNWASHED
See also Sodium Nitrate.
liquid;
Flammable solid; yellow label.

"BAKELITE"
Description: Phenol-formaldehyde
condensation-type plastic.
Acute Systemic:
BANANA
vanilla odor.
OIL.
BANANA PEEL
Chronic Systemic:
emits toxic fumes.
Section 2
BALSAM OF PERU
Synonym: Peruvian balsam.
Description: Dark brown viscid
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U

I.
gen 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
See Amyl Acetate.
OIL

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
to
BARBITURATES
328
BARIUM
BARBITURATES
Synonyms: Derivatives
of barbituric
acid, i. e.
barbital;
barbital sodium.
barbitone;

Inhalation
Description: Silver, white, slightly

lustrous, somewhat malleable
metal.
Formula: Ba
Constants:
M. P.
2;
B. P.

mm
(Soluble).
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Ba 137 half-life 2. 6

minutes; emits gamma rays of
0. 67 mev.
The permissible
levels are: In body: 90 microcu-
depression (sometimes preceded

by excitation), prolonged coma
and death. Allergic skin reactions may occur from contact
9).
May
be habit-form-
ing.
Treatment and Antidotes: Induce

vomiting or wash out stomach.
Keep patient warm. Stimulants
and artificial respiration in
severe cases. Call a physician.
to
fumes (Section 6).

Section .2
BARBITURIC ACID
Synonym: Malonylurea.
Description: Crystals or white to
yellow-white powder.
Formula: C 4H 4
N2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128. 1
M. P. 245 C
B. P. 260 C (Decomp. )
Acute Local: Irritant 3; Allergen 1; Ingestion 3; Inhala-
Ba 140
Artificial isotope
half-
12. 8 days; emits beta

ticles of 1.0 mev (60%) and
par0.47
mev (40%) and many gamma rays
between . 16-0. 54 mev. The permissible levels are: In body: 5
microcuries. In air: 6 X 10 8
water: 2X 10 3 microcurie per
life,
milliliter.
Ba 140
exists in equi-
librium with its daughter, La 140

The permissible levels are given
for the equilibrium mixture.
Hazard Rating, Class II (National
Bureau of Standards Handbook No.
.
42.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
A corrosive and irritating material.
Has no hypnotic properties.
Section
ries. In air: 2X 10" 7 microcurie

per milliliter. In water:
3
microcurie per milli1. 5 X 10
liter.
Ba 137 exists in both a radioactive and a stable form. The
radioactive form occurs in equilibrium with its parent, Cs 137
The hazard rating and permissible
levels are given for the equilibrium mixture. Hazard Rating,
Class II (National Bureau of
Standards Handbook No. 42).
.

decomposition, they emit toxic
tion
137.36
Density 3. 5 @20C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 1 049 C
Toxicity: See Barium Compounds
Toxicology: Taken internally in

large doses they cause marked
(Section
At. Wt.
850C
1140C
Moderate in form
Fire Hazard:
dust

(Section 6).
Section 2
Handling and Shipping: Sections 5 and
11.

BARIUM ACETATE
White crystals.
Formula: Ba(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 H 2 Q
Description:
Section
of
BARIUM BENZENE SULFONATE
329
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
273.46
M. P. -H z O @150C
Density 2.19
(Soluble).
Section 2
contact with acid or acid fumes, it

emits highly toxic fumes of arsenic.
rate): Section 2
BARIUM ARSENIDE
BARIUM AMIDE
Description:
Description:
Formula: Ba(NH 2
See also
Arsenic Compounds and Barium
Compounds
Compounds
(Soluble).

Section 2
BARIUM AMYL SULFATE

Description:
White crystals, fatty
feel.
Formula: Ba(C 5H 11 S0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 507. 80
Toxicity: See Barium
Compounds
H2
(Soluble).

rate): Section 2
BARIUM AZIDE
Description:
Monoclinic prisms.
Formula: Ba(N3 ) 2
(Soluble).

rate): Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 221.41
M. P. -N 2 about 120 C
B. P. Explodes
Density 2. 936
(Soluble) and Azides.
BARIUM ANTIMONYL TARTRATE

Description:
crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 561.90
Density 4. 1 @15C
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 169.41
M. P. 280 C
Brown
Formula: Ba 3 As 2
Gray- white crystals.
Crystals.
Formula: BaSb 2 (C 4 H 4
6) 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 973. 2
highly toxic fumes of antimony.
Section 2

shock and heat will explode it.
Section 2

BARIUM BENZENE SULFONATE

White nacreous leaflets.
Formula: Ba(C 6 H 5 SO s 2 H z O
Description:
BARIUM o -ARSE NATE

Black crystals.
Formula: Ba 3 (As0 4 ) 2
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 689. 90
See also
Arsenic Compounds and Barium
Compounds
(Soluble).

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 469. 71
Compounds
(Soluble).

sulfur.

Section 2
BARIUM BENZOATE
330

bromine; can react with re7
ducing materials.
BARIUM BENZOATE
Description:
Formula:
Ba(C 7 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Section 2
White nacreous leaflets.
2H z O
2)2

BARIUM BROMIDE
415. 61
M. P. -2H z O @100C
(Soluble).

Section 2
BARIUM BINOXALATE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: BaBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 297. 19
M. P. 847 C
Density 4.781 @24C
(Soluble).

Section 2
Synonym: Acid barium oxalate.

Description:
BARIUM BROMIDE FLUORIDE
Crystals.
Formula: Ba(HC 2
2H z O
4) 2
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 351.45
(Soluble) and Oxalates.
Section 2
BARIUM BOROWOLFRAMATE
Synonym: Barium borotungstate.
Description: Crystals;
effloresce in air.
Formula:
2BaO
rapidly
9W0 3 '18H 2
B 2O s
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 2787. 93
Compounds

Section 2
BARIUM BROMATE
White crystals or
crystalline powder.
Description:
Formula: Ba(Br0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 411. 21
M. P. Decomp. 260 C
Density 3. 99 @ 1 8 C
(Soluble).

Toxic Rating Code:
None
BaF 2
Compounds
(Soluble).
Disaster Control: See Bromides and

Fluorides.
Section 2
BARIUM BROMOPLATINATE
Monoclinic crystals.
Formula: BaPtBr 6
10H 2 O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 992. 25
Density 3. 71
(Soluble).
H2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 472. 55
Density 4. 96 @18C
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Barium
Description:
(Soluble).
Plates.
Formula: BaBr 2
= Slight

Section 2
BARIUM BUTYRATE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: Ba(C 4 H 7
2H 2
2)2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 347. 59
Compounds
(Soluble).

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BARIUM CHROMATE
331
Section 2
I.

BARIUM CHLORATE
BARIUM CARBIDE
WET.
See
Barium Chlorate.
Gray crystals.
Description:
C.C. Classification: Oxidizing
Formula: BaC 2
BARIUM CHLORIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 161.4
Density 3. 75
Description:
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with moisture to
form acetylene.
(Soluble).
6).
Explosion Hazard: Moderate; it

evolves acetylene vapor upon
Disaster Control: Dangerous; it
produce flammable vapors.
Section 2
White powder.
Description:
Toxicity:
BARIUM CHLOROPLATINATE
Description: Rhombic orange -yellow
crystals.
Formula: BaPtCl 6
Constants:
6H 2
Mol. Wt. 653.43
M. P. -5H 2
@70C
BARIUM CHLOROPLATINITE
Decomposes
4.
Section 11.
warning label.

Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 197. 37
M. P. 1740 @90 atm.
B. P.
MAC
(Soluble).
BaC0 3
Density
Density 2. 868
BARIUM CARBONATE
Formula:
flat crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 208. 27
M. P. Transition @ 925 C to
cubic crystals
B. P. 1560C
Density 3. 856 @24C
(Soluble).
(Section
Colorless
Formula: BaCl 2
Description:
43
See Barium Compounds
Crystals.
Formula: BaPtCl 4
(Soluble).

Section 2
3H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 528.47
Density 2. 868
Toxicity:
(Soluble).
BARIUM CHLORATE
Description: Colorless prisms or
white powder.
Formula: Ba(C10 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
HzO
Density
3.
18
(Soluble).
Fire Hazard: See Chlorates.

Explosion Hazard: See Chlorates.
Disaster Control: See Chlorates.
BARIUM CHROMATE
Description:
322. 29
M. P. Anhydrous 414C
Toxicity:

Section 2
Section 11.
Heavy yellow crystal-
powder.
Formula: BaCr0 4
line
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 253. 37
Density 4. 498 @15C
(Soluble) and Chromium Compounds.
BARIUM CITRATE
332
Disaster Control: Dangerous; reacts vigorously with reducing

materials.
rate): Section 2

Label Required: MCA warning label
required on Barium Chloride,
BARIUM CITRATE
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 189.40
Description:
White powder.
Formula: Ba 3 (C 6 H 5
7) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 916. 39
"
7H zO
Barium
Fluosilicate and
Barium
Nitrate.
BARIUM CYANIDE
White crystalline
powder.
Formula: Ba(CN) 2
Description:
See also
Cyanides and Barium Compounds
(Soluble).
Compounds
(Soluble).


Poison B;
poison label.
BARIUM COMPOUNDS (SOLUBLE)

BARIUM CYANOPLATINITE
1;
Inges-
Inhalation 1
Inhalation 2
Inhalation 1
MAC: ACGIH (accepted): 0. 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air.
Toxicology: The soluble barium
salts, such as the chloride and
tion
1;
sulfide, are poisonous
when taken
by mouth. The insoluble sulfate

used in radiography is nonpoisonous. Few cases of industrial systemic poisoning have been reported,
but one investigator describes a
fatal case of poisoning attributed to
barium oxide, the symptoms being
severe abdominal pain with vomiting, dyspnoea, rapid pulse,
paralysis of the right arm and leg,
and eventually cyanosis and death.
The same investigator produced
paralysis in animals with barium
oxide and carbonate. The usual
result of exposure to the sulfide,
oxide and carbonate is irritation
of the eyes, nose and throat, and
of the skin, producing dermatitis
(Section 9). The salts mentioned
are somewhat caustic.
Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Description:
crystals;
crystals.
(a)
Monoclinic yellow
(b)
rhombic green
Formula: BaPt(CN 4 ) -4H 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 508. 73
M. P. -2H 2 @100C
Density (a) 2. 076; (b) 2. 085
(Soluble) and Cyanides.
cyanide.
BARIUM DICHROMATE
Synonym: Barium bichromate.
Description: Brownish-red crystalline masses.
Formula: BaCr 2 7
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 353. 38
(Soluble) and
Compounds
Chromium Com-
pounds.
materials; can react vigorously
with reducing materials (Section
6).
A powerful oxidizer.
Caution:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BARIUM FLUORIDE CHLORIDE
333
BARIUM DIPHENYLAMINE
SULFONATE
Description:

Formula: Ba(C 6H 5
NH
BARIUM FERROCYANIDE
C 6H 4S0 3 ) 2
Yellow crystals.
Formula: Ba 2 Fe(CN) 6 6H 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 633.91
Compounds
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 594. 77
(Soluble).

Section

when heated to decomposition or on contact with acid
or acid fumes, it emits
highly toxic fumes of cyan-
DI-o -PHOSPHATE
Description:
Formula:
Rhombic white
Compounds
(Soluble) and Ferrocyanides.
sulfur.
BARIUM
Crystals.
crystals,
BaHP0 4
ides.

Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. Z33. 35
Density 4. 165 @15C
BARIUM FLUOGALLATE
(Soluble).

rate): Section 2
Description:
Formula:
Synonym: Barium hyposulfate

Description: Rhombic or mono.
-y2H 2
Density
clinic colorless crystals.

6
2H z O
(Soluble).

sulfur.
Description:
White powder.
Formula: BaF 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 175. 36
M. P. 1280C
B. P. 2137C
Density 4. 83
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Barium
Synonym: Barium sulfovinate.

white lustrous leaf.
2H z O
Compounds
Compounds
(Soluble).

(Soluble).

BARIUM FLUORIDE CHLORIDE

Description:
Tetragonal crystals.
Formula: BaCl 2
sulfur.
Ventilation Control (use

Section 2
normal
BARIUM FLUORIDE
BARIUM ETHYLSULFATE
@230C
06
4.


rate): Section 2
H2
Section 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 423. 63

(Soluble) and Fluogallates.
fluorides.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 333. 52
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 536 @13. 5 C
Formula: Ba(C 2 H5S0 4
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 797. 54
M. P. -V2 H 2 @ 110 C;
BARIUM DITHIONATE
Formula: BaS 2
White crystals.
Ba 3 (GaF 6
rate):
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
BaF 2
383. 63
BARIUM FLUORIDE IODIDE
334
M. P. 1008C
Density: 4. 51 @18C
(Soluble) and Fluorides.
BARIUM FLUORIDE IODIDE

Description:
Plates.
Formula: BaF 2
Bal 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 566. 56
Density 5. 21 @18C
Barium
silicofluoride.
White crystalline
powder.
Formula: BaSiF^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. Z79.42
Density 4. 29 @ 2.1 C
(Soluble) and Fluosilicates.
Disaster Control: See Fluosilicates
MCA
Formula: BaB 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 202. 28
M. P. 2270 C
Density 4. 36 @ 1 5 C
(Soluble) and Boron.
warning label.
BARIUM HYDRIDE
Gray crystals or lumps.
Formula: BaH 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 139. 38
B. P. 1400C
Density 4: 21 @ C
(Soluble) and Hydrides.
Fire Hazard: See Hydrides.
Explosion Hazard: See Hydrides.
Disaster Control: See Hydrides.
BARIUM HYDROGEN PYROTELLURATE

Description: Voluminous precipitate;
yellow when hot; white when cold.
Formula: Ba(HTe 2
BARIUM FORMATE
Description:
See Barium
Hydroxide.
BARIUM FLUOSILICATE
Description:
Cubic black metallic
BARIUM HYDRATE,

(Soluble) and Fluorides.
Synonym:
BARIUM HEXABORIDE
Description:
crystals.
7) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 891. 83
Crystals.
Formula: Ba(COOH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 227.40
Density 3. 21
H2
Compounds
(Soluble) and Tellurium
pounds.
Disaster Control:
Com-
See Tellurium
Compounds.
(Soluble).

emits acrid fumes.
Section
BARIUM HYDROSULFIDE
Rhombic yellow crystals,
Formula: Ba(HS) 2 4H 2
Description:
BARIUM
d- GLUCONATE
Description:
Prisms or rhombic
leaflets.
Formula: Ba(C 6 H u
7)2
3H 2 G
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 581. 71
M. P. -3H 2 O@100C; 120C
Decomposes
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 275. 57
(Soluble) and Sulfides.
Disaster Control: See Sulfides
(Soluble).

emits acrid fumes.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
BARIUM HYDROXIDE
Synonyms: Barium hydrate; caustic
baryta.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BARIUM MALONATE
335
Description:
White powder.
Formula: Ba(OH) 2
(Soluble).
8H z O
Fire Hazard: See Iodates.

Disaster Control: See Iodates.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 315. 51
M. P. 78 C
B. P -8H z O @780C
Density 2. 18 @l6C; anhy. ,4. 50
BARIUM IODIDE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 391. 19
M. P. 740 C
Density 4. 917
(Soluble).
BARIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Colorless crystals.
Ba(C10) 2 2H 2
Description:
Formula:
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 276. 31
M. P. Decomposes
(Soluble) and Hypochlorites.
Fire Hazard: See Hypochlorites.
Explosion Hazard: See Hypochlorites,
Disaster Control: See Hypochlorites.
BARIUM HYPOPHOSPHATE
Description:
Formula:
BaP0 3
(Soluble).
BARIUM LACTATE
White powder.
Formula: Ba(CH 3 CH-OH-COO) 2
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 315. 50
Compounds
(Soluble).

emits smoke (Section 6).
BARIUM LAURATE
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 216. 34
Description:
White, leaflet crystals,
Compounds
Formula: Ba(C 12H 23
See Hypophos-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 535.97
M. P. 260 C
(Soluble).
Disaster Control:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: Bal 2
phates.
Section
Toxicity:
2)2
(Soluble).
BARIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Description:
der.
Formula:
Crystalline pow-
Ba(H 2 P0 2
)2
H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 285. 38
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 90 @17C
(Soluble) and Hypophosphites.
Explosion Hazard: See Hypophosphites.
Disaster Control:
See Hypophos-
phites.
Section 7
BARIUM IODATE
Description:
White crystalline
powder.
Formula: Ba(IO s ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
487. 20
M. P. Decomposes
Density
Toxicity:
4.

emits acrid fumes.
998
BARIUM 1-MALATE
White powder.
Formula: BaC 4 H 4 5
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 269.43
Compounds
(Soluble).

emits acrid fumes.
BARIUM MALONATE
White powder.
Formula: BaC 3 H 2 4 H 2 Q
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 257.42
Compounds
(Soluble).
Fire Hazard: Slight; when headed

emits acrid fumes.
it
BARIUM MANGANATE
336
BARIUM MANGANATE
BARIUM MONOSULFIDE
Synonyms: Manganese green; cassels
Synonym: Barium
green.
Description:
Description:
Formula:
Emerald green powder.
BaMn0 4
sulfide.
Cubic colorless crys-
tals.
Formula: BaS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 256. 29
Density 4. 85

and Manganese Compounds.
(Section 6); an oxidizer.
Toxicity:
(Soluble)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 169.43
Density 4. 25 @15C
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction; air,
moisture or acid fumes may cause
it
to ignite.
dioxide, dry
BARIUM METHYLSULFATE
Description:
Efflorescent crystals.
Formula: Ba(CH 3S0 4 ) 2

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 395. 59
2H z O
BARIUM MYRISTATE
BARIUM MOLYBDATE
Description: White powder; tetragonal crystals.
BaMo0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 297. 31
Density 4. 65 - 4. 97
Toxicity:
6).
Compounds
(Soluble).
Formula:
(Section

White crystalline
powder.
Formula: Ba(C 14H 27 O z ) 2
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 592. 07
Compounds
(Soluble).

emits acrid fumes.
(Soluble).
BARIUM NITRATE
BARIUM MONO- HYDROGEN
o- ARSENATE
Description: Rhombic or monoclinic
colorless crystals.
Formula: BaHAs0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
H zO
295. 29
-H 2
@150C
Density 3.93 @ 1 5 C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Barium
Compounds (Soluble) and Arsenic
Compounds.
BARIUM MONO
Description:
o- PHOSPHATE
Triclinic crystals.
Formula: BaH 4 (P0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 331. 35
Density 2. 9 @4C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 261. 38
M. P. 592C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 24 @23C
(Soluble).

Oxidizing
Coast Guard Classification: Oxidizing material,
MCA warning label.
BARIUM NITRIDE
Description:
None
= Slight
Colorless crystals.
Formula: Ba 3 N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
(Soluble).
Toxic Rating Code:
Synonym: Nit roba rite.

Description: Lustrous white crystals,
Formula: Ba(N0 3 2
2 =
Moderate
440. 10
3 =
High
Unknown
BARIUM PERMANGANATE
337
M. P.
Toxicity:
1000C
(Soluble).

water to liberate flammable vapor,
See also Ammonia.
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by spontaneous chemical reaction to
liberate vapor which can form explosive mixtures with air. See
also
Ammonia.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
White crystals.
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: Ba(C10 4 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
3H z O
390.4
Decomp. @400C
Density
Toxicity:
BARIUM OLEATE
2.
74
(Soluble).
Yellowish- white granu2) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 700. 25
Compounds
(Soluble).

emits acrid fumes.
BARIUM OXALATE
White crystalline
Fire Hazard: See Perchlorates.

Explosion Hazard: See Perchlorates,
Disaster Control: See Perchlorates.
Oxidizing
BARIUM PERMANGANATE
Description:
crystals.
Brownish- violet
Formula: Ba(Mn0 4 ) 2
4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 225. 38
Density 2. 658
Toxicity: See Bariam Compounds
(Soluble) and Oxalates.
BARIUM OXIDE
Synonyms: Barium monoxide;
barium protoxide.
Description: White to yellowishwhite powder.
Formula: BaO
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
648. 19
BARIUM PERCHLORATE

Explosion Hazard: See Nitrites.
powder.
Formula: BaC 2
(Soluble).
(Soluble).
Description:
Section
M. P. Decomposes
)2
lar masses.
Formula: Ba(C 18 H 33
6).
White crystalline
powder.
Formula: Ba(C 1 6H 31 O z ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 229.38
M. P. Decomposes 21.7 C
Density 3. 23 @23C
Description:
steam (Section
Description:
BARIUM NITRITE
Formula: Ba(NO z
(Soluble).
Fire Hazard: Slight by spontaneous

chemical reaction; produces
heat on contact with water or
BARIUM PALMITATE
Disaster Control: See Nitrides.

Description:
M. P. 1923C
B. P. 2000 C (approx.
Density 5. 72
153.36
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 375. 22
(Soluble) and
Compounds
Manganese Com-
pounds.
Fire Hazard: See Permanganates.
Disaster Control: See Permanganates.

Oxidizing
label.
BARIUM PEROXIDE
338
BARIUM PEROXIDE
Toxicity:
Synonyms: Barium binoxide; barium
(Soluble).
Disaster Control: See Phosphites.
dioxide.
Description:
Grayish-white powder.
Formula: BaO z
BARIUM PROPIONATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 169. 36
M. P. 450 C
B. P. -0 2 @800C
Density 4. 96
Description:
White powder.
Formula: C 6H 10 BaO 4 H 2
Compounds
(Soluble) and Peroxides, Inorganic

Fire Hazard: See Peroxides, In-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 301. 52
M. P. 300 C Decomposes
(Soluble).
BARIUM PYROPHOSPHATE
organic.
See Peroxides,
Disaster Control:
Inorganic.
Oxidizing
Formula. Ba 2 P 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 448. 68
Density 3. 9 @20C
(Soluble).
Monoclinic white
BARIUM PYROVANADATE
Formula: BaS 2 O s
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Rhombic white
Disaster Control: See Phosphates.

BARIUM PEROXYDISULFATE
Description:
crystals.
Description:
crystals.
4H z O
White crystals.
Formula: Ba 2 V 2 7
Description:
401. 57
M. P. Decomposes
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 488. 62
M. P. 863C
(Soluble) and Vanadium.
(Soluble).
BARIUM PHENOLSULFONATE
Synonyms: Barium sulfophenylate;
barium sulfocarbolate.
Description: White odorless powder.
Formula: C 12 H 12Ba0 9 S 2
BARIUM RICINOLEATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 727
M. P. 116C
Density 1. 21 @25/25
501. 71
(Soluble) and Phenolsulfonates.
BARIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC

Synonym: Secondary barium phosphate.
Description:
Formula:
Crystalline powder.
BaHP0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 233. 35
Formula:
See Phosphates.
]2
(Soluble).

White needles.
Formula: Ba(C 7 H 9
3)2
H2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 429. 60
Barium Compounds
See also
(Soluble).
Crystalline powder.
BARIUM SELENATE
BaHPO s
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Description:
Compounds
BARIUM PHOSPHITE
Description:
CHOH(CH 2 5 CH 3
BARIUM SALICYLATE
(Soluble).
Disaster Control:
Fine white powder.

Formula: Ba[C0 2 (CH 2 ) 7 CHCHCH 2
Description:
Orthorhombic crystal:
Formula: BsSe0 4
Description:
217. 35
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BARIUM TETRASULFIDE
339
BARIUM SULFIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 280. 32
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 75
BARIUM SULFITE

(Soluble) and Selenium Compounds,
Ventilation Control ( use normal rate)
Compounds.
BARIUM
m -SILICATE
Rhombic, colorless
Description:
crystals.
See Barium
Mono sulfide.
Description:
White powder.
Formula: BsS0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 217.42
(Soluble) and Sulfites.
Formula: BaSi0 3
BARIUM SULFOCYANATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym: Barium sulfocyanide.
M. P.
Density
Toxicity:
Description:
213.42
1604C
4.
Formula:
(Soluble).
Section
normal
Barium
rate):
See
Fluosilicate.
rate):
White powder.
Formula: Ba(C 18 H 35
Toxicity:
See also
(Soluble)
Section
BARIUM TARTRATE
BARIUM STEARATE
Description:
Barium Compounds
and Thiocyanates.
Disaster Control: See Sulfocyanates.
BARIUM SILICOFLUORIDE.
2H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 289. 55
399
White crystals.
Ba(SCN) 2
Description:
White granular powder,
Formula: BaC 4 H 4
2 )2
(Soluble).

Section 2
HzO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 303. 45
Density 2. 980@20.8C
(Soluble).
Section
BARIUM TELLURATE
BARIUM SUCCINATE
Description:
Formula:
Description:
Formula:
Crystalline powder.
BaC 4 H 4
Constants
Mol. Wt.
Constants
Mol. Wt. 253. 43
M. P.
Density
(Soluble).

emits acrid fumes.
Section 2
White crystals.
3aTe0 4
d.
3H 2
383. 02
> 200C
4. 2

(Soluble) and Tellurium Com-
pounds
Disaster Control:
See Tellurium
Compounds.
Section
BARIUM SULFHYDRATE
BARIUM TETRASULFIDE
Description:
Yellow crystals.
Formula: Ba(SH) 2
Description: Rhombic red or yellow

crystals or powder.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 203. 51
Formula: BaS 4
Compounds

Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
265. 63
Density
Toxicity:
2. 988
BARIUM TfflOCYANATE
340
and Sulfides.
Explosion Hazards: See Sulfides,
BARIUM THIOCYANATE
See
Barium Sulfocyanate.
BARIUM THIOSULFATE
Synonym: Barium hyposulfite.
Description: Crystalline powder.
Formula: BaS 2 O s
M. P. Decomposes
(Soluble).
BARIUM
o-
Section
TRIPHOSPHATE
Description:
Cubic white crystals.
Formula: Ba 3 (P0 4 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 602.04
Density 4. 1 @16C
Section 2
BARLEY
BASIC
WET
Description: Battery electrolytes

which contain either sulfuric acid
or sodium hydroxide.
Compounds
Yellow green crystals.

Formula: BaS 3
Section 2
rate):
Section
Tetragonal, colorless
BaW0 4

Density 5. 04
BATTERIES, ELECTRIC STORAGE,
WET, WITH AUTOMOBILES OR
AUTO PARTS. See Sulfuric Acid

and/or Sodium Hydroxide, whichever electrolyte is present.
I.

Section 2
BARIUM m- TUNGSTATE
Rhombic crystals.
Formula: Ba3(H 2 W 12 O 40 ) 27H 2
Constants; Mol. Wt. 3747.57
Description:
30
Cor-
white label.
rosive liquid;
WET, WITH CONTAINERS OF

CORROSIVE BATTERY FLUID.
is present.
I.
None
= Slight
Section 11.
Corrosive
liquid;
white label.

rosive liquid;
Cor-
white label.
BATTERY ACID. See Sulfuric Acid.

BATTERY CHARGER WITH ELECTROLYTE (ACID) OR ALKALINE
CORROSIVE LIQUID. See Sulfuric
Acid and/or Sodium Hydroxide,
whichever is present.
2 =
Section 11.
Corrosive
liquid;

=
Corrosive
white label.
I.
(Soluble).
Toxic Rating Code:
Section 11.
liquid;
(Soluble).
4.
Cor-
white label.
See Sulfur Acid and/or Sodium

Hydroxide, whichever electrolyte
BARIUM TUNGSTATE
Density
white label.
rosive liquid;
Description:
Corrosive-
liquid;
BARIUM TRISULFIDE
Toxicity:
See Copper Compounds.
I.

Section 2
Formula:
COPPER ZEOLITES
Toxicity:
(Soluble).
Description:
crystals.
OIL

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
emits acrid fumes.
Moderate
white label.
3 =
High
Unknown
BENZAL CHLORIDE
341

rosive liquid;
Cor-
Caution:
Inhalation of dust
tation of lungs (Section
BAUXITE. See Aluminum
BAYBERRY
9).

to decomposition it emits toxic
Oxide.
fumes (Section 6).

OIL

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
emits acrid fumes.
B BLASTING POWDER.
may
cause allergic response or irri-
white label.
BELLADONNA
Synonym: Deadly nightshade, from
which the alkaloids, atropine and
belladonine are derived.
Acute Local:
See Ex-
3;
plosives, Low.
BEEF FAT OIL
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: A poison.

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
emits acrid fumes.
Local
contact may cause a contact dermatitis (Section 9).

it
emits toxic fumes.

rate): Section 2
Synonym: Yellow beeswax.

Description: Yellow to brownish-
BENZAL CHLORIDE
Synonyms:
Benzyl dichloride;
benzylidine chloride.
Description: Very refractive li-
yellow, soft to brittle wax.

Constants:
M. P. 62 - 65C
Density 0. 95 - 0. 96
quid.
Formula: C 6 H 5 CHC1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Slight; when heated, it burns and emits acrid
fumes.
M. P.
B. P.
Inges1;
Inhalation 1
Inhalation 1
tion
Description: Urea-formaldehyde con'

densation product.
Acute Local: Allergen 1; Inhalation 1
Aller-
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section
161. 03
-16C
214C
Density 1.29
"BEETLE"
1;
2;
See also
Hyoscyamine and Atropine.
BEESWAX
Acute Systemic:
gen 1; Inhalation 1
Chronic Systemic: U
In-
halation 3
Chronic Local:

11
BENZALDEHYDE
342
BENZALDEHYDE
Formula: C 17H 10 O
Synonyms: Benzoic aldehyde;

ficial almond oil.
Description:
Formula:
Refractive liquid.
mm @ 225.
C^CHO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106. 12
M. P. -26 C
B. P. 179. 0C
Flash P. 298. 4F (C. C.
Density
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 230. 25
M. P. 174C
Vap. Press. 1
arti-
1.
050

@ 15/4C
"BENZEDRINE"
Synonym: Amphetamine.
mm
Description:
Formula:
Caution: Acts as a feeble local

anesthetic. See Aldehydes. Local

to heat or flame; reacts with

Vap. Press. 1
@ 26. 2C
Vap. D. 3. 65
Acute Systemic: Skin Absorption
Chronic Systemic:
Unknown.
Toxicity:
6).

BENZALDEHYDE CYANHYDRIN
Synonym: Mandelonitrile.
Description: Yellow viscous
Formula: C6H 5 CH(OH)CN
Liquid.
C 9 H 13 N
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 135. 20
B. P. 200C
Flash P. 80 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 931
Vap. D. 4. 65
Acute Local:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 133. 14
M. P. -10C
B. P. 170C Decomposes
Density 1. 124
Toxicity: Details unknown, but probably highly toxic. See also Cyanides.

1;
Inhalation 1
Caution: A stimulant. Overdoses
cause hyperactivity, restlessness,
insomnia, rapid pulse, rise in
blood pressure, dilated pupils,
dryness of the throat.
Treatment and Antidotes: Evacuation
of
stomach
sedatives.
liquid.
2;
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
if
taken by mouth,
Call a physician.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; when exposed to heat or flame; can react

dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section
6).
Disaster Control: Dangerous, upon

exposure to heat or flame.
Section 2
BENZALMALONONITRILE
BENZENE
Description:
Synonyms: Benzol; phenyl hydride;
Formula:
Crystals.
C 6H 5CH 2 CH(CN) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 156. 2
Pale yellow needles.
Toxic Rating Code:
Formula:
C^H^
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
5.
78. 11
51 C
80. 093 - 80. 094C

Flash P. 12F (C.C.)
Density 0. 8794 @ 20 C
B. P.
BENZANTHRONE
Description:
coal naphtha.
Description: Clear colorless liquid.
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BENZENE
343
Autoign. Temp. 1000F
Vap. Press. 100
@ 26. 1 C
Vap. D. 2. 77
Chronic Local:
Toxicology: Poisoning occurs most
commonly through inhalation of
the vapor, though benzene can
penetrate the skin, and thus contribute to the poisoning.
Locally, benzene has a comparatively strong irritating effect,
producing erythema and burning,
and in more severe cases, edema
and even blistering (Section 9).
Exposure to high concentrations
of the vapor (3, 000 ppm or higher)
results from accidents such as
failure of equipment or spillage.
Such exposure, while rare in industry, may result in acute
poisoning, characterized by the
narcotic action of benzene on the
central nervous system. The
anesthetic action of benzene is
similar to that of other anesthetic
gases, consisting of a preliminary
stage of excitation followed by depression and, if exposure is continued, death through respiratory
mm
failure.
The chronic, rather than the

form of benzene poisoning
zene, elimination is chiefly

through the lungs, when fresh air
The portion that is
is breathed.
absorbed, is oxidized, and the
oxidation products are combined
with sulfuric and glycuronic acids
and eliminated in the urine. This
may be used as a diagnostic sign.
Benzene has a definite cumulative
action, and exposure to relatively
high concentrations are not serious
from the point of view of causing
damage to the blood-forming
system, provided that the expo sure is not repeated. On the other
hand, daily exposure to concentra-
ppm or less will

usually cause damage if continued
over a protracted period of time.
In acute poisoning, the worker
tions of 100
dizzy, complains of tightening of the leg muscles and of pressure over the forehead, then passes into a stage of
becomes confused and
excitement. If allowed to remain

in exposure, he quickly becomes
stupefied and lapses into coma. In
acute
important in industry; it is a
toxic action on the blood-forming
tissues. There is no specific
blood picture occurring in cases
is
nonfatal cases, recovery is usually

complete and no permanent dis-
of chronic benzol poisoning.
The bone marrow may be

hypoplastic, normal, or hyperplastic, the changes being reflected in the peripheral blood.
Anemia, leucopenia, macrocytosis, reticulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, high color index, and
prolonged bleeding time may not be
present. For the supervision of
the worker, repeatedblood examinations are necessary, including
hemoglobin determinations, white

and red cell counts and differential smears.
Where a worker
shows a progressive drop in either
red or white cells, or where the
white count remains below 5, 000
per cu. mm. or the red count
below 4. million per cu. mm.
on two successive monthly examinations, he should be immediately
removed from exposure. With
this method of supervision of the
worker, no permanent damage
will result to the blood-forming
system.
Following absorption of ben-
ability occurs.
In chronic poisoning the onset
is slow, with the symptoms vague;
fatigue, headache, dizziness,
nausea and loss of appetite, loss
of weight, and weakness are common complaints in early cases.
Later, pallor, nose-bleeds, bleeding
gums, menorrhagia, petechiae and

purpura may develop. There is
great individual variation in the
signs and symptoms of chronic
benzene poisoning.
m-BENZENEDISULFONIC ACID
No
chemical or carbon
tetra-chloride (Section 6).
ide, dry
Section 2
3

I.
Flam-

Coast Guard Classification: Inflammable liquid; red label,
MCA warning label.
m-BENZENEDISULFONIC ACID
Synonym:
MBDSA
Description:
^^0^52
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Z38. 23

tion 3;
Inges-
3;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
290. 84
M. P. 157C
Vap. Press. 0. 0317 mm @ 20 C
Acute Systemic: Ingestion 3; InChronic Local: Allergen 2
2;
Inhalation 2
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative); 0. 5 millicubic meter of air.

Benzene hexachloride,
gram per
Toxicology:
a local irritant, may be absorbed

through the skin. The several
isomers of benzene hexachloride
have different actions. The
gamma and alpha isomers are
central nervous system stimulants,
the principal symptom being convulsions. The beta and delta
isomers are depressants of the
central nervous system.
The dangerous acute dose of
the technical mixture has been
estimated at about 30 g, and the
dangerous dose of lindance at
about 7 to 15 g. These estimates
may be too high. For a young
man
Grey crystalline
hygroscopic powder.
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
halation 2

its vapors are exposed to flame.
Use with adequate ventilation.
Explosive Range: 1. 4 - 8.0%
heated it burns vigorously and
emits acrid fumes.

344
In solutions it forms an
extremely corrosive liquid.
Caution:
suffered a serious illness,

including convulsions, following a
single carefully measured dose of
45 mg intended as a vermifuge.
It is true that, in similar studies
of the potential use of benzene
hexachloride as a drug, other
persons have withstood larger
doses, especially of undissolved
material, apparently without injurious effect. Thus 40 mg of a
purified commercial preparation
was tolerated daily for 10 days.
This mixture of isomers burned

the tongue, and unpurified mix-
BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE
tures were found to be very irritating. Doses of 70 mg of the

preparation caused attacks of
dizziness, slight nausea, headache, and a sensation of pressure
in the temples. No change was
indicated in the blood or urine.
Preparations with more than 25
Synonyms: Gammahexane; lindane;
percent
hexachlorocyclohexane
Description: White crystalline pow-
slightly less toxic.
sulfur.

Section
for 14 days with no bodily disturA daily dose of 180 mg
der.
Formula: C 6H 6C1 6
Toxic Rating Code:
pure
gamma isomer were

Forty mg of
gamma isomer were given
bance.
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
345
caused diarrhea and a feeling of

dizziness. A dose of 30 mg three
times a day for a week caused no
injurious signs in the patient, and
no change in the urine or blood.
However, as already mentioned,
a single dose of 45 mg (or approximately 0. 65 mg/kg) of lindane
cause convulsions.
It is interesting to note that
lindane shows a marked difference
in toxicity to different species.
toxic effect on laboratory

animals compares favorably with
that of DDT, but for several
domestic animals, notably calves,
Its
lindane is
more
toxic than
DDT
or
dieldrin.
Four children drank undetermined amounts of a home-made

soft drink containing lindane,
which had been mixed with sugar.

Within less than 6 hours three
vomited and had convulsions. The
fourth did likewise within about 12,
hours. All recovered without
treatment. It was not possible to
determine the dosage of lindane.
The fatal poisoning of a 5-year
old girl weighing about 55 pounds
was caused by the accidental ingestion of 4. 5 g of benzene
hexachloride as a 30 percent solution in an unspecified organic
solvent. This represents a
dosage of 180 mg kg. Shortly
afterward, she developed dyspnea,
cyanosis, and clonic -tonic convulsions. In spite of evacuation of
her stomach and therapy to restore failing circulation, she
Autopsy showed pulmonary

edema, dilation of the heart, fatty
infiltration of the liver, and exdied.
tensive necrosis of blood vessels

in the lungs, kidney and liver.
The use
of
thermal vaporizers
with lindane has caused some

clear-cut instances of acute
poisoning. For example, two re-
freshment-stand operators
suffered severe headache, nausea,
and irritation of of eyes, nose,
and throat shortly after exposure
to lindane vapors from a dispenser
in which the insecticide apparently
became overheated. The symptoms abated 2 hours after the
device was removed. Overheated
lindane is more apt to cause
respiratory distress than lindane

is vaporized at lower temperatures. This is true because
heat releases more of the compound and also causes some splitting of the moleucle into highly
irritating decomposition products.
Nothing is known of chronic
systemic benzene hexachloride
poisoning from the study of human
subjects. In laboratory animals
the gamma isomer has by far the
greatest acute toxicity, but its
relatively rapid excretion by the
kidneys does not permit extensive
accumulation in the body and the
gamma isomer shows the lowest
toxicity on repeated exposure.
The highest chronic toxicity and
the lowest acute toxicity are
shown by the beta isomer. This
has no insecticidal importance but
forms a part of those formulations
prepared from technical grade
BHC. The use of lindane is therefore favored not only because it is
which
most effective form of benzene

hexachloride for killing insects,
but also because it probably presents a relatively low chronic
toxicity to workers.
Dermatitis, and perhaps other
manifestations based on sensitivity
represent a sort of chronic, though
probably not systemic intoxication,
which has been observed in human
beings. Dermatitis has been reported in workers who came in
contact with benzene hexachloride
and its precursors during manufacture and without proper hygienic precautions. Shortly after a
lindane vaporizer was installed in
her place of employment, a 35year-old woman developed
urticaria. The dermatitis improved during weekends, but recurred when she returned to work.
the
Patch tests were positive. Complete elimination of exposure resulted in permanent recovery
(Section 9).
The signs and
symptoms
of
confirmed acute poisoning in man

have paralled those of experimental animals. These signs and
symptoms are: excitation, hyperirritability, loss of equilibrium,
clonic -tonic convulsions, and
later depression.
There
is
some
346
evidence that the pulmonary

edema and vascular collapse may
be of neurogenic origin also. The
symptoms in animals systemically
poisoned by the gamma isomer
alone are essentially similar to
those caused by mixtures, although the onset may be earlier.
Men acutely exposed to high air
concentrations of lindane and its
decomposition products show
headache, nausea, and irritation
of eyes, nose and throat.
Urticaria has followed exposure to lindane vapor in rare instances. Unlike the signs and
symptoms already mentioned, this
allergic manifestation occurs only
in susceptible individuals, and
usually only after a period of
sensitization.

MCA
warning label.
BENZENE PHOSPHONIC ACID

Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: C 6H5PO(OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158.
M. P. 165C
Density 1.475
Toxicity:
Unknown
Section
BENZENE PHOSPHORUS
DICHLORIDE
Synonym: Phenyl dichlorophosphine.
Description: Colorless liquid while

in air.
Laboratory findings are essentially normal. Insecticide

may be demonstrated in the tissue of the poisoned animal by the
use of bioassay or by a specific
chemical test.
Pathology in animals from both
acute and chronic poisoning is
quite similar to that seen in DDT
poisoning (See DDT).
Treatment is essentially the
same as that for DDT. Wash
contaminated skin thoroughly with
soap and water. If the poison has
been taken internally, clear the
alimentary tract with pentobarbital or with phenobarbital. These
drugs should be given in large
doses and pushed to the limit of
therapeutic effectiveness. It is
not desirable to depress the
patient to the point of hypnosis.
However, persons poisoned by

stimulants may tolerate large
doses of barbiturates without undue depression and with great
benefit. Intravenous calcium
gluconate has been reported to
have some effectiveness as an
antidote and may be used in conjunction with the barbiturates.
Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Formula:
CeHsPC^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 179
M. P. -55C
B. P. 224. 6 C
Density 1. 319 @ 20 /ZQ C
Vap. D. 6. 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Disaster Control: See Hydrochloric
Acid.
Section 2
BENZENE PHOSPHORUS OXYDICHLORIDE

Synonym: Phenyl dichlorophosphine
oxide.
Description:
Colorless liquid;
faint fruity odor.
Formula: CfcH-jPOClz
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 195
B. P. 258C
Density 1. 375
Vap. D. 6. 7
Toxicity:
@ 20 /Z0 C
Unknown
Disaster Control: See Chlorides

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
347
BENZIDINE
BENZENE PHOSPHORUS THIODI-

CHLORIDE
Synonym: Phenyl dichlorophosphine
sulfide.
Description:
BENZENE SULFONYL FLUORIDE
colorless liquid
which fumes a little in

Formula: C 6H 5 PSC1 2
Description:
air.
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 160
B. P. 209C
Freezing P. -5C
Flash P. 196 F
Density 1. 329
Vap. Press. 8
Vap. D. 5. 52
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 211
B. P. 205C @130
Density 1. 376 @ 20 /l 3 C
Toxicity: Unknown
chlorides and oxides of phosphorous and sulfur; will react
toxic and flammable vapors.
mm
o- BENZENE
Formula:
mm @ 80 C
SULFENYL CHLORIDE
Yellow crystals.
Description:
2
NC 6H4SC1
(explosively)
73 - 74C
Toxicity: Unknown
5-BENZENE TETRACARBOXYLIC ACID. See Pyromel-
1,2,4,
Dangerous; when
decomposition it emits
litic

sulfur and chlorides; can react
vigorously with oxidizing mate-
Section
BENZHYDROL
Deliquescent plates or
tablets.
:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 184. 2
M. P. 68 - 69C
B. P. 301. 0C @50
mm
iy2 H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 185. 2
M. P. 43 - 44 C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Disaster Control: See Sulfur Compounds.
Section 2
di phenyl
carbinol.
Description: Needle-like crystals.
Formula: (C 6H 5 ) 2 CHOH
BENZENE SULFONIC ACID

C6H5S03H
Acid.
Synonyms: Benzohydrol;
rials.
Formula:
emits
Moderate, when
heated.
Disaster Control:
Description:
it
highly toxic fumes of fluorides,

chlorides and oxides of sulfur;
can react vigorously with oxidizing
materials.
M. P.
heated to
Toxicity: It appears to be highly

toxic by vapor inhalation. Possibly slightly irritating to skin
(Section 9).
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 189. 6
B. P. Decomposes at 170C
Explosion Hazard:
Clear liquid.
C 6H5S0 2 F
secticide.

emits acrid fumes.
it
BENZIDINE
Synonyms: Benzidine base; p-diaminodiphenyl.
Description: Grayish, yellow
crystalline powder; white or
slightly reddish crystals, powders
or leaf.
BENZIL
348
Formula:
NH 2 C ^C 6H 4 NH 2
insecticide.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
184. 23
127. 5 - 128.
@740
B. P.
mm

emits acrid fumes.
7C
401. 7C
Density 1. 250 @ 20 /4C

Acute Local: U
BENZILIC ACID
Synonym: Diphenylglycolic
Description:
Formula:
In-
3;
halation 3
Chronic Local: On proof.

3;
Inhalation 3
contact, immediately wash skin

with plenty of soap and water and
flush eyes with plenty of water for
at least 15 minutes. Secure
medical attention at once.
highly toxic fumes.
Section 2
MCA
warning label.
BENZIL
Synonym: Dibenzoyl.
Formula: C^sCOCOC^s
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 210. 2
M. P. 95C
B. P. 346 - 348 C
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
C 6H 5C(OH)(COOH)C6H5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 228. 24
M. P. 146 - 149C
B. P. 180 C Decomposes
Toxicity:
Benzidine is of little
importance as a methemoglobin
former and therefore of a low
order of toxicity in industrial
exposures. However, it remains
on the list of suspected materials
because it is a possible cause of
bladder tumors, although available data indicate that bladder
tumors cannot be caused by the
administration of this compound
to experimental animals as in the
case of beta-naphthylamine.
Nevertheless, some authorities
still state that benzidine is
certainly one of the causes of
bladder cancer.
Treatment and Antidotes: In case of
Toxicology:
acid.
Light tan powder.
Unknown
Fire Hazard: Slight; when exposed

BENZINE
This name is not chemically
accurate and its use should be
avoided. )
(Note:
Synonyms: Petroleum ether; petrol-
eum benzine.
Description: Clear, colorless,
volatile mixture of several of the
lighter constituents of petroleum.
Formula: C nH 2n + 2
Constants:
M. P. > -100F
B. P. 38 - 71 C
Flash P. < 0F (O. C.)
Density 0. 64
Vap. D. 4. 5
Inhalation 1
Chronic Systemic:
Caution: May contain some benzene
or benzene homologs; an insecticide and solvent. Should not be
confused with Benzene.
its vapors are exposed to flame.
Use with adequate ventilation.
Disaster Control: Highly dangerous,
upon exposure to heat or flame.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BENZOIN
349
Section 2

BENZINOFORM,
See Carbon
Tetrachloride.
BENZOATE OF SODA,
See Sodium
Benzoate.
BENZOCAINE
Synonym: Ethyl-p-aminobenzoate.
Description: White, crystalline,
odorless, tasteless, powder.
Formula:
C 6H 4 NH 2 COOC 2H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165. 19
M. P. 88 - 90C
tion
Inges-
BENZOGUANAMINE
Crystals.
Formula: C 6H 5 (C 3 N3)(NH2)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 187. 2
M. P. 227 C
Density 1. 4
Unknown

White powder.
C 6H 5COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

Section 2
Formula:
Crystals.
(C^COÔ
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 226. 2
M. P. 42C
B. P. 360C
Density 1. 1989 @ 15 /4C

gen 1; Ingestion 1;
tion
AllerInhala-
1;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
it emits smoke;
will react with
water or steam to produce heat
(Section 6).
Section 2
benzyl ketone; phenylbenzoyl

carbinol.
Description:
Formula:
122. 12
121. 7C
249 C
Density 1. 316
Synonyms: Phenyl alpha -hydroxy
Synonym: Phenylformic Acid.
M. P.
Inhalation
BENZOIN
BENZOIC ACID
Formula:
1;
Description:
1;
Description:
tion

Chronic Local:
BENZOIC ANHYDRIDE
Section 2
Toxicity:
1065 F
Vap. Press. 1 mm@96. 0C (sublimes)
Vap. D. 4. 21
Synonym: Benzoic acid anhydride.

Chronic Systemic: U
Description:
Autoign. Temp.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
C 14 H 12 02
212. 24
M. P.
132C
B. P.
343 C
BENZOL
350
Density 1. 310 @ 20/4C

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
emits acrid fumes.
Section 2
BENZOL,
BENZOQUINONE
Synonym: Quinone.
Formula: CO(CHCH) 2 CO
it
See Benzene


Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 09
M. P. 115. 7C
B. P. Sublimes
Density 1. 307
Aller-
1;
gen 2
2;
Inhalation 2
Caution: Injurious to eyes.

emits acrid fumes.
it
BENZONITRILE
Synonym: Phenyl cyanide.
Transparent, colorless
almond-like odor.
Description:
oil;
Formula:
CfcH 5
CN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 103. 12
M. P. -12.9C
B. P. 190. 7C
Density 1. 0102 @ 15 /l 5 C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 28. 2C
Flash P. None Discernible
Toxicity: High. See Cyanides.
mm
2-BENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE
Cream to light yellow
Description:
powder.
Formula: (C 6H 4SNCS) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 332. 5
M. P. 175C
Density 1. 5
Toxicity:
Unknown
Disaster Control: See Sulfur Compounds.

1,2,
3-BENZOTRIAZOLE
Synonym: Aziminobenzene.
BENZOPHENONE
Description:
Synonyms: Phenyl ketone; diphenyl
Formula: C 6H 4 NHNN
ketone.
Description: Rhombic white crystals;
persistent rose-like odor.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula: C 6 H 5COC 6H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 182. 21
M. P. a = 49C;
y= 47 C
B. P. 305. 4C
Density a form =
50 C;
(3
form
23/4C
Vap. Press.
{3
B. P.
Toxicity:
26C;
0976 @ 50 /
108 @
= 1.

Ketones.
Toxicity:
None
119.
100C
204C
@15
mm
Unknown
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes.
BENZOTRICHLORIDE
Synonym:
mm @ 108. 2C
Toxic Rating Code:
M. P.
= Slight
Toluene trichloride
Description: Clear, colorless to
yellowish liquid; penetrating odor.
Formula: C6H 5CC1 3

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 195.46
M. P. -5C
B. P. 220 C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BENZOYL PEROXIDE, DRY
351
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Density 1.38 @15. 5/l5. 5C

Vap. D. 6. 77
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Acid.
Section 2
Trifluoromethylbenzene.
Description:
Water -white
liquid;
aromatic ordor.
Formula: C6H 5CF 3
Unknown
6).

it can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
(3
-BENZOYL ACRYLIC ACID
Synonym: trans-(3-Benzoyl acrylic

acid.
Description:
Formula:
Formula:
tion
5

chloride.
Description: Colorless, fuming,
pungent liquid.
C 6H 5 COCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146. 1
M. P. -28. 5C
B. P. 101 C
Flash P. 54 F (C. C. )
Density 1. 197 @15. 5/l5.
Vap. D. 5. 04
Toxicity:
Synonym: Benzene carbonyl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 140. 5
M. P. -0. 5C
B. P. 197C
Density 1 2187 @ 1 5 /l 5 C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 32. 1 C
Vap. D. 4. 88
BENZ OTRIFLUORIDE
Synonym:
BENZOYL CHLORIDE
Straw-yellow crystals.
C 6H 5COCHCHCOOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 176. 2
M. P. 99 C
Toxicity: Unknown
2;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
to heat or flame.
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxchemical or carbon

ide, dry

produce heat and toxic and corrosive fumes; can react vigorously
Section 2
Corrosive
liquid;
white label.

rosive liquid;

emits acrid fumes.
it
MCA
BENZOYL PEROXIDE, DRY

White, granular,
tasteless, odorless crystalline

solid.
Formula:
(C 6H 5 CO) 2
Cor-
white label.
warning label.
Description:
BENZOYL AMINO METHOXY

CHLOR ANTHRAQUINONE
mm
BENZOYL PEROXIDE, WET

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P
352
242. 22
108C (decomp.
B. P. Decomposes explosively
Autoign. Temp. 176F
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction in
To
relatively safe. It is most dangerous when it contains very low

percentages of water (l% or less).
Section 2

contact with reducing agents;
BENZYL ACETATE
Description:
chemical, carbon tetrachloride

6).

exposed to heat; has been known
to explode spontaneously.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; may
explode spontaneously. Must be
kept dry. See note under "Benzoyl Peroxide, Wet. "
Oxidizing
BENZOYL PEROXIDE, WET
Description: A paste.
Constant:
Autoign. Temp. 176F
Inges-
it emits toxic fumes;

can react with reducing mate-
rials.
Mixed with a large surplus

e.
of
30%) this material is
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Flash P. 216F ( C. C. )
Density 1. 06
Autoign Temp. 862 F
Vap. D. 5. 1
2;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide or carbon tetrachloride (Sec-

Section 2
carbinol.
Description:
position,
(i.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150. 17
M. P. -51. 5C
B. P. 213. 5C
BENZYL ALCOHOL
agents; a powerful oxidizer.

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decom-
water
Liquid.
CH 3 COOCH 2 C 6H 5
Synonyms: Hydroxytoluene; phenyl
ical reaction with reducing
Note:
Formula:
tion 6).
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate by chem-
it

With not less than 30% water.

produce heat; a powerful oxidizer.
Fight Fire: Carbon dioxide, dry
(Section
= Slight
Water -white
liquid;
aromatic odor.
Formula: C 6H 5 CH 2 OH
faint
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 13
M. P. -15.3C
B. P. 205. 7C
Density 1. 050 @15/l5C
Autoign. Temp. 817F
Vap. Press. 1
@ 58. 0C
Vap. D. 3. 72
mm
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BENZYL CHLORIDE
353


Acute Local: Irritant 1; Allergen lj Ingestion 1; Inhalation 1
Acute Systemic: Ingestion 1; Inhalation 1; Skin Absorption
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
Inges2;
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
tion
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes of bromides.
rate): Section 2
Corrosive
BENZYL BENZOATE
Description:
3;
Liquid.
Formula: C 6H 5COOCH 2 C 6H 5
BENZYL "CELLOSOLVE"
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym: Ethylene glycol mono
M. P.
benzyl ether.
faint rose-like odor.
2,12. 2
21 C
324C
Flash P. 298 F (C. C. )
Density 1. 114
Vap. D. 7. 3
Acute Local: Allergen 1; IngesB. P.
tion
1;
Inhalation
Formula:
152. 19
M. P.
-75C
B. P.
256 C

Density 1. 068
Autoign Temp. 665 F
Vap. D. 5. 25
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
tion
Section 2
C 6H 5CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
2;
Inhalation

Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
Irritant
2;
Chronic Systemic: U
BENZYL BROMIDE
Synonym: Bromotoluene.
Description: Clear refractive liquid;
pleasant odor.
Formula:
C 6H 5CH 2 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 171.04
M. P. -4. 0C
B. P. 198C
Density 1. 438 @ 22/() C
Vap. D. 5. 8
dioxide, dry
(Section 6).
normal
Section 2
BENZYL CHLORIDE
Synonym: a-Chlorotoluene.
aromatic odor.
rate):
BENZYL CHLOROCARBONATE
Formula:
C6H 5CH 2 C1
Acute Local:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
126. 58
tion
M. P. -43 C
B. P. 179C
Density 1. 1026 @ 1 8/4C
Autoign. Temp. ll6lF
Vap. D. 4. 36
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
million of air.
part per

2;
Irritant
2;
Inges-
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
and hydrogen chloride; it will react with water or steam to produce
heat, toxic and corrosive fumes.
Section 2
Corrosive
o-BENZYL-p- CHLOROPHENOL
6).

exposed to flame. The decomposition can reach explosive
violence in presence of metals
such as iron.
Explosive Range: 1.1% (L. E. L. )
Section 2
Corrosive
MAC
354
Description:
Formula:
Nearly colorless flakes.
C^HnOCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 218. 6
M. P. 49 C
B. P. 175C @5
Density 1.2 @55/25C
Acute Local: Irritant 2; Inges
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes.
Section 2
mm
BENZYL CINNAMATE
Synonym: Cinnamein.
warning label.
White crystals;
aromatic odor.
Formula: C9H 7 2 C 7H 7
Description:
BENZYL CHLOROCARBONATE.
See Benzyl Chloroformate.
BENZYL CHLOROFORMATE
Synonym: Benzyl chlorocarbonate.
yellow liquid; odor of phosgene.
Formula:
ClCOOC 6H 5CH 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
170. 6
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 238. 27
M. P. 39 C
B. P. 350. 0C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 173. 8 C
mm
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
.
BENZYL NICOTINIUM CHLORIDE
355
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
gerous;
sition,
iodides.
Section 2
BENZYL CYANIDE
BENZYL MERCAPTAN
Synonym: Phenyl acetonitrile.

Description: Oily liquid; aromatic
Synonyms: alpha-toluene
phenyl methane thiol.
odor.
Formula:
Mercaptans and Benzene.

BENZYL DIETHYLAMINE
Liquid.
Formula: C 6H 5 CH 2 N(C2H5)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 163.26
B. P. 207 - 216C
Density 0. 89
Vap. D. 5.6
See also
Amines.
Colorless crystals.
Formula: C 6 H 5 CH 2 I
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 218.05
M. P. 24 C
B. P. 93C @10
Density 1. 733 @ 25 /4C
mm
tion 2;
rials.

Section 2
BENZYL NICOTINIUM CHLORIDE

Formula:
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Crystals.
C 10H 14N2Cl(C 6H 5CH 2 Cl)
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym: a-Iodotoluene.
6).

when heated to decomposition
and on contact with acid or
acid fumes, emits highly
toxic fumes; can react vigorously with oxidizing mate-
Description:
BENZYL IODIDE
Description:
thiol;
Description: A water-white, mobile

liquid; strong odor.
Formula: C 7 H 8S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 124. 2
B. P. 194. 8C
Vap. D. 4. 28
C 8H 7 N
Constants:
Mol Wt. 117. 1
M. P. -23. 8C
B. P. 233. 5C
Density 1. 0214 @ 15 /l 5 C
Vap. D. 4. 03
Description:
when heated to decompoemits toxic fumes of
288. 8

Acute Local: Irritant 2 Allergen 1; Ingestion 3; Inhalation 2
;
rate):
Section 2

p-BENZYL OXYPHENOL
356
Section
p-BENZYL OXYPHENOL
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
C 6 H 5CH 2 OC 6H 5
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 184. 2
Phenol.
rials.
See also
Fire Hazard: Slight, in the presence

of heat or flame (Section 6).
Section
o-BENZYL PHENOL
Synonym: (Z-Hydroxydiphenyl)
methane.
Description:
Formula:

Pyridine.
Fire Hazard: A moderately flammable material (Section 6).
vigorously with oxidizing mateToxicity:
Crystals or liquid.
C^HsCHzCÔH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 184. 2
M. P. 20 C
B. P. 154 - 156C @10
Phenol.
highly toxic fumes.
mm
BENZYL SALICYLATE
Crystals;
to slightly pink
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 228. 2
B. P. 208C @26
Density 1. 175 @ 20 C
also Benzyl Alcohol and Salicylic Acid.
mm

BENZYL THIOCYANATE
Synonym:
Benzyl mustard
line solid.
Formula: C 6H 5 CH 2 CNS
Constants:
colorless
41 C
B. P.
230C
149.2
1. 125
Details unknown.
(Section
6).
BENZYLTRIMETHYL AMMONIUM
CHLORIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 184. 23
M. P. 84C
B. P. 313C
Density 1. 10 @ 25/25C
Phenol.
highly toxic fumes.
BENZYL PYRIDINE
Formula: C 6 H 5 CH 2 C5H 4 N
Description:
Formula:
None
liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 185.7
B. P. > 135 C (Decomp. )
Freezing P. < -50 C (6l% sol. )
Density 1.07 @ 20 /20 (61% sol.)
Toxicity:
Unknown

Description:
=
Thick
C 6H 5CH 2 N(CH3) 3 C1
N-BENZYL-N,N,N-TRIMETHYL
AMMONIUM HEXAFLUOPHOSPHATE
169. 2
Toxic Rating Code:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
powder; faintly
C 6H 5CH 2 C 6H 4OH
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
oil.
Orange-red crystal-
Description:
See also
Thiocyanates.
Fire Hazard: Moderately flammable
pleasant phenolic odor.
Formula:
pleasant
liquid;
Formula: HOC^COzCHzCfiHs
Toxicity:
Synonym: (4-Hydroxydiphenyl)
methane.
Description:
Thick
Description:
odor.
Density
p-BENZYL PHENOL
Section 7
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
Crystals.
3 =
High
Unknown
BERYLLIUM
357
Formula: C 6H 5CH 2 N(CH3) 3 PF 6
Should never be ingested without

the advise of a physician. Should
not be handled excessively, since
it may be absorbed through the
skin and have a toxic effect upon
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 295
M. P. 1. 52 C
Toxicity:
Unknown
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, or on contact with acid or
acid fumes, emits highly toxic
fumes.
the body.
BERBERINE COMPOUNDS.
BERGAMOT
HYDROXIDE
Composition:
1-linaylacetate,
1-linalool, d-limonene, dipentene,
Solid.
Formula: C 6H 5CH2N(CH3) 3 OH
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 150.3
2;
bergaptene.
Constant:
Inges-
tion 2

Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat; can react with
oxidizing materials; products of
heat decomposition are flammable
(Section
OIL
Description: Yellow-green liquid;

agreeable odor.
BENZYL TRIMETHYL AMMONIUM

Description:
See
Berberine.
Density 0.875- 0. 880 @ 25/25 C

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
emits acrid fumes.
BERYL
6).

Description: Green, blue, yellow

or white crystals.
Formula:

Section
3BeO
A1 2
6Si0 2
Constant:
Density
BERBERINE
Description:
2. 63 - 2. 91
Details unknown. Probably
has little toxicity of itself as it has
not been known to cause pneumoconiosis. See also Beryllium.
Section 2
Toxicity:
White to yellow crys-
tals.
Formula: C 20 H 17 NO 4
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 443.44
M. P. Anh. 145C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: An alkaloid poison. In
toxic doses it lowers the temperature, increases peristalsis, and
causes death by central paralysis.
highly toxic fumes.
Section 2
Should carry a poison label.
BERYLLIUM
Synonym: Glucinum
Description: A grayish-white, hard
light metal.
Formula: Be
Constants:
M. P.
At. Wt.
9.013
1278C
2970 C
Density 1.85
Chronic Local: Irritant 1; InhaB. P.
lation 3
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion
3;
Inhalation 3
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Be 7 half-life 53. 7

,
BERYLLIUM ACETATE
358
emits gamma rays of 0.48

The permissible levels are:
In body: 670 microcuries. In
air: 4X 10 6 microcurie per
milliliter. In water: 1 microcurie
per milliliter. Artificial isotope
Be 10 half-life: 2. 7 X 10 6 years;
emits beta particles of 0. 56 mev.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, in form of
dust or powder; or when exposed
to flame by spontaneous chemical
reaction (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, in the
days;
mev.
form
powder or
dust.
of
Section 2

C. C. Classification: Metal
powder, Poison B; poison
label.
Coast Guard Classification: Metal
powder, Poison B; poison
BERYLLIUM BENZENESULFONATE
Description:
Formula: Be(C 6H 5
3 S) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 323.35
Toxicity: See Beryllium Compounds.
highly toxic fumes of Beryllium
oxide and oxides of sulfur.
BERYLLIUM
o-
BORATE, BASIC
Synonym: Hambergite.
Decription: Rhombic crystals.
Formula: Be 2 (OH)B0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 93. 85
Density 2. 35
I.
label.
BERYLLIUM ACETATE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 127. 10
See Beryllium Compounds.
BERYLLIUM ALGINATE
Toxicity:
BERYLLIUM ALUMINATE
Synonym: Chrysoberyl.
Description: Rhombic crystals.
Formula: BeAl 2 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126. 95
Density 3. 76
Toxicity: See Beryl
Section 2
BERYLLIUM ALUMINUM SILICATE

Synonym: Euclase.
Description:
Formula: Be 2 Al 2 (Si0 4 ) 2 (OH)2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 290. 12
Density: 3. 1
Toxicity: See Beryl
rate): Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Solid.
Formula: Be(BH 4
)2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 38. 72
M. P. 123C; sublimes
@91C
Plates.
Formula: Be(C 2 H 3 02)2
Toxicity:
BERYLLIUM BOROHYDRIDE
Description:
= Slight

Toxicity: See Beryllium Compounds, Boron Compounds and
Hydrides.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or by spontaneous
agents (Section 6).
Disaster Control: Dangerous, will
react with water or steam to produce heat and hydrogen; can react
vigorously with oxidizing materials; and on contact with acid or
acid fumes, emits toxic fumes.
BERYLLIUM BROMIDE
Description:
needles.
White deliquescent
Formula: BeBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 168. 85
M. P. 490 C; sublimes @474C
B. P. 520 C
Density 3. 465 @25C
BERYLLIUM BUTYRATE, BASIC

Description:
Crystals.
Formula: Be 4 0(C 4 H 7
2 =
Moderate
3 =
2) 6
High
Unknown
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
359
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 574.6
B. P. 239 @19
highly toxic fumes of beryllium
mm
oxide.
BERYLLIUM CARBIDE
Description:
crystals.
Hexagonal yellow
Formula: Be 2 C
Constants:
Mol Wt. 30.0
M, P. > 2100 C Decomposes
Density 1. 90 @15 C
Fire Hazard: Details unknown. See
also Carbides.
See also Carbides.
react with water or steam to produce flammable vapors and highly
toxic fumes of beryllium oxides.
BERYLLIUM CARBONATE, BASIC

Description:
Formula:
White powder.
BeC0 3
Be(OH) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 112.05
by exposure to acid salts of the

metal, particularly the fluoride
(BeF 2 ), the ammonium fluoride,

and the sulfate (BeS0 4 ), and also
to beryllium oxide )BeO), and
hydroxide [Be(OH) 2 ], Exposure to
the oxide also occurs in the casting of beryllium alloys and in
operations with beryllia ceramics.
In the manufacture of fluorescent
powders, lamps and sign tubes
there may be exposure to beryllium
carbonate and to more complex
salts, such as zinc manganese
beryllium silicate.
Beryllium compounds can enter
the body through inhalation of the
dusts and fumes and they may act
locally on the skin. Exposure to
beryllium compounds encountered
in the extraction of the metal or
its oxide from the ore, particularly
the halide salts, has been attended,
in certain individuals, by the
development of dermatitis of an
edematous and papulovesicular
type (Section 9), chronic skin
ulcers, rhinitis, nasopharyngitis,
epistaxis, bronchitis and in severe
cases, by the development of an
acute pneumonits, with cough,
scanty sputum, low-grade fever,
rales, dyspnea and substernal
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
Radiographs show diffues

haziness throughout both lungs,
followed by the appearance of soft,
ill-defined opacities. The condition usually occurs while the
worker is exposed, sometimes
within one or two months of
starting work, and recovery
occurs within two months, as a
rule, though radiographic changes
sometimes persist for longer
periods. Certain investigators
have reported occasional failure
of complete resolution, followed
by fibrosis. In severe cases of
pneumonitis the patient may die.
Nercopsies have revealed diffuse

Chronic Local: Irritant 1; In-
pulmonary edema, hemorrhagic

extravasation, large numbers of
plasma cells and a relative
absence of polymorphonuclear in-
BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE
Description:
needles.
Colorless deliquescent
Formula: BeCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 79.93
M. P. 440 C
B. P. 520 C
Density 1. 899 @25C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 291 C (sublimes)
mm
halation 3
filtration.

Inhalation
pain.
3;
The extraction of
beryllium from its ore is attended
Toxicology:
On
the basis of experi-
mental work with animals, certain

investigators are of the opinion
that the acute upper and lower
respiratory effects are due chiefly
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
to the acid radical
360
present in the
dust or fume, but this view has

little support.
A delayed form of lung disease,
characterized by the occurrence

of granulomatous areas in the
lung tissue, has been reported in
workers manufacturing florescent
powders, lamps and sign tubes,
casting beryllium master alloys,
and in the production of beryllium
from beryl ore. Symptoms can
start during exposure, but they
might be delayed up to 5 years or
more after leaving work. The
commonest symptoms are coughing, shortness of breath, loss of
appetite, loss of weight, and
fatigue. Rales are usually
present in the bases and axillae,
and the red cell count is frequently elevated. Cyanosis is
common and the pulse and
respiratory rates are often increased. Radiographically, three
stages of the disease are described: (l) a diffuse, uniform
granular shadowing extending
throughout both lung fields; (2) a
diffuse reticular pattern on the
granular background; (3) the
appearance of distinct nodules
scattered through the lungs, with
some enlargement and blurring of
the hilar shadows. The intensity
of the shadowing is usually
greater in the middle third of the
lung fields. The prognosis is
poor.
Clinical
improvement may
occur gradually over a period of

several years, but there appears
to be little tendency for the radiographic shadowing to clear. In
certain cases, the disease has
progressed gradually for some
months or years, with death resulting from respiratory and

cardiac failure. In several instances necropsies have shown
presence of a diffuse fibrosis

with coarse strands of hyalinized
collagen between the alveoli and,
in some places, replacing them.
The hyalinized areas contained
granulomatous foci, the alveolar
walls are thickened and fibrosed,
the blood vessels being engored
and dilated. In some cases the
hilar lymph nodes show granulothe
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
matous change and fibrosis.

Granulomatous change has also
been noted in the liver and hyaline
fibrosis in the spleen. Two cases
of delayed lung disease not coming
to
autopsy have presented papular
lesions on the dorsum of the hands;

on biopsy these showed "sacroidlike" lesions with central necrosis.
Several cases have been reported in which localized granulomatous lesions developed following
penetrating wounds caused by
splinters of glass from broken
fluorescent light tubes. Several
weeks or months following the
accident, swellings were noted in
the injured areas and excision re-
vealed granulomatous tumors,

which in one case was shown to
contain beryllium. Several cases
of beryllium granuloma have been
reported in persons residing near
processing plants and in families
of beryllium workers.
There is no specific treatment,
but temporary remissions have
been produced by ACTH and
cortisone.
Section 2
BERYLLIUM-COPPER ALLOY
Description: A metallic alloy.
Formula: Be Cu
x
y
BERYLLIUM ETHYL,
See Diethyl
Beryllium.
BERYLLIUM FLUORIDE
Amorphous, colorless
mass.
Formula: BeF 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 47.02
M. P. 800 C
Density 1. 986 @25C
Toxicity: See Beryllium Compounds
and Fluorides.
BERYLLIUM FORMATE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
(Be(COOH) 2 x
)
Constants: Mol. Wt. (99.1) x

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BERYLLIUM
361
Toxicity: See Beryllium Compounds,
also Nitrides.

See also Nitrides.
Disaster Control: Dangerous, will
react with water or steam to produce toxic fumes.
oxide.
o- PHOSPHATE
BERYLLIUM HYDROXIDE
Description: White amorphous
powder or crystals.
BERYLLIUM OXALATE
Rhombic crystals.
Formula: BeC 2 4 3H z O
Description:
Formula: Be(OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
43.04
M. P. Decomposes
Density
Toxicity:
1.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 151.08
M. P. -2H 2 O@100C; -3H 2 @
220 C
B. P. Decomposes @350C
and Oxalates.
138C
909 (cr)
BERYLLIUM IODIDE
Description:
Colorless needles.
Formula: Bel 2
BERYLLIUM OXIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 262. 85
M. P. 480 C
B. P. 488C
Density 4. 325 @25C
Synonym: Bromellete.
White or amorphous
powder.
Formula: BeO
Description:
BERYLLIUM NITRATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 25.
M. P. 2530 30C
Density 3. 025
Description: White, yellowish

crystals; deliquescent.
BERYLLIUM
Formula: Be(N0 3
3H z O
2,
4-
PENTANEDIONE
DERIVATIVE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 187. 08
M. P. 60 C
B. P. Decomposes 100 - 200C
and Nitrates.
of nitrogen and beryllium; can
materials.
Description:
crystals.
Monoclinic white
Formula: Be(C 5H 7
2) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 207. 23
M. P. 108C
B. P. 270 C
Density 1. 168 @4C
toxic fumes of beryllium oxide.
BERYLLIUM m- PHOSPHATE
Description:
Crystals.
BERYLLIUM NITRIDE
Formula: Be(P0 3
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 167.0
Cubic colorless crys-
tals.
Formula: Be 3 N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 55.06
M. P. 2200 100C
B. P. Decomposes 2240 C
BERYLLIUM
Description:
o- PHOSPHATE
Crystals.
Formula: Be 3 (P0 4 ) 2

Toxicity:
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
3H z O
271.05
BERYLLIUM POTASSIUM FLUORIDE

M. P. -H 2
Toxicity:
@100C
BERYLLIUM POTASSIUM
Description:
fluoride.
White crystal masses.

G1F 2 (KF) 2 BeF 2 (KF) 2
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 163. 30
and Fluorides.
it may emit highly toxic fumes of
fluorides of beryllium oxide.
BERYLLIUM PROPIONATE
ACETATE, BASIC
Crystals.
Formula: Be 4 0(C 2 H 3
2)3
-(C 3 H 5
2)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 448. 39
M. P. 127C
B. P. 330C
heated to decomposition, it may
emit toxic
oxide.
fumes
of
Crystals.
Formula: BeS0 4
Synonym: Glucinum potassium
Description:
emits toxic fumes of beryllium.

BERYLLIUM SULFATE
FLUORIDE
Formula:
362
beryllium
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 105.08
M. P. 550 - 600 C (Decomp.
Density 2. 443
Toxicity:
BERYLLIUM SULFIDE
Description:
Solid crystalline mass.
Formula: BeS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 41.08
Density 2. 36
and Sulfides.
oxides of sulfur and beryllium
oxide; will react with water or
steam to produce toxic fumes and
flammable vapors.
BERYLLIUM ZINC SILICATE

Crystalline solid.
Description:
Formula: BeZn(Si0 4
BERYLLIUM SODIUM- FLUORIDE

Synonym: Glucinum sodium fluoride.
Description: White crystalline mass.
Formula: BeF 2 (NaF) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 131. 10
and Fluorides.
emits highly toxic fumes of fluorides and possibly of beryllium
oxide.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 166. 5
BETA RAYS
Description: Particulate radiation
emitted by certain radioactive
isotopes. Beta rays consist of
electrons moving at high velocity.
Radiation Hazard: See Section 5 for
complete discussion.
BICHROMATE OF SODA.
See
Sodium Dichromate.
BICYCLOHEXYL
Synonym: Dicyclohexyl.
BERYLLIUM STEARATE
Description:
White waxy crystals.
Formula: Be(C 18 H 35
None
pleasant
oil;
Formula: C 12 H 22
2) 2

M. P. 45 C
heated to decomposition, it may
Toxic Rating Code:
Colorless
Description:
odor.
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 166.3
M. P. 2C
B. P. 240 C
Flash P.
2 =
215F
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BIS(2-BUTYL OCTYL) SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE
363
Density 0. 883 @ 25/l5. 6 C

Vap. D. 5. 73
Toxicity: Unknown

Chronic Systemic: U

Section
BIRCH
7
BI- (ETHYL
MERCURIC)
PERTfflOCYANATE
See Mercury Compounds,

Organic.
Disaster Control: See Mercury Compounds, Organic and Thiocyanates.
Toxicity:
BIG REDS. See Explosives, High.

2-
tion
BIPHENYLYLDIPHENYL
PHOSPHATE
Description:
Formula:
Toxicity:
BIS(o-AMINO PHENYL DISULFIDE)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 402. 37
M. P. < 0C
B. P. 250 - 285C @5
Flash P. 437 F
Density 1. 2 @60>4C
Vap. D. 13. 8
mm

2,
Unknown

to heat or flame.
6).

insecticide.
oxides of sulfur.
Clear mobile liquid.
C 24H 19
WOOD DUST
Description: A typical wood dust.

Acute Systemic:
with oxidizing materials (Sec-
6).
Section
2-BIS(p-BROMOPHENYL)-i,
l,
1-TRICHLOROETHANE
Formula: C 14 H 9 Br 2 Cl 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 443.43
phosgene.

phosphorus; can react with oxidizing materials.
BIS(2-BUTYL OCTYL) SODIUM
l-(^BIPHENYLYLOXY)-2-PROPANOL
Description:
it
SULFOSUCCINATE
See Propylene Glycol- 4 -Biphenylyl
Ether.
BIRCH TAR OIL

Description: Brown liquid;
like odor.
Constant:
Density 0. 886 - 0. 950
gen 1; Ingestion 2
Acute Systemic: U
leather-
(C 12 H 25 2 C) 2 CH2CHS0 3 Na
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 556
M. P. > 200 C
Density 1.0 @ 25 C
Toxicity:
Aller-
White waxy pellets.
Formula:
Unknown

sulfur.

Section
2,2-BIS(tert-BUTYLPEROXY) BUTANE
2,
2-BIS(tert-BUTYLPEROXY)

Section 2
BUTANE
22 -PB
Synonym:
Formula:
(CH 3 )3COOC(CH3) 2OOC(CH3)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 220. 3
M. P. -10 to -26C
Flash P. 84F (O.C.)
Density 0. 8655 @ 20/4C
Vap. D. 7. 59
Toxicity: Unknown
BIS(5-CHLORO- 2-HYDROXYPHENYL)
METHANE
Formula:
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; it burns

when exposed to heat or flame or
by spontaneous chemical reaction
Caution: This is an oxidizer as well
as a flammable material.
364
(C 6 H 3 Cl(OH) 2 CH 2 )
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 158. 6
insecticide.
BIS ( p-CHLOROPHENOXY
METHANE)
6).

Synonyms: Di(4-chlorophenoxy)
methane.
Description:
Formula:
BIS(2-p-tert-BUTYLPHENOXY
ETHYL) SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE

Description:
Formula:
White powder.
(C 12 H 17 OC0 2 ) 2 CH 2SCH0 3 Na
Toxicity:
Unknown
Unknown

2,
2-BIS-( P -CHLOROPHENYL)-l,
1-DICHLOROETHANE. See DDD
BIS-(o-CHLOROPHENYL) PHENYL
sulfur.
BIS(p-tert-BUTYL PHENYL)
PHENYL PHOSPHATE
Description:
Clear viscous liquid.
Formula: C 2 gH 31
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 438.49
B. P. 260 - 275C @5
Freezing P. < C
Flash P. 482 F
Density 1. 1 1 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. D. 15. 1
Unknown

to heat or flame.
Disaster Control:
Toxic Rating Code:
6).
Dangerous; when
=
None
PHOSPHATE
Description: Clear, pale straw
colored mobile liquid.
Formula: C 18 H 13 4 C1 2 P
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 395. 18
M. P. < 0C
B. P. 255 - 275C @5
Flash P. > 437 F
Density 1. 34 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. D. 13. 6
Toxicity: Unknown.
mm
mm
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 269. 1
M. P. 67 - 68C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 540
M. P. 130 - 140C
Density 1. @25C
Toxicity:
White crystals.
C 13 H 10 Cl 2 O 2
= Slight

to heat or flame.
6).

highly toxic fumes of chlorides
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BIS-
365
and oxides
of
phosphorus;
(2-
HYDROXY- 5-C HLORO- PHENYL) SULFIDE
can
Section 2


Section 2
1,
3-BIS-ETHYLAMINOBUTANE
Description:
CHLOROPHENYL)- 1,1,
1-TRICHLOROE THANE. See DDT
2, 2-
BIS-
(p-
BIS(DIETHYLTHIOCARBAMYL)
DISULFIDE
Synonym:
Tetraethylthiuram disul-
fide.
Powder.
C 10 H 20 N 2 S 4
Description:
Formula:

Toxicity: Details unknown, but toxic
when accompanied by ingestion of
alcohol.
sulfur and nitrogen.
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 C 4 H 7 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129. 2
3. P. 354F
Flash P. 115F
Density 0. 81
Vap. D. 4.44
Toxicity: Unknown

To Fight Fire: i Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon
Section

BIS(2-
ETHYLHEXYL>-2-ETHYL-
HEXYLPHOSPHONATE
BIS(l,3-DIMETHYLBUTYL) AMINE
Description: Colorless liquid, very

mild odor.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
Formula: [CH 3 CH(CH3)CH 2 CH(CH3)] 2
NH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 185. 2
B. P. 190 - 200C
Density 0. 775 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 6.38
Amines.
BIS(DIMETHYLTHIOCARBAMYL)
DISULFIDE
Synonym:
Tetramethylthiuram
di-
sulfide.
Powder.
C 6H 12 N 2S 4
Description:
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
C 8 H 17 P(0)(OC 8 H 17 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 418.6
B. P. 161 C @0. 25
Flash P. 419F (C. O. C.
Density 0. 908 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 14.4
Toxicity: Unknown
mm
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame.
when exposed

ide,
heated
to
decomposition,
it
emits

phosphorous; can react
HYDROXY- 5 -CHLOROPHENYL) SULFIDE

Formula: (C 6 H 3 OHCl) 2S
BIS- (2-
240.44

Acute Local: U
Acute Systemic: 2
Chronic Local: U
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 287. 2
2;
Inhalation 2

nitrogen and sulfur.
a fungi-
cide.

highly toxic fumes of chlorides and
oxides of sulfur.
BIS-
(2-
HYDROXY- 3, 5-DICHLOROPHENYL) SULFIDE
HYDROXY- 3, 5- DICHLOROPHENYL) SULFIDE
BIS- (2-
Description: Odorless, tasteless,

white crystalline solid.
Formula: C 12 H 6 C1 4 2S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 356. 1
M. P. 187 - 188C
Density 1. 73
Toxicity: Unknown
oxides of sulfur.
BISMARCK BROWN
331
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
2,
METH0XYPHENYL)-1,
1-TRICHLOROETHANE.
See
l,
Methoxychlor.
ETHER
METHYL BENZYL
daughter of Rn 222 (radon).

Natural isotope Bi 212 half -life:
60. 5 minutes; emits alpha particles of 6.
mev (75%) and 6. 1
mev (25%), beta particles of 2. 25
mev and many gamma rays between
212 is
a member of
0. 7-2. 2 mev. Bi
the thorium series. With its short
half-life it is only considered a
hazard as a daughter of Rn 220 (thoron).
One -third of the Bi 212 atoms decay
by alpha emmission, the other twothirds by beta emmission.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when exposed to flame and by chemi,
Section 2

White crystals.
Description:
Formula: Bi(C2H 3
BISMUTH
Description: Hexagonal silver-white
or reddish metallic crystals.
Formula: Bi
Constants:
At. Wt. 209. 00
M. P. 271. 3C
B. P. 1420 - 1560C
Density 9. 80
Toxicity: See Bismuth Compounds.
MAC: 2 milligrams per cubic meter
of air.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Natural

isotope Bi 210 (Radium E), half-life:
days; emits beta particles of
5.
Bi 210 is a member of
1. 17 mev.
uranium series. It is the immediate daughter of Pb 210 and

Hazard Rating
parent of Po iio
Class III (National Bureau of
Natural isotope Bi 214 (Radium
the
C), half-life: 19. 7 minutes; emits

beta particles of 1. 65 mev (80 %)
and 3. 17 mev (20%) and many
gamma
rays between 0.4-2.4

Bi 214 is a member of the
Toxic Rating Code:
None
BISMUTH ACETATE
See Methyl Benzyl
Ether.
mev.
uranium series and is only considered a possible hazard as a
cal reaction with oxidizing

agents.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; can react with acid or
acid fumes to emit toxic fumes.
2-BIS(p-
BlS-alpha-
366
= Slight
2 )3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 386. 13
M. P. Decomposes
BISMUTH (COLLOIDAL SOLUTION)

Toxicity:
Details unknown.
See also
Bismuth Compounds.
BISMUTH
o-
ARSENATE
Description:
Formula: BiAs0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 347. 91
Density 7. 14
See Arsenic
Compounds.
Disaster Control:
See Arsenic
Compounds.
BISMUTH BENZOATE
Description:
White powder.
Formula: Bi(C 7 H 5
2 )3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 572. 33
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BISMUTH ETHYL CHLORIDE
367
stopped when gingivitis appears,

for otherwise serious ulcerative
stomatitus is likely to result.
Other toxic results may develop,
BISMUTH CARBONATE, BASIC

Synonyms: Bismuth oxycarbonate,
bismutospherite.
Formula: Bi 2 2 C0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 510.01
M. P. Decomposes
Density 6. 86
such as malaise, albuminuria,

diarrhea, skin reactions, and
sometimes serious exodermatitis.
Industrial bismuth poisoning
has not been reported, although
bismuth absorbed in industrial
cases may complete a diagnosis
of plumbism, since the dark line
in the gums which is often present
in lead poisoning is also produced
by bismuth.
Treatment and Antidotes: Personnel
BISMUTH CITRATE
White crystals.
Formula: BiCH 5 7
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 398. 10
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 458
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation
MAC:
1;
2 milligrams
of air.
per cubic meter
Toxicology: Bismuth and its salts

can cause kidney damage, although the degree of such damage
is usually mild.
It is considered
one of the less toxic of the heavy
metals, although intoxication has
occurred from its use in medicine.
The similarity between the
pharmacologic and toxic behavior
of lead and bismuth has been
pointed out in the literature. Like
lead, bismuth may be liberated
from tissue deposits during
periods of acidosis. Serious and
sometimes fatal poisoning may
occur from the injection of large
doses into closed cavities and
from extensive application to
burns.
Death
of
animals from bismuth
nephritis following injections of

soluble salts (bismuth) occurs
within several hours to 24 days,
the time being generally inversely
proportional to the dose, and it
appears to be in the order of 5 to
10 times higher than the dose by
slow intravenous injection for
rabbits. It is stated that the ad-
ministration of bismuth should be
showing some of the symptoms

noted above which might indicate
that they were absorbing too much
bismuth into the body should be
removed from exposure as soon
as possible. Get medical advice.
Bismuth and its salts should be
labeled as poison. Personnel
should be cautioned against careless handling of these materials.
Section 2
BISMUTH DICHROMATE, BASIC

Description: Yellow or red crystals.
(BiO) 2 Cr 2 7
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 666
Toxicity: See Chromium Compounds
Formula:
and Bismuth Compounds.

reaction with easily combustible
materials; can react with reducing materials; a powerful oxidizer.
BISMUTH ETHYL CHLORIDE

Description: Powder.
Formula: BiHC 2H 5 Cl
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 274. 5
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by spontaneous chemical reaction; also
spontaneously flammable in air

(Section
6).

BISMUTH GALLATE, BASIC
368

BISMUTH GALLATE, BASIC

Synonyms: Subgallate; dermatol
(com'l)
Description:
crystals.
Yellow amorphous
Formula: Bi(OH) 2 C 7 H 5
(approx. )
5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 412. 13
M. P. Decomposes
BISMUTH HEPTADIENE-
CARBOXYLATE
See Bismuth Compounds.
Toxicity:
BISMUTH HEPTOXIDE
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemiToxicity:
cal reaction with easily oxidized

materials; can react with reducing materials; a powerful
oxidizer (Section 6).
BISMUTH HYDROXIDE
White amorphous
powder.
Formula: Bi(OH) 3
Constants: Mol. Wt. 260. OZ
Description:
BISMUTH MOLYBDATE
Description: Tetragonal needles.
Formula: Bi 2 (Mo0 4 ) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 897.85
M. P. 643 C
Density 6. 07
Toxicity: See Bismuth Compounds
and Molybdenum Compounds.
BISMUTH MONOSULFIDE
Description: Gray crystals.
Formula: BiS

M. P. 685C
Density 7. 7
and Sulfides.
BISMUTH NITRATE
decomp. @415C
Description:
Triclinic, colorless,
BISMUTH IODATE
Formula: Bi(N0 3 ) 3
Description: White crystals.

Formula: Bi(I0 3 ) 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 733.76
Constants:
and Iodates.
easily oxidized materials; a
powerful oxidizer (Section 6).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes
can react with reducing materials.
BISMUTH dl-LACTATE
Prisms.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
7H z O
oxides of sulfur; will react with
Description:
6)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 512. 25

and flammable vapors.
-H z O @100C,
-1 Vz H zO @400C
Toxicity:
Formula: Bi(C 6H 9
= Slight
-5H 2
Density
5H 2
Mol. Wt. 485. 10

2.
@80C
83

and Nitrates.
BISMUTH OXALATE
Formula: Bi 2 (C 2 4 ) 3
See Bismuth Compounds

and Oxalates.
Toxicity:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BISMUTH SALICYLATE, BASIC
369
BISMUTH OXYBROMIDE
BISMUTH OXYNITRATE
Description: Colorless crystals or

white powder.
Description: Hexagonal plates or

white powder.
Formula: BiOBr
Formula: BiON0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 304. 92
Density 8. 08
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
H 2Q
305. 02
M. P. Decomposes
and Bromides.
Fire Hazard: Slight; on decomposition it emits toxic fames.
@ 260 C
Density 4.928 @ 1 5 C
and Nitrates.
BISMUTH OXYCHLORIDE
White lustrous crystalpowder.
Formula: BiOCl
Description:
line
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 260.46
M. P. Red heat
Density 7. 72
Description: Brown or dark red

crystals.
Formula: Bi 2O s
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 498. 00
-O @150C;
-20 @357C
Density
5.
10

heat and oxidizable materials or
by chemical reaction with reducing agents; when heated,
evolves oxygen (Section 6).
Toxicity:
BISMUTH OXYFLUORIDE
White crystals or
powder.
Formula: BiOF
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 244.00
M. P. Decomposes
Density 7. 5
BISMUTH o-PHOSPHATE

and Fluorides.
Toxicity:
BISMUTH OXYIODIDE
Red powder.
Formula: BiOI
Description:
Description:
crystals.
Monoclinic white
Formula: BiP0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 303. 98
M. P. Decomposes
Density 6. 323 @ 1 5 C
BISMUTH PROPIONATE, BASIC
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 351.92
M. P. Decomposes
Density 7. 92
Toxicity: See Bismuth
and Iodides.
BISMUTH PENTOXIDE
Synonym: m-Bismuthic acid.
Description: White powder;

odor of propionic acid.
Formula: BiOC 3 H 5
Compounds
BISMUTH OXYIODOGALLATE
Description: Grayish-green, odorless, tasteless powder.
Formula: C6H 2 (OH) 3 COO(BiOHI)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 522.
and Iodides.
faint
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 298.07
BISMUTH SALICYLATE, BASIC

Synonym: Subsalicylate (commercial)
Description: White microscopic
crystals (variable composition)
Bi 2 Q 3 (approx.)
3)3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 1086. 33
Formula: Bi(C 7 H 5
BISMUTH SUBNITRATE
370

emits acrid fumes.
BISMUTH SUBNITRATE
White, heavy powder.
Formula: 4BiN0 3 (OH) 2 BiO(OH)
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
1462. 11
M. P. Decomposes
Density
4.
260 C
BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE.
See
Bismuth Salicylate, Basic.
BISMUTH SULFATE
Description: White needles.
Formula: Bi 2 (S0 4 ) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 706. 20
M. P. Decomposes
Density 5. 08 @15C
BISMUTH TARTRATE
-3H z O @105C
2. 595 @25C

it emitc acrid fumes.
Toxicity:
BISMUTH TELLURATE
Synonym: Montanite.
Description: Powder or crystals.
Formula: Bi 2 Te0 6 2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 677.64
Density 3. 79
and Tellurium Compounds.

highly toxic fumes of tellurium.
BISMUTH TETRACHLORIDE
Colorless crystals.
Formula: BiCl 4
Toxic Rating Code:
BISMUTH TETRAOXIDE
Description:
powder.
Formula: Bi 2
Heavy yellowish-brown
4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 482
M. P. 305C
Density 5. 6
reaction with reducing agents;
an oxidizer (Section 6).
BISMUTH TRIBROMIDE
Description: Yellow crystalline
deliquescent powder.
Formula: BiBr 3

Formula: Bi 2 (C 4H 4 6 ) 3 6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 970. 31
Description:

heated in air, it emits highly
toxic fumes of hydrogen chloride;
produce toxic and corrosive fumes.
Toxicity:
928

Density
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 350.83
M. P. 225C
None
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 448. 75
M. P. 218C
B. P. 461 C
Density 5. 7
Vap. Press. 10mm@282C
Toxicity: See Bismuth Compounds,
Bromides and Hydrogen Bromide.

emits highly toxic fumes of bromides and bromine; will react
BISMUTH TRICHLORIDE
Description:
crystals.
White, deliquescent
Formula: BiCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 315.37
M. P. 230C
B. P. 441 C
Density 4. 7 5
Vap. Press 10mm@264C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BISMUTH TRISELENIDE
371

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254.
B. P. 110C
Density 2.300
Vap. D. 8. 75

@18C


fumes;
BISMUTH TRIETHYL
6).

Synonym:
Triethyl bismuthine.
Formula: Bi(C 2 H 5 ) 3
BISMUTH TRIOXIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 296. 2
B. P. 107C @18
Density 1. 82
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or by spontaneous
chemical reaction; also spontaneously flammable in air; can
Description: Rhombic yellow

crystals.
Formula: Bi 2 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 466. 00
M. P. 820C
B. P. 1890C
mm
(Section
Density
Toxicity:
8. 9
6).

Explosion Range: Explodes @302F
BISMUTH TRIPHENYL
Synonym:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 440.
M. P. 78C
Density 1. 585
BISMUTH TRIFLUORIDE
Description:
Triphenyl bismuthine.
Bi(C 6H 5 ) 3
Description:
Cubic gray crystals.
Formula: BiF 3


and Phenol.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it can evolve toxic fumes.
BISMUTH TREODIDE
BISMUTH TRISELENIDE
Description:
Hexagonal reddish,
brown-gray-blue crystals.
Formula: Bil 3
Synonym: Guanajuatite.
Description: Rhombic black
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 589. 76
M. P. 439 C
Density 5. 7
Formula: Bi 2Se 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 266. 00
Density 8. 75
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Bismuth
Compounds.

and Iodides.
Section
BISMUTH TRIMETHYL
Synonym:
Trimethyl bismuthine.
Description:
Liquid.
Formula:, Bi(CH 3 ) 3
Toxicity:
crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 654. 88
M. P. 710C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 6. 82

Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with powerful oxidizers. On contact with moisture a flammable gas is evolved
Toxicity:
(Section
6).
BISMUTH TRISULFIDE
372
BISULFITE DRY POWDER SODA
chemical reaction with powerful oxidizers and mois-
See Sodium Bisulfite.
ture.
Disaster Control:
See Selenium
BISULFITE OF SODIUM. See

Sodium
Compounds.
Bisulfite.
BISULFITES
BISMUTH TRISULFIDE
Synonyms: Bismuthnite; bismuthglance.
Description:
tion 3;
Rhombic black crys-
tals.
Formula:
Bi^

M. P. 685C Decomposes
Density 7. 39
and Sulfides.
BISMUTH TRITELLURIDE
Synonym: Tetradymite.
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: Bi 2 Te 3
M. P. 573 C
Density 7. 7

Fire Hazard: Moderate by spontaneous chemical reaction with
powerful oxidizers; reacts with
moisture to evolve a gas (Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by chemical reaction with powerful

oxidizers;

it
sulfur dioxide;

Section 2
BITHIONOL
Synonyms:
2, 2-Thiobis (4, 6-dichloro^

phenol).
Description: White crystalline powder; very faint phenolic odor.
Formula: (C 6 H 2 Cl 2 OH) 2S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 3 56. 1
M. P. 187 - 188C
Density 1. 61 @25C
Inges2;
Inhalation 2
Inhalation 2
tion
ture.
Compounds.
7
BIS(TRIDECYL)SODIUM
SULFOSUCCINATE
Description:
White waxy pellets.
Formula: (C 13 H 27 C0 2 ) 2 CH2SCH0 3 Na
M. P. 70 - 75C
Density 1.0 @25C
Tonicity:
Unknown

BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL) BENZENE
=
None
2;
Chronic Systemic: U
oxides of sulfur.
Section 2
3,
3'-BITOLYLENE-4,4-DIISOCYA-
NATE
Description:
Small pale, yellowish
flakes.
See Xylene Hexafluoride.
Toxic Rating Code:
will react with

and corrosive fumes.

Section
Inges-
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
reacts with mois-
Inhalation
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BLEACHING POWDER
373
Formula:
[C 6H 3 (OCN)(CH 3 ] 2
Class
Explosive - Not Accepted.
Class A Explosive.
I.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 264. 3
Freezing P. 69. 6C
Density 1. 197 at 80/4C
See Explosives, High.

Classification: Class C
I. C. C.
Explosive.

Class C Explosive.
BLACK EBONY WOOD

Description: A wood.
BLASTING GELATIN.

Acute Local: Irritant I; Allergen 1
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
Fire Hazard: Slight, in the form of
dust when exposed to heat or
flame; can react with oxidizing
Sulfur,
Synonym: SNG
BLASTING POWDERS. See

Explosives, Low.
I.
BLAU GAS
Description:
Sodium Nitrate.

Class A Explosive.
gas.
etc.
BLACK POWDER IGNITERS WITH

EMPTY CARTRIDGE BAGS
See Explosives, Low.
Classification: Class C
I. C. C.
Explosive.

Class C Explosive.
See Carbon

Class C
Explosive.
Coast Guard Classification: Class
C Explosive
Composition: Typical gas will

analyze 51.9% illuminants; 0. 1%
carbon monoxide; 2. 7% hydrogen;
44. 1% methane, 1. 2% nitrogen,

Class A
BLASTING CAPS, 1000 OR LESS
Section 11.
Class A
Not Accepted.
Explosive Coast Guard Classification:

Class A Explosive.
See Charcoal,
Monoxide.
See Explo-
sives, High.
Potassium Nitrate or
BLAST FURNACE GAS
BLASTING CAPS WITH SAFETY

FUSE, 1000 OR LESS CAPS
probably an irritant.
BLACK POWDER.

Acute Local:
Acute Systemic: Inhalation2
Chronic Local:
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to flame (Section 6).
explosive force; when heated, it
burns and it can react with oxidizing materials.
Section 2
BLEACHING POWDER
Synonym: Chloride
of lime.
White powder.
CaCl(ClO) 4H z O
Description:
BLASTING CAPS, MORE THAN

See Explosives, High
1000.
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 199.0
BLUE LEAD
374

tion 3;
3;
Inges-

halation
Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate by chemical reaction with combustible
Caution: A powerful oxidizer. Deflagration occurs in contact with
combustible substances.
Explosion Hazard: Moderate, in its
solid form when heated (Section 7).
Explosive Range: When heated
suddenly above Z12F.
it emits highly toxic fumes and
explodes; it will react with water
corrosive fumes; it can react
vigorously with reducing materials.

Section 2
Hazardous Material.
In-
1;
Acute Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
particles per cubic foot or air.
See also Nuisance Dusts.
Section 2
BOOSTERS (EXPLOSIVE).
See
Explosives, High.
Class A
Class A Explosive.
BORAX
Synonyms:
Tincal; tinkal.
White gray, bluish or
greenish white streak, vitreous
or dull luster.
Description:
Formula: Na 2B 4
10H 2 O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 381.44
M. P. 75C; -8H 2 O@60C;
-10H 2 O @200C
Density 1. 69 - 1.72
BORAZOLE
BLUE LEAD.
BLUE STONE.
See Lead Sulfate.
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: B 3 N 3 H 6
See Copper Sulfate.
BLUE VITRIOL.
See Copper
Sulfate.
BOILER COMPOUND LIQUID
Description: A caustic solution.

Toxicity: See Sodium Hydroxide.
Corrosive

BOMBS, SAND-LOADED OR EMPTY

BONE DUST
Composition: Phosphates and silicates of calcium, magnesium,
etc.
Toxic Rating Code:
= None
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 80. 53
M. P. -58C
B. P. 53 C
Density 0. 824 @0C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous by chemical
reaction to produce flammable or
even spontaneously flammable
gases (Section 6).
Caution: Hydrolyzes in water to
evolve boron hydrides.
See also Boron Hydrides.
Disaster Control: Moderate; when
toxic fumes; and upon reaction
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BORNYL TfflOCYANOACETATE
375
it can evolve toxic and
flammable gases.
with water
rate):
Section 2

First Aid: Section
BORDEAUX, ARSENITES, LIQUID.

Com-
See Arsenic and Copper

pounds.
Shipping Regulations-: Section 11.

Poison B;
poison label.

BORDEAUX, ARSENITES, SOLID.

Com-
See Arsenic and Copper

pounds.
I.
Section 11.
poison label.
BORDEAUX MIXTURE.
See
Copper Compounds.
See also Boron Hydrides and

Carbon Monoxide which are readily
evolved by this material upon
contact with heat or moisture.
Explosion Hazard: See Boron
Hydrides and Carbon Monoxide.
highly toxic fumes and it will
vapors.
BORINOAMINOBORINE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: B 2 H 7 N
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 42. 70
M. P. -66. 5C
B. P. 76. 2C
Vap. D. 14. 7
Fire Hazard: It may evolve boron
hydrides upon reaction with
water or acids (Section 6).
heated to decomposition, it can
emit toxic and flammable decom-
BORIC ACID
position products.
Synonyms: Boracic acid;
o -boric
d-BORNEOL
acid.
Description:
White crystals or
powder.
Formula: H 3 B0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 61. 84
M. P. 185C (Decomp.
Description:
Solid.
Formula: C 10H 17 OH
)
-lV2H 2 @300C
Density 1.435 @15C
BORIC ACID OINTMENT.
Synonyms: alpha -camphanol;

borneo camphor.
See
Boric Acid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 154. 24
M. P. 208 C
B. P. 212C
Vap. D. 5. 31
)
See also
Camphor.
BORINE CARBONYL
Description:
gas.
Formula:
Colorless, unstable
BH 3 CO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 41.85
M. P. -137. 0C
B. P. -64C
Toxicity: See Carbon Monoxide,
Boron Compounds and Boron
Hydrides.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame or by
chemical reaction (Section 6).
Fire Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat or flame; it can

react with oxidizing material.
BORNYL THIOCYANOACETATE
Synonym: Borneol thiocyanoacetate.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
C 10 H 17 OOCCH 2 CNS
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
253.4
BOROCAINE
376
Toxicity: Unknown; an ins ecti tide.

cyanide.
Section
powder.
Formula: B
Constants:
At. Wt. 10. 82
M. P. 2300 C
B. P. 2550C
Fire Hazard: Moderate in the form
of dust when exposed to air or by
materials. See also Powdered
Metals.
Explosion Hazard: An explosion
hazard in the form
of dust, -which
ignites on contact with air. See
7
BORON ACETATE
Synonym: Boric acetic anhydride.
Description: White to cream,
hygroscopic crystals.
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 188.
M. P. 135 - 144C
Toxicity: See Boron Compounds and
Acetic Acid.
=
None
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106. 60
M. P. -104C
B. P. 10 C (approx. )
Toxicity: See Boron Compounds
and Bromides.
Fire Hazard: Details unknown; this
material can evolve a boron
hydride.
highly toxic fumes of boron
hydrides; it will react with water
vigorously on contact with oxidizing materials.
BORON CARBIDE
Black crystals.
Formula: B 4 C
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 55. 29
M. P. 2450 C
B. P. > 3500C
Density 2. 50
Toxicity: See Nuisance Dusts.
Section 2
BORON CHLORIDE PENTAHYDRIDE

Description:
unstable.
(CH 3 C0 2 3 B
Toxic Rating Code:
Colorless gas.
Formula: B 2 HsBr
Description: Monoclinic crystals,

yellow or brown amorphous
Formula:
emits
BORON BROMIDE PENTAHYDRIDE

Description:
BORON
Section
it
highly toxic fumes of bromides and

iodides; it will react with water
or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes,
5HBO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 455. 5
M. P. 165 - 166C
Acute Local: U
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 344. 58
B. P. 180C
Crystals.
C 13 H 20 N 2 O 2
Formula: BBrI 2
See Boron Compounds,

Bromides and Iodides.
BOROCAINE
Formula:
DIIODIDE
Colorless liquid.
Toxicity:
7.
Synonym: Procaine borate.

Description:
BORON BROMIDE
Description:
= Slight
Colorless gas, highly
Formula: B 2 H 5C1
B. P. -78C (3)18
mm
See Boron Compounds and

Hydrochloric Acid.
Fire Hazard: See Boron Hydrides.
Toxicity:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BORON HYDRIDES
377

Hydrides.
highly toxic fumes of boron
hydrides and hydrochloric acid;
oxidizing material.
or to wounds involving loss or

damage to such areas of skin, but
not absorbed from intact skin.
a 5% boric acid solution is
used to irrigate body cavities most
of the boric acid is absorbed by
the tissues. Repeated doses can
produce pathological changes in
the central nervous system and
it is
When
kidneys.
Treatment and Antidotes: Large
intravenous doses of isotonic

salt solution and plasma have been
shown to act as an antidote.
Care should be observed in
applying ointments and dressings
which contain boron over large
areas of the body where the skin
has been destroyed. It can be
BORON COMPOUNDS
2;
In-
halation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local:
Toxicology: Not highly toxic and
therefore not considered an in-
absorbed by the body
dustrial poison. Used in medicine as sodium borate, boric

acid, or borax, which is also a
common cleaner. Fatal poisoning
of children has been caused in
some instances by the accidental
substitution of boric acid for
powdered milk. The medical
literature reveals many instances
of accidental poisoning due to
boric acid, oral ingestion of
borates or boric acid, and presumably absorption of boric acid
from wounds and burns.
The
dose of orally ingested

boric acid for an adult is somewhat more than 15 or 20 grams
and for an infant 5 to 6 grams.
Boron is one of a group of
elements, such as lead, manganese and arsenic, which affects
the central nervous system. It
is a cumulative poison and since
its antiseptic value is weak, other
more active and less harmful
therapeutic agents should be employed for medicinal use. Boron
poisoning causes depression of
the circulation, persistent vomiting and diarrhea, followed by
profound shock and coma. The
temperature is subnormal and a
scarletina-form rash may cover
the entire body.
Boric acid intoxication can come about from
absorbing toxic quantities from
ointments applied to burned areas
in this
way
with the toxic effects noted above.

Containers of boric acid should be
plainly labelled and should be
kept in containers which differ
radically from those which contain powdered milk, particularly
in institutions such as hospitals.
The careless use of borax as a
skin cleaner should be discouraged
as well as the continuous irrigation
of body cavities with solutions
containing boron.
Section 2
fatal
BORON DIBROMIDE IODIDE

Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: BBr 2 I
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 297. 57
B. P. 125C
Vap. D. 10.3
Toxicity: See Boron Compounds,
Bromides and Iodides.

highly toxic fumes of bromides and
iodides; it will react with water
BORON FLUORIDE ETHERATE

See Boron Trifluoride Etherate.
BORON HYDRIDES. Diborane;
dihydrotetraborane; pentaborane (stable);
BORON NITRIDE
378
Details unknown. This
material is nearly insoluble and
possibly therefore, a nuisance
pentaborane (unstable); hexaborane; decaborane.

Acute Local: Irritant 3; Inhalation
dust (See also
(tentative);
0.
BORON OXIDE
3
part
per million in air.

Toxicology: Experimental studies in
which dogs were exposed to diborane by inhalation resulted in
severe irritation of the lungs and
pulmonary edema. Similar observations have been reported in
humans resulting at times in a
reaction resembling metal fume
fever. Human exposure to pentaborane has produced signs of
severe central nervous system
irritation such as drowsiness,
dizziness, visual disturbances,
muscle twitching and in severe

cases painful muscle spasm.
chemical reaction. Pentaborane
(stable) is spontaneously flamin air. On contact with
mable
moisture, hydrogen is usually

evolved (Section 6).
chemical reaction. Diborane reacts explosively with chlorine.
Other boron hydrides evolve
hydrogen upon contact with moisture or can propagate a flame
rapidly enough to cause an exDisaster Hazard: Severe. Heat can
cause these materials to decompose violently or at least to
evolve hydrogen; they react with
water or steam to evolve hydrogen. Powerful oxidizing agents
such as chlorine gas, etc. can
react violently with boron
hydrides.
,
BORON NITRIDE
Formula:
Description:
crystals.
Formula: B 2
Vitreous, colorless
3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 69. 64
M. P. 450 C (approx.
B. P. 1500 C
Density 1. 844
Toxicity:
See Boron Compounds.
BORON PENTASULFIDE
White crystals.
Formula: B 2S 5
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 181.97
M. P. 390C
Density 1.85
Toxicity: See
Sulfides.
Boron Compounds and

BORON PHOSPHATE
Description:
Formula:
white powder.
BP0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 105. 8
M. P. > 1200C
Density 2. 52
Toxicity: Probably merely a nuisance
dust. See also Boron Compounds.
BORON PHOSPHIDE
Description:
plosion.
Description:
crystals.
Boron Compounds).

MAC: ACGIH
Toxicity:
Formula:
Maroon powder.
BP
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 41.80
M. P. Ign. 200 C
Phosphides.
Fire Hazard: Ignites at 200 C. See
also Phosphides.
Explosion Hazard: See Phosphides.
Disaster Control: See Phosphides.
Hexagonal, white
BORON TRIBROMIDE
BN
Synonym: Boron bromide.

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 24. 83
M. P. 3000 C (sublimes)
Density 2. 20
Toxic Rating Code:
None
liquid.
Formula: BBr 3
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BORON TRI IODIDE
379

oxidizers (Section 6).
Caution: Spontaneously flammable in
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 250. 57
M. P. -45 C
B. P. 91.7C
Density 2. 650 @ C
Vap. Press. 40
100
33. 5C
mm @ 14.
mm@
air.
C;

Hydrogen Bromide.
bromides and it will react with
Toxicity:


upon contact with air it emits
toxic fumes; it will react with
and flammable vapors; it can react vigorously with oxidizing
materials.
Section
BORON TRIFLUORIDE
BORON TRICHLORIDE
Synonym: Boron fluoride.
Synonym: Boron chloride.

Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 67.82
M. P. -126. 8C
B. P. -110. 7C
liquid.
Formula: BC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 117. 19
M. P. -107C
B. P. 12. 5C
Density 1.434 @ C
Vap. Press. 1 atm. @12. 7C
Vap. D. 4. 03

Hydrochloric Acid.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; as
a result of shock the container
can be shattered and toxic material released; when heated to
decomposition, it emits toxic
will react with water or steam to produce heat, toxic and corrosive
of chlorides;
it
fumes.
C. C. Classification: Corrosive
I.
BORON TRIETHYL
Synonyms: Boron
borine.
Description:
ethyl;
triethyl
Toxicity:
6961
label.
BORON TRIFLUORIDE ETHERATE

Composition: Boron trifluoride ether.
Toxicity: See Boron Compounds,
Fluorides and Ether.
Fire Hazard: See Ether.
Explosion Hazard: See Ether.
produce toxic, corrosive and

to
rials.
95C
0.
C. C.
it
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 98.0
M. P. -93 C
Density
Classification: Nonflammable gas; green label.

I.

will react with water or steam
Colorless liquid.
Formula: B(C 2 H 5 ) 3
B. P.

Fluorides.
container; when heated to decomposition or upon contact with
water or steam, it will produce
Toxicity:
Toxicity:
fumes
Colorless gas.
Formula: BF 3
Section
@23C
Probably very toxic.
See
Boron Compounds.
BORON TRHODIDE
Description:
BORON TRIMETHYL
380
plates.
Formula: BI 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 391. 58
M. P. 43 C
B. P. 210C
Density 3. 35 @50C
Iodides.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decompo sition, it emits highly toxic fumes
Boron Compounds and

BOROPHOSPHORIC ACID
Description:
White crystals.
BP0 4 H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
BORON TRIMETHYL
123. 8
M. P. Decomposes
Synonyms: Boron methyl; trim ethyl
Density
1.
873

Phosphoric Acid.
Toxicity:
Colorless gas.
Formula: B(CH 3 ) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 55. 9
M. P. -161. 5C
B. P. -20C
Density 1.91 g/liter (gas);
BOROTUNGSTIC ACID
Description:
crystals.
0.625 (solid @-100C)

Probably very toxic.
Formula:
See
Toxicity:
Boron Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to flame or by chemical
reaction with oxidizing agents
(Section 6).
Caution: Spontaneously
gas.
H 5BW 12 O40
30H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 3403.39
M. P. 45 - 51 C
Density 3.

Tungsten Compounds.
Toxicity:
BOX TOE GUM
rials.
flammable

Disaster Control: Highly dangerous; shock can shatter the
container and release flammable and toxic vapors; can react
vigorously with oxidizing mateSection
Toxicity: Unknown


7
11.
C.C. Classification: Flammable liquid; red label.

I.
BORON TRISELENIDE
Yellow gray powder.
Formula: B 2Se 3
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 258. 52
Toxicity: See Boron
BOXWOOD
A wood.
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
with oxidizing materials (SecDescription:
Compounds and
Selenium Compounds.

pounds.
Com
BORON TRISULFIDE
Description:
Toxicity: See
Sulfides.
Formula:
of iodides.
borine.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 117. 84
M. P. 310C
Density 1. 55
White crystals.
Formula: B 2S 3
tion 6).
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BROMATES
381


Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
heat or flame; it can react with
BRASS (MASSIVE)
Pale gold to red metal
Description:
alloy.
Coinposition: Zn + Cu (mainly), Pb
(small amounts), As, Sb, P, Sn,
CN"
(traces).
Constants:
M. P. 940 - 1030 C
Density 8. 40 - 8: 75
Toxicity: See Brass Scrapings.
BRILLIANT CRESYL BLUE BB
BRASS SCRAPINGS
Synonym: Brass powder.
Description: Finely divided particles of metal.
Composition: Zinc, copper (mainly),
lead (minor constituent), arsenic,
phosphorus, tin, antimony, cyanides (trace quantities).
Toxicity: See specific compound,
particularly Zinc, Copper, Lead.
Where quantities of brass scrapings can come in contact with
acid or acid fumes, significant
quantities of toxic fumes can be
evolved. See Arsenic, Antimony,
Phosphorus, Tin and Cyanides.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame. See also
Powdered Metals.
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exposed to flame. See also Powdered Metals.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated, it emits
smoke; it can react with oxidizing materials, and on contact
emit toxic fumes.

BRAZIL NUT
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
BRAZIL WOOD
Synonyms: Redwood; pernambuco;
fernambuco.
Description:
wood.
(L)
877
Description: A dye.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
BRIMSTONE. See Sulfur.

Hazardous article.
BROMACETYLENE.
See Bromace-
tylene.
BROMATES
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Generally considered to
be more toxic than chlorates,
causing central nervous system
paralysis.
They may form met-
hemoglobin, but less actively than

chlorates. See also specific compounds as listed.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; in the form
of gas, vapor or dust by chemical
(Section 6).
Caution: These are powerful oxidizing agents. They may react
with oxidizable materials more
or less violently, very often
causing combustion.
heated to decomposition, they
emit toxic fumes of bromine and
they can react with reducing
BROMIC ACID
382
material.
rate):

Section 2

BROMIC ACID
BROMINE

yellow liquid; turns yellow on
exposure.
Description:
Formula: HBr0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128. 92
Density 3. 1883
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
BROMIDES
Inhalation 2
tion
2;
Toxicology: The most common

inorganic bromides are sodium,
potassium, ammonium, calcium
and magnesium bromides. Methyl

and ethyl bromides are among the
most common organic bromides.
The inorganic bromides produce
depression, emaciation and in
severe cases, psychoses and
mental deterioration. Bromide
rashes (bromoderma) especially
of the face, and resembling acne
and furunculosis often occur when
bromide inhalation or administration is prolonged.
Organic bromides, such as
methyl bromide and ethyl bromide,
are volatile liquids of relatively
high toxicity. See also specific
compounds.
Disaster Control: When strongly
heated, they emit highly toxic
fumes.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Rhombic crystals or
darkred liquid.
Formula: Br 2
159. 83
Freezing P. -7. 3 C
B. P. 58.73C
Density 2. 928 @ 59 C; 3. 12 @ 20 C
Vap. Press. 175mm@21C;
1 atm. @58. 2C
Vap. D. 5. 5
tion 3;
Inges-
3;
Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: U
Inhalation 2
(accepted): 6. 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air;
1 part per million in air.
Toxicology: The action of bromine is
essentially the same as that of
chlorine, being an irritant to the
mucous membranes of the eyes
MAC: ACGIH
and upper respiratory tract.

Severe exposures may result in
pulmonary edema. Usually,
however, the irritating qualities
of the chemical force the workman
to leave the exposure before
serious poisoning can result.
Chronic exposure similar to
therapeutic ingestion of excessive
bromides. See also Bromides.
Regular physical examinations
should be made of people who work
with bromine.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Br 82 half -life: 35. 5

hours; emits many gamma rays of
0.07-1.7 mev and other radiation
of 0. 47 mev (e ) and -mev (k).
Fire Hazard: Moderate; in the form
of liquid or vapor by spontaneous
chemical reaction with reducing
Caution: May ignite a combustible
material upon contact. A very
powerful oxidizer.
Disaster Control: Highly dangerous; heat and shock can
shatter the container and release toxic fumes; when heated
,
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BROMINE MONOXIDE
383
it
it emits highly toxic fumes;
and it can react vigorously with reducing materials.

rate): Section 2
fumes;
I.
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.

rosive liquid;
Cor-
white label.

corrosive fumes and on contact
with reducing material, it can
react vigorously.
Section
BROMINE DIOXIDE
Description:
Light-yellow crystals.
Formula: BrO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 111. 92
M. P. 0C (Decomp.
Toxicity: See Bromine.

of vapor by chemical reaction with
reducing agents (Section 6).
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 121.94
M. P. 45 C (approx. )
B. P. Explodes
Toxicity: See Bromine and Azides.
Caution: A strong oxidant.

highly toxic fumes of bromine and
reducing materials.

of vapor by chemical reaction
BROMINE HYDRATE
BROMINE AZIDE
Synonym:
Bromoazide.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals or red liquid.
BrN 3
(Section 6).
Caution: A powerful oxidant.
also Bromine.
See

explodes; it will react with water
corrosive fumes and it can react
on contact with reducing materials.
Section 7
BROMINE CHLORIDE
Description:
or gas.
Reddish-yellow liquid
Formula: BrCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 115. 37
Toxicity: See Bromine, Chlorine.
of vapor by spontaneous chemical
reaction.
Caution: A powerful oxidant. See
also Bromine.
heated to decomposition
it
emits

chlorine; it will react with water
Description: Red crystals.

Formula: Br 2 10H 2 O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 340.
M. P. 6.8C (Decomp. )
of vapor by chemical reaction
with reducing materials (Section 6).
A strong oxidant.
on contact with water or steam, it
will react to produce toxic and
corrosive fumes; can react
vigorously with reducing materials,
Caution:
BROMINE MONOXIDE
Description:
Dark-brown crystals.
Formula: Br z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
-17
175. 83
to
-18C (Decomp.
See Bromine.
Toxicity:
(Section 6).
Caution: A strong oxidant.
when
BROMINE OCT- OXIDE
384

highly toxic fumes of bromine; it
produce toxic and corrosive fumes;
can react vigorously with reducing
materials.
BROMINE OCT- OXIDE

Description:
White crystals.
Formula: Br 3 O g
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 367.75
M. P. Stable at -40 C
Fire Hazard: Moderate, upon contact with reducing agents (Sec-
strong oxidant.
materials.
BROMINE PENTAFLUORIDE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: BrF 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174.92
M. P. -61. 3C
B. P. 40. 5C
Density 2. 466@25C
Vap. D. 6. 05
Toxicity: See Bromine and Fluorides.
bromine and fluorine; it will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes.
I.
BROMINE TRIFLUORIDE
Description:
Density 2.49 @135C

Toxicity: See Bromine and Fluorides.
bromine and fluorine; it will react
Corrosive
liquid;
white label.

rosive liquid;
Cor-
white label.
N - BROMOACE T AMIDE
tion 6).
Caution:
135C
B. P.
NBA
Description: White powder, odor

similar to bromine.
Formula:
CH 3 CONHBr
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 138.
M. P. 105 - 108C
Toxicity:
Unknown

highly toxic fumes of bromine.
BROMOACE TONE
Description: Colorless liquid when
pure; pungent odor.
Formula:
CH 2 BrCOCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136. 99
M. P. -54C
B. P. 136C
Density 1. 631 @ C
Toxicity: Details unknown. Probably toxic.
toxic
fumes
of
bromides.

C. C. Classification: Poison A;
poison gas label, not accepted.
Poison A; poison gas label.
I.
BROMOACE TOPHE NONE
Colorless, gray-yellow
liquid.
Formula: BrF 3
Synonym: Phenacyl bromide.

Description: White rhombic prisms
changing to greenish color under
the influence of light.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136.92
M. P. 8. 8C
Toxic Rating Code:
Synonym:
Formula:
None
= Slight
2 =
BrCH 2 COC 6H 5
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BROMOBENZYL CYANIDE
385
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 199.05
M. P. 50 C
B. P. 140C @12
Density 1. 647 @ 20 /4C
Toxicity: Unknown
mm
fumes
toxic
of
bromides.
Section
BROMOACETYLENE
P-BROMOAZOBENZENE
Formula: BrC 6H 4 NNC 6H
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 261. 1
Toxicity: Unknown; an insecticide.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of
bromides.
Synonym: Bromoethyne
BROMOBENZENE
Gas.
Description:
CHCBr
Formula:
Synonym: Phenyl bromide.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104.9
B. P. -2C
Vapor Density 4. 684
Description:
Formula: C^HsBr
Unknown
Toxicity:
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by spontaneous chemical reaction (Section
6).
Caution:
gas.
spontaneously flammable

heated to decomposition, it burns
and emits toxic fumes; it can react with oxidizing materials.
BROMOANILINE
Synonym:
o-Bromoaniline.
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: BrC 6H 4 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 172.
M. P. 32C
B. P. 229C
Clear, colorless,
mobile liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 157. 02
M. P. -30. 7C
B. P. 156. 2C
Flash P. 149 F (C C. )
Density 1.497
Vap. D. 5.41
Inhalation
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
See also
Aniline.
Disaster Control:
Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition or on contact with acid or

acid fumes, it emits toxic fumes.
6).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes; it
Coast Guard Classification: Inflam.
mable
liquid.
p -BROMOBENZ ONITRILE
BROMOAURIC ACID
Formula: BrC 6H 4CN
Red-brown crystals.
Formula: HAuBr 4 5H z O

M. P. 113C
Toxicity: An insecticide. See also
Cyanides.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 607. 95
M. P. 27 C
Toxicity: See Bromides and Gold
Compounds.
BROMOBENZYL CYANIDE
Synonym: o-Bromo- 2-phenylacetonitrile;
BBC
o-BROMOBENZYL CYANIDE
386
Description: (pure) yellowish -white

crystals; (tech) brown, oily
liquid;
fruit.
Formula
BROMOCUMENE.
pungent odor of soured
BROMOCYCLOHEXANE
C 6 H 4 CH 2 CNBr
M. P.
196.
29 C
B. P.
242 C
Freezing P. 25. 5C
Flash P. None
Vap. D. 6. 8
Vap. Press. 0. 01 1
@ 20 C
mm
Section 11.
C. C. Classification: Poison C;
tear gas label.
Poison C; tear gas label.
I.
o-BROMOBENZYL CYANIDE
See
Bromobenzyl Cyanide
Unknown
Toxicity:

2-BROMO-4-tert-BUTYL PHENOL
Straw -colored
(CH 3 ) 3 CC 6H 3 BrOH
liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 229. 1
B. P. 104 - 105C @5
Flash P. 240 F
Freezing P. < -20C
Density 1. 319 @ 25 / 25 C
BROMODICHLOROMETHANE
Unknown
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes.
Unknown

6).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes; it
l-BROMO-4-CHLOROBENZENE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CHBrCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 163. 8
B. P. 89. 2 - 90.6C
Density 1.971 @25/25C
Toxicity:
mm
6).
Description:
Description:
liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 163. 1
B. P. 165.8 - 167. 3C
Flash P. 145F
Density 1. 337
Formula:
Toxicity:
Yellowish
C^HjjBr
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula:
See Bromoiso-
propyl Benzene.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 207.03
Toxicity: Unknown.
7
191.5
4-BROMODIPHENYL
Description:
Freezing P. 64. 5C
Toxicity: Unknown.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; vvhen heated, it emits
toxic fumes.
Toxic Rating Code:
White to buff powder;

mild odor but like bromine.
Formula: C5H 7 N 2 2 Br
Description:
bromine and bromides.

White crystals.
C 6 H 4BrCl
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. 67. 4C
B. P. 196. 3C
3-BROMO-5, 5-DIMETHYLHYDANTOIN
None
= Slight
F o r mula
White crystals.
C 6H 5 C 6 H 4 B r
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 233. 1
M. P. 89.8 - 90.3C
B. P. 310. 8C
Flash P. 290 F
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BROMOFORM
387
Toxicity:
Unknown

6).
BROMOE THANE.
2-BROMOETHYL ACETATE
2
C2H
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 165
Toxicity: See Esters.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous: -when heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic
fumes
of
Section
Formula:
Formula: BrC 6H 4 CH 2 CH 3
1
M. P. -65C
B. P.
201 C
Density 1. 35- 1. 4
Flash P. 205 F
Vap. D. 6.4
Toxicity:
@ 25 /ZE> C
BROMOFORM
Synonym: Tribromomethane.
Unknown
Colorless liquid or
hexagonal crystals.
Description:

emits toxic fumes of

bromides, etc.; it can react
sition
Liquid.
BrCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 153
Vap. D. 5. 25
See also Ethers.
Fire Hazard: See Ethers.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of bromides; it can react vigorously
Description: Colorless to paleyellow liquid.
185.
In-
2-BROMOETHYL ETHYL ETHER
BROMOETHYLBENZENE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
it emits toxic fumes of oxides of
sulfur and bromides; it will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes.
Description:
bromine and bromides.
halation

Section 2
See Methyl
Bromide.
Formula: BrC 2 H 4

it
Formula:
CHBr 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
252. 77
M. P.
B. P.
149. 5C
7C
Flash P. None
Density 2. 890 @ 20 /4C
2;
BROMOETHYL CHLOROSULFONATE
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
BrCH 2 CH 2 OS0 2 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 223.49
3. P. 100 to 105C
@18
Irritant 2
2;
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: This material causes
mm
lachrymation.
It
can damage the
liver to a serious degree and
BROMOGERMANE
388
cause death. It has been said

that its medicinal application has
resulted in numerous poisonings.
has anesthetic properities
similar to those of chloroform,
but it is not sufficiently volatile
for inhalation purposes and is far
too toxic to be recommended. In
addition to its narcotic effects,
it is a metabolic poison.
Petroleum geologists working in closed
rooms with a large number of
funnels or open separatory flasks,
as required for routine procedure
in the separation of minerals, can
be subjected to appreciable concentrations of bromoform as an
atmospheric contaminant. The
It
inhalation of small amounts of

this material
causes irritation,
provoking the flow of tears and
saliva and reddening of the face.
In dogs, 29, 000 ppm caused a
deep narcosis after 8 minutes,
and death after 1 hour; in 30
minutes there was deep narcosis
and recovery on the next day.
Treatment and Antidotes: Remove
patient to fresh air and if breathing has stopped administer artificial respiration. Give oxygen if
necessary. Call a physician.
highly toxic fumes.
Section 2
BROMOGERMANE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
GeH 3 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 155. 54
M. P. -32. 0C
B. P. 52. 0C
Density 2.34 @29. 5C
Toxicity: See Germanium
Toxic Rating Code:
BROMOISOPROPYL BENZENE
Synonym: ar-Bromo cumene.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula: BrC 6H4 CH(CH 3 ) 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 199. 1
M. P. -20C
B. P. 212 - 216C
Flash P. 207 F
Density 1. 27- 1. 3 @ 25 /Z5 C
Vap. D. 6. 90
Toxicity:
Unknown

6).
BROMO METHYLETHYL KETONE

Description: Colorless to paleyellowish liquid.
Formula:
BrCH 2 COC 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 135. 01
B. P. 145 - 146C Decomposes
Density 1.43
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Disaster Control. Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition
emits toxic fumes of bromides; it

Section 2
Com-
Section
=
bromides.
it
pounds and Bromides.

materials.
p- BROMOHYDROAZOBENZENE
None
= Slight

l-BROMO-3-NITROBENZENE
Crystals.
Description:
Formula: BrC 6H4N0 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
202.0
M.
P. 56C
B. P. 256. 5C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
p-BROMOTOLUENE
389
Nitrobenzene.
nitrogen and bromides; it can react vigorously with oxidizing maToxicity:
BROMO-4-PHENYLPHENOL
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: BrC 6H 5OC 6H 5OH(Ci 2H9 BrO)

Constants: Mol. Wt.
M. P. 95C
267.
B. P. 195C decomp.
Flash P. 405F
Vap. Press. 1
@ 100.
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown
BROMOPICRIN
Synonyms: Nitrobromoform; tribr omonitromethane
Description: Prismatic crystals.
Formula: CBr 3 NO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 297. 77
M. P. 103 C
B. P. 127C
Density 2. 79 @18C
Toxicity:
Irritant]

heated rapidly (Section 7).
nitrogen and bromides and explodes.
BROMOPLATINIC ACID
Description: Monoclinic, deliquescent red crystals.
Formula: H 2 PtBr
9H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 838. 9
M. P. < 100 C Decomposes
Toxicity: See Bromides and Plat-
inum Compounds.
BROMOSUCCINIMIDE
C 4H 4
NBr
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 178.
M. P. 174 - 178C
Density 2. 098
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: A powerful irritant.
highly toxic fumes.
Section 2
o-BROMOTOLUENE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CHsC^Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 171.
B. P. 180 - 182C
Freezing P. -27 C
Flash P. 175F
Density 1. 422 @ 25 / Zb C
Toxicity:
Unknown
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when exposed to heat or flame.

6).
P-BROMOTOLUENE
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
CHsC^Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 171.0
B. P. 183.3 - 184. 1C
Freezing P. 25. 5C
Flash P. 185F
Density 1. 400 @ 27 /25C
Toxicity:
Description: White to pale buff,

fine crystalline powder with faint
odor of bromine.
Formula:
terials.

2-
bromides.
Unknown
BROMOTRICHLOROMETHANE
Fire Hazard:
posed
390
Moderate, when ex-
to heat or flame.

when heated
gerous;
sition, it
to
decompo-
emits toxic fumes;
it

BROMOTRIC HLOROME THANE

Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: CBrCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198.3
B. P. 103. 8 - 105. 1C
Density 1. 997 @25/25C
Toxicity:
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
Caution: An alkaloid like strychnine

but Vk as toxic.
heated, it emits toxic fumes.
Section 2
Poison B;
poison label.
BRUCINE COMPOUNDS.
Unknown
See
Brucine.
BRUCINE NITRATE
White powder.
Description:
Formula:
BRONZE.
See Copper and Tin and
Zinc.
BRONZE LIQUID PAINT

Composition:
bronze.
Liquid vehicle and
C 23 H 26 N 2
Fire Hazard:
Constant:
Flash P. Below 100F

Toxicity: See specific vehicle
ployed.
em-

6).

Explosive Range: Depends upon
components used.
See also Paint, Enamel, Lacquer,
Stain, Shellac, Varnish, etc.
HN0 3
2H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 493. 51
M. P. Anh. 230 C Decomposes
Toxicity: See Brucine.
Moderate by chemi-
cal reaction with reducing

agents (Section 6).
Caution: A powerful oxidant.
Section 7
BURNT COTTON (NOT REPICKED)

Toxicity:
Unknown


BURNT FIBER
BRUCINE
Toxicity:
Monoclinic prisms.
C 23 H26N 2 4
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 394.45
M. P. 178C
ful oxidizers (Section 6).


Acute Local: U
Toxic Rating Code:
Unknown
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame or power-
None

I.
3;
= Slight
7
11.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BUTANE
391
BURWEED MARSH ELDER
C.C. Classification: Flammable gas; red gas label.

I.

Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
to heat or flame.
BUTADIENE MONOXIDE
Synonym: Vinylethylene oxide.
Description:
Formula:
BUTADIENE -1,3
Synonyms: Methylallene; erythrene.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless gas.
CH 2 CCHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 54. 09
B. P. -4. 5C
Freezing P. -108. 9 C
Flash P.< 20 F
Vap. D. 1. 87
Vap. Press. l840mm@21C
Chronic Local: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat, flame or powerful
oxidizers.
chemical or water spray (Section 6).

exposed to heat or flame; may
form explosive peroxides upon
exposure to air.
- 11.5%
Explosive Range: 2.
compressed gas container;

when heated, it emits acrid
fumes;
can react with oxidizing

materials.
red label.
BUTADIENE, INHIBITED. See

Butadiene.
Section 11.
Liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 )2CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 58. 12
M. P. -135C
B. P. 151F
Flash P. < -58F (C.C.)
Density 0. 869
Vap. D. 2.41
Toxicity: See Butadiene.
chemical, carbon tetrachloride or
water spray (Section 6).

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits acrid fumes;
it can react with oxidizing materials.

BUTANE
Synonyms: n- Butane; methylethylmethane; butyl hydride.
Description:
Colorless gas.
Formula:
CH3CH2CH2CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 58. 1
B. P. -0. 5C
Flash P. -76 F (C.C.)
Density 0. 599
Vap. Press. 2 atm. @18. 8C

Vap. D. 2. 046
Acute Local:
Chronic Local: U
Caution: Produces drowsiness.
Simple asphyxiant.
1,4-BUTANEDIOL
392
compressed gas container;

when heated it emits acrid
fumes;
Section 2
I.
C. C. Classification: Flammable gas; red gas label.
1,2,
4-BUTANETRIOL
Synonym: Butanetriol.
Description: Colorless, nearly odorless, thick liquid.
Formula:
HOCH 2 CHOHCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106. 1
B. P. 312C
Freezing P. Supercools
Flash P. 332F (C. O. C. )
Density 1. 184 @4C
Toxicity: Practically nontoxic.
sembles glycerine.
BUTANOL.
Re-
See Butyl Alcohol.
BUTANONE
1,4-BUTANEDIOL
Synonym: Methylethyl ketone.
Synonym: Butanediol.
Description: Nearly odorless,
Description: Colorless liquid,

acetone-like odor.
Formula:
colorless, viscid liquid.
Formula:
HOCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 1
B. P. 228C
Freezing P. 20. 9 C
Flash P. > 250 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 0154 @ 25/4C
Vap. D. 3. 1
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
carbon tetrachloride.
BUTANEDIOL DICAPRYLATE
Description: A clear liquid.
Formula: (CH 2 2 (CH 2 OCOC 7 H
1
)2
CH 3 COCH 2 CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72. 10
B. P. 79. 57C
Flash P. 22F (T.O.C.)
Density 0. 8061 5 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 2.41
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH (accepted): 250 parts
(Section
6).
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 342
B. P. 220 C @5
Freezing P. 10. 5C
Flash P. 390 F
Density 0. 929 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 11
Toxicity: Unknown


1-BUTENE. See
mm
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Section 2

= Slight
Butylene.
cis-BUTENE-2
Synonyms: Dimethylehtylene;
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BUTOPYRONOXYL
393
pseudo-butylene.
CH 3 CHCHCH 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 56.
B. P. 1 C
Vinyl Ketone.
mm
(Section 6).

Section 2
trans-BUTENE-2
gas.
Formula: C 4H 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
56.
Unknown

(Section
6).

2-BUTENE-l,4-DIOL
Description:
Colorless, odorless
liquid.
Formula:
See alpha -Methallyl
Alcohol.
BUTESIN
Synonym: Butyl-p-aminobenzoate.
Description: Yellow, amorphous
powder.
Formula: C 6H 4 NH 2 COOC 4H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
193.24
M. P. 55C
Acute Systemic: U

Chronic Systemic: U
BUTESIN PICRATE OINTMENT
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 613 @ 15. 5/l 5. 5 C
Vap. D. 1.95
Toxicity:
2-BUTEN-l-OL.
5C
2.
6).
3-BUTENE-2-ONE. See Methyl
Freezing P. -139C
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 627 @ 1 5. 5 /l 5. 5C
Vap. Press. 1410
@ 21 C
Toxicity: Details unknown. May act
as a simple asphyxiant.
Description:
Section
NOCH 2 CHCHCH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 1
B. P. 234C
Freezing P. 12. 5 C
Flash P. 263 F (CO. C.)
Vap. D. 3.04
Toxicity: Unknown
Caution: This material is an irritant to the skin.

A yellow ointment.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: Has been known to cause
heat or flame (Section 6),
Description:

nitrogen.
BUTOPYRONOXYL
Synonym: Butyl mesityl oxide.
Description: Yellow to reddish
liquid.
Formula: C 12H 18
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 226.3
B. P. 256 - 270C
Density 1. 052 - 1. 060
Toxicity:
@ 25/25 C
Unknown

fumes (Section
6).
BUTOXYETHYL ACRYLATE
394
BUTOXYETHYL ACRYLATE
Description:
Liquid.
CH 2 CHC0 2 CH2CH 2 OC4H 9
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 172. 2
B. P. 62C @2
Vap. D. 5. 93
Toxicity: See Esters, and Ethyl
Acrylate.
mm
cyanides.
BUTYL ACETAMIDE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 117. 2
B. P. 455F
Flash P. 240 F
Density 0. 89
Toxicity:
Unknown

(Section
BUTOXYETHYL STEARATE
CH 3 (CH 2
16
6).
Description: Light-colored liquid

with mild odor.
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 CONHC 4 H 9
Formula:
COOC 2 H 4 OC 4H 9
BUTYLACETANILIDE
Description: Slightly yellow liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 3 N(C 6H 5 )C(0)CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 384
M. P. 10 - 16C
B. P. 215 - 245C @4
Flash P. 420 F
Density 0. 882 @ 20 /20C
Vap. Press. 0. 03
@ 150 C
Vap. D. 13. 2
Formula:


mm
mm

Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 191. 3
M. P. 20. 8C
B. P. 277 - 281 C
Flash P. 286 F
Density 0. 992 @ 25/25 C
Vap. D. 6. 6
Toxicity: Unknown

Section
BUTOXYL
BUTYL ACETATE
Description: Bitter taste, somewhat acid odor.
Synonym: Butyl ethanoate.
Formula:
Formula:
CH 3 CH(OCH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 OCOCH 3

Constants:
B. P.
Mol. Wt. 134

135 - 171 C
Flash P.
170F
Details unknown.
Glycols.
Toxicity:
See
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when heated it emits acrid fumes (Section 6),
beta-BUTOXY-beta-THIOCYANODI-
ETHYL ETHER
See Thiocyanates.
Toxicity:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Description:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 COOC 4 H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 16
B. P. 126 C
Freezing P. -73. 5C
Flash P. 92F (T. O. C.
Density 0. 88 @ 20 /Z C
Vap. D. 0. 88
Inhalation 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
395
n-tert-BUTYLACRYLAMIDE

Skin Absorption 1

MAC: ACGIH
(accepted); 200 parts

per cubic meter of air. See also
Esters, n-butyl Alcohol and Acetic
Acid.
Formula:
6).

Explosive Range: 1.7 - 15%
Section 2

BUTYL ACETOACETATE
Description:
Liquid.
CH 3 COCH2COOCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; can react witn oxidizing materials.
(Section
Section 11

B. P. 417F
Flash P. 185F
Density 0. 96
Vap. D. 5. 55
Esters, Acetoacetic Acid and
Butyl Alcohol.
flammable
BUTYL ACETYL RICINOLEATE
In-
Description:
liquid.
Formula:
sec-BUTYL ACETATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 396.6
M. P. -25F
B. P. 428F
Flash P. 230 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 940
Vap. D. 13. 7
Esters.
Synonyms: Aceticacid secondary

butyl ester; 2-butanol acetate.
Description: Colorless liquid; mild
odor.
CH 3 COOC 4H 9
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
116.
112C
Flash P. 66F (C. C.

Density 0. 862-0. 866
@ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 00
Inhalation 1 Skin Absorption 1

Description:
White, crystalline solid,
Formula: C 7H 13 ON
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 127. 18
M. P. 128 - 130 C with poly-
6).
Section 2
n-tert-BUTYLACRYLAMIDE

Explosive Range: 1.7%(L.E.L.)
See

(Section
C 18H 3 30 3 C4H 8 CH3CO
merization
2;
Inges-
tion 2

Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
2;
BUTYL ACRYLATE
396

Section


Toxicology: Though animal experiments have shown the butyl
alcohols to possess toxic properties, they have produced few
cases of poisoning in industry
BUTYL ACRYLATE
because ot their low volatility.

The use of normal butyl alcohol
is reported to have resulted in
Description: Water-white extremelyreactive monomer.
irritation of the eyes, with corneal

inflammation, slight headache and
Formula: C 7 H 12
dizziness, slight irritation of the
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128. 2
B. P. 69C @50
Freezing P. -64. 6C
Density 0. 894 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. D. 4.42
mm
tion 2

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
3
7
BUTYL ALCOHOL
nose and throat, and dermatitis

about the fingernails and along the
sides of the fingers (Section 9).
Keratitis has also been reported.
Underwriters Laboratory Classification: 40
To Fight Fire: Water spray, carbon

Explosive Range: 1. 7 - 18% (5)
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes, it can
Section 2
Synonym: n-Butanol.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
sec-
CH 3 (CH 2 )2CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 74. 12
B. P. 117. 5C
Freezing P. -88.
Formula:
9
mm
tion 2

Chronic Local: U
100 parts
303 milligrams
(accepted);
per million in air;
Toxic Rating Code:
2-Butanol; ethylmethyl
carbinol.
Description:

Density 0. 80978 @ 20 /4C
Vap. Press. 5. 5
@ 20 C
Vap. D. 2. 55
MAC: ACGIH
BUTYL ALCOHOL
Synonyms:
None
= Slight
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 CH 2 CHOHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 74. 12
M. P. -89C
B. P. 99. 5C
Flash P. 75F (C.C.)
Density 0. 808 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 55

Chronic Local: U
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
397
sec-BUTYLAMINE
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials.
To Fight Fire: Water spray carbon
odor.
6).

rate):
Section 2
tert-
BUTYL ALCOHOL
Synonym:
2-Methyl- Z-propanol.
Colorless liquid or
Description:
rhombic prisms or planes.

Formula: (CH 3 3 COH
)
Constants
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
74. 12
25.
82.
3C
8C
52F
Flash P.
(C. C. )
Density 0. 7887 @ 20
Vap. Press. 40
@ 24. 5
Vap. D. 2. 55
%C
mm
Inhalation
2;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 73. 1
M. P. -50C
B. P. 77 C
Flash P. < 45 F (C. C. )
Density 0. 74-0. 76 @ 20 / 20 C
Vap. D. 2. 52
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic: Systemic: U
per million of air.
(Section 6).
Section 2
sec-BUTYLAMINE
2 -Amino butane.
Synonym:
Skin Absorp-
Description:
tion 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
(Section
6).
flame.
Explosive Range: 2. 35 - 8. %
Section 2
BUTYL ALDEHYDE
See
Butyr aldehyde
BUTYLAMINE
1
Description:
-Amino butane.
Liquid, ammonia-like
Liquid.
CH 3 CH 2 CH(NH 2 )CH 3
Formula:
Explosion Hazard: Moderate, in the

form of vapor when exposed to
Synonym:
C 4H 9 NH 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 73. 1
M. P. -104C
B. P. 63 C
Flash P. 15F
Density 0. 724 @ 20 C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Inges-

(Section
6).

rate):
Section 2

3
7
tert-BUTYLAMINE
398
tert-BUTYLAMINE
Synonyms: 2 -Amino isobutane;
methylaminome thane
Description:
Formula:
tri-
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3
)3
CNH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 73. 14
M. P. -67. 5C
B. P. 44 - 46C
Density 0.700 @15C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
(Section

toxic fumes.
N, N-BUTYL p-AMINOPHENOL
Formula:
sensitizer.
Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame (Section 6).

Disaster Control: Moderately danFire Hazard:

Section 2
it
mate7
BUTYL ANILINE
7
Liquid.
C 17 H33COONH 3 C4H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 355.6
Density 0. 891
Esters and Butylamine.
6).
BUTYL AMINO BENZOATE

Synonym: n-Butyl p-amino-benzoate.
Dc scription:
with, oxidizing
Synonym: Monobutylamine oleate.
(Section
decompo-
rials.
BUTYLAMINE OLEATE
to
emits toxic fumes;
Description:
Formula:
Formula:
it
can react
rate):
Description:
when heated
gerous;
sition,
6).
HOC^HNCHzCHzCHzCHs
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165. 2
M. P. -27F
Flash P. 61 F
Toxicity: Unknown
Caution: May be an irritant or skin
Crystals.
Colorless liquid.
(C^jNHCjHs
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 149. 23
B. P. 241 C
Flash P. 225 F (C. O. C. )
Density 0. 9288 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 5. 15
Toxicity: Details unknown, probably
highly toxic. See also Aniline.
highly toxic fumes of aniline; it
materials.
Formula: C 11 H 15NO z
instants:
Mol. Wt. 193. 24

M. P. 57 - 29C
B. P. 174C @8
Esters, Butyl Alcohol and
mm
p-Aminobenzoic Acid.
Caution: Can cause dermatitis (Section 9).
Disaster Control:
Toxic Rating Code:
Dangerous; when
=
None
= Slight
p-tert-BUTYL ANILINE
Synonym: l-amino-4-tert-butyl
benzene.
Description:
Formula:
Oil.
(CH 3 ) 3 CC 6H 4 NH2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 149.2
M. P. 17C
B. P. 241 C
Density 0. 9525 @
2 =
Moderate
3 =
5/4C
High
Unknown
BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE
399
Toxicity: Details unknown. Probably toxic. See also Aniline.
it
emits

Description:
-Phenyl butane.
Colorless liquid.
C^CH^^C^C^
Formula:
mm
BENZENE
Synonym:
2- Phenyl butane.
Formula: C 6H 5CH(CH 3 )C 2 H5
Constants:
M. P.
Mol. Wt.
-82. 7C
134.2
173. 5C
Freezing P. -75. 8C
Density 0. 8621 @ 20 C
Vap. D. 4.62
Benzene.
B. P.
(Section
6).
No
ide,

Vap. D. 4. 62
Mol. Wt. 134.2

M. P. -81. ZC
B. P. 182. 1C
Freezing P. -88. 2C
Density 0.8601 @20/4C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 22. 7 C
Benzene.
Constants:
sec -BUTYL
168. 2C
Freezing P. -58C
Flash P. 140F (T.O.C. )
Density 0.8665 @ 20 C
See
Benzene.
BUTYL BENZENE
Synonym:
B. P.

ide,
BUTYL BENZOATE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C^COCC^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 178. 22
M. P. -21. 5C
B. P. 250C
Flash P. 225 F (O. C. )
Density 1 0073 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. Press. <0.01mm@20C
Vap. D. 6. 15
Esters, Benzoic Acid and N-butyl
Alcohol.
.
p-tert-BUTYL BENZOIC ACID

Synonym: p-t-BBA
Description:
Colorless, fine
crystalline powder.
Formula:
HOOCC 6H 4 C(CH 3
)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 178. 11
M. P. 166. 3C
Density 1. 142 @ 20 /4C
Toxicity:
Unknown
Slight; when exposed

Fire Hazard:
tert-BUTYL
BENZENE
Synonym:
2-methyl- 2- phenyl
propane.
Formula: C (^L 5C(CH 2 ) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
ide, dry chemical or carbon

BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE

Description:
134. 2
Formula:
Clear, oily liquid.
C 4 H 9 COOC 6H 4 COOCH 2 C ,H 5
BUTYL BENZYL SEBACATE
400
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 312.4
M. P. < -35C
B. P. 370 C
Flash P. 390 F
Density 1. 1 16 @ 25/25C
Vap. D. 10.8
Esters.
witii oxidizing materials.
Formula:
sition (Section 6).
Synonym:
Colorless to pale
straw-colored liquid.
Formula: CH 3 (CH2)2CH 2 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137. 03
P. -112. 4C
B. P.
Colorless crystals.
Formula: C 4 H 9 B(OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 101.95
M. P. 92 - 94C
B. P. Decomposes
Boron Compounds and Butyl
Alcohol.
It may have
flammable decomposition products
(Section
6).
Section
tert- BUTYL
BORIC ACID
Description:
White crystals.
Formula: C 4 H 9 B(OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 101. 95
B. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: Unknown. See Boron
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
(O. C.
1.

Halogenated Hydrocarbons.
Toxicity:
(Section
6).
bromides; it can react with oxidizing materials.
sec -BUTYL
Description:
BUTYL BORIC ACID

Description:
4C
75F
101.
274 @25/25C
Vap. D. 4. 72
Liquid.
mm
-Bromobutane.
Description:
(CH^gCO^HgCOzC^CHz
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 348. 5
B. P. 245 - 285C (5)10
Flash P. 395 F
Density 1. 004 @ 20/20C
Vap. D. 12.
BUTYL BROMIDE
Flash P.
Density
BUTYL BENZYL SEBACATE

Description:
Compounds and Butyl Alcohol.

emits toxic fumes. It may have
flammable products of decompo-
Formula:
BROMIDE
Colorless liquid.
C 2 H 5CHBrCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
137.
Freezing P. < -50C

B. P. 91.4C
Flash P. 70 F
Density 1.257 @ 25/25 C
Toxicity:
Unknown

tert-BUTYL BROMIDE
Description:
2 =
Moderate
Colorless liquid.
3 =
High
Unknown
p-tert- BUTYL
401

Vap. D. 5. 58
Toxicity: See Glycols.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame, it emits
degradation products; can react
(CH 3 ) 3 CBr
Formula:
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. -20C
137.0
B. P. 73. 3C
Freezing P. -18C
Density 1. 215 @25/25C
Toxicity:
CATECHOL
Unknown
(Section
6).
BUTYL BUTYRATE
Synonym: Butyl butanoate.
BUTYL "CARBITOL" ACETATE
Description:
Synonym: Diethylene glycol mono-
Liquid.
Formula:
butyl ether acetate

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C02CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144. 2
B. P. 166C
Density 0. 874
Vap. D. 5.0
Esters and Butyl Alcohol.
Section 2
See
Amyl
Alcohol.
sec-BUTYL CARBINOL. See
sec-
amyl Alcohol.
tert-BUTYL CARBINOL. See

amyl Alcohol.
tert-
BUTYL n CARBITOL n
Synonym: Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether.
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
C 4H 9 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
162. 2
Freezing P.
B. P.
230.
-68.
B.
P.
247 C
Flash P. 240 F (O. C. )

Density 0.981 @20/20C
Vap. Press. < 0.01
mm @ 20 C
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame it emits

BUTYL "CARBITOL" THIOCYANATE
BUTYL CARBINOL.
Description:
Formula:
C 4 H 9 0(CH 2 ) 2 0(CH 2 ) 2 OOCCH3
Freezing P. -32.2C
Formula: C 4H 9 0(CH 2 2 0(CH 2 2 CNS

)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 203.3
Thiocyanates.
See also

BUTYL CARBITYL 6 -PROPYL

PIPERONYL ETHER
secticide.
an in-

6C
Flash P. 240 F (O. C. )

Density 0. 9553 @ 20 /4 C
p-tert-BUTYL
Description:
CATECHOL
White crystalline
solid.
Formula:
CH 3 CC 6 H 3 (OH) 2
it
BUTYL "CELLOSOLVE"
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
402
Freezing P. 52 C
Flash P. 265 F
285 C
Density 1. 049 @ 60 /25C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
B. P.

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decompoit emits toxic fumes and
smoke; can react with oxidizing
sition
materials.

BUTYL "CELLOSOLVE"
Synonyms: Glycol monobutyl ether;
2-butoxy ethanol.
Formula: C 4H 9 OCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 17
M. P. < -40 F
B. P. 171. 2C
Density 0. 9027 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 4.07
Toxicity: See Glycols
(Section
6).
BUTYL "CELLOSOLVE" ACETATE

Synonym: Glycol monobutyl ether
acetate.
Description:

ide,
BUTYL CHLORIDE
Synonym:
1-Chlorobutane.
Formula: CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 92. 57
M. P. -123. 1C
B. P. 78C
Density 0. 884
Vap. D. 3. 20
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.

BUTYL CITRATE
Synonyms: Butyl
citrate;
tributyl
citrate.

yellow odorless liquid.
Formula:
(C^^CÔy
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 360. 4
M. P. -20C
Flash P. 365F
B. P. 233 C @22
Density 1 045 @ 20 /ZQ> C
Vap. D. 12.4
also Esters, Butyl Alcohol and
Citric Acid.
mm
Liquid.
Formula: C 4H 9 0(CH 2 ) 2 OOCCH 3

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
370F
Density 0. 943
Vap. D. 5. 5
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when exposed to heat or flame, it emits
B. P.
166. 2
160. 20
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BUTYL DIETHANOLAMINE
403



Description:
BUTYL DIAMYLAMINE
BUTYL CROTONATE
Description: Water-white liquid,
pleasant persistent odor.
CH 3 CHCHCOOC 4 H 9
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 142. 2
B. P. 180. 5C
Density 0. 9037 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 9
Esters.
(Section
Liquid.
(C 4 H 9 )(C 5H 11 ) 2 N
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 213.4
B. P. 444F
Flash P. 200 F
Density 0. 78
Vap. D. 7. 3
See also
Amines.
6).
BUTYL DICHLOROARSINE
Oily liquid, somewhat
Description:
BUTYL CYCLOHEXYLCAPROATE
agreeable odor.
Details unknown. See

Fire Hazard: A combustible material; it can react with oxidizing
Formula: C 4H 9 AsCl 2
BUTYL DECALIN
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 202.945
B. P. 194C
Compounds.
Description:
Formula:
C 4H 9 C 10 H 17
BUTYL 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETATE

Flash P. 500 F (C. C. )
Vap. D. 6. 7
Toxicity:
Synonyms:
Formula:

6).
2,
Description:
Unknown
tert-BUTYL DECALIN
Description:
Liquid.
CH 3
4-D;
Butyl ester.
Light-brown
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 277. 15
Density 1.235- 1. 245
Toxicity:
liquid.
C 6 H 3 (Cl) 2 OCH 2 COO(CH 2
@ 25 /Zb C
Unknown
Liquid
Formula: C4H 9 C 10 H 17
BUTYL DIETHANOLAMINE

Flash P. 640 F (C. C. )
Vap. D. 6. 7
Toxicity: Unknown
Description:
)3
Formula:
Liquid.
C 4 H 9 N(CH 2 CH 2 OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 161. 24
B. P. 503F
Density 0. 97
Vap. D. 5. 55
BUTYL DIETHYL HEPTYLATE

Toxicity:
Details unknown.
See
Amines.
Caution:
An
anesthetic and asphyx-
iant.
Slight, when exposed

Fire Hazard:

BUTYL DIETHYL HEPTYLATE

Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
C 4H 8 (COOCH 2 CH(C 2H 5 )C 4 H 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 370. 56
M. P. -60C
B. P. 214C @5
mm

2-sec-BUTYL-6-4-DINITROPHENOL
Description:
Crystals.
(C 4 H 9 )(N0 2 )(C 6H 3 OH)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 195. 2
Butyl Alcohol and Dinitrophenol.
Nitrates,
alpha-BUTYLENE
Synonym: 1-Butene
Description: Gas
Formula: CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 2
B. P. -6. 3C
Freezing P. -185. 3C
Flash P. -112F
Density 0. 668 @0/lC
Vap. D. 1. 93
Acute Local:
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
None


Explosive Range 1. 7 - 9. 0%
)2

Density 0. 9268 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 12. 8
also Esters.
Formula:
404
= Slight
explosive force; it can react

Section 2
beta-BUTYLENE. See 2-Butene.
gamma- BUT YLENE. See
Isobutylene.
BUTYLENE CHLORIDE
Description:
Gas.
Formula: C 4 H 7 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 6
B. P. 162F
Density 0. 926
Vap. D. 3. 13

1,2 -BUT YLENE
GLYCOL
Synonym: alpha -Butylene glycol.

Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 1
M. P. -174F
B. P. 192C
Density 1.019 @ 0/4C
Vap. D. 3. 1
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BUTYLETHANOLAMINE
405
Glycols.
See also
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed

to heat or flame; it can react with
1,3-BUTYLENE GLYCOL
Synonyms:
3-Butanediol; beta1
butylene glycol.
Description: Viscous liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 12
B. P. 207. 5C
Freezing P. below -50C
Flash P. 228F (C.C. )
Density 1. 006 @ 20 /^0 C
Vap. D. 3. 2
also Glycols.
(Section
2,
3-BUTYLENE GLYCOL
2, 3
Butanediol; pseudo-
butylene glycol.
Formula:
CH 3 CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 12
B. P. 180C
Freezing P. 19 C
Density 1. 0095 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3. 1
also Glycols.
To
(Section 6).
Fight Fire:
mixture
isomeric butylene oxides.
Formula: C 4 H 8
of
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72. 1
B. P. 62 - 65C
Flash P. 5F
Pour P. -150C
Density 0. 826 @ 25 /Z5 C
Vap. D. 2.49

Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: Highly toxic concentrations
of vapor are readily obtained at
room temperature.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; reacts

ide,

flame (Section 7).
Section 2
6).
Synonyms:
BUTYLENE OXIDES
A liquid
Description:

BUTYLETHANOLAMINE
Synonym:
2-Butylaminoethanol.
Formula:
CH 3 (CH 2 )3NHCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 117. 19
B. P. 377F
Flash P. 170 F (O. C.)
Density 0. 89
Vap. D. 4. 03
also Amines.
(Section
6).
No
Carbon dioxide,


ide,
BUTYL ETHER
406
BUTYL ETHER
Synonyms:
1-Butoxybutane; n-dibutyl
106. 0C
Density 0. 911
Autoign. Temp. 6l2F
Colorless liquid.
Description:
B. P.
CH 3 (CH 2 3 0(CH 2 3 CH 3
)
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
M. P.
-95C
B. P.
142 C
130.23

Density 0. 769 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4.48
1;
Inhalation

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate. See Ethers.
6).

also Ethers (Section 7).
acrid fumes; it can react with
Section 2
MCA
101. 12
M. P. -130F
ether.
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
warning label.
Vap. D. 3. 52
See also
Esters, Butyl Alcohol and Formic
Acid.
tert- BUTYL
HYDROPEROXIDE
Description:
Liquid.
(CH 3
Formula:
)3
COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 12
Flash P. 55F (C.C.
Density 0. 860
Vap. D. 2. 07
Toxicity:
Unknown
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame, or by

spontaneous diemical reaction;
No
BUTYL ETHYL "CELLOSOLVE"

Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 4 H 9 OCH2CH 2 OC 2 H5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
(Section
BUTYL FORMAL.
See Formaldehyde and Butyl Alcohol.
Description:
Formula:
Tan, granular solid.
(HOC 6H4 2 C(CH 3 )(C 2H 5 )

)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 242. 3
M. P. 118.9 - 121. 7C
also Phenols.
See

tert-
Colorless liquid.
Description:
HCOOCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH3
Toxic Rating Code:
p,p-sec-BUTYLIDENEDIPHENOL
BUTYL ISOPROPYL BENZENE

HYDROPEROXIDE
BUTYL FORMATE
Synonym: Butyl methanoate.
Formula:
Section
146. 22
M. P. -90 C
B. P. 164. 2C
Density 0. 8389
Toxicity: See Glycols and "Cellosolves. "
it emits acrid fumes; can react
Description:
6).
None
= Slight
Formula:
2 =
Crystals.
(C 4 H 9 )(C 3 H 7 )C 6H 3 OOH
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
tert- BUTYL
407
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
can react vigorously with

rate): Section 2
Coast Guard Classification: Init
Z08. 3
Unknown
Fire Hazard: Moderate when exposed to heat or flame or bychemical reaction; it can react
with oxidizing or reducing materials (Section 6).
Section
flammable
BUTYL LACTATE
Description:
Formula:
sec -BUTYL
Liquid.
CH 3 CH(OH)COOC 4 H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym:
-43 C
188C
Flash P. 168F
Density 0. 968
P.
(T. O. C.
BUTYL MERCAPTAN
Synonyms:
1 -Butanethiol;
thioalcohol.
Formula:
n-butyl
liquid*,
skunk
CH 3 (CH2)2CH 2 SH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
MERCAPTAN
-Butanethiol.
Mol.YWt. 90. 2
M. P.\-165C

Vap. D. 5. 04
Toxicity: See Esters, Butyl Alcohol
and Lactic Acid.
Description: Colorless
like odor.
red label.
liquid;
Description: Mobile liquid, skunklike odor.

Formula: C 4 H l0 S
Constants:
146. 18
M. P.
B.
MERC/ PT AN
B. P.
85 C
Density 0.83 @17C

tion
2;
2;
Ingss-
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
emits highly toxic fumes; it can
materials.
Section 2
90. 18
M. P.
tert -BUTYL
B.
Synonym:
-116C
P. 98C
Density 0. 8365 @ 25 /4C

Acute Local: Irritant 2; IngesInhalation 2
tion 2;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
per million in air.
10 parts

MERCAPTAN
2-Methyl-2-propanethiol.
Description: Liquid; skunk-like odor,
Formula: C 4 H 10 S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90.2
M. P. -0. 5C
B. P. 64 C
tion
2;
2;
Inges-
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
BUTYL MESITYL OXIDE
408
contact with acid or acid
fumes; it can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
Formula:
C 4H 9 NHC 2 H 4OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 117. 19
B. P. 378F
Flash P. 170F (O.C. )
Density 0. 89
Vap. D. 4.03
also Amines.

Section 2
BUTYL MESITYL OXIDE
Synonyms: Indalone; butopyronoxyl.

Description: Yellow to pale reddish

See
liquid.
Formula: C 12H 18
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 226. 3
B. P. 256 - 270 C
Density 1.052- 1. 060
BUTYL NAPHTHALENE
Description:
@25/25C
Unknown; an insecticide.
Toxicity:

BUTYL METHACRYLATE,
Description:
Colorless liquid.
To Fight Fire: Water, carbon diox-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 142. 19
B. P. 163C
Density 0. 895 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 4. 8
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
(Section 6).
Section 2
See
Methyl Butyl Ketone.
BUTYL MONOETHANOLAMINE
Description:
Liquid.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
See
CH 2 C(CH 2 )COOC 4H 9
BUTYL METHYL KETONE.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 184.3
Flash P. 680 F (C. C. )
Vap. D. 6. 2
also Naphthalene.

MONOMER
Formula:
Liquid.
Formula: C4H9C1QH7
= Slight
chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6).

ide, dry
BUTYL NICOTINATE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C 10H 13 NO 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 179.3
B. P. 122 - 123 C @8
Density 1. 0471 @ 25/4C
also Esters.
emits highly toxic fumes; it
mm
BUTYL NITRATE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 3 ON0 2
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 119. 1
B. P. 136C
Flash P. 97 F
Density 1.048 @0/4C
Vap. D. 4.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
2- BUTYL
409
also Nitrates and Butyl Alcohol.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame or by spontaneous chemical reaction (Section 6).

nitrogen; it can react vigorously
with oxidizing or reducing mate-
sec -BUTYL
Section
Liquid.
Formula: C 2H 5CH(CH 3 )ONO

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 103. 1
B. P. 68C
Vap. D. 3. 5
Nitrites and Butyl Alcohol.
(Section 6).
rials.
Description:
OCTANOL

NITRATE
Synonym: alpha -methyl propyl

tert-
nitrate.
Description:
Formula:
C 2H 5CH(CH 3 )ON02
ethyl nitrite.
Formula:

)3
CONO
(Section 6).

BUTYL NITRITE
Liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 3 ONO
2-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 103. 1
B. P. 75C
Density 0. 91 14 @ /4C
Vap. D. 3. 5
Nitrites and sec -Butyl Alcohol.
(Section 6).

sec-
(CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 103. 1
B. P. 63C
Vap. D. 3. 5
Nitrites and tert-Butyl Alcohol.
(Section 6).
Formula:
Yellowish liquid.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 119. 1
B. P. 124C
Density 1. 0382 @ /4C
Vap. D. 4.0
Nitrates and sec -Butyl Alcohol.
Description:
BUTYL NITRITE
Synonyms: alpha, alpha -dimethyl
Liquid.
BUTYL NITRITE
Synonym: alpha -methyl propyl
BUTYL OCTANOL
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 6 H 13 CH(C 4H 9 )CH 2 OH

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
186.33
M. P. -80C
Flash P.
B. P.
230 F (O. C.
Density
Vap. D.
8355
6.42
0.
@ 2Q/20C

Alcohols.
Toxicity:
nitrite.
253. 3C
BUTYL OLEATE
410
BUTYL OLEATE
Description:
(Section
Liquid.
Formula: C 17 H 33 COOC 4H9

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 338. 56
B. P. 343 F
Flash P. 356 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 873
Vap. D. 11.-3
esters, butyl Alcohol and Oleic
Acid.
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical or carbon
BUTYL OXALATE
o-sec-BUTYL PHENOL
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3 CHC 2 H 5 )C 6H 4 OH

B. P. 226 - 228 C @25
Freezing P. 12C
Flash P. 225 F
Density 0.981 @25/25C
Toxicity: Unknown
mm

Synonym: Butyl ethane dioate.

Description:
6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat or by spontaneous

Formula: (COOC 4H 9 ) 2
p-sec-BUTYL PHENOL
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 202. 24
Flash P. 265 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 989 - 0. 993
Vap. D. 7.
Esters, Butyl Alcohol and Oxalic
Acid.
with oxidizing, materials.
Description:
tert-
Formula:
Liquid.
C 6H 5COOOC(CH 3
)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 194. 2
B. P. 235F Decomposes
Density 1. 035
Vap. D. 6. 69
Toxicity:
Toxicity:
mm
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame.
when exposed

ide,
BUTYL PHENOL
Description: Crystals or practically

white flakes.
Formula:
rials.

None
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150.2
B. P. 135.4 - 136. 5C @ 25
Freezing P. 51 C
Flash P. 240 F
Density 0. 963 @ 60 /60 C
p-tert-

it can react with reducing mate-
Nearly white flakes.
(CH 3 CHC 2 H 5 )C 6H 4OH
Synonyms: Butyl phenol.
Unknown
Toxic Rating Code:
Formula:

toxic fumes; it can react with
BUTYL PERBENZOATE
Description:
Liquid.
= Slight
C^CÔH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150. 2
B. P. 238C
Freezing P. 97 C
Density 0.9081 @114/4C
Vap. D. 5. 1
Toxicity: See Phenol.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BUTYL RICINOLEATE
411

fumes.

Density 1. 097
Vap. D. 11.6
Toxicity:
Unknown
ACETATE

Acetate.
2-(p-sec-BUTYLPHENOXY)
ETHANOL. See Ethylene Glycol

p-sec-buty phenyl Ether.
2-(p-tert-BUTYLPHENOXY)
ETHYL
See Ethylene Glycol

p-tert-butyl phenyl Ether
l-(o-sec-BUTYLPHENOXY)-2-PROPANOL. See Propylene Glycol

o- sec -butyl phenyl Ether.
l-(p-sec-BUTYLPHENOXY )-2-PROPANOL. See Propylene Glycol

p- sec -butyl phenyl Ether.
l-(p-tert-BUTYLPHENOXY)-2-PRO-
PANOL. See Propylene Glycol

p-tert-butyl phenyl Ether.
p-tert-BUTYLPHENYL DIPHENYL
PHOSPHATE. See Diphenyl
mono -(p-tert-butyl phenyl) phos-
BUTYL PIPERONYLAMIDE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
CH 2 (0 2 )C 6H 2 (C 4H 9 )CONH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 221.
Vap. D. 7.4

BUTYL PROPIONATE
Synonym: Butyl proponoate.
Description: Water-white liquid,
Formula: C 2 H 5C0 2 C 4H 9
BUTYL PHENYL ETHER

Liquid
Formula: C 4 H 9 OC6H 5
Flash P. 180F
Density 0.929 @20C
Vap. D. 5. 6
also Ethers.
See also Ethers.
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by spontaneous chemical reaction. See
also Ethers.
BUTYL PHTHALYL BUTYL

GLYCOLATE
Description:
6).
apple -like odor.
phate.
Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
C 6H 4 (C0 2 ) 2 (C 4H 9 )CH 2 C0 2 C 4H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 331.
B. P. 653F
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 130. 2
M. P. -89. 6C
B. P. 145. 4C
Density 0. 875 @20C
Vap. D. 4.49
also Esters, N-butyl Alcohol
and Propionic Acid.
No

BUTYL RICINOLEATE
Synonym: Butyl- 12-hydroxy- 9-octadecanoate.
Formula:
C 18 H3 3
C 4H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 354. 56
B. P. 275 C @13
Flash P.
mm
428F
BUTYL STEARAMIDE
Density
Vap. D.
412
906
12.2
0.
Unknown

sulfur; it can react vigorously
BUTYL TARTRATE.
BUTYL STEARAMIDE
Description:
Toxicity:
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame or on contact with acid or acid fumes.
Liquid,,
BUTYL TETRALIN
Formula: C 4 H 9 C 17 H 34 CONH 2
tert-
Constants: Mol. Wt.

B. P. 383F
Flash P. 430 F
Vap. D. 11. 7
Description:
339.6

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 188.30
Vap. D. 6. 3
Toxicity:
Unknown

Fire Hazard:
To Fight Fire: Water, carbon diox7
BUTYL STEARATE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 4H 9 C 10 H 11
Unknown
Toxicity:
See Dibutyl
Tartrate.

Liquid.
Formula: C 17 H 35COOC 4 H 9
BUTYL TITANATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym: Titanium butylate.
M. P.
61 F
Description: Colorless to lightyellow liquid, odor of butanol.
B. P.
650F
Formula:
340. 57

Density 0. 855
Vap. D. 11.4
Esters and N-butyl Alcohol.

6).
Ti(OC 4H 9 ) 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 340.4
M. P. -55C
B. P. 312C
Flash P. 170F
Vap. D. 11.5
Toxicity: See Butyl Alcohol and
Titanium Compounds.
(Section
6).
BUTYL SULFIDE
Synonyms:
Dibutyl sulfide; butyl

thiobutane.
(CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 )2S
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
-80C
B. P.
182C
Density
Vap. D.
0.
839
)]
mm
@ l6/0 C
Fire Hazard:
4. 9
Toxic Rating Code:
TITANATE
A clear liquid.
Formula: Ti[OCH(CH 3 )(C 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 340
M. P. -25 to -30C
B. P. 138C @10
Density 0. 93
Toxicity: See Esters and sec-Butanol
146. 3
M. P.
sec -BUTYL
Description:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
Moderate, when
3 =
High
Unknown
BUTYRALDEHYDE
413
to heat or flame; it can

(Section 7). See also Ethers.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous. See Ethers.
exposed
p-tert-BUTYL
Description:
Formula:
TOLUENE
BUTYN
Colorless liquid.
C 4H 9 C6H 4 CH 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym: p-Aminobenzoyl-gammadi-n-butyl aminopropanol sulfate.

Description:
148. 24

MAC: ACGIH (proposed); 10 parts
per million in air.
fumes; it can react with oxidizing
materials.
Liquid.
C 4 H 9 SiCl3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 191. 6
Vap. D. 6. 4
Chlorosilanes.
to produce heat, toxic and corrosive fumes.
Corrosive

rosive liquid;
Cor-
white label.
Formula:
Liquid.
CHCH 2 OC 4 H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 2
M. P. -92C
B. P. 200 F
Flash P. 30 F
Density 0. 77
Vap. D. 3.4
Ethers.
2)2
H 2S0 4

it
2-BUTYNE-l,4-DIOL
Straw
Formula: C 4H$0 2
Description:
to
amber
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 1
M. P. 57. 5C
B. P. 194C @100
crystals.
tion
3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic:
Ingestion
halation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
In-
Chronic Systemic: U
exposed to heat or by spontaneous
chemical reaction in contact with
certain materials.
Explosive Range: Upon contamination with mercury salts,
strong acids and alkali earth
hydroxides and halides at
high temperatures.
when heated
tion
it
to
decomposi-
emits acrid fumes
and may explode.

Section 2
BUTYL VINYL ETHER

Description:
N(C 6H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 836. 8
M. P. 98 - 100C
Toxicity: A weak allergen.
mm
BUTYL TRICHLOROSILANE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless, odorless
powder.
Formula: (NH 2 C 6 H 4 COO(CH 2 ) 3
BUTYRALDEHYDE
Synonyms: Butanal; butyric aldehyde:
See also
n-butyl aldehyde.
Formula:
CH 3 (CH 2 2 CHO
)
BUTYRALDEHYDE ANILINE
414
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72. 1
M. P. -100C
B. P. 75. 7C
Flash P. 20
(C. C. )
Density 0. 817 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 5
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
I.C.C. Classification: Flammable

liquid; red label.
Formula:
Liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 163. 2
Vap. D. 5. 5
Toxicity: Details unknown; may contain aniline. See also Aniline.
highly toxic fumes of aniline; it
materials.
BUTYRALDOXIME
Synonym: Butanal oxime.
Formula:
Liquid.
C 4H 8 NOH
Mol. Wt. 87.

-29. 5C
B. P. 306 F
Density 0. 923
Vap. D. 3.01
Constants:
M. P.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
ide (Section 6).
Section
BUTYRIC ACID
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 2 COOH
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
88. 10
-7.9C
B. P. 163. 5C
Freezing P. -5.5C
Density 0. 9590 @20 /20C
M. P.

Vap. D. 3.04
1;
Inhalation

halation 1
Chronic Local:
Irritant
1;
In-
Chronic Systemic: U
CH 3 (CH 2 )2CONHC 6H5
Description:
Unknown
BUTYRALDEHYDE ANILINE
Description:
Toxicity:

To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide,
dry chemical or carbon tetrachlor-
= Slight
(Section 6).
Section 2

BUTYRIC ANHYDRIDE
Synonym: Butanoic anhydride.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CO) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158. 19
M. P. -73. 3C
B. P. 198C
Density 0. 978
Vap. D. 5.4
Chronic Systemic: U
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
BUTYRYL CHLORIDE
415
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when exposed to heat or flame; it can react with oxidizing materials.
(Section 6).
Section 2

Density 0. 815
Vap. D. 3. 93
Ketones.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; it can react with oxidizng materials.
No
gamma-BUTYROLACTONE
Description:
odor.
Formula:
(Section
Colorless liquid; mild
BUTYRYL CHLORIDE
C 4H 6O z
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
6).
Synonym: Butanoyl chloride.
M. P.
Description: Clear, colorless liquid

with sharp odor.
B.
Formula: C 3 H 7COCl
86
-44C
P. 206C
Flash P. 209 F (O. C. )

Density 1. 124 @ 25/4C
Vap. D. 3.0
Acute Local:
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

6).
BUTYRONE
Synonym: 4-Heptanone.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 3 H 7 ) 2 CO
Constants: Mol. Wt.

B. P. 290 F
M. P. -326C
114.18
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106. 6
M. P. -89 C
B. P. 100 - 110C
Density 1. 028 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3.67
Acute Local: Irritant 3; Ingestion 3;
Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2
CACODYL
Description:
Synonyms: Dicacodyl; tetramethyl
Formula:
diarsine.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 138.0
M. P. 200 C
Poison B;
poison label.
Oily liquid.
Formula: (CH 3 ) 2As-As(CH 3 )2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 210.0
B. P. 165C
Freezing P. -6C
Density Above 1
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; by spontaneous chemical reaction.
Ignites spontaneously in dry air
(Section
Colorless crystals.
(CH 3 ) 2AsOOH

6).

CACODYL SULFIDE
highly toxic fumes of arsenic; it

materials.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or by spontaneous

chemical reaction. Ignites spontaneously in air (Section 6).
can shatter the container and
release contents; when heated to
decomposition, it emits highly
toxic fumes of arsenic and
oxides of sulfur; it can react
CACODYL DIOXIDE
Description: A liquid.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by spontaneous chemical reaction.
Ignites spontaneously in air (Section 6).
Toxicity: See Arsenic Compounds and
Sulfides.
als.

release contents; when heated
to decomposition it emits highly
toxic fumes of arsenic; can react vigorously with oxidizing
materials.

First Aid:
Density 0.950 - 1. 055 @ZS/ZSC

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: A combustible
Section

CACODYLIC ACID
Synonyms: Dimethylarsenic acid;
alkargen.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
CADE OIL
Synonym: Juniper tar.
Description: Dark brown, viscous,
volatile oil.
Constant:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CADMIUM BENZOATE
417
material; when heated, it emits
acrid fumes, can react with
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 230. 50
M. P. 256C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 341
Toxicity: See Cadmium Compounds
CADMIUM
Description: Hexagonal crystals;
silver-white malleable metal.
CADMIUM AMIDE
Formula: Cd
Formula: Cd(NH 2
Constants:
At. Wt. 112.41
M. P. 320. 9 C
B. P. 767 2C
Density 8. 642
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144.46
Density 3.05 @25C
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted);
0.
Description:
milli-
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Cd 109 half -life: 470
days; emits gamma rays of 0. 088
mev and a positron. The permissible levels are: In body: 40
microcuries. In air: 7 X 10~ 8
water: 7 X 10" 2 rnicrocurie per
,
Cd 109
ing).
of dust
Moderate, in the form
when exposed
to heat or

with oxidizing agents (Section
See also Powdered Metals.
6).

form of dust when exposed to
flame (Section 7).
heated, it emits highly toxic fumes
of cadmium; it can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
rate): Section 2
CADMIUM ACETATE
Description: Monoclinic colorless
crystals, odor of acetic acid.
Formula: Cd(C 2 H 3
CADMIUM AMMONIUM BROMIDE

Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: CdBr 2
4NH 4Br
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 664. 00
Toxicity: See Cadmium
Compounds
and Bromides.
CADMIUM ARSENIDE
Dark-gray cubes.
Formula: Cd 3As 2
Description:
exists in
equilibrium with its daughter,

the radioactive form of Ag 109
The
permissible levels are given for
the equilibrium mixture.
Toxicity: Cadmium plating of food
and beverage containers has resulted in a number of outbreaks
of gastro-enteritis (food poison-
Fire Hazard:
)2
Synonyms: Ammonium -cadmium

bromide.
gram per cubic meter of air

See also Cadmium Compounds.
milliliter.
White solid.
2)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 487. 05
M. P. 721 C
Toxicity: See Arsenic Compounds and
Cadmium Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame. May
evolve arsine upon contact with
moisture or acids (Section 6).
See also Arsine.
contact with acid or acid fumes it
emits highly toxic fumes of arsenic; will react violently with water
or steam or oxidizing materials.
CADMIUM BENZOATE
Description:
Formula:
White solid.
Cd(C 7 H 5
2H 2
2) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 390. 66
Disaster Control: See Cadmium.
CADIUM BOROTUNGSTATE
418
CADMIUM BOROTUNGSTATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
M. P. 80 C
Density 2. 28 @18C
See Cadmium Compounds
and Chlorates.
Yellow, triclinic
Toxicity:
Cd 5 (BW 12 O 40
18H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 6602.06
M. P. 75C
Compounds
and Boron Compounds.

CADMIUM BROMATE
Description:
Rhombic, white crys-
tals.
Formula:
Cd(Br0 3
)2
H2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 386. 26
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 758
Compounds
(Section 6).
highly toxic fumes of cadmium,
bromine and bromides;
can
materials.
it
Section
CADMIUM BROMIDE
Formula:
and Bromides.
CADMIUM CARBONATE
Trigonal, white crys-
tals.
Formula:
CdC0 3
172.42
M. P. Decomposes < 500C

Density
Toxicity:
4.
See
@4C
Cadmium Compounds.
258
CADMIUM CHLORATE
Description:
prisms.
Formula: Cd(C10 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
CADMIUM CHLORIDE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Hexagonal, colorless
CdCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 183. 32
M. P. 568C
Density 4.047 @25C
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 272. 24
M. P. 567 C
B. P. 963C
Density 5. 192 @25C
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
rials.

Yellow crystals.
CdBr 2
Description:
also Chlorates.
and shock will explode it; when
highly toxic fumes of cadmium
chlorine and chlorides; it can react vigorously with reducing mate-
and Bromates.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with reducing agents
Description:
(Section 6).
See also Chlorates.
2H 2
315.36
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight

Chronic Local: Variable
Inhalation 3
Toxicology: The inhalation of fumes
or dusts of cadmium primarily
affects the respiratory tract; the
kidneys may also be affected.
Even brief exposure to high concentrations may result in pulmonary edema and death. Usually
the edema is not massive, with
In fatal
little pleural effusion.
cases, fatty degeneration of the
liver, and acute inflammatory
changes in the kidneys have been
noted. Ingestion of cadmium results in a gastrointestinal type of
poisoning resembling food poisoning in its symptoms.
tion
2 =
3;
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CADIUM FORMATE
419
Inhalation of dust or fumes maycause dryness of the throat, cough,
headache, a sense of constriction
in the chest, shortness of breath
(dyspnea) and vomiting. More
severe exposure results in marked
lung changes, with persistent
cough, pain in the chest, severe
dyspnea and prostration which mayterminate fatally. X-ray changes
are usually similar to those seen
in broncho-pneumonia. The urine

highly toxic fumes of cadmium and
oxides of sulfur.
frequently dark. These symptoms are usually delayed for some
and Ferrocyanides.
hours after exposure, and fatal

concentrations may be breathed
without sufficient discomfort to
Description:
is
warn
the
workman
CADMIUM FERROCYANIDE
Description:
Solid.
Formula: Cd 2Fe(CN) 6
xH 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 454. 8
Compounds
7
CADMIUM FLUOGALLATE
to leave the ex-
See also Cadmium.

Ingestion of cadmium results
in sudden nausea, salivation,
posure.
Colorless crystals.
Formula: (Cd(H 2 0) 6 )(GaF 5H 2 0)

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
403. 24
M. P.
-5H 2
Density
79
See Fluogallates and
@110C
vomiting and diarrhea and abdominal pain and discomfort.

Symptoms begin almost immedi-
Toxicity:
ately after ingestion.

A yellow discoloration of the
teeth has been reported in
Disaster Control: See Cadmium

and Fluorides.
Cadmium Compounds.
workers exposed to cadmium.

Cadmium oxide fumes can cause
metal fume fever resembling that
caused by zinc oxide fumes.
CADMIUM FLUORIDE
Description:

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Section
See Cyanides and
Cadmium
Compounds.
Triclinic crystals.
)
2H 2

Density 2.74@15/4C
See
Cadmium Compounds
and Phosphoric Acid.
CADMIUM ETHYLENE BISDITHIOCARBAMATE

Toxicity:
See
CADMIUM FLUOSILICATE
Description:
crystals.
CADMIUM DI- HYDROGEN

PHOSPHATE
Toxicity:
1751 C
Disaster Control: See Cadmium and

Fluorides.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 164.45
M. P. > 200 C Decomposes
Formula: Cd(H 2 P0 4
B. P.
Compounds.
Crystals.
Description:
1100C
mm
Formula: Cd(CN) 2
Toxicity:
150.41
M. P.
Density 6. 64
@1112C
Vap. Press. 1
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Cadmium
CADMIUM CYANIDE
Description:
Cubic white crystals.
Formula: CdF 2
rate): Section 2
2.
Cadmium Compounds.
Formula:
CdSiF^
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
6H 2
362. 6

and Fluo silicates.
Fluorides.
Toxicity:
CADMIUM FORMATE
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Cd(CH0 2
Mol. Wt.
2H z O
238.48
CADMIUM FUMARATE
420
M. P. Decomposes
Density
2.
M. P. 385C
B. P. 713C
44

and Formic Acid.
Toxicity:
Compounds.
Section
Density 5.670 @30C

@4l6C
Vap. Press. 1
Toxicity: See Cadmium Compounds and Iodides.
mm
CADMIUM LACTATE
CADMIUM FUMARATE
Description:
Description: Solid.
Formula:
Formula: CdC 4H 2
Needles.
Cd(C 2 H 5
3)2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 226.47
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 290. 55
Storage and Handling
Section 7
CADMIUM HYDROGEN ARSENATE
CADMIUM MALEATE
Description:
Description:
Solid.
Formula: CdHAs0 4
H zO

and Cadmium Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Arsenic and
Toxicity:
Cadmium.
Description: Trigonal or amorphous

white crystals.
Cd(OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146.43
Density 4. 79 @15C
White crystals.
Cd(I0 3 ) 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 462. 25
M. P. Decomposes
Density 6. 43
and Iodates.
Iodates
CADMIUM IODIDE
Description: Hexagonal, brownish
crystals.
Formula: Cdl 2 (alpha): Cdl 2 (beta)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 366.25; 366. 25
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2H z O
CADMIUM MOLYBDATE
Description: A solid.
CdMo0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 272. 36
Density 5. 347
and Molybdenum Compounds.
CADMIUM NITRATE
Description: White, prismatic
needles; hygroscopic.
Formula: Cd(N0 3
CADMIUM IODATE
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 262. 50
Toxicity: See Cadmium Compounds,
Formula:
CADMIUM HYDROXIDE
Formula:
Solid.
Formula: CdC 4H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 270. 34
Density 4. 164 @ 15/4C
Formula:
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 236.43
M. P. 350 C
and Nitrates.
Compounds and Nitrates.
CADMIUM NITROCOBALTATE
(EI)
Synonym: Cadmium cobaltinitrite.

Formula: Cd 3 (Co(N0 2 ) 6 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1007.21
Toxicity: See Cadmium, Cobalt
Compounds, and Nitrates.

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CADIUM SALICYLATE
421
CADMIUM
and Nitrates.
Section
CADMIUM ORANGE.
See
Cadmium
Selenide.
CADMIUM OXALATE
CdC 2
CADMIUM OXIDE
Formula:
(l)
(2)
amorphous, brown
brown
cubic,
CdO
(2)900C
Density (l) 6.95; (2) 8. 15

CADMIUM PERCHLORATE
Crystals.
Description:
Cd(Cl0 4 ) 2
6H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 419.9
M. P.
129. 4C
and Perchlorates.
Perchlorates.
CADMIUM PERMANGANATE
Description:
Violet crystals.
Cd(Mn0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Density
Toxicity:
6H 2
458.4
Decomposes @95C
2. 81
See
Yellow solid.
Formula: Cd(C 6H(N0 2 3 OH) 2
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 568. 6

and Pic rates.
Fire Hazard: See Picrates.
Explosion Hazard: See Picrates.
Picrates.
Toxicity:
Synonym: Potassium cadmium iodide.
M. P. (1)>1426C;
decomposes
B. P. 1559C
Formula:
)2
CADMIUM POTASSIUM IODIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128.41
Formula:
Cd 3 (P0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 527. 19
M. P. 1500C
CADMIUM PICRATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 200.43
Density 3. 32@18/4C
and Oxalates.
Description:
crystals;
crystals.
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
Description:
Formula:
ortho- PHOSPHATE
Description: Amorphous or colorless
crystals.
Cadmium Compounds

and Permanganates.
Description: White -yellowish crystals,

powder, deliquescent.
2KI. Cdl 2
2H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 734. 31
Density 3.359
Formula:
and Iodides.
CADMIUM RED.
See
Cadmium
Selenide.
CADMIUM RICINOLEATE
Description:
Formula:
Fine white powder.
Cd[C0 2 (CH 2 7 CH
)
CHCH 2 CHOH(CH 2 5 CH 3
)
]2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 702. 5
M. P. 103C
Density 1.11 at 25/^5
highly toxic fumes.
CADMIUM SALICYLATE
Description:
Formula:
White needles.
Cd(C 7 H 5
3)2
H2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 404.65
CADIUM SELENATE, DIHYDRATE
CADMIUM SELENATE, DIHYDRATE

Rhombic crystals.
Formula: CdSe0 4 2H z O
422
Toxicity:
Cadmium Compounds.
See
Description:
CADMIUM SULFIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 291.40
M. P. -H 2 @100C
Density 3. 632
Selenium Compounds.
CADMIUM SELENIDE
Description: Red powder, or
be gray to brown.
it
may
CdSe
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym: Greenockite.
Description: Hexagonal, yelloworange crystals.
Formula: CdS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144.48
M. P. 1750 @100 atm.
B. P. Sublimes in N 2
Density 4. 82
and Sulfides.
Sulfides.
191. 37
M. P. > 1350C
CADMIUM SULFITE
@15/4C
Compounds
Fire Hazard: Moderate when exDensity
Toxicity:
posed
5.
81
See Cadium
to heat or
flame (Section
Description:
6).
See Hydrogen Selenide

which can be evolved on contact
Caution:
with acids or moisture.

highly toxic fumes of cadmium; it
can emit hydrogen selenide and
selenium compounds on contact
with moisture, acid or acidfumes.
CADMIUM meta-SILICATE
Description:
crystals.
Crystals.
Formula: CdS0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 192.48
M. P. Decomposes
and Sulfites.
Disaster Control: See
White, crystalline
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
260.48
See Cadmium Compounds.
Colorless, rhombic
CADMIUM TELLURIDE
Description:
Formula: CdTe
188.47
1242C
Density 4. 93
and Silicates.
Compounds
CADMIUM SOAP
See
powder.
Formula: CdC 4H 40
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
Section
CADMIUM TARTRATE
Description:
Formula: CdSi0 3
M. P.
Cadmium and
Sulfites.
Cadmium Compounds.
CADMIUM SULFATE
Rhombic, white crystals.
Formula: CdS0 4
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 208.48
M. P. 1000C
Density 4. 691
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Black, cubic crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 240. 02
M. P. 1041 C
Density 6.20 @15C

Fire Hazard: Moderate when exposed to heat or flame (Section 6).
Caution: See Hydrogen Telluride
with acids or moisture.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CALCIUM
423
cadmium;
it
Fire Hazard: Slight, when heated to

decomposition, it emits toxic fumes.
ture.
Description:
highly toxic fumes of
can emit hydrogen telluride and

tellurium compounds on contact
with acid or acid fumes, or moisStorage and Handling:
CALCIMINE
A white powder.
Composition: Chalk and Glue.
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
Section 2.
Section 7
CADMIUM TRICHLOROACETATE
Formula: Cd(C 2Cl 3 2 )2 1 y2H 2
'
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 464. 22
Density 2.093 @25C
and Trichloroacetic Acid.
highly toxic fumes of cadmium and
chlorides.
CALCITE, See Calcium Carbonate.
CALCIUM
Description:
CADMIUM TUNGSTATE
Description:
Formula:
Yellow crystals.
CdW0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 360.33
Toxicity: See Cadmium and Tungsten
Compounds.
"CADMOLITH". See Barium

and Cadmium Sulfide.
Sulfate
CAFFEINE
Synonym:
Theine.
Description: White, fleecy masses.
Formula: C 8 H 10 N 4O 2
H2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212. 11
M. P. 236. 8C
Toxic Hazard Ratings:
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Toxicology: Large doses (above 1.0
gram) cause palpitation, excitement, insomnia, dizziness, headache and vomiting. Continued excessive use of caffeine in tea or
coffee may lead to digestive disturbances, constipation, palpitations, shortness of breath and de-
pressed mental states.

Treatment and Antidotes: Evacuate
stomach with emetic or stomach
tube.
Call a physician.
Silver-white, soft metal.
Formula: Ca
Constants:
At. Wt. 40.08
M. P. 842 C
B. P. 1240 C
Density 1.54@20C
Radiation Information: Artificial
isotope Ca 45 half-life: 176 days;
emits beta particles of 0. 25 mev.
,
In
body: 65 microcuries. In air:

8
3 X 10~ microcurie per milliliter.
In water: 5 X 10 4 microcurie per
milliliter. Ca 45 has a high hazard
rating because of its boneseeking
properties. The isotope is taken
up very rapidly in the bone structure and may cause damage to the
blood-forming organs. Hazard
Rating, Class III (National Bureau
of Standards Handbook No. 42).
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when heated
or in intimate contact with oxidizing
agents. Contact with moisture or
acids evolves hydrogen. See also
Hydrogen.
of

Explosion Hazard: Moderate, in intimate contact with very powerful
oxidizing agents (Section 7).
Disaster Control: Dangerous; reacts
with moisture or acids to liberate
large quantities of hydrogen; it
can develop explosive pressure in
containers. See also Hydrogen.
Section 2.
CALCIUM ACRYLATE
Section 11.
I.
424
C.C. Classification: Flammable
solid; yellow label.

CALCIUM ACRYLATE
White crystals.
Description:
Formula: Ca(C0 2 CHCH 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 182
Toxicity: See Calcium Compounds.
it emits acrid fumes; it will
react with water or steam to produce heat (Section 6).
CALCIUM ACRYLATE DIHYDRATE

White powder.
Description:
Formula:
(CH 2 CHCOO) 2 Ca
2H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 218. 22
Explosion Hazard: Moderate; on

contact with moisture, acid or
acid fumes, it will evolve arsine.
See also Arsine.
^Disaster Control: Dangerous; when
highly toxic fumes of arsenic; it
will react with water, steam, acid
or acid fumes to produce toxic
and flammable vapors of arsine.
CALCIUM ARSENITE
Description:
White, granular powder.
Formula: CaAs0 3 H
Mol. Wt. 164.00
Poison B;
poison label.
MCA warning label.
Constant:
Toxicity:
CALCIUM AZIDE
CALCIUM ARSENATE
Synonyms: Tricalcium o-arsenate;
calcium o-arsenate.
powder.
Formula: Ca 3 (As0 4 2
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
398. 06
MAC: AC GIH
(tentative);
milli-
0. 3
poison label.
Red crystals.
Ca 3 As 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 270. 06
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 031 @25C
and Arsine.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; on contact
with moisture, acid, or acid
fumes, it will evolve arsine. See
also Arsine.
Toxic Rating Code:
Formula: Ca(N3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 124.13
M. P. Explodes 144 - 156C
Toxicity: See Azides
Explosion Hazard: See Azides.
Disaster Control: See Azides.
None
CALCIUM BISULFITE
yellowish liquid; strong sulfur
dioxide odor.
Formula:
CALCIUM ARSENIDE
Formula:
Rhombic, colorless
of air.

I.
Description:
crystals.
= Slight
Ca(HS0 3
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 202. 21
Density 1. 06
Toxicity: See Bisulfites.
Disaster Control: See Bisulfites.
CALCIUM
meta-
BORATE
Description: Colorless, rhombic

or long, flat plates.
Formula: Ca(BO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 125. 72
M. P. 1154C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CALCIUM CHLORIDE HYPOCHLORITE
425
CALCIUM BORIDE
Description:
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Synonyms: Calcite; aragonite.
Cubic, black crystals.
Formula: CaB$
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 105.00
Density 2. 3 @ 20 C
with moisture, acid or acid fumes,
it will evolve boron hydrides,
some of which are highly toxic and
Formula: CaC0 3
flammable.
CALCIUM CHLORATE
Formula: Ca(C10 3 ) 2
Formula: Ca(Br0 3 ) 2
HzO
2H z O
Compounds.
See Bromates.

Oxidizing
Toxicity:
CALCIUM BROMIDE
Deliquescent needles.
Formula: CaBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 199.91
M. P. 765C
Density 3.353 @25C
B. P. 806 - 812C
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Description: Cubic colorless,
deliquescent crystals.
Formula:
CALCIUM CARBIDE
Rhombic, gray crystals.
Formula: CaC 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 64. 10
M. P. Approx. 2300 C
Density 2. 22
Toxicity: Acetylene is evolved when
calcium carbide is in contact with
moisture. See also Calcium
Hydroxide and Acetylene.
with moisture, acid or acid
fumes, it evolves heat or flammable vapors. See also Acetylene.
also Acetylene.
Hazardous Article
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 243. 03
M. P. -H z O > 100 C
Density 2. 711
Toxicity:
See Chlorates and Calcium
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 313. 9
M. P. -H z O @180C
Density 3. 329
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100.09
M. P. Decomposes @825C;
1339C @1025 atm.
Density 2. 7 - 2. 95
Description: Monoclinic, whiteyellowish, deliquescent crystals.
CALCIUM BROMATE
Description:
White powder.
CaCl 2

M. P. 772C
B. P. > 1600C
Density 2.512 @25C
CALCIUM CHLORIDE FLUORIDE

ortho- PHOSPHATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
CaCIF
3Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 1025. 14
M. P. 1270C
Density 3. 14
CALCIUM CHLORIDE HYPOCHLORITE

Synonyms: Bleaching powder;
chlorinated lime.
Description: White powder, strong
CALCIUM CHLORITE
composition varies.
CI odor;
Formula:
Ca(C10) 2
426
CaCl 2 xCa(OH) 2 xH z O
-
'
Constant:
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: See Hypochlorites.
Explosion Hazard: See Hypochlorites,
CALCIUM CHLORITE
Description:
White solid.
Formula: CaC10 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
107.6
See Chlorites.
Fire Hazard: See Chlorites.
Disaster Control: See Chlorites.
Oxidizing
Toxicity:
CALCIUM CHROMATE
Description: Monoclinic prisms,
yellow color.
Formula: CaCr0 4
2H2
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
Inhalation
Inges-
1;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: The fumes evolved by
burning calcium in air are composed of calcium oxide (quick
lime). This material is irritating
to the skin, eyes and mucous
membranes. Many calcium compounds are used medicinally.
Generally speaking, calcium compounds should be considered toxic
only
when they contain a
CaCN2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 80. 11
M. P. 1300C; sublimes > 1500 C
Toxicology: Calcium cyanamide acts
locally on the skin as a primary
irritant, and the lesions produced
vary from erythema to acute and
subacute eczema. Usually the
moist skin areas are attacked first,
but the material is spread by
scratching and parts of the body
not ordinarily exposed may be affected. In severe cases ulceration may develop; the ulcers are
usually covered by a black,
necrotic crust. There is frequently
irritation of the conjunctivae and
of the
mucous membranes
of the
nose and throat, with production

of conjunctivitis, inflamed ulcers
in the nose and throat, rhinitis and
gingivitis. Systemically, headof
breath, vasodilation with lowered

blood pressure, and rapid pulse
have been described among ex-
posed persons who have consumed

alcohol. No fatalities have been
reported. Calcium cyanamide is
not believed to have a cumulative
action. The fatal dose, by ingestion, is probably around 20 to 30
grams for an adult.

Section 2
Coast Guard Classification: (Not
hydrated); hazardous article
label.

CALCIUM CYANIDE
Description: Rhombohedran crystals;
white powder.
hydroxide.
Treatment and Antidotes: Any calcium residue left on the body or

clothing should be brushed off
=
Formula:
toxic
component (such as arsenic,

etc. ) or as calcium oxide or
Toxic Rating Code:
Description: Hexagonal, rhombohedral, colorless cyrstals.
ache, flushing of the skin of the

Fire Hazard: Slight, by reaction
with reducing agents (Section 6).
1;
CALCIUM CYANAMIDE
head and neck, shortness
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 192. 12
M. P. -2H 2 @200C
tion
immediately.
None
= Slight
Formula:
Ca(CN) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
2 =
Moderate
92. 12
3 =
High
Unknown
CALCIUM HYDRIDE
427
CALCIUM FERROCYANIDE
M. P. Decomposes > 350 C
Description:
crystals.
See Cyanides.
Fire Hazard: See Cyanides.
Explosion Hazard: See Cyanides.
Poison B;
poison label.
MCA warning label.
Toxicity:
Formula:
Yellow, triclinic
Ca 2 Fe(CN) 6
See Calcium Compounds

and Ferrocyanides.
Disaster Control: See Ferrocyanides,
Toxicity:
CALCIUM CYANOPLATINITE
CALCIUM FLUORIDE
Description: Rhombic, yellow-green

fluorescent crystals.
Description:
CaPt(CN) 4
Formula:
5H z O
CALCIUM DICYANOGUANIDINE
Crystals.
Ca(NH 2 CN(NCN)CN) 2 4H z O
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 328. 3
M. P. > 300 C
Toxicity: Details unknown; may be
toxic by skin absorption.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 182. 14
Density 2.662 @17. 5C
Toxicity: See Fluosilicates.
Disaster Control: See Fluosilicates.
CALCIUM HYDRATE.
)2
CALCIUM HYDRIDE
emits toxic fumes.

Synonym: Hydrolith
Description: Gray-white crystal;
powder.
Formula: CaH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 42. 10
M. P. 816 C in H; decomposes
about 600 C
Density 1. 8 approx.
it
CALCIUM FERRICYANIDE
Description:
needles.
Red, deliquescent
Formula: Ca 3 (Fe(CN) 6 ) 2
See Calcium
Hydroxide.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 330. 5
Toxicity: Details unknown; a
fungicide.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: CaSiF^
Solid.
Ca(C 2 H 3 ) 2 NCS 2
Formula:
CALCIUM FLUOSILICATE
Description:
CALCIUM ETHYLENE BISDITHIOCARBAMATE

Description:
Cubic, colorless crys-
luminous with heat.

Formula: CaF 2
tals;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 78. 1
M. P. 1360C
Density 3. 180
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 429.46
Description:
11H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 490. 3
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 68
12H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 760.4
Toxicity: See Ferricyanides and
Calcium Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Ferricyanides.
See Calcium Compounds

and Hydrides. Reacts with moisturn to form calcium hydroxide
and hydrogen. Aside from its
reducing action, its effect is as
of calcium hydroxide.
Toxicity:
CALCIUM HYDROGEN SULFITE

CALCIUM HYDROGEN SULFITE.
See Calcium Bisulfite.
428
Description:
Triclinic crystals.
Formula: Ca(l0 3 ) 2
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
Synonyms: Hydrated lime; slaked
lime.
Description: Rhombic, trigonal,
colorless crystals.
Formula: Ca(OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 74. 10
M. P. -H 2 @580C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 343
Toxicology: Calcium hydroxide has a
caustic reaction and therefore is
irritating to the skin and respiratory system. In the form of dust
it is considered to be an important
industrial hazard. It can cause
dermatitis, irritation of the eyes
and mucous membranes (Section 9\
Treatment and Antidotes: Irrigate
any areas which have come in contact with this material. If the
eyes are involved, they should be
washed at once with copious
amounts of warm water. If the
skin is involved, a shower is
recommended. See also Cal-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 389.9
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 519 @15C
Toxicity: See Iodates and Calcium
Compounds.
CALCIUM NITRATE
Description:
Cubic, colorless,
Formula: Ca(N0 3
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 164. 10
M. P. 561 C
Density 2. 36
Toxicity: See Nitrates and Calcium
Compounds.
Oxidizing
yellow label.
material;
Coast Guard Classification: Oxidizing material.
cium Compounds.
Section 2
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Description:
Formula: Ca(C10) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
2H z O
178.9
M. P. -H 2
@74C

Fire Hazard: See Hypochlorites.
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE COMPOUNDS, DRY, CONTAINING
MORE THAN
AVAILABLE
OXYGEN, 39% AVAILABLE
8.80%
CHLORINE. See Hypochlorites.

Oxidizing
material: yellow label.
CALCIUM IODATE
Synonym: Autarite.
Toxic Rating Code:
CALCIUM NITRIDE
Description:
Brown
crystals.
Formula: Ca 3 N2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148. 3
M. P. 900 C
Density 2.63 @17C
Toxicity: See Calcium Compounds
and Ammonia.
Fire Hazard: See Ammonia.
Caution: Ammonia can be evolved
upon contact with moisture.
Explosion Hazard: See Ammonia.
Disaster Control: See Ammonia.
CALCIUM NITRITE
Description: Hexagonal, colorless
to yellowish crystals.
Formula: Ca(N0 2 ) 2
H2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150. 11
M. P. -H 2 @100C
Density 2.23 @34C (anh.
53 @30C
Toxicity: See Nitrites and
);
2.
Calcium
Compounds.
=
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CALCIUM PHENOXIDE
429

I.

CALCIUM OXALATE
Description:
crystals.
Cubic, colorless
Formula: CaC 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
CALCIUM PEROXIDE
Synonym: Calcium superoxide.
Description: Yellow crystals, pow-
128. 10
der or white crystals.
M. P. Decomposes
Density
Toxicity:
2. 2
Formula:
@4C
See Oxalates and Calcium
Although this material

used in dentifrices, the concentrated form would be an irritant. It would react with moisture
to form slaked lime. See also
Calcium Compounds, Calcium
Hydroxide and Peroxides, Inis
Unslaked lime; quicklime; burnt lime; calx.

Description: Cubic, colorless
crystals.
CaO
organic.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 56. 08
M. P. 2580 C
B. P. 2850 C
Density 3. 37
Toxicity: See Calcium Hydroxide.
on contact with water, steam,
acid or acid fumes, it will react
to produce heat.
CALCIUM PERCHLORATE
Fire Hazard: Moderate, if hot and

mixed with finely divided combusDecomposes
tible material.
rapidly above 200 C. Like calcium oxide, it is a strong alkali.
An oxidizer. See also Peroxides,
Inorganic.
Explosion Hazard: An explosion

hazard when intimately mixed with
finely divided reducing agents
such as organic matter (Section 7).
Disaster Control: See Peroxides,
Inorganic.
Colorless crystals.

Oxidizing
Formula: Ca(C10 4 ) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 238. 09
Toxicity: See Perchlorates and
Calcium Compounds.
Explosion Hazard: See Perchlorates.
CALCIUM l-PHENOL-4-pSULFONATE
Description:
der.
CALCIUM PERMANGANATE
Formula:
Synonym: Acerdol.
Constant:
Violet, deliquescent
Formula: Ca(Mn0 4 ) 2
72.08
Toxicology:
Synonyms:
Description:
crystals.
Mol. Wt.
CALCIUM OXIDE
Description:
Ca0 2
Constants:
Compounds.
Formula:
Section 11.
5H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 368. 02
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 4
Toxicity: See Manganese and Cal-
cium Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Permanganates.
White to pinkish pow-
Ca[C 6 H 4 (OH)S0 3 ] 2
H zO
Mol. Wt. 404.43

Toxicity: See Phenol Sulfonates.
Disaster Control: See Phenol Sulfonates.
CALCIUM PHENOXIDE
Synonym: Calcium phenate.

Formula: Ca(OC 6H 5 2
)
Mol. Wt. 226.28

Disaster Control: See Phenol.
Constant:
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE, TRIBASIC
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE, TRIBASIC

Synonyms
Bone ash; tricalcium
phosphate.
Description: Amorphous, odorless
powder.
Formula: Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 310.2
M. P. 1670C
Density 3. 14
CALCIUM PHOSPHIDE
Red crystals.
Description:
Formula: Ca 3 P 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
430
rials (Section 6).


CALCIUM RESINATE, FUSED

See Calcium Resinate.
I. C. C.
Classification: Flammable solid; yellow label.
Coast Guard Classification: Inflammable solid; yellow la-
182. 2
bel.
M. P. > 1600C
2. 238 @25C
See Phosphides.
Fire Hazard: See Phosphides.
Density
Toxicity:

I.
C. C.
bel.
Reddish-brown crys-
CHOH(CH 2 5 CH 3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
]2
630
M. P. 84C
Density
1.
09
@25C
See Calcium Compounds.

Toxicity:
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: CaSe0 4
tals.
Formula: Ca 2 Pb0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 183. 04
Density 2. 93
351. 37
M. P. Decomposes
Density
Fine, white powder.

Formula: Ca[C0 2 (CH 2 ) 7 CHCHCH 2
CALCIUM SELENATE
CALCIUM o-PLUMBATE
Description:
CALCIUM RICINOLEATE
Description:
5.
71
See Lead Compounds.

Fire Hazard: See Lead Compounds.
Compounds.
Toxicity:
CALCIUM POLY SULFIDES.

Calcium
See
Sulfide.
CALCIUM RESINATE
Description:
Yellowish white,
amorphous powder or lumps.

Formula: Ca^^HÔ^
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 1349. 50
Toxicity: Unknown

it can react with oxidizing mate-
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Section
CALCIUM SELENIDE
Description:
Simple cubic crystals.
Formula: CaSe
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 119. 04
Density 7. 593
heated. See Hydrogen Selenide,
with acids or moisture (Section 6).

Disaster Control: Dangerous; it can
emit highly toxic and flammable
fumes of hydrogen selenide of
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CALCIUM THIOCYANATE
431
selenium compounds on contact

with water, steam, acid or acid
fumes.

CALCIUM SUPERPHOSPHATE
CALCIUM SILICIDE
Glassy
Formula: CaSi 2
Description:
Synonym: Calcium triorthophosphate

(fertilizer grade)
solid.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 96. 2
Density 2. 5
Toxicity: See Calcium Hydroxide.
Fire Hazard: See Silane.
Explosion Hazard: See Silane.
Disaster Control: On contact with
water or steam, it will react to
produce flammable vapors
Amorphous, white
powder.
Formula: Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 310. 28
M. P. 1670C
Density 3. 14
Toxicity: See Calcium
Compounds
and Phosphates.
of
CALCIUM TELLURIDE
silane.
CALCIUM SILICOFLUORIDE.
Simple cubic crystals.

Formula: CaTe
Description:
See

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 167. 69
Density 7. 593
heated. See Hydrogen Telluride,
with acids or moisture (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exposed to flame.
emits highly toxic and flammable
fumes of hydrogen telluride and
tellurium compounds on contact
CALCIUM SULFIDE
fumes.
Fluosilicates.
CALCIUM SULFHYDRATE
Synonym: Calcium hydrosulfide.
Description: Colorless, transparent
crystals; decomposes in air.
Formula:
Ca(HS) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 106. 21
Synonyms: Oldhamite; hepar calcis;

calcic liver of sulfur.
Description:
Cubic, colorless crys-
Description:
Formula:
tals.
Formula:
CALCIUM TELLURITE
CaS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72. 14
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 18 @15C
CALCIUM SULFITE
Description:
crystals.
Formula: CaSo 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
2H z O
156. 18
M. P. -2H 2
@100C
White flakes.
CaTeO*
-*
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 215.69
M. P. > 960 C
Compounds.
Section
CALCIUM TETRABORATE
White
Formula: CaB 4 7
Description:
solid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 195.36
M. P. 986 C
CALCIUM THIOCYANATE
Description:
of Toxicology,
White crystals,
see Section
CALOMEL
432
deliquescent.
Formula: Ca(SCN) 2
"
3H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 210. 30
CALOMEL.
See Mercurous Chloride.
CAMPHENE
Synonym: 3, 3 -Dimethyl- 2-methylene
norcamphone.
Description:
Cubic crystals.
Hazardous
136.2
50 - 51 C
159C
Density 0. 842
OIL (LIGHT)
Synonym: Liquid camphor.
@ 54/4C
Unknown
Fire Hazard: Slight, yields flammable vapors when heated; it

can react with oxidizing materials (Section 6).

Hazardous
article.
CAMPHOR
Synonyms: 2-camphonone; gum
camphor; laurel camphor.
Description: White, transparent,
crystalline masses, pentrating
odor, pungent, aromatic taste.
Formula: CxqHjÔ
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 152.23
M. P. 174 - 177C
B. P. 204C
Density 0. 992 @ 25 /AC
Vap. D. 5. 24

Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Locally, camphor is
an irritant. When swallowed it
causes nausea, vomiting, dizziness, excitation and convulsions.
Treatment and Antidotes: Evacuate
stomach with emetic or stomach
tube. Give sedatives if necessary.
Description: An oily, fragrant liquid.

Constants:
B. P. 347 - 392F
Density 0. 88
Toxicity: See Camphor.

None
= Slight
Com-
bustible liquid.
CANADA BALSAM
Synonyms: Canada turpentine; balm
of Gilead.
Description: Yellowish to greenish
viscid, transparent, fluorescent,
aromatic liquid.
Constant:
Density 0. 987-0. 994

Toxic Hazard Rating;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
CANNABIS
Synonyms: Cannabin resin; Indian
hemp; Indian cannabis; hashish;
guaza; marihuana.
Description:
Call a physician.
Toxic Rating Code:
article.
CAMPHOR
B. P.
Toxicity:
Section 11.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
6).

Explosive Range: 0.6-3. 5%
C 10H!6
Formula:

2 =
Moderate
resinous, bitter
3 =
High
Unknown
CAPROIC ACID
433
substance from Cannabis Sativa,
greenish black mass.
Toxicology: Cannabis is a narcotic;
it causes the pupils to be widely
dilated and to barely react to
light.
The eyes become glazed
and the conjunctiva congested.
Like the other narcotics, this
material can be habit-forming.
It can be grown in the temperate
zones and acquired illegally for
narcotic purposes.
Treatment and Antidotes: Removal
from exposure or cessation of
ingestion of this material will
generally cause the symptoms to
disappear. In case of a large
dose, or if overdose is suspected,
a physician should be consulted at
once.
Fire Hazard: Slight, because the

dried material can burn; it can
(Section 6).
normal
Section 2
rate):
Toxicology: Extremely irritating to

the eyes. Can cause conjunctivitis,
keratitis, blepharitis, slight
swelling of cornea and inflamof iris. It is a powerful

irritant.
Used externally chiefly
as a blistering agent. It is often
and mistakenly used as an
aphrodisiac, but is much too
dangerous and irritant a material
for this purpose. Symptoms of
intoxication are extreme irritation of intestines and kidneys.
Treatment and Antidotes: If it has
been ingested, a stomach syphon
is recommended, or emetics,
demulcents but not oils. Administer morphine, stimulants or
poultices to the abdomen. Call a
physician.
Disaster Control: Slight; on decomposition it emits toxic fumes.
Section 2
mation
CAPROIC ACID
Synonym: Hexanoic acid.
Colorless
limburger cheese.
Formula: C6H 12 2
Description:
liquid,
odor
of
CANNON PRIMERS.
See Explosives,
High.
ExploI. C.C. Classification:
Low and
sive
Coast Guard Classification: Explosive
CANTHARIDES
Synonyms: Blistering
flies;
blist-
ering beetles; Spanish fly.

Description: Brown to black powder
and scales.
Formula: C 10 H 12O 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
196. 15
M. P. 218C
B. P. Sublimes @90C

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 2
B. P. 205. 0C
Freezing P. -5. 4C
Flash P. 215F (CO. C.)
Density 0. 9295 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. Press. 0. l8mm@20C
Vap. D. 4.
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Ventilation Control (use optional);
Section 2
-CAPROLACTANE
434
-CAPROLACTANE
Synonym:
2-Oxohexamethylenimine.
Formula: C 6 N n NO
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
113. 16
M. P. 69 C
Vap. Press.
6mm@120C
May
be an irritant.
Toxicity:
CAPRYL ALCOHOL
Synonym:
2-Octanol.
Description: Clear, colorless, oily
liquid, pungent, aromatic odor.
Formula:
CH 3 HCOH(CH 2 5 CH3
)
Fire Hazard: See Peroxides, Organic,

Organic.
Oxidizing
CAPSICUM
Synonym:
Tincture of Tabasco Pep-
per.
Description:
An
alcoholic solution of
Capsicum.
Inges-
3;
tion 3

Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat. See also Alcohol.
Disaster Control: See Alcohol.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 130. 2
B. P. 178. 5C
Freezing P. -38. 6
Density 0. 8193 @ 25 /4C
Vap. D. 4.48
Toxicity: See Alcohols.

CAPRYLYL CHLORIDE
CARBAMIDE
Synonym:
Synonym: Urea crystal.
Octanoyl chloride.
Description: Clear, water-white to
Formula:
Constants:
CH 3 (CH 2 6 COCl
M. P.
-6C
B. P.
195. 5C
162.7
B. P.
Unknown

Dangerous; when

CAPRYLYL PEROXIDE SOLUTION

See Peroxides, Organic.
Toxic Rating Code:
)2
CO
Mol. Wt.
132.
60.
7C
Decomp.
Density (solid) 1. 335

Acute Local:
1;
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
Carbamides have been used therapeutically for their mild sedative

effect.
(Section 6).
Disaster Control:
Toxicity:
White crystals.
Formula: (NH 2
M. P.

Density 0. 9576 @ 1 5. 5 /l 5.
Vap. D. 5. 63
Toxicity:
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Section 2

None
= Slight
Disaster Control:
Dangerous;
when heated, it emits highly

toxic fumes of cyanides; it

Section 2
CARBAMIDE PHOSPHORIC ACID

Description:
2 =
Moderate
White crystals.
3 =
High
Unknown
"CARBITOL" PHTHALATE
435
Formula:
CO(NH 2
)2
'
H 3 P04
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 158
Toxicity: See Phosphoric Acid and
Carbamide.
highly toxic fumes of cyanides or
oxides of phosphorus.
CARBAMYL CHLORIDE
Synonym: Chloroformamide.
Liquid, offensive odor.
Description:
Formula: H 2 NCOCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 79. 5
B. P. 61 - 62C (Decomp. )
Toxicity: See Hydrochloric Acid
which is evolved upon standing.
CARBAZOLE
Synonym: Dibenzopyrrole.
White crystals.
Description:
Formula:
(CaH^NH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 167. 20
M. P. 244. 8C
B. P. 354. 8C
Vap. Press. 400
@ 323. C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
mm
"CARBITOL"
ethyl ether.
mild
Formula: C 2 H 5OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
134. 17
201. 9C
Flash P. 205 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 9902 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 4.62
B.
(Section 6).
Section 2
"CARBITOL" ACETATE
Synonym: Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate.
Formula: C 2 H 50(CH 2 2 0(CH 2 )200CH3

)
Constants:
B. P.
Mol. Wt.
217.
176.21
4C
Freezing P. -25C
Density 1. -01 14 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 6.07
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat; it can react with

"CARBITOL" PHTHALATE
Synonym:
Dicarbitol phthalate.
Formula:
C 6H 4 (COOC 2 H 4 OC 2 H 4OC 2 H 5
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 398.44
B. P
200 - 260C
a
Synonym: Diethylene glycol monoDescription: Colorless liquid;

pleasant odor.

Chronic Local: U
P.
Flash P. 405F
Density 1. 121
(C. C.

to heat; can react with oxidizing
materials.
6).
CARBOLIC ACID
436
CARBOLIC ACID, LIQUID (LIQUID

TAR ACID CONTAINING OVER
50% BENZOPHENOL). See Phenol.
I.
Section 11.
poison label.
Phenol.
I.
C.C.
to heat (Section 6).

See
Classification:
Poison B;
dizing materials.
CARBON, ACTIVATED.
See Carbon.
Section 11.
CARBON
Description: Black crystals, powder
or diamond form.
Constants:
At. Wt.
M. P.
Section 11.
Coast Guard Classification: Oxi-
Section 11.
poison label.
Formula:
equivalent of 12. 5 disintegra-
tions per minute per gram of

carbon for living things. Hazard
Rating, Class II (National Bureau
CARBOLIC ACID, SOLID.
is
CARBON DICHLORIDE.
See Tetra-
chloroethylene.
CARBON DIOXIDE
1Z. 01
3652
Synonyms: Carbonic acid; carbonic
3697C (sublimes)
Approx. 4200 C
Density Amorphous 1.8 - 2.
graphite 2. 25; diamond
anhydride.
Description: Colorless, odorless gas.
B. P.
1;
Formula:
3. 51

Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
Toxicology: In the form of graphite
(which is one of the common
forms of carbon) it can cause a
dust irritation, particularly to
the eyes. Carbon in the form of
soot can cause conjunctivitis. It
can also cause epithelial hyperplasia of cornea, as well as eczematous inflammation of eyelids.
Treatment and Antidotes: If the
toxic symptoms become pronounced, a physician should be
consulted. Otherwise, removal
from exposure will generally
cause these symptoms to subside.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Natural isotope C 14 half life: 5600
,
years; emits beta particles of

0. 155 mev.
The permissible
levels are: In body: 250 microcuries. In air: 10 6 microcurie
per milliliter. In water: 3 X 10
microcurie per milliliter. C 14

occurs in nature as a result of
cosmic ray action. The activity
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
CO z
Constants;
Mol. Wt. 44. 01
M. P. -57. 7C (sublimes)
B. P. -78. 2C
Vap. D. 1. 53
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Toxicology: Carbon dioxide is generally regarded as a simple asphyxiant, symptoms resulting only
when such high concentrations are
reached that there is insufficient
oxygen in the atmosphere to support life. The signs and symptoms
are those which precede asphyxia,
namely, headache, dizziness,
shortness of breath, muscular
weakness, drowsiness, and ringing in the ears. Removal from
exposure results in rapid recovery.
Contact of carbon dioxide snow
with the skin may cause a "burn. "
See also discussion of simple
asphyxiants under Argon.
shock can shatter the compressed
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CARBON DISULFIDE
437
gas container with explosive
force.
Section Z

Acute Systemic:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
Section Z
Hazardous
warning
label.
MCA
article.
label.
CARBON DIOXIDE -NITROUS OXIDE

MIXTURE
CARBON DISELENIDE
Gas.
Description:
Section Z
CARBON DIOXIDE -OXYGEN

MIXTURE
Gas.
Composition:
CO z
Oz
None
Fire Hazard: Slight
(Section 6).
oxidizing mixture.
explosive force; it can react
Classification: NonflamI. C. C.
Coast Guard Classification: Nonflamamble gas; green gas
Caution:
An
label.
CARBON DIOXIDE, SOLID

Synonym: Dry
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 169. 9
Toxicity: Probably highly toxic.
See
Selenium Compounds and Carbon
Disulfide.
Synonym: Carbon bisulfide.

Description: Clear, colorless
liquid, nearly odorless when
pure.
Formula:
label.
Description:
Ice.
White, snow-like solid.
CO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 44
M. P. -56. 6C @5. Z atmospheres (sublimes)
B. P. -78. 5C
Density 1. 56 @70C
liquid.
CARBON DISULFIDE
Section 11.

I.
Toxicity:
Greenish-yellow
Formula: CSe 2
Description:
Composition CO z + N z O
Acute Local:
Acute Systemic: Inhalation Z
Chronic Local:
CS 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 76. 1
M. P. -110, 8C
B. P. 46. 5C
Flash P. -ZZF (C.C.)
Density 1.261 @20/20C
Autoign. Temp. Z57F
Vap. Press. 400mm@Z8C
Vap. D. Z. 64
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local: U
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); Z0 parts
per million in air; 6Z milligrams
Toxicology: The chief toxic effect is
on the central nervous system,
acting as a narcotic and anesthetic
in acute poisoning with death following from respiratory failure.
The anesthetic action is much
more powerful than that of chloroform. In chronic poisoning, the
effect on the nervous system is
one of central and peripheral
damage, which may be permanent
;
CARBON DISULFIDE
438
if the damage has been severe.

Sensory symptoms usually precede motor involvement. A
secondary anemia may be present,
and the liver, kidneys and heart
may be damaged.
In acute poisoning, early excitation of the central nervous

system resembling alcoholic in-
toxication occurs, followed by depression, with stupor, restlessness, unconsciousness, and possibly death. If recovery occurs,
the patient usually passes through
the after-stage of narcosis, with
nausea, vomiting, headache, etc.
In chronic poisoning, the picture
is that of involvement of the nervous system, with neuritis and
disturbance of vision being the
commonest early changes. Sensory changes, such as a crawling
sensation in the skin, sensations
of heaviness and coldness, and
visually, "veiling" of objects so
that they appear indistinct, are
noticed first. Often there is pain
in the affected parts, particularly
the limbs. These symptoms are
followed by gradually increasing
loss of strength. Wasting of the
muscles may occur. Mental symptoms vary from simple excitation
or depression and irritability in
the mild cases to mental deterioration, Parkinsonian paralysis, and
even insanity. These changes are
accompanied by insomnia, loss of
memory, and personality changes.
Chronic fatigue
is a
very
common
complaint.
Fire Hazard: Highly dangerous when
exposed to heat, flame, sparks
or friction.
To Fight Fire: Water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: Severe, when exposed to heat or flame (Section 7).

Explosive Range: 50%
of sulfur; it can react vigorously
Section 2
Personnel Protection:
rate):
Toxic Rating Code:
Section
=
None
= Slight

I.
C. C.
Flammable
Classification:
red label.
liquid;
Coast Guard Classification: Inflammable liquid; red label

MCA warning label.
CARBONIC ACID.
See Carbon
Dioxide.
CARBONITES. See
Explosives, High.
CARBON MONOSULFIDE
Red powder.
CS(or (CS) )
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 44.08
Density 1. 66

CARBON MONOXIDE
Colorless, odorless
Description:
gas.
Formula:
CO
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
28. 01
-207C
B. P. -191. 3C
Density (Gas) 1. 250 grams per
liter @0C; (liquid) 0. 793
Autoign. Temp. 1204C

Vap. D 0.96
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Toxicology: Carbon monoxide has an
affinity for hemoglobin 210 times
that of oxygen, and by combining
with the hemoglobin, renders the
latter incapable of carrying oxygen
to the tissues. The effect on the
body is therefore predominantly
one of asphyxia. In addition to this
action, the presence of CO-hemoglobin in the blood interferes with
the dissociation of the remaining
oxyhemoglobin, so that the tissues
are further deprived of oxygen.

A concentration of 400 to 500
ppm in the air can be inhaled with2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CARBON OXYSULFIDE
439
out appreciable effect for
hour.
An hour's exposure to 600 to 700

ppm will cause barely appreciable
effects, and a similar exposure to
1, 000 to 1, 200 ppm is dangerous;
concentrations of 4, 000 ppm and
over are fatal in less than an hour.
Carbon monoxide is eliminated

through the lungs when air free
from CO
CO
is inhaled.
Over
half the
eliminated in the first hour,

where the exposure has been modis
erate.
With concentrations up to 10%
CO-hemoglobin
in the blood,
there rarely are any symptoms.
Concentrations of 20 to 30% cause
shortness of breath on moderate
exertion and slight headache.
Concentrations from 30 to 50%
cause severe headache, mental
confusion and dizziness, impairment of vision and hearing, and
collapse and fainting on exertion.
With concentrations of 50 to 60%,
of
rate): Section 2
gas;
CARBON OXYCHLORIDE
See
Phosgene.
CARBON OXYSULFIDE
Synonym: Carbonyl sulfide.
Gas or liquid.
Formula: COS
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
high concentrations, seldom re-
60.07
-138C
B. P. 49.9C
M. P.
any permanant disability if

recovery takes place. Chronic
effects as the result of repeated
exposure to lower concentrations
have been described, particularly
in the Scandinavian literature.
Auditory disturbances and contraction of the visual fields have
been demonstrated. Glycosuria
does occur, and heart irregularities have been reported. Other
workers have found that where the
poisoning has been relatively long
and severe, cerebral congestion
and edema may occur, resulting
in long-lasting mental or nervous
damage. Repeated exposure to
low concentrations of the gas, up
sult in
Density (liquid) 1 24 @ - 87 C
Vap. D. 2. 1
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
chemical or water spray (Section 6). See also Sulfides.
exposed to heat or flame (Section 7). See also Sulfides.
Explosive Range: 12 - 28.5%
shock can shatter the container
and release contents; when heated
toxic fumes; it can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
.
ppm in air, is generally believed to cause no signs of poisoning or permanent damage. Industrially, sequelae are rare, as exposure though often severe, is
usually brief.
Flammable
red gas label.
Coast Guard Classification: Flammable gas; red gas label.
unconsciousness results, and

death may follow if exposure is
long. Concentrations of 80% result in almost immediate death.
Acute cases of poisoning, resulting from brief exposures to
to 100
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to flame.

Explosion Hazard: Severe, when exposed to heat or flame (Section 7).
emits toxic fumes; it can react
rate):
CARBON PAPER
440
Section 2
Section
CARBON PAPER
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 16
M. P. 0.4C
Density 1. 274
Vap. Press. lmm@14.
Toxicity:
May resemble carbon
di-
See Sulfides.
sulfide.
CARBON REMOVER, LIQUID

Constant:
CARBON SULFIDE TELLURIDE
Flash P. Less than 80 F

Toxicity:
Unknown
Description:

(Section

I.
flammable
red label.
liquid;
CARBON SELENO SULFIDE

Formula:
CSeS
Yellow-red crystals.
CSTe
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
171. 69
M. P. -54C
B. P. Decomposes > -54.
Density
6).
Description:
Formula:
Toxicity:
May
@50C
2. 9
be similar to that of
carbon disulfide. See also Tellurium Compounds and Sulfides.

Storage and Handling; Section 7
CARBON TETRABROMIDE
Synonym:
Tetrabromomethane.
Colorless, monoclinic
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123. 04
M. P. -75. 2C
Description:
6C
Density 1. 9874
Vap. Press. 100 mm @28. 3C
and Sulfides.
Fire Hazard: See Selenium Compounds and Sulfides.
Compounds and Sulfides.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 331. 67
M. P. Alpha 48. 4C; Beta 90. 1 C
B. P. 189. 5C
Density 3.42
Disaster Control: See Halogenated
B. P.
tablets.
Formula:
85.
CARBON SUBOXIDE
Description:
M. P.
1.114@0C
Unknown
CARBON SUBSULFIDE
Red
C 3S 2
Description:
Formula:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Flash P. None
liquid.
CC1 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 153. 84
M. P. -22. 6C
B. P. 76. 8C
Freezing P. -22.
B. P.
Toxicity:
Section
Synonym". Tetrachloromethane.
Description: Colorless liquid; heavy,
ethereal odor.
Formula:
68. 03
-107C
6. 3C
Density Liq.
Hydrocarbons.
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Colorless gas or liquid,
Formula: C 3 O z
Constants
Mol. Wt.
CBr 4
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE
441
polyneuritis, narrowing of the

visual fields, and other neurological changes. Prolonged ex-

Acute Local:
posure
Locally, a dermatitis
(accepted): 25 parts
dividual susceptibility to carbon

tetrachloride exists, some persons appearing to be unaffected by
exposures which seriously poison
their fellow-workers. Alcoholism
and previous liver and kidney
damage seem to render the individual more susceptible. Concentrations of the order of 1, 000 to
1, 500 ppm are sufficient to cause
exposure continues
for several hours. Repeated

daily exposure to such concentrations may result in poisoning.
Though the common form of
poisoning following industrial ex-
posure
usually one of gastromay be

followed by renal damage, other
cases have been reported in which
the central nervous system has
been affected, with production of
is
intestinal upset, which
of
carbon
may
be
produced following long or re-
Toxicology: Carbon tetrachloride

has a narcotic action resembling
that of chloroform, though not as
strong. Following exposures to
high concentrations, the workman
may become unconscious, and if
exposure is not terminated, death
can follow from respiratory failure. In cases of narcosis that
recover, the aftereffects are
more serious than those of delayed chloroform poisoning,
usually taking the form of damage
to the kidneys, liver and lungs.
Exposure to lower concentrations,
insufficient to produce unconsciousness, usually results in
severe gastro-intestinal upset,
and may progress to serious kidney and hepatic damage. The
kidney lesion is an acute nephrosis; the liver involvement consists of an acute degeneration of
the central portions of the lobules.
Where recovery takes place,
there may be no permanent disability.
Marked variation in in-
if
small amounts
liver.
MAC: ACGIH
symptoms
to
tetrachloride has also been reported as causing cirrhosis of the
peated contact with the liquid.

The skin oils are removed, and
the skin becomes red, cracked
and dry (Section 9). The effect of
carbon tetrachloride on the eyes
either as a vapor or as a liquid,
is one of irritation with lacrimation and burning.
Industrial poisoning is usually
acute, with malaise, headache,
nausea, dizziness, and confusion,
which may be followed by stupor
and sometimes loss of consciousness. Symptoms of liver and
kidney damage may follow later,
with development of dark urine,
sometimes jaundice and liver enlargement, followed by scanty
urine, albumenuria and renal
uremia may develop and
casts
cause death. Where the exposure
has been less acute, the picture
is usually one of headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, epigas,
tric distress, loss of appetite,
and fatigue.
Visual distrubances
(blind spots, spots before the eyes

a visual "haze" and restriction
of the visual fields), secondary
anemia, and occasionally a slight
jaundice may occur. Dermatitis

may be noticed on the exposed
parts.

rate): Section 2
Personnel Hygiene: Section 3
MCA warning label.
CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE
Synonym: Tetrafluoromethane.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
M. P.
Colorless gas.
CF 4
Mol. Wt.
88.01
-184C
CARBON TETRAIODIDE
442
B. P. -127. 7C
Density 1.96 @ -.184 G
Hydrocarbons
CARBON TETRAIODIDE
Description: Octahedral, red
crystals.
Formula: CI 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 519. 69
Density 4. 32
Hydrocarbons.
Colorless liquid.
Formula: CO(CN) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 80.05
B. P. 65. 5C
Density 1. 124
See Cyanides and Carbon

Monoxide.
Fire Hazard: See Hydrogen Cyanide
and Carbon Monoxide.
Explosion Hazard: See Hydrogen
Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide.
Disaster Control: Cyanides and
Carbon Monoxide.
CARBONYL FLUORIDE
Synonym: Fluor of ormyl fluoride.
Description:
Section
CARBONYL BROMIDE
Carbon oxybromide.
Description:
Description:
Toxicity:
Synonym: Tetraiodemethane.
Synonym:
CARBONYL CYANIDE
Synonym: Carbon oxycyanide.
Liquid.
Formula: COBr 2
Formula:
Colorless gas.
COF 2

M. P.
114C
83 C
B. P.
114C
Density 1. 139 @
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Carbon
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 187. 84
B. P. 64, 5C
Density 2. 44
Toxic Hazard:
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: See Carbon Monoxide
Monoxide.
Fire Hazard: See Carbon Monoxide.
Explosion Hazard: See Carbon Mon-
and Bromine.
Explosion Hazard: See Carbon Mon-

Chronic Local: U
Caution: Most carbonyls are highly
toxic. See also specific Carbonyl.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame. More or
less readily evolve carbon monoxide. See also Carbon Monoxide
and Powdered Metals.
exposed to heat or flame (Sec-
oxide.

shock can shatter the container and release contents;
it emits highly toxic fumes; it
vapors.
rate): Section 2
CARBONYL CHLORIDE
oxide.
Disaster Control: See Fluorides and

Carbon Monoxide.
CARBONYLS
Description:
a metal.
tion
The (CO)
group with
7).
Explosive Range: See Carbon Monoxide.

Caution: Powerful oxidizers; can react violently with carbonyls.
See
Carbon Oxychloride.
Heat can cause carbonyls
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
=.
High
to
Unknown
CARBOXY METHYL MERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID
443
decompose.
I.

highly toxic fumes of carbon monoxide; it will react with water or
steam to produce toxic and flammable vapors; it can react
vigorously with oxidizing materiStorage and Handling: Section
CARBONYL SULFIDE.
solid;
yellow label.
"CARBORUNDUM'
See Silicon
Carbide.
"CARBOWAX" METHOXY
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
Formula:
See Carbon
Description:
Inhalation
370
3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous in a disaster because,
emits toxic fumes; it can react
rate): Section 2
Corrosive
CARBOPROPOXIDE,
UNSTABILIZED
Description: Solid.
Acute Local: Irritant 3: Ingestion 3; Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat (Section 6).
rate): Section 2

@37C
Vap. Press. < 50
mm
Liquid.

3;
330
M. P. -5 to -10C
Flash P. 440 F (O.C.
CARBOPROPOXIDE, STABILIZED
350
Slightly viscous liquid.
CH 3 OCH 2 (CH 2 OCH2)xCH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Oxy sulfide.
tion
mable
Description:
als.
Flam

"CARBOWAX" METHOXY
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
550
wax-like solid.
CH 3 OCH2(CH 2 OCH 2 ) x CH20H
Description:
Formula:
Soft,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 525 - 575
M. P. 25 - 15C
Vap. Press. < 50
@37C
mm
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;
when exposed
can react with

it
CARBOXY METHYL MERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID

Description:
Formula:
White powder.
CfrH 8
6S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 208. 2
M. P. 136 - 128C
Toxicity: Details unknown. Preliminary tests indicate toxicity
is somewhat less than citric
acid.
CARBOYS, ACID, EMPTY
444
CARBOYS, ACID, EMPTY

Toxicity: See specific material
shipped.
Disaster Control: Slightly dangerous; when heated, they may emit
toxic fumes.
See SecI. C.C. Classification:
tion 11.
Coast Guard Classification: Haz-
ardous article.
CARBURIZING SALT.
it
CASTOR- BEAN MEAL

Toxicity: This material contains the
very toxic materials Ricin and
Ricinine. It is also a very potent
allergen.
See Cyanides.
CASTOR OIL
Synonyms: Ricinus
CARNAUBA WAX
Synonym: Brazil wax.
Constants:
M. P. 85 C
Acute Local:
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
to heat; it can react with oxidizing materials.
CARTRIDGE BAGS, EMPTY, WITH
BLACK POWDER IGNITERS

ExploI, C. C. Classification:
C
Coast Guard
plosive C

Chronic Systemic: U
emits acrid fumes.
oil.
Description: A colorless to paleyellow viscous liquid, characteristic odor.

Constants:
M. P. -12C
B. P. 313C
Density 0. 96
gen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
to heat.
Spontaneous Heating: Yes.

6).

sive
Ex-
Classification:
CARTRIDGE CASES, EMPTY,

PRIMED. See Explosives, Low.
C. C. Classification: Explosive C
Coast Guard Classification: Explosive C
I.
CASE-HARDENING COMPOUNDS
See Cyanides.
CASHEW NUT SHELL

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
OIL
Composition: Mostly anacardic acid.

Acute Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
CASTOR OIL PLANT DUST
None
= Slight
CATECHOL.
See Pyrocatechol.
CATIONIC AMINE 220

Synonym:
2 =
1 -
Hydroxy ethyl- 1
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
"CELANESE SOLVENT
445
2-heptadecenyl glyoxaldene.
C 17 H 3 3CH(CH 2 2 NHC 2 CH 2 OH
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Flash P.
Toxicity:
350. 58
465F
(O. C.
Unknown
CAUSTIC SODA, LIQUID. See

Sodium Hydroxide.
Corrosive

to heat.
203'
rosive liquid;
MCA
Cor-
white label.
warning label.
To Fight Fire: Water, foam, car-
CEDAR
bon dioxide, dry chemical or

6).
CATTLE FEED DUST

Acute Systemic:
(Section
6).
Spontaneous Heating: Yes; dangerous when very dry or very

moist.
Section 2
Personal Hygiene:
Section
A wood.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: The wood dust contains
chemical irritants which can
cause conjunctivitis, intense
lachrymation, iridocyclitis,
keratitis as well as dermatitis
Description:
(Section
9).

from exposure will cause the
symptoms to disappear.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat.
Explosion Hazard: Slight in the form
of dust when exposed to flame.
See also Dusts.
Section 2
CAUSTIC ALCOHOL SOLUTION

See Sodium Hydroxide and Ethyl

Alcohol.
CEDAR WOOD
CAUSTIC POTASH. See Potassium
Hydroxide.
Section 11.
Hazardous
warning
MCA
article.
label.
CAUSTIC POTASH, LIQUID. See

Potassium Hydroxide.
Section 11.
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.

rosive liquid;
MCA
Cor-
white label.
warning label.
CAUSTIC SODA. See Sodium

Hydroxide.
Hazardous
warning
MCA
article.
label.
OIL

yellow, viscid liquid.
Composition: Cedrene and cedrol.
Constant:
Density 0. 940-0. 950 @ 20 /20 C
Acute Local: Irritant 1: Aller-
gen 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
emits acrid fumes.
"CELANESE SOLVENT
203"
Description: Liquid; odor of
isobutanol.
Constants:
B. P. 110 - 120C
Flash P. 100 F (T.O.C.)
Density 0. 805-0. 81 5 @ 20 /4C
it
301 M
"CELANESE SOLVENT
446
See Isobutyl Alcohol,

n-Butyl Alcohol and Amyl Alcohol,
Toxicity:

Section 7

M
CELANESE SOLVENT
301"
Constants:
B. P. 97 - 100C
Flash P. 90F (T.O. C.)
Density 0. 804-0. 808 @ 20 /4C
Toxicity: See n-Propanol, sec-Butanol.
Fire Hazard:
posed
Dangerous, when excan react
to heat or flame;

ide, dry
601 M
Liquid, ether -like
"CELANESE SOLVENT
Description:
odor.
Constants:
3. P. 74 - 84C
Flash P. 10F (T. O. C. )
Density 0. 840-0. 850 @ 20 /4C
Toxicity: Unknown
"CELANESE SOLVENT
901"
Constants:
B. P. 125 - 155C
Density 0. 835-0. 840 @ 20 /4C
Toxicity:
Unknown

CELERY SEED
Volatile and fixed oil,
Toxic Rating Code:
None
CELLOIDIN. See
Nitrocellulose.
"CELLOSOLVE" ACETATE
Synonym: Ethylene glycol monoethyl
ether acetate.
Description: Colorless liquid with a
mild, pleasant ester-like odor.
Formula:
CH 3 COOCH2CH 2 OC 2H5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.. 132.17
B. P. 156. 4C
Density 0. 9748 @ 20 /20C
Autoign. Temp. 715F
@20C
Vap. Press. 1. 2
Vap. D. 4. 72
Chronic Local: U
mm
2;
Inhalation 2
with oxidizing materials;
(Section 6).

heat (Section
7).
Explosive Range: 1. 71% (L. E. L. )

Section 2
"CELLOSOLVE" SOLVENT
6).
Description:
bitter extractive and resin.

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
heat (Section 6).
= Slight
Synonym: Ethylene glycol monoethyl

ether; 2-ethoxy ethanol.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CEMENT, ROOFING, LIQUID
447
CH 2 OHCH 2 OC 2 H 5
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 12
B. P. 135. 1C
Density 0. 9360 @ 1 5/l5C
Vap. D. 3. 10
CELLULOSE DINITRATE
Synonym: Cellulose tetranitrate.
solid.
Formula:
edema
Disaster Control:
CEMENT, LEATHER
congestion and
and congestion
Exposure of huconcentration
for a few seconds resulted in

irritation of the eyes. No cases
of poisoning have so far been reported in industry.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; when exposed to heat or flame; it can re

act with oxidizing materials (Section 6).

Section 11.

I.

CEMENT,
LIQUID, N.O.S.

6).


Shipping Regulation: Section 11.
I.
flammable
Section 2

See
Nitrocellulose.
of the lungs
(Section
See Nitrocellulose,
CELLULOSE NITRATE
may produce
of the kidneys.
mans to the same
)4
lose.
1;
Inhalation 1
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 736 milligrams per cubic meter of air;
200 parts per million of air.
Toxicology: Animal experiments indicate that exposure to air saturated with "Cellosolve" vapor
(0. 6%) for periods of 18 to 24
hours
C 12 H l6 (ON0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 504. 3
Density 1. 66
Toxicity: See Nitrocellulose.
Fire Hazard: See Nitrocellulose.
Explosion Hazard: See Nitrocellu-

Chronic Local: U
red label.
liquid;
CEMENT, PYROXYLIN
7
"CELLULOID"
Description: Clear or colored cellulose nitrate.
Constant:
Density 1. 35 - 1. 60
Toxicity: Unknown
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat (Section 6).
toxic fames; it can react with


flammable
red label.
liquid;
CEMENT, ROOFING, LIQUID

Fire Hazard:
Dangerous; when
CEMENT, RUBBER
448
exposed

(Section 6).
I.
C.
Classification:
Toxicity: See Cerium Compounds

and Iodates.
Section 7
Flammable
liquid; red label.

CERIC NITRATE, BASIC

Long, red needles.
Formula:
Ce(OH)(N0 3 ) 3 3H z O
Description:
CEMENT, RUBBER
Often contains benzene or
other toxic solvents. See specific
Toxicity:
constituent.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; when exposed to heat or flame; it can react with oxidizing materials (Sec-
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 397. 21
and Nitrates.
tion 6).

I.
CERESIN
WAX
Ce
Constants:
At. Wt.
140. 13
640 C
P. 1400C
Density Cubic form 6. 90;
hexagonal form 6. 7
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
B.
Description: White or yellow waxy

material.
Constants:
M. P. 68 - 72C
Density 0. 92 - 0. 94
Acute Local:
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic: U
CERIC AMMONIUM NITRATE

Synonym: Cerium -ammonium
ni-
trate.
Inhalation
Toxicology:
aluminum
1;
Cerium resembles
in its
pharmacological
action as well as in its chemical

properties. The insoluble salts
such as the oxalate are stated to
be nontoxic even in large doses.
used to prevent vomiting in

pregnancy. The average dose is
It is
Cerium tar0. 05 to 0. 5 g.
trate has been found to produce a
direct injurious action on the
from
Small prismatic,
orange-red crystals.
Formula:
Ce(N0 3 ) 4 2NH 4 N0 3 + iy2H 2
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 575.40
and Nitrates.
CERIC IODATE
Colorless crystals.
Formula: Ce(l0 3 ) 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Formula:
M. P.
Synonym: Earth wax; mineral wax.
Description*
CERIUM
Description: Cubic or hexagonal,
steel-gray crystals.
hearts of small animals. The effect on the nervous system of the

rare -earth metals following inhalation may preclude welding operations with these materials to any
large extent. Cerium is stated to
produce polycythemia but is useless in the treatment of anemia
owing to its toxic effects. The
salts of cerium increase the blood
coagulation rate.
Radiation Hazard: (Section 5).
Artificial isotope Ce 141 half -life
29 days; emits beta particles of
;
839. 81
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CEROUS CYANOPLATINITE
449
0.
mev
41
and many
(70%); 0. 56
gamma
mev
CERIUM COMPOUNDS
(30%)
rays between
14-0. 32 mev. Hazard Rating,

The toxicity of cerium

compounds may be taken to be
that of cerium, except when the
anion has a toxicity
Toxicity:
0.
Artificial isotope
283 days;
life:
ticles of 0. 33
CERIUM TARTRATE
emits beta parThe per-
mev.
White powder.
Formula: Ce 2 (C 4 H 4 0) 3
Description:
Ce 144 exists
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
when exposed to
flame. See also Powdered Metals.
of dust
Section
724. 5
See Cerium
in

Pr 144 The permissible levels
are given for the equilibrium
mixture. Hazard Rating, Class
III (National Bureau of Standards
Handbook No. 42).
Fire Hazard: Moderate, ignites
spontaneously in air at 150-180C.
A strong reducing agent. See
form
CERIUM TETRABORIDE
Description:
Formula: CeB 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 183.41
Density 5. 74
See Cerium and Boron

Compounds.
Toxicity:
Hydrides.
CEROUS AMMONIUM NITRATE

Description: Monoclinic, white,
transparent crystals.
Formula:
2NH 4 N0 3 Ce(N0 3
*
CERIUM CARBIDE
Hexagonal, red crys-
Description:
tals.
Formula: CeC 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 164. 15
Density 5. 23
Toxicity: See Cerium.
Fire Hazard: See Acetylene.
Explosion Hazard: See Acetylene.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; on contact with water,
steam, acid or acid fumes, it
will react to produce flammable
vapors of acetylene.
CERIUM CHLORIDE
Synonym: Cerous chloride.
Description: Colorless, deliquescent crystals.
Formula:
CeCl3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
Decomposes
Density
Toxicity:
246. 50
848C
M. P.
3.
own.
missible levels are: In body: 5

microcuries. In air: 7X 10~ 9
water: 4 X 10" 2 microcurie per
milliliter.
of its
Ce 144 half-
92
See Cerium.
)3
4H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 558. 32
M. P. 74C
Toxicity: See Cerium and Nitrates.
CEROUS BROMATE
Description: Hexagonal, reddishwhite crystals.
Formula:
Ce(Br0 3
)3
9H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 686. 02
M. P. 49 C
Toxicity: See Cerium and Bromates,
CEROUS CYANOPLATINITE
Description: Monoclinic, yellowblue, lustrous crystals.
18H z O
Formula: Ce 2 [Pt(CN) 4 ] 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1502.45
Density 2. 657
Toxicity:
See Cyanides and Cerium.
CEROUS FLUORIDE
450

CEROUS FLUORIDE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Hexagonal, white
Acid and Phosgene.

CeF 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 197. 13
M. P. 1324C
Density 6. 16
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Cerium.
CEROUS HYDRIDE
Description:
Amorphous, dark blue
powder.
Formula: CeH 3
CEROUS SELENATE
Rhombic crystals.
Formula: Ce 2 (Se0 4 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 709. 14
Density 4. 456
Toxicity: See Selenium and Cerium.
Compounds.
CEROUS SULFIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Toxicity:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 191.6
Toxicity: See Cerium and Hydrochloric Acid.
143. 15
Ignites
See Cerium and Hydrides.

fumes; on contact with water,
will react to produce hydrogen;
it can react vigorously on contact
Description: Red crystals; brown,

dark purple powder.
Formula: Ce 2S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 376. 46
M. P. Decomposes
Density 5.020 @11C
Toxicity: See Sulfides and Cerium.

CESIUM
CEROUS IODIDE
Reddish-white crystals,
Cel 3
9H z O
Description:
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 683. 03
Toxicity: See Cerium and Iodides.
CEROUS NITRATE
Description: Colorless or reddish
Formula:
CE(N0 3
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 434. 25
M. P. -3H 2 @150C
Toxicity: See Cerium and Nitrates.
Description: Hexagonal crystals;

silver- white, ductile metal.
Formula:
Constants:
At. Wt.
M. P.
Cs
132. 91
28. 5C
B. P. 670 C
Density 1. 873
Vap. Press. 1
@ 279 C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Cesium is quite similar
to potassium in its elemental
state. It has been shown, however,
to have pronounced physiological
action in experiments with animals.
mm
Hyperirritability, including
CEROUS OXYCHLORIDE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
marked spasms, has been shown

to follow the administration of
cesium in amounts equivalent to
the potassium content of the diet.
Purple, leaf-like
CeOCl
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CESIUM CHLOROSTANNATE
451
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
It has been found that, by replacing the potassium in the

diet of rats with cesium, death
occurred after
10 days to 17
days.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Ce 134 half-life:
2. 3 years; emits beta particles
of 0. 67 mev (75%), 0. 09 mev
(25%) and gamma rays of 0. 60
mev. Artificial isotope Cs 137
half-life: 35 years; emits beta
particles of 0. 52 mev (95%), 1. 2
mev (5%) and gamma rays of 0. 67
mev. The permissible levels are:
In air:
In body: 90 microcuries.
375. 20
M. P. 235C
Toxicity: See Bromides, Iodides
and Cesium.
10" 7
microcurie per milliliter.

In water: 1. 5 X 10" 3 microcurie
per milliliter. Cs 137 exists in
2

the radioactive form of Ba 137
for the equilibrium mixture. Hazard Rating Class II (National
Bureau of Standards Handbook
No. 42).
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by chemical reaction; reacts with oxidizing materials. Can ignite spontaneously in moist air. See also
CsI 2 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 466. 67
M. P. 195. 5C
Toxicity: See Bromides, Iodides and
Formula:
Cesium.
CESIUM CHLORATE
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
CsC10 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 216. 37
Density 3. 57
Toxicity: See Chlorates and Cesium.
CESIUM CHLOROAURATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Sodium.
chemical reaction. Reacts with
moisture to liberate hydrogen
Monoclinic, yellow
CsAuCl 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 471. 94
Cesium.
(Section 7).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; it will react with water
or steam to produce heat and
hydrogen; on contact with oxidizing materials, it can react
vigorously.

CESIUM BROMODIIODIDE
CESIUM CHLORODIBROMIDE
Yellow crystals.
Formula: CsBr 2 Cl
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 328. 20
M. P. 191 C
Toxicity: See Bromides and Cesium.
CESIUM BROMATE
Description:
Formula:
CESIUM CHLOROPLATINATE
Solid.
CsBr0 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 260. 83
Toxicity: See Bromates and Cesium.

Description: Cubic, yellow crystals.

Formula: Cs 2 PtCl6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 673. 79
M. P. Decomposes
See Platinum Compounds

and Cesium.
Toxicity:
CESIUM BROMOCHLOROIODIDE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Rhombic, yellow-red
CESIUM CHLOROSTANNATE
Description:
CsBrClI
Cubic, white crystals.
Formula: Cs^nCl^
CESIUM CHROMATE
452
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 597. 26
Density 3. 33
Toxicity: See Tin Compounds.
Description: Alpha: yellow prisms

beta: yellow, rhombic crystals.
Cs 2 Cr0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 381. 83
Density 4. Z37
icity of
Colorless crystals.
Formula: CsCN
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 158. 93
CESIUM DIBROMOIODIDE
Rhombic crystals.
CsIBr 2
Description:
B. P.
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 330. 74
M. P. 230C
B. P. Decomposes 290C
Density 3. 86
Toxicity: See Iodides and Cesi-
Formula: Cs 2 S 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
329. 95
> 800C
460C
See Sulfides and Cesi-
um.
CESIUM CYANIDE
M. P.
Formula: CsICl 2
B. P.
M. P.
Toxicity:
Cesium.
Personal Hygiene: Section^
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Rhombic, pale orange
Description: Amorphous or darkred crystals.
contain a more toxic radical.

Toxicity is of minor importance in industry. See also
Formula:
CESIUM DICHLOROIODIDE
CESIUM DISULFIDE
Probably have the toxcesium unless they
Description:

um.
CESIUM COMPOUNDS
Toxicity:
See Bromides and Cesi-
um.
Description:
crystals.
CESIUM CHROMATE
Formula:
Toxicity:

CESIUM FLUOGERMANATE
Description: Isotropic crystals;
regular; octahedral.
Formula:
Cs 2 GeF$
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 452.42
Density 4. 10
Toxicity: See Fluogermanates.
Disaster Control: See Fluogermanates.
Section
419. 66
248C
CESIUM FLUORIDE
Decomposes 320C
Description:
crystals.
See Bromides, Iodides
Cubic, colorless
CsF
and Cesium.
Disaster Control: See Bromides
and Iodides.
Formula:
CESIUM DICHLOROBROMIDE
Density 3. 586
Vap. Press. 1
@ 712C
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
Description:
Formula:
M. P.
mm
Crystals.
CsBrCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
151. 91
683C
1251C
283. 74
205C
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CESIUM METAPERIODATE
453
CESIUM FLUOSILICATE
Density
Description: Cubic, white crystals.
Cs 2SiF 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 407. 88
Density 3. 372 @17C
Disaster Control: See FluosiliFormula:
cates.
Section
CESIUM FLUOTELLURITE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless needles.
CsTeF 5
Mol. Wt. 355. 52

Toxicity: See Tellurium Compounds
and Fluorides.
Compounds and Fluorides
Constant:
2. 7
See Cesium and Hydrides.

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated or on contact with water or steam, it will
react to produce heat and hydrogen; it can react with oxidizing
Toxicity:
materials.
CESIUM HYDROXIDE
Description: Colorless, yellowish,
very deliquescent crystals.
Formula:
CsOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 149. 92
M. P. 272. 3C
Density 3. 675
Toxicity: See Cesium
CESIUM GALLIUM SELENATE

Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: CsGa(Se0 4
)2
12H z O

and Gallium Compounds.

Compounds.
CESIUM GALLIUM SULFATE

Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Cubic, colorless
CsGa(S0 4
2H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 610.95
Density 2. 113
Toxicity: See Cesium and Gallium
Compounds.
CESIUM HEXASULFIDE
Description:
Bright, red crystals.
Formula: Cs 2Sfc
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 458. 22
M. P. 186 C
Toxicity: See Sulfides and Cesium.
CESIUM IODATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Monoclinic, white
CsI0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 307. 83
Density 4. 85
Toxicity: See Iodates and Cesium.
CESIUM MERCURIC BROMIDE

Formula:
CsBr
2HgBr 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 933. 71
Toxicity: See Mercury Compounds,
Inorganic, Bromides and Cesium.
Disaster Control: See Mercury Compounds, Inorganic, and Bromides.
CESIUM MERCURIC CHLORIDE

Description: Cubic or rhombic,
colorless crystals.
Formula:
CsCl
HgCl 2
Formula: CsH
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 439. 89
Inorganic.
Compounds, Inorganic.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1.33. 92
M. P. Decomposes
Description:
CESIUM HYDRIDE
Description:
White crystals.
CESIUM METAPERIODATE
Rhombic, white plates.
CESIUM MONOBROMIDE
454
Formula: CsI0 4
Formula: Cs 2 C 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 323. 83
Density 4. 2 59
Toxicity: See Iodates and Cesium.
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Formula:
Cubic, colorless
CsBr
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
353. 84
See Oxalates.
CESIUM PENTASULFIDE
Description:
Solid.
Formula: Cs 2S 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 426. 15
M. P. 210C
Density 2. 806 @15C
CESIUM MONOBROMIDE
Description:
crystals.
Toxicity:
212.83
M. P. 636C
B. P. 1300C
Density 4. 44; liq. 3.04 @ 700 C
See Bromides and Cesium.
Toxicity:
CESIUM PERCHLORATE
CESIUM MONOIODIDE
Description:
crystals.
Description:
crystals.
Rhombic, colorless
Formula: CsC10 4
Cubic, colorless
Formula: Csl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 259. 83
M. P. 621 C
B. P. 1280C
Density 4. 510
Toxicity: See Iodides and Cesium.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 232. 37
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 327
Toxicity: See Perchlorates and
Cesium.
CESIUM NITRATE
Description: Colorless, hexagonal
or cubic, glittering crystalline
CESIUM PERMANGANATE
Description: A violet solid.
Formula: CsMn0 4
powder.
Formula: CsN0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 194.92
M. P. 414C
B. P.
Disaster Control: See Perchlorates,

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Decomposes
251. 84
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3.685; 2.71 @500C

See Cesium and Nitrates.
Toxicity:
Density
3. 597
See Manganese Compound;
Disaster Control: See Permanga-
Toxicity:
nates.
CESIUM NITRITE
Description:
Formula:
CESIUM SULFIDE
Yellow crystals.
Description:
crystals.
CsNO z
White, deliquescent
Formula: Cs 2S
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
17 8. 92
CESIUM OXALATE
Description:
Section
4H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
369.95
See Sulfides.
Toxicity:
White solid.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CHARCOAL
455
CESIUM TETRASULFIDE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 305. 3
B. P. 186 - 197C @10
Freezing P. 1 5 C
Flash P. 350 C
Density 0.991 @25/25C
Yellow crystals.
mm
Formula: Cs 2S 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 394. 08
Toxicity:
Unknown
CESIUM TRIBROMIDE

to heat or flame.
Rhombic crystals.
Formula: CsBr 3
Description:
rials.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 372.66
M. P. 180C
Toxicity: See Bromides and Cesium,
Section
CETYL ISOQUINOLINIUM BROMIDE

fungicide.

CESIUM TRISULFIDE
Yellow
Cs 2S 3
Description:
Formula:
CHAMOMILE
leaf.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 362. 02
M. P. 217C
B. P. 780 C
CETYL ALCOHOL
Synonym: Hexadecanol.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Solid or leaf-like
C l6H 33 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 242.4
M. P. 49. 3C
B. P. 344 C
Density 0. 8176 @ 50 /4C
Toxicity: Practically non-toxic.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat and/or flame; it

ide, dry
CETYL BROMIDE
Description:
Formula:
Dark yellow
15Br
CH 3 (CH 2
OIL
Blue liquid, turning

brownish- yellow.
Composition: Amyl and butyl esters
Description:
liquid.
of angelic and tiglic acids,

butyric acid, etc.
Constant:
Density 0. 905-0. 915 @ 15/l5 C
Acute Local:
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
emits acrid fumes.
it
CHARCOAL
Synonym: Carbon
Description: Black amorphous
solid.
Composition: C + impurities.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 12.
M. P. > 6300F
B. P. 4200 C
Density 3. 51
Acute Local:
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
Caution: Carbon itself has no toxic
action, but
if it
contains impurities,
CHARCOAL, ACTIVATED
456
these may be toxic.

Fire Hazard: Moderate; reacts with
Spontaneous Heating: Yes, particularly when wet, freshly calcined
or tightly packed.
Section 2
C.C. Classification: Flammable solid; yellow label.

I.
CHARCOAL, WOOD (LUMP).
mable solid; yellow label.

Coast Guard Classification: Inflammable
MADE FROM
solid.
Composition: C + impurities
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 12.
M. P. > 6300 F
B. P. 7600 F
Density 3. 51
Toxicity: See Charcoal.
Fire Hazard: See Charcoal.
Explosion Hazard: See Charcoal.
Disaster Control: See Charcoal.

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES.
See
Charcoal.
C.C. Classification: Flammable solid.

Coast Guard Classification: Inflammable solid.
I.
See Charcoal.
Section 11.
I.
C, C. Classification:
Flam-

CHARCOAL, WET.
See also
Charcoal.
Coast Guard Classification: Not
permitted.
CHARCOAL, WOOD (GROUND,

CRUSHED, GRANULATED OR
PULVERIZED).
See also
Charcoal.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
"PINON". See also
Charcoal.
Section 11.

I.
CHARCOAL, WOOD SCREENINGS

OTHER THAN "PINON". See also
Charcoal.
I.
Section 11.
C.C. Classification: Flammable solid; yellow label not

accepted.
I.
CHARCOAL, SHELL.
solid.
CHARCOAL, WOOD SCREENINGS,
CHARCOAL, ACTIVATED
Synonym: Activated carbon.
Description: Black amorphous
See
also Charcoal.
Flam-
CHARCOAL WOOD SCREENINGS,

WET. See also Charcoal.
permitted.
CHELIDONINE
White crystalline
powder.
Formula: C 20H 19 O 5N H z O
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 371. 38
M. P. 135 - 136C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: A central nervous
system depressant, causing
sleepiness, depression, slowing
of pulse, and in large doses, coma
and circulatory failures.
Treatment and Antidotes: Stimulants,
epinephrine, pilocarpine. Call a
physician.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CHLORAL HYDRATE
457

CHINESE
Section 2
CHELIDONINE HYDROCHLORIDE
See Chelidonine.
CHELIDONINE PHOSPHATE.
See
Chelidonine.
CHELIDONINE TANNATE.
WAX
Description: White to yellowishwhite solid.

See
Chelidonine.
"CHEM-D".

Corrosive liquid.
See DDT.
Composition: Excretion of an
insect. Primarily ceryl cerotate.
Constants:
M. P. 92 C
Density 0. 93

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
to heat.
CHEMICAL AMMUNITION (CONTAINING CLASS A POISONS,

LIQUIDS OR GASES)
Toxicity: All Class A poisons are
highly toxic. See individual components.
I.C.C. Classification: Poison A;
not accepted.
CHEMICAL AMMUNITION (CONTAINING CLASS B POISONS,

LIQUIDS OR GASES)
Toxicity: All Class B poisons are
toxic. See individual components.
I.C.C. Classification: Poison B;

poison label.
CHEMICAL AMMUNITION (CONTAINING CLASS C POISONS,

LIQUIDS OR SOLIDS)
Toxicity: All Class C poisons are
moderately toxic.
components.
See individual
Section 11.

CHLORAL
Synonym:
Trichloracetaldehyde.
Description: Oily liquid; irritating
odor.
Formula: C 2HC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 147.4
M. P. -57. 5C
B. P. 97. 8C
Flash P. None
Density 1. 510 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 5. 1
Chronic Local: U
Ventilation Control (use normal rate).
MCA
warning label.
Poison C;
tear gas label.

CHEMICAL AMMUNITION,
EXPLOSIVE. See Explosives.
CHEMICAL KITS
CHLORAL HYDRATE
Synonyms: Trichloroacetic aldehyde,
hydrated.
Description: Transparent, colorless
crystals; aromatic, penetrating,
slightly acrid odor and slightly
bitter, caustic taste.
Formula:
CCl 3 CH(OH) 2
CHLORAL HYDRATE
458
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165.41
M. P. 52 C
B. P. 97. 5C
Density 1. 901
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Chloral hydrate is a
poisonous drug popularly called
"knockout drops". The liquid
and vapors are both very dangerous to the eyes. If this material
is ingested, the pupils contract
during sleep, but dilate upon
waking. A number of incidents
have been reported where it was
given in alcoholic beverages and
death was caused when only its
hypnotic effect was desired.
Recently there has been much
addiction to chloral hydrate.
These addicts are mostly between
the ages of 2 1 and 40 years. In
the majority of cases they are
also addicted to alcohol or opium.
Occasionally this material may
produce excitement and delirium.
Nausea and vomiting may be the
result of local action of the drug
upon the stomach. The respiration is irregular and shallow and
the pulse is scarcely perceptible.
The pupils are moderately contracted, but rarely dilated. The
face is cyanotic or in the early
stages, flushed. On account of
the dilation of the vessels, the
extremities are cold and the
blood pressure and temperature
are slightly lower, but little
more so than in natural sleep. If
the dose exceeds 2 to 3 grams,
the patient passes into stupor and
coma with complete muscular
relaxation. The action is very
similar to that of chloroform.
Death is ordinarily caused by
paralysis of the respiratory
center. The average fatal dose
is placed at about 10 grams. Use
caution in giving over the
therapeutic dose.
Treatment and Antidotes: A physician should be called at once.
Wash
out the stomach.
Toxic Rating Code:
Admin-
None
= Slight
ister strychnine hypodermic ally.

Also give caffein and caffeine with
sodium benzoate. Maintain the
temperature of the patient with the
use of electric pads, hot water
bottles and blankets if necessary.
emits toxic fumes.
Section
CHLORAMINE-T
Synonyms: Chloramine; sodium
p -toluene sulfon chloramide.
Description: White or faintly
yellow crystal.
Formula: CyHyClNNaOzS
3H zO

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
acid fumes, it can emit toxic fumes.
cis-CHLORAQUOTETRAMMINECOBALT (HI) CHLORIDE

Description:
crystals.
Rhombic
violet
Formula: [Co(NH 3 4 (H 2 0)Cl]Cl2

)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 251.40
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 847
CHLORATE AND BORATE

MIXTURES. See
also Chlorates,
N. O.S. and Boron Compounds.
Oxidizing
CHLORATE OF POTASH.
See
Potassium Chlorate
Oxidizing
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CHLORATES, N.O.S,
459
CHLORATE OF SODA.
mercury fulminates, phosphorus,

antimony sulfide and other com-
See Sodium
Chlorate.
Oxidizing
bustible substances. It is used in

pyrotechnic mixtures, as a component of airplane flares and aerial
bombs. It is also used as a component of permissible explosives.
Chlorates are used extensively in
the manufacture of chlorate ex-
CHLORATES, N.O.S.
Description: Chlorates are a combination of a metal or hydrogen
and the CIO3 mono-valent radiThey are crystalline and
cal.
somewhat deliquescent.
Toxicology: The principal toxic
effects of chlorates are the production of methemoglobin in the
blood and destruction of red
blood corpuscles. The latter may
lead to irritation of the kidneys.
Damage to heart muscle has been
reported.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, in contact
with flammable matter. When
contaminated with oxidizable
materials, they are particularly
sensitive to friction, heat and
shock;
powerful oxidizing
agents (Section 6).

shocked, exposed to heat or
rubbed, particularly when contaminated with sugar, charcoal,
shellac, sulfur, starch, sawdust,
sulfuric acid, ammonium compounds, cyanides, phosphorus or
antimony sulfide.
Chlorates when mixed with
combustible materials may form
explosive mixtures. For instance,
potassium chlorate, when mixed
with sulfur or with other combustible substances explodes on
friction. Pure chlorates or material which have been spilled on
the floor, or mixed with small
amounts of impurities, become

very sensitive to shock and
friction. Water is considered
the best agent for fighting fires
involving chlorates. In the explosive industry, chlorates are
used as oxidizing agents in the
primer caps in combination with
plosives.
The chief constituent

is from 60 to
such an explosive
80 percent chlorate.
of
the chlorate of
or potassium.
This can be
ammonium, sodium
The other ingred-
ients in such a mixture are

bustible materials, such as
com-
metallic powders, powdered sulfur, powdered charcoal or possibly mixtures of organic matter.
Nitro derivatives of benzene,
toluene, and other aromatic compounds are also added. Paraffin
may be added as a desensitizer.
Recently, similar mixtures were
used in Europe but with the addition of small amounts of nitro-
glycerin or collodion cotton.

Chlorate explosives are more sensitive than modern permissible
explosives, and therefore not as
safe as for instance the perchlorate
explosives, or the permissibles.
Plastic mistures of chlorate explosives (containing nitroglycerin)
are somewhat less sensitive to
shock and friction, in spite of the

nitroglycerin present, than the
dryer explosives with no nitroglycerin. In this case the nitroglycerin or "explosive oil, " as it
is known, serves to wet the rest
of the mixture.
Barium chlorate
is shipped and stored in wooden
boxes, barrels, or kegs. It
should have isolated storage in a
cool, ventilated place, away from
acute fire hazards and should not
be stored in the same building with
combustible materials, acids,
sulfur, powdered magnesium or
powdered aluminum. Examples

chlorates used in the explosive
industry, would be potassium
chlorate, sodium chlorate and
barium chlorate.
of
Disaster Control: Moderate; shock

"will explode them; when heated
to decomposition, they can emit
toxic fumes and explode; can react
CHLORATES, N.O.S. WET.
460

observations that the toxicity of

other chlorinated hydrocarbons is
much enhanced
Section 11.
I,
CHLORATES, N.O.S. WET.
See
also Chlorates, N.O.S.

I. C.C. Classification: Oxidizing
CHLORDANE
Synonyms:
2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8 Octa1
chloro-4, 7 -methano -3a, 4, 7,7atetra hydroindane.
Description: Colorless to amber,
odorless, viscous liquid.
Formula: C 10 H 6C1 8
B. P. 175C
Density 1. 57 - 1.67 @60/6>0F
,
Toxicity: Probably toxic; an insecticide.

MAC: AGGIH (tentative); 2.0 milligrams per cubic meter of air.
Toxicology: Chlordane is readily
absorbed through the skin as well
as through other portals. It is a
central nervous system stimulant
whose exact mode of action is un-
known. Animals poisoned by this

and related compounds show an
extremely marked loss of appetite and neurological symptoms.
The fatal dose to man is unknown. It has been estimated to
be between 6 and 60 grams l/5 to
2 oz. ). One person receiving an
(
accidental skin application of 25

percent solution (amounting to
something over 30 g. of technical
chlordane) developed symptoms
within about 40 minutes and died
before medical attention was obtained. In two patients, death
followed exposure to low oral
doses of chlordane (2-4 g. ); on
microscopic examination both
patients showed severe chronic
fatty degeneration of the liver,
characteristic of chronic alco-
holism.
in the presence of
chronic liver damage. The dangerous chronic dose in man is
unknown.
One person poisoned by chlordane developed convulsions within
40 minutes of gross skin contamination and died, apparently of
respiratory failure, before medical aid could be obtained.
Acutely poisoned experimental

animals show similar signs. Experimental animals exposed to repeated small doses exhibit hyperexcitability, tremors, and convulsions, and those which survive
long enough show marked anorexia
and loss of weight. Symptoms in
animals frequently occur within an
hour of the administration of a
large does but death often is delayed for several days depending
on the dosage and route of administration. In any event, symptoms
are of longer duration with chlordane than with DDT under similar
5
conditions.
Laboratory findings are essentially normal, except that the

insecticide may be demonstrated
in tissues of poisoned animals by
means of bioassay. A method for
specific, quantitative chemical
analysis for chlordane is now
available using small amounts of
subcutaneous fat. Chronically
poisoned animals show degenerative changes in the liver and
kidney tubules.
of Poisoning: Removal
poison from the skin or the
alimentary tract should be
attempted. Oil laxatives should
be avoided. The nervous symptoms may best be combatted with
pentobarbital or phenobarbital.
Treatment
of the
highly toxic fumes of chlorides.

MCA
warning label.
CHLORETHYL BENZENE
Although these two
Liquid
fatalities cannot be attributed exclusively to chlordane, they are
Formula: CeHsClCzHs
entirely consistent with previous
Constant:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Description:
2 =
Mol. Wt. 141.6
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
461
CHLORINATED DIPHENYL OXIDE
See Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic.

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes; reacts with oxidizing materials.
Acute Local: U
Toxicity:
CHLORGUANIDE
Synonyms:
l-(p-chlorophenyl)-5isopropyl-biguanide hydrochloride.
Formula:
ClC^CsHyCzH^HCl
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 290. 2
Toxicity: Unknown
gestion
Inhalation 2
2;

Section 2
CHLORIDE OF LIME.
See Calcium
Hypochlorite.
CHLORIDES
CHLORIC ACID
Description:
Toxicity: Varies widely. Sodium

chloride (table salt) has very low
toxicity, while carbonyl chloride
(phosgene) is lethal in small
Colorless solution.
Formula: HC10 3
7H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 210. 58
M. P. < -20C
Density 1. 282 @14. 2C
Toxic Hazard Rating: (See also
Chlorates)
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
doses.
Disaster Control: May be dangerous; when heated to decomposition, they may emit toxic
fumes.
CHLORINATED BIPHENOLS.
CHLORINATED CAMPHENE.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; ignites

organic matter upon contact; a
very powerful oxidizing agent.
Explosion Hazard: Slight.
"Toxaphene.
See
"
CHLORINATED DIPHENYL OXIDE


reacts vigorously with reducing
materials.
Section 2
halation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
Description: A liquid solution of 60

cc chloroform and 940 cc alcohol.
Ethyl Alcohol and Chloroform)
In-
Irritant 3

Skin Absorption 2
CHLORIC ETHER
See
Chlorinated Diphenyls.
0. 5
3;
milli-
of air.

highly toxic fumes.
MCA warning label.
CHLORINATED DIPHENYLS
462
CHLORINATED DIPHENYLS
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS,
Description: Colorless mobile liquid

Constants:
B. P. 340 - 375C
Flash P. 383 F (CO. C. )
Density 1. 44 @30C
Chronic Systemic: Inhalation 3;
Skin Absorption 2
MAC: ACGIH (accepted): 1 milligram per cubic meter of air.
Toxicology: Like the chlorinated
naphthalenes, the chlorinated
diphenyls have two distinct actions
on the body, namely, a skin effect and a toxic action on the
liver. The lesion produced in the
liver is an acute yellow atrophy.
This hepato-toxic action of the
chlorinated diphenyls appears to
be increased if there is exposure
to carbon tetrachloride at the
same time. The higher the
chlorine content of the diphenyl
compound, the more toxic is it

liable to be. Oxides of chlorinated
diphenyls are more toxic than the
unoxidized materials.
The skin lesion is known as
chloracne, and consists of small
pimples and dark pigmentation of
the exposed areas, initially.
Later, comedones and pustules
develop. In persons who have
suffered systemic intoxication
the usual signs and symptoms are
nausea, vomiting, loss of weight,
jaundice, edema and abdominal
pain.
Where
the liver
damage
has been severe, the patient may

pass into coma and die.
emit highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
MCA
warning label.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
ALIPHATIC
Toxicology: The substitution of a
chlorine (or other halogen) atom
for a hydrogen greatly increases
the anesthetic action of a member
of the aliphatic hydrocarbons. In
addition, the chlorine derivative
is usually less specific in its
action and may affect other tissues
of the body in addition to those of
the central nervous system; in
many cases the chlorine derivative is quite toxic.
Thus, chloroform, in addition to its narcotic
qualities, may cause liver, heart,
and kidney damage.

As a general rule, the unsaturated chlorine derivatives are
highly narcotic but less toxic
than the saturated derivatives,
thus causing degenerative changes
in the liver and kidneys less frequently. In the saturated group,
the narcotic effect is enhanced
with an increase in the number of
chlorine atoms. However, there
is less relationship between the
number of chlorine atoms present
and the toxicity of the compound.
In dealing with these chlorinated
hydrocarbons, it must be remembered that a toxic action may result from repeated exposure to
concentrations which are too low
to produce a narcotic effect, and
which, consequently, are too low
to give warning of danger. Individual susceptibility is also important when poisoning by this
group of solvents is being considered. Certain workmen may
be seriously affected by concentrations that seem to have no
effect on fellow employees in the
same exposure.
heated to decomposition, they emit
highly toxic fvmes of phosgene;
they can react with oxidizing
materials.
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS,
AROMATIC
Toxicology:
In
most instances
it is
difficult to predict the toxicity

However, in
of these compounds.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CHLORINE
463
the case of
most aromatic

heated to decomposition, they emit
highly toxic fumes.
Ventilation Control (use moderate rate).
chlorine compounds, their toxicity is usually no greater, and

frequently is less, than that of
the corresponding aromatic
hydrocarbons, with the notable
exception of naphthalene.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, they may emit toxic fumes;
they can react with oxidizing
materials.
CHLORINATED LIME.
See Calcium
Hypochlorite.
CHLORINATED NAPHTHALENES
halation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
Irritant 3
3
Toxicology: The action of the

chlorinated naphthalenes on the
body is quite similar to that of
the chlorinated diphenyls, the
chief effects being the production
of chloracne of the skin and,
systemically, an acute yellow
atrophy of the liver. See also
Chlorinated Diphenyls.
emit highly toxic fumes of
chlorides.
rate): Section 2
MCA
warning label
(for tri
and
higher.

emit highly toxic fumes of chlorides.
Ventilation Control (use moderate rate):
Section 2
CHLORINE
In-

CHLORINATED TRIPHENYLS
Description: Greenish-yellow gas,

liquid, or rhombic crystals.
Formula: Cl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 70. 914
M. P. -101C
B. P. -34. 5C
Density (liquid) 1.47 @0C (3.65
atmos. )
Vap. D. 2.49
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted); 1 part
Toxicology:
Chlorine
is
extremely
irritating to the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. It combines with
moisture to liberate nascent
oxygen and form hydrochloric

Both these substances, if
present in quantity, cause inflammation of the tissues with
which they come in contact. If
the lung tissues are attacked,
acid.
CHLORINATED PHENOLS
Chronic Local: U
tion 3;
pulmonary edema may
result.
concentration of 3. 5 ppm produces

a detectable odor; 15 ppm causes
immediate irritation
throat.
of the
Concentrations of 50
ppm
CHLORINE
464
are dangerous for even short

exposures. 1, 000 ppm may be
fatal, even where the exposure
CHLORINE AZIDE
is
brief.
Because of its intensely irritating properties, severe industrial exposure seldom occurs,
as the workman is forced to leave
exposure before he can be seriously affected. In cases where
this is impossible, the initial
irritation of the eyes and mucous
of the nose and throat
is followed by cough, a feeling of
suffocation, and later, pain and a
feeling of constriction in the chest
membranes
If exposure has been severe,

pulmonary edema may follow,
with rales being heard over the
chest.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope CI 36 half -life 4.

X 10 5 years; emits beta particles
,
of 0. 71
mev and many gamma
rays between 0. 1-0. 6 mev. The

200 microcuries. In air: 4X 10" 7
water: 2 X 10" microcurie per
milliliter.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; can react

to cause fires or explosions upon
contact with turpentine, ether,
ammonia gas, illuminating gas,
hydrocarbons, hydrogen and

powdered metals (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by reaction with reducing agents.
when heated, it emits highly toxic
fumes; will react with water or
steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes of hydrogen chloride.

rate): Section 2
Personal Protection: Section 3

C, C. Classification: Nonflammable gas; green label.
label.
warning label.
I.
MCA
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Synonym: Chlor (o)azide

Description: Gas
Formula: CIN 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 77.48
Acute Local: Irritant 3; inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
flame.
can explode and shatter the container with explosive force; when
highly toxic fumes of chlorine and
oxides of nitrogen; will react with
and corrosive fumes of hydrogen
chloride.
rate): Section 2
CHLORINE DIOXIDE
Red-yellow gas or
orange-red crystals.
Formula: CIO z
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 67. 5
M. P.
-59C
9. 9C
Density 3. 09
B. P.
@731
mm
@11 C
g/liter
Vap. D. 2. 32
tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; a powerful oxidizer (Section 6).

heated to 100 C or by chemical
reaction.

toxic fumes of chlorine; will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes
of hydrochloric acid; can react
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CHLORINE TETROXIDE
465
vigorously with reducing materi-
als.
highly toxic fumes of chlorine;


rate): Section 2
CHLORINE HEPTAOXIDE

Formula: C1 2 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 182. 91
M. P. -91. 5C
Inhalation
6).


fume s.
to
Section

Section
Nearly colorless gas.

Formula: C1F

flame.
shock or heat will explode it;
on decomposition, it emits
rate):
Description:
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; a very
powerful oxidizing agent (Section
produce toxic and corrosive fumes

rate): Section 2
CHLORINE MONOFLUORIDE
82C
Acute Local: Irritant 3; Inges3;
emits
oil.
B. P.
tion
it
Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 54.46
M. P. -154 0. 5C
B. P. - 100. 8C
Density 1. 62 @-100C
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Chlorine.
CHLORINE MONOXIDE
Yellow-red gas or
red-brown liquid.
Formula: C1 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
86. 91
M. P.
-20C
B. P.
2.2C
3.89@0C
Density
g/liter
See Chlorine.
Toxicity:

highly toxic fumes of chlorine and
explodes; will react with water
or steam to produce toxic and cor'
rosive fumes.
CHLORINE HYDRATE
Description: Rhombic light yellow
crystals.
Formuls: Cl 2
8H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 215.04
M. P. Decomposes 9. 6C
Density 1. 23
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
CHLORINE TETROXIDE
Synonym: Hypochlorous anhydride.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
Toxicity:
Gas.
C1G 4 or Cl 2 O g
99.46
Decomposes
See Chlorine.
Fire Hazard:
Moderate;
a powerful
oxidizer.

exposed to heat.
CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE
466

fumes; on contact with acid
fumes, it can emit flammable
vapors.
Vap. D. 2.7
Toxicity: See Aldehydes.

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes; re-
CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE
Colorless gas to
yellow liquid, sweet odor.
Description:
Formula: C1F 3
acts with oxidizing materials.

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 92.46
M. P. -83C
B. P. 11. 8C
Density 1. 77 @13C
Vap. D. 3. 14
CHLOROACETIC ACID.
CHLOROACETONE
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative):
million of air.
0.
parts
per
Fire Hazard: Dangerous. Spontaneously flammable. It ignites
on contact with many organic
compounds, and reacts violently
with oxidizable materials, metals,
etc.
(Section
See Mono-
chloroacetic Acid.
6).

force; when heated to decomposition or on contact with acid or
acid fumes, it emits highly toxic
steam to produce much heat and
toxic and corrosive fumes; reacts
Synonym: Chlorinated acetone.

pungent odor.
Formula: CH 3 COCH 2 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 92. 53
M. P. -44. 5C
B. P. 119C
Density 1. 162
Toxicity: See Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic and Acetone.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame (Section 6),
Storage and Handling: Section 7-
CHLOROACETONITRILE
rate).

I.
Description:
Formula:
white label.
liquid;
C HLOROAC ETALDE HYDE

Synonym: Chloroaldehyde.
Description:
liquid;
Clear, colorless
pungent odor.
C 2 H 3 OCl
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
78. 5
B. P.
90.
sol.)
100
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 75. 5
will
react with water, steam, acid or
acid fumes to produce toxic and
flammable vapors.
CHLOROACETOPHENONE
100.
C (40% sol.
Freezing P. -16. 3C (40% sol.

Flash P. 190 F
Density 1.19 @25/25C (40%
Vap. Press.
Crystals.
CH 2C1CN
mm
@45C (40%
Synonyms: Phenacylchloride;
phenylchloromethylketone.
Description: Pale straw-colored
liquid or white crystals; fragrant, non-persistent odor.
Formula: C 8 H 7 C10
sol.)
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
m-CHLOROANILINE
467

M. P. 56 C
B. P. 237 - 247 C
Freezing P. 59 C
@0C
Vap. Press. 0.012
Vap. D. 5.2
CHLOROACROLEIN
Description:
mm
tion
3;
Inhalation
Formula:
tion
of
military poison.
release a poisonous gas; when
toxic fumes; will react with water
corrosive fumes.
rate): Section 2
I.
C. C. Classification: Poison C;
tear gas label (gas, liquid or
Inhalation
3,
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: A poison gas.
and release the contents; when
highly toxic fumes; will react
Ventiliation Control (use normal rate);
Section

Description:
Formula:
CHLOROACETYL CHLORIDE
Flash P. 225F
Density 1.11
Description: Water-white or
slightly yellow liquid.
Toxicity:
CH 2 ClCOCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112.95
B. P. 105 - 106C
Freezing P. -22. 5C
Flash P. None
Density 1.495 @0C
Toxicity: See Hydrochloric Acid.
Caution! A lachrymator (tear gas).
Ventilation Control (use moderate rate),
fumes.
Liquid
HOC 6H 3 ClC5H n

B. P. 487 - 509F
liquid or solid.
I.
3;
2-CHLORO-4-tert-AMYL PHENOL
solid).

Poison C; tear gas label (gas,
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 CCICHO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 52
B. P. 30C
Density 1.205 @15C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: A lachrymator type
Cor-
rosive liquid; white label.
Section 11.
Details unknown
Fire Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat or flame (Section G\

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes;
m-CHLOROANILINE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid
C^CIN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 127.6
M. P. -10C
B. P. 228. 5C

o-CHLOROANILINE
468

Chronci Systemic: Ingestion 3;
highly toxic fumes.
rate):
Section

Section
Formula:
(o-CHLOROANILINO) PROPIONITRILE
C1C 6H 4 NHCH 2 CH 2 CN

B. P. 139 - 141 C @0. 3
Density 1. 2103 @25 /lb C
Vap. D. 6.23
mm
Liquid.
C 6H 6 C1N
Mol. Wt. 127.6
Constants:
Formula:
o-CHLOROANILINE
Description:
Description: Colorless to red (on

aging) liquid.

Ventilation Control: (use moderate

rate): Section 2
M. P. -14C or -3. 5C(2 forms)

B. P. 209 C
rate).

highly toxic fumes of hydrogen
cyanide; will react with water,
steam, acid or acid fumes to

vapors of cyanides.
CHLOROAURIC ACID
Description: Bright yellow needles;
deliquescent.
4H z O
chlorides.
rate): Section 2
Formula: HAuCl 4
P-CHLOROANILINE

M. P. Decomposes
See Gold Compounds and

Hydrochloric Acid.
Toxicity:
Description:
CHLOROBENZENE
Formula: C 6H 6C1N
Constants:
B. P.
Synonyms: Phenyl chloride; mono-
Mol. Wt. 127.6
M. P. 70
Crystalline solid.
230.
chlorobenzene; chlorobenzol.
71 C
5C
Density 1. 427
Vap. Press. 1
@ 59. 3 C
Acute Systemic: Ingestion 3; In-
mm
halation 3

3;
Inhalation 3
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; when
chlorides.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
liquid.
C6H 5C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112. 56
B. P. 131. 7C
Freezing P. -55. 6C
Density 1. 113 @15. 5/l5. 5C
Autoign. Temp. >1245F
Vap. D. 3. 88
Formula:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CHLOROBENZONITRILES
469
Ingestion
1;
Inhalation

Chronic Local:
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted);
Section
347 milli-
of air; 75
million in air.
Monochlorobenzol is a
parts per
Toxicology:
fairly strong narcotic and possesses only slight irritant qualities.
For cats, concentrations of 1,200
ppm are quite narcotic, and concentrations of 3, 700 ppm are fatal
after several hours. The dichlorobenzols are strongly narcotic,
1,000 ppm causing narcosis in
guinea pigs followed by death
after 20 hours exposure. Knowledge of the effects on man of repeated exposure to subnarcotic
concentrations is meagre. In
general, it appears that the chlorobenzols are not as toxic as
benzol. Some of the symptoms
described (methemoglobinemia)
suggest that other substances
such as nitrobenzol, may have
been partially responsible for the
few cases of industrial illness reported. It is possible that prolonged exposure to chlorobenzol
may cause kidney and liver damage.
Somnolence, loss of consciousness, twitching s of the extremities,

cyanosis, deep, rapid respirations
and a small, irregular pulse are
the chief symptoms occuring in
acute exposures. The urine may
be burgundy red, and the red
blood cells show degenerative
and regenerative changes.
9.


Explosive Range: 1. 8%@ 212 F to
Section 11.

flammable liquid.
warning label
MCA
P-CHLOROBENZENE SULFONAMIDE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C1C 6H 4 S0 2 NH 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 191. 6
Toxicity: See Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic.
sulfur and chlorides.
p-CHLOROBENZENE SULFONYL
FLUORIDE
Description:
Formula:
White solid.
ClC^SOzF
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 195
M. P. 46 - 51 C
B. P. 229 - 230C
Flash P. 340 F
Density 1.475
Vap. Press. llmm@100C
Vap. D. 6. 73
Toxicity: Does not appear to be
highly toxic to test animals by
inhalation on an acute basis. May
be slightly irritating to the skin.
to heat or flame.
chlorides and oxides of sulfur;
6% @302F

highly toxic fumes of chlorine
compounds; can react vigorously
(o, p)
CHLOROBENZONITRILES
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
C1C 6H 4 CN
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
137.6
(o,p)
m-CHLOROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE
highly toxic fumes of cyanides and
chlorides; it will react with water
steam, acid or acid fumes to produce toxic fumes.
m-CHLOROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE
Synonym: m-Chlorotrifluoromethylbenzene.
Description:
Water -white aromatic
470
agent (Section 6).

Coast Guard Classification: Oxidizing material (dry or wet);
yellow label.
liquid.
Formula:
C1C6H 4CF 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
o-CHLOROBENZYL CHLORIDE
A colorless liquid or
Description:
crystals.
180. 56
-56C
Formula:
138C
Density 1. 35i
B. P.
Vap. D. 6. 24
when
decomposition or on
it can emit highly toxic fumes.
heated
to
P-CHLOROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE
ClC^CHzCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 161.08
B. P. 216 - 222C
Freezing P. < -30 C
Density 1. 270-1. 280 @ 25/l5C
Vap. D. 5. 55
Synonym: p-Chlorotrifluoromethyl-
P-CHLOROBENZYL CHLORIDE
benzene.
Description:
Clear water-white
Description: Needle-like crystals or

colorless liquid.
Formula: C1C 6H 4 CH 2 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 161.
liquid.
Formula:
C1C 6H 4 CF 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Synonym: alpha, 4-Dichlorotoluene.
180. 56
-36C
B. P. 139. 3C
Flash P. 116F
Density 1. 353 @ 15. 5/l5. 5
Vap. D. 6. 24

chlorides and fluorides; can react
Section
M. P. 29C
B. P. 222C
250-1. 260 @25/l5C
55
Density
Vap. D.
Toxicity: See Peroxides, Organic.

Fire Hazard: Moderate; an oxidizing
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
5.
2-CHLORO-4, 6 -BIS- (DIETHYLAMINE)^ - TRIAZINE

Description:
odor.
Clear
liquid;
slight
Formula: C 8 H 2oN 5 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
221. 75
M. P. 27 C
Density
p-CHLOROBENZOYL PEROXIDE
1.
1.
0956
Details unknown.
Disaster Control: Moderately danToxicity:
gerous;
2 =
when heated
Moderate
3 =
High
to
Unknown
CHLOROCYANOHYDRIN
471
2-CHLOROBUTENE-2

fumes.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 6
B. P. 143F
Flash P. -14F
CHLOROBROMOMETHANE
Synonyms:
Description:
Bromchloromethane.
Clear, colorless,
heavy volatile liquid.

Formula: CH 2 ClBr
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

129.4
M. P. -88C
B. P. 68C
Flash P. None

Density 1. 923 @25/4C

highly toxic fumes of chloro and

o-CHLOROCINNAMIC ACID
bromophosgene.
Section
Light tan powder.

Formula: ClC 6H4 CHCHCOOH
Description:
CHLOROBROMOPHOSGENE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 182. 6
M. P. 207 - 212C
Liquid.
Formula: COClBr
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143.39
B. P. 25C
Density 1. 82 @15C
Toxicity: See Carbon Oxychloride.
CHLOROBUTADIENE.
p-CHLORO-m-CRESOL
Synonym:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 142. 6
M. P. 46 C
B. P. 196C
Toxicity: Details unknown. An
allergen.
CHLOROBUTANOL
odor.
OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 177. 5
M. P. 97 C
B. P. 167C
C HLOROC YANOHYDRIN

can react with oxidizing materials,
Crystals; phenolic odor.
Formula: C 7H 7 C10
See Chloro-
Synonym: Acetone chloroform.

Description: Crystals, camphor
)2
4-Chloro-3-hydroxy
toluene.
Description:
prene.
Formula: Cl 3 CC(CH 3
Liquid.
Formula: C1C 4 H 7
Synonym: Chloral hydrocyanide.

Description: Crystals; odor of
chloral and hydrogen cyanide.
Formula:
CCl 3 CH(OH)CN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174.4
M. P. 61 C
B. P. 220C
1-CHLORO-l, 1-DIFLUOROETHANE
highly toxic fumes of cyanides;
will react with water, steam,
acid or acid fumes to produce
toxic fumes.
1
-CHLORO- 1
Description:
-DIFLUOROETHANE
Gas.
Formula: C1F 2 C 2H 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 100. 50
and fluorides.
Section
CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE
See
"Freon-22".
2
-CHLORO- 4-DIMETHYLAMINO6 -METHYL PYRIMIDINE

rodenticide.
CHLOROETHYL ACETATE
4-CHLORODINITROBENZENE
-CHLORO-4-ETHYLBENZENE
Description:
liquid.
Formula:
B. P. 315C
Density 1. 69
Toxicity: See Chloronitrobenzene.
and oxides of nitrogen; it can
Clear, colorless
CIC^CH^^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 140. 6
M. P. -62.6C
B. P. 184. 3C
Flash P. 147 F
Density 1. 05 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 19.2C
Vap. D. 4. 86
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; reacts
mm
(3-CHLOROETHYLCHLOROFORMATE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
C0C10CH 2 CH 2 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 142. 99
B. P. 152. 5C (752 mm)
Synonyms: Dinitrochlorobenzol;
dinitrochlorobenzene.
Formula: C 6H 3 (N0 2 ) 2 C1
M. P. 47 - 53 C
See
Ethyl Chloroacetate.
Formula:

2, 1,
472
tion 2;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic
fumes.
Section 2
(3
-CHLOROETHYL CHLOROSULFONATE
Description:
Chloropicrin-like odor.
Formula: C1CH 2 CH 2 0S0 2 C1
CHLORODIPHENYL,
See Chlori-
nated Diphenyls.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
179.04
101 C (23 mm)

Inhalation 3
B. P.
CHLORODIPHENYL OXIDE.
See
Chlorinated Diphenyl Oxide.
2-CHLOROETHANOL.
See Ethylene
Chlorohydrin.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CHLOROFORM
473
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U


and oxides of sulfur.
rate): Section 2

CHLOROETHYLENE.
2-CHLOROFLUORENE
CHLOROFORM
Synonym:
See Vinyl
Formula:
2-CHLOROETHYL ETHER
Formula: (C1C 2 H 4 ) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 143
7
2-CHLOROETHYL VINYL ETHER

Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 2 ClCH 2 OCHCH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106. 55
B. P. 104 - 108C
mm
inhalation, it causes dilation of

the pupils with reduced reaction
to light, as well as reduced
intraocular pressure (experi-
3;
Acute Systemic:


rate): Section 2
The material
known as an anesthetic.
Inges-
Inhalation 3
Ingestion 3;
Chronic Local: U
tion
CHC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 119. 39
M. P. -63. 5C
B. P. 6l.26C
Freezing P. 63.5C
Flash P. None
Density 1.49845 @15C
Vap. Press. 100
@ 10. 4C
Vap. D. 4. 12
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Chloroform causes irritation of the conjunctiva. Upon
mental).
2;
Trichloromethane.

heavy, ethereal odor.
chloride.
is
well
In the
initial stages there is a feeling of

of the face and body, then
an irritation of the mucous
warmth
mem-
branes and skin followed by

nervous aberration. Prolonged
inhalation will bring on paralysis
accompanied by cardiac and respiratory failure and finally
death.
It has been widely used as an
anesthetic. However, due to its
toxic effects, this use is being
abandoned. 68, 000 to 82, 000 ppm

kill most animals in a few minutes. 14, 000 ppm is dangerous
to life after an exposure of from
30 to 60 minutes. 5, 000 to 6, 000
ppm can be tolerated by animals
CHLOROFORMOXIME
474
for one hour without serious disturbances. The maximum concentration tolerated for several
hours or for prolonged exposure
with slight symptoms is 2, 000 to
The harmful effects
2, 500 ppm.
are narcosis, and damage to the
liver and heart. Prolonged administration as an anesthetic may
lead to such serious effects as
profound toxemia and damage to
the liver, heart and kidneys. Experimentally prolonged but light
anesthesia in dogs produces a
typical hepatitis. Inhalation of
the concentrated chloroform vapor
results in irritation of the mucous
surfaces exposed to it. The narcosis is ordinarily preceded by a

stage of excitation which is followed by loss of reflexes, sensation, and consciousness.
Treatment and Antidotes: If it has

been ingested, or there has been
great overexposure, the following
antidotes may be applied; emetics,
stomach syphon, friction, cold
douche, fresh air, strychnine
(hypodermically - from 1/120 to
760 grain), rubefactions, artificial respiration, etc. If during
exposure to unknown amounts of

chloroform vapor, the patient
should feel any of the symptoms
noted above, he should immediately be moved to fresh air and
kept under observation until the
symptoms disappear.
to high heat; otherwise practically nonflammable (Section
6).

Section 2
MCA warning label.
CHLOROFORMOXIME
Description:
Needles;
odor resemb-
ling hydrocyanic acid.
Formula:
CC1HNOH
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
79. 5

Toxic Rating Code:
Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes.
Section

Section
None
Colorless liquid.
Formula: GeH 3 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 111.08
M. P. -52. 0C
B. P. 28. 0C
Density 1.75 @-52C
Toxicity: See Hydrochloric Acid and
Germanium Compounds.
CHLOROMETHYL CHLOROFORMATE
Description: Mobile, colorless
liquid; penetrating irritating odor.
Formula: ClCOOCH 2 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129
B. P. 106. 5 - 107 C
Density 1.465 @15C
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
Description:
1
= Slight
CHLOROGERMANE
Description:
CHLOROMETHYL-4-CHLORO
PHENYL SULFONE
3;
2 =
Moderate
Crystals.
3 =
High
Unknown
p- C HL ORO- o- NITROANILINE
475
Formula: C1C 6H 4S0 2 CH 2 C1

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 225. 1
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes;

fumes.
Description:
Colorless liquid.
C1CH 2 0C1S0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165. 01
B. P. 49- 50 C (14 mm)
Density 1. 63
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2
2-
CHLORONAPHTHALENE.
See
Chlorinated Naphthalenes.
o-
C HLORO- p - NITROANILINE
Synonym: OCPN.
powder.
Formula:
2 NC 6 H 3 (C1)NH 2
powder.
Formula: C1C 6H 3 (N0 2 )NH 2
C HLOROMETHYLTfflOPHENE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Crystals.
C 4 H 3 SCH 2 C1
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 132. 6
p - C HLORO- o - NITROANILINE
Description: Orange crystalline
Description:
Formula:
Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 172. 6
M. P. 108. 4C
Inhalation 3
Inhalation 3
it emits highly toxic fumes; it
rate): Section 2
CHLOROMETHYL CHLOROSULFONATE
Formula:
materials.
172. 6
M. P. 116. 3C
See also
Hydrochloric Acid which is

liberated by this material upon
Inhalation
3;

storage.

shock will explode it; when
and oxides of sulfur; can react
vigorously with oxidizing

Inhalation
3;

flame (Section 6).
can
Fire Hazard:
to heat or

Section 2
m-CHLORONITROBENZENE
476

C HLORONITROBENZ ENE
Synonym:
Description:
Formula:
-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene.
Yellowish crystals.
C1C 6 H 4 N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 157. 6
M. P. 46C
B. P. 236C
Density 1. 534 @ 20 /4C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
Toxicology: Intoxication from this
material can be serious. When
absorbed, it forms methemoglobin
and gives rise to cyanosis and
blood changes. Its effects are
analogous to those of nitrobenzene.
It can cause poisoning by the pulmonary route and its effects are
cumulative. Chemically, it is
probably reduced in the body to

chloroaniline, which is also
poisonous. The para compound
is thought to be somewhat less
toxic than the ortho compound,
In industry it is the dust of this
material that is most often the
source of intoxication.
from exposure is important as
soon as the symptoms appear.
If cyanosis is evident, administer
oxygen and call a physician as
soon as possible. If breathing
has stopped, give artificial respiration.

nitrogen and phosgene; can react
rate): Section 2
None
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 157. 6
M. P. 32 - 33C
B. P. 245 - 246 C
Density 1. 368
Toxicity: See m-Chloronitrobenzene.
Fire Hazard: See m-Chloronitrobenzene.
Disaster Control: See m-Chloronitrobenzene.
P-CHLORONITROBENZENE
Synonym:
4-Chloro-l -nitrobenzene.
Yellow crystals.
Description:
Formula: C 6 H 4 C1N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 157. 6
M. P. 83 C
B. P. 242C
Flash P. 127 C
Density 1. 520
Toxicity: See m-Chloronitrobenzene.
posed
to heat.

Disaster Control: See m-Chloronitro-
benzene.
Section
2-CHLORO-5-NITROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 7H 3 F 3 C1N02
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 225. 6
B. P. 231. 9C
Flash P. 275 F
Density 1. 504 @ 30 /4C
Vap. D. 7. 8
Toxicity: See m-Chloronitrobenzene
and Fluorides.
4- CHLORO- 3 - NITROBENZ OTRI-
o-CHLORONITROBENZENE
Synonym: o-Nitrochlorobenzene.
Toxic Rating Code:

Formula: C 6H 4 C1N0 2
= Slight
FLUORIDE
Description:
2 =
Moderate
Liquid.
3 =
High
Unknown
2-CHLORO-5-NITROTRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZENE
477
C 7 H 3 F 3 C1N02
Formula:
posed
to heat.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

ide,
225. 6
B. P. 222. 6C
M. P. -2. 5C
Toxicity: See m-Chloronitrobenzene

exposed to heat.
highly toxic fumes and explodes;
and Fluorides.
highly toxic fumes.
rate):
1-CHLORO-l-NITROETHANE
Description:
Liquid.
CH 3 CHC1(N0 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

pane.
Fire Hazard:
Formula:
Moderate, when ex-
to heat.
chloride (Section
6).

-CHLORO- 1 -NITROPROPANE
Liquid.
CH 3 CH 2 CH(N0 2 )C1
123. 5
139. 5C
Inhalation 2
Ingestion
2;
Acute Systemic:
halation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
In-
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
Fire Hazard:
3;
3;
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

rate).
2-CHLORO-6-NITROTOLUENE
Flash P. 144F
Density 1. 209 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 26
Inhalation 3
Ingestion
Inhalation: 3
Chronic Local: U
tion

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123. 5
B. P. 134C
Flash P. 135F
Density 1 1 97 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 26
Acute Systemic:
flame.
toxic fumes of phosgene and oxides
Description:
Liquid.
CH 2 CCl(N0 2 )CH 3
To Fight Fire: Water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetra-
Formula:
2-CHLORO-2-NITROPROPANE
Description:
Vap. D. 3.77
Toxicity: See 1 -Chloro-1-Nitropro-
Section
109. 5
B. P. 129C
Flash P. 133F
Density 1. 258 @ 20 /20 C
posed
Section 2

Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 7 H 6 N0 2 C1
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 171. 6
Toxicity: See Trinitrotoluene.
2-CHLORO-5-NITROTRIFLUORO-
METHYLBENZENE.
See m-Chloronitrobenzene and Fluorides.
Moderate, when ex-
CHLOROPENTAMMINE CHROMIUM
(III)
CHLOROPENTAMMINE CHROMIUM
CHLORIDE
(III)
Description:
Red
crystals.
Formula: [Cr(NH 3 ) 5 Cl]Cl 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 243. 54
Density 1. 696
CHLOROPENTAMMINECOBALT
(III)
CHLORIDE
Synonym: Purpureo
Description: Rhombic darkred
[
Co(NH 3 5Cl]Cl 2
m-CHLOROPHENOL
Crystals.
Formula: C 6H 4 C10H
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
128. 6
5C
214C
32.
Density 1.245
Ingestion 3;
Inhalation 3
Inhalation 3
tion 3;
Acute Systemic:

highly toxic fumes.
rate):
Section

MCA warning label.
Light
warning label.
amber
C 6H 4 C10H
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128. 6
B. P. 220C
Freezing P. 42. 8 C
Flash P. 250 F
Density 1. 246 @ 60 /Zb C
Toxicity: See Chlorinated Phenols.
and phenol.
MCA
warning label.
p-CHLOROPHENOXYETHOXYETHYL
CHLORIDE
See Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic.
Toxicity:
Crystals.
Formula: ClC 6 H 4 NHCOOH
liquid.
None
pleasant odor.
Formula:
Description:
128. 6
174. 5C
Needle-like, white to
straw-colored crystals; un-
11.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Toxic Rating Code:
MCA
CHLOROPHENYL CARBAMATE
Formula: C 6 H4 OHCl
B. P.
dizing materials.
o-CHLOROPHENOL
Description:
Freezing P. 7 C
Density 1. 256 @ 25 /l5 C
Flash P. 185F
Toxicity: See Chlorinated Phenols.
highly toxic fumes of phenol and
chlorides; it can react with oxi-
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 250.47
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 819 @ 25 /25 C
Description:
478
P-CHLOROPHENOL
violet crystals.
Formula:
CHLORIDE
= Slight
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 171. 6
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
_.
CHLOROPICRIN
479
p-CHLOROPHENYL-p-CHLOROBENZENE SULFONATE
Toxicity:
Synonyms: K-101; Kolker acaricide.

Description: White to cream, free
flowing powder.
Formula: C 12H 8 C1 2 0S0 3
Fire Hazard:

4 and
Formula:
C 6 H 5C 6 H 3 OHCl
Mol. Wt. 204.6

162 - 178C @10
Flash P. 325F
Density 1. 234 @ 25/25 C
Vap. D. 7. 07
Toxicity: Details unknown. Toxic
where taken orally.
Constants:
mm
B. P.
C1P
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 360. 73
M. P. < 0C
B. P. 240 - 255 C @ 5
Flash P. > 419 F
Density 1.3 @25/25C
Vap. D. 12. 5
to heat or flame.
and oxides of phosphorus; it can
mm
6-CHLORO-2-PHENYLPHENOL
Description: Clear, colorless to

straw-colored, viscous liquid.
Description: Clear, pale straw

colored mobile liquid.
4
CHLOROPICRIN
Synonym: Nitrotrichloromethane.
Description:
RIDE.
See Chlorguanide.
CHLORO-2-PHENYLPHENOL.
See
2-Chloro-4-phenylphenol.
2-CHLORO-4-PHENYLPHENOL
Description:
Formula:
White flakes.
CfcHsCÔHCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 204.6
B. P. 3Z2C (decomposes)
Freezing P. 74. 2C
Flash P. 345 F
Slightly oily, colorless
liquid.
Formula:
Constants:
M. P.
CC1 3 N0 2
Mol
Wt.
164.39
-64C
B. P. 112C
Density 1. 692
Vap. D. 5. 69
l-(p-CHLOROPHENYL)-5-ISOPROPYL-BIGUANIDE HYDROCHLO-
when exposed
ide,
o-CHLOROPHENYL DIPHENYL
PHOSPHATE
C 18 H 14
Toxic
warning label.
Formula:
orally.
Slight,
to heat or flame.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 319.2
M. P. 81 - 83 C
MCA
Details unknown.
when taken
Inhalation 3
Ingestion
Acute Systemic:
halation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
In-
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Chloropicrin is a powerful irritant and affects all body
surfaces. It causes lachrymation,
vomiting, bronchitis, and pulmonary edema. A concentration
of 1 ppm causes a smarting pain
in the eyes and therefore in itself
constitutes a good warning of exposure. It cause vomiting probably due to swallowing saliva in
which small amounts of chloropicrin have dissolved. It is called
CHLOROPLATINIC ACID
480
vomiting gas and has been extensively used by the military. Its
primary lethal effect is to produce
lung injury and it is a difficult gas
to protect oneself against because
it is chemically inert and does not
react with the usual chemicals
used in gas masks. Four ppm is
sufficient to render a man unfit
for action and 20 ppm, when
breathed from 1 to 2 minutes,
causes definite bronchial or pul-
monary
is
Industrially
lesions.
it
used as a warning agent in
commercial fumigants.
more
It is
toxic than chlorine but less
so than phosgene.

from exposure is an immediate
necessity. If exposure has been
severe, consult a physician.
emits highly toxic fumes.
rate):
Section 2
Poison A;
poison gas label.

MCA warning label.
CHLOROPLATINIC ACID
Description: Red-brown, deliquescent prisms.
Formula: H 2 PtCl 6
6H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 518.08
M. P. 60 C
Density 2. 431
CHLOROPRENE
Synonyms:
2 -Chloro-1, 3 -butadiene;
chlorobutadiene
Formula:
CH 2 CHCC1CH 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 54
B. P. 59.4C
Density 0. 9583
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
per million of air.
Toxicology: Animal experiments have
shown that a concentration of 250
ppm in air is toxic, and a concentration of 75 ppm may be toxic
with continued exposure. Exposure
vapor first causes irritation

respiratory tract, followed
by depression of respiration and,
if exposure is continued, asphyxia.
The vapor is a central system
depressant; in animals it causes
severe degenerative changes in the
to the
of the
vital organs, particularly the
Blood pressure
lowered. Lung changes accompany exposure to the higher concentrations. Humans exposed to
chloroprene have been reported to
develop dermatitis, conjunctivitis,
corneal necrosis, anemia, temporary loss of hair, nervousness
and irritability.
liver and kidneys.
is

rate): Section 2
1
C HLOROPROPANE- 2,3- DIOL
Synonym: alpha- Chlorohydrin.

Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 ClCHOHCH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110. 54
.B. P. 213 C Decomposes
Density 1. 326
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CHLOROSULFONIC ACID
481
p
CHLOROSILANES
-CHLOROPROPIONITRILE
Description:
Description: A compound of silicon,

chlorine and hydrogen where the
total number of atoms of chlorine
and hydrogen add up to 4.
Formula: SiH x Cly (chlorosilane)
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Note: Toxicity based on hydrochloric
acid which is formed upon hydrolysis of a chlorosilane.
it will react with water or steam to
produce heat, toxic and corrosive
fumes of hydrochloric acid.
rate): Section 2
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C1CH 2 CH 2 CN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 89. 5
M. P. -51 C
Vap. Press. 6
@ 50 C
Vap. D. 3. 09
Fire Hazard: Moderate in its liquid
form when exposed to heat or
flame.
To Fight Fire: Water, foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical or
carbon tetrachloride.
mm
gamma- CHLOROPROPYLTRICHLOROSILANE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: ClC 3 H63iCl 3

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212
B. P. 180 C
Density 1. 336
Toxicity:
CHLOROSTANNIC ACID
@25
See Hydrochloric Acid and
Description: Colorless leaf-like

crystals or liquid.
Chlorosilanes.
highly toxic fumes; it will react
heat, toxic and corrosive fumes
of hydrochloric acid.
2-
Formula: HaSnClfc
CHLOROPYRIDINE
Description:
Colorless oily liquid.
Formula: C5H4NCI
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 113.6
B, P. 170C
Density 1. 205 @15C
Vap. D. 3.93
Pyridine.
Section
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 441.6
M. P. 9C
Density 1. 93
Toxicity: See Tin Compounds and
Hydrochloric Acid.
produce heat and toxic and corrosive fumes of hydrochloric acid.
N-CHLOROSUCCINIMIDE
Synonym: Succinchlorimide.
odor of chlorine.
Formula:
C 4H4
mild
NC1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 133. 5
M. P. 148 - 149C
Toxicity: See Hypochlorous Acid.
CHLOROSULFONIC ACID
Synonym: Sulfuric chlorohydrin.
CHLOROSULFONIC ACID
482
Description: Clear to cloudy,

colorless to pale yellow liquid;
sharp odor.
I.
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.
Formula: C1S0 3 H
Cor-

M. P. -80C
B. P. 151. 0C
Density 1. 766 @18C
Vap. D. 4. 02
Toxicity: See Sulfuric Acid.
Toxicology: Chlorosulfonic acid can
cause severe acid burns and is
very irritating to the eyes, lungs
and mucous membranes. It can
cause acute toxic effects either in
the liquid or vapor state. Inhalation of concentrated vapor maycause loss of consciousness with
serious damage to lung tissue.
Contact of liquid with the eyes
can cause severe burns if not
immediately and completely removed. It also causes severe
skin burns due to its highly corrosive action. Upon ingestion,
will irritate the mouth, esophagus and stomach to a serious
degree and on contact with skin
cause dermatitis. Even in the
vapor form it may cause conit
junctivitis.
Treatment and Antidotes: Remove

exposed patient to fresh air. If
his breathing has stopped, institute artificial respiration. He
should be kept quiet, comfortably

but not hot. If coughing ensues, oxygen may furnish relief.
Oxygen should be administered
for about l/ 2 hour. A physician
should be summoned. If the material spills onto the skin, remove
contaminated clothing and wash
for at least 15 minutes. If it
comes into contact with the eyes
they should be irrigated for at
least 15 minutes. If taken internally and the patient is still
conscious, give milk of magnesia
or lime-water. Do not induce
vomiting. In any event, a physician should be summoned at once.
warm
MCA
warning label.
CHLOROSULFONIC ACID-SULFUR
TRIOXIDE MIXTURE. See Chlorosulfonic Acid and Sulfur Trioxide.
Corrosive
2-CHLORO-2-TETRACHLOROPHENOXYDIETHYL ETHER
Description:
None
= Slight
Colorless, odorless
liquid.
C1(C 2 H 4 )20 2 C1 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 338.4
M. P. 31 C
B. P. 170 - 176C @1
Flash P. 392 F
Density 1. 506
Vap. D. 11.6
to heat or flame.
Formula:
mm
CHLOROTHYMOL
Synonym:
o-Chloro-4-isopropyl-methyl- 3 -phenol.
1
Formula: C 10H 13 ClO

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 184. 7
M. P. 62 - 64 C

m-CHLOROTOLUENE
Synonym: 3-Chloro- 1-methylbenzene,
Description:
rate).
Disaster Control: See Sulfuric Acid

Toxic Rating Code:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 7H 7C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126.6
M. P. -48C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
483
|3
B. P.
162.
C HLOROTOLUIDINE
3C
Density 1. 0797 @ 1 3. 90 /4C

@43. 2 C
Vap. Press. 10
Toxicity: Details unknown. Vapor
is toxic.
Avoid prolonged
breathing of vapor. Use with
adequate ventilation.
Synonym: p-Toluidine hydrochloride.
mm
Description:
Formula:
Grayish-white crystals.
C 7H9 N
HC1

M. P. 243C
B. P. 257. 5 (sublimes)
Toxicity: See Toluidine.
Toxicology: May cause cyanosis,
tachycardia, hematuria, albuminuria.
Section 2
MCA
-CHLOROVINYLDICHLOROARSINE

warning label.
o-CHLOROTOLUENE
2-Chloro-l-methylbenzene
Synonym:
Description:
Formula: C 7 H 7 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126. 6
M. P. -35C
Formula:
mm
1,
3-TRIETHOXY
PROPANE
Description:
B. P. 159. 3C
Density 1. 101 8 @ /4C
@43.2C
Vap. Press. 10
Toxicity: Details unknown. Vapor
toxic. Avoid prolonged breathing
of vapor.
Use with adequate
Liquid.
CgHÔsCl
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 210. 70
Fire Hazard:
to heat or
Slight,
when exposed
flame (Section
6).
CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE
Formula: C1FCCF 2
ventilation.

Section 2
MCA
2-CHLORO-l,
Liquid.
warning label.
p-CHLOROTOLUENE
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 116.46
Fluorides.
and fluorides.
Section
Synonym: 4- Chloro- 1 -methyl benzene.

Description:
CHLOROTRIFLUOROGERMANE
Liquid.
C 7 H 7 C1
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
126. 6
M. P.
7.
B. P.
162.
3C
3C
Density 1. 0651 @24. 4/4C

Toxicity:
Vapor
Avoid prolonged breathvapor. Use with adequate
Details unknown.
is toxic.
ing of
ventilation.

Section
Description:
Formula:
Colorless gas.
GeF 3 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165.06
M. P. -66. 2C
B. P. -20. 3C
Toxicity: See Fluorides and
German-
ium Compounds.
heated to decomposition; it emits
fluorides; will react with water,
steam, acid or acid fumes to produce toxic and corrosive fumes.

MCA warning label.
(3
-CHLOROVINYLDICHLOROARSINE
Colorless liquid;
geranium-like odor.
Description:
j3
-CHLOROVINYLMETHYLCHLOROARSINE
Formula:
ClCHCHAsCl 2
See
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 207.4
B. P. 190C (decomp. )
Freezing P. -17. 5C
Vap. D. 7. 1
Compounds.
484
Section
Chromium Compounds.
CHROME YELLOW
Synonym: Lead chromate.
Description: Lemon-yellow powder.
Formula: PbCr04
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 323. 2
M. P. 844 C
Density 6. 3
See Chromium Compounds

and Lead Compounds.
Toxicity:
CHROMIC ACETATE
Description: Gray-green powder or
bluish-green pasty mass.
Formula: Cr(C 2H 3
(3
-CHLOROVINYLMETHYLCHLOROARSINE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
p-CHLORO-m-XYLENOL
Description:
H2
CHROME ALUM
Synonym: Chromium-potassium
sulfate.
Dark violet-red crys-
tals.
CrK(S0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 499.
Density 1. 813
Toxic Rating Code:
chromium
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
trioxide.
Dark, purple -red
Cr0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 01
M. P. 196C
Density 2. 70
Toxicity: See Chromium Compounds,
Caution: This material is usually
caustic in its action on skin,
mucous membranes or organic
matter in general.
(accepted);
0.
milli-
C 8H 9 OCl
Description:
CHROMIC ACID
Synonyms: Chromic anhydride;
MAC: ACGIH
Solid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 156
M. P. 112C
Formula:
CH 3AsClCHCHCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 187.0
B. P. 112 - 115C
Formula:
2 )3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 247. 16
12H zO
of air.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; a very
powerful oxidizing agent. In con-
tact with organic matter or reducing agents in general it causes

violent reactions (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Upon intimate

contact with powerful reducing
agents it can cause violent explosions.
Oxidizing
MCA
None
= Slight
2 =
warning label.
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CHROMIUM CARBONYL
485
CHROMIC ACID SOLUTION.
See
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 183.02
Density 2.42 @32. 5 C
also Chromic Acid.

I.
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.
CHROMIC SESQUISULFIDE
Cor-
Description: Brown-black powder.

Formula: Cr2S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 200. 02
Density 3.77 @19C
white label.
rosive liquid;
CHROMIC BROMIDE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Hexagonal olive-green
CrBr 3
and Sulfides.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 291. 76
B. P. Sublimes
Density 4. 25 @ C
and Bromides.
CHROMIC SULFATE
CHROMIC CHLORIDE
Description:
Description:
Formula: Cr 2 (S0 4
Formula:
Crystals.
CrCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158. 38
B. P. 1300C (sublimes)
Density 2. 76 @15C
Violet or red powder.

)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 392.22
Density 3. 012
CHROMIC SULFITE
Greenish-white crystals
Formula: Cr 2 (S0 3 3
Description:
CHROMIC FLUORIDE
Description:
Formula:
Rhombic green
crystals,
CrF 3
M. P. Decomp.
Density
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 109.01
M. P. > 1000C
B. P. Sublimes
Density 3. 8

and Fluorides.
Disaster Control. See Chromium
Compounds and Fluorides.
CHROMIUM
Description: Very hard metal; cubic
steel-gray crystals.
Formula:
Constants:
M. P.
CHROMIC NITRATE
B. P.
Monoclinic brown
Formula: Cr(N0 3 ) 3
7V2 H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 373. 15
M. P. 100C
and Nitrates.
CHROMIC
o-
Description:
2. 2

Toxicity:
Toxicity:
Description:
crystals.
344.22
Mol. Wt.
Constant:
PHOSPHATE
Cr
At. Wt.
52.01
1890C
2200C
Density 7. 20
Vap. Press. lmm@l6l6C
Toxicity: Essentially nontoxic.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope
Cr 51
half-life: 26. 5
days; emits gamma rays between

0. 26 - 0. 32 mev.
The permissible levels are: In body: 390 microcuries. In air: 8 X 10~ microcurie per milliliter. In water:
0. 5 microcurie per milliliter.
Fire Hazard: Moderate in form of
dust.
Violet crystals.
Formula: Cr(P0 4
2H zO
CHROMIUM CARBONYL
Description:
Colorless crystals.
CHROMIUM CHLORIDE
Formula:
486
Cr(CO) 6
nose. Chromate salts have been

associated with cancer of the
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
220.07
Sublimes at room temp.
sinters at 90.
Decomposes
130C.
B. P.
151.
0C
Density 1. 77
Vap. D. 7. 6
and Carbonyls.
Fire Hazard: See Carbonyls.
Explosion Hazard: See Carbonyls.
Explosive Range: @210C
Disaster Control: See Carbonyls.
CHROMIUM CHLORIDE.
lungs.
rate): Section 2
emit highly toxic fumes
when heated.
CHROMIUM FORMATE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: Cr(CH0 2 ) 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 187. 1
CHROMIUM MONOARSENIDE
See
Chromic Chloride.
Description:
Gray hexagonal crys-
tals.
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
Formula:

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126. 92
Density 6. 35 @16C
tion
3;
Inhalation
Inges-
3;
Acute Systemic: U
3;
Chronic Systemic:
nasal septum.
The character-
istic lesion is a deep,
penetra-
ting ulcer, which, for the most

part, does not tend to suppurate,
and which is slow in healing.
Small ulcers, about the size
of a matchhead or end of a lead
pencil may be found, chiefly
around the base of the nails, on
the knuckles, dorsum of the hands
and forearms.
These ulcers tend

and progress slowly.
They are frequently painless,
even though quite deep. They heal
slowly, and leave scars. On the
mucous membrane of the nasal
septum the ulcers are usually
accompanied by purulent discharge and crusting. If exposure
continues, perforation of the
nasal septum may result, but
produces no deformity of the
to be clean,
Toxic Rating Code:

and Chromium Compounds.
Fire Hazard: See Arsine.
Explosion Hazard: See Arsine.
Toxicity:
Inges-
3;
Inhalation 3
Ingestion 3;
Inhalation 3
Toxicology: Chromic acid and its
salts have a corrosive action on
the skin and mucous membranes.
The lesions are confined to the
exposed parts, affecting chiefly
the skin of the hands and forearms
and the mucous membranes of the
tion
CrAs
None
= Slight
contact with water, steam, acid

or acid fumes, it will react to

vapors of arsine.
CHROMIUM MONOBORIDE
Description:
crystals.
Orthorhombic silver
Formula: CrB
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 62. 83
M. P. 2760C
Density 6. 17

Hydrides.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; on
contact with water, steam, acid
or acid fumes, it will react to
vapors or boron hydrides.
Toxicity:
CHROMIUM MONOPHOSPHIDE
Description:
2 =
Moderate
Gray-black crystals.
3 =
High
Unknown
CHROMOUS IODIDE
487
Formula: CrP

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 82. 99
Density 5. 7 @ 1 5 C
CHROMIUM SULFATE.

and Phosphides.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; upon contact with moisture, acid or acid
fumes, phosphine is evolved.
See Phosphine.
Explosion Hazard: See Phosphides
and Phosphine.
See Chromic
Sulfate.
Toxicity:
CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE
See Chromic
Acid.
CHROMOUS ACETATE
Red crystals.
Description:
Formula: Cr(C 2 H 3 O z
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 170. 10
highly toxic fumes of phosphine.

Section 7
CHROMOUS BROMIDE
CHROMIUM OXYCHLORIDE
Description:
Chromyl chloride.
Description: Dark red liquid; musty
Formula:
Synonym:
burning odor.
Formula: CrO z Cl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 154. 92
M. P. -96. 5C
B. P.
115.
Compounds.
CHROMIUM 2,4-PENTANEDIONE
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
75
2.
See
Chromium Compounds
Green crystals.
Formula: CrF 2
Description:
Synonym: Acetylacetonate
of
chrom-
ium.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
solid.
Cr(C 5H 7
122.92
M. P. 824C
CHROMOUS FLUORIDE
DERIVATIVE
Formula:
Formula: CrCl 2
Toxicity:
White deliquescent
Description:
needles.
Density
Mol. Wt. 211.84

M. P. 842 C
Density 4.356
and Bromides.
Constants:
CHROMOUS CHLORIDE
7C
Density 1. 9145 @ 25 /4 C
Fire Hazard: See Chromic Acid.
Disaster Control: See Chromium
Description:
White crystals.
CrBr 2
90. 01
M. P. 1100C
2 )3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 349. 33
M. P. 216C
B. P. 340 C
Disaster Control: See Chromium
B. P. > 1300C
Density 4. 1
and Fluorides.
Compounds.
CHROMOUS HYDROXIDE
Yellow-brown crystals.
Formula: Cr(OH) 2
Description:
CHROMIUM PICRATE
Description:
Formula:
Solid.
Cr [C 6 H 2 OH(N0 2 )3l 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 739.4
and Pic rates.
Explosion Hazard: See Explosives,
High and Nitrates.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 86.03
CHROMOUS IODIDE
Grayish powder.
Crl 2
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
305. 85
CHROMOUS MONOSULFIDE
Density 5. 196
Toxicity: See Chromium
and Iodides.
488
Compounds
CHROMOUS MONOSULFIDE
Black powder.
Formula: CrS
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84. 08
Density 4. 1
Compounds
and Sulfides.
Formula:
C 6H 3 (OH)(CO) 2 (C 6 H 2 )(OH)CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254.2
M. P. 196C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
CHRYSOTILE. See Asbestos

Particles.
CINERIN
Synonym:
3-(2-Butenyl)-4-methyl2-oxo-3-cyclopenten-l-yl ester
CHROMOUS MONOXIDE
Black crystals.
Description:
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
of
CrO
CHROMOUS OXALATE
Yellow crystalline
powder.
Formula: CrC 2 4 H z O
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 158. 05
and Oxalates.
Compounds
Toxicity:
7H z O

CINERIN
Chromium Compounds,
Synonym: Goa powder.

Description: Brownish
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 360.4
B. P. 200C @0. 1
mm

CINNABAR. See Mercuric
CHRYSOPHANIC ACID
8-Dihydroxy- 3 -methyl -
Formula:
Constants:
None
Solid.
C 6H 5CHCHCONH 2
Mol. Wt. 147.2
147 C
Details unknown; an in-
Toxicity:
secticide.
Fire Hazard: Slight; on decomposition, it emits toxic fumes.

anthraquinone.
Description: Microcrystalline
orange -yellow powder.
Toxic Rating Code:
Sulfide.
CINNAMAMIDE
Description:
M. P.
,
an
insecticide.
to orange yellow crystals.

Toxic Hazard Rating
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
II
Formula: C 21 H 28 O s
CHRYSAROBIN
Synonym:
mm
of chrysanthemum dicarboxylic
acid monomethyl ester.
Description: A viscous liquid.
274. 19
See
316.4
w. decomp.
200 C @0. 1
B. P.
3-(2-Butenyl)-4-methyl2-oxo-3-cyclopenten-l-yl ester
Blue crystals.
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Synonym:
CHROMOUS SULFATE
Formula: CrS0 4
C 20 H 28 O 3
Formula:
68. 01
See Chromium Compounds,
Description:
chrysanthemum mono-
carboxylic acid.
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
COAL BRIQUETTES, HOT.
489
CITRONELLA
CINNAMIC ACID
White crystalline
Description:
scales.
Formula: C 6 H 5 CHCHCOOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
148. 15
133C
3. P. 300 C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 1Z7. 5 C
Acute Local: U
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
mm
Synonym: Oil
of citronella (Ceylon)
Description: Colorless to paleyellow liquid; turns red on
standing; pleasant odor.
Composition: 60% Geraniol; 15%
citronellol; 15% carnphene and
dipentene; also linalool and
borneol.
Constant:
Density 0. 897 - 0. 912
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
CITRAZINIC ACID
Synonyms: CZA; 2, 6-dihydroxy-
CLEANING SOLVENTS (KEROSENE
4-carboxy pyridine.
Description: Buff to grey powder.
Formula: C 6H 4 N0 4
Synonyms: Stoddard solvent;
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 155. 12
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
CITRIC ACID
Synonym:
(3
-hydroxytricarballylic
acid.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Constants:
Colorless, odorless
C 3 H 4 (OH)(COOH) 3
Mol. Wt.
H zO
192. 12
M. P. 153C
B. P.
Decomposes
Density 1. 542
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
CLASS)
varnolene; varsol, etc.
Description: Clear, volatile liquids
V. M. &P.
Constants:
Flash P. 100F
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when heated,
reacts with
it emits smoke;
Underwriters' Laboratory Classification: 30-40

"CLOROX".
See Hypochlorites.
COAL BRIQUETTES, HOT.
See
also Carbon.
I.C.C. Classification: Not
accepted.
permitted.
COAL DUST
490
COAL DUST

Description: Black powder.

Acute Systemic:
Spontaneous Heating: Moderate
Section 2
COAL GAS
Contains hydrogen,
methane, carbon monoxide, etc.
Description:
Constants:
Vap. D. 0. 1
Toxicity: See Carbon Monoxide.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous. See
Hydrogen.

6).

Disaster Control: Dangerous. See
Hydrogen.
Classification:
I. C. C.
Flammable gas; red gas
COAL, GROUND BITUMINOUS, SEA

COAL, COAL FACINGS, ETC.
Black powder or chunks.
Acute Systemic:
MAC: 50 million particles per cubic
Description:
foot.
Moderate, when excan react with

Spontaneous Heating: Moderate.
Fire Hazard:
to heat;

Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
COAL SPECIALS.
High.
See Explosives,
High.
COAL TAR
Description:
Composition:
Black, viscous liquid.
Benzene, toluene,
naphthalene, anthracene, xylene,

phenol, cresol, ammonia, pyridine
thiophene, etc.
Chronic Local: Irritant 1; Aller-
gen 1
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat
(Section 6)v
vapor is exposed to heat or
flame.
can react with oxidizing
materials.
Section 2
COAL TAR DISTILLATE
label.
posed
COALITES. See Explosives,
None
= Slight

1;
Inges-
Inhalation 2
tion
2;
Skin Absorption
3;

rate):
Section 2


2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
COBALT ACETATE
491

mass.
Constant:

Acute Local: Irritant 1; Allergen 2; Inhalation 1
Acute Systemic: U
COAL TAR DYES

Toxicity: Many of the coal tar dyes
are quite harmless and are permitted for foods, drugs and cos-
Some
metics.
of
them may be
allergens.
to
heat.
COAL TAR LIGHT OIL

Constants:
Density < 1
Flash P. 60
- 77 F
2;
Inges-
Inhalation 1
tion

toxic fumes.
Section 2
3;
COBALT
Skin Absorption 3
Description:
Constants:
M. P.
ficial isotope

See Naphtha
Section 11.

COAL TAR
OIL.
See Coal Tar
half life:
COAL TAR PITCH

A black
tion 6).
COBALT ACETATE
Synonym: Cobaltous acetate.
Description: Monoclinic, red-violet,
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
to
brown tarry
5. 2
Caution: Co 60 is more likely to be

an external hazard than an internal hazard, since the majority
of Co 60 is used as a source of
gamma radiation in the form of
massive pieces.
See also Powdered Metals (Sec-
Formula: Co(C 2 H 3 02)2
Light Oil.
Description:
Co 60
emits beta particles of

0. 31 mev. and gamma rays of 1. 2,
1.3 mev. The permissible levels
are: In body: 3 microcuries.
In air: 10 6 microcurie per milliliter. In water: 2 X 10" 2 microcuries per milliliter.
als;
58. 9
years;

rate): Section 2
and Coal Tar.
At. Wt.
1495C
2900 C
B. P.
Density 8. 9
Radiation Hazard: (Section 5): Arti-

Explosive Range: 1.3- 8%
COAL TAR NAPHTHA.
Silver-gray metal.
Co
Formula:
4H zO
'
249. 09
-4H zO @140C
COBALT ALUMINATE
Density
Toxicity:
1.
492
Explosion Hazard: See Carbonyls and
705
See Cobalt Compounds.
COBALT ALUMINATE
Cubic blue cyrstals.
Formula: CoAl 2 4
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
176. 88
Carbon Monoxide

contact with water or steam, it
flammable vapors of carbon monoxide.
See Cobalt Compounds and
Section
Aluminum Compounds.
COBALT CHLORIDE
COBALT ARSENIC SULFIDE
Description: Blue powder.
Synonym:
Formula:
Cobaltite.
Description:
Gray-reddish crystals.
Formula: CoAsS
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
165. 92
-
Mol. Wt. 129.86

Sublimes
B. P. 1049C
Density 3. 348
M. P.
M. P. Decomposes
Density 6.2
CoCl 2
Constants:
6. 3

and Sulfides.
Fire Hazard: See Sulfides and
COBALT CHLOROPLATINATE
Arsine.
Explosion Hazard: See Sulfides and
Arsine.
highly toxic fumes or arsine and
oxides of sulfur; it will react
fumes to produce toxic and flammable vapors of arsine and hydrogen sulfide.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 575.01
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 699
Toxicity: See Cobalt Compounds and
COBALT BROMOPLATINATE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
CoPtBr 6
12H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 949.86
Density 2. 762
Toxicity: See Cobalt Compounds,
Bromides and Platinum Compounds.

Disaster Control: Dangerous on
decomposition, it emits toxic fumes,
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
CoPtCl 6
COBALT CHLOROSTANNATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Rhombic or trigonal
CoSnCl^
Cobalt tricarbonyl;
tetracobalt dodecacarbonyl.
Description: Black crystals.
Formula: (Co(CO) 3 ) 4 or Co 4 (CO) 12
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 571. 88
Toxicity: See Carbon Monoxide,
Carbonyls and Cobalt Compounds.
Fire Hazard: See Carbonyls and
Carbon Monoxide.
=
6H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 498.48
Tin Compounds.
COBALT COMPOUNDS
halation 1
Chronic Local:
Irritant
gen 1
Chronic Systemic:
1;
In-
1;
Aller-
Ingestion
Experimental evidence
shows that the toxicity of cobalt
by mouth is low. In animals,
Toxicology:
Synonyms:
Toxic Rating Code:
6H 2
Platinum Compounds.
Inhalation
COBALT CARBONYL
None
= Slight
administration of cobalt salts
produces polycythemia. In humans, a single case of poisoning

liver and kidney damage has been
attributed to cobalt. Locally,
cobalt has been shown to produce
dermatitis and certain investigators have been able to demonstrate
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
COBALT MONOSELENIDE
493
a hypersensitivity of the skin to
cobalt (Section 9).
Section
COBALTIC ACETATE
Green crystals.
Formula: Co(C 2H 3 2 )3
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
236. 07
Toxicity:
COBALTIC CHLORIDE
Red crystals.
CoCl 3
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165. 31
M. P. Sublimes
Density 2. 94
COBALTIC FLUORIDE
Hexagonal brown crys
Description:

it can emit highly toxic fumes of
hydrogen sulfide.
COBALTIC SULFATE
Description:
Formula:
Blue needles.
Co 2 (S0 4
18H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 730. 37
COBALT IODOPLATINATE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
CoPtI 6
9H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1177. 83
Density 3. 618
Toxicity: See Cobalt Compounds,
Iodides and Platinum Compounds.
tals.
COBALT MONOBORIDE
CoF 3
Formula:
Prisms.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 115. 94
Density 3. 88
Description:
COBALTIC HYDROXIDE

Hydrides.
or acid fumes to produce toxic and
flammable vapors of boron hydrides
Formula:
CoB
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 69. 76
Density 7. 25 @18C
Boron Compounds.
Black-brown powder.
Co(OH) 3
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
109. 96
M. P. Decomposes
-iy2 H 2
Toxicity:
@100C
COBALTIC OXIDE
Black-gray powder.
Description:
Formula:
Co 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
165. 88
Density
Toxicity:
5.
18
COBALTIC SESQUISULFIDE
Description:
Formula:
Black crystals.
Co 2 S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 214. 08
Density 4. 8
Toxicity: See Sulfides and Cobalt
Compounds.
COBALT MONOSELENIDE
Yellow crystals.
Formula: CoSe
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137. 90
M. P. Red heat.
Density 7. 65
Toxicity: See Selenium
and Cobalt Compounds.
Selenide.
heated or on contact with water,
will react to produce highly toxic
and flammable vapors

of
hydrogen
COBALT MONOSULFIDE
494
COBALTOUS BROMIDE
selenide.
Section
COBALT MONOSULFIDE
Description:
crystals.
Green deliquescent
Formula: CoBr 2
Reddish, silver-white
Formula: CoS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 91.01
M. P. > 1116C
Density 5. 45
Toxicity: See Sulfides and Cobalt
Compounds.
sulfur compounds.
Description:
crystals.
Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 218. 77
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 909 @25C
Toxicity: See Cobalt Compounds
and Bromides.
COBALTOUS CARBONATE
Synonym: Spherocobaltite.
Formula: C0CO3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118.95
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 1 3
COBALTOUS CHLORATE
COBALTOUS
o-
ARSENATE
Description: Cubic, red, deliquescent crystals.
Synonym: Erythrite.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Monoclinic violet-red
Co 3 (As0 4
8H zO
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 598. 77
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 948
COBALTOUS BENZOATE
Gray-red
Co(C 7 H 5 2 2
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
leaf.
4H z O
6H 2
B. P.
Decomposes @100C
Density 1.92
Chlorates.
Caution: Can explode easily when
contaminated.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129. 85
M. P. 735C
B. P. 1050C
Density 3. 356
@770C
Vap. Press. 40
mm
COBALTOUS BROMATE
Red crystals.
Formula: Co(Br0 3 2 6H z O
Description:
COBALTOUS CHROMATE
Description:
422. 87
See Cobalt Compounds

and Bromates.
Toxicity:
Toxic Rating Code:
Formula: CoCl 2

@115C
Toxicity:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Co(C10 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 333. 95
M. P. 61 C
COBALTOUS CHLORIDE
373. 22
-4H 2
Formula:
None
= Slight
Formula:
CoCr0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174. 95
M. P. Decomposes

Toxicity:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
I
COBALTOUS IODIDE
495
COBALTOUS FLUORIDE
COBALTOUS CITRATE
Rose-red crystals.
Co 3 (C 6H 5 7 )2 2H 2
Formula:
Formula: CoF 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 591.05
M. P. -2H z O @ 150C
Co(CN) 2
Formula:
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 132.97
Density 4. 46
COBALTOUS CYANIDE
Description: Buff color;
a blue violet powder.
Monoclinic, rose-red
Description:
crystals.
Description:
anhydrous,
COBALTOUS FLUOSILICATE
2H 2
Pink crystals.
6H 2
Formula: CoSiF 6
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 147. 01
M. P. -2H 2 @280C
Density Anhydrous 1.872 @25C
contact with acid, acid fumes,
produce highly toxic fumes of
hydrogen cyanide.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 309. 10
Density 2. 113 @19C
COBALTOUS FORMATE
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
M. P.
Red crystals.
2H zO
2
Co(CH0 2
Mol. Wt.
-2H 2
185.01
@140C
Anhydrous decomposes
175C
Density 2. 129 @ 22 C
B. P.
COBALTOUS FERRICYANIDE
Red needles.
Description:
Formula: Co 3 (Fe(CN) 6
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 600. 74
Toxicity: See Ferricyanides and
Cobalt Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Ferricyanides,
COBALTOUS FERROCYANIDE
Gray-green crystals.
Co 2 Fe(CN) 6 X H 2
Description:
Formula:
Toxicity:
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Rhombic rose-red
Co(OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 92.96
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 597 @15C
See Ferrocyanides and
Cobalt Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Ferrocya-
Section
COBALTOUS FLUOGALLATE
Pink crystals.
[Co(H 2 0) 6 ](GaF 5 H 2 0)
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
349. 8
M. P. -5H 2
Density
COBALTOUS IODATE
Description:
Formula:
nides.
Toxicity:
COBALTOUS HYDROXIDE
@110C
35
See Fluogallates and
Balck-violet needles.
Co(I0 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 408. 78
Density 5. 008 @18C
Iodates.

2.
Cobalt Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Fluogallates.
alpha-COBALTOUS IODIDE
Description:
Hexagonal black crys-
tals.
Formula: CoI 2
COBALTOUS LINOLEATE
496
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 312. 78
Density 5. 68
and Iodides.
COBALTOUS LINOLEATE
Description:
Brown amorphous mass.
Formula: Co(C 18 H 31
2 )2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 617. 80

Red crystals.
Co(N0 3 2 6H z O
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 257. 85
Density 3. 327
COBALTOUS PERRHENATE
87
See Nitrates.
Toxicity:
Formula:
COBALTOUS
Toxicity:
Slight,
when exposed

COBALTOUS OXALATE
Description:
Formula:
Reddish white crystals.
CoC 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146. 96
Density 3. 021 @25C
COBALTOUS PROPIONATE
Dark red crystals.
Co(C 3 H 5 2 2 3H 2
Description:
Formula:

Formula:
Formula: CoO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 74. 94
Density 5. 7 - 6. 7
= Slight
4)2
1368. 81

Fire Hazard: Dangerous; spontaneously flammable in air;
reacts vigorously with oxidizing
Toxicity:
COBALTOUS SELENATE
Description:
None
Brown-red powder.
Co(C 44 H 62
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 259. 13
M. P. Ca. 250C
COBALTOUS RESINATE
Cubic green-brown
Toxic Rating Code:
366. 78
Description:
COBALTOUS OXIDE
Description:
crystals.
2 )2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 621. 83
Fire Hazard:
o- PHOSPHATE
Reddish crystals.
Co 3 (P0 4 2
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Brown amorphous
powder.
Formula: Co(C 18 H 33
Disaster Control: Dangerous. Keep

away from combustible materials.
Formula:
COBALTOUS OLEATE
Description:
Dark pink crystals.

Co(Re0 4 2 5H z O
Description:
oxidizing agent.
-3H z O @55C
1.
Formula:
and Rhenium Compounds.

Fire Hazard: Dangerous. An
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 291. 05
M. P. < 100C
Density
Red needles.
Co(C10 4 ) 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 649. 64
M. P. Decomposes
COBALTOUS NITRATE
Formula:
COBALTOUS PERCHLORATE
2 =
Moderate
Ruby-red crystals.
3 =
High
Unknown
COBALT RESINATE, PRECIPITATED
497
Formula:
CoSe0 4
COBALTOUS TUNGSTATE
5H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 291.98
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 512
Description:
Monoclinic blue-green
CoW0 4
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 306. 86
Density 8. 42
and Tungsten Compounds.
Compounds.
COBALTOUS
Description:
crystals.
ortho -SILICATE
Violet crystals.
Formula: Co 2Si0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 209.94
Density 4. 63
and Silicates.
COBALT OXIDE
Description:
Brown
or black powder.
Formula: CoO
M. P. 1800C
Density 5. 6 - 5. 75
COBALT PALMITATE
A solid.
Description:
COBALTOUS SULFATE
Formula: Co(C 6H 31
Description: Red, water-soluble
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 569. 76
M. P. 70. 5C
powder.
Formula: C0SO4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 155
M. P. 989C
Density 3. 71 @25/25C
COBALT PHOSPHIDE
Small gray needles.
Formula: Co 2P
COBALTOUS SULFITE
Description:
Red crystals.
Formula: C0SO3
5H z O
Constant:
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 229.08
Toxicity: See Cobalt
Sulfites.

COBALTOUS TARTRATE
Description:
crystals.
Monoclinic reddish
Formula: CoC 4 H 4 06
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 207. 01
COBALTOUS THIOCYANATE
Description:
Rhombic
violet crys-
tals.
Formula: Co(SCN) 2
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Compounds and
3H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 229. 16
M. P. -3H 2 @ 105C
2)2
138.
148.9
6C
Toxicity: See Phosphides.

Fire Hazard: Dangerous; it decomposes to evolve phosphine
(Section
6).

produce highly toxic and flammable vapors of phosphine.
COBALT RESINATE, PRECIPITATED

Fire Hazard: Dangerous; spon-
taneously flammable in air; reacts


COBALT TETRACARBONYL
498
COBALT TETRACARBONYL
Treatment and Antidotes:

Wash stomach out immediately
with water and sodium bicarbonate
Synonym: Dicobaltoctacarbonyl.
Description: Orange crystals or
dark brown microcrystals.
Formula: Co 2 (CO) 8
(60 grains to 1 pint). If a solution of permanganate is handy

(1 crystal to 8 oz. of water), use
it to wash out stomach.
Give in-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 342.
M. P. 51 C
Density 1. 73 @18C
Toxicity: See Carbonyls.
Fire Hazard: See Carbonyls and
Carbon Monoxide.
Explosion Hazard: See Carbonyls
and Carbon Monoxide.
highly toxic fumes of carbon
monoxide; it can react with oxidizing materials.
COBALT o-TITANATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
decomposition,
Synonym: Fish berry.

Description: Dried ripe
woody climbing plant.
COCAINE
Synonym: Methyl benzoylecgonine.
Colorless to white
it
emits
fruit of a
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: Contains picrotoxin, a
convulsant poison.
C 17 H 21 N0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
to
highly toxic fumes.

rate): Section 2
COCCULUS SOLID
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 229. 78
Density 5. 07 - 5. 12
Formula:
heated
Cubic greenish-black
Co 2 Ti0 4
Description:
crystals.
halations of ammonia. Allay convulsions with chloral or chloroform. If breathing is disturbed,

give artificial respiration and
cardiac massage after respiration fails. Inhalations of oxygen
plus 5% carbon dioxide should be
given.
303. 35
M. P. 98C
3;
In-
halation 3
Chronic Local:
Allergen 1
3;
Inhalation 3
Toxicology: A poisonous and habitforming alkaloid. It can cause
dilation and immobility of the
pupils, blepharitis and blindness.
Fatal cases run a very rapid
course with anxiety, sudden
fainting, extreme pallor, dyspnea
sometimes brief convulsions,
arrest of respiration and death,
generally in a few minutes. If
death does not occur in a few minutes to a half hour, the patient
almost always recovers.

Toxic Rating Code:
None

= Slight
C. C. Classification: Poison B;
poison label.
I.
COCOA
Description: Brown powder.
Inhalation 1
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
COLCHICINE
499
COCOA BEAN SHELL TANKAGE

Description: A hygroscopic material.
Toxicity: See Cocoa.
posed to heat.
Disaster Control: See Carbon and

Charcoal.
I.
Moderate. Extreme caution must be observed to

keep tiie moisture content low; on
contact with oxidizing materials,
it can react vigorously.
Section 11.
Not
accepted.
Not
permitted.
COLCHICINE
Description:
alkaloid,
Yellow, crystalline
amorphous powder.
COCO BOLO
Formula:
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 399.43
M. P. Anhyd. 143. 7C
Acute Local: Irritant Z; Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
No symptoms result from small
doses. Large doses cause
diarrhea with griping in suscepSymptoms take
tible persons.
several hours and arise from the
Slight; when exposed

flame (Section 6).
Fire Hazard:
to heat or
CODEINE
Synonym: Methylmorpiioline.
Formula: C 18 H 2 iN0 3 H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
317. 37
M. P. 154. 9C
Acute Local:
Acute Systemic: 3
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
Shipping Regulations: Subject to

Federal narcotic restrictions.
COFFEE
C22H25NO6
alimentary tract. Pain in the

gastric region is followed by
salivation, nausea, vomiting and
diarrhea. Depression, apathy
and collapse follow. In experimental poisoning, paralysis starts
with the posterior limbs and increases upward until the forelimbs
and respiratory muscles are involved and death occurs from

asphyxia. Externally, it is a
local irritant, which causes
redness and smarting when
applied to the skin. Upon inChronic Systemic: Ingestion 1
halation, the dust causes sneezing
and conjunctival hyperemia and a
Remarks: Coffee tasters can have amblyopia and coffee has been known
burning sensation of mouth and
to cause temporary blindness.
throat. 0. 0Z gram is very likely
Disaster Control: Slightly dangerous
to cause death in about Z4 hours
in dry state; when heated, it
from a single dose. Repeated
burns and emits acrid fumes,
doses may be cumulative.
Treatment and Antidotes: Give a
cathartic and an emetic at once,
also large quantities of water
COKE, HOT
for the kidneys. Tannic acid
Description: A black amorphous mass,
Composition: Carbon and impurities.
should be given in large amounts.
Toxicity: See Carbon and Charcoal.
Opium and stimulants should also
Fire Hazard: See Carbon.
be given to counteract depression.
Caution: While still hot it may
ignite easily in air or by contact
with spark or flame.
COLCHICINE TANNATE
Section
500
COLUMBIAN

COLCHICINE TANNATE.
SPIRITS.
Alcohol.
3
7
See Methyl
Section 11.
See
COLUMBIUM.
Colchicine.
COLLIERS. See Explosives,
High.
See Niobium.
COLUMBIUM CHLORIDE
Synonym: Columbium pentachloride.
COLLODION COTTON.
See Nitro-
cellulose.
Description: Yellow-white, deliquescent powder.
Formula:
COLLODION WOOL
See Nitro-
cellulose.
CbCl 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
270. Z0
M. P.
194C
B. P. Z40. 5C
hydrochloric acid.
COLOCYNTH
Synonyms: Bitter apple;
cucumber.
Description: Dried pulp.
Acute Local: U
bitter

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Slight; w len seated,
COLOGNE
SPIRITS (ALCOHOL)
See Ethyl Alcohol.

11.

I.
COLONIAL
See Methyl
SPIRITS'
COMBINATION FUZES.
See Explo-
sives, High.
Section 11.
C. C. Classification: Explosive C.
Coast Guard Classification: Explosive C.
I.
COMBINATION PRIMERS.
See Ex-
plosives, High.
ExploI. C. C. Classification:
sive C.
COMPRESSED GASES (FLAMMABLE)

See specific gas.
Alcohol.
COLOPHONY, POWDER
Section 11.

I.
Synonym: Rosin.
Description: Pale yellow to amber,
translucent fragments turpentine
,
odor and taste.

Constant:
Density
COMPRESSED GASES,
07 - 1. 09
Abietic Acid.
See also
Section
=
Section 11.

label.
CONDURANGIN
Description:
air.
Toxic Rating Code:
I.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when exposed to flame or by chemical

reaction; it can react with
Spontaneous Heating: Very high.
May ignite spontaneously in
N.O.S. See
specific gas.
1.
None
= Slight
Yellowish, amorphous,
bitter powder.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
COPAL
501
C 3 5H 54 1 4(OCH 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 760. 9
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
emits acrid fumes.
Formula:
Section

Formula: C 8H 17 N
Formula: C 8 H 17 NO
3;
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Poisonous alkaloid.
Toxic doses cause weakness and
drowsiness but not actual sleep.
Movements are weak and unsteady
and gait is staggering. There are
usually nausea and vomiting with
profuse salivation. Intelligence
usually remains clear. The
pupils are ordinarily somewhat
dilated and ptosis also occurs,
indicating oculomotor paralysis.
Speech is thick and hearing is
imperfect. Tremors and occasional convulsions occur. Breathing becomes weaker and slower
and finally stops, causing death.
It is said to have a depressant
effect on bruised surfaces of the
skin. One -half to one grain'is
considered a poisonous dose.
Treatment and Antidotes: Administer
emetics and wash stomach out.
Then give tannic acid freely and
wash stomach out again. Strychnine and other stimulants are
given hyperdermically. Keep
patient warm and administer
A physician should be summoned.

conicine.
Description: Colorless, oily liquid
with mousy odor.
it
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
Section
CONIINE
alkaloid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143. 23
M. P. 121 C
B. P. 226C
Acute Local:
Synonyms: Cicutine; cicuta;
CONHYDRINE
Description:
2.
artificial respiration.
it
emits toxic fumes.

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 127. 23
B. P. 166. 5C
Freezing P. -2. 5 C
Density 0.844 - 0. 848 @20 /4C
Acute Local:
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Produces paralysis of
the nervous system. In small
doses it is a sedative. Poisoning
is treated by evacuating the
stomach and administering tannic
acid.

emits toxic fumes.
Section 2
CONIINE HYDROCHLORIDE. See

Coniine.
CONIUM. See
Coniine.
CONIUM MACULATIUM.
See
Coniine.
CONTAINERS, EMPTY, See Acid

Carboys, Empty;
Bottles,
Empty;
Drums, Empty; Cylinders, Empty.
COPAL
Synonyms: Resin copal; gum copal.
Description: Yellowish-brown pieces.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
emits acrid fumes.
it
COPPER
502
COPPER ACETOARSENITE

Synonyms: Emerald green; imper-
ial;
COPPER
kings green;
moss green;
Vienna green.
Description:
Distinct reddish color.
Description:
Emerald green powder,

Cu(C 2 H 3
Formula: Cu
Formula: (CuO) 3 As 2
Constants:
At. Wt. 63. 54
M. P. 1083 C
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 618. 15
Poison B;
B. P.
2324C
Density 8. 92
@1628C
Vap. Press. 1
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Arti-
mm
ficial isotope
Cu 64
half -life:
12. 8
hours; emits gamma rays between

1-3 mev; positron particles of
0. 66 mev and electron particles
of 0. 57 mev. The permissible
levels are: In body: 150 microcuries. In air: 6 X 10 6 microcurie per milliliter. In water:
8X 10 2 microcurie per milliliter.
Hazard Rating, Class I
(National Bureau of Standards
Handbook No.
Fire Hazard:
2)2
poison label.
COPPER ACETONATE
COPPER ACETYLIDE.
See
Cuprous Acetylide.
42).
See Powdered Metals.
COPPER AMMONIUM SULFATE
COPPER ABIETINATE
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 637. 69
Synonyms: Cupric acetate; neutral

verdigris.
Description: Greenish-blue, fine
powder or small crystals.
2) 2
COPPER ARSENATE, BASIC

Synonym: Cuprous arsenate, basic.
Description: A green solid.
Formula: Cu(CuOH)As0 4
283.

Toxicity:
COPPER ARSENIDE
Black crystals.
Cu5As 2
Description:
199.64
115C
Formula:
Density 1.882; (anhydrous) 1.93
COPPER ACETATE, BASIC

Synonym:
Verdigris.
Description: Greenish-blue powder.
2) 2
CuO
6H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 369. 33
Toxic Rating Code:
4NH 3 H z O
H2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula: Cu(C 2 H 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 245. 8
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
COPPER ACETATE
Formula: Cu(C 2 H 3
Crystals.
Formula: CuS0 4
Synonym: Cupric abietinate.

Description: Green scales.
Formula: Cu(C 19 H 27 2 ) 2
M. P.
None
= Slight

M. P. Decomposes
Density 7. 56
it can emit toxic fumes of arsine.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
COPPER COMPOUNDS
503
COPPER ARSENITE
M. P. 498C
Synonyms: Cupric arsenite; Sheele*

mineral.
Description:
3. 054
Yellowish-green pow-
COPPER gamma-CHLOROACETO-
der.
Formula: CuHAs0 3
ACETANILIDE

M. P. Decomp.
Poison B;
poison label.

Formula:
Solid.
Cu(C 8 H 7 ClNO) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 400. 7
and Acetanilide.
COPPER COMPOUNDS
Compounds

Hydrides.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; on contact with acid,
acid fumes, water or steam, it
flammable vapors of boron
hydrides.
COPPER CARBONATE
Synonym: Cupric carbonate.
Description: Green powder.
Formula: CuCO s Cu(OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 221. 17
Density 4.
COPPER CHLORATE.
See Cupric
Chlorate.
halation 2

Inhalation
Toxicology:
copper
As
may
Synonym: Cupric chloride.

Yellowish-brown,
hygroscopic powder.
Description:
CuCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
134.48
1;
the sublimed oxide,
be responsible for
one form of metal fume fever.

Inhalation of copper dust has
caused, in animals, hemolysis of
the red blood cells, deposition of
hemofuscin in the liver and pancreas, and injury to the lung cells;
injection of the dust has caused
cirrhosis of the liver and pancreas, and a condition closely re-
sembling herochromatosis, or
bronzed diabetes. However, considerable trial exposure to copper
compounds has not resulted
in
such disease.
As regards local effect, copper
chloride and sulfate have been reported as causing irritation of the
skin and conjunctivae which may
be on an allergic basis (Section 9).
Cuprous oxide
COPPER CHLORIDE
Formula:
BASIC. See
Cupric Chromate, Basic.
Synonym: Cupric boride.

Formula: Cu 3 B 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212. 26
Density 8. 116
Toxicity: See Copper
Description:
COPPER CHROMATE,
COPPER BORIDE
Toxicity:
Density
Toxicity:
is irritating to the
eyes and upper respiratory tract.

Discoloration of the skin is often
seen in persons handling copper,
but this does not indicate any
actual injury from copper.
"In man the ingestion of a large
quantity of copper sulfate has
COPPER-8-CUNILATE
504
caused vomiting, gastric pain,

dizziness, exhaustion, anemia,
cramps, convulsions, shock,
coma and death. Symptoms attributed to damage to the nervous
system and kidney have been recorded, jaundice has been observed and, in some cases, the
liver has been enlarged. Deaths
have been reported to have occured following the ingestion of
when heated to decomemits toxic fumes.

dangerous;
position,
it
COPPER FLUORIDE
Synonym: Cupric fluoride.
Description:
Monoclinic blue crys-
tals.
Formula: CuF 2
2H zO
Mol. Wt. 137.60
Constants:
Density 2. 93
See Fluorides and Copper
so little as 27 grams of the salt,

while other victims have re-
Toxicity:
covered after having taken much

larger amounts, up to 1Z0
grams. " "Copper: the Metal,
its Alloys and Compounds", ed.
Alison Butts, p. 857, Reinhold,

1954.
normal
Compounds.
rate):
Section 2
Shipping Regulations: (10% and over
as Metallic Copper): Section 11
MCA
warning label.
COPPER HYDRIDE
Red-brown crystals.
Formula: CuH
Description:

See Copper Compounds

and Hydrides.
Toxicity:
COPPER-8 -CUMLATE
COPPER HYDROSELENITE

emits acrid fumes.
Bluish-green, tiny
prisms.
Formula: Cu(HSe0 3 ) 2
and Copper Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Selenium Com
Description:
Toxicity:
it
COPPER CYANIDE
Synonym: Cupric cyanide.
Description: Yellowish-green powder.
Formula: Cu(CN) 2
M. P. Decomposes before melt-
See Cyanides.
vapors of hydrogen cyanide.
Section 11.
No
restrictions.
COPPER DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE
Toxicity:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
COPPER HYDROXIDE
Synonym: Cupric hydroxide.
Description:
ing.
Toxicity:
pounds.
Blue gelatinous or
amorphous powder.
Formula: Cu(OH) 2
Density 3. 368
Toxicity:
COPPER 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE
Description:
Formula:
Solid.
Cu(C 9 H 6 NO) 2

emits acrid fumes.
it
COPPER NAPHTHENATE
A solid.
Description:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
COPPER PEROXIDE
505
Formula:
COPPER OXALATE
(C^sCOO^Cu
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 221.9
Flash P. 100 F
Density 1. 055
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame;, it can
Synonym: Cupric oxalate.

Description:
light bluish-
Solid;
green powder.
Formula: CuC 2 4
/2 H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 160. 57
l
COPPER OXIDE
Synonym: Cupric oxide; parmelaconite.
Description:
Fine, black powder.
Formula: CuO
COPPER NITRATE
Synonym: Cupric
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
nitrate.
B. P.
Blue, deliquescent
Cu(N0 3
)2
Density 6. 4
3H z O
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 241.63
M. P. 114. 5C
Density 2. 047
and Nitrates.
COPPER OXIDE, RED.
See Cuprous
Oxide.
COPPER OXYCHLORIDE
Synonyms: Brunswick green; cupric
oxychloride.
Description: Emerald green to
greenish-black powder.
Formula: CuCl 2
COPPER NITRIDE
2CuO
4H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 365.60
M. P. -3H z O @140C
Dark-green powder.
Formula: Cu 3 N
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
79. 5
Decomposes @1026C
204.63
COPPER 2,4-PENTANEDIONE
and Nitrides.
Disaster Control: See Nitrides.
Synonym: Acetylacetonate
DERIVATIVE
Description:
Formula: Cu(C6H 7
COPPER NITRODITfflOACETATE
Description: Solid.
2) 2
COPPER PERCHLORATE
Formula:
Crystalline.
Cu(C10 4
6H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 370.6
M. P. 60 C
Synonym: Cupric oleate.

Description: Brown powder or
greenish-blue mass.
Formula: Cu(C 18 H3 3 2 )2
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
626.46
emits acrid fumes.
copper.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 261.75
M. P. > 230C
B. P. Sublimes
Description:
COPPER OLEATE
of
Blue crystals.
Toxicity:
it
COPPER PEROXIDE
Description:
Brown
or brownish-black
COPPER
3- PHENYL
SALICYLATE
Compounds.
crystals.
Formula:
506
CuO z
H zO
See Copper Compounds

and Peroxides.
Fire Hazard: See Peroxides.
Disaster Control: See Peroxides.

Explosion Hazard: See Nitrates and
Explosives, High.
shock and heat will explode it;
COPPER
COPPER POLYSULFIDE
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
113. 56
Toxicity:
-PHENYL SALICYLATE
Description: An odorless, nonvolatile crystalline material.
Formula:
C^HisCuO^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 490.
M. P. 145C
See
Cuprous Sulfide.
COPPER PROPARGYLATE
See also Explosives, High.
and heat will explode it.
COPPER PHOSPHATE
COPPER PROPIONYL ACETATE
Synonym: Cupric phosphate.
Description:
Description:
Solid;
bluish-green
powder.
Formula: Cu 3 (P0 4 ) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 380.6
Crystals.
Formula: CuC 5H 9
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 148. 7
COPPER-8-QUINOLINOLATE
Synonyms: Copper -8-hydroxy-
COPPER PHOSPHIDE
quinoline.
Synonym: Cupric phosphide.
Description:
Description:
Formula:
Solid.
Yellow-green powder.
C 18 H 12 N 2 O z Cu
Formula: Cu 3 P 2
Constants:

M. P. Decomp.
Density 6. 67
Fire Hazard: Upon reaction with
water, phosphine, which is
spontaneously flammable in air,
is evolved.
See also Phosphides.
Decomposes @210C

fume s of phos phine
COPPER PICRATE
Formula: Cu(C6H 2 N 3
351.83

COPPER RESINATE
Green powder.
Formula: Cu(C 2 oH 29 2 ) 2
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 666.43
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
when exposed
Section
COPPER RICINOLEATE
Description: A green, plastic solid.
Formula: Cu[C0 2 (CH 2 7 CHCHCH 2 CH
OH(CH 2 5CH 3 2
)
7)2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 519. 7
Toxicity:
See Pic rates and Copper
Toxic Rating Code:
Mol. Wt.
None
= Slight
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 654
Softening Point: 64 C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
COPPER SULFIDE
507
COPPER SUBOXIDE

emits toxic fumes.
Olive-green crystals.
Formula: Cu 4
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 270. 16
M. P. Decomposes
COPPER SEBACATE
A solid.
Description:
Formula: Cu(CH 2 8 C 2
COPPER SUBSULFATE
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 263. 8
Synonym: Cupric
Formula: 4CuO
Description:
COPPER SILICATE
COPPER SULFATE
Greenish crystals.
Formula: CuSiO s
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
COPPER
Synonyms:
Roman
Compounds
Formula: CuS0 4
SILICIDE
Description: White metallic crystals,

Formula: Cu^Bi
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 282.22
M. P. 850 C
Density 7. 53
Toxicity: See Copper and Silicon
Compounds.
blue stone;
5H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 249. 71
M. P. -4H 2 @110C
Density 2. 284
COPPER SULFATE, AMMONIATED

Synonyms: Cupric
sulfate,
ammoni-
ated.
Dark-blue crystals.
Formula: CuS0 4 4NH 3 H z O
Description:
Fire Hazard: See Silane and Hydrogen.
Explosion Hazard: See Silane and

Hydrogen.
or steam to produce hydrogen and
flammable vapors; on contact
emit toxic fumes.
COPPER SILICOFLUORIDE
Blue vitriol;
vitriol.
Description: Blue crystals or blue,

crystalline granules or powder.
139. 6
Toxicity: See Copper

and Silicates.
SO s
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 398.2
sulfate, basic.
Light -blue powder.
See
Cupric Fluosilicate.
COPPER STEARATE
Synonym: Cupric stearate.
Description: Light -blue, amorphous
powder.
Formula: Cu(C 18H 35 2 )2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 630. 50
M. P. 125C

Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 245. 8
Toxicity: See Copper Compounds and
Ammonia.
COPPER SULFIDE
Synonym: Cupric
Description:
sulfide.
Black powder or crys-
tals.
Formula:
CuS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 95. 6
M. P. Transition @ 103 C
Density 4. 6
Sulfides.

produce toxic and flammable vapors
of hydrogen sulfide.
COPPER TELLURITE
508
COPPER TELLURITE
Green
Description:
Yellow precipitate.
Formula: Cu(C 3 H 5OS 2 )2
Description:
solid.
CuTeO s
Formula:

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 305. 94
M. P. Decomposes

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition or on contact with acid
or acid fumes, it can emit toxic

fumes
hydrogen telluride.
of
COPRA
Toxicity:
COPPER TETRAZOL
Explosion Hazard: Severe, when exposed to heat or shock.
emits toxic fumes.
Unknown.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat, dangerous if stored

wet and hot (Section 6).
Spontaneous Heating: Slight
Coast Guard Classification: Hazardous article.
CORDEAU DETONANT FUSE

COPPER THIOCYANATE
Synonym:
Cuprous thiocyanate.
White to yellowish pow-
Description:
der.
Formula:
CuCNS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 121. 6
M. P.
Density
1084C
2.
Section 11.
C. C. Classification: Explosive
C.
I.
CORDITE.
See Smokeless Powder.
85
See Copper Compounds and

Thiocyanate s.
Toxicity:
"COPPER THIURAM"
Toxicity:
COPPER TRICHLOROPHENATE
A crystalline solid.
Description:
Formula: Cu(Cl 3 C 6 H 2 0) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 456. 5
Toxicity: See Chlorophenols and
Copper Compounds.
CORN MEAL FEEDS

Toxicity: Weak allergens. Local
contact can cause contact dermaInhalation or ingestion may
titis.
provoke bronchial asthma, eczema,

hives, angioedema, conjunctivitis,
rhinorrhea, etc. in already sensitized persons (Section 9).
Spontaneous Heating: High. A safe
moisture content must be retained.
Presence of oil may be dangerous
during storage.
CORN
OIL
Description:
oily liquid;
Light-yellow, clear,
faint characteristic

toxic fumes.
odor.
Constants: M. P. -10C
Density 0. 92
Autoign Temp. 740 F
Toxicity: May be an allergen.
COPPER XANTHATE
Fire Hazard:
Synonym: Copper ethylxanthogenate.

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Slight,
to heat or flame.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
when exposed
Dangerous when
High
Unknown
COTTONSEED OIL (REFINED)
509
This resembles metal fume fever

and is prevalent in plants where
the dusts of such fibers are found.
Immunity can be acquired after a
few days of exposure. It does not
ordinarily cause any fibrosis.
Coarser grades of cotton con-
stored if leakage impregnates

rags, waste, etc. (Section 6).
tetrachloride.
tain
CORROSIVE LIQUID, N.O.S.

See Sulfuric Acid or Sodium Hydroxide.
3

I.
the allergens or fungi in the cotton

or on the dust. Workers in pro-
cessing rooms

Corrosive liquid, white label.
In-
1;

exposed to heat or flame (Section 7).
Mercuric Chloride.
COTARNINE CHLORIDE
Synonym: Stypticin.
Description: Light-yellow powder.
Formula: C 12H 13 N0 3 HC1
Acute Local: Irritant 1; Inges1
Inhalation
halation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
develop con-
lergen. Inhalation may produce

bronchial asthma, sneezing and
eczema in sensitized persons
(Section 9).
from exposure will usually cause
symptoms to disappear. Medical
attention should be given to ascertain that there is no fibrosis of
the lungs.
CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. See
tion
may
junctivitis or blepharitis from the

burned products of the gassing of
the double yarn. It is a mild al-
liquid, white label.
dust than the finer vari-
and therefore constitute a

greater hazard. It is considered
an inert dust and is so within the
meaning of that term. However,
it can cause some illness, due to
Toxicity:
more
eties,
Section 2
Inhalation 1
Toxicology: Large doses cause
paralysis of the central nervous
system and death due to depression of the respiratory center.
COTTON SEED

highly toxic fumes.
Section 2
COTTON DUST
Toxicology: Can cause a mild febrile
condition of the lungs known as
Byssinosis or Monday Fever.
Toxicity: A very powerful allergen.

Inhalation or ingestion may produce bronchial asthma, sneezing,
rhinorrhea, conjunctivitis, eczema
and hives in persons already sensitized to this material (Section

9).

Spontaneous Heating: Low. If piled

or stored wet and hot, it can generate dangerous amounts of heat.
Section II.

Hazardous article.
COTTONSEED OIL (REFINED)

Description: Pale oily, yellow,
nearly odorless liquid from seeds
of species of Gossypium.
COTTON WASTE
510
Constants:
Flash P.
486 F (C. C. )
Freezing P.
to -5C
Density 0. 915 - 0. 921 @25 /25 C
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
to heat or flame. However, if allowed to impregnate rags or oily
waste, it can be a dangerous hazard (Section 6).
tetrachloride.

COTTON WASTE, OILY, WITH

MORE THAN 5% ANIMAL OR
VEGETABLE OIL.
Toxicity:
No
rating
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when exposed to heat or flame; it can react with oxidizing materials (Section 6).

C. C. Classification: Flammable solid; yellow label.
I.
Inflammable
solid;
yellow
label.
COUMARIN
Synonym:
1,
CREOSOTE, COAL TAR

Synonym: Creosote
oil.
Description: Colorless or yellow

clear, oily liquid.
Composition: A mixture of phenols
from coal tar.
Constants:
B. P. 200 - 250C
Density 1.07
Inhalation 2
Ventilation Control: (use moderate rate).

Combustible liquid.
MCA
warning label.
2-benzopyrone.
Description: Crystals; fragrant,

pleasnat odor; burning taste.
Formula: C 9 H60 2
Constants: Mol. Wt.
M. P. 70C
B. P.

Section 2
291.
CREOSOTE (CRESOL AND PHENOL)

MIXTURE. See Cresol and
CREOSOTE
146.1
OIL,
Phenol.
See Creosote,
Coal Tar.
0C

Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
Allergen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: The parent substance of
dicoumerol, which causes disturbances in the clotting mechanism of the blood, and hence can
lead to spontaneous bleeding.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
CRESOL
Synonyms: Cresylic acid, cresylol,
tricresol.
(U. S. P. X. ) mixture
isomeric cresols obtained from
Description:
coal tar;
of
colorless or yellowish to
brown yellow or pinkish
liquid,
phenol-like odor.
Formula:
C 6H 4 OHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 10
M. P. 10.9 -35. 5C
B. P.
2 =
191 -203C
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CRESOL
511
meta -CRESOL
Synonym: meta-Methylphenol.
Flash P. 110F
Density 1. 030- 1. 038 @ 25 /Z5 C
Vap. Press. 1
@38 - 53 C
Vap. D. 3. 72
mm
Description: Colorless to yellowish

liquid, phenolic odor.
Formula: C 7H sO
tion 2

Inhalation
tion 2
2;
2;
Skin Absorp-

MAC: ACGIH
(accepted);
22 milli-
of air;
5 parts per million in air.
Toxicology: Cresol is similar to
its action on the body,
less severe in its effects.
has corrosive action on the skin
phenol in
but
It
it is
and mucous membranes. Systemic poisoning has rarely been
The main hazard accom-
use in industry lies in

action on the skin and mucous
membranes, with production of
and
severe chemical burns and derma(Section
posed
9).
Moderate, when ex-
to heat or flame.

ide, dry

Explosive Range: 1. 35% @300F
Inflammable liquid.
warning label.
light.

M. P. 30. 8C
B. P. 190. 8C
Flash P. 178F
Density 1. 047 @ 20 /4C
Autoign. Temp. 110F
Vap. D. 3. 72
Toxicity: See Cresol.
Fire Hazard: See Cresol.
Explosion Hazard: See Cresol.
Disaster Control: See Cresol.
Coast Guard Classification: Inflammable liquid.

MCA warning label.

Section 2
MCA
acid;
ortho -hydroxytoluene.
Description: Crystals or liquid
darkening with exposure to air
Formula: C 7 H sO
its
titis

Explosive Range: 1.0 6%@302F
MCA warning label.
ortho -CRESOL
its
Fire Hazard:
mm
Synonyms: ortho- C re sylic
reported, but it is possible that

absorption may result in damage
to the kidneys, liver and nervous
system.
panying
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 1
M. P. 10. 9C
B. P. 202. 8C
Flash P. 187F
Density 1. 034 @ 20 /4C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 52. 0C
Vap. D. 3. 72
Toxicity: See CresoL
Fire Hazard: See Cresol.
para-CRESOL
Synonyms: 4-cresol.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals, phenolic odor,
C 7 H gO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 1
M. P. 35. 5C
B. P. 201. 8C
Flash P. 187F
o-CRESOTINIC ACID
512
Density 1. 0341 @ 20 /4C

Vap. D. 3. 72
Toxicity: See Cresol.
Explosion Hazard: Moderate, in

the form of vapor when exposed
Explosive Range: 1. 06% @302F.
MCA warning label.
o-CRESOTINIC ACID
Description: White to yellowish
needle -like crystals.
Formula:
C 6H 3 (CH 3 )(OH)COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 152. 1
M. P. 166 C Sublimes
Toxicity:
liquid;
CH 3 CHCHCHO
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
70.09
104C
Freezing P. -76. 0C
Flash P. 55 F
Density 0. 853 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 2.41
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: A lachrymating material which is very dangerous to
the eyes. Can cause corneal
burns and is irritating to the skin.
contact, immediately flush the
skin or eyes with water for at
least 15 minutes. Get medical
B. P.
attention.
Unknown

CRESYL DIPHENYL PHOSPHATE

Description:
Water- white mobile

pungent suffocating odor.
Description:
Liquid
Formula:
(C 6 H 5 0) 2 [(CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 4 0]P0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 403. 3
B. P. 734F
Flash P. 450 F
Density 1. 208
Vap. D. 11.7
Toxicity: See Phosphorus Compounds
to heat or flame.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials.
(Section
6).

Disaster Control: Dangerous; keep
away from heat and open flame.
rate):
Section


CROTONIC ACID
Synonym: beta-methacrylic acid.
CRESYLIC ACID. See

CRISTOBALITE.
Description:
crystals.
Cresol.
Formula:
See Silica.
Colorless needle-like
CH 3 CHCHCOOH
Mol. Wt.
172C
M. P. 15C
Freezing P. 72C
Constants:
CROTONALDEHYDE
Synonyms: 2-Butenal; crotonic
aldehyde; beta-rnethyl acrolein.
Toxic Rating Code:
86.09
B. P.
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CRYPTOPINE
513

Density 1. 018 @ 20 /4C
Vap. Press. 0. 19
@ 20 C
Vap. D. 2. 97

Coast Guard Classification: Noninflammable gas; green label.
mm
CRUDE
OIL (PETROLEUM)
Synonyms: Earth oil; Seneca oil.
Description: Thick, flammable
liquid, dark-yellow to brown or
Unknown
Toxicity:

green-black.
Composition: A mixture of hydrocarbons.

Section 7
CROTON
Constant:
Density
OIL
Synonym: Tiglium
oil.
viscid oil, slight offensive odor.
Composition: Croton resin, glycerides of fatty acids and crotin.
Constant:
Density 0. 935 - 0. 950 @ 25/25 C
Chronic Systemic: U
First Aid: Section I
Formula:
Constants:
I.
Mol. Wt.
54.09
83F
Flash P. 64F
688
CRYOLITE
@25C
,
chloride (Section
See Sodium Fluoalum
inate.
91

Fire Hazard: Dangerous when exposed to heat or flame; it can
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetra6).

heat or flame.
Explosive Range 1. 37% (L. E. L.
CRUDE NITROGEN FERTILIZER

SOLUTION. See Compressed
Gases, N.O.S.
I.

Liquid.
1.
CH 3 CCCH 3
0.
6).
rials.
B. P.
Density
Vap. D.

CROTONYLENE
Description:
0. 780 - 0. 970
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 11.
Nonflam-
CRYPTOPINE
Description:
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: C2iH 23 N0 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 369.4
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
3;
Inhalation 3
Caution: Related to opium in derivation and action.
CRYPTOPINE HYDROCHLORIDE
514

highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
CRYPTOPINE HYDROCHLORIDE.
See Cryptopine.
CUMENE
Synonyms: Isopropylbenzene;
2-phenylpropane; cumol,
Formula: C 6H 5CH(CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 19
M. P. -96. 0C
B. P. 152C
Flash P. 102F
Density 0. 864 @ 20 /4 C
Toxicology: Cumene has a potent
narcotic action characterized by
a slow induction period, although
the effects are of long duration.
It is a depressant to the central
nervous system and the

lethal concentration for
2,000 ppm.
minimum
mice
is
The long duration
from petroleum.
See
also Benzene and Toluene.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to flame; it can react with

rate): Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE
Synonym: alpha -Dimethyl benzyl
hydroperoxide.
Description: Colorless to paleyellow liquid.
Constants:
B. P. 153C
Flash P. 198F
Density 1. 05
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
react with reducing materials.
Caution: A strong oxidizing agent.
See Peroxides.
rate): Section 2
Oxidizing
of
action indicates a possible

slow rate of elimination, meaning
that possible cumulative effects
must be considered. It is thought
to have a greater acute toxicity
than benzene or toluene; there is
no apparent difference between
the toxicity of pure cumene or
its
that derived

= Slight
p-alpha- CUMYL PHENOL

Description: White to light tan
crystals.
Formula: C 6H 5C(CH3)2C 6H 4 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212.3
B. P. 187 C (5)10
Freezing P. 70 C
Flash P. 320 F
Toxicity: Unknown
tetrachloride.
mm
CUPRIC ACETATE m- ARSENATE

Synonym: Paris Green.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CUPRIC CHLORATE
515
Description:
Formula:
Cu(C 2 H 3 02)2
3Cu(AsSo 2
"
emits toxic fumes.

it
(approx. )
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 1013. 71
it emits highly toxic fumes.
Section 2
CUPRIC BENZOATE
Description:
Light-blue, crystalline
powder.
Formula: Cu(C 7 H 5
2) 2
2H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 341. 8
M. P. -2H 2 @110C
CUPRIC m-BORATE
CUPRIC o-ARSENATE
Description:
Formula:
Cu 3 (As0 4
line
4H 2
)2
Bluish-green, crystalpowder.
Description:
Bluish-green crystals.
Formula: Cu(BO z
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 540. 50
Section 2
CUPRIC BROMATE
566
Section 2
Toxicity:
CUPRIC m-ARSENITE
Description:
Powder.
Formula: Cu(As0 2 ) 2
H2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 295.4
Cubic blue-green
Description:
crystals.
6H z O
Formula:
Cu(Br0 3
Constants:
427.47
Decomposes 180C
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
-6H 2
2.
@200C
583
Toxicity: See Bromates.

Green powder.
Formula: Cu 3 (As0 4 ) 2 Cu(OH) 2
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Boron Compounds.
Density
CUPRIC ARSENATE, BASIC
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 149. 18
Density 3. 859
CUPRIC BROMIDE
Description: Monoclinic black,
Formula:
CuBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 223. 37
M. P. 498C
Toxicity:
See Bromides.
CUPRIC BUTYRATE
Description: Dark-green crystals,
odor of butyric acid.
Formula: Cu(C 4H 7
2) 2
2H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 273. 8
CUPRIC CHLORATE
Description: Cubic green, deliquescent crystals.
CUPRIC CHLORIDE
Formula:
Cu(C10 3 ) 2
516
6H z O
CUPRIC ETHYLACETOACETATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 338. 55
M. P. 65C
B. P. Decomposes 100C
Toxicity: See Chlorates.
Green needles.
Formula: Cu(C6H 9 3 ) 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 321. 80
M. P. 192C
B. P. Sublimes
Toxicity:
CUPRIC FERRIC YANIDE

Description:
CUPRIC CHLORIDE.
See Copper
Formula:
Yellow-green crystals.
Cu 3 (Fe(CN) 6
)2
Description: Yellow-brown crystals.

2H z O
Formula: CuCr04 2CuO
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 870. 76
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
CUPRIC FLUORIDE. See Copper
Chloride.
CUPRIC CHROMATE, BASIC
M. P.
Toxicity:
374. 66
-2H zO @260C

Fire Hazard: Slight; by reaction
with reducing agents (Section 6).
CUPRIC CITRATE
Description:
Formula:
Bluish-green powder.
2Cu 2 C 6 H 4
5H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 720.42
Fluoride.
CUPRIC FLUOSILICATE
Description:
See Copper
CUPRIC FORMATE
CUPRIC DICHROMATE
Description:
crystals.
Black, deliquescent
Formula: CuCr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Density
Toxicity:
Monoclinic, blue crys-
tals.
Formula: Cu(CH0 2
Cyanide.
See
2H z O
315. 59
-2H 2
2.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 153. 58
Density 1. 831
@100C
CUPRIC GLYCERINE DERIVATIVE
283
Chromium Compounds

Fire Hazard: Moderate, by reaction
Description:
Formula:
Blue crystals.
Blue needles.
Cu(C 2H 4 N0 2
CUPRIC HYDROXIDE.
CUPRIC IODATE
Formula: Cu(lO s ) 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2H 2
Formula: Cu 5H 2 (As0 4 ) 4 2H 2
Compounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 229. 68
M. P. -H 2 @130C
Toxicity:
CUPRIC DIHYDROGEN o-ARSENATE

Description:
4H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 277. 66
Density 2. 158
Description:
CUPRIC CYANIDE.
Monoclinic prisms.
Formula: CuSiF 6
See Copper
Hydroxide.
Description:
crystals.
2 =
Moderate
Monoclinic, green
3 =
High
Unknown
CUPRIC STEARATE
517
M. P.
Toxicity:
120C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 413. 38
M. P. Decomposes
Density 5.241 @15C
Toxicity: See Iodates.
CUPRIC PARAPERIODATE
Formula:
CUPRIC LACTATE
Description:
crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 351.01
Monoclinic, dark blue
Formula: Cu(C 3 H 503)2
Green powder.
Cu 2 HIO$
Description:

and Iodates.
2H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 277. 71
CUPRIC PHENOLSULFONATE
Bluish-green crystals.
Formula: Cu[C 6 H 4 (OH)S0 3 ] 2 6H 2
Description:
CUPRIC LAURATE
Light-blue powder.
Cu(C 12H 2 30 2 )2
Description:
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 518.0
Phenosulfonates.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 462. 15
M. P. Ill - 113 C
sition, it emits toxic fumes.

CUPRIC
CUPRIC NITRATE.
See Copper
o-
PHOSPHATE.
See Copper
Phosphate.
Nitrate.
CUPRIC SALICYLATE
CUPRIC NITROPRUSSIDE
Description:
Formula:
CuFe(CN) 5 NO
Blue-green needles.
4H 2
Formula: Cu(C 7H 5 3 2
Description:
White -greenish powder,
2H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 315. 52
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 409. 8
CUPRIC OLEATE
CUPRIC SELENATE
See Copper
Description:
Oleate.
Blue, triclinic crys-
tals.
CUPRIC OXALATE. See Copper

Oxalate.
CUPRIC OXIDE.
See Copper Oxide.
CUPRIC OXYCHLORIDE. See

Copper Oxychloride.
CUPRIC PALMITATE
Green-blue powder.
Cu(C 6H 31 2 2
Formula: CuSe0 4
5H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 296. 58
Density 2. 559
Disaster Control: See Selenium Compounds.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
CUPRIC STEARATE.
See Copper
Stearate.
574. 36
CUPRIC SULFATE
518
CUPRIC SULFATE.
See Copper
CUPROUS CARBONATE
Description:
Sulfate.
Formula:
CUPRIC SULFIDE. See Copper

Sulfide.
CUPRIC TARTRATE
Description:
Light-blue powder.
Formula: CuC 4H 406

Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym: Nantokite.

CUPRIC THIOCYANATE
Formula:
Cu(SCN) 2
CUPRIC TUNGSTATE
Formula:
Light-green crystals.
CuW0 4
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 347.49
M. P. @red heat
CUPROUS ACETYLIDE
Amorphous red powder,
Cu 2 C 2
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150. 10
M. P. Explodes

shocked or exposed to heat (Section
Description:
Formula:
7).

shock and heat will explode it.
CuCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 99. 00
M. P. 422 C
B. P.
Black crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 179.71
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 187. 1
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 40
CUPROUS CHLORIDE
211. 6
Toxicity:
Description:
Yellow crystals.
Cu 2 CO s
1366C
Density 3. 53
Toxicity: See Chlorides.
CUPROUS CYANIDE
Description:
Monoclinic, white
prisms.
Formula: CuCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 89. 56
M. P. 473 C in N 2
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 92

vapors of hydrogen cyanide.
CUPROUS FERRICYANIDE
Brown-red
Cu 3 Fe(CN) 6
Description:
Formula:
crystals.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 402. 59
CUPROUS BROMIDE
Description:
CUPROUS FLUOGALLATE
White crystals.
Formula: CuBr
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143. 66
M. P. 504C
B. P. 1355C
Density 4. 718
Formula: (Cu(H 2 0) 6 )(Ga!F5
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Pale-blue crystals.
H z O)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 354.37
M. P. -5H 2 @110C
Density 2. 20
Toxicity: See Fluogallates and
Copper Compounds.
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CUPROUS SULFITE
519
CUPROUS SELENIDE
CUPROUS FLUORIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 206. 04
M. P. 1113C
Density 6. 749 @30 /4C
Description:
Red crystals.
Formula: CuF
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 82. 54
M. P. 908C
B. P. Sublimes @ 1100 C
CUPROUS FLUOSILICATE
Synonym:
Cuprous silicofluoride.
Red powder.
Description:
Formula: Cu 2SiF
Black cubes.
Formula: Cuê
Description:
See Selenium Compounds

Toxicity:
Selenide.

it emits toxic fumes of hydrogen
selenide.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 269. 14
B. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: See Fluosilicates and
Copper Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Fluosilicates,
CUPROUS SULFATE
Gray powder.
Formula: Cu 2S0 4
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
223. 15
M. P. +0 @200 e C
CUPROUS HYDROXIDE
Yellow crystals.
Formula: CuOH
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 80. 55
M. P. -V2H2O @360C
Density 3. 37
CUPROUS SULFIDE
Synonym: Chalcocite.
Description: Rhombic, black
crystals.
CUPROUS IODIDE
Cu 2S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 159. 15
M. P. 1100C
Density 5. 6
Synonym: Marshite.
Toxicity:
Description:
Formula: Cul
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
190.46
mm
@656C
CUPROUS OXIDE
Synonym: Cuprite
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Octahedral, cubic red
Cu z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143. 14
M. P. 1235C
B. P. -0 2 @1800C
Density 6.
Toxicity:
See Sulfides and Copper
Compounds.
on contact with acid or acid fumes,
it emits toxic fumes of hydrogen
M. P. 605C
B. P.
1290C
Density 5. 62
Vap. Press. 10
Formula:
sulfide.
CUPROUS SULFITE
Red prisms.
Formula: CuzSOg H z O
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 225. 16
Density 4.46 @15C
Toxicity: See Sulfites and Copper
Compounds.
CUPROUS THIOCYANATE
CUPROUS THIOCYANATE.
520
See
Copper Thiocyanate.
CURARE
Description: Brown, brittle,
resinous mass.
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
Toxicology: Extremely poisonous.

Visual disturbances, choking
sensation, then generalized
paralysis.
Treatment and Antidotes: Artificial respiration, physostigmine. Call a physician immedi-
factor other than the oil itself.

Bacteria have frequently been
blamed, although insoluble oil
is usually sterile while the soluble oils may contain bacteria.
The metal slivers which occur in
these oils after use have also
been thought to be a reason for
their irritant properties, as well
as the sulfur, chlorine and inhibitors which they contain. The
oil itself can plug the pores
forming boils (Section 9).
Treatment and Antidotes: Disinfectant agents have been added to
the oils to cut down the infectious
effects. Filters have been installed in the cutting oil lines to
filter out the tiny metal slivers
may irritate and cause

infection of the skin. General
housecleaning measures are also
thought advisable to remove
which
ately.

highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
CURIUM
Description: An artificially produced radio-active element.
Formula:
have looked for a causative
Cm
Constant:
At. Wt. 242
Toxicity: Unknown except in relation to radioactivity.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Arti242
ficial isotope
the permissible levels are: In body: 0. 05
microcurie. In air: 2 X 10~ 10
Cm
milliliter.
CUTTING OILS
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: This oil is the cause of
"cutting oil" dermatitis. Although
it is generally caused by an insoluble oil, it can occasionally
be caused by a soluble one. Many
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
promptly any excess oil which

gets onto the hands and skin. It
has been found that occasionally
changing from one oil to another
bring relief from the irritaThis would also indicate
tion.
may
that the specific irritant is not

present in all oils.
Fire Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat or flame (Section 6).

CYAMELIDE
Synonym: Insoluble cyanuric acid.
Formula: C3H3N3O3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 129. 1
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
Section 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CYANIDES
521
explode; when heated to decomposition or on contact with acid or

fumes and flammable vapors.
CYANAMIDE
Carbodimide; cyanogen-
Synonyms:
amide.
Description:
Formula:
Deliquescent crystals.
HNCNH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 42.05
M. P. 42 C
B. P. 260 C
Flash P. 285 F
Density 1.073
Vap. D. 1.45
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
Toxicology: Does not contain free
cyanide. Causes increase in
respiration and pulse rate, lowered blood pressure and dizziness. There may be a flushed
CYANIDE OF POTASSIUM.

I.
CYANIDE OF SODIUM.
See Sodium
Cyanide.
I.
CYANIDES
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
dioxide,
fume s
Irritant
Chronic Systemic:
chloride (Section 6).

Section 2
Toxicity: Variable.
acid fumes, they emit toxic
poison label.
CYANATES
poison label.
appearance of the face.

to heat or flame.
See
Potassium Cyanide.
Ingestion
Synonym: Isocyanic acid.
A white
HOCN
Description:
Formula:
solid.

B. P. Decomp.
1;
Inhalation 1
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air.
The volatile cyanides

resemble hydrocyanic acid
Toxicology:
physiologically inhibiting tissue

oxidation and causing death through
asphyxia. Cyanogen is probably
as toxic as hydrocyanic acid; the
nitriles are generally considered
somewhat less toxic, probably because of their lower volatility.
The nonvolatile cyanide salts
appear to be relatively nontoxic
systemically, so long as they are
not ingested and care is taken to
prevent the formation of hydrocyanic acid. Workers, such as

electroplate rs and picklers
CYANIC ACID
3;
who
are daily exposed to cyanide solutions, may develop a "cyanide"

rash, characterized by itching,
and by macular, papular and
vesicular eruptions. Frequently
there is secondary infection.
Exposure to small amounts of
cyanide compounds over long
periods of time is reported to
cause loss of appetite, headache,
weakness, nausea, dizziness, and
C YANOAC ET AMIDE
symptoms
522
of irritation of the
upper respiratory tract and eyes.

Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with heat, moisutre,
acid; emit hydrocyanic acid
(Section 6).
Caution: Many cyanides evolve
hydrocyanic acid rather easily.
This is a flammable gas and is
highly toxic. Carbon dioxide
from the air is sufficiently
acidic to liberate hydrocyanic
acid from cyanide solutions.
See also Hydrocyanic Acid.
Explosion Hazard: See Hydrocyanic

Acid.
water or steam, they will produce
Section 2
MCA warning label.
CYANOAURIC ACID
Description:
Tablets.
Formula: HAu(CN) 4
3H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 356. 33
M. P. 50 C
B. P. Decomposes
See Cya-
nides.

CYANOCOBALTIC
III
ACID
Synonym: Cobaltic cyanic acid.

Description: Colorless neddles;
deliquescent.
Formula: (H 3 Co(CN) 6 ) 2 H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 454. 16
CYANOACETAMIDE
CYANOFORMIC CHLORIDE
Synonyms: Nitrilomalonamide;
propionamide nitrile.
Description:
Formula:
Description:
CNCH 2 CONH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
See Cya-
Highly toxic.

CYANOACETIC ACID
Synonym: Malonic acid mononitrile.
Description:
needles.
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 89.49
B. P. 126 - 128C @750
and release it; when heated
to decompostion or on contact
with acid, acid fumes, water or
steam, it will react to produce
mm
84.08
M. P. 119C
B. P. Decomposes
Toxicity:
nides.
Oily liquid.
Formula: COCNC1
White powder.
White, deliquescent
CYANOGEN
CNCH 2 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 85. 06
M. P. 66C
B. P. 108C @0. 15
Synonyms: Ethane
prussite.
Description:
odor.
mm
Formula:
See Cya-
nides.

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
dinitrile;
Colorless gas, pungent
NCCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 52.04
M. P. -34. 4C
B. P. -21.0C
Density 0. 866 @ 17 e /4C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CYANOGEN SULFIDE
523
Toxicity:
nides.
Highly toxic.
See Cya-
I.
poison gas label.


on contact with acid, acid fumes,
produce highly toxic fumes.
Poison A;
poison gas label.
CYANOGEN FLUORIDE
Description:
Formula:
Bromine cyanide.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless needles.
BrCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
105. 93
52 C
B. P.
61.
Colorless gas.
CNF
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 45. 02
M. P. Sublimes @- 72 C
B. P. -72. 6C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanides and Fluorides.
gas container with explosive force;
on contact with water or steam, it
corrosive fumes.
CYANOGEN BROMIDE
Synonym:
Section 11.
C. C. Classification: Poison A;
6C
CYANOGEN IODIDE
Density 2. 01 5 @20/4C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanides and Bromides.
to decomposition or on contact
with acid, acid fumes, water or
highly toxic and corrosive fumes.
Synonym: Iodine cyanide.

Description:
Synonym: Chlorine cyanide; CK.

Colorless liquid or gas;
lacrimatory and irritating odor.
Formula: CNC1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 61.48
M. P. -6. 5C
B. P. 13. 1C
Vap. Press. 1010
@ 20 C
Vap. D. 1.98
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanides and Hydrochloric AcidDisaster Control: Highly dangerous;
force; when heated to decomposition or on contact with water or
highly toxic and corrosive fumes.
mm
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE
Description:
Colorless needles,
Formula: CNI
^JL
\?
152.94
M. P. 146. 5C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanides and Iodides.
to decomposition or on
contact with water or steam, it
will react to produce highly toxic
CYANOGEN SULFIDE
Synonym: Cyanogen thiocyanate.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
NCSCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
84.
M. P. 65 C
B. P. Sublimes @30-40C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanides and Thiocyanate s.
on contact with acid, acid fumes,
produce highly toxic and corrosive
fumes.
iri
yv-u
CYANOMETHYL ACETATE
524
CYANOMETHYL ACETATE
Synonym: Methyl cyanoethanoate.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CNCH 2 COOCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 99.09
M. P. -22.5C
B. P. 200 C
Density 1. 123 @ 15C

produce highly toxic and flammable vapors.
3-CYANOPYRIDINE
Gray crystals.
C 6H 4N 2
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 1
M. P. 47 - 49 C
B. P. 83 - 84 C @10
highly toxic.
toxic fumes; on contact with
acid, acid fumes, water or steam,
it will react to produce toxic and
mm
Density 1.32@20/4C
Vap. Press. 2mm@70C
Vap. D. 6. 36
Acute Local: Irritant 2; Allergen 2; Ingestion 2;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate):
Section 2

CYANURIC TRIAZIDE
Cyanides and Azides.
and heat will explode it; when
Toxicity:
"CYCLINE OIL". See Mineral
N-CYANURIC ACID
Synonyms:
Description: Monoclinic, colorless

crystals; pungent odor.
Formula: C 3 C1 3 N 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 184.43
M. P. 145. 8C
B. P. 190C
sym-triazinetriol;
tri-
cyanic acid.
CYCLOBUTANE
Formula: C 3 H 3 N30 3
Synonym:

M. P. > 360C
Density 2. 500 @20/4C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cya-

CYANURIC CHLORIDE
Synonyms: Trichloro
- s
triazine;
trichlorocyanidine; tricyanogen
chloride.
Toxic Rating Code:
Tetraethylene.
Description: A gas.
Formula: C 4 H 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
nides.
None
= Slight
Oil,
Vegetable Oil.
56. 10
-50C
B. P.
12.9C
Flash P. Below 50 F
Density
Vap. D.
708
1.93
0.
(C. C.
@11C
Toxicity: Details unknown. May be

a simple asphyxiant. See also
Cycloparaff ins
Fire Hazard: Dangerous when exposed to heat or flame; can react
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CYCLOHEXANOL
525
To Fight Fire: Carbon dioxide, drychemical or water spray (Section 6).
Section
CYCLOBUTENE
Synonym: Cyclobutylene; tetra-
m ethylene.
Description:
Gas.
Formula: C 4Hg
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 54. 1
B. P. 2.4C
Density 0. 733 @ 0/4C
a simple asphyxiant.
CYCLOHEPTANE
Synonym: Suberane.
Description:
Formula:
An
oil.
C 7H 14
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 98. 2
M. P. -12C
B. P. 244 F
Flash P. Below 100 F
Density 0. 8099 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3.3
Cycloparaffins
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemicl or carbon
CYCLOHEXANE
Synonyms: Hexahydrobenzene;
hexamethylene.
Description: Colorless mobile
liquid, pungent odor.
Formula:
CfcH 12

M. P. 6. 5C
B. P. 80. 7C
Freezing P. 4. 6 C
Flash P. 1F (C.C.)
Density 0.7791 @20/4C
Vap. D. 2.90

Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Caution: May act as a simple asphyxiant. See also Cycloparaffins.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; when exposed to heat or flame; it can
90
95

ide,

to flame (Section 7).
Explosive Range: 1.3 - 8. 3 5%
rate): Section 2
I.
Flam-

MCA warning label.
CYCLOHEXANOL
Synonyms: Hexahydrophenol.
Description: Colorless needles or
viscous liquid; hygroscopic;
camphor-like odor.
Formula: CfcHnOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 16
M. P. -9C (sets to a glass)
B. P. 161. 5C
Density 0. 9449 @ 25 /4C
Vap. D. 3.45

halation
1;
In-
Acute Systemic:
Ingestion 2; Inhalation 2; Skin Absorption 1

Chronic Local: Irritant 1; Ingestion 1; Inhalation 1
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted);
409 milliof air;
100 parts per million in air.
Fire Hazard:
Moderate; when
CYCLOHEXANOL ACETATE
526
exposed

Section 2
rate):
MCA
warning label.
CYCLOHEXANOL ACETATE
Description:
Pale -yellow liquid.
Formula: C 6H 11 OOCCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 142. 19
B. P. 177C
Density 0. 996
Vap. D. 4.9
Cycloparaffins
CYCLOHEXANONE
Synonym: Ketohexamethylene;
pimelic ketone.
acetone -like odor.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 98. 14
M. P. -45. 0C
B. P. 155. 6C
Density 0.9478 @20/4C
Toxicology: Experimentally, animals
4%
cyclohexanone
may be killed after prolonged exposure. The oral M. L. D. for
rabbits is between 1.
and 1. 6
grams per kilogram. In man,
50 ppm can cause irritation of the
eyes and throat. Mild narcotic
properties have also been described. See also Cycloparaffins.
to 0.
MAC: ACGIH
35-40
cation:
No
Dry chemical,
To Fight Fire:
carbon tetrachloride or carbon

dioxide.
Explosion Hazard: Slight, in its vapor form, when exposed to flame.

Explosive Range: 1. 1% at 212 F
(L.E.L. )
Section 2
rate):

MCA warning label.
CYC LOHEXANONE - A
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C^HsO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 96. 12
B. P. 155. 5C
Vap. D. 3.31
@20C
Vap. Press. 4
Toxicity: Details unknown. Can
cause a dermatitis upon skin
contact (Section 9). Irritating
to eyes, skin and mucous membranes. Can damage the liver
and kidneys. See also Cycloparaffins.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to flame and heat; it can

(Section 6).
MCA
warning label.
of

401 mg/m 3
per million in air;

Toxic Rating Code:
rials.
Underwriters Laboratory Classifi-
mm
Formula: CO(CH 2 ) 4 CH 2
exposed
of air.

None
= Slight
CYCLOHEXENE
Synonym:
1, 2, 3,
zene.
Description:
Formula:
4-Tetrahydroben-
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 CH 2 CH 2CH 2 C HCH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 82. 14
B. P. 83 C
Flash P. -21 F
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CYCLOHEXYL CHLORIDE
527
Density 0. 8102 @20 /4C

Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to flame; can react with
6).
Disaster Control: Dangerous! Keep

away from heat and open flame!
rate): Section 2
Section 7
CYCLOHEXENE OXIDE
Description:
Formula:
Clear liquid.
C^HÔ

B. P. 129. 5C; Flash P. 81 F
Density 0. 9678 @25 /4 C
Vap. D. 3.5
(Section
6).

CYCLOHEXYL ACETATE
CYCLOHEXYLAMINE
Synonyms: Hexahydroaniline;
aminocyclohexane.
Description:
odor.
Liquid, strong fishy
Formula: C 6 H 13 N
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 99.2
M. P. -17. 7C
B. P. 134. 5C
Density 0. 865 @25 /Zb C
Vap. D. 3.42
Inhalation 3
Inhalation 2

rate): Section 2

Synonym: Hexalin acetate.

Formula: CHsCOOC^n
N-CYCLOHEXYL-2-BENZOTHIAZOLE SULFENAMIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 142. 19
B. P. 350F
Flash P. 136F
Vap. D. 4.9
Cyclohexyl Alcohol and Acetic
Acid.
Description:
CYCLOHEXYL ALCOHOL.
See
Cyclohexanol.
Light tan or buff
powder.
Formula: C^NSCSNHCeHu
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 264.4
M. P. 94C
Density 1.27 @25C
CYCLOHEXYL CHLORIDE
Clear
Formula: C^HnCl
Description:
liquid.
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. -43 C
B. P. 142C
118.61
2 -
CYCLOHEXYL CYCLOHEXANOL
528
Flash P. 89 F
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxDensity 0. 9923 @ 25/4C
Vap. D.4.
N-CYCLOHEXYL -p-TOLUENE
SULFONAMIDE
Disaster Control: Moderately danDescription: Fine white crystals.
gerous; when heated to decompoFormula: CHaC^SO^HCfcHu
sition, it emits toxic fumes; it
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 253
M. P. 86 F
2
-CYCLOHEXYL CYCLOHEXANOL
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.

C^hC^qOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 182. 3
B. P. 271 - 277C
Flash P. 255 F
Density 0. 977 @25/25C
CYCLOHEXYLTRICHLOROSILANE
Formula: C^HnSiCla

To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemicals or carbon
Section
2- CYCLOHEXYL- 4, 6-
7.
DINITRO-
PHENOL
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C 6H 11 C 6H 2 OH(N0 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 266.23
Toxicity: See Dinitrophenol.

o-
CYCLOHEXYL PHENOL
Description:
Formula:
Nearly white crystals.
C^nCÔH
mm
None
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 218.6
B. P. 208C
Density 1.2
Vap. D. 7. 5
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to flame.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition or on contact with water
or steam, it emits toxic and
corrosive fumes.
Coast Guard Classification: Corrosive liquid;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 176.2
M. P. 50 C
B. P. 169 C @25
Flash P. 270 F
Density 1. 018 @ 60/25C
Phenol.
Toxic Rating Code:
B. P. 350C
Density 1. 125
= Slight
white label.
CYCLOOCTATETRAENE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 8H 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 14
M. P. -4. 7C
B. P. 140. 6 C
Freezing P. -4. 7 C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CYC LOPENTANONE
529
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 745 @20 /4C
Vap. Press. 400
@31.0C
Vap. D. 2.42
Acute Local: U
a simple asphyxiant.
mm
CYCLOPARAFFINS
Toxicology: Both the saturated
and unsaturated members of
the cycloparaffin series are
narcotic, and may cause death
through respiratory paralysis.
For most of the members there
appears to be little range between the concentrations causing deep narcosis and those
causing death. There is very
little information in the literature regarding the chronic
effects resulting from exposure
of humans to the cycloparrafins.
Experimental work with rabbits
indicate that barely demonstrable
changes in the liver and kidneys
may result from exposure to 786
ppm
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to flame; can react with
CYCLOPENTADIENE- 1
Description:
Section 2
rate):

of cyclohexane for 6 hours

daily, repeated for 50 days.
Section 2
6).

away from heat and open flame

CYCLOPENTANOL
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Clear liquid.
CsH 8 OH
Formula: CsH^
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 66. 1
M. P. -85C
B. P. 42. 5C
Density 0, 80475 @ 19/4C
Toxicity: Details unknown. An
insecticide and fungicide.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 13
B. P. 139. 5C
Flash P. 124F
Density 0. 9422 @25/4C
Toxicity: Details unknown
Fire Hazard: Moderate, in the
presence of heat or flame; it
(Section
6).
Explosion Hazard:
form
of gas
Moderate, in the
when exposed
to heat
or by chemical reaction. It deat high temperatures and pressures (Section 7).
composes violently
CYCLOPENTANE
Synonym: Pentamethylene.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(CH 2 ) 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 70.08
B. P. 49. 3C
CYCLOPENTANONE
Synonyms: Dumasin; ketocyclopentane.
Description:
F o r mula
Liquid.
C 5H s O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84. 1
M. P. -58. 2C
B. P. 130. 6C
Flash P. 87 F
Density 0. 9509 @ 18/4C
Toxicity: See Cycloparaffins.
CYCLOPENTANONE OXIME
530
6).
CYCLOPENTANONE OXIME
Description:
Solid.
Formula: CgHgNOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 99. 13
M. P. 57. 5C
Unknown
Toxicity:
B. P. 113. 5C
Flash P. 60 F
Density 1. 0024 @25/4C
Vap. D. 3. 5
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; when exposed to heat or flame (Section 6).
Fire Hazard: Slight; on decomposition it can emit toxic fumes.

Ventilation Control (use moderate rate)
CYCLOPENTENE
Synonym: Trim ethylene.
CYCLOPROPANE
Liquid.
Description:
Description:
Formula: C5H 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula:
68.1
M. P. -93. 3C
B. P.
44. 242 C
Flash P. -20 F
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to flame or heat; it can
Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon
To Fight Fire:
CYCLOPENTYL BROMIDE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 5H 9 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 149.04
B. P. 137. 5C
Flash P. 108F
Density 1. 3866 @ 25/4C
Vap. D. 5
CYCLOPENTYL CHLORIDE
Description:
rials.
Liquid.
Colorless gas.
CH 2CH 2 CH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 42.08
M. P. -126. 6C
B. P. -33. 5C
Density 1. 879 g/l @0C
Autoign Temp. 928 F
Vap. D. 1.45
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic: U

Explosive Range 2. 4 - 10.4%
rate):
Section 2

I.
Formula: CsHgCl
CYCLOPROPYL ETHYL ETHER
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Description:
Toxic Rating Code:
Liquid.
Formula: C3H5OC2H5
104. 58
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
CYTISUS
531
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 1
Toxicity: See Ethers.
Disaster Control: See Ethers.
CYLINDERS, EMPTY
See Section 11, 73. 29.

Hazardous article.
CYCLOPROPYL METHYL ETHER
p-CYMENE
Synonym: Cypronic ether.
Synonym: Isopropyl toluene.
Description:
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 3 H 5OCH 3
Formula:
CYCLOPROPYL PROPYL ETHER

Formula:
Liquid.
C 3 H 5OC 3 H 7
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 100. 2
cation:

form of vapor (Section 7).
Explosive Range 0.7%@212F
der.
6
(L. E. L.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes; it can
CYMOGENE.
See Butane.
CYTISUS
Description:
2;

Section 2

35

cyclonite; hexogen.
White, crystalling pow-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 222. 15
M. P. 202C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
ide,
RDX;
30
MINE
Description:
Underwriters Laboratory Classifi-
CYCLOTRIMETHYLENE TRINITRASynonyms:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134.21
M. P. -68. 2C
B. P. 176C
Density 0. 86
Vap. D. 4. 62
Toxicity: See Toluene.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72. 1
M. P. -119C
B. P. 44. 7C
Density 0. 786 @ 25 /4C
Description:
Liquid.
CH 3 C 6H 4 CH(CH 3
A wood
dust.

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
2,4-D. See
2,
4-Dichlorophenoxy-
acetic Acid.
"DC 200 FLUID"

Synonym: Hexamethyl disiloxane.
Formula: (CH3) 3 Si-0-Si(CH 3 )3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162.4
Vap. D. 5. 5
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
M. P.
108. 5
Toxicology:
109C
DDT
is readily
absorbed
from
Chronic Systemic: U
DDD
Synonym:
cophane, 1, 1, l-trichloro-2-2bis(para-chlorophenyl) ethane.

white to slightly off-white powder.
Odorless or with slight aromatic
odor.
Formula: (C1C 6H 4 ) 2 CHCC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 354. 5
the intestinal tract and, if it

occurs in the air in the form of an
aerosol or dust, it may be taken
into the lung and readily absorbed.
DDT is not, however, absorbed
from the skin unless it is in solution.
Solutions are absorbed from

same token,
the skin and, by the
emulsions are absorbed to some

Likewise, fats and oils
from whatever source increase
the absorption of DDT from the intestine. DDT acts on the central
nervous system, but the exact
extent.
2,
2-bis-(p-Chlorophenyl)-
1,1 dichloroethane.
Description: Crystalline solid.

Formula: (C1C 6H4 ) 2HCCHC1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 320. 1
M. P. 110C
Vap. D. 11
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
Toxicology: Insecticide similar in
action to DDT but considered less
toxic to mammals. See also DDT.
DDT
Synonym: Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane; chlorophenothane, di-
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
mechanism
man
of this action either in

or in animals has not been
elucidated. Large doses of DDT

also induce nausea and/or diarrhea
in
man; however, whether
this is
a central or local action is not yet

clear. Chronically, DDT produces
microscopic changes in the liver
and kidneys in some experimental

animals. This has not been demonstrated in man. DDT is secreted
in the milk and, as an acid derivative, is excreted in the urine of
rabbits, dogs and man. DDT and
certain of its degradation products,
particularly DDE, are stored in
Such storage results either
fat.
from a single large dose or from
repeated small doses. DDT
stored in the fat is at least largely
inactive since a greater total dose
may be stored in an experimental
animal than is sufficient as a lethal
dose for that same animal if given
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DDT
533
at one time.
doses, partly because of the

toxicity of the solvent, and perhaps because of the increased
absorbability of the DDT; several
fatal cases in man have been re-
study based on 75
human cases reported an average

of 5. 3
ppm
ot
DDT
stored in the
higher content of
fat.
its derivatives (up to 434
DDT
ppm
and
of
DDE
and 648 ppm of DDT) was

found in workers who had very extensive exposure. Without exception, the samples were taken
from persons who were either
asymptomatic or suffering from
some disease completely unrelated to DDT. Careful hospital
DDT
poisoning. It is
of chronic
that certain experimental
known
animals fed diets containing one

DDT per million store the
compound in their fat. The storage
of DDT in man has been mentioned
above. The exact significance of
these findings is not known and their
part of
examination of workers who had

been very extensively exposed
and who had volunteered for examination revealed no abnormality which could be attributed to
further investigation is of the greatest importance. The consistent lack

of any demonstrable pathology in
those occasional cases where high
levels of DDT are present in fat
would suggest that chronic exposure
to low DDT residues on food would
not be likely to lead to tissue damage.
Signs and Symptoms of Poisoning in
Man. In patients who ate sub-
DDT. Much higher levels than

have been found in man have been
observed in the fat of experimental animals which were apparently asymptomatic. DDT stored in
the fat is eliminated only very
gradually when further dosage is
discontinued. After a single
dose, the secretion of DDT in the
milk and its excretion in the
urine reach their height within
a day or two and continue at a
lower level thereafter.
Dangerous Acute Dose in Man: A
dose of 20 g has proved highly
dangerous though not fatal to man.
This dose was taken by five persons who vomited an unknown
portion of the material and even
so recovered only incompletely
after 5 weeks. Smaller doses
produced less important symp-
stantial doses of DDT in flour,

the symptoms observed were
vomiting, numbness and partial
paralysis of the extremities, mild
convulsions, loss of proprioception and vibratory sensation of the
extremities, and hyperactive knee

jerk reflexed. Symptoms appeared
in 30 to 60 minutes after eating
the DDT. The paralysis and numbness were most evident in the
most distal portions of the extrem-
and their intensity was

directly proportional to the amount
of DDT ingested. All the patients
were apprehensive and excited;
respiration was moderately rapid;
pulse remained slow to normal.
The immediate protective mechanism in man, following substantial
ities,
toms with relatively rapid recovery. Experimental ingestion

of 1. 5 g resulted in great dis-
comfort and moderate neurological changes including paresthesia, tremor, moderate ataxia,
exaggeration of part of the reflexes, headache, and fatigue.
Vomiting followed only after 11
hours. Recovery was complete

on the following day. The fatal
dose of DDT for man is not known.
Judging from the literature, no
one has ever been killed by DDT
in the absence of other insecticides and/or a variety of toxic
solvents. However, these common solvent formulations are
highly fatal when taken in small
ported.
Dangerous Chronic Dose in Man.

Even less is known of the hazard
doses, is vomiting. With smaller

doses, nausea and vomiting are
less prominent, but diarrhea has
been observed. Signs and symptoms of chronic poisoning in man
are unknown, although, judging
from
the observed microscopic

changes in experimental animals,
liver and kidney dysfunctions
should be looked for. The pri-
irritancy of DDT is practically nil, and it has little or no

tendency to produce allergy.
mary
DDT
534
Dermatitis induced by DDT has

occasionally been reported, but
these reports are unconfirmed;
nevertheless, the phenomenon
should be expected to occur in
rare instances (Section 9).
sedatives. Epinephrine is contraindicated.
DECABORANE
Synonyms: Boron hydride; decaboron
tetradecahydride.
Laboratory
Laboratory Findings:
Formula:
findings are essentially negative

except for the presence of DDT
which may be quantitatively
measured by special methods.
B 10H 14
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122.3
M. P. 99. 7C
B. P. 213C
Density 0. 94 (solid):
Treatment
of Poisoning: Depending
on the condition of the patient,
attention should first be given to
0.
78 (liquid
@100C)
the sedation or to the removal of

poison which may have been taken
internally. Stomach lavage and
saline laxatives may be used. Oil
laxatives should be avoided; they
promote absorption of DDT and of
many organic solvents. The five
drugs of choice, arranged roughly
in order of their effectiveness,are
phenobarbital, pentobarbital,
paraldehyde, urethane, and calcium gluconate. Phenobarbital,
Yap. Press. 19mm@100C

Explosive Range: In oxygen @100C.
it emits toxic fumes of boron
compounds and may explode;
it can react with oxidizing mateToxicity:
rials.
which has been used in doses up

to 0. 7 g per day in epilepsy, and
pentobarbital (0. 25 to 0. 5 g) are
the barbiturates known to control

convulsions of central origin.
Paraldehyde (average dosage 15
cc orally, 1 cc undiluted intravenously, 35 cc rectally in normal
saline) controls the convulsions
Synonym: Decahydronaphthalene.
Formula: C 10 H 18
it
should be
remembered
None
138.3
-43.3C
trans: -30. 7C
M. P.
cis:
B. P. 195C (cis: 194.

(trans: 186. 7C)
(trans:
thane has an added advantage,

however, of being tolerated in the
young and the aged. The object of
sedation is not to induce sleep but
to restore a relative calm; however, the proper dosage in the
presence of poisoning may be so
large that it would induce anesthesia if poisoning were not
present.
Calcium gluconate has been
used less than the other antidotes
but it is reported to control DDTinduced convulsions in several
animals. Since its mechanism
of action is entirely different, it
may be used in addition to
=
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
6C

Vap. Press, (cis: 1
that the hypnotic and narcotic

effects of urethane are not correspondingly high in man. Ure-
Toxic Rating Code:
"DECALIN"
of DDT-poisoned animals.
Urethane (human dosage 1 to 4g)
has proved very effective in rats,
but
Section
= Slight
10
mm
mm @22. 5C)
@47. 2C)
Density 0. 8963; Vap. D. 4. 76


Chronic Systemic: U
No

Section 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DEGUELEN
535
DECANE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158. 3
M. P. 7C
B. P. 231. 0C
Flash P. 180 F
Density 0. 8297 @20 /4C
Vap. Press. 1
@69.5C
Vap. D. 5. 3
Alcohols.
Synonym: Decyl hydride.

Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 8 CH 3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 142. 3
M. P. -29.7C
B. P.
mm
174. 1C

Density 0. 730 @20 /4C
Vap. Press. Imm@l6. 5 C
Vap. D. 4.90
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
To Fight Fire: Fozm, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon
DECYLAMINE
Description:
Formula:
B. P.
6).
Explosion Hazard: Moderate, in its

vapor form.
Section 2
157. 3
17C
95C @10
mm
Flash P. 210 F
Density 0. 79 @20C
Vap. D. 5. 5
Details unknown.
Toxicity:

1-DECENE
Colorless liquid.

Section 7
Formula: H 2 CCH(CH 2 7 CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
DECYL NAPHTHALENE
140.26
M. P. -66.3C
Description:
172C
Density 0. 7396 @20 /4C
B. P.
Vap. D. 4. 83
Toxicity: Unknown
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when exposed to heat or flame; can react

6).

n-
DECYL ALCOHOL
Synonym:
1-Decanol; nonyl carbinol,

Description: Viscous, refractive
Liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 268. 5
B. P. 330 - 440 C
Flash P. 365F
Density 1.
Vap. D. 9. 6
Naphthalene.
DEGUELEN
liquid.
Formula:
See also
Amines.
Synonym: n-Decylene.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 9 NH 2
CH 3 (CH2)8CH 2OH
Description:
Pale-green crystals.
DEHYDROABIETYLAMINE
536
Unknown
Formula: C23H22O6
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 394.41
M. P. 171 C

oxidizing mate rials (Section
an in-
6).
secticide of plant origin.

it emits acrid fumes (Section
DEHYDROABIETYLAMINE PENTACHLOROPHENATE
Description:
6).
Section
Crystals.
Formula: C 2 oH 25NC6Cl 5
DEHYDROABIETYLAMINE
Description: Amber, viscous liquid.
Formula: C20H25N
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 279.4
Flash P. 375 F (O. C. )
Density 1.001 @25/l5. 6C
Vap. D. 10
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 528. 8
Vap. D. 18
also Pentachlorophenol.
heated, to decomposition or on
chlorides.
DEHYDROABIETYL NITRILE
Description: Light amber, partially
cyrstallized solid.

To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry

Section 2
DEHYDROABIETYLAMINE
ACETATE
Description:
Amber
paste or solu-
tion.
Formula: C20H25NCH3COO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 338.
Density 1. 029
Vap. D. 11. 5
Toxicity:
Formula: C8H 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 168.2
M. P. 109 C
B. P. 269. 0C
Vap. D. 5. 8
fungicide and bactericide.
DEKANITROCELLULOSE.
DEHYDROABIETYLAMINE
NAPHTHENATE
DELAY ELECTRIC IGNITERS.

DELPHININE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
406. 6
None
White, crystalline,
rhombic plates.
Viscous liquid.
C2oH 2 5NOOCC 6H 5
See
Explosives, High.
Description:
Description:
Toxic Rating Code:
See
Nitrocellulose.

Formula:
3 -Acetyl- 6 methyl- 1
2-pyran-2, 4(3H)-dione.
@25 /l5. 6C
Unknown
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
DEHYDROACETIC ACID
Synonyms:
chemical or carbon
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
613.73
3 =
High
Unknown
DENATURED ALCOHOL
537
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
An
3;
slightly less toxic by the dermal

route. Doses of organic phosphorus insecticides tend to be
cumulative in their effect. However, if illness occurs, it is
acute in nature, whether caused
by a single large dose or by re-
Chronic Systemic:
Caution:
ever, the acute dose is believed to

be approximately equal to that of
parathion (estimated at from 12
to 20 nag or one -fifth to one -third
grain). The compound is only
alkaloid poison.

nitrogen.
rate): Section 2
peated exposure.
Signs and Symptoms of Poisoning:
Persons poisoned with demeton
may be expected to show the following symptoms: Headache,
giddiness, blurred vision, weakness, nausea, diarrhea, and dis-
DELPHINIUM
comfort in the chest.
Synonym: Larkspur; stagger weed.

Description: Dried ripe seeds.
Inhalation
incoordination, tearing, salivapulmonary edema, cyanosis,

papilledema, convulsions, coma,
and loss of reflexes and sphincter
control may occur. There is one
result of demeton poisoning in
rats which may or may not be
peculiar to the species. Shortly
after other signs of poisoning
appeared, rats fed 50 or 100 ppm
tion,

Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Slight, -when exposed
highly toxic fumes and it can re-
of demeton in their regular diet

developed severe exophtalmos,
and perhaps associated changes,
leading to drying and ulceration of
the cornea so severe that some
animals lost both eyes through
act with oxidizing materials.

rate):
Section 2

Section
In addition
symptoms, sweating,
miosis, muscular fasciculation,
to these
necrosis.
of Poisoning: Keep the

patient fully atropinized, using 1
to 2 mg of atropine sulfate per
dose and up to 10 to 20 mg per
day. Remove any remaining
poison. Administer oxygen and
Treatment
DEMETON
Synonyms: O, O-Diethyl-O, 2- (ethyl thio) ethyl thiophosphate.
Hazardous Properties: It is believed

that most of the physiological
actions of demeton resemble,
other supportive measures early
and be prepared for the immediate

use of mechanical artificial res-
generally, those of parathion,
TEPP, and other related organic

phosphorus poisons. The actions
of this compound and its metabolites are based principally
upon the inhibition of the enxyme
piration.
tinuously.
the patient conSee also Parathion.
DENATURANTS
cholinesterase, thus allowing

the accumulation of large amounts
of acetylcholine.
Dangerous Acute and Chronic Doses:

Little is known regarding the
acute and chronic dosages which
would be dangerous to man. How-
Watch
These materials are

almost always toxic. See also
Toxicity:
specific denaturant.
DENATURED ALCOHOL.
Ethyl
alcohol to which a toxic ingredient has been added (denaturant).
DEPENDIP"
538
"DEPENDIP"
Water -white liquid.
Description:
Constants:
Flash P. 52 F
Density 0. 758 @15. 5C
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
materials.
6).

fumes.
rate):
Section 2

DETONATING FUSES.
See ExploSee Ex-
plosives, High.
DEUTERIUM.
See Hydrogen.
DFDD
Synonym: Difluorodiphenyldichloroethane.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
C 14 H 10 Cl2F2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 287. 2
M. P. 77. 5C
Vap. D. 10
Toxicity:
Details unknown;
a con-
highly toxic fumes of fluorides

and chlorides.
DFDT
Synonym:
2, 2-bis-(p-Fluorophenyl)
-1,1,1 trichloroethane.
M. P.
(FC 6H 4 ) 2 CHCC1 3
45.
302. 6
5C
Toxic Rating Code:
None
emits
Synonym: 4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanone-2.
Description: Liquid; faint pleasant
odor.
Formula:
(CH 3 ) 2 C(OH)CH 2 COCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116.2
M. P. -47 to -54C
B. P. 167. 9C
Flash P. 151F
Density 0. 9306 @ 25/4C
Autoign Temp. 1190F
Vap. D. 4. 00
Vap. Press. 1. 1
@20C
Ventialation Control (use normal rate):
Section 2
DIACETONE ALCOHOL (TECHNICAL)
tact insecticide.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
it
DIACETONE (ACETONE- FREE)
Description:

Formula:

chlorides.
mm
sives, High.
DETONATING PRIMERS.
Vap. D. 10. 5
= Slight
Formula:
Liquid, pleasant odor.
C^COCHz^CHsÔH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 2
B. P. 163C .
Density 0. 931 - 0. 940
Vap. Press. l.lmm@20C
Vap. D. 4.00
Freezing P. -42. 8C
Inhalation 1
Chronic Systemic: U
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIALLYL CYANAMIDE
539
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative); 50 parts
per million in air. See also
Alcohols.
DIACETYLENE CARBONIC ACID

Toxicity:
Unknown

exposed to heat at 367 F (Section 7).
Section

away from heat and open flame;
DIACETYL MORPHINE
Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 369.40
M. P. 171 - 173C
Acute Local: U
rate):
DIACETYL
Synonym:
Butanedione.
Description: Greenish-yellow liquid*
strong odor.
Formula:
CH 3 COCOCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86.09
B. P. 88C
Flash P. < 80 F
Density 0. 9904 @ 15/l5C
Vap. D. 3.00
rate): Section 2
DIACETYLENE
Synonyms: Butadiyne; butadiine.
Description:
6).
Gas.
Formula: HCiCCiCH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 50. 1
M. P. -36.4C
B. P. 10. 3C
Density 2. 233
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame, or by

chemical reaction with oxidizers.
Can ignite spontaneously in contact with moist silver salts.
Synonyms: Diamorphine; heroin.

Description: White, odorless, bitter,
crystals or crystalline powder.
Formula: C 17H 17 (OOCCH 3 ) 2 NO
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:

Toxicology: Fatal dose between
and 2 grains. Resembles morphine in its general results, but
acts more strongly on the respiration and is therefore more poisonous. Its depressant effects on the
cerebrum appear to be greater than
that of codeine. Large doses cause
excitement and convulsions in
animals and man. The more common symptoms are headache, disturbance of vision, slow, small
regular pulse, restlessness,
cramps in the extremities, slight

cyanosis, respiration slow and
deep, and death from respiratory
paralysis. Poisonous habit-forming
drug.
Treatment and Antidotes: Use the
same treatment as for morphine,
with special attention to control
of the respiratory paralysis.
toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen.
rate): Section 2
DIACETYLMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE. See
Diacetyl Morphine.
DIALLYL CYANAMIDE
Description:
3;
Colorless, mobile liquid
DIALLYL ETHYLENE BIS-GLYCOLATE

when pure.
(CH 2 CHCH 2
Formula:
)2

NCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 17
M. P. < -70C
B. P. 222 C (slight dec omp. )
Density 0. 9021
Vap. D. 4.

it emits highly toxic fumes of cyanides.
rate): Section 2

Section
DIALLYL ETHYLENE BIS-GLY-
COLATE
Description:
Formula:
540
DIALLYL MELAMINE
Description:
White, crystalline solid.
(CH 2 CHCH 2 )2N(CN) 3 (NH 2 )2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 226. 3
M. P. 142C
Density 1.242 @30C
Vap. D. 7.6
2;
Inges-
tion 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
emits highly toxic fumes of cyanides.
Liquid.
(CH 2 OCH 2 C0 2CH 2 CHCH 2 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 258. 3
B. P. 130 - 133C @1
Flash P. 320 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 1227 @ 25/25 C
Vap. D. 8.9
mm
DIALLYL MALEATE
DIALLYL PHTHALATE
Nearly colorless, oily
Description:
liquid.
Formula: C 6H4 (C0 2CH 2 CHCH 2 ) 2

B. P. 157C
Flash P. 330 F
Density 1. 120 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 8. 3
Toxicity: See Phthalic Acid.

Synonym: Allyl male ate.

Description:
Formula:
DIALLYL SULFIDE
Liquid.
(CHCOOCH 2 CHCH 2
Synonym: Allyl
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 196. 2
Vap. D. 6. 6
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
sulfide.
Colorless liquid, garlic
Description:
odor.
(CH^HCH^
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
114.2
M. P. -83C
B. P.
139C
Density
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
0.
888
@27 /AC
93
Details unknown.
3.

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIAMYL AC ET AMIDE
541
oxides of sulfur.
away from heat and open flame

Section 2
I
2,
1
3-
DIAMINOBUTANE
Description:
Formula:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 4H 8 (NH 2
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88.2
B. P. 142 - 150C
Flash P. 125F
Density 0. 85
Vap. D. 3.04
Section 2
DIAMINODIPHENYL SULFONE
(TECHNICAL)
Description:
free -flowing , light-
brown powder.
Formula: C 12H 12 02N2S
DIAMMINECOBALT(II) CHLORIDE
Rose crystals.
CoCl 2 2NH 3
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 163.92
M. P. 273C
Density 2. 097
Fire Hazard: Slight, when heated and
3-DIAMINOPROPANE
Liquid.
Formula: C 3 H 6 (NH 2 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 74. 1
B. P. 133C
Flash P. 75F
Density 0. 88
Vap. D. 2. 5

6).

(Section
of the
6).

toxic fumes of ammonia and chlorides.
Section
DIAMMINECOPPER(II) ACETATE
Description:
Violet-blue crystals.
Formula: Cu(C 2 H 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 109.08
M. P. 120. 8C
B. P. 285 C
Pyridine.
highly toxic fumes of nitrogen compounds.
exposed to flame because
sulfur.
1,
Crystals.
NC 5H3 (NH 2
ammonia evolved
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 248.3
M. P. 165 - 170C
Vap. D. 8.3
Description:
6-DIAMINOPYRIDINE
Description:
2)2
2NH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 215.69
M. P. Decomp. @approx. 175 C
whenheated, it emits acridfumes.
DIAMYL ACETAMIDE
Formula: (C5H n ) 2 CHCONH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 199.3
Flash P. 235 F
Vap. D. 6. 7

heat or flame; it can react with
DIAMYLAMINE
542
6).
DIAMYLAMINE
Synonym: Di-n-amylamine.
Description: Water -white liquid.
Formula: (CgHn^NH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
also Benzene.
Section
DIAMYL BIPHENYL
Description:
157.26
202C @760 mm
Formula:
B. P.
Density 0. 777 @ 20 /2Q C

Vap. D. 5.42
Toxicity: See Amines.
Liquid.
C 5H 11 (C 6H4) 2C 5H 11
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 294. 5
M. P. -30C
Flash P. 340 F
B. P. 355 - 385C
Density 0. 938 @20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 10.2

Section 2

DIAMYL ANILINE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
DIAMYL CHLORONAPHTHALENE
C 6H 5N(C5H 11 )2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 233.4
B. P. 277 C
Flash P. 260 F
Density 0. 89
Vap. D. 7. 8
Description:
See also

Liquid.
Formula: (C 5H 11 ) 2 C 10H 5C1
Aniline.
6).
DIAMYL BENZENE
Description:
6).
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 302. 9
B. P. 350 C
Flash P. 330 F
Density 1.06
Vap. D. 10.4
Chlor onaphthalene s
See also

to heat or flame.
6).

it
Liquid.
Formula: C6H 4 (C 5H 11 ) 2
DIAMYL ENE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 218.4
B. P. 265C
Flash P. 225 F
Density 0. 85
Vap. D. 7.3
Description:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Liquid.
Formula: C 10H 2 o
See
1
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 140.26
M. P. Below -50C
B. P. 150C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DI-sec-AMYL PHENOL
543
Density
Vap. D.
0.
77
- 0.
it can react with

to heat or flame;
78
4.7

DIAMYL OXALATE

Section 2
DIAMYL MALEATE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(CHC0 2 C 5H n
)2
Mol. Wt. 256. 3

Flash P. 270 F
Density 0. 981
Vap. D. 8.6
also Esters and Amyl Alcohol.
Fire Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat or flame; it can
Constants:

DIAMYL NAPHTHALENE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C l0H 6 (C5H u )2

B. P. 326C
Density 0. 93 - 0. 94
Vap. D. 9. 3
Vap. Press. 0.00124 @20C
Naphthalene
Formula: (C5H n C0 2 )2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 230. 3
Flash P. 257 F
Vap. D. 7.7
Toxicity: See Oxalates and Amyl
Alcohol.
2,4-DIAMYL PHENOL
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(CsHnJzCÔF
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 234. 37
B. P. 278C
Flash P. 260 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 93 - 0. 94
Vap. D. 8. 1
Phenol.
to heat or flame.
DI-sec-AMYL PHENOL
Description:
Liquid.
DIAMYL beta-NAPHTHOL
Formula:
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 234.4
B. P. 280C
Density 0. 91
Vap. D. 8. 1
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 5H 11 ) 2 C 10H 5OH

B. P. 205C
Flash P. 345 F
Density 0. 97
Vap. D. 9. 6
beta-Naphthol.
(C 5H 11 ) 2 C 6H 3 OH
Probably toxic. See also

Phenol.
Toxicity:
DI-tert-AMYLPHENOXY ETHANOL
544
To Fight Fire:

ide,
Water, foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or

DIAMYL SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE
DI-tert-AMYLPHENOXY ETHANOL
Description:
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
Formula: C 6H 3 (C 5H 11 )20CH 2 CH 2 OH
M. P. -35C
Flash P. 300 F (O. C. )
B. P. 321 C
Density 0. 959
Vap. D. 9. 6
Vap. Press. < 0. 01
Alcohols.
mm

(Section
6).
Section 7
DIAMYL PHTHALATE
Description:
C 5H 11 C0 2 CH 2 CHC0 2 C 5H 11 S
360
tion
Inhalation
Inges-
1;

sulfur.

Section 2
See Amyl
DIAMYL SULFIDE,
Sul-
fide.
DIANISIDINE
Synonym: Dimethoxybenzidine.
Description:
Flash P. 357F(C.C. )
Vap. D. 10. 5
Toxicity: See Esters, Amyl Alcohol
and Phthalic Acid.

DI-n-AMYL PHTHALATE
Liquid.
C 6H4(C0 2 C 5H 11 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 306.4
B. P. 243 - 255C @ 50
Flash P. 245 F (C. C. )
Density 1.023
Vap. D. 10. 5
Toxicity: See Esters, Amyl Alcohol
and Phthalic Acid.
mm

=
None
Liquid.
Formula: [NH 2 (OCH 3 )C 6H 3 ] 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 244. 29
M. P. 137 - 138C
Flash P. 403 F
Vap. D. 8. 5
also Benzidine.
Fire Hazard:
6).
Synonym: Amyl phthalate.
Toxic Rating Code:
Na
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 306.4
B. P. 333C
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Formula: C 6H 4 (COOC 5H 11 ) 2
Description:
White, waxy solid.
= Slight
See
when exposed
Slight,
to heat or flame;
it
2-DI-p-ANISYL-l,
1,
can react
2,
1-TRICHLO-
ROETHANE
Formula:
(CH 3 OC 6 H 4 C0 2 2 C 2 HCl 3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 433. 7
M. P. 89 C
Vap. D. 15
An
in-
secticide.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIAZOBENZENE CHLORIDE
545

B. P.
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
Synonyms: Infusorial earth; kieselguhr.
Description:
soft,
Formula:
SiO z K z O, A1 2
,
3,
tion
3,
7).

or heat will explode it.
earthy rock.
Fe 2
Explodes
Vap. D. 6. 8
Toxicity: Details unknown. An insecticide. See also Benzene.
CaO
Constant:
beta - DIAZ OAMIDOBENZ OL
Density 0. 24 - 0. 34
Acute Systemic: U
Toxicology: Diatomaceous earth dust
may cause disabling fibrosis of the
lungs, but it is less likely to do so
than SiO z in the crystalline form.
Section 2
Synonym: Benzene diazoanilide.

Formula: C 6H 5 NNNHC 6H 5
DIAZOACETIC ESTER
Synonyms: Ethyl diazoacetate; ethyl
diazoethanoate
Description: Yellow oil, pungent
odor, very volatile.
Formula:
C 4H 6 N 2

M. P. 80 - 81 C
B. P. Explodes
Vap. D. 6. 8
also Benzene.
shocked or exposed to heat
(Section
1,
l'-DIAZOAMIDONAPHTHALENE
Synonym:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114. 1
M. P. -22C
B. P. 141 C @720
Density 1. 0852 @ 17. 6 /AC
Vap. D. 3. 9
Esters.
mm
Explosion Hazard: Moderate,

when exposed to heat, upon
contact with concentrated sulfuric acid, or upon distillation.
7).
Disaster Control: Dangerous; explodes when heated and emits

toxic fumes.
1,
Description:
Formula:
3-Di- 1 -naphthyltriazine.
Yellow leaflets.
C 10H 7 NNNHC 10H 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 297.4
M. P. Explodes @100C
Vap. D. 10.25
also Naphthalene.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; explodes when heated or shocked;
emits toxic fumes.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; explodes when heated; on contact

with acid or acid fumes, it emits
toxic fumes.
DIAZOAMINOBENZENE.
alpha -DIAZ OAMIDOBENZ OL
Synonym: Benzene diazonium chlo-
See alpha -
Diazoamidobenzol.
DIAZOBENZFNE CHLORIDE
Synonyms:
Diazoaminobenzene;
3-diphenyltriazine.
Description: Golden yellow crystals.
1,
Formula:
C^NNNHCfcHs
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 197.2
M. P. 98 - 99 C
ride.
Description:
Colorless needles.
Formula: C 6H 5N(:N)C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 140.6
M. P. Decomposes
B. P. Explodes
Vap. D. 4. 9
DIAZOBENZENE NITRATE
Toxicity:
546
Unknown

Formula: [C 6H 5N(:N)] 2 Cr0 4

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 326. 3

and heat will explode it; emits
toxic fumes.
and Benzene
DIAZOBENZENE NITRATE

toxic fumes.
tion
Synonym: Benezene diazonium nitrate.

Description:
Colorless needles.
Formula: C 6 H 5 N(:N)N0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 167. 1
M. P. Explodes @90C
Density 1. 37 @20/4rC
Vap. D. 5. 8
Toxicity:
DIAZ OBENZ OLIMIDE

Synonym: Diazobenzeneimide;
tiazobenzene.
Description: Yellow
Unknown
Nitrates.

p-DIAZOBENZENESULFONIC ACID
Synonym: Sulfanilic acid diazide.
Description: White paste (white or
slightly red crystals).
C 6 H 4 NSQ 3 N
Constants:
Mel. Wt. 184. 17
Vap. D. 6. 3
shocked, exposed to heat, or
by chemical reaction (Sec-
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
oil.
C 6H 5 N 3
Formula:

Explosion Hazard: Severe; explodes
when slightly shocked or exposed
to heat (Section 7). See also
Formula:
7).
119. 1
59 C @ 12
mm
tion 7).

toxic fumes and it can react with
DIAZOBENZOL NITRATE,

sulfur.
Section
DIAZOBENZOL SULFATE
Formula:
See
Diazobenzene nitrate.
DIAZOBENZOL ANILIDE.
See
Diazoamidobenzol.
DIAZOBENZOL CHLORIDE.
See
Diazobenzene Chloride.
sulfate.
Crystals.
Description:
[C 6 H 5 N(:N)] 2 S0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
306. 3
M. P. Explodes
Vap. D.
DIAZOBENZOIC NITRATE.
See
Diazobenzene Nitrate.
Synonym: Diazobenzene
tion 7).
(explodes)
Density 1.078 @22. 5C

Vap. D. 6. 6
Toxic Hazard: Details unknown
@ 100 C
10. 6


and heat will explode it; it emits
sulfur.
Section
DIAZOBENZOL CHROMATE
Synonym:
Benzene diazonium chro-
mate.
Description:
DIAZ OBENZ OLSULFONIC ACID

See p-Diazobenzene sulfonic
Crystals.
Toxic Rating Code:
acid.
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIBASIC SODIUM o-ARSENITE
547
C 10H 5N 2 OSO 3 H
DIAZ ODINITROPHENOL
Formula:
Synonym: Dinol.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 250. 23
B. P. Decomp. by heat above 100 C
Vap. D. 8. 6
Crystals.
Description:
Formula:
HQC 6H 3 (N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212. 1
M. P. Explodes
Density 1. 63
Vap. D. 7. 3
Toxicity:
N(:N)
Toxicity:
@180C
Unknown

Explosion Hazard: Severe; when
friction. A less sensitive high
explosive to impact than lead
azide or
mercury fulminate.

sulfur and explodes.
DIAZ ONITROPHENOL
It
powerful initiator (Section

is a
Description:
7).
Formula:
at ordinary
temperature.
Formula:
Toxicity:
CH 2 =N+ = N-
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
42. 04
halation
Unknown
tion 7).

3;
In-
5-DIAZOSALICYLIC ACID
Acute Systemic: U
Yellow crystals or
powder.
Formula: C 7 H 4 N 2 3
Description:
2;
In-
halation 2
Chronic Systemic: U
by chemical reaction. Undilu-

P. Explodes @155C
Toxicity:
when heated.
DIBASIC SODIUM
Description:
Constant:

Section 2
-DIAZ O- 2- NAPHTHOL- 4- SULFON-
Density
o- ARSENATE
Mol. Wt.
1.
Section
White powder.
Formula: Na 2 HAs0 4
fumes.
IC ACID
Description: Yellow needles in
paste or dry form.
Unknown

Disaster Control: Dangerous, it
emits toxic fumes, and explodes
ted liquid or gas may explode

on contact with alkali metals,
rough surfaces, heat (100 C)
and shock (Section 7).
fumes; it emits highly toxic
@180C

by chemical reaction (Sec-
M. P. -145C
B. P. -23C
Density 1. 45
Crystals.
HOC 6H 4 (N0 2 )N(:N)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 167. 1
M. P. Explodes
Vap. D. 5.8
DIAZOMETHANE
Synonym: Azimethylene.
Description: Yellow gas
Unknown

Explosive Range: Above 100 C.
7H z O
312.0
87

Toxicity:
DIBASIC SODIUM o-ARSENITE

White powder.
Formula: Na 2 HAs0 3
Description:
DIBENAMINE
548
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 169. 9
DIBENAMINE.
See Dibenzyl Chloroethylamine Hydrochloride.
2,2'-DIBENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE
Synonym:
2,2'-Dithio bis-benzothia-
zole.
Description:
Formula:
Light-yellow crystals.
C 14H 8 N 2S 4
DIBENZYL ETHER OF HYDROQUINONE

Synonym: Dibenzoxyhydroquinone.
Formula: 0^(00 ftHgCHzJz
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 332. 5
M. P. 180C
B. P. Decomposes
Toxicity:

See also Ethers.
Unknown

heated or on contact with acid or
fumes of oxides of sulfur.

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 290.3
Vap. D. 10
Hydroqui nones and Ethers.
Moderate, when exFire Hazard:
posed to heat or flame; it can
(Section
6).
DI-(2-BENZOTHIAZYL-THIO-
METHYD-UREA
DIBENZYL SEBACATE
Synonym:
1, 3-Bis(2-benzothiazolyl
mercapto methyl) urea.
Description: Cream-colored powder.
Formula: (C 6 H 4 NSCSCH 2 NH) 2 CO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 418. 6
M. P. 220C
Density 1. 29 @20C
Toxicity:
light-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 382. 5
B. P. 265C @4
Flash P. 457 F
Density 1. 055 @ 30 /Z0 C
Esters, Benzyl Alcohol and
Sebacic Acid.
mm
Unknown

sulfur.
Plastic material or
straw colored liquid.
Formula: [(CH 2 ) 4 C0 2 C 6 H 5CH 2 ] 2
Description:
Section
DIBENZOYL PEROXIDE.
See Ben-
zoyl Peroxide.
DIBENZYL ETHER
Description:
Formula:
DIBORANE
Liquid.
(C 6H 5 CH 2 )0(C 6H 5CH 2 j
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198. 25
M. P. 5C
B. P. 298C
Density 1. 036
Vap. D. 6. 84
also Ethers.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Boroethane; boron
hydride.
Description: Colorless gas, sickly
sweet odor.
Synonyms:
Formula:
See
= Slight
B 2H 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 27. 7
M. P. -165. 5C
B. P. -92. 5C
Density 0.447 (liquid
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
@U
12 C);
Unknown
DIBROMODIETHYL SULFIDE
549
0.
577 (solid
@-l83C)
halation
(tentative);
0.
Description:
xylene.
Crystals, odor of
BrC 6H 4 Br
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 235.9
M. P. 87 C
B. P. 219C
Density 2. 261
Vap. Press. lmm@6l.0C
Vap. D. 8. 1
Toxicity: Details unknown. A
fumigant.
part
per million in air.

Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to flame. See also Boron
Hydrides.
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by chemical reaction.

toxic fumes of boron oxides; it
can react
explosively with oxidizing mate-
produce hydrogen; and
p-DIBROMOBENZENE
In-
3;
Acute Systemic: Inhalation

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH

mm @ -1 12 C
Vap. Press. 224

it
sition, it emits toxic fumes

bromides.
of
7
rials.
DIBROMOCHLOROMETHANE

rate): Section 2

yellow, heavy liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 208. 3
B. P. 118 - 122C
Freezing P. < -20 C
Density 2. 440 @ 25 /Z5 C
DIBROMOACETYLENE
Synonym: Dibromethyne.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
Toxicity:
BrCiCBr
DIBROMODIETHYL SULFIDE
Description:
Formula:
Chronic Local: U
3;
Chronic Systemic: U
exposed to heat or by spontaneous chemical reaction. Explodes easily with a trace of
oxygen (Section 7).
when heated, it emits toxic fumes
of bromides; can react explosively
rate):
Section 2

Unknown
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 183.9
M. P. Explodes
Density 2 (approx. )
Vap. D. 6. 35
tion
CHClBr 2
Formula:
White crystals.
(CH 2 CH 2 Br) 2S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 232. 00
M. P. 31 - 34C
Density 2. 05 @15C
Vap. D. 8.0
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
(Section
6).
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; when
DIBROMODIFLUOROMETHANE
550
oxides of sulfur and bromides;
Section 2
DIBROMODIFLUOROMETHANE

B. P. 23. 2C
Freezing P. -141 C
per million of air.
1,2-DIBROMOETHYL BENZENE
Synonym: Styrene dibromide.
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
C 6Ii 5 (Br 2 C 2H 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 264.2
B. P. 254. 0C
Freezing P. -43 C
Flash P. None
Density 1. 744 @25 /Z5 C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 86. C
Vap. D. 9. 1
also Bromides.
mm
bromides.
DIBROMOFORMOXIME
Description:
M. P.
70
3;
202. 87
- 71 C
Inhalation
Toxic Rating Code:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: GeH 2 Br 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 234.45
M. P. -15. 0C
B P. 89.0C
Density 2. 80 @ C
Vap. D. 8. 1
also Germanium Compounds and
e
Bromides.
acid fumes, it emits toxic fumes of
bromides; it will react with water
corrosive fumes.
DIBROMOKETONE
Formula:
(Br) 2 C=0
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 188
Vap. D. 6. 5
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
heated it emits highly toxic fumes;
fume s
Vap. D. 7.
tion
DIBROMOGERMANE

Section 2
Crystals.
Formula: CBr 2 NOH

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
fume s
Section 2
Description:
Synonym: Difluorodibromome thane

Description: Colorless, heavy liquid
Formula: CF 2 Br 2
Description:
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
DIBROMOMETHYL ETHER
3;
Inges-
Description:
Colorless liquid.
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIBUTYL ACETAMIDE
551
Formula:
(CH 2 Br) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 203. 90
M. P. ~34C
B. P. 154 - 155C
Density 2. 2
Vap. D. 7.
tion
3;
Inhalation
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
366
M. P. -5QC (becomes viscous)
3;
B. P. 210 - 233C @4mm

Flash P. 407 F
Density 1. 063 @20/20C
Inges-
it can react with

to heat or flame;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
also Ethers,
See Also Ethers.
it can react vigorously with oxidiz^
ing materials.
Section 2
DXBUTOXYMETHANE
Description:
Formula:
Formula:
C 6 H 3 (Br 2 )(C 2 H 4 N0 2 )
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 309. 2
Vap. D. 10. 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 160.25
M. P. 60 C
B. P. 165 - 188C
Flash P. 140F (C.C.
Density 0. 838
Vap. D. 5. 5
Toxicity:
DIBROMO-NITROETHYLBENZENE
Liquid.
CH 2 (OC 4H 9
Unknown

react with oxidizing materials*
An
in-
6),
secticide.

DIBUTOXY TETRAGLYCOL
Description: Practically colorless
liquid with characteristic odor.
Formula:
DIBUCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Synonym:
2-Butoxy-N-(2-diethylaminoethyl) cinchoninamide
hydrochloride.
C 20H 29 N 3 Q 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
HC1
379. 9
M. P. Decomposes @90
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
13.
98C
Unknown

emits highly toxic fumes of chlorides.
Section
(C 2 H 4 OC 2 H 4 OC 4 H 9 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 306.44
M. P. -20C
B. P. 237 C @50
Flash P. 305 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 9436 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 10. 6
also Glycols.
mm
DIBUTOXY ETHYL PHTHALATE
DIBUTYL ACETAMIDE
Description:
Description:
Formula:
Light- colored liquid.
C 6H 4 (COOC 2H 4 OC 4H 9
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 4H 9 ) 2 CHCONH 2
DIBUTYLAMINE
552
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 171. 3
B. P. 242 C
Flash P. 225 F
Density 0. 89
Vap. D. 5. 9
also Amines.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 173.3
B. P. 222 C
Flash P. 200 F
Density 0. 85
Vap. D. 6.0
also Alcohols.
DIBUTYLANILINE
DIBUTYLAMINE
Description:
Formula:
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 6H 5 N(C 4H 9 ) 2
Liquid.
(C 4H 9 ) 2 NH

M. P. -51. 1C
B. P. 159C
Density 0. 76
Vap. D. 4.46
Vap. Press. 2mm@20C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 205. 3
B. P. 266C
Flash P. 446 F
Density 0. 94
Vap. D. 7. 1
also Aniline.
compounds; can react vigor osuly
Dl-sec- BUTYLAMINE
Description:
Formula:
2,5-DI-tert-BUTYL
(C 4 H 9 ) 2 NH
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129. 2
B. P. 134C
Flash P. 75 F
Density 0. 75
Vap. D. 4. 5
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; when exposed to heat or flame; it can

Section 2
rate):
Section
DIBUTYLAMINOETHANOL
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 4H 9 ) 2 NCH2CH 2 OH
Toxic Rating Code:
None
(0) 2
C 6H 2
(C(CH 3 ) 3 ) 2
DIBUTYL BERYLLIUM
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: Be(C 4H 9 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123. 25
B. P. 170C @25
Vap. D. 4. 2
mm

Fire Hazard: Moderate, when in
contact with heat or flame (Section
= Slight

M. P. 150C
Vap. D. 7.6
also Quinone.
6).
Disaster Control:
1
BENZOQUINONE
Crystals.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
Dangerous; when
High
Unknown
ii
DI- t ert- BUTYL- m- ORESOL
553
it
emits

and it can react vigorously with
Dl-tert- BUTYL BERYLLIUM

Description: A clear, colorless,
mobile liquid.
Formula: Be(C 4H 9 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123. 25
M. P. -16C
Density 0. 65
Vap. D. 4. 2
Section
Formula:
(CH 2 OCH 2 C0 2CH 2 CH 2 OC 4H 9 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 378. 5
B. P. 199 - 207C @1. 3
Density 1. 0667 @25/25C
Vap. D. 13. 1
also Glycols.
mm

Section
DIBUTYL "CELLOSOLVE"
PHTHALATE
also Glycols.

mild odor.
Formula: C 4H 9 P(0)(OC 4H 9 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 250. 3
B. P. 128C @2. 5
Density 0. 948 @20/4C
Vap. D. 8. 62
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown.
6).
6).

phosphorus; it can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
DIBUTYL "CARBITOL". See

Diethylene Glycol Dibutyl Ether.
DIBUTYL "CELLOSOLVE".
See
Ethylene Glycol Dibutyl Ether.

also Glycols.
ETHYLENE BIS-GLYCOLATE
Description:
Liquid.
See

emits acrid fumes and can react
6).
Section
DIBUTYL CHLOROPHOSPHATE
Description:
Formula:
Water-white
liquid.
(C 4 H 9 0) 2 P0C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 228. 5
B. P. 103 - 106C @1. 5
Density 1. 0742 @ 20 /20 C
Toxicity: Unknown
and oxides of phosphorus.
mm
DI -tert- BUTYL-m- CRESOL
Synonym:
DBMC
Description:
DI(BUTYL "CELLOSOLVE")
Section
DIBUTYL "CELLOSOLVE"
SUCCINATE

to heat or flame.
See

it emits acrid fumes, and can
(Section
DIBUTYL BUTYL PHOSPHONATE
Yellow, crystalline
solid.
Formula: CjsHÔ
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
220. 3
DI-tert-BUTYL-p-CRESOL
M. P.
62.
554
1C
282 C
Flash P. 262 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 912 @ 80 /4C
also Cresol.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decompoB. P.
emits toxic fumes;

sition, it
it
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 290.4
B. P. 145 - 150C @0. 6
Density 1.0391 @25/25C
Vap. D. 10.
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown

6).
DIBUTYL FUMARATE
rials.
Description: Colorless, clear,

mobile, liquid. Typical odor.
C 4H 9 OCOCHCHCOOC 4 H 9
DI-tert-BUTYL-p-CRESOL
Formula:
Synonyms: DBPC; 4-methyl-2,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 228. 28
B. P. 285. 1C
Freezing P. -19C
Density 0. 986 @20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 7. 88
Toxicity: See Esters, Fumaric
Acid and Butyl Alcohol.
6-di-tert-butyl phenol.
solid.
Formula:
C 6H 2 (C 4H 9 2 (CH 3 )OH
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
220. 3
265C
Freezing P. 68C
Flash P. 260F (T. O. C.
Density 1. 048 @20 /4C
B. P.
Vap. D. 7.
also Cresol.
See

to heat or flame.

o, o' -
Dl-tert-
Section
BUTYL-p- CRESOL.
See Di-tert-Butyl-p-Cresol.
DIBUTYL HEXAHYDROPHTHALATE
Synonym: Dibutyl- 1, 2-cyclohexane
dicarboxylic acid.
Description: Liquid
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
See DibutylaminoethanoL
See n~ Butyl
Ether.
284. 4
185C
Flash P. 305F
Density 1.
Vap. D.
N,N-DIBUTYL ETHANOLAMINE.
9. 8
Unknown

DIBUTYL ETHYLENE
)2
B. P.
Toxicity:
n-DIBUTYL ETHER
C6H 10 (CO 2 C 4H 9
Formula:
6).
BIS-
GLYCOLATE
Description:
Formula:
DIBUTYL ISOPHTHALATE
Liquid.
(CH 2 OCH 2 C0 2 C 4H 9
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Synonym: Dibutyl m-phthalate.
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
2,6-DI-t-BUTYL4-METHYL PHENOL
555
Description:
Formula:
Formula: C 4 H 9 OOCHCCHCOOC 4H 9
Oily liquid.
C 6 H 4 (COOC 4H 9
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 228. 3
M. P. -85C (sets to a glass)
Be P. 281 C
Density 0. 9964 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 7.9
also Esters and Butyl Alcohol.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 278.3
Flash P. 322 F
Vap. D. 9. 58
Toxicity: See Phthalic Acid and
Butyl Alcohol.
to heat and flame; can react

DIBUTYL ISOPROPANOLAMINE
Synonym:
2-Propanol-l-N, N-di~
DIBUTYL MERCURY
butylamine.
Formula:
6).
Description:
CH 3 CHOHCH2N(C 4H 9 )2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 187. 3
M. P. -80C
B P. 229C
Density 0. 8419 @20 /20 C
Vap. Press. < 0. 1
Vap. D. 6. 5
also Amines.
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxe

ide,
Liquid.
Formula: Hg(C 4H 9 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 314. 8
B. P. 105C @I0
Density 1. 7779
Vap. D. 10.8
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Mercury
Compounds, Organic.
mercury; can react vigorously
mm
DIBUTYL METHIONATE
DIBUTYL LAURAMIDE
Description:
Description:
Formula:
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 4 H 9 ) 2 CH(CH2) 10 CONH2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 311. 5
B. P. 200 C
Flash P. 375F
Density 0. 86
Vap. D. 10. 7
Toxicity:
Unknown

Unknown

sulfur; it will react with water
corrosive fumes.
2,
6-DI-t-BUTYL-4-METHYL
PHENOL
7
DIBUTYL MALEATE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 288.
Vap. D. 10.0
Toxicity:

Liquid.
CH 2 (S0 3 C 4H 9
Granular crystals.
Formula:
(CH 3 3 C-C 6H2(OH)(CH3)-C(CH3) 3
Description:
)
Liquid.
DIBUTYLOLEAMIDE
556
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 220. 3
M. P. 70C
B. P. 265C
Flash P. 260 F (T. O. C. )
Density 0. 899 @ 80 /4C
Vap. D. 7. 61
also Phenol.

to heat or flame.
6).

highly toxic fumes of phenol; can
DIBUTYLOLEAMIDE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
(C 4 H 9 ) 2 C 8 H 17 CHCH(CH 2 ) 7 CON
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 393.
B. P. 220 C
Density 0. 85
Vap. D. 13.6
Toxicity:
Density 0. 79
Vap. Press. 19.51 mm@20C
Vap. D. 5.03
also Peroxides, Organic.
agents.


See also Peroxides, Organic.
heated, it may explode; can react
with oxidizing or reducing mateVentilation Control (use normal rate):
Section 2
Unknown
when exposed
can react with
Slight,
to heat or flame;
DIBUTYL OXALATE
Water -white, highboiling liquid, mild odor.
Description:
(COOC 4H 9
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 202. 3
M. P. -30C
B. P. 246 C
Density 0.989 - 0.993 @20/20C
Vap. D. 7.0
Toxicity: See Oxalic Acid.
mm
B. P. 80C @284
Flash P. 65F (C. C.
rials.
Fire Hazard:
Formula:
(C 4H 9 0) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146.2
M. P. -40 C
Formula:
6).
DI -tert -BUTYL PEROXIDE

Description: Clear, water-white
liquid.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
DI- sec -BUTYL

Description:
Formula:
PHENOL
Amber
liquid.
(CH 3 CHC 2 H 5 2 C 6H 3 OH
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 206. 3
B. P. 152 - 165C @25mm
Freezing P. -50 C
Flash P. 280 F
Density 0. 936 @25/4C
Toxicity:
Unknown


Section 7
2,4-DI-tert-BUTYL PHENOL
Tan crystals.
Formula: HOC 6H 3 (C 4 H 9 ) 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 206. 3
M. P. 51 C
B. P. 260. 8C
Flash P. 265 F
Density 0. 907 @ 60 /4C
Vap. Press. 1 mm@84. 5C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIBUTYL SEBACATE
557
See also Phenol.

to heat or flame.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition,
it
emits toxic fumes;
can

N, N-DI- sec -BUTYL
p-PHENYL-
ENE DIAMINE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 6 H4 (CH 3 CHNHCH 2 CH 3 ) 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
17.
220.4
8C

Density 0. 94 - 0. 95 @24/24C
Toxicity: A mild allergen. Individual susceptibility to these materials may vary. Should be
handled with care. See also
p-Phenylene Diamine.
)

ide,
DIBUTYL PHOSPHITE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 4 H 9 0) 2 P(0)H
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 194. 2
B. P. 115C @10
Flash P. 248 F
Vap. Press. < 1
@20C
Vap. D. 6. 7
mm
mm
Toxicity:
Section
DIBUTYL -m-PHTHALATE
Synonym: Dibutyl isophthalate.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 6H 4 )(C0 2 C 4 H 9 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 278. 3
Vap. D. 9. 58
and Phthalic Acid.

DIBUTYL o-PHTHALATE
Synonym
Dibutyl- 1 2 -benzene
dicarboxylate.
Description: Oily liquid, mild odor.
,
Formula:
C^fCOOC^lz
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 278.3
B. P. 340 C
Freezing P. -35C
Density 1.047 - 1 049 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 9. 58
Toxicity: See Esters, Phthalic Acid
and Butyl Alcohol.
heat or flame; can react with
.
Unknown

to heat or flame or by chemical
reaction. Many phosphites decompose to evolve phosphine
when heated (Section 6).
tetrachloride.
Explosion Hazard: See Phosphine.

oxides of phosphorus; can react
DIBUTYL SEBACATE
Decription:
Formula:
Clear liquid.
[(CH 2 ) 4 COOC 4 H 9 ] 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 314.45
B. P. 180C @3
Freezing P. - 1 1 C
Flash P. 353 F (C. O. C. )
Density 0. 936 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 10. 8
Toxicity: See Esters and Butyl
Alcohol.
mm

DIBUTYL STEARAMIDE
558


sulfur.
DIBUTYL STEARAMIDE
DIBUTYL TIN DIACETATE
Description:
Synonym: Dibutyldiacetoxystannane.
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 (CH2)i6CON(C 4 H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 395. 7
B. P. 175C
Flash P. 420 F
Density 0. 86
Vap. D. 13.
Toxicity:
Unknown

DIBUTYL TARTRATE
Synonym: Dibutyl-d-2, 3-dihydroxybutane dioate.
Description: Light tan liquid, mild
odor.
Formula:
(COOC 4 H 9 2 (CHOH) 2
mm
3-DIBUTYLTHIOUREA
White to light tan

powder.
Formula: C 4 H 9 NHCSNHC 4 H 9
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 188.4
M. P. 60C
Vap. D. 6. 5
also Thiourea.
Toxic Rating Code:
None

DIBUTYL TIN DICHLORIDE

Synonym: Dibutyldichlorostannane.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 262. 30
M. P. 21 C
B. P. 204C @26
Density 1.087 - 1.093 @20/20C
Vap. D. 9.03
and Tartaric Acid.
1,
Description: Clear, coloress liquid

with a slight acetic acid odor.
Formula: (C 4H 9 )2Sn(CH 3 C02)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 351.0
B. P. Decomposes
Freezing P. 5 - 10 C
Flash P. 290 F (O. C. )
Density 1.31 @25C
Vap. D. 12. 1
Toxicity: Probably slight. See Tin
Compounds and Butyl Alcohol.
Description: White, crystalline solid.

Formula: (C 4H 9 )2SnCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 303. 8
M. P. 43 C
B. P. 135C 10
Density 1.36 @50C
Vap. D. 10. 5
Toxicity: See Tin Compounds, Butyl
Alcohol, Hydrochloric Acid.
to heat or flame.
emits highly toxic fumes of hydrochloric acid; will react with
and toxic fumes; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
mm
DIBUTYL TIN DILAURATE

See
= Slight
Description: Pale yellow liquid to

colorless solid (when pure).
Formula: (C 4 H 9 )2Sn(O 2 C[CH 2 ] 10 CH 3 ) 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DICAPRYL SEBACATE
559
materials (Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
631. 5
27 C
Nondi s tillable @ 10
Density 1. 066 @ 20 /20 C
B. P.
Vap. D. 21.
Toxicity: See Tin
mm
Compounds and
Butyl Alcohol.
Caution: The vapors evolved when
this material is heated should be
avoided. A skin irritant.

6).
Section
DIBUTYL UREA
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 4 H 9 NHCONHC 4 H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 172. 3
M. P. 25C
B. P. 119C
Flash P. 279 F
Vap. D. 5. 95
Toxicity:
Unknown

Section
DIBUTYL TIN MALEATE

Synonym: Dibutylmalyldioxystannane
Description: A white amorphous
powder or glass-like resin.
,
Formula:
(C 4 H 9 ) 2Sn(CHC0 2 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.

Bulk Density 0. 36
Vap. D. 12.0
Caution: Avoid vapors emitted when
this material is hot.
)
to heat or flame.

emits toxic fumes; can

sition,
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(CH 2 CH 2 C0 2 C 8 H 17
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 370. 6
B. P. 211 - 217C @4
Flash P. 352F
Density 0. 916 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 12. 8
mm
347.
110C
ide, dry
DICAPRYL ADIPATE
it
DIBUTYL TIN OXIDE

Synonym: Dibutyloxostannane.
powder.
Formula: (G 4 H 9 2SnO
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 248. 9
M. P. Decomp. without melting.
Bulk Density 0. 5
Vap. D, 8. 6
Butyl Alcohol.
Fire Hazard: Ignites when exposed
to flame; can react with oxidizing

6).
DICAPRYL PHTHALATE
Clear liquid.
Formula: C 6H 4 (C0 2 C 8 H 17 ) 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 390. 6
B. P. 222 - 230 @4
Freezing P. -60G
mm

Density 0. 978 @ 20 /20 C

ide,
DICAPRYL SEBACATE
Description:
Liquid.
DICARBON HEXABROMIDE
560
[(CH 2 )4C0 2 C 8 H 17 ] 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 426. 7
B. P. 230 - 240 C @4
Flash P. 445 F
Density 0. 907 @20/20 C
Vap. D. 14.7
Formula:
mm
rials.
Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 343.68
M. P. 57. 5C
B. P. 227C
Vap. D. 11.9
also Bromides.
bromides.
Section 7
See
Tetrachloroethylene.
DICHLOROACETALDEHYDE
Synonym:
2-Dichlorethanal.
Colorless liquid, polymerizes slowly to white solid.
2,
Description:
503. 52
Formula: CHCl 2 CHO
B. P. 210C
Toxicity:
Formula: C 2 Br 4
DICARBONTETRACHLORIDE.
Synonym: Hexabromoethane.
Formula: C 2 Br$
Density
Vap. D.
tetrabromethylene.
Description: Solid.
DICARBON HEXABROMIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
DICARBONTETRABROMIDE
Synonyms: Carbon dibromide;
823
18.2
Details unknown.
3.
See also
Bromides.
bromides and will react with water
DICARBON HEXACHLORIDE
Synonym: Hexachloroethane.
Description: Rhombic, triclinic or
cubic, colorless crystals.
Formula: C 2 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 236. 76
M. P. Sublimes @ 187 C
B. P. 184C
Density 2. 091
Vap. D. 8. 2
and it will react with water or
steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112. 95
B. P. 88C
Freezing P. -50C
Flash P. 140 F (C. C. )
Density 1. 436 @ 25/4 C
Vap. D. 3. 9
3;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

materials.
Section 2
DICHLOROACETIC ACID
Description: Colorless, corrosive
pungent odor.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DICHLOROACETYLENE
561
Formula:
CHCl 2 COOH
Density 1. 3826 @ 46/4C

Vap. D. 4.38
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129.
M. P. a: 10C; b: -4C
B. P. 194C
Density 1. 5634 @ 20/4C
Vap. Press. 1 mm@44. C
Vap. D. 4.45
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
Caution:
The LD50 for dosage by
is of the same order of

magnitude as acetic acid or
trichloroacetic acid. It is corrosive and irritating to the skin
and mucous membranes.
highly toxic fumes of chlorides; it
mouth
rate): Section 2

1,
Formula:
Oily liquid.
CH 3 COCHCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 127.
B. P. 120C
Density 1. 305 @ 18 /\5 C
Vap. D. 4.3 8
also Ketones.
materials.
1,
110.
3. 8

alpha-DICHLOROACETO-
Description:
-Dichloro-2-propanone.
1, 1
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Vap. D.
PHENONE
1-DICHLOROACETONE
Synonym:
DICHLOROACETONITRILE
Formula: CHC1 2 CN
Formula:
Section

Section 2
alpha,

Inhalation
tion 3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Crystals.
C^sCOCHClz
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 189.05
M. P. 21 C
Density 1. 34 @15C
Vap. D. 6. 5
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: IT
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
rate,):
3-DICHLOROACETONE
Synonym:
1,
Description:
Formula:
3-Dichloro~2-propanone
Crystals,
CH 2 ClCOClCH 2
Constants*
Mol. Wt. I?7.
M. P. 45 C
B. P. 173C
DICHLOROACETYLENE
Synonyn:
Dichloracetylene.
Formula: ClCiCCl
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 94. 94
Toxicity: Details unknown. See aiso
2,
5-DICHLOROANILINE
562

7).

chlorides; can react vigorously
2,
5-DICHLOROANILINE
Description: Needle-like crystals.

Formula: C1 2 C 6 H 3 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162.0
B. P. 251 C
M. P. 50C
Vap. D. 5. 6
also Aniline.
m-DICHLOROBENZENE
Synonym:
3-Dichlorobenzene.
Formula: C6H 4 C1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 147.
M. P. -24. 8C
B. P. 173C
Density 1. 288 @ 20 /4C
(5)12. 1 C
Vap. Press.
Vap. D. 5. 08
Toxicity: An insecticide and fumigant.
See also o-Dichlorobenzene and
Chlorobenzenes,
1
1mm
6).

Section 2
Mol. Wt. 147.0

-17. 5C
B. P. 180 - 183C
Freezing P. -22C
Flash P. 155F
Density 1. 307 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 5.05
Constants:
M. P.
gen 1
Fire Hazard:
to neat or flame.


Section 2
p-DICHLOROBENZENE
Synonym:
4-Dichlorobenzene.
Description: White crystals,

penetrating odor.
Formula: C6H 4 C1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 147.
M. P. 53 C
B. P. 173. 4C
Density 1. 4581 @20. 5/4C
Vap. Press. 10
@ 54. 8C
Vap, D. 5.08
mm
gen 1
Toxic Rating Code:
None
1;

Clear liquid.
C^rL 4Cl z
Description:
Formula:
6).

Inhalation
o-DICHLOROBENZENE
2;
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: See also Chlorobenzenes.
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
563
2,

it
Vap. D. 6. 76
emits

Section 2
Description:
1,
emits
l-DICHLORO-2,2-BIS( P -CHLORO-
PHENYL) ETHANE
Synonyms:
Tetracnlorodiphenyletaane;
TDE
Crystals.
Description:
Constants:
C 14H 10 C1 4
Mol. Wt.
320.05
M. P. 110C
Crystalline solid.
C^CINH^^CINH;,
Formula:
it

Formula:
DICHLOROBENZIDINE
3-DICHLOROBUTANE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 253. 14
M. P. 133 C
Vap. D. 8 e 73
also Benzidine.
Vap. D. 11.0
C ironic Local: Allergen 1
3,4-DICHLOROBENZYL ALCOHOL
Formula: Cl 2 C 6H 3 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 177 e 1
Vap. D. 6. 1
Toxicity: Details unknown; an insecticide. See also Alcohols.
2,4-DICHLOROBENZYL CHLORIDE
Formula: C1 2 C 6H 3 CH 2 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 195. 5
Vap. D. 6. 76
an in-
Dangerous; when
3,4-DICHLOROBENZYL CHLORIDE
Constants:
B.
P.
Liquid.
C^C^C^Cl
Formula:
Mol. Wt.
4-DICHLOROBUTANE
liquid with mild, pleasant odor.
Formula:
CH 2 C1CH 2 CH 2 CH2C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 127. 02
B. P. 155C
Density 1. 141
Vap. D. 4.4
Vap. Press. 4mm@20C
Toxicity:
moderately toxic
liquid;
about V? as toxic as tetrachloroethane. See also Chlorinated
secticide.
Disaster Control:
Description:
Synonym: Sym-dichlorobutane.
195.5
255C
Hydrocarbons.
6).

2,
3-DICHLOROBUTANE
Description:
Liquid.
DICHLOROBUTENE
Formula:
^64
CH 3 CHC1CHC1CH 3
B. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 127
M. P. -80.4C
B. P. 116. 0C
Flash P. 70 F
Vap. Press. 40
@ 35. 0C
Vap. D. 4.4
mm

Section 2
DICHLOROBUTENE
Synonym:
Formula:
3-Dichloro-2-butene.
CH 2C1CHCC1CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 125.01
B. P. 123C
Vap. D. 4. 31
also Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.

Section 2
DICHLORO- (2 -CHLOROVINYL)
ARSINE
Synonyms:
2-Chlorovinyl dichloroarsine; Lewisite.

Description: Liquid, faint odor of
geranium.
Formula: C 2 H 2 AsCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
207. 32
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
190 C
Decomposes
Freezing P. -13C
Density 1. 888 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 7. 15
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: A blistering type military poison. Has a delayed action
similar to distilled mustard gas.
This gas exhibits a systemic
tion 3;
poisoning effect. To decontaminate,

use bleach sol. DANC sol. M5
ointment or fire. This material
As
is absorbed through skin.
little as 2 ml can cause death.
highly toxic fumes of arsenic.
rate): Section 2
,
DICHLORODIETHYL SILANE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 4 H 10 Cl 2Si
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 157. 05
M. P. -96C
B. P. 130. 4C
Vap. D. 5.41
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes of hydrochloric
acid; it will react with water or
steam to produce heat, toxic and

corrosive fumes.
Section 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
565
l-DICHLORO-2, 2-DIFLUOROETHYLENE
1,
DICHLORODIETHYL SULFIDE
Synonyms: Distilled mustard gas;
HD
Description: Colorless (if pure), to

light yellow, oily liquid.
Formula: S(CH 2 CH 2 C1) 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 159. 1
B. P. 228C
Freezing P. 14. 4C
Flash P. 221 F
Density 1 2741 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 5.4
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: A "blistering" gas.
Highly irritant to eyes, skin and
lungs. Pulmonary lesions are

rate):
Section

Section
DICHLORODIETHYLSULFONE
Description:
Formula:
M. P.
179 - 181 C (5)14

Vap. D. 6. 6
tion
common.
3;
Inhalation
15
mm
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
chlorides and oxides of sulfur.
Section

1,1- DIC HLORO- 2,
Section
2-DIFLUORO-
ETHYLENE
Treatment of local lesions is

mainly by cleanliness and emolsimilar to that of burns.
Oils protect the skin only slightly.
Immediately after exposure, the
poison may be partly removed by
scrubbing the victim with kerosene, but penetration is so rapid
that this treatment is not successful if delayed for 15 to 30 minutes.
to heat or flame; can be ignited
by a large explosive charge.
oxides of sulfur and chlorides; it
191.08
52C
B. P.
jures blood vessels which can

result in a' severe inflammatory
reaction and tissue necrosis. Exposure, even to minute traces can
lead to intense inflammation after
some hours. It produces marked
leucopenia with involution of the
lymph nodes; secondary infec-
lients,
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
often fatal. However, effects upon

eyes and skin are likewise serious.
There can also be severe gastric
distrubances. Only slight evidence for systemic damage. This
material penetrates deeply and in-
tions are
Colorless crystals.
(CH 2 CH 2 Cl) 2
Formula: C1 2 CCF 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 133
Vap. D. 4. 6
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
and chlorides; it will react with
Section 2
~-
DICHLORODIFLUOROGERMANE
3
7
DICHLORODIFLUOROGERMANE
Description:
Colorless gas.
566
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 197
M. P. 130C (approx. )
Density 1. 5 @20C
Vap. D. 6. 8
Formula: GeCl 2 F 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 181. 51
M. P. -51. 8C
B. P. -2. 8C
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Ger-
manium Compounds.
fluorides and chlorides.
Toxicity
to warm-blooded animals appears

to be low. Avoid excessive contact because of effects of active
chlorine to irritate the skin. Some
of the hydantoins are central
nervous system depressants.

and it will react with water or
DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE
DICHLORODIMETHYLSILANE
Synonym:
Description:
"Freon-12"
Description:
less gas.
Colorless, almost odor-
Formula: CC1 2 F 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120.92
M. P. -21. 5F
B. P.
-29C
Vap. Press. 5atm@l6. 1 C

Acute Local:
Chronic Local: U
and fluorides.
Section 2
Nonflammable gas; green label.
Coast Guard Classification: Non-
inflammable gas;
green label.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129. 02
M. P. Below -70 C
B. P. 70. 5C
Density 1. 07 @25/25C
Vap. D. 4.45
Toxic Hazard Rating;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
it will react with water or steam to
fumes.
rate): Section 2
1
8-DICHLORO-3, 6-DINITRO-
CARBAZOLE
Description:
Formula:
1,
3-DICHLORO-5,
5-
DIMETHYL
HYDANTOIN
Synonyms: Dichlorodimethyl hydantoin.
Description:
chlorine.
source of active
Formula: C5H 6N 2 C1 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Liquid.
Formula: C 2 H 6 Cl 2Si
Crystals.
(N0 2C1C 6H 2 NH) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 341. 1
Toxicity: Details unknown. An insecticide. See also Nitro Com-
pounds of Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
1,2-DICHLOROETHYL BENZENE
567
and oxides of nitrogen; can react
Vap. D. 3. 97
See also
Alcohols.
rials.
Section
DICHLORODIPHENYL OXIDE
Synonym: Dichlorodiphenylene oxide.
Cl 2 C 12 HfcO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 237. 1
Vap. D. 8. 2
Toxicity: Unknown
ar-DICHLOROETHYL BENZENE
Formula:

Formula: C1 2 C6H 3 CH 2 CH 3
M. P. < -70C
B. P. 220 - 224C
Flash P. 205F
Density 1. 208 @25/25C
Vap. D. 6.05
also Chlorinated Hydrocarbons,
DICHLORODIPHENYLTRICHLOROETHANE. See DDT.
Aromatic.
DICHLOROETHANE.
See Ethylene
Dichloride.
1,1
-DICHLOROETHANE.
Ethylidene Chloride.

1,2-DICHLOROETHYL ACETATE
Water-white
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 157
M. P. Below -32C
B. P.
liquid.
CH 3 COOCHClCH 2 Cl
Formula:
58-65C @13
1,2-DICHLOROETHYL BENZENE
Description:
mm
liquid.
Flash P. 307 F
Density 1. 296 @20C
Vap. D. 5. 42
Esters, Alcohols and Acetic Acid.
to heat or flame.
To Fight Fire
Water, foam, carbon,
:
6).

1,2-
DICHLOROETHYL ALCOHOL
Synonym: alpha, beta-Dichloroethyl

alcohol.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Liquid.
CH 2 ClCHC!OH
Mol. Wt.
6).

See
Formula:
Clear, colorless
C^C^CH^^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 175. 1
M. P. < -70C
B. P. 224 - 226 C
Flash P. 401 F
Vap. D. 6.05
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons,
Aromatic.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
when exposed
flame.
to heat or
115.0
cis-DICHLOROETHYLENE
568
cis-DICHLOROETHYLENE
Synonyms:
1,
2-Dichloroethylene;
acetylene dichloride.
pleasant odor.
Formula: C 2 H 2 C1 2
M. P. -80. 5C
B. P. 59C
Flash P. 43 F
Density 1. 2743 @25/4C
Vap. D. 3.34
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

flame (Section 7).
Section 2
Flammable
Density 1. 2743 @ 25/4C

Vap. Press. 400
@30. 8C
Vap. D. 3. 34
Acute Local: U
Acute Systemic: Ingestion 2; Inhalation 2; Skin Abosrption U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Ali-
mm
phatic

6).
Explosion Hazard: Moderate in the

flame (Section 7).
materials.
Section 2
I.C.C. Classification: Flam-

2,2'-DICHLOROETHYL ETHER
Synonyms:
Chlorex; l-chloro-2(beta-chloroethoxy) ethane.

Description: Colorless, stable
liquid.
red label.
Formula: ClCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143.0
B. P. 178. 5C
Density 1. 2220 @ 20 /20C
Vap. D. 4.93
liquid;
trans -DICHLOROETHYLENE
Synonym: Acetylene dichloride.

pleasant odor.
Formula: C 2 H 2 C1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 97.
M. P. -50. 0C
B. P. 47. 8C
Flash P. 43 F
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE
569
DI-2-CHLOROETHYL FORMAL
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Synonym: Di-[2-chloroethyl] formal.

Description:
3;
Inhalation 3
Toxicology: The vapor is irritant to
the mucous membranes of the
eyes and nose. It affects the kidneys and liver in varying degrees,
and is a mild narcotic. Guinea
pigs cannot be killed immediately
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
Liquid.
CH2(OCH 2 CH 2 Cl)2
173.05
217. 5C

Density 1. 23
Vap. D. 5.9
3;
Inhalation 3
by exposure to concentrations
which can be attained at ordinary
room temperature, but exposure
to 1,000 ppm for 30 to 60 minutes
may produce death after several
days. Autopsy shows congestion
of the lungs and upper respiratory
tract, pulmonary edema, and
congestion of the liver, brain and
kidneys. The pulmonary edema
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
apparently develops after a latent

period of several hours, similar

materials.
rate): Section 2
to the action of "nitrous fumes".

In humans, exposure to 500 to
1,000 ppm causes severe irritation of the eyes and nose after
brief exposure, and deep inhalation is nauseating and intolerable.
concentration of 100 ppm produces slight nausea and irritation;

concentrations of 35 ppm are

it
DICHLOROETHYL SULFIDE.
practically free from irritation,

though the odor is easily detectable. No cases of industrial
poisoning have been reported. A
fumigant. See also Ethers.
Explosion Hazard: See also Ethers.

highly toxic fumes; it reacts with
water or steam to evolve toxic and
corrosive fumes; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
rate): Section 2
to heat or flame.
emits
See
Dichlorodiethyl Sulfide.
DICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE
Synonym:
"Freon 21. "

Heavy, colorless gas.
Description:
Formula: HCC1 2 F
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 103
M. P. -135C
B. P. 8. 9C
Density 1.48
Vap. Press. 2atm@28. 4C
Vap. D. 3. 82
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
DICHLOROFORMOXIME
570
and fluorides.
DICHLOROFORMOXIME
Description: Colorless, prismatic
crystals, disagreeable penetrating odor.
Formula:
CCl 2 NOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 113.94
M. P. 39 - 40C
B. P. 53 - 54C @28
Vap. D. 4. 8
tion
3;
Inhalation
mm
3;
Inges-


and will react with water or steam
alpha- DICHLOROHYDRIN
Description: Colorless, slightly
viscous, unstable liquid, faint
chloroform-like odor.
Formula:
CH 2 ClCHOHCH 2 Cl
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129.00
B. P. 174C
Flash P. 165 F
Density 1. 36 - 1. 39

Section 2

DICHLOROGERMANE

Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 145. 53
M. P. -68. 0C
B. P. 69. 5C
Density 1. 90 @-68C
Vap. D. 5.
3-DICHLORO-2, 4-HEXADIENE
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 2 C1HCCC1HCCHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 151.04
Vap. D. 5. 2
Toxicity: See Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
6).
DICHLOROISOPROPYL ETHER
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
(CH 2 C1CH 3 CH) 2

Mol. Wt.
171.09
187. 8C
Freezing P. < -20C
B. P.

fames.
1,
Unknown

Colorless liquid.
Formula: GeH 2 Cl 2
Description:
Toxicity:
= Slight
Density 1. 11 < 25/25C

Vap. D. 6.0
@20C
Vap. Press. 0.10
Ethers.
tetrachloride. See also Ethers.
See also Ethers.
mm

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DICHLOROMETHYL ETHER
571
DICHLOROMETHANE.
Density 1. 56 @15C
Vap. D. 5.63
See Methy-
lene Chloride.
DICHLOROMETHYL ARSINE
Synonyms: Methylarsenic dichloride;
MD.
CH 3AsCl 2
Formula:
160.86
5C
Freezing P. -67 F
Flash P. Above 221 F
Density 1. 838 @ 20 /4C
Vap. Press. 10mm@24.
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
B. P.
134.
Vap. D. 5. 40
Inges-
3;

to heat or flame.
chlorides and arsenic; can react

rate):
Section

DICHLOROMETHYLCHLOROFORMATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
ClCOOCHCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 163.40
B. P. 110 - 111C (5)760
Inges-

fumes.
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
Toxicology: This is a blistering type
of military poison. It is rapidly
detoxified in the body. A moderately persistent gas. To decontaminate use bleach, DANC solution, caustic soda. Its action on
the body resembles cold symptoms
with headache, vomiting and
nausea. Superimposed is the blistering effect of distilled mustard
gas. See also Arsenic Compounds.
tion
3;
Inhalation 3

rate):
3;
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Colorless liquid.
Description:
tion
mm
Section 2

3
7
2,2-DICHLORO-N-METHYL DIETHYLAMNE HYDROCHLORIDE

Synonym: Mechlorethamine hydrochloride.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
CsHnClgN
HC1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 192
M. P. 109 - 110C
Toxicity: Unknown
DICHLOROMETHYL ETHER
Synonym: Dichlorinated methyl
oxide.
Description:
Volatile liquid.
Formula: 0(CH E C1) 2

Mol. Wt.
Constants:
B. P.
115
105X
Density 1. 315 @20C

Vap. D. 4.
tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
also Ethers.
See also Ethers.
rate): Section 2
alpha, beta- DIC HLOROMETHYLETHYL

KETONE
572
nitrogen and chlorides; can react


alpha, beta-
ETHYL KETONE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: ClCH 2 COCH 2 CH 2 Cl

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 141
B. P. 65C @3
Vap. D. 4. 9
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
heated to decomposition, it burns
and emits highly toxic fumes of
chlorides.
rate): Section 2
mm
DICHLOROMONOFLUOROMETHANE.
See Dichlorofluoromethane.
DICHLORO- 1
QUINONE
2, 3-
4-
NAPHTHO-
Crystals.
Formula: C 10 H 4 O 2 Cl 2
Constants: Mol. Wt. 2Z7.
1,1- DICHLORO- 1 - NITROETHANE

Formula:
H 3 CC(Cl) 2 N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143. 96
B. P. 124C

Density 1.4153 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 97
Chronic Systemic:
7. 8
Details unknown.
See also
Aromatic.
1,2,4- DICHLORONITROBENZENE
Formula: C 6 H 3 C1 2 N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 192.
Vap. D. 6. 6
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic and Nitrobenzene.
Toxic Rating Code:
1,4,2- DICHLORONITROBENZENE
Formula: C 6 H 3 C1 2 N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 192.
Vap. D. 6. 6
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic and Nitrobenzene.
tion 2;
193C
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
Acute Systemic: Ingestion 3; Inhalation 3; Skin Absorption U
Chronic Local: U
Description:
M. P.
Section
DIC HLOROMETHYL-
None
= Slight
MAC: ACGIH
Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame.

Fire Hazard:
6).


rate): Section 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID
573
1
-DICHLORO- -NITROPROPANE
B. P. 210C
Flash P. 237 F
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 2H 5CC1 2 N0 2
Constants;
Mol. Wt. 158. 00
B. P. 141 C
Density 1. 314
Vap. D. 5.45
Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.
5.62
Vap. D.
Details unknown.
See also
Aromatic and Phenol.
Toxicity:
DICHLORO- (PHENOLXENYL
ETHER)
rials.
7
Synonym: Dichloro- (phenol diphenyl
DICHLOROPENTANES (MIXED)
Description: Light, viscous, strawcolored liquid.
ether.
Clear, light yellow

colored liquid.
Formula: C5H 10 C1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 141.04
Description:
B. P.
Formula: C 18 H 12 OCl 2
M.
P. < 0C
B. P. 222C @10
Flash P. 399 F
130C
Density
Vap. D.
bons.
6).

Section 2
1.
6).

2,
4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC
ACID
Synonym:
2,4-D.
White powder.
C 8H 6C1 2 3
Description:
Constants: Mol7 Wt.

Vap. D. 7.63
.
221
Unknown
Formula: CeHsOHClz
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 163.0
M. P. 45 C
MAC: ACGIH
mm
Aromatic.
to heat or flame.
Formula:
2,4- DICHLOROPHENOL
Description: Colorless crystals.
315.2
233 @25/25C
10.9
Flash P. 106 F (O. C. )

Density 1.06- 1.08@20C
Autoign. Temp. 115F
Vap. D. 4. 86
Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocar-
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
(tentative);
grams /per cubic meter

Disaster Control:
10 milliof air.
Dangerous; when
l-(2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY)-2-PROPANOL
emits
it

l-(2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY)-2-
PROPANOL.
See Propylene
Glycol- 2, 4-Dichlorophenyl Ether.

alpha, alpha -DI-(4-CHLOROPHENYL)
DIETHYL ETHER
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
CjfcHjfcOsC^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 327.2
Vap. D. 11. 3
Aromatic.
574
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 113.0
B. P. 96. 8C
Flash P. 70 F
Density 1. 1593 @ 20 /20C
Vap. D. 3.9
Acute Local: U
Toxicology: 1, 2-Dichloropropane can
cause dermatitis, and is regarded
as one of the more toxic chlorinated
hydrocarbons. A suggested order
of increasing toxicity is: dichlorome thane, trichlor ethylene carbon tetrachloride, dichloropropane,
dichloroethane. Animals exposed
to high concentrations of ten showed
marked visceral congestion, fatty
degeneration of the liver, kidney,
and less frequently of the heart.
They also showed areas of coagulation and necrosis of the liver.
There was found to be a heavy
mortality among mice exposed to
400 ppm concentrations.
materials.
rate): Section 2
,
3,
4-DICHL0R0PHENYL-N-METHYL
SULFONAMIDE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C1 2 C 7 H 5
NS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254.2
Vap. D. 6.4
Toxicity: See Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic.
sulfur and chlorides.
DICHLOROPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
Description:
Formula:
White flakes.
C 6H 2 C1 2 (C0) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 217
M. P. 80 - 140C
B. P. 220 C @40
mm
probably
an irritant.
to produce heat and toxic fumes.
it
1 3 - DIG HLOROPROPANE
Synonym: Trimethylene chloride.
,
Description:
Formula:
2 - DIG HLOROPROPANE
1
Synonym: Propylene dichloride.
,
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 C1CHC1CH 3
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 C1CH 2 CH 2 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 113.0
B. P. 125C
Density 1.201 @15C
Vap. D. 3. 90
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
575
1,
See Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic.

highly toxic fumes of phosgene*
Toxicity:
2,2-

DICHLOROPROPANE
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 CC1 2 CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 113.
M. P. -34. 6C
B. P. 69. 7C
Vap. D. 3. 9
Toxicity: See Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Alipliatic.
1
3-
2,
Formula:
tion
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 ClCHOHCH 2 Cl
3-DICHLOROPROPENE
Formula:
Liquid.
C 3 H 4 C1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 111.0
B. P. 103 - 110C
Flash P. 95F
Density 1. 22
Vap. D. 3. 8
Toxicity:
Unknown
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129.
B. P. 174C
Density 1. 367 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 4.45
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
1,
Liquid.
CHCl 2 CH 2 CHO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 127
Vap. D. 4.4
DICHLOROPROPANOL-2
Description:
emits
3-DICHLOROPROPIONALDEHYDE
Description:
Description:
Formula:
it

materials.
Section 2
Synonym: Acetone dichloride.

Description:
2-DICHLOROPROPYLENE

rate): Section 2
2,2-DICHLOROPROPIONIC ACID
Description: White to tan powder.
Formula: Cl 2 CHCH 2 COOH
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 143.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
1,2-
DICHLOROPROPYLENE
Synonym:
Description:
Formula:
2-Dichloropropene.
Liquid.
CHC1CC1CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
111.
2,
3-DICHLOROQUINOLINE
B. P.
576
75C
Vap. D. 3. 83
Toxicity: See Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic.
2,
Formula:
Crystals.
C 9 H 5C1 2 N
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198.
M. P. 105C
Vap. D. 6. 83
Toxicity:
Unknown.

DICHLOROVINYLCHLOROARSINE
beta, beta-
Description:
Yellow or yellowish
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 233. 35
Density 1. 702 @20C
Vap. D. 8. 05
3;
Inhalation 3
Ingestion

Acute Systemic:
DICHLOROSTYRENE
Chronic Systemic:
Description:
Liquid.
Toxicity:
Unknown
3;
DICHLOROVINYLMETHYL-
Description:
DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE
Synonym: F-114.
Colorless gas.
CC1 2 FCF 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 171
B. P. 3. 5C
Acute Local:
Chronic Local: U
Caution: An asphyxiant.
=
Ingestion
6).

Toxic Rating Code:
chlorides.
rate): Section 2
beta, beta-
Formula:
In-
to

Description:
3;
Dangerous; when
decomposition, it emits
highly toxic fumes of arsenic and
heated

to heat or flame.
halation 3
Chronic Local:
Inhalation 3
Disaster Control:
Formula: C 6 H 5CC1CHC1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 173.
Vap. D. 6.
emits
brown liquid when pure, darker

when impure.
Formula: (ClCHCH) 2AsCl
3-DICHLOROQUINOLINE
Description:
it

chlorides.
None
= Slight
ARSINE
Formula:
Liquid.
(CHCHCl) 2 CH 3 As
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212. 9
B. P. 140 - 145C @10
Vap. D. 7.35
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
chlorides.
rate): Section 2
mm
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DICYANOETHYLSULFIDE
577
@25C
Density 1.400
Section
Toxicity:
Details unknown.
See
Cyanamides.
DICOBALT OCTACARBONYL
Synonym: Cobalt tetracarbonyl.
Description: Orange crystals.
Formula: Co 2 (CO) 8

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 342.
M. P. 51 C
Synonym:
B. P.
ortho-
Decomposes @52C
Formula:
Inhalation
Toxicity: An insecticide. Probably

highly toxic. See also Cyanides.

emits highly toxic fumes of cyanides; will react with water or
steam to produce toxic fumes.
bonyls.
materials.
Section 2
DI-meta-CRESYLTRICHLOROETHANE
Formula: C1 3 C 2H(C 6H 4 CH 3 )2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 313.7
Vap. D. 10. 8
Toxicity: Details unknown. A fungicide. See also Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic and Cresol.
chlorides.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84.
M. P. 208C
161C
B. P. Sublimes
Vap. D. 4.42

Carbonyls.
exposed to heat or flame. See
also Carbon Monoxide and Car-
DICYANDIAMIDE
128.
M. P.
1;
Synonym: Cyanoguanidine.
Description: Pure white crystals.
Formula: H 2 NC (NH)NHCN
Colorless crystals.
C 6H 4 (CN) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
halation 2
Ingestion
1,3-Benzene dicarbonitrile,
Description:
Density 1. 73
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
DICYANOBENZENE
rate): Section 2
Section
para -DICYANOBENZENE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C 6 H 4 (CN) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128. 1
Vap. D. 4. 42
Toxicity: Details unknown; a fumigant. Probably highly toxic. See
also Cyanides.
DICYANOETHYLAMINE
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
Liquid.
C 4H 5N3
95.
3. 3
Unknown

it emits highly toxic fumes of cyanides; can react vigorously with
DICYANOETHYLSULFIDE
1
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 4 H 3 N 2S
DICYCLOHEXYL
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
578
Density 1. 148 @20 /20'C

111. 2
3. 82
Toxicity:
Unknown

cyanides and oxides of sulfur.
Unknown

DICYCLOHEXYL
DICYCLOPENTADIENE
Description: Colorless liquid; aromatic odor.
Description:
Formula: C^HnC^Hn
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 132. 2
M. P. 32. 9C
B. P. 166. 6C
Density 0.976 @35C
Vap. D. 4. 55
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 166.3
M. P. 3C
B. P. 238 - 239C
Flash P. 210F
Toxicity:
Unknown
Toxicity:

Colorless crystals.
Formula: C 10H 12
Unknown

with oxidizing materials (Section 6)l
DICYCLOPENTENYL ALCOHOL
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 10H 17 O
DICYCLOHEXYLAMINE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid; fishy odor.
(CfcHu^NH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 181. 32
M. P. 20C
B. P. 256 C

Density 0. 910
Vap. D. 6.27
Amines.
dioxide, dry
(Section 6).
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 153.2
B. P. 238C
Flash P. 426 F
Density 1. 07
Vap. D. 5. 3
Alcohols.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 426
B. P. 240C @4
Freezing P. -72 C
Density 0. 916-0. 922 @20 /20 C
Toxicity: See Esters, Adipic Acid.
DICYCLOHEXYL PHTHALATE
Description:
Formula:
mm
White solid.
C 6H 4 (COOC 6H 11
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 330. 5
M. P. 58C
B. P. 200 - 235C
Flash P. 405 F
Toxic Rating Code:
@4
mm
None
DIDECYL ADIPATE
A clear liquid.
Formula: (C 10H 21 CO 2 )2C 4H 8
Description:
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIELDRIN
579
Radiation Hazard: Didymium salts

are usually slightly radioactive
from the presence of thorium as
an impurity (Section 5).

ide,
DI-n-DECYLAMINE
Description:
Liquid.
(C 10H 21 ) 2 NH
Formula:
Constants:
B. P.
Mol. Wt.
195C @12
DIELDRIN
mm
Vap. D. 10. 3
6,
See also
Amines.
1,2,3, 4, 10, 10-Hexachloro7-epoxy-l, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8aoctahydro- 1,4,5, 8-dimethanonaphthalene.

Description: Crystalline.
Formula: C 12 H 10 OCl6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 383
M. P. Approx. 150C
Vap. D. 13.2
Synonym:
297. 5
6).
Toxicity:
DIDECYL PHTHALATE
A clear
(C 10 R 2 iCO z
Description:
Formula:
first.
in Man: The
effects of dieldrin and aldrin are
similar both quantitatively and
qualitatively in animals as well as
in man. Persons exposed to oral
dosages which exceed 10 mg/kg
Dangerous Acute Dose
White solid, slight
ammoniacal odor.
(C 12 H 25 ) 2 NH
frequently become acutely ill.

Symptoms may appear within 20
minutes and in no instance has a

latent period of more than 12
mm
See also
Amines.
Slight; on decomemits toxic fumes.
Fire Hazard:
position
However, appetite may
occasionally return in animals

which are extremely sick and
which eventually die.
DIDODECYLAMINE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 253. 7
M. P. 50C
B. P. 210C @1
0.25 milliof air.
Toxicology: Dieldrin is absorbed

readily from the skin as well as
through other portals. It acts as
a central nervous system stimulant, but the exact mechanism of
this action is entirely unknown.
It also greatly reduces or eliminates appetite, apparently by an
action on the central nervous
system. Either nervous symptoms or anorexia may appear
mm
Formula:
(tentative);
liquid.
) 2 C(î 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 446
B. P. 252C @4
Freezing P. -53 C
Flash P. 450 F (C. O. C. )
Density 0. 964-0. 968 @20 /20 C
Toxicity: See Esters and Phthalic
Acid.
Description:
Unknown.
MAC: ACGIH
it
DIDYMIUM NITRATE
Description: Violet-red, hygroscopic crystals.
Composition: A mixture of praseodymium and neodymium nitrates.

Toxicity: See Nitrates.
hours been confirmed.
No death
or permanent sequelae have been

reported following known poisoning
by aldrin or dieldrin in man.
The oral LD^ of dieldrin for
rats is 40-50 mg/kg indicating a
toxicity roughly five times that of
DDT.
The dermal
LD^
of di-
eldrin in xylene for rats is only

slightly less than the oral toxicity
(60 mg/kg for the female and 90
mg/kg for the male) indicating an
DIELDRIN
580
acute dermal toxicity roughly 40

times that of DDT. Tests with
certain other solvents indicate a
factor of only six times.
Dangerous Chronic Dose: Nothing is
known with certainty about the
chronic toxicity of dieldrin for
man.
Experimental animals show
a wide species variation in their

susceptibility to dieldrin. Repeated dermal applications of 10
mg or even 20 mg/kgare tolerated
by rats, whereas rabbits are
killed by both of these dosages.
Animals have shown convulsions
much as 120 days following the

last dose of dieldrin indicating
that dieldrin or its derivatives
and/or residual toxic ant -induced
injury may persist in the body for
a long time once severe poisoning
as
has occurred.
Signs and Symptoms of Poisoning in
DIESEL OIL
Synonyms: Fuel Oil No. 2.
Description: Brown, slightly
viscous liquid.
Constants:
Flash P. 110 - 190F
Density Less than 1
Autoign. Temp. 494F
Toxicity: Moderate. See Kerosene.
6).
Explosion Hazard: See Kerosene.

Disaster Control: See Kerosene.
Section 11.
flammable
liquid.
Man: Early symptoms include

headache, nausea, vomiting,
general malaise, and dizziness.
With more severe poisoning,
clonic and tonic convulsions ensue
or they may appear without the
DIETHANOLAMINE
premonitory symptoms just men-

M. P. 28C
B. P. 269. 1C (decomp. )
Flash P. 280 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 0919 @ 30 /20-C
Vap. D. 3. 65
Inhalation 1
Actue Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
tioned. Coma may or may not

follow the convulsions. Hyperexcitability and hyperirritability
are
common
Treatment
findings.
of Poisoning:
Every
effort should be made to remove

dieldrin from the skin by thorough
washing with soap and water or

from the alimentary tract by the
use of lavage and/or saline laxaOil laxatives should be
avoided. Experiments with dogs
and monkeys indicate that phenobarbital is effective as an antidote.
It has been necessary to give the
drug in large doses over a period
of 2 weeks or more.
The dosage
tives.
which is required to keep poisoned

animals from showing hyperexcitability or convulsions and which
enables them to eat and behave
normally is often a dosage which
would induce sleep or even
anesthesia in a normal animal of
same species. In human

beings the dosage should be adjusted to the symptoms.
the
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Synonym: Di(2-hydroxyethyl) amine.

Description: A faintly colored,
viscous liquid.
Formula:
(HOCH 2 CH 2 2NH
)
DIETHOXYCHLOROSILANE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 2 H 50) 2SiHCl
Constants: Mol. Wt.

Vap. D. 5. 33
2 =
Moderate
3 =
154.7
High
Unknown
DIETHYLACET AMIDE
581

tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inges-

um e s

rate): Section 2
DIETHOXYDIMETHYLSILANE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 2 H50)2Si(CH 3 )2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
148.2
Density 0. 834
Vap. Press. 10
@ 1 3. 3 C
Vap. D. 5. 1
mm
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
DI-ETHOXY ETHYL PHTHALATE

with a mild odor.
Formula:
CfcH^COOCzH^Hs^
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
DIETHOXY TETRAHYDROFURAN
Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
C 2H50CH(CH2)OCH(CH2)OC 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 160. 21
M. P. -26. 9C
B. P. 173. 1C
Flash P. 160 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 9686 @ 20 /20 C
Toxicity:
Unknown.

DIETHYL ACETAL
113. 5C
tion 2;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

Section
310
31 C
mm
B. P. 198 - 211C (5)4

Flash P. 356F
Density 1.12
Vap. D. 10. 7
Toxicity: Unknown.

Synonym: Acetal.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 CH(OC 2H 5 )2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 1
M. P. -100C
B. P. 102. 2C
Density 0. 8260 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 1
Toxicity: Details unknown. May
have depressant effect upon ingestion or inhalation.

heated.
rate): Section 2
DIETHYLACETAMIDE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 2 H 5 )2CHCONH2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 115. 2
M. P. < -65C
B. P. 180C
Flash P. 170F
Density 0. 92
Vap. D. 4.
DIETHYLAMINE
Toxicity:
582
Unknown

Section 7
DIETHYLAMINE
Description:
Colorless liquid,
am-
moniacal odor.
Formula: (C 2H 5 ) 2 NH
M. P. -38. 9C
B. P. 55. 5C
Flash P. Below F
Density 0. 7108 @20-/20C
3-
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 N-NH(C 3 H 7 )
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 130. 3
B. P. 165 - 170C
Flash P. 125F
Density 0. 82
Vap. D. 4.48
See also
Amines.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

MAC: ACGIH
(Section 6).

heated.
rate): Section 2
I. C. C,
Classification: Flammable
liquid; red label.
DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL
Formula: (C 2H 5 )2NCH2CH 2 OH
B. P. 161 C
Flash P. 140 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 885
Vap. D. 4. 03
Alcohols.
Toxic Rating Code:
DIETHYLAMINOPROPYLAMINE
Description:

Vap. D. 2. 53

None
= Slight
6).
DIETHYLAMLINE
Description:
Colorless to yellow
liquid.
Formula:
(CzHs^NC^Hs
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 149.23
M. P. -38C
Flash P. 220 F
B. P. 215. 5C
Density 0. 9351
Vap. Press. 1
@49. 7 C
Vap. D. 5. 15
mm
Aniline.

to heat or flame.
6).

1
Section
4-DIETHYLBENZENE (MIXTURE
OF ISOMERS)
Description:
Colorless, mobile
liquid.
Formula: C 6H 4 (C 2H 5 ) 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIETHYL "CARBITOL'
583
Constants: Mol. Wt.
M. P. -35C
134.21
B. P. 183. 8C
Freezing P. < -70 C
Flash P. 132 F
Density 0. 868 @25 /25C
Vap. D. 4.62
Benzene and Ethyl Benzene.
dioxide, dry
(Section
Flash P. 381 F
Density 1. 01 -1. 016 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 11. 5
Esters.
6).
6).
DIETHYL CARBAMYL CHLORIDE
Formula: (C 2H 5 ) 2 NCOCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 119.6
M, P. ~44C
B. P. 190 - 195C
Vap. D. 4. 1
DIETHYLBERYLLIUM
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 334
M. P. -50C
B. P. 350C
Colorless liquid.
Be(C 2H 5 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 67. 14
M. P. 12C
B. P. 110C @15
Vap, D. 2. 3
highly toxic fumes of beryllium;
mm
Probably
toxic.


N, N-
DIETHYLCARBANILIDE
Synonym: N, N' -Diethyl-N, N'-di-
DI(2-ETHYL BUTYL) AZELATE
phenyl urea.
Description:
Formula:
Formula:
Liquid.
(CH 2 7 (C0 2 C 6H 13 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 356. 5
Flash P. 385F
Density 0. 93
Vap. D. 12. 3
Toxicity:
Unknown
tion 7).

DI-(2-ETHYL BUTYL) PHTHALATE

Description:
Unknown
Toxicity:


CO[N(C 2H 5 )(C 6H 5 )] 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 268.4
M. P. 73 C
Vap. D. 9.3
DIETHYL CARBINOL
Amyl
See sec
Alcohol.
Clear, oily, slightly
aromatic liquid.
Formula: C 6H 4 [COOCH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 ) 2 ] 2
DIETHYL "CARBITOL"
Synonym: Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.
DIETHYL CARBONATE
584
Description: Colorless, nearly odorless liquid.
Formula:
C6H 14
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
B. P.
201.
Flash P.
Density
Vap. D.
134.17
Synonym:
1, 2- Diethoxy ethylene.
Description: Colorless liquid, slight
ethereal odor.
Formula:
9C
180 F (O. C.)

0. 9082 @ 20 /20 C
C 2H 5OCH 2 CH 2OC2H5
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
M. P.
B. P.
5. 6

Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation
DIETHYL "CELLOSOLVE"
Flash P.
Density
1;

tetrachloride; can react with
Section 2
119.17
-74C
121. 4C
0.
95 F (O. C. )
841 7 @ 20 / 20 C

Vap. D. 6. 56
Vap. Press. 9.4mm
Glycols and "Cellosolves".
Fire Hazard: Moderately dangerous,
when exposed to heat or flame; can
(Section 6).
Section 2
DIETHYL CARBONATE
Synonyms: Ethyl carbonate; car-
DIETHYL beta-CHLOROETHYLAMINE
bonic ether.
Description: Colorless liquid, mild
odor.
Description:
Formula:
(C 2 H5) 2 C03

M. P. -43 C
B. P. 125. 8C
Density 0. 975 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 4. 07
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

heated.
Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Liquid.
(C 2H 5 ) 2 NC 2 H 4 C1
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 135. 64
Vap. D. 4. 69
See also
Amines.
DIETHYL CHLOROPHOSPHATE
Description:
Formula:
Water- white
liquid.
(C 2 H 5 0) 2 P0C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 172
B. P. 60C @2
Density 1. 1915 @25/25C
Vap. D. 5. 94
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown

DIETHYL CYANAMIDE
Synonym: N-cyanodiethylamine.
Description:
Formula:
2 =
Liquid.
CNN(C 2H 5
Moderate
3 =
)2
High
Unknown
METHYLENE GLYCOL
585
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 98. 15
M. P. -80. 5C
B. P. 186 C
Flash P. 176F
Vap. D. 3.4
Density 1.05
Vap. D. 5.41
Toxicity: See Chlor o silane s.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

it emits highly toxic fumes of cyanides; will react with water or
steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
rate): Section 2
N, N-DIETHYL CYC LOHEXYL AMINE
Description: Clear, colorless liquid.
(C 2H 5 ) 2 N(C 6H 11 )
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
155.3
5. 36
Details unknown.
See also
Amine s
Section 2
Corrosive
liquid - No exemptions; white
label.

rosive liquid;
6).
Cor-
white label.
DIETHYL DIPHENYL UREA

Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
[(^HsXC^N^CO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 268.35
M. P. 71 C
B. P. 326C
Density 1.12
Vap. D. 9.3
Toxicity:
194. 5C
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
6).

Inges-
Unknown

to heat or flame.
6).
DIETHYLENE DIOXIDE.
See Dioxan.
DIETHYL DICHLOROSILANE
Synonym: Di chlorodi ethyl silane.
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL
Description:
Synonym: Diglycol.
Formula:
Liquid.
C4H 10 Cl 2Si
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 157.05
M. P. -96C
B. P. 131. 0C
Flash P. 70 F

practically odorless, syrupy
liquid.
Formula:
CH 2 OHCK 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106. 12
B. P. 245. 8C
METHYLENE GLYCOL
n- BUTYL
ETHER
Freezing P. -8C
Flash P. 275 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 1184 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3. 66
586


and can react with oxidizing materials.
1;
Inges-
Inhalation
Inhalation 1
tion 0;
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIABIETATE

(20% XYLENE)
1;

6).

DIETHYLENE GLYCOL
n- BUTYL
ETHER
Description: Clear, mobile liquid,
pleasant odor.
Formula:
C 4H 9 (OCH 2 CH 2
)2
OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162. 2
B. P. 226. 7 - 230. 4C
Freezing P. 76C (supercools)
Density 0. 9546 @ 20 /20 C
Toxicity:
Unknown

DIETHYLENE GLYCOL CHLOROHYDRIN

Formula: CICH2CH2OCH2CH2OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 124. 57
M. P. -90 C (sets to a glass)
B. P. 19b. 9C
Flash P. 437 F
Density 1. 1753 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 3
Toxicity:
Unknown

to heat or flame.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Synonym: Diglycol diabietate.

Description:
Formula:
Liquid mixture.
(C 19 H 3 COOCH 2 CH2)20
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 622. 6
Flash P. 97 F
Xylene and Glycols.

tetrachloride (Section 6). See
also Xylene.
ide,
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIACETATE

Synonym: Diglycol diacetate.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 2
Mol. Wt. 190.20

M. P. 19. 1C
B. P. 250 C
Flash P. 255 F
Density 1. 1 159 @20 / 20C
Vap. D. 6. 56
Vap. Press. 0. 02
@ 20 C
Glycols.
tetrachloride (Section 6),
Constants:
mm
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE

Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
CfrHsCOOCH^HijOCH^ÔCOCsHs
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 314.32
M. P. 15. 9C
B. P. 236C @5
Flash P. 555 F
2 =
Moderate
3 =
mm
High
Unknown
METHYLENE GLYCOL DINITRATE
587
Density 1. 1765 @ 20 /2Q C

Vap. Press. 0. 89
@200 C
Toxicity: See Esters, Glycols and
Benzoic Acid.
Fire Hazards: Slight, when exposed
mm

Section 7

Description:
ETHYL BENZOATE
Formula:
Liquid.
Formula:
C^sCOOCHzCHzOCHzCHzOCOCfcHs
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 290.30
M. P. 15. 9C
B. P. 236 C @5
Flash P. 455 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 1765 @20/20C
Vap. D. 10.
Glycols.
mm
See also
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIMETHYL

ETHER
METHYLENE GLYCOL DIMDescription:

Glycols.
Liquid.
CH 3 0(CH 2 CH 2 0) 2 CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134. 17
B. P. 162C
M. P. < -75C
Density 0.9440 @ 20 C
Vap. D. 4. 62
Ethers and Glycols.
See also

6).

See also Ethers.
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DINITRATE

DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIGLYCOLATE
Description:
odor.
Formula:
Yellow
liquid, faint
(CH 2 CH 2 OOCCH20H) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 222.2
Density 1. 30 @30C
Vap. D. 7.65
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DILEVULINATE

Description:
odor.
Amber
liquid, pleasant
Formula:
(CH 2CH 2OOC (CH 2 ) 2 COCH 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 270. 4
Density 1. 145 @25C
Vap. D. 9. 33
Synonym: Dinitroglycol.
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 4H 8
(N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 196. 1
Vap. D. 6. 76
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Caution: This compound can cause
a drop in blood pressure. See also
Glycols and Nitrates.
Fire Hazard: See Nitrates and
Explosives, High.
shocked or exposed to heat. Used
in low freezing dynamites and
some permissible explosives.
heated, it emits toxic fumes of
oxides of nitrogen; can react
M
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIOLEATE
vigorously with oxidizing or reducing materials.
Section 2
Coast Guard Classification: Pro-
588
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxdry chemicals or carbon

ide,
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL LAURATE

Synonym: Diglycol laurate.
hibited.
Description:
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIOLEATE

Description:
Formula:
Pale yellow liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 635.
Density 0. 9310 @ 20 /4C
Glycols.
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIPELARGONATE

Liquid.
Formula: CH^CHz^COOCHzCHzOCHj
CH 2 OOC(CH 2 ) 7 CH3
M. P.
B. P.
288.4
17C
315 - 325C
Flash P. 290 F
Density 0. 965-0. 975
Vap. D. 10.0
Glycols.
See also

6).
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL METHYL
mm
ETHER
Description:
Formula:
Unknown

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 362
M. P. -15C
B. P. 229 C @5
Flash P. 410 F
Density 0.966 @20C
Vap. D. 12. 5
Toxicity:
Formula:
HOCH 2 CH 2OCH 2 CH 2 OOC(CH 2 )ioCH3
(C 17 H 33 C0 2 C 2H 4 )20
Description:
Light straw-colored,
oily liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 1
B. P. 193. 5C
Flash P. 210F
Density 1. 018 @25/25C
Toxicity:
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 (OC 2H 4 2 OH

can react with
to heat or flame;

DIETHYLENE GLYCOL ETHYL

ETHER
Description: A clear colorless

liquid; mild odor.

Formula: C 2 H 5 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 2OH
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOBUTYL
ide,
ETHER ACETATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134.2
Toxicity: Details unknown; mosquito
B. P. 200 - 202C
repellent. See also Glycols.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exDensity 0. 9855 @25/25C
posed to heat or flame; can react
Caution: Avoid excessive breathing
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL
vapor.
ETHER. See "Carbitol. "
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIETHYL ETHOXY METHYLENE MALONATE
589
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOLA URATE

Light yellow,
Description:
liquid.
Formula:
B. P.
oily-

Vap. Press 0. 22mm@20C
Vap. D. 3.48
CnH^COOCÔCÔH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 288.42
M. P. 16 - 19C
B. P. > 280C
Density 0. 97 @25C
Glycols.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER. See Methyl

*'
"Carbitol.
207 C

Density 0. 9586 @20 /20 C
MCA
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER ACETATE.

See Methyl
"Carbitol"
Section 11
warning label.
DIETHYL ETHANOLAMINE
Acetate.
Synonym: Diethyl amino ethanol.
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOPHENYL ETHER. See Phenyl
Description:
"
"Carbitol.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym: Diglycol myri state.
B. P.
Description: Light colored wax;

faint odor.
Formula:
HOCH 2 CH 2OCH 2 CH 2 OOC (CH 2 12 CH 3

)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
938 @38C
10.9
Glycols.
0.

Density 0.8851 @20/20C
Vap. D. 4. 03
See also
See Dioxan.
Yellow, viscous liquid;
mild ammoniacal odor.

Formula: (NH 2 C 2 H 4 ) 2 NH
M. P. -39C
6).
DIETHYL ETHER.
See Ethyl Ether.
DIETHYL ETHOXY METHYLENE
MALONATE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 2 H 5 OCH
DIETHYLENETRIAMINE
Description:
117. 2
162C
Amines.
316. 5
37 C
Flash P. 290 F
M. P.
DIETHYLENE OXIDE.
(C 2H 5 ) 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH
Formula:
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL MYRISTATE
Density
Vap. D.
liquid.
C(COOC 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 217
Vap. D. 7.48

DIETHYL ETHYLENE BIS-GLYCOLATE

DIETHYL ETHYLENE BIS-GLYCO-
LATE
Description:
Formula:
(CH 2 OCH 2 C0 2C 2H 5 )2
DIETHYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE
mm
N,N- DIETHYL ETHYLENE DIAMINE

Description:
Liquid.
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 NC 2 H 4 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116.2
B. P. 60C @40
Density 0. 82 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 00
mm

6).
DIETHYL ETHYL PHOSPHONATE

Description:
odor.
materials.
Liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 234. 2
B. P. 152 - 155C @5
Flash P. 255 F (O. C. )
Density 1 1 199 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. D. 8. 09
Esters and Ethyl Alcohol.
Formula:
590
Colorless liquid;
sweet
Formula: C 2 H 5 P(0)(OC 2H 5 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 166. 2
B. P. 83C (5)11
Density 1. 025 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 5.73
toxic fumes of oxides of phosphorus; can react with oxidizing
mm
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Description: A liquid with a sweet

or fruity odor.
Formula: (C 2 H 50) 2 POF
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 156. 10
M. P. Low
B. P. 170C
Density 1.15 (approx. )
Vap. D. 5. 38
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
fluorides and oxides of phosphorus.
rate): Section 2
DIETHYL FUMARATE
Description:
Formula:
White crystals or liquid.
C 2 H 5OCOCHCHCOOC 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 172. 2
M. P. 0. 6C
B. P. 218. 5C
Flash P. 220 F
Density 1. 0529 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 5. 93
Toxicity: See Esters, Fumaric Acid
and Ethyl Alcohol.

DIETHYL GLYCOCOLL-p-AMINO
o-OXYBENZOIC METHYL
ESTER
Description:
crystals.
2 =
Moderate
Colorless, prismatic
3 =
High
Unknown
DI (2- ETHYL
591
Formula:
HEXYL) ETHANOLAMINE
C 6H 3 OHCOOCH3NHCOCH2N(C2H 5 )2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 280. 3
M. P. 185C
Vap. D. 9. 65
Esters.
ide,
DI-2-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 241.45
B. P. 281. 1C
Density 0. 8062 @20 /ZQ> C
Vap. D. 8. 35
DIETHYL GLYCOCOLLGUAIACOL
HYDROCHLORIDE
Description:
ETHYLHEXYLAMINE
Synonym: Dioctyl amine.

Description: Water- white liquid with'
slightly ammoniacal odor.
Formula: [C 4 H 9 CH(C 2H 5 )CH2] 2 NH
White prisms.
Formula:
CH 3 OC 6H 4 OCOCH2N(C 2 H5) 2 HC1

-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 273. 70
Vap. D. 9.45
highly toxic fumes of hydrogen
chloride.
DIETHYL GLYCOL PHTHALATE
DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL AZELATE
Description:
Description:
Formula:
Amines.
Liquid.
C 6 H 4 [COO(CH 2 ) 2OC 2H 5 ] 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 310. 34
Flash P. 343 F
Density 1.11
Liquid.
Formula: C^^CzHsJCHCHzOCOC^Hg-
COOCH 2CH(C 2H 5 )C 4H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P
B. P.
370. 56
-60 C
214 C
@5
mm
Flash P. 385F
Density 0. 9268 @ 20/20 C
Vap. Press. 2. 6
@200 C
Vap. D. 12. 8
Toxicity: See Esters, Adipic Acid
and Ethyl Hexanol.
mm
Liquid.
C 25H4g0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 412. 63
M. P. -67.8C
B. P. 237 C @5
Flash P. 415F
Density 0.918 @20C
Vap. D. 18. 7
Esters.
mm
DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE
Description:
6).
DI(2 -ETHYL
Description:
Formula:
HEXYL) ETHANOLAMINE
Liquid.
[C 4 H 9 CH(C 2H5)CH 2 ]2NC 2 H 4 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 285. 5
M. P. -60C
B. P. 216C @50
Flash P. 280 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 8573 @ 20 /ZQ C
@20C
Vap. Press. < 0.01
Vap. D. 9. 87
mm
mm
DI-2-ETHYLHEXYLETHYLENE BIS-GLYCOLATE
also Amines.

6).
9436 @20 /20 C

11.7
Density
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
592
0.
Esters.
DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHOSPHITE
DI-2-ETHYLHEXYLETHYLENE
BIS-GLYCOLATE
Description:
Description:
Formula: (C 8 H 17 0) 2PHO
Liquid.
Formula: (CH 2 OCH2C0 2C 8 H 17 )2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 402. 6
B. P. 192 - 202C @0. 3
Flash P. 390 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 9760 @ 25/25 C
Vap. D. 13. 9
mm
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 306
B. P. 150 - 155 C @2-3
Density 0. 929 @ 25/4C
Vap. D. 10.6
mm
phosphorus.
HEXAHYDRO-
PHTHALATE
Description:
Liquid.
DI-2-ETHYLHEXYLPHTHALATE
Description:
C 6H 10 [COOCH 2 CH(C 2H 5 )C 4H 9 ] 2
mm
B. P. 216C @5
Flash P. 425F
Density 0. 9586 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 13. 7
Toxicity:
Details
Stable, light colored
mild odor.
C 6H 4 [C0 2 CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )C 4 H 9 ] 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 390. 6
B. P. 230C @5
Freezing P. -55C
Density 0. 9861 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 16.0
Esters.
Formula:
mm
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 396. 59
M. P. -53C
unknown

DI-2-
6).
ETHYLHEXYL SEBACATE
Description: Light, clear liquid;

mild odor.
(CH 2 8 (C0 2 C 8 H 17 ) 2
DI(ETHYLHEXYL) MALEATE
Formula:
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 426
B. P. 248C @9
Freezing P. -55C
Flash P. 410 F
Density 0. 913 @ 25/25 C
Vap. D. 14.7
Formula:
Liquid.
[CHC0 2CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )C 4H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
-60C
B. P.
164C @10
Flash P.
]2
340. 5
M. P.
mm
365 F
Toxic Rating Code:
Synonym: Dioctyl phthalate.

liquid;
DI- (2- ETHYLHEXYL)
Liquid.
None
= Slight
mm
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIETHYL MALEATE
593
Toxicity: See Esters and Ethyl Hexyl
Alcohol.
M. P. -42C

Flash P. 55 F
Density 0. 8159
rials.
Liquid.
Formula: C8H 17 OCOCH 2 CH 2 COOC 8 H 17

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 342. 5
M. P. -60C
B. P. 257 C @50
Density 0. 9346 @20 /20C
Vap. D. 11.8
Esters.
rate):
Section 2
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 NOC(CH 2 ) 10 CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 255
B. P. 165C
Flash P. 150F
Density 0. 86
Vap. D. 9. 35

ETHYLHEXYLTETRAHYDROPHTHALATE
Liquid.
Formula:
C 6H 8 [COOCH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )C 4H 9 ] 2
mm
DIETHYL MALEATE
Description:
Formula:
DIETHYL KETONE
3-Pentanone; metacetone;
propione; ethyl propionyl.
liquid; acetone-like odor.
C 2H 5COC 2H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
86. 13
6).

nitrogen; can react with oxidizing materials.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 394. 58
M. P. -50C
B. P. 219C @5
Flash P. 350 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 9685 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 13. 6
Synonyms:
DIETHYLLAURAMIDE
Description:
DI-2-
Formula:


mm
Description:
101 C
@ 19 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 96
Ketones.
DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) SUCCINATE
Description:
B. P.
Water- white
(HCCOOC 2H 5
liquid.
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 172.2
M. P. -11. 5C
B. P. 225. 0C
Flash P. 200 F
Vap- Press. lmm@57.3C
Vap. D. 5.93
Toxicity: See Esters, Ethyl Alcohol
and Maleic Acid.
DIETHYL MALONATE
594

rials.
DIETHYL MALONATE

ide,
Synonym: Ethyl malonate.

Description:
Formula:
Clear, colorless liquid.
CH 2 (COOC 2H 5
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 160. 17
B. P. 198. 9C
Freezing P. -49e 8C
Density 1. 055 @25 /lb C
Vap. Press. 1
@40. C
Vap. D. 5. 52
Toxicity: See Esters and Ethyl
Alcohol.
mm
DIETHYL MERCURY
like odor.
hazel-
Formula: Hg(C 2 H 5 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 258. 73
B. P. 159C
Density 2.4660 @ 20 C
Compounds.
mercury; can react with oxidizing materials.
Synonym: 3-Methylpentane.
Formula:
Liquid.
O,
Section
rate):
O-DIETHYL -O, p-NITRO- PHENYL

THIOPHOSPHATE. See Parathion.
DIETHYL OXALATE
Synonyms: Ethyl ethanedioate; oxalic
ether.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(COOC 2 H 5
)2
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
146. 14
M. P.
40.6C
B. P. 185. 4C
Freezing P. -41.6C
Density 1. 0705 @ 20 /ZQ C

Vap. D. 5. 03
Toxicity: See Esters, Ethyl Alcohol
and Oxalic Acid.
-DIETHYL PENTANE
3, 3
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 CH 2 C(C 2H 5 2 CH 2 CH3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128. 3
Vap. D. 4.42
rials.
CfcH 14

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86.2
B. P. 64C
Flash P. 80 F
Density 0. 67
Vap. D. 2. 97
ide,
DIETHYL PHOSPHINE
Description:
Formula:
Toxic Rating Code:
Section 2

DIETHYL METHYL METHANE

Description:

None
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
2 =
Colorless liquid.
(C 2H 5 ) 2 PH
Moderate
90.
3 =
High
Unknown
595
2,
B. P. 85C
Density < 1
Vap. D. 3. 11
Acute Local: U
halation 3
Chronic Local:
Inhalation
can react with

to heat or flame;
3;
In-
DIETHYL p- PHTHALATE
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion
3;
Formula:
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; may be

spontaneously flammable in air.
To Fignt Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon
2-DIETHYL-l, 3-PROPANEDIOL
C 6H4 (COOC 2H 5
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 222. 23
M. P. ~5G
B. P. 296 C
Flash P. 325F O. C.
Density 1. 1'17-1. 121 @20/20C
Vap. D. 7.66
Toxicity: See Esters, Ethyl Alcohol,
para-Phthalic Acid.
6).

phosphorus; can react vigorously
rate): Section 2
N,N-DIETHYL PIPERONYLAMIDE
DIETHYL PHOSPHITE
Description:
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 2
(C 2H 5 0) 2 PHO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 138
B. P. 138C
Density 1. 071 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 76
Formula:
of a
Mol. Wt. 222. 2

P. -40. 5C
B. P. 302 C
Flash P. 243 F (C. C. )
Density 1. 110
Vap. D. 7. 66
Toxicity: See Esters, Ethyl Alcohol,
ortho-Phthalic Acid.
CON(C 2 H 5
)2
low order
of toxicity;
an in-

2,
2-DIETHYL-l, 3-PROPANEDIOL
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
HOCH 2 C(C 2 H 5 2 CH 2 OH
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 132. 2
B. P. 125C @10
Freezing P. 6l.3C
Density 1.052 @20C
mm
Clear, colorless liquid,
Constants:
secticide.
Synonym: Ethyl phthalate.

Formula: C 6 H 4 (C0 2 C2H 5 ) 2
H3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 237. 25
Vap. D. 9.44
piperonyl compounds are generally
DIETHYL o-PHTHALATE
Description:
2 :C 6
Crystals.
DIETHYL SELENIDE
596
DIETHYL SELENIDE
Description:
Formula:
Section
Liquid.
(C 2H 5 ) 2Se
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137. 08
B. P. 108. 0C
Density 1. 23
Vap. Press. 40
@31. 2C
Vap. D. 4. 73
Toxicity: See Selenium and its Compounds.
mm

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 2. 5% (L.E.L. )
Disaster Control: See Selenium and
its
Compounds.
7
DIETHYL STEARAMIDE
Formula: (C 2 H 5 )2NOC(CH 2 )i 6 CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 339. 6
B. P. 140 C
Flash P. 375F
Density 0. 86
Vap. D. 11.
Toxicity:
Unknown

Description:
DIETHYL SUCCINATE
Synonym: Ethyl succinate.
Description:
Essentially colorless,
clear, mobile liquid;
C 8 H 14
2; Allergen 1
Acute Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Sligat; w.ien neated,
None
slight odor,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174. 2
M. P. -20. 8C
B. P. 216. 5C
Flash P. 230 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 037 @ 25/25C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 54. 6 C
Vap. D. 6.
Toxicity: Probably very low. See
also Succinic Acid.
mm
DIETHYL SULFATE
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 268. 3
M. P. 169 - 172C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 380.4
M. P. 104C
Toxicity: See Diethyl Stibestrol.
sulfate.
Description: Colorless, oily liquid;

faint ethereal odor.
Synonym: Stilbestrol.
Description: Small crystals.
Toxic Rating Code:
Crystals.
Formula: C 24 H 28
Synonym: Ethyl
DIETHYL STILBESTROL
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL DIPROPIONATE
Formula:

= Slight
(C 2 H 5 ) 2S0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 154. 18
M. P. -25. 0C
B. P. 209. 5C
Density 1. 172 @25/4C
Vap. Press.
Vap. D. 5.31
lmm@47.0X
tion
3;
Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
597
1,
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

sulfur; it can react with oxidizing
materials.
1-DIFLUOROETHYLENE
DIFLUORODIPHENYL TRICHLOROE THANE

Crystals.
Description:
Formula: C 14 H 9 Cl3F 2
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
M. P.
45.
321.5
5C
Vap. D. 10.9
when
emits
it

and chlorides.
rate): Section 2

1,1- DIFLUOROETHANE
Synonyms: Difluoroethane; ethylene

fluoride.
Description:
DIETHYLTHIOCARBAMYL CHLOCrystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 66. 1
M. P. -117. 0C
B. P. -26. 5C
Density 1. 004 @25C
Vap. D. 2. 28
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 NC(S)C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 151. 7
M. P. 46.2C
B. P. 97 - 103C
Toxicity:
rides.
@5
Probably high.
mm
See Chlo-

chlorides and oxides of sulfur.
1, 1,
1-DIFLUOROCHLOROETHANE.
DIFLUOROCHLOROMETHYL METHSee Difluorochloroethane.
DIFLUORODIBROMOMETHANE.
See Dibromodifluoromethane.
DIFLUORODIPHENYL DISULFIDE
Crystals.
Description:
Formula:
C 12H 6S 2 F 2
Constants: Mol. Wt.

Vap. D. 8. 72
Toxicity:
An
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame (Section 6).

toxic fumes of fluorides; it can
See Difluoromonochloroethane.
ANE.
colorless gas or
Formula: F 2 C 2H 4
RIDE
Description:
Formula:
liquid.
materials.
rate): Section 2
FlammaI. C. C. Classification:
ble gas; red gas label.
252. 3
insecticide.
See also
Fluorides.
fluorides and oxides of sulfur; it
produce toxic fumes.

to
-DIFLUOROETHYLENE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless gas.
CH 2 CF 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 64. 04
B. P. Below -70C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
DIFLUOROMONOCHLOROETHANE
toxic fumes of fluorides.
rate): Section 2
598
chlorides; it can react with
DIFLUOROPHOSPHORIC ACID,
ANHYDROUS
DIFLUOROMONOCHLOROETHANE
Description: Mobile, strongly fuming,

colorless liquid.
Synonym:
Formula:
ethane.
Description:
Formula:
-Difluorochloro-
Gas.
C 2 H 3 F 2 C1
M. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 5
M. P. -131C
B. P. -9. 5C
Density 1.19
Toxicity Hazard Ratings:
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

toxic fumes of fluorides and
Ventialtion Control: (use normal
rate): Section 2
I. C. C.
Classification: Flammable gas; red gas label.
DIFLUOROMONOCHLOROMETHANE
Description:
Formula:
Gas
102
-75C
B. P.
116C
Density 1. 583 @25/4C
Vap. D. 3. 52
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Phosphoric Acid.
fluorides and oxides of phosphorus;
fumes.
I. C. C.
Classification: Corrosive
DIGERMANE
Synonym: Germanium hydride.
Description:
Liquid or gas.
Formula: Ge 2 H$
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
151.25
B. P.
29 C
M. P.
-109C
6.74g/l@20C
Density Gas:
CHC1F 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86.48
B. P. -41 C
Acute Local:
Chronic Local: U
to heat or flame.
HPO z F 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
6).

toxic fumes of fluorides and
Liquid: 1. 98 @-109C
Hydrides and Germanium Compounds.

Hydrides.
See Hydrides.
DI GITALIN.
See Digitalis.
DIGITALIS
Synonyms: Foxglove; purple
foxglove;
fairy gloves.
Description: Dried leaves of Digitalis
Purpurea.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIGLYCOLCHLOROHYDRIN
599
Composition:
Digitoxin
(0.
rate): Section 2
2-0. 4%),
etc.

Toxicology: An overdose can be fa2. 5 grams or 30 cc of the
tal.
tincture is considered a toxic
dose. It contains digitalin, digi-
Formula:
Constants:
See Digitalis.
DIGLYCEROL TETRANITRATE
TNT.
Explosives, High.
toxic
fumes
of oxides of nitrogen;

oxidizing and reducing materials.
it
5.
See also

to heat or flame.
ammonia, atropine
pulse falls below 50 per minute,
morphine for irritability. Call a
physician.
to flame; can react with oxidizing
Storage and Handling: Se ction 7
DIGITOXIN.
mm
83
Glycols.
to affect the digestive
caffeine or
Mol. Wt. 191.0
P.
Vap. D.
system, causing nausea, vomiting,

cardiac irregularities, and excessive doses cause heart failure. In
addition to the nausea, great malaise and often headache are noted
If this material is taken for medical purposes and the above symptoms are noted, the dosage should
be discontinued until medical advice can be obtained.
Treatment and Antidotes: Wash
stomach with tannic acid or strong
tea. Keep patient lying down.
Administer stimulants such as
if
Liquid
ClCOOCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH
125C @5
B.
come prominent, the pupils dilated

and the sclera blue. Furthermore,
seems
DIGLYCOL CHLOROFORMATE
Description:
talein, digitonin and digitoxin,

the most toxic component. An
overdose causes the eyes to be-
it
Section
6).

fumes of chlorides; it will

react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes;
it can react with oxidizing matetoxic
rials.
Section
DIGLYCOLCHLOROHYDRIN
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: ClCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 124. 57
B. P. 196. 8C
Density 1. 1698
Vap. Press 0. 17mm@20C
2; Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

to heat or flame.
To Fight Fire: Water; foam; carbon
dioxide; dry chemical or carbon
6).

fumes of chlorides; it will

it can react with oxidizing matetoxic
rials.

rate); Section 2
DIGLYCOL DIACETATE
600
DIGLYCOL DIACETATE
Description:
Formula:

Liquid.
CH 3 COOC 2H 4OC2H 4OCOCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 190. 19
M. P. 20C
DIHEXYL ADIPATE
Synonym: Hexyl adipate.
Description:
256. 9C
Density 1. 1 1 56 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 6. 56
Glycols.
B. P.

DIGLYCOL DILEVULINATE.
See
Formula:
Liquid.
(CH 2 CH 2 C0 2 C 6H 13 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 314. 5
B. R. 168 - 170*C @4
Flash P. 325F
Density 0. 926 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 10. 85
Esters.
To Fight Fire: Foam; carbon dioxide;
dry chemical or carbon tetrachlo-
mm
ride (Section
6).
Di ethylene Glycol Dilevulinate.
Section
DI-n-HEXYLAMINE
DIGLYCOLIC ACID
Description:
White; crystalline solid
Description:
Liquid
(C 6 H 13 ) 2 NH
Formula: 0(CH 2 COOH) 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134. 1
M. P. 148C
B. P. Decomposes
Glycols.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 185.4
B. P. 233 - 243 C
Flash P. 220 F
Density 0. 78
Vap. D. 6. 38
Inhalation 1
1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, wien exposed
rate): Section 2
DIGOXIN
Description:
der.
Formula:
White; crystalline pow-
C^HÔ^
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
780.9
M. P. 265C
Digitalis.
See also

emits acrid fumes.
it
Dl-n- HEXYL MERCURY

DI-n - HE PT YLAMINE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 7 H 15 ) 2 NH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 213.4
Vap. D. 7. 35
See also
Amines.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 370. 9
B. P. 158C @10
Density 1. 5361
Vap. D. 12. 8
mm

Organic.
Toxicity:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIHYDROGEN POTASSIUM ARSENATE
601

mercury; it can react with
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when
heated, it emits acrid fumes.
DIHYDRAZINE SULFATE
White, crystalline
Description:
DIHEXYL PHTHALATE
Description:
flakes.
Formula: (N 2H 4
Liquid.
Formula: C 6H 4 (C0 2 C 6 H 13
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 334.4
M. P. -58C
H 2S0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162. 2
M. P. 104C
also Hydrazine.
mm
B. P. 210C @ 5
Flash P. 350 F
Density: 0.995 @20/20C
Vap. D. 11. 5
Phthalic Acid.

To Fight Fire: Foam; carbon dioxide;
6).
Section
9,
10-DIHYDROANTHRACENE
Crystals.
Description:
Formula:
C 6H 4 CH 2 C 6H 4 CH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 180. 2
Vap. D. 6. 21
an in-
secticide.
DIHEXYL SEBACATE
Formula: [(CH 2 ) 4 C0 2 C 6 H 13 ] 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 370. 6
B. P. 184C @1
Flash P. 415F
Density 0.911 @20/20C
Vap. D. 12. 8
Esters.
mm

Fire Hazard:
Fire: Foam; carbon dioxide;
To Fight
DIHEXYL SODIUM SULFOSUCCI-
NATE
Description:
Clear, viscous liquid.
Formula:
C 6H 13 C0 2 CH 2 CHC0 2 C 6H 13S
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 388
tion
Na

to heat; can react with oxidizing
2,
3-DIHYDRO-2-FORMYL
Description:
1;
Inges-
Liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112. 12
M. P. -90C
B. P. 150. 6C
Density 1 0776 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. Press. 2.4
@20C
Vap. D. 3. 87
.
mm
DIHYDROGEN POTASSIUM
ARSENATE
Description:
White solid.
KH 2As0 4

M. P. 288C
Toxicity: Highly toxic; see Arsenic
Compounds.
4-
Formula: C>HCCH(CH 2 ) 2 5 HCHO
Formula:
-1,
PYRAN
DIHYDROMETHOXYMETHYLOXONICOTINONITRILE
1,
2-DIHYDRO-4-METHOXY1 -METHYL -2-OXONICOTINONITRILE
Synonyms: Ricinine; ridicine.

Crystals.
Description:
Formula:
C 8H 8 N2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
201. 5C
M. P.
164.2
Vap. D. 5. 65
See also
Cyanides.
DIHYDROPENTABORANE.
See
Pentaborane, Unstable.
DIHYDROPYRAN
liquid; ethereal odor.
Formula:
CsHsO
84.
rials.

ide,

Section 2

Borobutane; boron
hydride; tetraborondecahydride.
Description: Colorless gas; repulsive odor.
M. P.
B 4H 10
Mol. Wt.
2-
DIHYDRO-1 4, 6-TRIMETHYLOXONICOTINONITRILE
,

See also Cyanides and Nicotine.

1,
53.4
Section
2-DIHYDRO-2, 2, 4-TRIMETHYLQUINOLINE, POLYMERIZED
Light tan powder.

Formula: C 6H 4 C(CH 3 )CHC(CH 3 ) 2 NH
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 173. 3
M. P. 120C
Density 1. 08 @25C
Quinoline.
Storage and Handling:- Section 7
1
8-DIHYDROXYANTHRANOL
Synonyms: Anthralin; dithranol.

Description:
DIHYDROTETRABORANE
Constants:
@ -70 C);
@-35C)
Vap. Press 580mm@6C

Vap, D. 1.8
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to flame or by spontaneous
toxic fumes; it will react with
and hydrogen; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
rate): Section 2
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Formula:
56 (liquid
2.-
Synonyms:
0.
Flash P. 4F (C. C.
Density 0. 923 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 90
B. P. 18C
Density 0.59 (liquid
Constants: Mol. Wt.

B. P. 85. 6C
602
Formula:
Lemon
yellow crystal.
C 14H 10 O 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 226. 2
M. P. 176 - 181 C
Vap. D. 7. 79
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
-120C
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIHYDROXYETHYL NITRAMINE DINITRATE
603

DIHYDROXY DIAMINOMERCURO1
C 14H 8
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Formula:
Crystals.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 416.
Vap. D. 14.4
240. 2
194C
Vap. Press.
Vap. D. 8. 3
lmm@196.

allergen.
A weak

5-DIHYDROXYANTHRAQUINONE
Green
Description:
to yellow crys-
tals.
C 14 H 8
Formula:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
240. 2

Organic.
Disaster Control: See Mercury Compounds, Organic.
Sublimes
Vap. D. 8. 3
allergen.
2,
2--DIHYDROXY-5, 5-DICHLORO-
DIPHENYLMETHANE
Synonyms:
2, 2'
-Methylene bis
(4-
chlorophenol); G-4.
Formula: C 13 H 10 Cl 2 O 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 269. 1
M. P. 177 - 178C
Vap. D. 9. 3
@100C
Vap. Press. 10' 4
Toxicity: Unknown; a fungicide.
mm
M. P. 280C
B. P.
Toxicity:
450. 0C
B. P.
1,
BENZENE
OHNH 2 C 6 H 3 HgC 6H 3 OHNH 2
A weak
heated
toxic

to
decomposition,
fumes

N,
it
emits
of chlorides.
Section
N'-DIHYDROXYETHYLETHYLENE
DIAMINE
1,
Description:
Formula:
M. P.
HOC 2H 4 NHCH 2 C H 2 NHC 2H 4 OH
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
240. 2
193C
Vap. D. 8. 3
M. P.
A weak
allergen.

ortho-DIHYDROXYBENZENE.
See
Catechol.
DIHYDROXY BENZYL DIMETHYL
METHANE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
Crystals.
C 14H 8
Constants:
Description:
Flake material.
98.
148. 2
1
196C (8)10
Flash P. 355F
B. P.
mm
Vap. D. 5. 1
See also
Amines.
Section
Formula:
HOC 6 H 4 CH 2 C(CH 3 2 CH 2 C 6 H 4OH
DIHYDROXYETHYL NITRAMINE

M. P. 152. 5C
B. P. 220 C @4
Details unknown.
mm
DINITRATE
Toxicity:
DIHYDROXYHEXACHLORODIPHENYLMETHANE
decomposition, it emits highlytoxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen;
materials.
2, 2
-DIHYDROXY-3,
5, 6, 3', 5', 6-
HEXACHLORODIPHENYL
METHANE. See Hexachlorophene,
DIHYDROXY OCTACHLORODIPHENYL
Formula: C 12 H 2 2 C1 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
461. 8
Vap.'D. 15.9
ation 3
Chronic Local:
3;

toxic fumes of chlorides.
rate): Section 2
DIIODOACETYLENE
Synonym:
Diiodoethyne.
Description: Colorless, rhombic,
white crystals; unpleasant odor.
Formula: ICiCI
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 277. 86
M. P. 78 - 82C
B. P. 80 - 100C Decomposes
Vap. D. 9. 6
Halogenated Hydrocarbons,
Aliphatic.
Details unknown;
acetylene compounds are
Explosion Hazard:
many
Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic.
Explosion Hazard: Severe, when exposed to heat.
toxic
fumes
unstable.

emits toxic fumes of iodine.
of iodine.
DIIODODIETHYL SULFIDE
Description:
Formula:
Bright yellow prisms.
(CH 2 CH 2 I) 2S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 215. 08
M. P. 62 C
Vap. D. 7.41
tion
Inha"!
604
3;
Inhalation
Inges-
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
iodides, oxides of sulfur.
Section 2
DI IODOFORMOXIME
Formula: CI 2 NOH
M. P. 69 C
Vap. D. 10. 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes of iodides and
oxides of nitrogen.
Section 2
DURON PHOSPHIDE
DI IODODIACETYLENE
Blue-gray crystals or
powder.
Formula: Fe 2 P
Description:
Toxicity: Details Unknown.

See also Halogenated
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIISOBUTYL KETONE
605
Formula:
(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 CHOHCH2CH(CH 3 )2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 142. 68
M. P. 1290C
Density 6. 56
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
See Phos-
Toxicity: Probably high.

phides.

Phosphides.
Phosphides.
Phosphides.
DIISOAMYL MERCURY
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: Hg(C5H n ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 342. 9
B. P. 125C @10
Density 1. 6397
Vap. D. 11. 8
Organic.
Compounds, Organic.
mm
B. P.
144. 3
173. 3C
Freezing P. -65C
Flash P. 165F
Density 0.8121 @20/20C
Vap. D. 4. 98
also Alcohols.
See

Section
DIISOBUTYLENE
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Liquid.
C^j^
112. 2
-101C
B. P. 102C
Density 0. 7227 @15.6C
Vap. D. 3. 97
DIISOBUTYLAMINE
Toxicity:

amine odor.

[(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 ] 2 NH
M. P. -70C
B. P. 139. 5C
Formula:
rials.

ide,
Flash P. 85F
Density 0. 745 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 4. 46
Amines.

rate):
Section 2
Section
DIISOBUTYL KETONE
Synonym: Isovalerone.
rials.
Unknown
Section 2
Formula:
6).

Section
rate):
DIISOBUTYL CARBINOL
Synonym: Nonyl alcohol;
Description:
2,6-
dimethyl heptanol-4.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Liquid.
(CH 3
CHCH 2 CO
]2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 142. 2
B. P. 166C
Density 0. 81
Vap. D. 4. 9
Ketones.
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
per million in air.

See also
150 parts
DIISOBUTYL MERCURY
606

Density 1. 19 @50C
Vap. D. 8. 63
(Section 6).
Section 2
Coast Guard Classification: Combustible liquid,
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MCA
warning label.
tion
2;
Inges-
2;
Inhalation 2
Section 2

DIISOBUTYL MERCURY
Description:
DIISODECYL ADIPATE
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 314. 8
M. P. Volatile @100C
B. P. 207C
Density 1. 7678
Vap. D. 10. 8
Organic.
Disaster Control: See Mercury Com
pounds, Organic.
DIISOBUTYL PHTHALATE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 6H 4 [COOCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ] 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 278
M. P. -64C
Flash P. 385F
Density 1. 039 - 1. 043
Vap. D. 9. 59
Phthalic Acid.

Section
para, para '-DIISOC YANATODI-
PHENYL METHANE
Description:
Formula:
OCNC^C^C^NCO
Toxic Rating Code:
Formula:
(CH 2 CH2CO 2 C 10 H 2 i)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 426
B. P. 240 C @4
Vap. D. 14.7
also Esters.
mm
DIISODECYL PHTHALATE
Description: Clear, oily liquid;
characteristic odor.
mild
Formula: (C 10 H 21 CO 2 ) 2 C 6H 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 446. 7
Flash P. 450 F
Density 0. 966 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. D. 15.4
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
can react
it emits acrid fumes;
with oxidizing agents.
Crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 250. 3
B. P. 194 - 199C (5)5
Freezing P. 37. 2 C
Clear, mobile, oily
liquid.
mm
None

DIISOOCTYL ADIPATE
Description:
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
Liquid.
3 =
High
Unknown
DI ISOPROPANOLAMINE
607
Formula:
(CH 2 ) 2 C0 2 C 8 H 17 ]
B. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 370. 6
B. P. 207 - 213C @4
Flash P. 370F
Density 0.930 @20/20C
Vap. D. 12. 8
mm
230
240 C
@4
mm
Freezing P. -45C
Flash P. 380 F
Density 0. 986 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 13. 5
Phthalic Acid.

DIISOOCTYL SEBACATE
DIISOOCTYL AZ ELATE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: (CH 3 2 CH(CH 2 ) 5 2 C(CH 2 ) 7 C0 2 (CH 2 ) 5CH(CH 3 ) 2

)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 412
B. P. 235C @5
M. P. < -59. 5C
Flash P. 415F
Density 0. 92 @20C
Vap. D. 18. 7
also Esters.
mm
DIISOOCTYL PHENYL PHOSPHON-
ATE
Description:
Liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 382
M. P. < 0C
B. P. 180 - 190C @1
Density 0. 973 @ 25/25 C
Vap. D. 13.2
Phosphates.
mm
fumes
of
phosphorus oxides.
Section
@4mm
DIISOOCTYL STYRYLPHOSPHONATE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 408
M. P. < 0C
B. P. 185 - 190C @1
Density 0. 977 @ 25 /25 C
Phosphates.
phosphorus oxides.
DI ISOPROPANOLAMINE
Description: Liquid; amine-like
odor.
Formula:
DIISOOCTYL PHTHALATE
Liquid; mild odor.
Formula: C 6 H 4 (C0 2 C 8 H 17 ) 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Liquid.
Formula: C 6 H 5 C 2H 2PO(OC 8 H 17 ) 2
mm
Formula: C 6H 5PO(OC 8 H 17 ) 2
toxic
Formula: [(CH 2 ) 4 C0 2 C 8 H 17 ] 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 426. 7
B. P. 248 - 255C
Flash P. 470 F
Density 0. 917 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 14. 7
Esters.
390. 5
[CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 ] 2 NH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 133. 19
M. P. 42 C
B. P. 249 C
DI ISOPROPYLAMINE
608
Density 0. 9890 @ 45 /Z0 C

Vap. D. 4. 59
DI ISOPROPYLAMINE
Formula: [(CH 3 ) 2 CH] 2 NH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 101. 19
B. P. 83 - 84C
Flash P. 20F (C.C.)
Density 0.722@22.0C
Vap. D. 3. 5
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

ide,

rate):
Section

Description: Clear, colorless liquid,

Formula: [(CH 3 ) 2 CH] 2 C 6H 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162. 26
M. P. < -55C
205C
Flash P. 170F (O.C.
B. P.
Density 0. 863-0. 867 @ 25 /Z5 C

Vap. D. 5. 6
also Benzene.
=
None
DIISOPROPYL CARBINOL
Synonym:
= Slight
2,
Description:
Formula:
4-Dimethyl- 3-pentanol.
Colorless liquid.
(C 3 H 7 ) 2 CHOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 2
M. P. -70C
B. P. 140 C
Flash P. 120 F
Density 0. 8288 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 4.


DIISOPROPYL CYANAMIDE
liquid; characteristic odor.
Formula:
(C 3 H 7 ) 2 NCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126. 20
M. P. -27. 3C
B. P. 207C
Flash P. 179. 5F
Density 0. 8451 @ 30 C
Vap. Press. 9
@ 80 C
Vap. D. 4. 34
mm
Inhalation
DIISOPROPYL BENZENE
Toxic Rating Code:

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

cyanides; will react with water
corrosive fumes; can react with
rate):
Section

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIKETENE
609

Density 2. 0024
Vap. D. 9. 9
Organic.
DIISOPROPYL DIXANTHOGEN
Description:
Yellow
greenish
to
pellets.
Formula:
(C 4 H 7 OS 2 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
270. 5
52 C
Density 1. 28
Vap. D. 9. 35
2, 6
M. P.
A colorless
liquid or solid
Formula:
HC(CH 3 )2C 6H3(OH)(CH 3 2 CH

)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 178. 3
B. P. 242. 4C
Freezing P. 17. 9C
Flash P. 235 F (C. C. )
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
oxides of sulfur;
-DIISOPROPYL PHENOL
Description:
Toxicity:
Unknown

will react with

Section

fumes; can react with oxidizing
materials.
DIISOPROPYL PHOSPHO FLUORI-

Section 2
DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 208. 17
M. P. Above 50 C
B. P. 46 C @5
Density 1. 07 (approx. )
Vap. D. 5. 24
Toxicity: Dangerous to eyes. See
Fluorides.
contact with acid or moisture
fluorides and oxides of phosphorus,
mm
DIISOPROPYL MERCURY
Description:
Liquid.
DATE
Description:
Odorless, colorless
liquid.
Constants:
B. P. 183C
Freezing P. -82C
Highly toxic; used by
Toxicity:
Germans
Oily liquid.
Formula: C 8 H 14 FP0 3
World War
in
II
as the
See Tabun
basis of nerve gases.

and Sarin.
DIKERYL BENZENE- 12
Constant:
Flash P. 320 F
Benzene.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
See also
when exposed
to
heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials.

DIKETENE
Synonym: Acetyl ketene.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 286. 8
B. P. 63C @10
Description: Colorless, non-hygroscopic liquid; pungent odor.
mm
Formula:
Constants:
C 4H 4
Mol. Wt. 84. 07
DIMANGANESE ARSENIDE
M. P.
-6. 5C
B. P.
127.
610
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Applied locally to the
skin it causes redness and swelling, but does not produce blisters
4C
Density 1. 0897
Vap. D. 2.9
2;
Inhalation 2
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Inges2;
tion 6).
Section 2
DIMANGANESE ARSENIDE
Description: Solid.
Mn 2 As
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Toxicity:
184. 77
1400C
Highly toxic.
See Arsenic
Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; when exposed to heat or by chemical reaction.

arsenic; will react with water or
acid to produce arsine; can react

rate): Section 2
2,3- DIMERC APTO- 1 - PROPANOL

BAL; British AntiLewisite.
Description: Viscous, oily liquid;
pungent odor.
Synonyms:
Formula: C 3 H 8 OS 2
sulfur compounds.
mm
None
3
7
DIMERC URIC AMMONIUM OXIDE

Toxicity: See
Inorganic.
Mercury Compounds,

or heat will explode it; when
highly toxic fumes of mercury.
Section 7
3,4-DIMETHOXYBENZYL ALCOHOL
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3 0)2C 6H3 CH 2OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
168. 2
mm
B. P. 174C @15
Density 1. 17 @25/25C
Vap. D. 5. 8
also Alcohols.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when heated,
can react
intensely irrita-
reaching their maximum in 1 5 to 30

minutes. At first there is a feeling of warmth with tingling sensations in the nose, mouth and
skin.
There may be nausea,
vomiting, restlessness, weakness,
rapid pulse and rise in blood pressure. In severe cases there may
be tremors and convulsions.
Treatment is symptomatic.
Epinephrine and antihistamines
may be helpful. It may be necessary to give large doses of barbiturates of even anesthetics to
control convulsions.
M. P. 22 C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 124. 2
B. P. 140C @40
Density 1 2385 @ 25 /4C
Vap. D. 4. 3
Toxic Rating Code:
It is
and mucous membranes. Systemic symptoms are

caused by injection of the drug and
usually occur within a few minutes,
Chronic Systemic: U
Formula:
or ulcers.
ting to the eyes
tion 2;
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
611
2,
5-DIMETHOXYTETRAHYDROFURAN
B. P.

156C @10
Toxicity:
mm
08 @28/4C
6.25
Details unknown.
Density
Vap. D.
1.
See also
Amines.
DIMETHOXY DIPHENYL
CHLOROETHANE

TRI-
Crystals (Methoxy
Analog of DDT).
Formula: Cl 3 C 14 H 9 (OCH 3 ) 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 345. 7
Vap. D. 11. 9
2-DIMETHOXYPROPANE
Formula:
2;
2;
2;
Fire Hazard:
Chronic Systemic: U
toxic fumes.
Section 2
Formula:
6).

DIMETHOXYTETRAETHYLENE
See Dimethoxytetra-
glycol.
Light colored, clear
mild aromatic odor.
DIMETHOXYTETRAGLYCOL
C 6 H 4 (COOC 2H4OCH 3
Synonyms:
Tetraethylene glycol
dimethyl ether; Dimethoxy
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 282
M. P. -40 C (forms gel)
B. P. 190 - 210C @4
Flash P. 360 F
Density 1.171 @20/20C
Vap. D. 9. 75
also Esters.
tetraethylene glycol.
Description: Water- white, practically
odorless liquid.
mm
Formula:


beta- 3,
carbon
ide, dry chemical or
GLYCOL.
liquid;

can react with
to heat or flame;
DIMETHOXY ETHYL PHTHALATE

Description:
Liquid.
CH 3 CHOCH 3 CH 2OCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 15
B. P. 95 C
Density 0. 8461
Vap. D. 3. 59
Inges-
Inhalation 2
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
tion
Description:
4-DIMETHOXYPHENYL-
ETHYLAMNE
yellow liquid.
Formula: (CH 3 0) 2 C 6H 3 CH 2 CH 2 NH2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 181.2
M. P. 15C
(CH 3 OC 2 H 4OC 2 H 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 222.28
B. P. 275. 3C
Density 1. 01 32 @ 20 /ZQ C
Vap. D. 7. 7
2,
5-DIMETHOXYTETRAHYDRO-
FURAN
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3 0) 2 C 4H 6
DIMETHYLACETAL
612
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 132. 16
B. P. 35C @10
Vap. D. 4. 56



DIMETHYLACETAL
Description:
Synonym: Ethylidene dimethyl ether.
Formula:

strong aromatic odor.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 45. 08
B. P.
6. 88C
Density 0. 6804 @ /4C
Vap. D. 1. 55
Ingestion 2; Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire -Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; can react
vigorously with oxidizing materials,
mm
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
90. 12
8C
Flash P. Below 80 F
Density 0. 848 @25C
Vap. D. 3.
Acute Local: U
61.
halation 2
Chronic Local:
2;
In-
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

Constants:
M. P.
Liquid.
CH 3 CON(CH 3
Mol. Wt.
ide (Section
NH
6).

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 2.80% - 14.40%
in air*
Disaster Control:
N,N-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
Formula:
Colorless gas.
(CH 3
Dangerousi Keep
Section 2
Description:
)2
87. 12
-20C
165C
Density 0. 9366
B. P.
@ 25 /4 C
3.01
Vap. D.

rate): Section 2
Classification: Flammable
I. C. C.
gas; red gas label.
MCA
warning label.
DIMETHYLAMINE, AQUEOUS
SOLUTION
DIMETHYL ACETONYL CARBONYL

Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Section 11.
C. C. Classification: Flammable
liquid; red label.
I.
flammable
2;
liquid;
red label.
DIMETHYLAMINOCHLOROPROPANE
Chronic Systemic:
Toxic Rating Code:
DIMETHYLAMINE, ANHYDROUS
CH 3 (OCH 3 2 CH
Formula:
B. P.
Section 2
None
Description:
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
Liquid.
3 =
High
Unknown
3- DIMETHYLAMINOPROPYLAMINE
613
Formula: C 5H 12 NC1
materials.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 121. 6
Vap. D. 4. 20
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL
Synonym: Dimethylethanolamine.
Description:
Liquid.
(CH 3 )2NCH 2 CH 2 OH
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
chloride (Section
88F
0.
8866
(O. C.
@ 20 /4 C
Section 2
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
NCH 2 CH 2 CN
98. 2
-43 C
170C
Flash P. 147 F
Density 0.8617
Vap. D. 3. 3 5
See Cyanides
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetra6).
DIMETHYLAMINOPROPYLAMINE
3-
Description:
rials.

ide,

Section
-DIMETHYLAMINO-2-PROPANOL
Clear, amber-colored,
volatile liquid.
Formula: CH 3 NHCH 2 CHOHCH 3

89. 2
122. 5
- 126. 2C
Flash P. 90 F
Freezing P. <-20C
Density 0. 850 @ 25 / lb C
B. P.
Liquid.
(CH 3
Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; can react

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
See also
Fire Hazard:
Description:
Section
DIMETHYLAMINOPROPIONITRILE
Amines.
rate): Section 2
6).

chloride (Section
Vap. D. 3. 03
ide,

highly toxic fumes; can react with
89. 14
131 C
Flash P.
Density
Vap. D. 3. 52
Toxicity: Unknown

vigorously with oxidizing
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3
)2
NCH 2 CH CH 2 NH 2
2
102. 18
<-70C
B. P.
123C
Flash P. 95F (T. C. C.
Vap. D. 3. 52
tion
3;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

vigorously with oxidizing materials, and emits toxic fumes when
heated.
rate): Section 2
DIMETHYL AMMONIUM DIMETHYLCARBAMATE

3
7
DIMETHYL AMMONIUM DIMETHYL-
CARBAMATE
Liquid or crystals.
Description:
(CH 3 )2NCOONH2(CH 3 ) 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134. 17
M. P. ~38C
B. P.
60.
Density
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
2C
026
1.
4.
@ 25 /4C
62
N-DIMETHYLANILINE
Synonym: Xylidine.
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 6 H 5 N(CH 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
121. 18
5C
B. P.
193. 1C
Density 0. 9557 @ 20 /4C
2.

Vap. Press. 1
@29. 5C
Vap, D, 4.17
Acute Local: C
Inhalation 3; Skin Absorp-
mm
tion 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
Inhalation
tion
3;
Ingestion 3;
Skin Absorp-
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted); 5 parts per

million in air; 25 milligrams per
cubic meter of air.
Toxicology: Its physiological action
is similar to that of aniline, although it is believed to be more
toxic. It acts as a depressant on
the central nervous system. Oral
or subcutaneous administration of
2 g/kg of body weight in guinea
pigs has caused weakness,
tremors, tonic and clonic convulsions, slowing of the respiration, and finally death due to respiratory paralysis. The hazard
associated with this material is
that untrained personnel will disregard small splashes of it upon
Toxic Rating Code:
equipment. Industrial accidents

involving dimethyl aniline are dangerous in that they can release
sudden massive quantities of the
oil or its vapor from breaks in the
pipes of a closed system. See
also Aniline.
Underwriters' Laboratory Classifi-
20-25

N,
the shoes, clothing, or body, and

will use improperly ventilated
cation:
Unknown
614
None
= Slight
dioxide,
6).

highly toxic fumes of Aniline; can
rate): Section 2
MCA warning label.
DIMETHYLARSINE
Synonym: Cacodyl hydride.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3 2AsH
)
Mol. Wt. 106.0

B. P.
36C
Density 1. 213 @ 29 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 65
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Asenic
Constants:
Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame (Section
6).

Disaster Control: See Asenic
pounds.
DIMETHYLBENZENE.
Com7
See Xylene.
DIMETHYLBENZYLCETYL
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Formula:
(CH 3 ) 2 (C 6H 5 CH 2 )C 16H 33 NC1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 436. 1
Vap. D. 15
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
2;
Unknown
DIMETHYL CARBAMYL CHLORIDE
615
Description:
Ingestion 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate):
it
B. P.
58.
Flash P.
Density
0C
<20F
0. 662 @ 20 >4C
Vap. Press. 400
@ 39.
Vap. D. 3.
mm
Toxicity:
DIMETHYL BERYLLIUM
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 17
M. P. -135. 1C
Section 2

Liquid.
(CH 3 2 CHCH(CH3 ) 2
Formula:
Unknown
White needles.
Formula: Be(CH 3 ) 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Description:
P.
Toxicity:
B.
als.
39.09
Sublimes @200C
Highly toxic. See

Beryllium Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame (Section
6).

oxide; can react with oxidizing
materials.
2,
2-DIMETHYLBUTANE
Synonym:
Neohexane.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(CH 3
)3
CCH 2 CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
86.2
B. P.
7C
49.
Flash P. <20F
Freezing P. -101.
Density 0. 649

Vap. Press. 400
@31. 0C
Vap. D. 3. 00
mm
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxdry chemical or carbon tetra-
chloride (Section
6).
rate): Section 2
1,
Section
3-DIMETHYL BUTYLAMINE
A liquid.
CH 3 CH(NH2)CH 2 CH(CH3)2
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 101.2
106 - 109C
B. P.
Flash P. 55F
Density 0. 750 at 20 /20 C

rate):
Section 2
Section
DIMETHYL CARBAMYL CHLORIDE
Section 2
chloride.
Description:
Formula:
6).

rate):
2,
ide (Section

away from heat or open flame!
Synonym: N, N-Dimethyl carbamyl
als.
ide,
dioxide,
Section
3-DIMETHYLBUTANE
Liquid.
(CH 3 2 NCOCl
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
Density
Vap. D.
107. 5
-33C
165-167C
1.
3.
678
@ 20 /4C
73
Toxicity: Lachrymator;
irritant action.
strong local
Synonym: Diisopropyl.
DIMETHYL CARBATE
616

fumes.
DIMETHYL CARBATE
Synonym: Cis-bicyclo
(2, 2,
l)-5-
heptene-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid

dimethyl ester.
Inhalation
See sec -
Propyl Alcohol.
alpha,
1413 @20/20C
1.
8.
01

also Glycols.
See

it
DIMETHYLCHLORACETAL
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
ClCH 2 CH(OCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
124. 6
126-132C
Flash P. 110F
B. P.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
DIMETHYLCARBINOL
Density
Vap. D.
alpha-DIMETHYL -alpha'
CARBOBUTOXYDIHYDROgamma-PYRONE
Synonym: n- Butyl mesityl oxide
Density 1. 082- 1. 092 @ 25 /4C

Vap. D. 4. 3
oxalate.
Amber
Description:
DIMETHYL CHLOROARSINE
liquid.
Formula:
Synonyms:
OC(CH 3 )CH 2 COCHCCOOC 4H 9

Mol. Wt.
Constants:
226.
Formula:
113C
Flash P. 315F
Density 1. 08 @20/20C
3. P.
Vap. D. 7. 8
repellent.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
Cacodyl chloride;
chlorodimethylarsine.
Constants:
(CH 3 2AsCl
)
Mol. Wt.
140.44
M. P.
Insect
when exposed
Below -45C
B. P. 106. 5C
Density Above 1
Vap. D. 4. 84
Highly toxic.
Toxicity:
See Arsenic
Compounds.
can react with

DIMETHYL beta-CHLOROETHYLAMINE
DI(METHYL "CELLOSOLVE")
Formula:
to heat or flame;

Description:
MALEATE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 OCOCH:CHCOOCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3

Constants
Mol. Wt.
232. 23
M. P.
-50C
B. P.
152C
@5
Toxic Rating Code:
mm
=
None
= Slight
Liquid.
(CH 3 2NC 2 H 4 C1
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 107. 6
Vap. D. 3. 72
Ingestion 3; Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIMETHYL DINITRO OXAMIDE
617

rate): Section 2

rate): Section 2
DIMETHYLDICHLOROSILANE
Description:
Formula:
DIMETHYL CYANAMIDE
Description:
Colorless, mobile
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. -86C
129.
70C
4.44
B. P.
liquid.
Formula:
(CH 3 ) 2 NCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
-41. 0C
M. P.
Liquid.
(CH 3 ) 2 SiCl 2
Vap. D.
See
Chlorosilanes.
74.09
B. P.
160C
Flash P. 160F (T.C.C.)
Vap. Press. 40
@80C
mm
Vap. D. 2. 55
See
Cyanides.
cyanides; it will react with water
flammable vapors; can react with

when exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 3.4 - > 9. 5%
to produce heat and toxic and
corrosive fumes.
rate): Section 2
flammable
red label.
liquid;
DIMETHYLDIDODECYLAMMONIUM
7
CHLORIDE
Description:
Solid.
p-DIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
Formula:
Synonym: Hexahydroxyl.

Vap. D. 14. 4
2; Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
heated, it emits smoke and toxic
fumes of chlorine.
rate): Section 2
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Liquid.
(CH 3 2 CH 10
112.21
-86C
B. P.
119. 5C
Density 0. 77
3 C
Vap. D. 3. 86
als.
Explosion Hazard:
6).
Unknown
(CH 3 2 (C 12 H 25 2 NC1
)
DIMETHYL DINITRO OXAMIDE

Description:
Crystals.
Formula:
(CH 3 2NCOCON(N0 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
206.
DIMETHYLDIOXANE
618

reducing materials.
DIMETHYLDIOXANE
Formula: OCH(CH3)CH 2 OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Inhalation 2
Inhalation 2
als.


Synonym: Lactide.
Pale yellow, crystal-
Description:
Formula: C^gC^
Clear liquid.
(CH 3 )2N(CH2) 2OH

89. 14
P.

dioxide, dry
6).

rate): Section 2
Unknown

DIMETHYLENEIMINE
Synonym: Ethylenimine.
Description:
Solid.
(CH 3 ) 2 (C2H 50)(C 18 H3 7 )NC1
2;
2;
Ingestion
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2
Oily liquid.
None
DIMETHYLETHANOLOCTADECYL
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 378. 1
Vap. D. 13.0
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144. 1
M. R. 96 - 104C
133C
Flash P. 88F (O. C.
Density 0. 887
Amines.
B.
Formula:
line solid.
Toxic Rating Code:
DIMETHYL ETHANOL AMINE
(Section
3
6-DIMETHYL-2, 5-p-DIOXANEDIONE
Description:

Toxicity:
Synonym: Dimethylamino ethanol.

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
2;
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard:- Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; can react
Description:
Section
Formula:
2;
Section
'
Acute Systemic: U
rate):
Density 0. 9268
3,
'
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 43. 07
B. P. 55 - 56 C
Density 0. 832 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 1.49
Ingestion 3; Inhalation

116. 16
B. P.
117. 5C
Flash P. 75 F
rate):
NHCH 2 CH 2
Formula:
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
619


3
7
DIMETHYL ETHER
2,
Synonyms: Methyl ether; methyl
Description:
-DIMETHYL- 3 -ETHYLPENTANE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128.25
B. P.
142 C
Flash P. 47 F
Density 0. 754 @20C
Vap. D. 4. 43
CH 3 OCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 46. 07
M. P. -138. 5C
-23. 7C
B. P.
Flash P. -42 F (C. C. )
Density 0. 661
662 F
Autoign. Temp.
Vap. D. 1. 59
Ethers.
Fire Hazard: Highly dangerous


rate): Section 2
Explosion Hazard: Dangerous, when

exposed to flame, sparks, etc.
Disaster Control: Highly dangerousl
Keep in closed container away
from heat and open flame!
Description:
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
See tert-Amyl Alcohol.
Description:
DIMETHYLETHYLENE BIS-GLYCOLATE
Formula:
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 206.2
145 - 146 C @4
B. P.
Flash P. 290 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 1994 @25/25C
Vap. D. 7. 11
Esters.
mm
Colorless, mobile
liquid.
Liquid.
(CH 2 OCH 2 C0 2 CH 3
Liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128. 1
M. P. Low
B. P.
149 C
Density 1.28
Vap. D. 4.42
Fluorides.

Description:
Formula: (CH 3 0) 2POF
I.
DIMETHYL ETHYL CARBINOL
Section
DIMETHYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE
rate): Section 2
Formula:
Liquid.
Formula: C 9 H 2o
oxide.
Formula:
(CH 3
NCHO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 73. 1
B. P. 152. 8C
Freezing P. -61 C
Density 0. 9445 @ 25 /AC
Vap. D. 2. 51
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
2,5-DIMETHYL FURANE
620

6).

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 2.2- 15. 2% @
100 C
Caution: Avoid contact with
halogenated hydrocarbons and

inorganic nitrates.
rate): Section 2
2,

Glycols.

To Fight Fire: Water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6).
2,
B. P.
136C
Flash P. 73.5F
Density 0. 715 @20C
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B.
Toxicity:
C 4H 2 0(CH 3 )2
Formula:
96. 12
als.
1;
Inhalation
ide,
rate):
als.
3,
Section 2
Liquid.
C 9 H 2o
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
128.25
136C
Flash P. 73.5F
Density 0. 723 @20C
Vap. D. 4.42
B.
6).

Section
5-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
Description:
dioxide,

Section 2
6).

chloride (Section
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate):
42
Flash P. 45 F
Density 0. 9026 @ 17. 7 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 31
Ingestion
4.
Unknown

94C
P.
5-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
Vap. D.
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C9H20
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128.25
-DIMETHYL FURANE
Description:
See also
P.
Toxicity:
Unknown

DIMETHYLGLYCOL PHTHALATE
Synonym: Dimethyl "Cellosolve"

Description:
Formula:
Constants:
B. P.
(Section
6).

phthalate.
Liquid.
C 6H 4 [COO(CH 2 2 OCH3] 2
)
Mol. Wt.
282.3
rate): Section 2
Section 7
230C
Flash P. 369 F (C C.
Density 1.17
Vap. D. 9.72
Toxic Rating Code:
4,
None
4-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
Description:
Formula:
= Slight
2 =
Liquid.
G9H 20
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIMETHYLHEXYNEDIOL
621
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128. 25
B. P. 135. 2C
Flash P. 73.5F
Vap. Press. 10. 4
@ 25 C
Vap. D. 4.42
1 5. 5 /l 5. 5 C
Vap. D. 4. 1
Unknown
Dangerous, when excan react

Fire Hazard:
posed
118. 26
116C
Flash P. 113F
Density 0. 716 @
B. P.
mm
Toxicity:
C 8H 22
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
to heat or flame;
rials.
rials.
dioxide, dry


(Section
ide,
6).


Section 2
rate):
Section
4-DIMETHYLHEXANE
A liquid.
Formula: C 8 H 18
2,
Description:
2,6-DIMETHYLHEPTENE-3
(cis
and trans ISOMERS)
A clear
C 9 H 18
Description:
Formula:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114.23
B. P. 109 C
Flash P. 50 F
Density 0. 705 @ 1
Vap. D. 4. 1
liquid.
126.23
128. 5 - 129C
Flash P. 70 F (T. O. C. )
1 5. 5 /l 5. 5 C
Density 0. 722
Vap. Press. 28.
B. P.
Toxicity:
4mm@38C
4. 38
Details unknown.

rials.

2,
5-DIMETHYLHEXADIENE-2,
Description:
rate),
Liquid.
Formula: (CH 3 ) 2 CCHCHC(CH 3 ) 2

M. P.
Mol. Wt.
-91. 3C
B. P.
102.
Constants:
Density
Vap. D.
0.
110.12
5C
762
@20 /Z0 C
3. 8


2,
2,
5-DIMETHYLHEXANE-2, 5-DIOL
Description:
3-DIMETHYLHEXANE
A clear liquid.
Crystals.
Formula:
(CH 3 2 (OH)C(CH 2 ) 2 C(OH)(CH 3 ) 2
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146. 14
M. P. 88 - 89C
Vap. D. 5. 03
DIMETHYLHEXYNEDIOL
Description:
Formula:
7
Unknown
rials.

White crystals.
C 8 H 14
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 142.2
M. P. 94 - 95C
Description:
/l 5. 5 C

Vap. D.
Toxicity:
5. 5
DIMETHYLHEXYNOL
622
205 - 206C
Vap. D. 4.9
B. P.
DIMETHYLHEXYNOL
Synonym:
3, 5
-Dimethyl- 1 -hexyn- 3-
ol.
Description:
Colorless liquid;
camphor-like odor.
Formula:
CH 3 CH(CH3)CH2C(CH 3 )(OH)C = CH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126. 5
B. P. 150 - 151C
Freezing P. -68C
Density 0. 8545 @ 20 /20 C
Toxicity:
Unknown

exposed to heat or flame; can

ide,

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: This resin contains a
small percentage of formaldehyde
(about 0. 3% maximum) which maycause dermatitis in individuals
sensitive to formaldehyde. When
crushed or ground it gives a fine
dust which may pass through
ordinary respirators irritating
mucous membranes and leading
to sore throat, coughing and occasionally vomiting.
In case of contact with the body,
individuals are advised to flush
skin or eyes with water. In
grinding or crushing operations,
adequate ventilation should be
provided.
asym-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE
Description:
DIMETHYL HYDANTOIN
Synonym: alpha-Ureido-isobutyric
acid lactam.
solid.
Formula:
C 5H 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
N2
128. 13
M. P.
178C
Vap. D. 4.4
Toxicity: Details unknown. Hydantoins are related to barbiturates

and have a depressant action on
the central nervous system. See
also Barbiturates.
Fire Hazard: Slight; when heated;
DIMETHYL HYDANTOIN- FORMALDEHYDE RESIN

Description: Colorless to lightly
yellow, brittle lumps; odorless
or faint carmel-like odor.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 240 - 300 (average)
M. P. 60 C (minimum)
Density 1. 30
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Colorless
liquid,
ammonia-like odor.
Formula: (CH 3 ) 2NNH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60. 1
B. P. 63. 3C
Freezing P. -58C
Flash P. 34F (T. C. C. )
Density 0. 782 @25/4C
Vap. D. 1. 94
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2

emits highly toxic fumes of nitrogen compounds; can react
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
623
2,
rials.

rate): Section 2
N,

0,0, -DIMETHYL -0, P -NITRO-
PHENYL THIOPHOSPHATE
N-DIMETHYL HYDROXYACETAMIDE
Description:
Formula:
3-DIMETHYLPENTANE
Synonym: Dimethyl analog
Crystals.
HOCH 2 CON(CH 3
Formula:
)2
(CHsO^POC^NC^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 263. 2
Vap. D. 9. 1
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
rate): Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 103. 12
M. P. 45 C
B. P. 213C
DIMETHYLISOPROPANOLAMINE
Description:
of
parathion.
Liquid.
Formula: C 3 H 7 ON(CH 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 103. 2
M. P. -85C
B. P. 125. 8C
Flash P. 105F
Density 0. 86
Vap. D. 3. 55
DIMETHYL OCTYNEDIOL
Amines.
Synonym:

3,
3,
6-Dimethyl-4-octyne-
6-diol.
Description:
White crystals.
Formula: C 10 H 18O 2

Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 170. 3
M. P. 55 - 56C
B. P. 135C @20
Vap. D. 5. 9
mm
probably
toxic.
DIMETHYL MALEATE
Description:

Liquid.
Formula: (=CHCOOCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144. 12
M. P. -17. 5C
B. P. 205. 0C
Density 1. 153
Vap. Press. lmm@45.
2,
3-DIMETHYLPENTANE
Synonym: Diethyldimethylm ethane.

Description:
Formula:
7
Vap. D. 4. 97

Liquid.
C-jHk,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100.20
M. P. -135C
B. P. 89. 8C
Density 0. 69 @ 1 5. 5 /l5.
2,
4-DIMETHYLPENTANE
624
Flash P. < 20 F
Vap. D. 3.45
Toxicity:
Unknown
rate):

dizing materials.
Section 2
4-DIMETHYLPENTANE
A clear liquid.
Description:
Formula: C 7 H!6
Mol. Wt. 100.2
-123. 4C
B. P. 80. 3C
Flash P. < 20F
Density 0. 6728 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 48
Constants:
M. P.
Toxicity:
Unknown

Section

Section
6).

2,

6).

Section 2
DIMETHYL PHOSPHINE
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula: (CH 3
)2
PH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 62. 1
B. P. 25C
Density < 1
Vap. D. 2. 14
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; spontaneously flammable in air.

rate): Section 2
ortho-DIMETHYL PHTHALATE
DIMETHYL p-PHENYLENE DIAMINE

Synonym: p-Aminodimethyl aniline.
Description: Crystalline mass.
Formula: C 6 H 4 NH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2
Constants: Mol. Wt.
M. P. 53 C
B. P.
150C @17
136.20
mm
Density 1. 036 @20/4C

Vap. D. 4. 69
Inhalation
Inhalation
liquid.
Formula: C 6H 4 (COOCH 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 194. 18
B. P. 283. 7C
Density 1 189 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. D. 6. 69
Acute Local: Allergen 1; Inges.
3;
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
Colorless, odorless
Description:
tion 2
Ingestion
3;
Acute Systemic:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIMETHYL SEBACATE
625

Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicity:
rials.

cis-2, 5-DIMETHYLPIPERAZINE
Description: A liquid; typical
amine odor.
C6H 14 N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144. 1
M. P. 17. 5C
B. P. 164..5C @746
Flash P. 154. 5F (C.O.C. )
Density 0. 9195 @ 25 /25 C
Toxicity: Unknown

Section 2
2,
trans-2, 5-DIMETHYLPIPERAZINE
Description: Crystals; typical
amine odor.
Formula:
H NCH 2 CH(CH 3 )NHCH 2 C H(CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
Flash P.
Toxicity:

Section
2,
2-DIMETHYLPROPANE
Synonym: Neopentane.
Description:
Formula:
2-DIMETHYL-l, 3 -PROPANEDIOL.
5-DIMETHYLPYRAZINE
A liquid; pyridine
Formula: C 6H 8 N 2
2,
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108
M. P. 15C
B. P. 154C @742
Flash P. 147. 3F (CO. C.
Density 0. 9873 @ 25/25C
odor.
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown

Synonyms: Methyl sebacate.
Unknown
DIMETHYL SEBACATE
mm
210 F (O.C.
Section
See Neopentyl Glycol.
mm
114. 19
117. 5C
161. 9C @746
Unknown

6).

Formula:
Density 0. 590 @ 20 /4C

Vap. D. 2. 48
Liquid.
(CH 3 4C
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72.2
B. P. 9. 5C
Freezing P. -18. 2C
Flash P. < 20 F
Formula: [(CH 2 ) 4 C0 2 CH3] 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 230. 3
M. P. 38C
B. P. 293. 5C
Flash P. 293 F
Density 0. 986 @30 /25 C
Vap. Press. lmm@104.
Vap. D. 7. 95
Toxicity:
See Esters and Methyl
Alcohol.
DIMETHYL SELENIDE
626
DIMETHYL SELENIDE
Synonym: Methyl selenide.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(CH 3 2Se
)

B. P. 58C
Density 1. 4077 @ 14. 6 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 75
Toxicity: See Selenium and its
Compounds.
6).

highly toxic fumes of selenium;
or acid fumes to produce toxic
First Aid:
Section 1
DIMETHYL SULFATE
Synonym:
Methyl sulfate.
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3 2S0 4
)

M. P. -31. 8C
B. P. 188C
Density 1 3322 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 4. 35
Acute Local: Irritant 3; Inhala-
halation

MAC: ACGIH
(accepted); 1 part
Toxicology: Contact of the skin and
mucous membranes with the liquid
or vapor, even for short periods,
results in intense irritation of
these tissues severalhours later.
There is no odor or initial irritation to give warning of exposure. On
brief, mild exposures, conjunctivitis, catarrhal inflammation of the
mucous membranes of the nose,
throat, larynx and trachea and possibly some reddening of the skin
Toxic Rating Code:
None
6).

tion 3

After a latent period of several

hours, there is severe lacrimation,
conjunctivitis, photophobia, coughing and hoarseness, followed, in
the case of more severe exposures,
by chest pain, dyspnea, cyanosis
and possibly death. In patients
surviving severe exposures, there
may be serious injury to the liver
and kidneys, with suppression of
urine, jaundice, albuminuria and
hematuria appearing. Death, resulting from the kidney or liver damage, may be delayed for several
weeks.
Description:
Formula:
develop after the latent period.

With longer, heavier exposures,
the cornea shows clouding, the irritative changes of the nasopharynx are more marked and after
6 to 8 hours pulmonary edema may
develop. Death may occur in 3 or
4 days. The liver and kidneys are
frequently damaged. Spilling of the
liquid on the skin can cause ulceration and local necrosis. The fatal
concentration for cats and monkeys
is in the range of 25 to 200 ppm of
the vapor in air.
= Slight

materials.
rate): Section 2
Corrosive
MCA warning label
DIMETHYL SULFIDE
Synonym: Methyl
Description:
Formula:
sulfide.
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3 2S
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 62. 13
M. P. -83.2C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIMETHYLTETRAHYDROTfflODIAZINETfflONE
627
B. P.
36.
Density
0.
dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes

0C
8458
@ 21 /4C

Vap. D. 2. 14
Toxicity: High. See Sulfides.
rials.

Synonym: Dimethyl- 1 -cyclohexene

2-dicarboxylic acid.
1
6).
Formula:
Section 11.

Toxicity:
198. 2
6.
83
Probably
slight.
See
Phthalic Acid.
when exposed
can react with
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;
DIMETHYLSULFOLANE
Formula:
C 6H 8 (COOCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Vap. D.
I.
Description:
DIMETHYL TETRAHYDROPHTHALATE

Section
Solid.
C^H^SC^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148.22
B. P. 280C
Flash P. 290 F (O. C. )
Density 1 1 362 @ 20 /4 C
@20C
Vap. Press. 0.006
2,6-DIMETHYL TETRAHYDRO-1,
4-PYRONE
Formula: C 7 H 14 2

materials.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 130. 2
Vap. D. 4.48
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE
3,
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown

to heat or flame.
6).

Description:
Clear, water-white,
5-DIMETHYLTETRAHYDRO-l,
5,
hygroscopic liquid.
Formula: (CH 3 ) 2SO
Description:
der.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 78. 13
M. P. 6C
B. P. decomp. @100C
Flash P. 203 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 100 @20C
Vap. Press. 0. 37
@ 20 C
Formula:
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown

3,
2-H-THIODIAZINE-2-THIONE
White crystalline pow-
C5H 10 N 2 S2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162. 2
M. P. 105 - 107C
Vap. D. 5. 59
tion
2;
2;
Inges-
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
DIME THYLTRITfflOCARBONATE
Section 2
628
Formula: Ni 2 P
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148. 36
M. P. 1112C
Density: 6. 31 @15C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Phos-
DlMETHYLTRITfflOCARBONATE
Description:
Crystals.
CS 3 (CH 3
Formula:

Vap. D. 4. 8
"DINITRO

rate): Section 2
"DIMITE".
See Di(p-Chlorophenyl)
Methyl Carbinol.
DIMORPHOLINETfflURAM
DISULFIDE
fungicide.
gerous;
when heated
to
decom-
emits toxic fumes.

position
See
4,
6-Dinitro-o-Cre-
sol.

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
oxides of sulfur; it can react
it
DI-p-NAPHTHYL-p- PHENYLENE
DIAMINE
Description:
Formula:
phine.

Explosion Hazard: See Phosphides,
Solid.
(C 10H 7 )2NC 6H 4 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 360.42
Vap. D. 12.4
toxic. See p-Phenylene Diamine.
DINICKEL PHOSPHIDE
Description:
Gray Crystals
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2,
4-DINITROANILINE
Synonym:
2,
4-Dinitrophenylamine.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
(N0 2 2 C 6H 3 NH2
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 183. 13
M. P. 180C
B. P. 56. 7C
Density 1.615
Vap. D. 6. 31
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
to heat or flame.
To Fight Fire: Water; carbon
rate): Section 2
2,4-DINITRO ANISOLE
Synonym:
2,
4-Dinitrophenylmethyl
ether.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Colorless to yellow
CH 3 OC 6H 3 (N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198. 1
M. P. 89 C
B. P. Sublimes
Vap. D. 6. 83
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DINITRO-o-sec-BUTYL PHENOL
629
Poison B (liquid, solid);

poison label required.

Nitro Compounds of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons.
rate): Section 2
1,
2-DINITROBENZENE
Synonyms: o-Dinitrobenzol.
needles or plates.
Formula: C 6 H 4 (N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 168. 11
M. P. 118C
B. P. 302. 8C @770
mm
)
Density 1. 571 @Q/4C

Vap. D. 5. 79
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U

To Fight Fire: Water; carbon dioxide; dry chemical or carbon
6).

flame. This compound is a high
explosive used in bursting charges
and to fill artillery shells. It is
a useful industrial explosive when
mixed with more powerful explosives or with oxygen carriers,
such as inorganic nitrates or
chlorates or with ammonium nitrate.

nitrogen and explodes, it can react vigorously with oxidizing
materials.
rate): Section 2
2,4-DINITROBENZENE SULFENYL
CHLORIDE
Description:
Bright yellow, crystal-
line solid.
Formula:
C 6H 3 SCl(N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 234
M. P. 95 - 96C
Vap. D. 8. 08
Hydrocarbons.
shocked.
will explode it; when heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic
fumes of oxides of sulfur and
nitrogen; it will react with water
3,5 -DINITROBENZOYL CHLORIDE
Formula:
(N0 2 2 C 6 H 3 C0C1
)

M. P. 69C
B. P. 196C @12
Vap. D. 7. 96
mm
tion 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes.
rate):
Section

Section
DINITRO-o-sec-BUTYL PHENOL
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
(N0 2 2 C 4 H 7 C 6 H 4 OH
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 240. 3
Vap. D. 7. 73
Toxicity: Details unknown; an insecticide. See also Nitro Compounds
of
Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
DINITROCAPRYL CROTONATE
630

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 1.97%-22%.

DINITROCAPRYL CROTONATE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula:
(N0 2 ) 2 CH(CH 2 ) 6 CH 2
CCH:CHCH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 288.3
Vap. D. 9.95
tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inges-
Section 2

DINITROCHLOROBENZ ENE
Synonym:
zene.
Description:
crystals.
-Chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenYellow, rhombic
(N0 2 ) 2 C 6 H 3 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 202. 56
M. P. Alpha: 53. 4C; beta:43C;
gamma: 27 C
B. P. 315C
Flash P. 382 F (C. C. )
Density Alpha: 1.687@22C;
beta: 1.680 @20/4C
Vap. D. 6. 98
Formula:
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
DINITROC HLOROHYDRIN
Formula: CH 2 C1CHN0 2 CH 2 N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 168. 6
B. P. 180C
Density 1. 5
Vap. D. 5.83
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
shocked.
decomposition, it burns and emits

rate): Section 2
4,
6-DINITRO-o-CRESOL
Synonym: 2-Methyl-4, 6-dinitrophenoL
Chronic Systemic:
Description:
Ingestion
3;
Inhalation 3
Note: Chloronitrobenzenes are believed to be more toxic than
nitrobenzenes, and the dinitro
more toxic than the nitro. See
also Nitro Compounds of Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
to heat or flame.
To Fight Fire: Water; carbon dioxide; dry chemical or carbon
Toxic Rating Code:
C. C. Classification: Poison
B; poison label.
I.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate):

Shipping Regulations
Section 11.
6).
None
= Slight
Yellow, prismatic crys-
tals.
Formula:
(N0 2 2C 6H 2 (CH 3 )OH

)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198. 1
M. P. 85. 8C
Vap. D. 6. 82
halation 3
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
In-
3;
Unknown
DINITROMONOCHLORHYDRIN
631
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted); 0.03 part

per million in air; 0. 2 milligram
rate):

rate): Section 2
Section 2

DINITROGEN TRIOXIDE
Synonym: Nitrous anhydride.

Description: Red-brown gas; blue
solid or liquid.
Formula:
3,5-DINITRO-o-CRESYL ACETATE
Formula:
CH 3 COOC 6H 2 CH 3 (N0 2
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 240.2
Vap. D. 8. 28
also Cresol and Nitro Compounds
of
PHENOL
2,
4-Dinitro-o-cyclohexyl
phenol.
Description:
Formula:
rate):
Crystalline material.
C 6H 2 (N0 2 2 Cl2
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 237.0
Vap. D. 8. 17
3;
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation

DINITROGLYCOL
Synonyms: Ethylene
Formula:
DINITRODICHLOROBENZENE
Formula:
Section 2
nitrate; di-
ethylene glycol dinitrate.


Description:
Disaster Control: See Nitric Oxide.

Crystals.
(N0 2 ) 2 (C 6H 11 )OC 6H3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 266. 3
Vap. D. 8. 62
toxic. See also Nitro Compounds
of
tion 3
MAC: AGGIH
4-DINITRO-6-CYCLOHEXYL
Synonym:

Chronic Local: U

2,
N2

M. P. -102C
B. P. 3. 5C decomp.
Density 1.447 @20C
3;

highly toxic fumes of oxides and
chlorides; it can react vigorously
C 2H 4 (ON0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 152. 1
M. P. -20C
B. P. 98C
Density 1.2156 @ 0/4C
Vap. D. 5. 24
Glycols.
shocked or heated to 114C.
Comparable to nitroglycerine.
DINITROMONOCHLORHYDRIN
Description: Dinitromonochlorhydrin is a high explosive miscible
with nitroglycerine and is used
DINITRONAPHTHALENE
632
as a component in low-freezing
dynamites and also in permissible gelatinous explosives.
Formula: (N0 2 )2C3H 502C1
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 200. 6
Unknown.
Toxicity:

High and Nitrates.
Disaster Control: See Explosives,
High and Nitrates.
DINITRONAPHTHALENE
Synonyms:
5-Dinitronaphtha1
8-Dinitronaphthalene.
Description: (a) yellowish needles;
(b) yellow, rhombic crystals.
(a)
lene; (b)
1,
C 10H 6 (NO 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 218. 16
M. P. (a) 217. 5C;
173.
B. P.
(a) Subl.
Toxicity:
(b)
with piciric acid. Dinitronaphthalene is an ingredient of permissible explosives and is also used in
combination with ammonium nitrate.

High and Nitrates.
4-DINITRO-NAPHTHOL-l
(N0 2 )2CioH 5OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
234. 16
Compounds
of
Toxic Rating Code:
Formula:
None
Crystals.
(N0 2 2C 6H 3 OC 2H 5
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212.2
Vap. D. 7. 32
Hydrocarbons.
3-DINITROPHENOL
(N0 2 2 C 6H 3 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
184. 11
M. P. 144C
Density 1. 681 @20C
Vap. D. 6.35
3;
Allergen 1;
Inhalation 2

Chronic Local: Irritant 2; Allergen 2; Inhalation 2
Toxicology: The harmful effects,
which can be fatal, are damage
to the liver and induced fever.
Fatal cases have been reported
40 mg/cu. meter. It is a powerful stimulant of metabolism. It

is the excessive oxidation effects
of this material upon the metabol-
M. P. 138C
Vap. D. 8. 08
Toxicity: See Nitro
4-DINITROPHENETOLE
in the literature from the inhalation of the dust in a concentration estimated at approximately
Yellow needles or
leaflets.
Formula:
2,
Description:
Formula:
See also

Hydrocarbons
is used mixed with chlorates and
perchlorates and in combination
2,

l-Hydroxy-2, 3-dinitrobenzene.
Description: Yellow needles.
decomp.
Details unknown.
See Nitro Compounds of
Synonym:
173-
7. 51
Description:
Toxicity:
2,
(b)
5C
Vap. D.
DINITRONAPHTHOL SALTS
= Slight
olism and nutrition that damage

the liver and kidney cells. Like
other nitrated phenols, it is an
irritant to the skin and has been
known to cause dermatitis (Section 9). Ingestion will cause dilation of the pupils or posterior
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DINITROSTILBENE DISULFONIC ACID
633
subcapsular opacities or cataracts. It also exhibits some allergic manifestations. Wood preservative. See also Nitro Compounds
of

exposed to heat. A high explosive
used as a component of some shell
and bomb charges. See also Ex-
2,
4-DINITROPHENOL
Yellow crystals.
Formula: (N0 2 2 C 6H3 OH
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 184. 11
M. P. 112C
Density 1.683 @24C
Vap. D. 6. 35
Toxicity: See 2, 3-Dinitrophenol.

exposed to heat.
2,
6-DINITROPHENOL
Yellow crystals.
(N0 2 ) 2 C 6H 3OH
2,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 184. 11
M. P. 63C
Vap. D. 6.35
Toxicity: See 2, 3-Dinitrophenol.

exposed to heat.
2,4-DINITROPHENYL ACETATE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
CH 3 C0 2 C 6 H3(N02) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 228. 2
Vap. D. 7. 87
Hydrocarbons
4-Dinitro-l, 3-benzen-
2,
diol; styphnic acid.
Description:
Formula:
Yellow crystals.
(NO^CÔH);,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 200. 11
M. P. 148C
B. P. Sublimes and explodes
Vap. D. 6. 79
Toxicity: Probably toxic. See Nitro
Compounds
of
Aromatic Hydro-
carbons.
Dinitroresorcinol and its lead
salt are used in commercial priming compositions and blasting caps,
It is also used to facilitate the igni
tion of lead azide. See also Explosives, High.
High and Nitrates.
Section 2
1
4-DINITROSOPIPERAZINE
White crystals.
Formula: C 4 H 8N 2 (N0 2 ) 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Description:
Formula:
4-DINITRORESORCINOL
Synonyms:
plosives, High.
High and Nitrates.
rate): Section 2

144.1
158C
Vap. D. 4. 97
stomach insecticide.

4,
4-DINITRO-2, 2-STILBENE
DISULFONIC ACID
Description: Yellow paste or brownish crystals.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 430
Toxicity:
Unknown

nitrogen and sulfur; can react
Section
2,
4-DINITROTOLUENE
2,
4-DINITROTOLUENE
634
B. P.
Synonym: Dinitrotoluol.
Formula: (N0 2 )2C 6 H 3 CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 182. 13
M. P. 69. 5C
B. P. 300C
Density 1. 521 @15C
Vap. D. 6. 27
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 1.5 milligrams per cubic meter of air.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; an oxidizer.

180
220C @10
Density 0.914
Vap. D. 12.
6).

exposed to heat.
High and Nitrates.
Section 2
mm
@25C

also Phenols.
See

tetrachloride.
Section
DIOCTYL ADIPATE
Formula: (C 8 H 17 C0 2 )2C 4 H 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 370
B. P. 214C @5
mm
Freezing P. -79 C
Density 0. 924-0. 930 @20 /20 C
Toxicity: See Esters and Adipic
Acid.
Disaster Control: Slight; when heated, it emits acrid fumes; can
rate):
DINOL.
See Diazodinitrophenol.
Description: Dark straw-colored

viscous liquid.
(C 9 H 19 ) 2 C 10 H 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 380. 6
B. P. 200 - 270C
Density 0. 92-0. 95
Vap. D. 13. 1
Toxicity:
@20
mm
@ 30 /20 C
Unknown

can react
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 241. 5
B. P. 280C
Flash P. 270 F
Density 0. 8
@20C
Vap. Press. 0.01
also Amines.
mm
DIOCTYLCHLOROPHOSPHATE
Description:
Formula:
DINONYL PHENOL
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 8 H 17 0) 2 P0C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 341
B. P. 125C @0. 2
Density 0. 9839 @ 25/25 C
Clear liquid.
mm
C 6H 3 OH(C 9 H 19 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Liquid.
Formula: (C 8 H 17 ) 2 NH
DINONYL NAPHTHALENE
Formula:
DIOCTYLAMINE
Description:
346.6
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIOCTYLTETRAHYDROPHTHALATE
635
insecticide.
phosphorus.
DIOCTYL PHTHALATE.

phosphorus and chlorides.
Formula: [(CH 2 ) 4 C0 2C 8 H 17 ] 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 426. 7
M. P. -55C
B. P. 248C @4
Flash P. 465 F
Density 0. 91 6 @20 /Z0 C
Clear, oily liquid.

2
mm
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 418. 3
B. P. 232 - 267C @5
Freezing P. -30 C
Density 0. 968-0. 977 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. D. 14.4
mm

To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetra
DIOCTYL SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE

Description: White solid or clear,
viscous liquid.
DIOCTYL FUMARATE
Synonym: Di-2-ethyl hexyl fumarate,
Description: Clear, mobile liquid;
mild odor.
Formula: (C 8 H 17 C0 2 )2C 2H2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 340
B. P. 211 - 220C
Density 0. 942 @ 20 /Z0 C
Toxicity: See Esters and Fumaric
Acid.
can react
Formula:
C 8 H 17 C0 2 CH 2 CHC0 2 C 8 H 17S03Na
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 444
Acute Systemic: U
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 306. 3
B. P. 128C @0. 5
Density 0.9291 @25/25C
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown

Inges-
1;
Inges-
Chronic Systemic: U
DIOCTYLTETRAHYDROPHTHALATE
Description:
Formula:
DIOCTYL PHOSPHITE
Formula: (C 8 H 17 0) 2 PHO
See Di-2-
DIOCTYL SEBACATE
LATE
Formula: C26H 42
Ethyl Hexyl Phthalate.
DI(n-OCTYL, n-DECYL) PHTHADescription:
Section
when
Crystals.
C 6H 8 (COOC 8H 17 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 394. 6
Vap. D. 13. 6
tion
1;
Inhalation
1;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
DIONIN
636

to
DIONIN
Synonym: Ethylmorphine hydrochloride.
Description: White, microscopic,
crystalline powder.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
HC1
2H z O
385. 88
125C Decomposes
Vap. D. 13.
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: May cause habituation. See
also Codeine.
1,4-DIOXANE
Synonyms: p-Dioxane; diethylene
oxide; diethylene dioxide.
Formula:
OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 10
M. P. 10C
B. P. 101. 1C
Density 1 0353 @ 20 /4 C
Vap. D. 3. 03
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Exposure of animals to
concentrations of 0. 1 to 3% of
dioxane vapor causes irritation of
the eyes and nose, followed by
narcosis and/or pulmonary edema
.
and death. The irritative effects

probably provide sufficient warning, in acute exposures, to enable
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
workman to leave exposure

before he is seriously affected.
On the other hand, repeated exposure to low concentrations has
resulted in human fatalities, the
organs chiefly affected being the
liver and kidneys. Death resulted
from acute hemorrhagic nephritis.
The hepatic lesion consists of an
acute central necrosis of the
lobules. The brain and lungs may
show acute edema.
In acute exposures, the signs
and symptoms consist of irritation of the eyes and naso-pharynx,
which may later subside, to be
followed by headache, drowsiness,
dizziness, and occasionally nausea
and vomiting. In chronic exposures,
there may be loss of appetite,
nausea and vomiting, pain and tenderness in the abdomen and lumbar
region, malaise, and enlargement
of the liver without jaundice.
There may be changes in the blood
the
picture. Further exposure may

result in suppression of urine,
followed by uremia and death.
(Section 6).

exposed to flame or by chemical
reaction with oxidizers.
Explosive Range: 1.97 -22.2%
Section 2
rate):

MCA
11.
warning label.
DIOXOLANE
Description:
Formula:
Water -white
liquid.
OCH 2 CH 2OC H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 74.08
M. P. -26.4C
B. P. 74C
Density 1. 065
Acute Local: U
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIPHENYLAMNE
637
Acute Systemic:
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Ingestion

2;
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when
DIPHENYL
Bi phenyl.
Description: White scales, pleasant
odor.
materials.
Formula: C6H 5C 6H 5

6).

Section

DIPENTAERYTHRITOL
Description:
White powder;
odorless
Formula: C 10 H 2 2O 7
B. P. 255C
Vap. D. 5. 31
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
U
Ingestion
2;
Inhalation 2

(Section 6).
Section 2
DIPENTENE
Synonym: Cinene.
pleasant, lemon-like odor.
C^H^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136.23
B. P. 174. 6C
Flash P. 108F
Density 0. 865 @ 1 8C;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 154. 2
M. P. 70 C
Chronic Systemic:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254. 3
M. P. 212 - 220C
Vap. D. 8. 77
Formula:
Synonym:

(Section
DIPHENYLACETIC ACID
Synonym: Diphenylmethane a-carboxylic acid.
Formula:
0.
845
20C
Vap. D. 4.66
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
(C 6 H 5 ) 2 CHCOOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212. 2
M. P. 147 - 148. 2C
B. P. Sublimes
Vap. D. 7. 3
also Diphenyl.
DIPHENYLAMNE
Synonym: Phenylaniline:
benzene.
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: (C 6H 5 ) 2 NH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
169.24
anilino-
DIPHENYLAMINE ARSENIOUS OXIDE

M. P.
52.
B. P.
302. 0C
9C
Chronic Systemic:
Flash P. 307 F
Density 1.16
(C. C.

Vap. D. 5. 82
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
when exposed
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame.
Ingestion 3;
Inhalation 3
Caution: A vomiting type of military
poison and a non-persistent military gas. See also Arsenic Com-
pounds.
heated it emits highly toxic fumes
of arsenic.
rate): Section 2
Poison
(gas, liquid or solid); tear
decomposition,
can
react with oxidizing materi-
DIPHENYLBROMOARSINE
als.
Description:
DIPHENYLAMINE ARSENIOUS
OXIDE
Toxicity:
See Arsenic
Highly toxic.
Compounds.
DIPHENYLAMINECHLOROARSINE
Synonym:
Adamsite.
Description: Light yellow to green

granules, irritant odor.
Formula:
NH(C 6 H 4 2AsCl
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
277. 6
M. P.
195C
B. P. 410C (Decomposes)
Density 1. 65
Vap. Press. Very low @20C
Vap. D. 9. 6
3;
Inges-
Inhalation 3
Ingestion
Inhalation 3
tion
3;
Acute Systemic:
3;
Chronic Local: U
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
solid);
tear gas label.
to

rate): Section 2
gas label.

Poison C (gas, liquid or

when heated
638
Crystals.
Formula: (C 6H 5 2AsBr
)

M. P. 54C
Vap. D. 10. 7
Inhalation 3
Inhalation 3
of arsenic.
rate): Section 2
DIPHENYLCHLOROARSINE
Description: Colorless crystals
when pure; technical product is
dark brown liquid.

Formula: (CeHsÂsCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 264. 57
B. P. 333C (Decomposes)
Freezing P. 44C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIPHENYL DISULFIDE
639
Density 1.363 @40C (solid):
1. 358 @45C (liquid)
Vap. Press. 0. 00049
@ 20 C
Vap. D. 9. 15
Exposure yields
cold-like symptoms, plus headache, vomiting and nausea. A
to the eyes.
mm
tion
3;
Inhalation

Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
vomiting gas of the non-persistent

variety. Decontamination needed
only in confined spaces by alkali
solution. See also Cyanides and
Arsenic Compounds.
of cyanides and arsenic.
rate): Section 2
3;
3;
Inhalation 3
Caution: A powerful irritant military poison. Can be decontaminated by use of chlorine or caustic
soda in confined spaces.
Toxicology: A non-persistent gas.
Exposure yields cold-like symptoms, plus headache, vomiting
and nausea. Relatively nontoxic
to eyes and skin,
tant.
DIPHENYLDICHLOROSILANE
mainly an irri-
Disaster Control: Dangerous: when

of arsenic.
rate): Section 2
Poison C;
tear gas label.
Coast Guard Classification (solid):
DIPHENYLCYANOARSINE
Description: Colorless prisms,
characteristic odor resembling
that of a mixture of bitter
and garlic.
Formula: (C 6H 5 ) 2AsCN
almonds
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 255.0
B. P. 213C @21
Freezing P. 31 C
Vap. Press. 0. 0002
@ 20 C
Vap. D. 8. 75
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
mm
mm
Inhalation 3
Toxicology: Acts as an irritant only

Formula: (C6H 5 ) 2SiCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 245. 22
M. P. -22C
B. P. 303C
Density 1. 19 @20C
Vap. D. 8. 45
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
to produce heat, toxic and corrosive fumes; can react vigorously
rate): Section 2
I.

liquid;
white label.

rosive liquid;
DIPHENYL DISULFIDE
White powder.
Formula: C^Hs-S-S-C^Hs
Description:
Constants:
M. P.
B. P.
Toxicity:
Mol. Wt.
59. 5
218.3
60.0C
310C
Details
Cor-
white label.
unknown
DIPHENYLENE OXIDE
640

Section
DIPHENYLENE OXIDE
Synonym: Dibenzofuran.
Colorless crystals.
Description:
Formula: C 6 H 4 OC 6 H 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 168. 2
M. P. 8?C
B. P. 288C
Vap. D. 5. 8
an in-

1,1-DIPHENYL ETHANE
Pale, yellowish liquid,
aromatic odor.
Formula:
Constants: Mol. Wt.
C^CHC^C^
182.3
M. P. -20C
B. P. 272C
Flash P. 264F
Density
Vap. D.
987
6. 28
0.
White powder.
Formula: NH:C(NHC 6H 5 ) 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 211. 1
M. P. 145C
Density 1. 15 @25C
Description:
der.
White
to light
gray pow-
C 6H 4 (COOH) 2 [HNC(NHC 6H 5 ) 2 ] 2 V 2 H 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 604. 7
M. P. 178C
Density 1. 2 @25C
Esters.
fumes.
@ 25/25 C

Diphenyl.
DIPHENYLMETHANE
Toxicity:
Section
Dl-beta- PHENYLETHYLAMINE
Description: Colorless to slightly
yellow liquid.
Formula: (C 6H 5 CH 2 CH 2 )2NH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 225. 3
B. P. 204C (5)22
Density 1.0 @25/25C
Vap. D. 7. 76
mm
Amines.
Toxic Rating Code:
DIPHENYLGUANIDINE
DIPHENYLGUANIDINE PHTHALATE
secticide.
Description:

Synonym: Benzylbenzene.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 6 H 5 ) 2 CH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 168.23
M. P. 26. 5C
B. P. 264. 5C
Density 1. 006
Vap. D. 5. 79
Benzene.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;
See also
when exposed
can react

DIPHENYLMETHANE DIISOCYANATE. See Methylene bis-(4-Phenyl

Isocyanate).
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
641
1,
DIPHENYL MONO- (para -tert BUTYL PHENYL) PHOSPHATE
Formula:
Synonym: para -tert -Butyl phenyl

diphenyl phosphate.
Description: Colorless to pale strawcolored liquid.
Formula: (C 6H 5 ) 2 [(CH 3 ) 3 CC 6 H 4 ]P0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 382.4
B. P. 245 - 260C @5
Freezing P.
C
Flash P. 435 F
mm
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame.
(C 6 H 5 ) 2 NC 6H 4 NH 2

Density 1. 20
Vap. D. 9.
Toxicity: A weak allergen. See also
p-Phenylenediamine.
DIPHENYL PHTHALATE
when exposed
Formula: CfcH^COOCfcHs);,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 318. 3
M. P. 70. 7C
B. P. 405C
Density 1. 2 8

4-DIPHENYLSEMICARBAZIDE
6).
Toxicity: Moderate. See Phenol

and Phthalic Acid.
DIPHENYL OXIDE.
Fire Hazard:
Synonym: Diphenyl ether.

Description:
Colorless crystals,
geranium odor.
Formula: (C 6 H 5 z O
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Slight,
when exposed
to
170. 20
M. P. 28C
B. P.
N,N' -DIPHENYL PIPERAZINE
257 C
Flash P. 205 F
Density 1. 0728 @ 20 C
Vap. D. 5. 86
1;
Inhalation
Description:
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
tetrachloride. See also Ethels.
Section 2

N,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 238. 3
M. P. 167C
Vap. D. 8. 22
Toxicity: Details unknown; piperazines generally have a low order
of toxicity.

1
Section
Crystals.
Formula:
C 6H 5 NHNHCONHC 6 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 227. 3
Vap. D. 7. 8
an in-
Dangerous; when
toxic fumes.
Solid.
4-DIPHENYLSEMICARBAZIDE
Description:
secticide.
Disaster Control:
N-DIPHENYL-para-PHENYLENEDIAMINE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C 6H 5 N(CH 2 ) 4 NC 6H 5
DIPHENYL SULFOXIDE
642
DIPHENYL SULFOXIDE
Description:
Formula:

Crystals.
(C 6 H 5 ) 2SO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 202.3
Vap. D. 7.
Toxicity: Details unknown. A fungicide. See also Diphenyl.
sulfur.

1,
See
DIPHOSGENE
Synonym:
Trichloromethyl chloroformate.
Description: Colorless liquid, odor
of phosgene.
C1C0 2 CC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 197. 9
M. P. -57C
B. P. 128C
Density 1. 653 @14/4C
Vap. D. 6. 9
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: A military poison. A
lung irritant. It is but slightly
lachrimatory. Its physiological
action like phosgene is delayed.
To decontaminate in enclosed
spaces, use ammonia or steam.
It is moderately persistent.
See
also Phosgene.
rate): Section 2
C.C. Classification: PoisonA;

poison gas label.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 439. 2
Amines.
Thiocarbanilide
I.
2, 4, 6, 2', 4', 6 -Hexanitrodiphenylamine

Formula: C 12 H50 12 N7
3-DIPHENYL-2-THIOUREA.
Formula:
DIPICRYL AMINE
Synonym:
= Slight

toxic fumes and explodes.
1,
10-DIPIPERIDINEDECANE
Description:
Solid.
Formula:
(CH 2 ) 5NCH 2 (CH 2 ) 8 CH 2 N(CH 2 ) 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 308. 5
Vap. D. 10. 7
Toxicity: Details unknown. Piperidines usually have a low toxicity.
DIPOTASSIUM NITROACETATE
Description:
Formula:
Solid.
K 2 (N0 2 )C 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 181.2
Toxicity: Unknown

7).

DIPROPARGYL
Synonym:
Description:
5-Hexadiyne.
Colorless liquid.
Formula: CH:CCH 2 CH 2 C:CH

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 78. 1
B. P. 86C
Freezing P. -6C
Density 0. 8049 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 69
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIMETHYL ETHER
643

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition it explodes; can react
Section

viscous liquid. Practically no odor,
Formula:
(CH 3 CHOHCH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
134. 17
231. 8C
Freezing P. None
Density 1 0252 @ 20 / ZQ C
Vap. D. 4.63
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
.
DI-n-PROPYLAMINE
Dipropyl amine.
Description: Water-white, amine
odor.
Synonym:
Formula:
(C 3 H 7 ) 2 NH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 101. 19
M. P.
-40C
Inhalation
221 F
45 F
Density 0. 741 @20C
B. P.
Flash P.
See also
Amines.
6).

rate): Section 2

Section 2
DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE

Description:
Section
1;
Formula:
Liquid.
C^CHCeHsCC^CÔ-
CH2CHC6H5C02CH3
DIPROPYL BERYLLIUM
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
Be(C 3 H 7
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 95. 19
M. P. < -17C
B. P. 245C
Vap. D. 3. 29
oxide; can react vigorously with
rate): Section 2
DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL
Synonym:
2, 2'
-Dihydroxy isopropyl
ether.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 342.4
M. P. < -30C (sets to a glass)
B. P.
250C @10
mm
mm
Density 1. 1260 @ 20 /ZQ> C

Vap. Press. 1. 2
@200 C
Vap. D. 11. 8
Toxicity: See Glycols and Benzoic
Acid.
DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIMETHYL

ETHER
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 OC 3 H 6OC3H 6OCH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148. 2
B. P. 190C
Density 0. 951
Vap. D. 5. 11
Glycols.
See also
DKPROPYLENE GLYCOL)
4,
-ISOPROPYLIDENE BISPHENYL

DKPROPYLENE GLYCOl)
4,
4'-ISO-
PROPYLIDENE BISPHENYL
Very viscous
Description:
644

Section
liquid.
Formula:
(CH 3 CHOHCH 2 OC 6H 4 )2C 3 H 6
DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL PHENYL

ETHER
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 344.4
M. P. 54C
B. P. Decomposes
Flash P. 450 F
Density 1. 058 @80/4C
Description:
Toxicity:
Formula:
Unknown

Section
DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL

ETHER
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
CH 3 OC 3 H 6 OC 3 H 6OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
0.
5.
950
Water-white liquid.
Formula:
(CH 3 2 (CH 2 ) 2 (CH 2 ) 2 (NH 2 2 NH
@ 25 /4 C
11
See also

DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER

Dowanol 50B
Description:
Formula:
Description:

Glycols.
Synonym:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 210. 2
M. P. < -25C
B. P. 285. 7C
Flash P. 315F
Density 1 044 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. D. 7. 25
See also Ethers.
See also Ethers.
DIPROPYLENE TRIAMINE
148. 2
189C
Flash P. 185F
B. P.
Density
Vap. D.
Slightly yellow' liquid.
C 6H 5OC 3 H 6 OC 3 H 6 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 133. 2
Flash P. 190F
Density 0. 96
Vap. D. 4. 6
also Amines.
See

Liquid.
DIPROPYL KETONE
CH 3 OC 3 H 6OC H 6 OH
3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148. 2
M. P. Doesn't crystallize
B. P. 190C
Flash P. 185F
Density 0.951 (gZ5/Z5C
Vap. D. 5. 11
also Glycols.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Synonym:
Butyrone.
Description: Colorless, refractive
liquid.
Formula:
C 7 H 14
Constants: Mol. Wt.

B. P. 144C
114.2
Freezing P. -32.6C
Flash P. 120F
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DISILICON
645

Vap. D. 3.93
Toxicity: See Ketones.

Section 7
PROPYLPHOSPHOTHIONIC
CHLORIDE
Formula: (n-C 3 H 7 0) 2 PSCl
Dl-n-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 216. 67
B. P. 70 - 75C @1
Density 1 1 23 @ 25 /4C
oxides of phosphorus and sulfur.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 250. 28
B. P. 129 - 132C @1
Density 1. 071 @25C
Toxicity: See Esters, Phthalic
Acid and Propyl Alcohol.
mm
2,2'- DIPYRIDYLAMINE
Description: Crystal.
Formula:
C 10 H 9 N 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 171.
M. P. 95. 3C
B. P. 222C
DIPYRIDYL ETHYL SULFIDE

Description:
Liquid
1.
Density
Vap. D.
241.4
5C
1.
113
@25C
8. 31

oxides of sulfur and nitrogen.
Schiff's Base.
HOC^CHNHC^HCHsNHCCÔH
Liquid.
)
M. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 282. 3
M. P. -23. 3C
DIPROPYL PHTHALATE
C 6 H 4 (COOC 3 H 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym:
Formula:
Formula:
Formula: H 4 NC 5 (CH 2 ) 2S(CH 2 ) 2C 5 NH 4
DISALICYLAL PROPYLENE DIIMINE
mm
Description:
HEXABROMIDE
1;
Aller-
gen 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
DISILANE
Synonym: Silicoethane.
Description:
Formula:
Gas, repulsive odor.
Si 2 H$
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 62. 2
M. P. -132. 5C
B. P. -14. 5C
Density 0. 686 @ -25 /4 C
Hydrides.
chemical reaction; can react
with oxidizing materials. Ignites spontaneously in air (Section 6).

DISILICON
HEXABROMIDE
Synonym: Hexabromodisilane.
Description: Rhombic, white crystals.
Formula:
of Toxicology,
Si 2 Br^
see Section
DISILICON HEXACHLORIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
53
5.
646
62
95C
240 C
Vap. D. 18. 5
B. P.
Toxicity: See Bromides and Silanes.

highly toxic fumes of bromides;
fumes.
DISILICON HEXACHLORIDE
Synonym: Hexachlorodisilane.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
Si 2 Cl$
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 268. 86
M. P. -1 C
B. P. 139C
Density Liquid: 1. 58 @ 0C
Vap. D. 9. 29
to
Dangerous; when


fumes.
Description:
Si 2 l4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 563. 80
Vap. D. 19.4
Iodides and Silanes.
highly toxic fumes of iodine; will
DISODIUM ACETOARSENATE
Synonym: Aricyl.
White, crystalline
powder
Formula:
COONaCH 2AsOOHONa
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 227. 95
See Arsenic
Compounds.
DISODIUM ETHYLENEDIAMINE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 170. 12
M. P. -18. 7C
B. P. -19. 1C Sublimes
Vap.D. 5.87
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Silanes.
DISILICON HEXAIODIDE
Synonym: Hexaiododisilane.
Formula:
Formula:
Gas.
Si 2 F^
Description:
crystals.
Tetraiododisilane- ethylene.
Description: Orange-red crystals.

DISILICON HEXAFLUORIDE
Synonym: Hexafluorodisilane.
Formula:
DISILICON TETRAIODIDE
Synonym:
Description:
Silanes.
Disaster Control:
heated

decomposition, it emits highly toxic
fumes of iodides; will react with
Si 2 Ifc
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 817'. 64
M. P. 250C
B. P. Decomposes
Vap. D. 28.2
Iodides and Silanes.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
See
TETRAACETATE
Synonyms: Sequestrene; ethylenediamine tetracetic acid.
Description:
Formula:
= Slight
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 372
Vap. D. 12. 8
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
DISPERSANT GAS, N.O.S.

Description:
White crystals.
C ]0H 14O 8 Na 2
2 =
Moderate
Gas.
3 =
High
Unknown
DITHIOBIURET
647
Toxicity:
Formula: C 2 H 5 -S-S-C 2 H 5
Unknown

NonflamI. C. C. Classification:

label.
DISULFUR DECAFLUORIDE
See
Sulfur Pentafluoride.
DITAINE
Synonym: Echitamine.
Description: White, thick, glistening,
crystalline alkaloid.
4H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 456. 53
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes.
Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 3
B. P. 154C
Density 0.99267 @20/4C
Vap. D. 4. 22
Fire Hazard: Moderate (Section 6).
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon tetrachloride, dry chemical.
can react vigorously
of sulfur;
1,3-DITfflANE,
Synonym:
2,2-DIPHENYL
3-Diethylene disulfide2 2-diphenyl.

1
Formula: S[CH 2 C(C 6 H 5 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 ]S

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 272.4
Vap. D. 9. 4
sulfur.
DITCH POWDER.
See Explosives,
Section
High.
2,2'-DITHIOBIS (BENZOTHIAZOLE).
2,3-DITHIABUTANE
Synonym: Dimethyl
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 -S-S-CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 94. 2
B. P. 109. 7C
Vap. D. 3. 24
oxides of sulfur; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
3,4-DITHIAHEXANE
Synonym: Diethyl disulfide.
Description:
See
2, 2
-3enzothiazole Disulfide.
disulfide.
Liquid.
DITHIOBIURET
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: H 2 NC(S)NHC(S)NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 135. 20
M. P. 181C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 522 @30C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
DITHIOCARBAMIC ACID
648
Formula: CS(NHC 6H 4 CH 3
DITHIOCARBAMIC ACID
Synonym: Amino dithioformic
Colorless needles.
Description:
Formula:
NH 2 CS 2 H
Constants
Mol. Wt. 93.2
Vap. D. 3. 21
tion
acid.
1;
Inhalation
1;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
Disaster Control:
Moderately dan-
when heated
gerous;
1;
to
decompo-
emits toxic fumes.

sition,
it
2,
2-DI-para-TOLYL-l,
Formula: 0[C(CNS) 2 CH 3 ] 2
5

can react
M. P.
(C 6 H 4 CH 3 ) 2 C 2 HC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 313.
Vap. D. 10.
Toxicity: Probably toxic. An insecticide. See also Chlorinated

Hydrocarbon Insecticides and DDT,
when heated
gerous;
1,2-DIVALERATE DIETHYL
SULFIDE
Liquid.
Description:
490. 64
-45C
B. P. 246C @5
M. P.
179C
mm

Density 1 0543 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 16. 95
to heat or flame.
)
@20/4C
Density 1.
Vap. D. 8. 24
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
10
decompo-
it
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
C 15 H 17 N 3
239.
to
emits toxic fumes.

sition,
Formula:
[CH 2 (COOC 4H 9 )CH(COOC 4H 9 )] 2 S
DI -ortho-TOLYLGUANIDINE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Crystals.
Description:
beta-DITfflOCYANOETHYL ETHER
Formula:
1-TRI-
1,
CHLOROETHANE
Formula:
Constants
Mol. Wt. 302.
Vap. D. 10.4
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 256.4
M. P. 178C
Vap. D. 8. 85
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes.
nitrogen.

DI-ortho-TOLYLTHIOUREA
6).

heated to decompositi n or on
oxides of sulfur; can react with
Synonym: Sym-di-o-tolylthiourea.
Description:
DIVINYL-b. See
Crystals.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
3- Butadiene.
High
Unknown
649
'DM
meta-DIVINYL BENZENE
Synonym:

Vinylstyrene.
C 6H 4 (CHCH 2
Formula:
ide,
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
DIVINYL OXIDE. See Vinyl Ether.
130. 1
199. 5C
Flash P. 165F
Vap. D. 4.48
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
tetrachloride (Section 6). Commercial DVB without inhibitor
DIVINYL PYRETHRIN
Synonyms: DVPy;
allyl
homolog
of
Cinerin I.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
DIVINYL SULFIDE
Description: Mobile liquid, characteristic odor.
Formula:
(CHCH 2 )2S
may start to polymerize and gel.

Heat can then build up rapidly to
possibly 300 C and the vapor
pressure may attain dangerous
levels. In storage this material
should be kept below 90 F possibly by water spray.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 862
B. P. 86C
Vap. D. 2.97
sulfur; on contact with oxidizing
materials, it can react vigorously,
Section 2
"DM"
Section
Synonyms: Diphenylamine chloro-
DIVINYL ETHER.
arsine; phenarsazine chloride.

Description: Canary yellow crystals.
See Vinyl Ether.
OCTYLATE) CAPRYL-
DI (VINYL
Formula:
AMIDE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
(C 7 H 15 COOC 2 H4)2NCOC 7 H 15
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 483. 71
M. P. -33C
B. P. 256 C @5
Flash P. 420 C
Density
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
0.
9564
tion
mm
3;
Inhalation 3
Ingestion
Acute Systemic:
3;
In-
halation 3
Chronic Local:
@ 20 /20 C
Allergen 2
16. 7
Unknown
Fire Hazard: Slight when exposed to

C 12 H 9 AsClN

M. P. 195C
B. P. 410C
Vap. D. 9. 3
Inhalation 3
Disaster Control:
3;
Dangerous; when
heated to decompositon or on
it emits highly toxic fumes
DODECANE
650
of arsenic and chlorides.

rate): Section 2
DODECANE
Synonym: Dihexyl.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 12H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 170. 3
M. P. -12C
B. P. 216. 2C
Flash P. 165 F
Density 0. 750
Vap. D. 5.96
Toxicity:
Unknown

6).

flame (Section 7).
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 266
B. P. 180 - 182C @5
Density 1 002 @ 25 /4C
mm

Section
DODECYLBENZENE, CRUDE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 12H 25 C6H 5

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 246.4
B. P. 290 - 410C
Flash P. 285F
Density 0. 9
Vap. D. 8.47
See also
Benzene.

ide,
DODECYL MERCAPTAN
Synonym: Lauryl mercaptan.
DODECENE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula: C 12 H 25 SH
Synonym: Dodecylene.
Colorless liquid.
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
C 12 H 24
B. P.
Vap. D.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 168. 31
M. P. -31. 5C
B. P. 213C

6.97
Details unknown.
See also
Mercaptans.
Toxicity:
Density 0. 76@ 20 /4C

Vap. D. 5. 81
tert -DODECYL
7
202.4
143C
Description:
MERCAPTAN
White
to light
yellow
liquid.
DODECENYL SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE
Formula: C 12 H 25 SH
Description: Light, yellow, clear

viscous oil.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 202.4
B. P. 200 - 235C
Formula:
C 12 H 23 CHCOOOCCH 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DUST,
651
Si0 2 )

Flash P. 205F
Density 0. 85 @25/25C
Vap. D. 6.98
Toxicity: Probably toxic. See also
Mercaptans.
TOTAL (BELOW 5% FREE
6).

Reacts with oxidizing materials.
6).

rate):
Section
DRYORTH.
See Sodium ortho
Silicate.
DULCITOL HEXANITRATE
DODECYL PHENOL
Synonym:
Description: Straw-colored liquid,

phenolic odor.
hexanitrate.
2, 3, 4, 5,
6-Hexane
Formula: C 12H 2 5C 6H 4 OH
Formula: C 6H 8 (N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 262.4
B. P. 310 - 335F
Flash P. 250 F
Density 0. 93 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 9. 04
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 356. 2
Nitrates.
Probably toxic. See

Phenol.
to heat or flame.
tion 6).

Explosion Point: 205 C

DRILL CARTRIDGES. See ExploSection 11.

exposed to heat or flame or
by chemical reaction. A powerful oxidizing agent (Sec-
Toxicity:
sives, High.
DUMMY CARTRIDGES
No
restrictions.
Section 11.
DRUMS, EMPTY (USED)

Section 11.
DUSTS, METALLIC. See specific

metal and Powdered Metals.
Hazardous material.
"DRYOLENE"
Synonym:
No
restrictions.
DUST, TOTAL (BELOW 5% FREE
(V
& P)
Constants:
Density 0. 747 @60F
Si0 2 )
Acute Systemic: Variable
Chronic Systemic: Variable.
MAC: ACGIH
Kerosene.
(accepted);
50 millions
DYNAMAGNITE
652
of particles per cubic foot of air.

Toxicology: The effects of dust vary
according to the composition. If
it is organic dust, it is primarily
a nuisance, but may produce
asthma by being an allergen. If
the dust contains toxic compounds,
either organic or inorganic, the
hazard
is that of the toxic
com-
ponent.
Fire and Explosion Hazard: Dangerous; both organic and inorganic

dusts can explode or burn violently if exposed to sparks or ope.n
flame. See Section 6.
The absorbents may be mixed with

an oxidizer such as sodium nitrate,
in which case an active dope is
formed. For neutralizing any acid
that may be present, about 1% of an
antacid (calcium carbonate or zinc
oxide) is added to the mixture. The
explosive oil is mixed into the dope.
The strength of a kieselguhr dynamite, when detonated, is derived
only from the explosive oil, since
kieselguhr is inert. A mixture of
this kind is known as a straight dynamite. See Dynamite, Straight. On
the other hand, an active dope, (an
admixture
DYNAMAGNITE.
See Dynamite.
DYNAMITE
Description: Dynamite is a high
explosive used industrially in construction and mining. The name generally refers to a mixture containing
as its principal explosive ingredient
either glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) or ammonium nitrate, suitably
sensitized. It does not apply to black
blasting powders, chlorate powders,
and other deflagrating mixtures.
An ordinary blasting cap or an
electric blasting cap is used for
detonating a charge of dynamite.
The various classes and grades of
dynamites are made from mixtures
composed of an explosive compound
or a mixture of explosive compounds
a dope, and a antacid. If any of the
explosive ingredients are in a liquid
state they are referred to as the"explosive oil, " which is usually composed of glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) and about 25 to 30 percent
of ethylene glycol dinitrate.
The
latter compound depresses the freezing point of the nitroglycerin and
renders the dynamite low-freezing.
Other compounds may also be used
as freezing point depressants. The
explosive oil is absorbed by carbonaceous materials that have entirely
replaced kieselguhr (diatomaceous
earth), formerly used exclusively as
the absorbent or dope in dynamites.
This type of dope does not enter into
the explosive reaction. Wood pulp is
now most commonly used as the
absorber, either alone or mixed in
suitable proportions with flour,
starch, etc.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
of
carbonaceous absor-
bents with an oxidizer), furnishes

explosive strength in addition to that
derived from the explosive ingredients.
By replacing a part of the explosive oil of a straight dynamite with

ammonium nitrate, so that the latter
becomes the principal explosive ingredient, a mixture known as an
ammonia dynamite is obtained. See
Dynamite, Ammonia.
When the explosive oil is gelatinized the explosive is known as a

gelatin or an ammonia gelatin dynamite. See also Dynamite, Ammonia
Gelatin and Dynamite, Gelatin.
Blasting gelatin is a gelatinized
mass of an elastic nature obtained
by incorporating nitrocotton with an
explosive oil into which is mixed
about 1% of antacid. See also Dynamite, Blasting Gelatin.
Dynamites may be in bulk form
(bag powder) or put up in cartridge
form, the most common size being
1 V4 inches in diameter and 8 inches
long, although for holes of small
diameter, cartridges as small as
inch in diameter are also used. In
large diameter well-drill holes for
quarry blasting, cartridge diameters
up to 10 inches, and lengths up to
30 inches may be used. These upper
limits or 50 pounds in weight of each
cartridge are imposed by the ICC
Regulations, and the maximum length
of 30 inches applies to all cartridge
diameters between 4 and 10 inches.
An integral part of a stick of
dynamite is the paraffined paper
wrapper that not only holds the ingredients together but enters into
the explosive reaction.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DYNAMITE, AMMONIA
653
The wrapper also affords some

of protection from moderate
exposure to dampness. For blasting
in wet operations, a gelatinized
dynamite which resists the absorption of water should be used.
The strength of a straight dynamite is graded by its explosive oil
content (percentage by weight), while
for any other class of dynamite, the
strength is determined experimentally in comparison with the various
grades of the straight dynamites. For
example, a 40% straight dynamite is
one which contains 40% of explosive
oil; a 40% strength ammonia dynamite, as determined by tests, equals
a 40% straight dynamite in strength.
In other words a 40% strength ammonia dynamite will release the same
energy as an equivalent weight of a
measure
40%
straight dynamite.
Fire Hazard: See Explosives, High

and Nitrates.
Explosion Hazard: While this material is a powerful explosive when
detonated by shock or heat, it is
only moderately hazardous. See
also Explosives, High and Nitrates.
nitrogen, and carbon monoxide,
etc.
It can react vigorously with
Shipping Regulations: See Explosives, High.
DYNAMITE, AMMONIA
This class of dynanitrate as
the principal explosive ingredient,
which may be considered as replacDescription:
mite contains
ammonium
ing some of the sodium nitrate and at

least 60 percent of the explosive oil
as found in the straight dynamites.
A suitable sensitizer must be
added because the firing of an ordinary No. 6 blasting cap embedded in
pure ammonium nitrate is not capable of bringing about its detonation.
If the sensitizer in the dynamite is a
liquid ingredient, carbonaceous
absorbent materials are added in

amounts adequate to avoid leakage of
the liquid ingredients and to obtain a
suitable oxygen balance.
Only a few
various substances which have

been proposed as sensitizers for
ammonium nitrate have really been
successful. The most successful one
takes the form of an explosive oil, like
that used in the straight dynamites.
Other sensitizers are in solid form
and may be either of an explosive
nature or a non-explosive nature.
Certain of these solid sensitizers
are explosive and may be dissolved
of the
by the nitroglycerin. Among the

solid sensitizers are the organic compounds such as diphenyl anddiphenylamine, both of which are non-explosive; or nitrated organic compounds,
such as nitrostarch (as usedinnitrostarch dynamites), nitrotoluenes,
which are exnitronaphthalenes, etc
plosive. Inorganic solid substances
like calcium silicide, ferrosilicon,
aluminum, and sulfur have also been
used as sensitizers, although none of
them are explosive except when mixed
with other substances.
The following is a typical formula
for a 40 percent ammonia dynamite:
1% moisture; 15% explosive oil;
.
31% ammonium nitrate; 38% sodium

1% antacid; 4% sulfur; 9%
carbonaceous material. For a l /^ by
nitrate;
8 inch cartridge, the weight of the
wrapper per 100 grams of explosive

ingredient averages 7 grams.
The ingredients of ammonia dynamites are of a granular nature that
have very little cohesion and do not
readily resist the absorption of water.
Owing to the hygroscopic nature of
ammonium nitrate, ammonia dynamites are not usually used in wet
holes. Under this condition the gelatinized types of dynamites (ammonia
gelatin or gelatin dynamites) should
be used and for very wet work it is
advisable to use only the gelatin dynamites.
The regular grades of ammonia
dynamites range from 1 5 to 60 percent strength. The ammonia gelatin,
or gelatin dynamites of 40 and 60 percent grades are used to greatest extent in blasting operations.
High count powders are modifications of ammonia dynamites. The
cartridge count per 50 pound case for
the regular grades of ammonia dynamite is about 100 in comparison with
DYNAMITE, AMMONIA GELATIN

115 to 172 for the high count ammondynamites. Those having a cartridge count of 1 1 5 have a bulk
strength of 60 percent and those of
the 172 count have a strength of 20
percent on the same basis. In weight
strength all these powders are approximately equivalent to a 60 percent straight dynamite.
ia

flame (Section 7). See also Explosives, High.
when heated
to decomposition, it
nitrogen.
of
Section
DYNAMITE, AMMONIA GELATIN

Description: An ammonia gelatin
dynamite is a gelatinized explosive
mixture that contains ammonium
nitrate. At least 60 percent of the
ammonium nitrate and all of the explosive oil entering into the composition of an
ammonia dynamite can
be considered as being replaced by a

plastic material which then becomes
the main explosive ingredient. This
material is obtained by gelatinizing
about 0. 7 percent of a low-nitrated
cellulose with an explosive oil which
warmed slightly to produce the

jelly-like mass. The other ingredients are then mixed with the gelatinis
ized material. The final product is

dense, plastic and more waterresistant than an ammonia dynamite.
The regular grades of ammonia
gelatin dynamites range from 30 to
90 percent strength.
The following formula is typical
of a 40 percent ammonia gelatin:
1% moisture; 26% gelatinized ingred-
8% ammonium nitrate; 50%

sodium nitrate; 1% ant-acid; 6%
sulfur; 8% carbonaceous combus-
ient;
tible material.
For a l /* by 8 inch cartridge the

wrapper per 100 grams of explosive
ingredient averages 4. 5 grams. The
cartridge count per 50 pound case
1
averages 100.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
654
When
detonated, this class of
dynamite emits a low volume of

poisonous gases and is therefore
recommended along with
the gelatin
dynamites for underground blastings.

On the other hand, quarry gelatin
which is a modified type of ammonia
gelatin dynamite should be used only
in open work and should never be used
underground because it emits large
volumes of poisonous gases on detonation.
Toxicity:
See Nitrates.
DYNAMITE, BLASTING GELATIN

Description:
Blasting gelatin,
which is the most powerful explosive used industrially, is a translucent material of an elastic texture.
It is obtained by incorporating about
7 percent of a low-nitrated cellulose
with an explosive oil which is slightly
warmed during the process of gelatinization. This explosive is employed only where its high density
and water-resisting properties can
be advantageously used, such as in
submarine work and other operations
that are very wet.
There is only
one grade and it is rated as 100 per-
cent.
Toxicity:
See Nitrates.
DYNAMITE, GELATIN
Description: In the gelatin dynaall the explosive oil contained
in a straight dynamite is replaced by
a gelatinized material prepared from
0. 7 percent of soluble cellulose
The latter substance is disnitrate.
solved in the explosive oil to form a
jelly-like mass. Wood pulp or other
carbonaceous materials, sodium
nitrate, and an ant-acid are mixed
together to form the dope.
mites
The grades of gelatin dynamites

range from 20 to 90 percent, depending on the relative proportions
of the gelatinized ingredient and the
sodium
nitrate.
Gelatin dynamites have a higher

density than the ammonia dynamites
and are. more suitable for blasting in
hard ground. They have the further
advantage of being plastic and can
therefore be packed solidly in the
hole so that the explosive is concentrated to best advantage with the
least loss of force. Gelatin dynamites
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
DYSPROSIUM BROMATE
655
are the most suitable dynamites to

use in wet holes due to their superior
water-resisting properties. On
detonation they emit a very low volume of poisonous gases which makes
them suitable for use in underground
operations where trouble might otherwise be experienced from fumes.
DYNAMITE, SEMI-GELATIN
Description: The principal explosive ingredient of a semi-gelatin
dynamite
is
ammonium
oil)
has been found
be generally
to
suitable and for other purposes,

straight dynamites ranging from 15
to 60 percent can be procured. A
typical formula for a 40 percent
straight dynamite is as follows:
1% moisture; 40% explosive oil;

44% sodium nitrate; 1% ant-acid;
14% carbonaceous material. The
wrapper of straight dynamite constitutes from 5 to 6 percent of the
weight of a I74 by 8 inch cartridge
which weighs nearly one-half pound.
nitrate,
sensitized by a small quantity of a

gelatinized explosive oil. For semigelatin dynamite only about 0. 3 percent of a soluble nitrocellulose is
used for the gelatinization process.
Wood pulp and other carbonaceous
materials, sodium nitrate, and an

ant-acid are also added to the dope.
The two most commonly used
grades correspond to a bulk strength
of 45 and 60 percent and have cartridge count per 50 pound case of 105
and 120, respectively, for the \ l/A by
8 inch size.
These dynamites are cohesive and
are superior in water-resisting properties to the ammonia dynamites.
They also emit a smaller volume of
poisonous gases. Semi-gelatin dynamites are usually used for blasting
rocks and ores of moderate hardness,
such as limestones and gypsm.
DYPNONE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 6H 5COCH:C(CH 3 )C 6H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 222.27
M. P. -30C
B. P. 246C@ 50
Flash P. 350 F (O. C. )
Vap. Press. < 0.01 @20C
Vap. D. 7. 67
mm
DYSPROSIUM
Formula: Dy
DYNAMITE, STRAIGHT
Description: A straight dynamite
contains no ammonium nitrate,
nitroglycerin being the explosive ingredient. Straight dynamites have
good water-resisting properties and
their mixed ingredients are definitely cohesive.
Their present use is
confined mainly to propagated ditch
blasting and submarine blasting.
However, for virtually all other purposes, this class of dynamite has
been replaced by the ammonia dynamites and the gelatin types of dynamites. See also Dynamite, Ammonia
and Dynamite, Gelatin. On account
of the large volume of poisonous
gases emitted on detonation the
straight dynamites are not recom-
mended
Toxicity:
162.46
Unknown

reducing agent.
An
active
DYSPROSIUM BROMATE
Description:
needles.
Yellow, hexagonal
Formula: Dy(Br0 3 ) 3
9H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 708. 35
M. P. 78C
-6H zO @110C
Br ornate s.
for blasting operations in

For blasting
ditches, 50 percent straight dynamite (containing 50 percent explosive
underground workings.
Constant:
At. Wt.
See
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction. A

powerful oxidizing agent (Section 6).
bromides; can react vigorously
DYSPROSIUM CHROMATE
656

DYSPROSIUM CHROMATE
10H 2O
Formula: Dy 2 (Cr0 4 ) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 853. 11
M. P. -3V2H 2 @150C
B. P. Decomposes
reaction; an oxidizing agent;
can react with reducing materials
(Section
cal reaction. A powerful

when

nitrogen; can react vigorously
DYSPROSIUM OXALATE
Prisms.
Formula: Dy 2 (C 2 4 3
Description:
10H 2 O

Toxicity: Toxic. See Oxalates.
6).
DYSPROSIUM SELENATE
Yellow needles.
Formula: Dy 2 (Se0 4 ) 3
8H 2
Description:
DYSPROSIUM NITRATE
Description:
Yellow crystals.
Formula: Dy(N0 3 ) 3
5H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 438. 56
Density 88. 6
Nitrates.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemi-
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 897.93
M. P. -8H 2 @200C
See Selenium and its

compounds.
its compounds.
Toxicity:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
Section
High
Unknown
ELECTROLYTE
ECGONINE
pyridylpropionic acid; tr opine

carboxylic acid.
Description: White crystalline alkaloid;
Formula:
I.
rosive liquid;

M. P. 205C
Density 1. 370 @ 12 /4C
Vap. D. 7.
Synonym: Corundum.
Description:
Formula: A1 2
varicolored mineral.
3
Constant:
3;
Density 3. 95 - 4. 10
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
In-
Allergen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
nitrogen.
Section 11.
I.
ELECTRIC BLASTING CAPS (MORE
THAN
1,000). See Explosives,

High.
sive A - Not accepted.
Coast Guard Classification: Explosive A.
See Explo-
sives, High.

Explosive C.
Ex-
plosive C.
MAC: ACGIH
EMETINE
White powder of lumps;
darkens on exposure.
C29H40O4N2
Description:
bitter taste;
Formula:
ELECTRIC BLASTING CAPS (1,000

OR LESS). See Explosives, High.
ELECTRIC SQUIBS.
Cor-
white label.
EMERY
halation 3
Chronic Local:
Corrosive
white label.
H zO

Section 11.
liquid;
slightly bitter taste.
C 9 H 15 N0 3
(ACID) BATTERY
See Sulfuric Acid.
FLUID.
Synonym: beta -Oxy methyl -beta
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 480. 63
M. P. 74C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: This is one of the two
potent alkaloids obtained from the
Brazillian plant ipecac. The
therapeutic use of various ipecac
preparations has given rise
to many cases of poisoning, in
some instances with fatal results.
The toxic effects are particularly
prominent if the drug is given
intravenously. Special case should
therefore be exercised when administering it in this manner.
The symptoms of intoxication are
gastrointestinal irritation and
salivation, as well as general
of Toxicology,
see Section
EMPTY CARTRIDGE BAGS
658
heat (Section 6).
edema, which follows renal
insufficiency, hemoptysis, flaccid

paralysis, peripheral neuritis,
aphonia, difficulties in swallowing

delirium, coma and failure of the
heart. The fatal dose is considered to be approximately 2 grams,
whether administered over a
short or relatively long period.
The drug seems
have a cum-
to
EPHEDRINE
Synonym:
-Phenyl- 2-methylamino
propanol.
Description:
White granules.
Formula: C 10 H 15NO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165.23
M. P. 34 - 40C
ulative effect.
Treatment and Antidotes: Since

poisoning occurs generally only
after repeated dosage, discontinuing use of the drug usually
stops the symptoms and recovery
follows. When acute intoxication
occurs, the remedial measures
are purely symptomatic. Heart
depression is the most serious
symptom and is most to be
guarded against.
B. P.
255C decomp.

2;
In-
halation 2
Chronic Local:
Allergen 1
Inhalation
1;
Toxicology: Causes rapid pulse, rise

in blood pressure, and other
actions similar to epinephrine.
Has been known
to
cause allergic

nitrogen.

EMPTY CARTRIDGE BAGS, BLACK

POWDER IGNITERS. See Explo-
Synonym:
sives,
Low.
I.
sensitization (Section
Section 11.
C.C. Classification: Explosive C.
plosive C.
CASES,
PRIMED.

sive
C.
ENDO-cis-BICYCLO (2,2,l)-5HEPTENE-2, 3-DICARBOXYLIC

Formula:
Unknown
1;


emits acrid fumes; it will react
Toxic Rating Code:
Inhalation
Inhalation
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 164. 2
M. P. 164 - 165C
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 92. 52
B. P. 117. 9C
Flash P. 90 F
Density 1.1761 @20 o /20C
Vap. Press. 10mm@l6. 6C
Vap. D. 3. 29
White crystals.
C 9H 8
l-Chloro-2, 3-epoxypropane.
liquid; irritating chloroform-like
odor.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
ANHYDRIDE
Description:
EPICHLOROHYDRIN
Formula: C 3 H 5OCl
Coast Guard Classification; Ex-
EMPTY CARTRIDGE
9).
None
it
= Slight
Disaster Control:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
6).
Dangerous; when
High
Unknown
ERGOTININE
659
heated
to
decomposition,
it
Formula: Er 2 (C 2
emits

Section 2
EPSOM
SALTS,
See Magnesium
LIQUID

rate):
Section 2
Flam-

Coast Guard Classification: Combustible liquid.
flammable
liquid;
In-
red label.
Dark gray powder.
Description:
Formula: Er
Constants: At. Wt. 167.20
Density 4. 77 @15C
Unknown
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Er 169 half-life 9.4

,
33
ERGOTININE
Synonym: Ergotoxine.
mev.

(Section
6).

exposed to flame or spark.
ERBIUM NITRATE
Reddish crystals.
Formula: Er(N0 3 3
5H zO
Description:
Constant:'
Mol. Wt. 443. 30

See Nitrates.
Toxicity:
ERBIUM OXALATE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 609. 53
M. P. 205C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Acute poisoning by ergot
is very rare and is caused accidentally, except in some cases
where it has been employed to
produce abortion. The symptoms
are vomiting, burning pains in the
tingling of the extremgreat thirst, diarrhea,
collapse with weak, rapid pulse,
cold skin, hemorrhage from the
uterus, and abortion. There is
abdomen,
ities,
ERBIUM
CL
10H 2 O
alkaloid.
ERADICATOR (PAINT OR GREASE),
Toxicity:
Formula: C 35H3 9 N 505
Sulfate.
I.
4) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 778. 62
Reddish powder.
ecchymosis in many organs and

in the subcutaneous tissues, suppression of urine, prostration,
coma and death from respiratory

and cardiac failure. Death may
occur in a few hours or be delayed a few days. In cases of
recovery, abnormal symptoms
persist for a few days. Sometimes a cataract forms in the
eyes.
Chronic poisoning is very

rarely caused by the medicinal
use of ergot. Some epidemics
have occurred from eating bread
made with grain containing ergot.
A severe epidemic causing 11, 319
cases of poisoning occurred in
Russia. Of these, 1,618 were
admitted to the hospital and 93
died. There are two types of
symptoms from ergot poisoning,
one which causes a nervous disorder and one which causes
gangrene. In some cases both
types have been found, but as a
rule one prevails. The gangrenous type generally develops in
the fingers and toes; sometimes
ESTER GUM
660
the entire leg or
arm becomes
cold and numb, dark, dry, hard

and shrunken and falls off with
little or no pain and no hemorrhage. Gangrene also occurs in
the internal organs. Cataracts
are common. The symptoms of

spasmodic ergotism are drowsiness, depression, weakness,
giddiness, headache, and cramps
in the limbs, with itching. In
severe cases, convulsions generally clonic and often epileptiform occur. There is mental
weakness and sometimes complete
dementia. In animals, restlessness, salivation, vomiting and
purging, depression, ataxia,
clonic convulsions and death by
paralysis of the respiratory
center occur. The fatal dose cannot be stated accurately. However, 30 grains has caused severe
poisoning, but recovery has followed 150 grains (9. 72 gm).
Gangrene and death have been
said to follow 10 grains. Death
is more likely to follow prolonged
use of small medicinal doses than
one large dose.
Treatment and Antidotes: Wash out
the stomach with water containing
80 to 100 grains of sodium bicarbonate. Call a physician.
Give 0. 5 to 1.
g of sodium
tetrathionate dissolved in 10 cc
of sterile distilled water intravenously daily. Empty the bowels
by soap-suds enemas and purgatives, such as calomel and castor
Treat symptomatically.
oil.
Give stimulants, such as strychnine and coffee. If gangrene sets
in, the parts should be bathed
with warm water and wrapped in
soothing ointment.
nitrogen.
Section 2
ESTER GUM
Synonym:
Rosin ester.
Description:
Hard
Toxic Rating Code:
resin.
None
= Slight
Constants:
M. P. 285F
B. P.
495F
375F
Flash P.
Toxicity:
(C. C.
Unknown
when exposed
can react with
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;

Section
ESTERS
A large group of compounds which correspond struct-
Description:
chemThey are considered as

being derived from acids by the
replacement of hydrogen by an
urally to salts in inorganic

istry.
organic alkyl radical.

Toxicology: No general statement
can be made as to the toxicity of
esters. Many of them are highly
volatile and hence can act as
asphyxiants or narcotics. Skin
absorption, as well as inhalation,
may be an important route of
absorption for those esters which
are volatile and have high solvent
action. The degree of toxicity of
the esters covers a wide range,
from slight to high. Esters generally hydrolyze upon contact with
moisture; hence a rough guide to
the toxicity of a given ester may be
the sum of the toxicities of the
products
of
hydrolysis.
ETHANE
Synonyms:
dimethyl;
Description:
Bimethyl; methylme-thane;
ethyl hydride.
Colorless, odorless
gas.
Formula:
Constants:
M. P.
B. P.
C 2H
Mol. Wt.
30.07
-172C
-88. 6C
Density 0.446 @0C (liquid)
Vap. D. 1. 04
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHERS
661
materials.
exposed
No

(Section
6).

exposed to flame.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; upon
Ventilation Control (high rate):
Section
ETHANOL FORMAMIDE
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Section 2
Liquid.
HOCH 2 CH 2 NHCHO
89. 09
-72C
B. P. 143C @2.
Flash P. 165C
mm
Vap. Press. 0. lmm@20C
Vap. D. 3. 07

I.
slight.
ETHANE HEXAMERCARBIDE
Yellowish-white powder.
2 (OH) 2
Description:
Formula:
C 2Hg 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1293. 7
Vap. D. 44. 6
Organic.
Explosion Hazard: Severe, when ex-

Section
ETHANOL MERCURIC CHLORIDE

Organic.
Toxicity:
posed to heat.
mercury; can react vigorously
ETHENE.
See Ethylene.

ETHERS
ETHANETHIOL,
Description: Organic compounds in

which an oxygen atom is inter-
See Ethyl Mercap-
posed between two carbon atoms

in the structure of the molecule.
Toxicology: The simpler ethers such
tan.
ETHANOL.
See Ethyl Alcohol.
61. 13
as ethyl ether, isopropyl ether,

etc. are powerful narcotics which
in large doses can cause death.
The danger from ethers is usually
acute and seldom chronic.
There are seldom after-effects
to ether intoxication although continued exposure to small concen-
5C
trations (not enough to cause an
342 F
Density 1 01 79 @ 20 /lQ C
Vap. D. 2. 10
Toxicity: Slight. See Amines.
overt symptom) has been known to

cause loss of appetite, excessive
thirst and fatigue.
Fire Hazard: The most common
ethers such as ethyl and methyl
are particularly dangerous fire
hazards. The common ones are
ETHANOLAMINE
Synonym: Monoethanolamine.
Description: Clear somewhat viscous
liquid.
Formula:
NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
10.
B. P.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; can
ETHOXYDIHYDROTRIMETHYL QUINOLINE
easily ignited and have low flash
points. It is necessary to control
smoking, open flames or even the
use of hot plates in areas where
low molecular weight ethers are

apt to reach 1% concentration or
more in air. Only electrical
equipment of explosion-proof
type (Group C classification) is
permitted to be operated in ether
areas. Ethers should not be
stored near powerful oxidizers or
in areas of high fire hazard. They
should be kept cool and the containers electrically grounded to
avoid sparks (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Dangerous; when
heated or exposed to flame or
sparks. Besides the risk of explosion from air mixtures of
ether vapors, ethers tend to form
peroxides upon standing. When
ethers containing peroxides are
heated they can detonate. See
also Ethyl Ether.
or heat can cause gaseous ethers
to escape from their containers;
they can react vigorously with
Section 2
rate):
662
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
176. 25
M. P. -40C
B. P. 208C @100 mm
)
Density 1.0165
Vap. D. 6.08
Toxicity:
Unknown

Section

3-
ETHOXYPROPIONALDEHYDE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 2H 5OCH 2 CH 2 CHO
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
102. 13
M. P. -69.4C
B. P. 135. 2C
Density 0. 91 8 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3. 63
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
6-ETHOXY-l, 2-DIHYDRO-2,
TRIMETHYL QUINOLINE
2,
4-
Clear, light yellow
Description:
liquid.
Formula:
Constants:
C 14H 19 NO
Mol. Wt.
M. P. < 0C
B. P. 125C @2
217.3
mm
3-ETHOXYPROPIONIC ACID
Vap. D. 7.48
Density 1. 030 @25C
to decomposition, it emits toxic
materials.
2-ETHOXYMETHYL-2, 4-DIMETHYL
PENTANEDIOL-1, 5
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: HOCH 2 CH(CH3)CH 2 C(CH 3 )(CH 2 OCH 3 )CH 2 OH

Toxic Rating Code:
None

Section 2
ide,
= Slight
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 2H 5OCH 2 CH 2 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 13
M. P. -10. 7C
B. P. 219C

Density 1. 0474
Vap. D. 4.08
Toxicity:
Unknown


2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYL ACETATE
663
exposed

ETHOXYTRIGLYCOL
Formula: C 2 H 0(C 2H 4 0)3H
5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 178. 21
B. P. 255. 4C
Density 1. 0208 @20 /20 C
(Section
ETHYL ACETAMIDE
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
liquid.
87.
-32C
B. P. 206 - 208C
Flash P. 230F
Density 0. 920 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3.
Toxicity: Unknown

6).

Water-white
CH 3 CONHC 2H 5
ETHOXYTRIMETHYLSILANE
Formula: CsHÔSi
ETHYL ACETANILIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 3
B. P. 75. 7C
Vap. D. 4. 1
Synonym: Ethyl phenyl acetamide.
tion
2;
Description:
odor.
Formula:
White crystals; faint
CH 3 CON(C 2 H 5 )(C 6H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
163. 21
M. P.
54C
B. P. 258C
Flash P. 255F
Density 0. 994
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when heated, it can ignite; can react with
Vap. D. 5. 62
Acetanilide.
Section 2
See also
when exposed
can react
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;

Section
ETHYL ABIETATE
Synonym: Abietic acid, ethyl ester.
Description: Amber-colored, viscous liquid.
Formula:
C 19 H29C0 2 C2H5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 302.44
M. P. 45 C
Synonym: Acetic ether; ethyl ester;

ethyl ethanoate.
fragrant odor.
Formula:
B. P. 350C
Flash P. 352. 4F
Density 1.02
Vap. D. 11.4
Toxicity: See Abietic Acid and Ethyl
Alcohol.
Fire Hazard:
ETHYL ACETATE
CH 3 COOC 2H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
88. 10
M. P
-83.6C
B. P. 77. 15C
Flash P. 40 F (T.O.C.
Density
0.
8946
Autoign. Temp.
Slight,
@25C
900 F
when
ETHYL ACETOACETATE
664

Vap. D. 3.04
Toxicology; Ethyl acetate is irritating to mucous surfaces, particularly the eyes, gums, and respiratory passages and is also
mildly narcotic. On repeated or
prolonged exposures, it causes
conjunctival irritation and
corneal clouding. It can cause
dermatitis. High concentrations
have a narcotic effect and can
cause congestion of the liver and
kidneys. Chronic poisoning has
been described as producing
secondary anemia, leucocytosis
and cloudy swelling, and fatty
degeneration of the viscera.
Formula:
CH 3 COCH 2 COOC 2H5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 130. 14
B. P. 180. 8C
Freezing P. -45 C
Density 1. 0261 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. Press.
@28. 5 C
Vap. D. 4.48
1mm
tion 2

Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
2;
Chronic Systemic: U
No

(Section 6).
Section 2
ETHYL ACRYLATE
rials.
(Section
Section 2

3
7
Section 11

warning label.
I.
MCA
ETHYL ACETOACETATE
Synonym: Diacetic ether; acetoacetic ester.
Toxic Rating Code:
Synonym: Ethyl propenoate.

Description:
Formula:
None
= Slight
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 CHCOOC 2H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
6).

exposed to flame.
rate):

fruity odor.
99.
100. 11
8C
Freezing P. < -72C

Density 0. 924 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3.45
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Oral administration of
0. 42 g or more per kg of body
weight in the case of rabbits resulted in fatal poisoning. This
was characterized in its terminal
stages by dyspnea, cyanosis, and
convulsive movements. It caused
severe local irritation of the
gastro-enteric tract; and toxic
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYL alpha-ALLYL ACETOACETATE
665
degenerative changes of cardiac,

hepatic, renal, and splenic tissues
were observed. It gave no evidence of cumulative effects in
rabbits. When applied to the intact skin of rabbits, the ethyl
ester caused marked local irritation, erythema, edema, thickening,
and vascular damage.
Ani-
mals subjected
to a fairly high
concentration of these esters
suffered irritation of the mucous
membranes of the eyes, nose,
and mouth as well as lethargy,

dyspnea, and convulsive movements.

6).

rate):
Section

3
7
ETHYL ALCOHOL
Synonyms: Ethanol; methyl carbinol; spirit of wine.
fragrant liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 CH 2OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
46. 07
B. P.
32C
78.
Density 0. 7893 @ 20 /4C
Autoign. Temp. 700 - 800 F
Vap. D. 1. 59
Toxicology: The systemic effect of
ethyl alcohol differs from that of
methyl alcohol. Ethyl alcohol is

rapidly oxidized in the body to
carbon dioxide and water, and in
contrast to methyl alcohol, no cumulative effect occurs. Though
ethyl alcohol possesses narcotic
properties, concentrations sufficient to produce this effect are not
reached in industry. Exposure to
concentrations of 5,000 to 10,000
ppm
result in irritation of the
eyes and mucous membranes of

the upper respiratory tract. If
continued for an hour, stupor and
drowsiness may result. Concentrations below 1,000 ppm usually

produce no signs of intoxication.
There is no concrete evidence that
repeated exposure to ethyl alcohol
vapor results in cirrhosis of the
liver.
The main effect of ethyl
alcohol is due to its irritant action
on the mucous membranes of the
eyes and upper respiratory tract.
Exposure to concentrations of
over 1,000 ppm may cause headache, irritation of the eyes, nose
and throat, and, if long continued,

drowsiness and lassitude, loss of
appetite and inability to concentrate.


Underwriters' Laboratory Classification:
70

(Section
6).

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 3.28 - 19%.
rate): Section 2

I.
ETHYL alpha-ALLYL ACETOACETATE

Description:
Liquid
Formula:
CH 3 COCH(CH 2 CHCH2)C0 2 C 2 H
ETHYLAMINE
666
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 170. 23
B. P. 208 - 218C
Density 0. 989 @ 25 /20 C
Vap. D. 5. 88
Esters.
ETHYLAMINE
Synonyms: Aminoethane; monoethylamine.
strong ammoniacal odor.
C 2 H 5NH 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 45. 08
M. P. -80. 6C
B. P. 16. 6C
Flash P. Below F
Density 0. 7059 @ /4C
Autoign. Temp. 723F
Vap. D. 1. 56
3;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted);
25 parts
rials.

6).

keep away from heat and open
flam el
rate):
Section 2

N-ETHYLANILINE
Synonym: Ethyl phenyl amine.
Description: Clear, yellow-brown
oil.
Formula: C 2 H 5 NH(C 6 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
-63. 5C
204C
Density 0. 958 @ 25 /25C

Vap. D. 4. 18
on decompositon or on contact
oxides of nitrogen; can react with
rate): Section 2
o-ETHYLANILINE
Yellow liquid; darkens
upon standing.
Formula: C 6 H 4 NH 2 C 2 H 5
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 121. 2
M. P. -63. 5C

(Section
M. P.
B. P. 215C
Density 0. 98 @ 25 /25C
Vap. D. 4. 17
6).

rate): Section 2
121. 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYL BENZOYL ACETATE
667

Section
lungs, with edema. No data are

available regarding the effect of
chronic exposure.
Erythema and inflammation
of the skin may result from contact of the skin with the liquid
ETHYL ARSENIOUS OXIDE

like odor.
Formula:
oil;
garlic-
C^ÂsO
(Section
mm
Compounds.
to the
rials.
No
Synonyms: Ethylbenzol; phenyle-
Formula:
Exposure
vapor.
ETHYLBENZENE
thane.
matic odor.
9).
vapor causes lachrymation and

irritation of the nose and throat,
dizziness, and a sense of constriction of the chest. The irritant properties are sufficient to
cause workers to leave an atmosphere containing 0. 5% of the
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120.
B. P. 158C @10
Density 1. 802 @ 1 1 C
Vap. D. 4. 14
aro-
C6H 5C 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106. 16
B. P. 136. 2C
Density 0. 8669 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 66
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: The liquid is an irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. A concentration of 0. 1%
vapor in air is an irritant

the eyes of humans, and a concentration of 0. 2% is extremely
irritating at first, then causes
dizziness, irritation of the nose
and throat and a sense of conof the
to
striction of the chest. Exposure

guinea pigs to 1% concentrations has been reported as causing
ataxia, loss of consciousness
tremor of the extremities and
finally death through respiratory
failure.
The pathological findings
were congestion of the brain and
of

rate): Section 2
ide,
ETHYL BENZOATE
Synonym:
Benzoic ether.
Colorless, aromatic
Description:
liquid.
Formula:
C6H5CO2C2H5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150. 2
M. P. -34. 6C
B. P. 213. 4C
Density 1 048 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 5. 17
Toxicity: See Ethyl Alcohol and
Benzoic Acid.
.

ETHYL BENZOYL ACETATE

Description:
Clear liquid.
ETHYL BENZYL ANILINE
668
C 6H 5COCH 2 COOC 2 H5
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
192.21
265. 0C Decomposes
Flash P. 285 F (O. C )
B. P.
Density 1.11
Vap. D. 6. 63
ETHYL BENZYL ANILINE

Description:
Clear, colorless
oil.
C 6H 5N(C 2 H5)CH 2 C 6H5
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 211. 3
B. P.
286C
Density 1.034
Vap. D. 7. 28
See also
Aniline.

ETHYL BORATE
Synonyms:
Triethyl borate; triethoxyboron.

Description: Colorless liquid; mild
odor.
B(OC 2 H 5
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
)3
146. 00
120C
Flash P. 52F (C. C.
Density 0. 864 @26. 5C
B.
P.
Toxicity:
04
Details unknown.
See also
Boron Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; will react
flammable vapors; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
(Section
6).
Toxic Rating Code:
keep
Dangerous;
=
None
red label.
liquid;
ETHYL BROMIDE
Synonyms: Bromoethane; hydrobromic ether; bromic ether.
Description:
Colorless, volatile
liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 CH 2 Br
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. -119C
108.98
B. P. 38.4C
Freezing P. -119. C
Flash P. None
Vap. D. 3. 76
Chronic Local: U
MAC: ACGIH

Toxicology: It readily decomposes
into volatile toxic products, such
as hydrobromic acid and bromine,
particularly in the presence of hot
surfaces or open flame. Physiologically, it is an anesthetic and
narcotic. Its vapors are markedly
irritating to the lungs when inhaled
for even short periods. It can
produce acute congestion and edema. It is much less toxic than
than ethyl chloride.
5.
Disaster Control:
mable
methyl bromide, but more toxic
Vap. D.

rate): Section 2
I. C. C.
Classification: Flam-
= Slight

6).

exposed to flame.
- 11.0%
Explosive Range: 6.
highly toxic fumes of bromine;
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYL n-BUTYLAMINE
669

rate): Section 2
MCA

rate): Section 2
2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
Description: Colorless to strawcolored liquid.
CH 2 BrCOOC 2 H 5
Freezing P. <-20C
Flash P. None
Density 1. 514 @ 1 3 /4C
Vap. D. 5. 8
Ingestion
3:
3;
halation 3; Skin Absorption

Chronic Local: U
In3
Chronic Systemic: U
bromides; will react with water
corrosive fumes.
rate):
Section

2-
Description:
Formula:
-Ethyl butyl alcohol.
Clear liquid.
(C 2 H5) 2 CHCH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
102. 17
148. 9C

Density 0. 8328
Vap.
D.
3.

Fpr detailed discussion
0.
-ETHYL BUTYL ACRYLATE

Clear, colorless
liquid.
Formula:
H 2 C=CHCOOCH 2 C(C 2 H 5 )HC 2 H 5

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
156. 22
82 C (8)10
Freezing P. -70 C
Density 0. 8964 @ 20 /20 C
mm
B. P.
Vap.
ETHYL BUTANOL
Synonyms:
Description:
Toxicity:
Section
(O. C.
875-0. 881 @ 20 /Z0 C

5.0
Toxicity: Unknown. See Esters.
rate): Section 2
Density
Vap. D.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 167. 01
158. 8C
B. P.
tion
mild
144.21
324F
Flash P. 130F
Synonym: Ethyl bromoethanoate.
Acute Systemic:
Colorless liquid;
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 CHCH 2 OOCCH 3
Formula:
ETHYL BROMOACETATE
Formula:
-ETHYL BUTYLACETATE
Description:
odor.
warning label.
6).
Press.
1.7mm@20C
Details unknown;
a power-
ful irritant.


rate): Section 2
ide,
ETHYL BUTYL ALCOHOL.

Amyl
See
Carbinol.
ETHYL n-BUTYLAMINE
Description:
Water-white
liquid.
2-ETHYL BUTYL CARBONATE

C 2 H 5NHCH 2 CH2CH2CH3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 101.2
B. P.
110 - 113C
Flash P. 65F
Density 0. 739 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3. 5
Amines.

rate): Section 2
Section
2-ETHYL BUTYL CARBONATE

Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
Density
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
(C. C.
92
0.
5.03
Unknown

rate): Section 2
2-ETHYLBUTYL "CELLOSOLVE"
Synonym:
Formula:
-Ethyl butoxy ethanol.

Liquid.
2, 2
Description:
ETHYL -n-BUTYL ETHER

Synonym: Butyl ethyl ether.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
M. P.
102.2
92 C
-124C
Flash P.
Density
Vap. D.
30 F
7528
0.
3.
@ 20 /20 C
52

Ethers.
rials.

See also Ethers.
rate): Section 2
ETHYL BUTYL KETONE

Description:
Formula:
None
= Slight
Clear liquid.
(C 2 H 5 )(C 4H 9 )CO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114.2
M. P. -36. 7C
B. P.
148 C
Density 0. 8197 @20 # /20C
Vap. D. 3.93
(C 2 H5)2CHCH 2 OC 2 H 4 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146.2
197 C
B. P.
Freezing P. -90 C
Density 0. 8954 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 5. 04
Glycols.
Toxic Rating Code:
Liquid.
C 2 H50C 4H 9
ide,
146.48
275F
Flash P. 122F

ide,
Liquid.
(C 2 H 5 )(C 4H 9 )C03
Formula:
670
tion 2;
Inhalation 2

Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
2;
Chronic Systemic: U

rate): Section 2
ide,
2 =
Moderate
3 = High
Unknown
2- ETHYL
671
2-ETHYL-2-BUTYL-1,
PRO-
3-
PANEDIOL
Crystals or liquid.
Description:
Formula:
HOCH 2 C(C 2 H5)(C 4H 9 )CH 2 OH

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 160.25
178C @50
B. P.
Freezing P. 40. 1 C
Flash P. 280 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 931 @ 50 /20 C
Vap. D. 5. 53
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown
6).

2
-ETHYL BUTYL TITANATE
Synonym: Hexyl
Description:
titanate.
liquid.
Ti[OCH 2 CH(C2H 5
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 453
M. P. -55C
B. P.
208C @10
Density
) 2 ]4
mm
96
0.
Toxicity: See Hexanol.

with oxidizing materials
(Section
6).
Disaster Control: Dangerous, keep

rate): Section 2
ETHYL n-BUTYRATE
Synonyms:
Butyric ether, ethyl

butanoate.
Description: Colorless, volatile
liquid; pineapple -like odor.
Formula: C 3 H 7 C0 2 C 2H5
Constants:
M. P.

Section
Mol. Wt.
-93. 3C
Synonyms:
2-Ethylbutyric aldehyde,
diethyl acetaldehyde.
Description:
Colorless.
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 CHCHO
Formula:

Ethyl Alcohol and Butyric Acid.
(Section 6).
Toxicity:

Ventilation Control (use normal rate
Section 2
B. P.
100. 16
116. 8C
Freezing P. -89 C
Density 0. 8164 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3.45
also Aldehydes.
dioxide, dry
(Section
6).
liquid.
2-ETHYL BUTYRIC ACID

Synonyms:
-Ethyl butanoic acid,
diethyl acetic acid.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
116.16
B. P.
121. 0C
Flash P. 78F(C. C. )
Density 0. 8788
Vap. D. 4.0
Combustible
2-ETHYL BUTYRALDEHYDE
BUTYRIC ACID
Constants:
Water-white
liquid.
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 CHCOOH
Mol. Wt.
116.16
-15C
B. P. 193. 4C
Flash P. 210F (CO.
Freezing P. -9.4C
M. P.
C.
Density 0. 9225 @ 20 /20 C

Vap. D. 4.01
Toxicity:
Unknown

ETHYL CAPRATE
672
ETHYL CAPRATE
Synonyms:
Capric ether;
caprinic
ether.
Description:
Colorless, fragrant
liquid.
Formula: C9H 19 C0 2 C2H5

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 200. 3
B. P. 243C
Density 0. 862
Vap. D. 6. 9
Toxicity: See Ethyl Alcohol.
can react
ETHYL CARBAMATE
Synonym: Urethane; ethyl urethane.
Description:
crystals.
Colorless, odorless
Formula: CO(NH 2 )OC 2 H 5

Constants:
M. P.
Mol. Wt.
89.
49 C
B. P. 184C
Density 0. 9862
Vap. D. 3.07
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Large doses produce
narcosis and may be followed by
degenerative changes in the liver.
ETHYL CELLULOSE
ether-like odor, burning taste.

CH 3 CH 2 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 64. 52
B. P. 12. 3C
Freezing P. -139C
Flash P. -58F (C.C.)
Formula:
Density 0. 9214 @ /4C

Vap. Press. 1000
@20C
Vap. D. 2. 22
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: The liquid is harmful to
the eyes and can cause some irritation. In the case of guinea
pigs, the symptoms attending exposure are similar to those caused
by methyl chloride, except that
the signs of lung irritation are not
as pronounced. It gives some
mm
its presence because it

is irritating, but it is possible to
tolerate exposure to it until one
becomes unconscious. It is the
least toxic of all of the chlorinated
warning of
hydrocarbons.
can cause nar-
It
cosis, although the effects are

usually transient. Animal experi-
ments show some evidence of

kidney irritation and accumulation
of fat due to this material in the
kidneys, cardiac muscles and
liver.
Description: White, granular solid.

Formula: Variable.
Constant: M. P. 240+ C
Toxicity: Unknown
agents. Flammability varies with
Fire Hazard: Highly dangerous, when

(Section
6).
Synonyms: Chloroethane; hydro-
Explosion Hazard: Severe, when exposed to flame.

Disaster Control: Highly dangerous!
Keep away from heat and open
flame; forms phosgene on combustion; reacts with water or
steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes; can react vigor-
chloric ether; muriatic ether.

Description: Colorless liquid or gas;
ously with oxidizing materials.

Ventilation Control (use high
degree
of
replacement
of
OH"
radicals of cellulose by ethyl

radical (Section 6).
ETHYL CHLORIDE
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYL CHLOROCARBONATE
673
rate):
Density 1.022
Vap. D. 5.41
Section 2

Toxicity:
Section 11

Synonym: Ethyl chloroethanoate.

Colorless liquid; fruity

Section 2
CH 2 ClCOOC 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 55
B. P. 143. 6C
Freezing P. -26. 6C
ETHYL CHLOROCARBONATE
Synonyms: Ethyl chloromethanoate;
Flash P. 150F
Density 1. 1 59 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 4. 3
3;
Inhalation
ethyl chloroformate.
Formula: ClCOOC 2 H 5
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
produce toxic and corrosive fumes:

Section

3
7
Section 11.

Combustible liquid.
ETHYL CHLOROACETOL
pleasant odor.
Formula: ClCH 2 CH(OC 2 H 5 )2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 156. 6
M. P. -32C
B. P. 151C
Flash P.
6).

ETHYL CHLOROACETATE
Formula:
Details unknown


MCA warning label
Description:
odor.
@20C
117F
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 53
M. P. -80. 6C
B. P. 94C
Density 1 1 38 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 74
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
.
(Section
6).

neated to decomposition, it emits

rate): Section 2
Corrosive
ETHYL CHLOROFORMATE
674
ETHYL CHLOROFORMATE.
See
Ethyl Chlorocarbonate.
ETHYL CHLOROSULFONATE
Description: Colorless oily liquid;
pungent odor.
Formula:
C 2 H 5C1S0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144. 57
B. P. 152 - 153C
Density 1.379 @ C
Vap. D. 5.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
of phosgene; will react with water
corrosive fumes.
rate): Section 2
ETHYL CROTONATE
Synonym:
2-Pentene- 3-carboxylic

rate): Section 2
ETHYL CYANIDE
Synonyms: Propionitrile; propane
nitrile.

ethereal odor.
Formula:
CH 3 CH 2 CN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 55. 08
P. -103. 5C
B. P. 97. 1C
Density 0. 783 @21 /4C
Vap. D. 1.9
nides.

steam to produce toxic and flammable vapors.
acid.
prisms, or water -white liquid;
pungent odor.
Formula: CH 3 CHCHCOOC 2 H 5
ETHYL CYANOACETATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114. 14
M. P. 45 C (solid)
B. P. 209C (solid); 139. 0C
Formula:
Description:
(liquid)
Flash P. 36.0F
Density 0. 9207 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3.93
tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inges-
rials.
No

ide,
None
CNCH 2 C0 2 C 2 H5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 113. 1
M. P. -22. 5C
B. P. 206C
Flash P. 230F
Density 1 06 @ 25/25C
Vap. D. 3. 9
nitrile.
Description: Colorless to pale strawcolored liquid.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
Synonym: Malonic ethyl ester
= Slight

to heat or flame.
6).

steam to produce toxic and flammable vapors; it can react with
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYL DIPHENYL ETHER
675
ETHYLDICHLOROARSINE
Synonym: Dichloroethylarsine.
Colorless liquid; fruity,
biting, irritating odor.
Description:
Formula:
Fire Hazard:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174. 89
M. P. -65C
Density 1. 742 @14C
Vap. Press. 2. 29
@ 21 5 C
Vap. D. 6. 03
mm
Slight,
to heat or flame;
dioxide, dry
(Section
oh

arsenic and phosgene; will react
toxic and corrosive fumes;
react with oxidizing mate-
ETHYL DIMETHYLCHLOROSILANE
Description:
can
rials.
C.C. Classification: Poison A;
poison gas label.

ETHYLDICHLOROSILANE
Liquid.
Formula: C 2 H 5 SiHCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129. 1
Vap. D. 4. 45
tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
of phosgene; will react with water
or steam to produce heat, toxic
rate):
Section

ETHYL DIETHANOLAMINE
Description:
Formula:
White, clear liquid.
C 2 H 5 N(C 2 H 4OH) 2
Liquid.
Formula: C 2 H 5 (CH 3 2SiCl

Description:
6).
nitrogen oxides.
Dangerous;
when exposed
can react with
Compounds.
I.
See also
Amines.
C 2 H5AsCl 2
Disaster Control:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 133. 19
B. P. 464F
Density 1. 015 @20C
Vap. D. 4. 59
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 7
B. P. 89.2C
Vap. D. 4. 24
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Disaster Control: Daagerous; when
of phosgene; will react with
and toxic and corrosive fumes.
rate): Section 2
ETHYL DIPHENYL ETHER

liquid;
Light green
aromatic odor.
Formula:
C^sOC^CzHs
Description:
to
yellow
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198. 3
M. P. < -20C
Flash P. 295F
Density 1. 032 @ 25/25 C
Vap. D. 6. 84
Ethers.
ETHYL DIPHENYL PHOSPfflNE

Explosion Hazard:
6).
Slight,
by chem-
ical reaction with oxidizing agents,
Section
ETHYL DIPHENYL PHOSPHINE

Formula: (C6H 5 ) 2 PC 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 214.2
B. P. 293C
Vap. D. 7. 39
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
676
exposed
to flame; shock can

shatter its compressed gas container with explosive force.
Explosive Range: 3.02 -34%

Disaster Control: Dangerous; flam-
mable gas!
Section 2
Flammable gas; red gas label.
ETHYLENE BIS-DITHIOCARBAMATE DERIVATIVE

probably toxic; a fungicide.
Toxicity:
3;

heated, it emits highly toxic fume!
of phosphine and oxides of phosphorus; can react with oxidizing
ETHYLENE
BIS- (GLYCOLIC ACID)

Description: Light-colored, viscous liquid.
Formula:
materials.
(CH 2 OCH 2 COOH) 2

rate): Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 178. 14
M. P. 30 - 35C
Vap. D. 6. 14
ETHYLENE

Toxicity:
Synonyms: Ethene;
elayl;
etherin.

odor and taste.
Formula:
sweet
ETHYLENE BROMIDE.
CH 2 CH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 28. 05
M. P. -169. 4C
B. P. -103. 9C
Density 0. 610 @ C
Vap. D. 0. 98
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
dioxide, dry
chemical or fine water spray

(Section
6).
Explosion Hazard:
Toxic Rating Code:
Unknown
Moderate, when
=
None
= Slight
See Ethylene
Dibromide.
ETHYLENE CARBONATE
Synonyms: Glycol carbonate; dioxolone-2.
Description: Colorless liquid or
crystalline solid.
Formula: C>CH 2 CH 2 OC O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88.06
B. P. 244C @ 740mm
Freezing P. 35. 7C
Flash P. 290 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 322 @40 /20 C
Vap. D. 3. 04
Toxicity: Details unknown, but probably low as ordinarily used.
to heat or flame; can react
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYLENE CYANOHYDRIN
677
giddiness, nausea and vomiting.

Section
ETHYLENE CHLOROBROMIDE
Synonym:
Colorless, volatile
sweet chloroform-like
odor.
BrCH 2 CH 2 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143.4
B. P. 106. 1C
Freezing P. -18.4C
Flash P. None
Density 1 7273 @25 /4 C
Vap. D. 4. 94
Toxicity: Details unknown. There
Formula:
some degree
is
of toxicity.

neated to decomposition, it emits
bromides.
ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN
Synonyms: (3-Chloroethyl alcohol;
glycol chlorohydrin.
faint ethereal odor.
Formula:
warning label
ETHYLENE CYANIDE,
See Sue
cinontrile.
80. 52
-69C
ETHYLENE CYANOHYDRIN
128.
Synonyms

Vap. Press. 10
@30. 3C
Vap. D. 2. 78
Chronic Local: U
mm
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted); 5 parts
Toxicology: Ethylene chlorohydrin

is a narcotic poison affecting the
nervous system and the liver,

spleen and lungs. Exposure to
the vapor may result in irritation
of the
ulceration of the mucous membranes of the larger bronchi, and

acute liver and kidney lesions.
Fatal amounts of ethylene chlorohydrin may be absorbed through
the skin.
will react witn water or steam
materials.
rate): Section 2
MCA
8C
Density 1. 21 3 @20 /4 C
B. P.
be
period of
several hours, dyspnea, severe
headache, stupor, cyanosis and
pain over the heart may develop.
CH 2 ClCH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
may
Autopsy shows pulmonary edema,
l-Bromo-2-chloroethane.
Description:
liquid;
initial symptoms
slight.
After a latent
The
mucous membranes,
fol-
lowed by sleepiness, drowsiness,
j3-Hydroxypropionitrile;
hydracrylonitrile; glycol cyanohydrin.
Description: Colorless to straw:
colored liquid.
Formula:
HOCH 2 CH 2 CN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 71. 08
Freezing P. 46 C
Flash P. < 80 F
Vap. D. 2.45
(Section
6).
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; when
ETHYLENE DIACETATE
678
heated or on contact with acid

or acid fumes, it emits highlytoxic fumes of cyanides; will react with water or steam to produce toxic and flammable vapors;
Ventilation Controls (use moderate
rate): Section 2
powder.
Formula:
(NCCH2)2NCH 2 CH 2 N(CH 2 CN) 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 216
M. P. 132C
Density 0. 5 @25C
See
Ethylene Glycol Diacetate.
ETHYLENE DIBENZOATE
M. P.
Synonyms:
B. P.
2-ethanediamine;
1
diaminoethane
1,2-
Description:
Volatile, colorless,
hygroscopic liquid; ammonia -like
odor.
Formula:
NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60. 10
M. P. 8. 5C
B. P. 117. 2C
Flash P. 93F (C.C.
Density 0. 8994 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2.07
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
per million in air. MLD for mice
)
is0.75g/kg.
Fire Hazard:
posed
to heat or flame;


(Section 6).
Section 2

MCA warning label.
ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRAACETONITRILE

Synonym:
None
(C 6H 5 C0 2 ) 2 C 2 H 4
= Slight
270.3
- 74C
360C Decomposes
73
Vap. D. 9. 35
Toxicity: Probably moderate.
See
Ethylene Glycol and Benzoic Acid.
ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE
Synonyms:
2-Dibromoethane;
glycol dibromide.
Description: Colorless, heavy
liquid; sweet odor.
Formula:
CH 2 BrCH 2 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 187. 88
B. P. 131. 4C
Freezing P. 9. 3 C
Flash P. None
Density 2.1701 @25/4C
Vap. D. 6.48
Chronic Local: U
MAC: 25 parts per million in air.
rate): Section 2
MCA
EDTN
Toxic Rating Code:
Crystals.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
ETHYLENEDIAMINE
See Cya-
nides.
Formula:
ETHYLENE DIACETATE.
White to cream colored
Description:
2 =
warning label.
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYLENE DIFLUORIDE
679
ETHYLENE DIBUTYRATE
the liver and kidneys are less

than that of carbon tetrachloride,
but animal experiments indicate
that these organs may show con-
Synonym: Ethylene butyrate.

Description:
Liquid.
Formula: (CH 2
CCH 2 CH2CH3) 2
gestion and fatty degeneration.

of the lungs has also been
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 202. 3
B. P. 240 C
Density 1.024 @0/4C
Vap. D. 6. 96
Butyric Acid.
Edema
reported in animals. Dermatitis

in man has been observed (Section 9).
In short exposures to high concentrations, the picture is one of
irritation of the eyes, nose and
throat, followed by dizziness,
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE
Synonyms: Ethylene chloride;
dichlor oethane
Formula: CH 2 C1CH 2 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 99.0
B. P. 83. 5C
Freezing P. -35. 7C
Density 1. 257 @20 /4C

Vap. D. 3. 35
Toxicology: Ethylene dichloride has
a distinctive odor and strong local
irritating effects, which give warning of its presence in relatively
safe concentrations. There is irritation of the eyes and upper res-
piratory passages. Ethylene dichloride has a specific effect on

the cornea. Exposure to the vapor, or, in animals, injection under the skin, produces a clouding
which may progress to endothelial

necrosis and infiltration of the
cornea by lymphocytes and connective tissue cells. The narcotic
compound is strong,
the same order as
Its toxic effects
tion 60
70

tetrachloride (Section 6 ).

flame (Section 7).
materials.
rate): Section 2
I.C.C. Classification: Flammable
liquid; red label.
MCA warning label.
ETHYLENE DIFLUORIDE
difluoro ethane.
upon
Underwriters Laboratory Classifica-
Synonyms: Ethylene fluoride;
action of the
probably of
chloroform.
nausea, vomiting, increasing

stupor, cyanosis, rapid pulse,
and loss of consciousness.
Chronic poisoning, where exposure has occurred over a period
of several months, may cause
loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, epigastric distress, tremors,
nystagmus, leucocytosis low
blood sugar levels, and possibly
dermatitis if there has been skin
contact. A soil fumigant.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, if exposed
to heat or flame.
Description:
Colorless gas.
1,2-
ETHYLENE DIFORMATE
680
CH 2 FCH 2 F
Formula:
Inhalation
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 66. 1
B. P. 10 - 11C
Vap. D. 2. 28
Fluorides.
See also

highly toxic fumes of fluorides.
rate):
Section

Description:
DI IODIDE
Synonym: 1 2-Diodoethane.
nitrite.
Liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 1
M. P. < -15C
CH 2 ICH 2I
98C
B. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 281.9
M. P. 82C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 1 32 @ 10 /4C
Vap. D. 9. 72
Iodides.


Vap. D. 4. 13
Nitrites.

ETHYLENE DITHIOCYANATE
Colorless crystals.
Description:
ETHYLENE DILAURATE
Formula:
Synonym: Ethylene laurate.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144. 2
M. P. 90C
Solid.
(C 11 H2 3 C0 2 CH 2 )2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula: C 2 H 4 (ONO) 2
ETHYLENE
Formula:
Section
ETHYLENE DINITRITE
Synonym: Ethylene
See
Ethylene Glycol Diformate.
Description:
ETHYLENE DIFORMATE.
Formula:
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
B. P.
52 C
B. P.
188C @20
Decomposes
Vap. D.
426. 7
M. P.
(CH 2 SCN) 2
Toxicity:
mm
4.
98
Probably low.
Thiocyanates.
Disaster Control:
Vap. D. 14.8
See also
Dangerous!
decompose when heated

Will
to give off
highly toxic fumes.

ETHYLENE GLYCOL
Synonyms:
2-Ethanediol; glycol;
1
ethylene alcohol; glycol alcohol.
Description: Colorless, sweettasting liquid.
ETHYLENE DINITRATE
Synonym: Ethylene nitrate.

Formula: C 2 H 4 (ON0 2 ) 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 152. 07
M. P. -20C
B. P. Explodes @ 114 C
Density 1.483 @8C
Vap. D. 5. 25
Acute Local: U
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 62. 1
B. P. 197. 5C
Freezing P. ~13C
Density 1. 113 @25/25C
Vap. D. 2. 14
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
CH 2 OHCH 2 OH
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYLENE GLYCOL DIABIETATE
681

To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioAcute Local: Irritant 1
xide, dry chemical or carbon
(Lethal dose for man reported
to be 100 ml. )
ETHYLENE GLYCOL p-tert-BUTYLChronic Systemic: Ingestion 1
PHENYL ETHER
Description: Light yellow liquid.
Formula: (CH 3 ) 3 CC 6H 4OCH 2 CH 2OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 194. 3
M. P. 12.2C
dry chemical or carbon tetraB. P. 289 - 328C @10
Flash P. 314. 6 F
Density 1. 017 @25/25C
exposed to flame.
Vap. D. 6. 7
Explosive Range: 3.2% (L. E. L. )
Glycols.
ETHYLENE GLYCOL n-BUTYL
ETHER
Description: Clear, mobile liquid;
dry chemical or carbon tetrapleasant odor.
Formula: C 4H 9 OCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 2
ETHYLENE GLYCOL p-tert-BUTYL"
B. P. 168.4 - 170. 2C
PHENYL ETHER ACETATE
Freezing P. -74. 8C
Synonyms: 2-(p-tert Butylphenoxy)
ethyl acetate.
Density 0. 9012 @20 /20 C
Vap. Press. 300
@ 140 C
Formula:
mm
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown

also Glycols.
2-(p-sec-Butylphenoxy)

Straw-colored liquid.
ethanol.
Description:
Formula:
C 2 H5CH(CH3)C 6H4OCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 194. 3
M. P. < -20C
B. P.
Flash P. 327F
Density 1 029 @25/25C
Vap. D. 8. 15
.
ETHYLENE GLYCOL -p-secBUTYLPHENYL ETHER

Synonym:
(CH3) 3 CC 6H 4 OCH 2 CH 2 OOCCH3

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 236. 3
M. P. < -20C
B. P. 208C
151
mm
161C @10
008 @25 /Zb C
-
Density 1
Flash P. 300 F
Vap. D. 6. 7
.

ETHYLENE GLYCOL DIABIETATE

Synonym: Glycol diabietate.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(CH 2 C0 2 C 19 H 29
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 630.9
Flash P. 520 F
Vap. D. 21.
Glycols.
See also
ETHYLENE GLYCOL DIACETATE

Section
ETHYLENE GLYCOL DIACETATE

Synonyms: Ethylene acetate; glycol
diacetate.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Colorless liquid or
ETHYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE

Synonym:
Benzoflex; E-60.
Description: Crystalline material.
(CH 2
CC 6H 5
ETHYLENE GLYCOL DIFORMATE

Synonyms: Ethylene formate; glycol
diformate.
HCOOCH 2 CH 2 OOCH
Synonym:
2-Dimethoxy ethane.
1
ethereal odor.
Formula:
CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3

B. P. 85. 2C
Flash P. 34F (O.C.)
Freezing P. < -60C
Density 0. 8672 @20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 3. 11
Glycols.
vigorously with oxidizing mate rials.

rate): Section 2
ETHYLENE GLYCOL ETHYL

ETHER
pleasant odor.
Formula:
None
= Slight
mild
C 2 H 5OCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 1
B. P. 134. 5C
Density 0. 9275 @25 /25C
Vap. D. 3. 1
ETHYLENE GLYCOL DIMETHYL

ETHER
118.09
Toxic Rating Code:
6).
ide,
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 270. 2
B. P. 208 - 211C
Freezing P. 69 - 71 C
Flash P. 365 F
Vap. D. 9. 38
Glycols.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Flash P. 200 F
Density 1. 2277 @20/20C
Vap. D. 4. 07
also Glycols.
)2

Formula:
M. P. -10C
B. P. 177C
(CH 2 OOCCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146. 14
M. P. -31C
B. P. 191C
Vap. Press. 1 mm@38. 3 C
Vap. D. 5.04
Glycols.
Fire Hazard: Moderate when exposed
Formula:
682
2 =
Moderate
Inhalation 2
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER
683

halation 2
Chronic Local:
2;
B. P.
In-
1. 03
Glycols.
Chronic Systemic: U
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOACETATE
tion 6).
Synonym: Glycol monoacetate.

Description: Colorless, almost
tetrachloride.
Section 2
ETHYLENE GLYCOL METHYL

BUTYL ETHER
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 4H 9 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
215C
Density
132.2
147C
Density 0. 8487
Vap. D. 4. 57
B. P.

Glycols.
See also

odorless liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 10
B. P. 182C
Density 1. 108 @15C
Vap. D. 3. 59
Glycols.
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOBUTYL
ETHER.

ETHER. See Ethylene
See Butyl "Cellosolve.
"
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL

ETHER ACETATE. See "Cello-
Glycol
Monomethyl Ether.
solve 11 Acetate.

n-HEXYL ETHER
Description:
Formula:
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOISOPROPYL ETHER
Liquid.
C 6H 13 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 160.25
B. P. 190C
Density 0. 855
Vap. D. 5. 53
Glycols.

agreeable odor.
Formula:
(CH 3
CHOCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 14
B. P. 139C
Density 0. 906
Vap. D. 3. 6
Glycols.
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL

ETHER

PHENYL ETHER
Synonym: 2-Methoxyethanol.
Description:
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 6 H 5OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Colorless liquid;
agreeable odor.
Formula:
CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 OH
152. 19
mild,
mild
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 76. 09
B. P. 124. 5C
Freezing P. -86. 5C
Density 0. 9660 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 62
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: When used under conditions which do not require the
application of heat, this material
probably presents little hazard to
health.
However,
in the
manu-
facture of fused collars, which

require pressing with a hot iron,
cases have been reported showing

disburbance of the hemopoietic
system with or without neurological signs and symptoms. The
blood picture may resemble that
produced by exposure to benzene.
Two cases reported had severe
aplastic anemia with tremors and
marked mental dullness. One
case had multiple neuritis and
four others had abnormal reflexes. The commonest change
in the blood picture was the finding of
No

(Section 6).
Section 2
MCA
anemia.
warning label.
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL

ETHER ACETAL
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 CH(OCH 2 CH 2 OCH3)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 178.2
M. P. -85C (glass)
B. P. 207. 2C
Flash P. 205F
Density 0. 9773 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 6. 16
Glycols.
immature neutrophils
Com-
bustible liquid.
(shift to the left); in other cases

there were a reduction in number
of the blood platelets and a macro-
cytic
684
The persons af-
fected had been exposed to vapors
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOOCTYL

ETHER
Description:
Colorless, odorless
liquid.
of
methyl "Cellosolve" (76 ppm),

ethyl and methyl alcohol, ethyl
Formula:
acetate and petroleum naphtha.

The first signs of poisoning
are probably abnormalities found
in the blood picture, as mentioned
above. Reflexes may be exaggerated or abnormal in character,
and may be accompanied by com-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174.28
B. P. 228. 3C
Flash P. 230 F
Toxicity: Unknown
plaints of drowsiness and fatigue.

Tremors may be present. Severe

damage probably takes the form of
an aplastic anemia.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
C 4H 9 CHC 2 H5CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2OH

ide,
2 =
Moderate
3 *
High
Unknown
ETHYLENE IMINE
685
Density 1 103 @ 25 /25C

Flash P. 275F

ETHYLENE GLYCOL PHENYL

ETHER
Vap. D. 6.2
Glycols.
Synonym: Phenyl "Cellosolve"
Fire Hazard:
Formula:

Colorless liquid.
Description:
C 6 H 5 OCH 2 CH 2 OH
Fighf: Fire: Water, foam, carbon
To
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 138. 16
B. P. 244. 7C
Freezing P. 14C
Flash P. 250 F (O. C. )
Density 1 1094 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 8
Glycols.
ETHYLENE IMINE
Synonyms: Ethylenimine; dimethyl enimine.

Description: Oil; pungent, ammoniacal odor; water-white liquid.
Formula:

ETHER (commercial grade).
Synonyms: 2-Phenoxyethanol; Phenyl
"Cellosolve"
Description: Pale straw-colored
liquid.
Formula: C 6 H 5OCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
138.2
245C
Freezing P. 12C
Flash P. 275F
B. P.
Density 1. 105 @25 /ZS C

Vap. D. 4. 76
6).

Synonyms:
2-Phenoxyethyl acetate
Description:
Colorless, mobile.
liquid.
Formula:
C 6H 5OCH 2 CH 2 OOCCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 180. 2
M. P. < -20C
B. P. 231 C
NHCH 2 CH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 43.07
B. P. 55 - 56 C
Flash P. 12 F
Density 0. 832 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 1.48
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
per million in air.
Caution: Causes opaque cornea,
keratoconus, and nercrosis of
cornea (experimental). Has been
known to cause severe human eye
injury. Drinking of carbonated
beverages is recommerded as
antidote to this material in stomach. See also Dimethylene Imine.
(Section

ETHER ACETATE
See also
6).
Disaster Control: Dangerous. Heat

and/or the presence of catalytically active metals or chloride
ions can cause a violent exotheromic reaction. This material
should be handled as per instructions of the manufacturer.
rate): Section 2
ETHYLENE MONOCHLOROCHLORIDE
ETHYLENE MONOCHLOROCHLORIDE
Synonym: Monochloroethylene
chloride.
CH 2 C1CH 2 C1 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 134.4
probably toxic; a fumigant.
produce toxic and corrosive fumes,
Formula:
ETHYLENE OXIDE
Synonyms:
2-Epoxyethane;
oxirane.
Description:
Colorless gas at room

temperature.
Formula:
(CH 2 ) z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 44. 05
M. P. -111. 3C
B. P. 10. 7C
Flash P. -4F (O.C.
Density 0.8711 @20/20C
Vap. Press. 1095
@ 20 C
)
mm
Vap. D. 1. 52
Chronic Local: U
686


MCA warning label.
I.
tion:
100
Carbon dioxide,
6).

exposed to flame.
- 100%
Explosive Range: 3.
rate):
Section

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
ETHYLENE SULFIDE
Synonym:
Thiirane.
Formula:
(CH 2 2S
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60. 11
M. P. Decomposes
B. P. 55 - 56C
Density 1. 0368 @ /4C
Vap. D. 2. 07
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U


ETHYLENE TRICHLORIDE
Synonyms: Ethinyl trichloride;
trichloroethylene.
chloroform -like -odor.
Formula: CHC1CC1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
131.40
87C
Freezing P. -88C
Flash P. None up to B. P.
Density 1. 45560 @25/4C
B. P.
To Fight Fire:
11.
Vap. D. 4. 53
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
2 =
Moderate
3 = High
Unknown
ETHYL ETHER OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL
687

B. P.
ETHYLENE TRITHIOCARBONATE
Description: Bright yellow to brown,
crystalline solid.
Formula: C 3 H 4 S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136.
M. P. 34. 5C
halation
mm
)
Vap. D. 4. 70
Details unknown; avoid
excessive skin contact, inhalation
or ingestion of material.
to heat or flame.
To. Fight Fire: Water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon
materials.
stupor, and
unconsciousness. Death due to
respiratory failure may result
from severe and continued exposure.
from exposure almost always produces rapid and complete recovery.
vigorously with oxidizing mateication, drowsiness,
Liquid.
C 2 H 5 NHC 2 H 4OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 89. 14
M. P. -7. 8C
B. P. 167C
Density 0. 91 82 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 3.00
rials.


(Section
rate):
ETHYL ETHER
Section
I.
thesia ether; ether; ethyl

oxide.
Description: A clear, volatile liquid.
liquid;
Section 11.
Flammable
red label.

MCA warning label.
ETHYL ETHER OF PROPYLENE

GLYCOL
Description:
Synonyms: Sulfuric ether; anes-
C 2 H 5OC 2 H 5
6).

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 74. 12
M. P. -116. 2C
100

Explosion Hazard: Severe, when exposed to heat or flame.
in the presence of heat or flame.
Amines.
Formula:
individuals to inhale or ingest. It

is not toxic in the sense of being a
poison. It is, however, a depressant of the central nervous system
and is capable of producing intox-
ETHYL ETHANOLAMINE-1

Acute Systemic: Inhalation 2;

Skin Absorption 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Ether is not corrosive
or dangerously reactive. However,
it must not be considered safe for
Toxicity:
Formula:
6C
-40F (C.C.
Density 0. 71 35 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 56
Acute Local: Ingestion 2; In-
B. P. 117. 5C @0. 6
Flash P. 330F (T. C. C.
Density 1.48
Description:
34.
Flash P.
Liquid.
ETHYL-3-ETHOXYPROPIONATE
Formula:
688
CH 2 OC 2 H 5 CHOHCH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 2
Vap. D. 3. 59
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
Section 2
M. P. -143. 2C
B. P. -37. 7C
Density 0. 81 58 @ -37. 7 C
Vap. D. 1.66
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
toxic fumes of fluorides.
Section 2
ETHYLFLUOROFORMATE
Description:
Formula:
ETHYL-3-ETHOXYPROPIONATE
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 92. 07
B. P. 57C
Density 1. 11 @33C
Vap. D. 3. 18
Liquid.
CzHsOCH^^COOCzHs
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146. 18
M. P. -100C
B. P. 170. 1C
Density 0. 9496 @ 20 /lQ C
Vap. D. 5.03
Toxicity:
tion
Unknown

114.
3. 93
Description:
Formula:
it
Colorless gas.
CH 3 CH 2 F
48. 06
Toxic Rating Code:
Section 2
3
ETHYLFLUOROSULFONATE
ETHYL FLUORIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Inges-
3;

Synonym: Fluoroethane.
Formula:
Inhalation

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Description:
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
it emits toxic fumes of fluorides;
rate):
ETHYLETHYLENE ACETATE
Formula: CH 2 (C0 2 CH 3 )CH 2 CHCH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Vap. D.
Liquid.
C 2 H 5COOF
None
= Slight
Liquid, ethereal odor.
C 2 H5S0 3 F
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128. 1
Vap. D. 4. 42
tion
3;
Inhalation
Inges-
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
fluorides and oxides of sulfur;
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
2-ETHYL HEXANE-DIOL-1,
689
rate):
methanoate.
Description: Water -white liquid;
pleasant, aromatic odor.
HCOOC 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 74. 08
M. P. -79C
B. P. 54. 3C
Flash P. -4F (C.C.)
Density 0. 9236 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 2. 55
Toxicity: See Formic Acid.

ide,
-ETHYL HEXANAMIDO)
DIETHYL DI- (2 -ETHYL HEXANOATE)
2, 2 -(2
Description:
(C 7 H 15 OCOC 2 H 4 ) 2 NCOC 7 H 15
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 483. 71
M. P. -33C
B. P. 255C @5
Density 0. 9564 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 16.7
mm

ide,

Section 2
Flamrate):
liquid;
label.
Unknown.
can react with

To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6)
6
2-ETHYL HEXANE-DIOL-1,
Practically colorless,
somewhat viscous, odorless
liquid.
Formula:
C 3 H 7 CH(OH)CH(C 2 H 5 )CH 2 OH
In-
red label.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146. 22
B. P. 243. 1C
Flash P. 260F (O.C.
See Ethyl Formate.
See "Cellosolve.
ETHYL GLYCOL ACETATE.
Toxicity:
Fire Hazard: Slight;
Description:
ETHYL FORMATE, ANHYDROUS.
ETHYL GLYCOL.
Light brown liquid.
Formula:
No

128.21
rials.
C 4 H 9 CH(C 2 H 5 )CHO
B. P. 163. 4C
Flash P. 125 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 8205
Vap. D. 4.42
Aldehydes.
ETHYL FORMATE
flammable
MCA warning
Butyl ethyl acetaldehyde.

Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. 100C
Synonyms: Formic ether; ethyl
Formula:
2-ETHYL HEXALDEHYDE
Synonym:
Formula:
Section 2

See
"Cellosolve" Acetate.
"
Freezing P. -40C
Density 0. 9422 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. Press. < -0. 01
@20 C
mm
Vap. D. 5. 03
1;
2- ETHYL
HEXANOIC ACID
Ingestion
1;
Inhalation
690
2-ETHYL-l-HEXENE
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

rate): Section 2
ide,
-ETHYL HEXANOIC ACID.
See
2-Ethyl Hexoic Acid.

2-
ETHYL HEXANOIC ANHYDRIDE
Synonym: Octoic anhydride.

Formula: [CH 3 (CH2)3CH(C2H5)CO] 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 270. 39
Vap. D. 7. 82
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
2-ETHYL HEXANOL.
See 2-Ethyl-
hexyl Alcohol.
ETHYL HEXANOYL CHLORIDE

Synonym:
Caprylyl Chloride.
Formula:
CH 3 (CH 2 6 COCl
)
B. P.
Toxicity:
-6C
source of Hydrochloric Acid. See

Hydrochloric Acid.
to heat or flame.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it evolves toxic chlorides.
=
None
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112. 21
B. P. 120 C
Density 0. 7270 @20 /20C
Vap. D. 3. 87
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
can react
Section 2

2-ETHYL HEXOIC ACID

Synonyms:
3-Heptanecarboxylic
butylethylacetic acid.
Description: Mild-odored, colorless
acid;
liquid.
Formula: C 4 H 9 CH(C 2 H 5 )COOH

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
144.21
227. 6C
Freezing P. -118.
B.
P.
4C
Density 0. 903 @ 20 /4C
Vap. Press. <.01mm@20C
Vap. D. 4.98
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
)
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbnn
195. 55C
An irritant material and a
Toxic Rating Code:
Formula: CgH^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162. 66
M. P.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
= Slight

Section 3
Personal Hygiene:
2-ETHYLHEXYL ACETATE
Synonyms:
Octyl acetate; betaethylhexyl acetate.

Description: Water-white, stable
liquid.
Formula:
Constants:
M. P.
CH 3 COOCH 2 CHC 2 H 5 C 4 H 9
Mol. Wt.
172.26
-93C
B. P. 199. 3C
Density 0. 872 @ 20 /4C
)
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
N- 2-ETHYLHEXYL ANILINE
691

Vap. D. 5. 93
Toxicity: Slight. See Octyl Alcohol
and Acetic Acid.
2-ETHYLHEXYL ACRYLATE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
CH 2 CHC0 2 CH2CH(C 2 H5)C 4 H 9

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 184. 3
B. P. 130C @50
mm
Freezing P. -90C
Density 0. 8869 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 6. 35
Toxicity: Slight.
See Alcohols.
2-ETHYLHEXYL ALCOHOL
Synonym:
2-Ethyl- 1 -hexanol;
alcohol.
Description:
octyl
(Section 6).
Section 2
2-ETHYLHEXYL
-3 -AMINO
PROPYL
ETHER
Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
C 4 H 9 CH(C 2 H5)CH 2 OC 3 H 6 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
187. 32
B. P. 239C
M. P. -90C
Flash P. 210F (O.C.
Density
Vap. D.
8483
6.47
0.

Ethers.
Toxicity:
Liquid.
Formula: C 4 H 9 CH(C2H 5 )CH 2 OH

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 130.23
B. P. 179 - 185. 5C
M. P. < -76C
Flash P. 184 F
Density 0. 834 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 49
Toxicity: Slight. See Alcohols.
2
Formula: C 4 H 9 CH(C 2 H 5 )CH 2 NH 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129.24
B. P. 169. 2C
Density 0. 7894 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 4.45
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
-ETHYLHEXYLAMINE
A clear, miscible
Description:
N- 2-ETHYLHEXYL ANILINE
Liquid; mild odor.
Formula:
C 6H 5 NHCH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )(C 4 H 9
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
205.
194C @50 mm
Freezing P. < -70C
Flash P. 325F (C.O.C.
B. P.
Density 0. 91
Vap. Press.
Vap. D. 6. 9
<0.01@20C
liquid.
@ 20 /20 C
2-ETHYLHEXYL "CELLOSOLVE"
tion
2;
2;
Inges-
Inhalation 2

Chronic Local: U
to heat or flame.
highly toxic fumes; it will react
rate):
Section 2

Water-white
liquid.
Formula:
chloride (Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174.28
B. P. 228. 3C
Flash P. 230 F
Density 0. 8859
Vap. D. 6. 02
Glycols.
2-ETHYLHEXYL-6-CHLORIDE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
C 4 H g CH(C 2 H 5 )CH 2 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148. 67
B. P. 172. 9C
Freezing P. -135C
Density C. 8833 @20C
Vap. D. 5. 14
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
None
2-ETHYLHEXYL ETHER
Description:
Liquid.
[C 4 H 9 CH(C 2 H 5 )CH 2 ] 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
242.43
-95C
B. P. 269. 4C
Flash P. 235F (O.C.
Density 0.8121 @20/20C
Vap. D.
8. 36
Details unknown.
See also
Ethers.
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat, spark or flame.
2-ETHYLHEXYL - 2 -ETHYLHEX-
ANOATE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
C 4H 9 CH(C 2 H 5 )CH 2 C0 2 (C 2 H5)CHC 4 H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 256.4
Vap. D. 8. 85
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
2-ETHYLHEXYL MERCAPTAN
2;
Description:
Formula:
6).

Section 2
Toxicity:
C 4 H 9 CH(C2H 5 )CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH
Formula:

To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetra-
M. P.
2-ETHYLHEXYL "CELLOSOLVE"
Description:
692
= Slight
2 =
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 CH(C 2 H 5 )(CH 2 4SH
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYLIDENE
693
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146. 3
B. P. 90C @35mm
Density 0. 8543 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 5.04
Mercaptans.
materials.
DI IODIDE

Explosion Range: 5. 6 - 11. 4% in air.
materials.
rate):
Section

Section
2-ETHYLHEXYL TITANATE
Synonym: Octyl titanate.
ETHYLIDENE DIFLUORIDE
Formula: Ti[OCH 2 CH(C2H5)(C 4H 9 )] 4
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 565
M. P. -55C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 66. 1
M. P. -178F
B. P. -24. 7C
Density 1.
Vap. Press. 77. 2 psia @ 70 F
Vap. D. 2.28
Fluorides.
fluorides; will react with water or
B. P.
254C
Density
0.
93
See Alcohols.
Toxicity:
ETHYLIDENE CHLORIDE
Synonyms: Ethylidene dichloride;
chlorinated hydrochloric ether;
1 -dichlorethane.
1
aromatic, ethereal odor, hot
saccharin taste.
,
Formula:
CH 3 CHC1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 99.
M. P. -96. 7C
B. P. 57. 3C
Flash P. 22F (C.C.)
Density 1. 174 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 3.44
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
per cubic meter.
To Fight Fire: Water, foam,
carbon dioxide, dry chemical or
Gas.
Description:
CH 3 CHF 2
ETHYLIDENE
Synonym:
Description:
Formula:
DI IODIDE
-Diiodoethane.
Liquid
CH 3 CHI 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 281. 9
B. P. 179C
Density 2. 84 @0/4C
Vap. D. 9. 74
Iodides.
Disaster Control:
See also
Dangerous; when
ETHYL IODIDE
694
ETHYL IODIDE
Synonyms: Hydriodic ether; iodoethane.
turns brown on exposure to light.
Formula:
C2H5I
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 156.0
M. P. -105C
B. P. 72.4C
Density 1. 90- 1. 93 @ 25 /Zb C
Vap. Press. 100
@ 18. C
Vap. D. 5. 38
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes of iodides; will
Section 2
mm
ETHYL IODOACETATE
Description:
Formula:
CH 2 ICOOC 2 H 5
214.02
179C
Density 1. 80
Vap. D. 7.4
3;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate):
Section 2
Personnel Protection Section

Toxic Rating Code:
ETHYL ISOBUTYRATE
Synonyms: Isobutyric ether; ethyl 2 -methylpr opanoate
Colorless, volatile
Description:
liquid.
Formula:
(CH 3
)2
CHCOOC 2H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 16
M. P. -88C
B. P. 110 - 111C
Density 0. 870
Vap. D. 4. 01
Toxicity: See Isobutyric Acid.

Section 7
ETHYL ISOCYANATE
Formula: C 2 H 5 NCO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 71. 1
B. P. 60C
Density 0.90@20/4C
Vap. D. 2. 45
Toxicity: Toxic. See also Isocyanates.
Dense, colorless liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.

None
= Slight

cyanides.
Section
ETHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE
Synonym: Ethyl thiocarbimide.
pungent odor.
Formula: C 2 HsNCS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 87.2
M. P. -5.9C
B. P. 131 C
Density 1 004 @ 1 5/4C
Vap. D. 3.01
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYL MANDELATE
695
ETHYL MAGNESIUM BROMIDE
Chronic Systemic: U
oxides of sulfur and cyanides;
Description:
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 133. 3
Toxicity: See Bromides and Magne-
sium Compounds.
Fire Hazard:
rials.
can
tion 6).
Synonym: Ethyl- 2-hydroxy propanoate.
mild
Colorless liquid;
ETHYL MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
CH 3 CHOHCOOC 2 H 5
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 13
B. P. 154C
Density 1. 020- 1 036 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 4. 07
Toxicity: See Lactic Acid.
Underwriters Laboratory Classifica.
tion:
it
or steam to produce flammable
vapors.
ETHYL LACTATE
Description:
odor.
Moderate;
evolve flammable ethane (Sec-

rate): Section 2
Formula:
Solid.
C 2 H 5 MgBr
30-35
Formula:
Solid.
C 2 H 5 MgCl
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 88. 8
Toxicity: See Mangesium
and Chlorides.
Compounds
Fire Hazard: Moderate; it can react

with moisutre to evolve ethane
(Section
6).

produce flammable vapors.

Section

dioxide,
tetra-
ETHYL MALONATE
Synonyms: Malonic ester; diethyl

malonate.
sweet odor.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 160.
M. P. -50C
Com-

bustible liquid.
B. P. 198C
Density 1. 076
Vap. D. 5. 53
ETHYL LEVULINATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 CO(CH 2 2 C0 2 C 2 H
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144. 2
B. P. 206. 2C
Density 1. 012
Vap. D. 4. 97
Toxicity:
Formula: C 7 H 12
Section 11.
Unknown


Esters.
Toxicity:
ETHYL MANDELATE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
CeHsCHfOHjCC^CHzCHs
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 180. 2
Toxicity: Details unknown. See Esters,
ETHYL MERCAPTAN
696

ETHYL MERCAPTAN
Synonyms: Ethanethiol; ethyl hydroethyl thioalcohol; ethyl
sulfhydrate.
pentrating garlic -like odor.
sulfide;
Formula: C 2 H 5 SH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 62. 13
M. P. -121C
B. P. 36. 2C
Flash P. < 80 F (C.C. )
Density 0. 83907 @ 20 /4'C
Vap. D. 2. 14
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
(tentative);
million in air.
2 50
parts
per
6).

exposed to spark or flame.
Explosive Range: 2. 8 - 18.-2%
and flammable vapors; can react

rate): Section 2
flammable
Silvery, iridescent
leaflets.
Formula:
C 2 H5HgCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 265. 13
M. P. 192. 5C
Organic.
pounds, Organic.
rate): Section 2
MCA
warning label
ETHYL MERCURY CRESOL

Formula: C 2 H5HgC 6H 4 CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 320. 8
Vap. D. 11. 05

Organic.
Disaster Control: See Mercury Com>
pounds, Organic.
Toxicity:
MAC: ACGIH
(Section
Description:
liquid;
red label.
ETHYL MERCURY ISOTHIOCARBAMIDE

Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
C 2 H5HgNHCSNH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 304. 8
Vap. D. 10. 5
Organic.
pounds, Organic.
ETHYL MERCURY NITROPHENOL

Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C 2 H 5HgC 6H4 N0 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 351. 8
Vap. D. 12. 1
Organic.
Compounds, Organic.
ETHYL MERCURY PHOSPHATE

Description:
Solid
ETHYL MERCURY CHLORIDE
Formula: C 2 H5HgH 2 P04
Synonym: Ethyl mercuric chloride.
Constant:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Mol. Wt.
Moderate
3 =
326. 7
High
Unknown
ETHYL METHYL KETONE
697

Organic.
highly toxic fumes of mercury and
rate): Section 2
Toxicity:
MCA
warning label.
ETHYL MERCURY SULFATE

Description:
Crystals.
Formula: (C 2 H 5Hg) 2 S0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 555.4
Organic.
Compounds, Organic.

(Section
SULFONANILIDE
Formula:
NH 2 C 6H4S0 3 C 6H 3 CH3HgC 2 H5
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 492.
Organic.
rate): Section 2
MCA
warning label.
ETHYL METHACRYLATE
Formula: H 2 CCCH 3 COOC 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114. 07
M. P. < -75C
B. P. 119C
Flash P. 95F (O.C.
Density 0.911 @25/25C
)
Vap. D. 3. 94
See
Methacrylic Acid.
ETHYL METHYL ETHER

Synonym: Methoxyethane.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid or gas.
CH 3 OC 2 H 5

B. P. 7. 5C
Flash P. -35F (C. C. )
Autoign Temp. 374F
Vap. D. 2.07
Toxicity: Details unknown; but may
have anesthetic properties. See
also Ethers.
Fire Hazard: Highly dangerous; when
exposed to heat or flame; can react
vigorously with oxidizing materials. See also Ethers.
(Section
ETHYL MERCURY -p-TOLUENE
6).
6).

exposed to flame. See also Ethers.
- 10.1%
Explosive Range: 2.
Section 11.

I.
ETHYL METHYL KETONE

Synonyms: Methyl ethyl ketone;
butanone.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 COC 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72. 10
M. P. -86.4C
B. P. 79. 6C
Density 0. 805 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2.48
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
5- ETHYL- 2-
METHYL PYRIDINE

Toxicology: Produces local irritation and narcosis. See also
Ketones.
698

To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry
chemical or carbon tetra-
chloride (Section
6).

Underwriters Laboratory Classification 85-90.



pleasant odor; sweet taste.
ide,

exposed to flame.
rate):
Section 2

Section 11.

I.
-ETHYL -2 -METHYL PYRIDINE
Synonym: Aldehydine.
Description:
Formula
Liquid.
(C 2 H 5 )(CH 3 )C5H3N
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 121.2
B. P. 174C
Density 0. 9184 @ 23 /4C
Pyridine.
ETHYL MORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE.
See Dionin
ETHYL N-MORPHOLINE
Description:
Formula:
CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 N CH 2 CH 3
None
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 91.07
M, P. -112C
B. P. 88. 7C
Density 1. 105 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 14
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

exposed to heat.
Explosive Range: 3. 8% in air and
@185F
for liquid.

rate):
Section

Section 11.

I.
Synonyms: Nitrous ether; hyponitrous ether.

liquid; highly aromatic; ethereal
odor.
Formula: C 2 H 5 ONO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 75. 07
B. P. 16.4C
Unknown
Toxic Rating Code:
Formula: C 2 H50N0 2
ETHYL NITRITE
Colorless liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 115.2
B. P. 138C
Flash P. 89.6F (O V C.)
Density 0. 916 @20 /20C
Vap. D. 4. 00
Toxicity:
ETHYL NITRATE
Synonym: Nitric ether.
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
699
ETHYL PHENYL DICHLOROSILANE
Flash P. -31 F (C.C.)

Density 0. 900 (5)15. 5C
Autoign. Temp. 194F
Vap. D. 2. 59
Acute Local: U
Description: Light-colored oleaginous liquid.

Formula: C 17 H3 3 COOC 2 H5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 310. 5
M. P. -32 C (approx. )
halation 2
Chronic Local:
ETHYL OLEATE
2;
In-
Chronic Systemic: U
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, carbon
tetrachloride or water spray
(Section
6).
ETHYL OXALATE
ethanedioate; oxalic ether.
Description: Colorless, oily,
Section 11.
-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene
Clear yellow to green
liquid.
it
C 6H 4 N0 2 C 2 H5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
fumes.
will give off toxic
Section
ETHYL PHENYLACETATE
151. 16
M. P.
23C
B. P. About 228C
Freezing P. -13 C
Vap. D. 5. 2
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula: C 6H 5CH 2 COOC 2 H 5

Mol. Wt.
Constants:
B. P.
may
6).

Toxicity:
164.2
276C
Density
Vap. D.
re-
semble nitrobenzene.
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146. 14
M. P. -40. 6C
B. P. 185. 4C
Density 1. 08426 @15C;
1.0785 @20/4C
Vap. D. 5. 04
Toxicity: Toxic. See Oxalates.
Disaster Control: On combustion,
o-ETHYL NITROBENZENE
1
(COOC 2 H 5
Formula:

Description:
arom-
atic liquid.
I.
Formula:

Synonyms: Diethyl oxalate; diethyl
Section 2

Synonym:
See
Oleic Acid.
6).

- 50% in air
Explosive Range: 3.
and at 194F for liquid.
on contact with acid or acid fumes
oxides of nitrogen; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
rate):
B. P. 205C
Flash P. 347. 5F
Density 0. 867
033
1.
@20C
67
Details unknown.
5.
A weed
killer.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it may emit toxic fumes.
ETHYL PHENYL DICHLOROSILANE

Description:
Liquid.
ETHYL PHOSPfflNE
700
Formula: C 2 H 5SiCl 2 C 6 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 205. 06
Vap. D. 7. 07
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
and phenol; will react with water
or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes; can react with
rate): Section 2
I.
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.
Cor-
white label.
ETHYL PHOSPfflNE
Synonym: Phosphinoethane.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 280. 3
B. P. 608F
Density 1 1 80
Vap. D. 9. 6
Toxicity:
Unknown


Section
Colorless liquid.
C 2 H 5PH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 62. 1
B. P. 25C
Density < 1
Vap. D. 2. 14
Phosphine.
ETHYL PROPIONATE
Synonym: Propionic ether.
Description: Water -white liquid;
pineapple -like odor.
Formula:
C 2 H 5 COOC 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
-72. 6C
M. P.
102.11
B. P. 99C
Flash P. 54F (C. C.
Density 0. 895 @15. 5C
Autoign. Temp. 890F
Vap. Press. 40
@ 27. 2 C
Vap. D. 3. 52
Propionic Acid.
mm

6).

rate): Section 2
Section

Synonym:

Formula:
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CHC(C 2 H 5 )CHO
ETHYL PHTHALATE.
See Diethyl
Phthalate.
ETHYL PHTHALLYL ETHYL

GLYCOLLATE
Description:
None
-ETHYL -3 -PROPYL ACROLEIN
2-Ethylhexenal.
powerful odor.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126. 19
B. P. 175C
Density 0. 848 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 4. 35
Vap. Press. 1.
@ 20 C
mm
Liquid.
Toxic Rating Code:

rosive liquid;
Formula:
C 2 H50COC 6H 4 OCOCH 2 OCOC 2 H5
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYL SILICATE
701

tion 2;
(C 2 H 5 )4Si0 4
Formula:
2;
Inges-
Inhalation 2
B.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
5C
125F
165.
Flash P.
(O. C.
Density 0. 933 @ 20 /4C
Inges3;
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
tion

Section 2
3;
Chronic Systemic:
-ETHYL- 3 -PROPYL ACRYLIC

ACID
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 3 H 7 CHC(C 2 H 5 )COOH

M. P. -7. 8C
B. P. 232. 1C
Density 0. 948 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 91
Toxicity:
Unknown

4-ETHYL PYRIDINE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 CH 2 C 5H 4 N

B. P. 168. 3C
Density 0. 9460 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3. 70
Pyridine.
Fire Hazard:
Moderate.
6).

materials.
ETHYL SELENIDE
See Diethyl
Selenide.
ETHYL SILICATE
Synonym:
Tetraethyl-o-silicate.
faint odor.
MAC: ACGIH

Toxicology:
2
Vap. D. 7. 22
P.
208.30
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Ethyl silicate
is irrit-
ating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Concentrations of

2, 500 ppm produce narcosis in
guinea pigs after 1 /2 hours exposure. This is the maximum
concentration obtainable at ordinary room temperatures by
evaporation. The maximum concentration which these animals
can inhale for 60 minutes without
the production of serious disturbances is 2, 000 ppm. For an
exposure of several hours, concentrations of 500 ppm or more
are required to cause serious
injury. Animals dying after acute
exposures show pulmonary edema,

sometimes with secondary pneumonia, acute nephritis and evidence of injury to the liver. For
humans, concentrations of 85 ppm

produce a detectable odor, and
700 ppm cause stinging of the
eyes and nose. No cases of human poisoning have been reported
nor have experiments dealing
with the effects of prolonged exposure been reported.
Irritation of the eyes and nose,
tremors, respiratory difficulty
or irregularity, anemia, leucOcytosis, and narcosis have been reported in animal experiments.
Brief exposures of humans to
3, 000 ppm cause only extreme
irritation of the eyes and nose.
6).
ETHYL SULFHYDRATE
702

rate):
Section 2

steam to produce heat.

rate): Section 2
Section 11.

sulfur; will react with water or
Com-
ETHYL THIOCARBIMIDE.
See Ethyl
Isothiocyanate.
bustible liquid.
ETHYL -p -TOLUENE SULFONAMIDE

ETHYL SULFHYDRATE.
See Ethyl
Mercaptan.
Formula:
ETHYL SULFIDE
Synonyms: Diethyl
thioethyl
sulfide;
ether.
Description:
odor.
Formula:
Liquid;
garlic -like
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 S
Sulfides (Section
6).

ETHYLSULFURIC ACID
Synonyms: Ethyl hydrogen
sulfate;
acid ethyl sulfate.

Description: Colorless, oily liquid.
C 2 H 5OS0 3 H
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126. 13
Density 1. 316 @17/4C
3;
Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Liquid.
C 7H7S0 2 NHC 2 H5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 199. 3
B. P. 208F @745
Density 1.253
Vap. D. 5. 6
mm
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90.2
M. P. -102C
B. P. 92 - 93C
Density 0. 837 @ 20 /4 C
Vap. D. 3. 11
probably highly toxic.
Fire Hazard: Moderate. See also
Formula:
Description:
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame.
when exposed
To Fight Fire: Water, carbon dioxdry chemical or carbon

ide,
heated
to
decomposition,
it
emits

materials.
ETHYL -p-TOLUENE SULFONATE

Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CyHySOsC^s
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 200. 25
M. P. 33C
B. P. 221. 3C
Density 1.17
Vap. D. 6. 98
Toxicity:
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame.
when exposed

heated
to
decomposition,
it
emits

materials.
ETHYL TRICHLOROSILANE
Description:
2 =
Moderate
Liquid.
3 =
High
Unknown
ETHYNYL CYCLOHEXANOL
703
C 2 H 5Cl 3Si
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 163.47
M. P. -105. 6C
B. P. 99. 5C
Density 1. 24 @25/25C
Vap. D. 5. 6
Formula:
tion
Inhalation
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
(Section

produce heat and toxic and corrosive fumes; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
rate): Section 2

Formula:
Constants:
Crystals.
88.
M. P. 92 C
Flash P. > 200 F
Density
Toxicity:
Toxicity:
Unknown

m-ETHYL VINYL BENZENE

Synonym: Ethyl styrene.
Formula: C 2 H 5 C 6H 4 CHCH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
132. 1
191. 5C
Freezing P. -127C
Density 0.8955 @20C
Vap. D. 4. 56
Section
1. 213 @18C
may
be toxic.
ETHYL VINYL ETHER

Synonym: Ethenoxy ethane.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Liquid.
CH 2 CHOC 2 H 5
Mol. Wt.
M. P. -115C.
Flash P. 0F
763
2.49
0.
72. 1
B. P. 35.
1
5 /
5C
8 C

Ethers.
tetrachloride (Section 6)
See also Ethers.
Section 2
Toxicity:
NH 2 CONHC 2 H 5
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 166. 17
M. P. 76. 5C
Density
Vap. D.
ETHYLUREA
Fine, crystalline
C 6H 3 (OH)(CHO)(OC 2 H 5
Formula:
B. P.
6).
Description:
ETHYL VANILLIN
Description:
needles.
Section
ETHYNYL CYCLOHEXANOL
Synonym: 1-Ethynyl cyclohexan- 1 -ol
Description: Liquid or crystal.
Formula:
C 8 H lz O
EUCALYPTUS OIL
704
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 124. 18
M. P. 32C
B. P. 180C
Vap. D. 3. 73
Alcohols.
See also

EUCALYPTUS
OIL.
See Oil of
Eucalyptus.
EUROPIUM
Gray crystals.
Description:
seconds at 300 C or 1 second at

355C.
An explosion of HE may alse be
initiated by severe shock. Sensitivity of explosives to shock may be
measured in several ways, such as
the impact pendulum method and the
drop test. The impact pendulum
test operates by allowing a heavy
pendulum to swing down over a
9
Formula: Eu
Constant:
At. Wt. 152. 00
Toxicity: Unknown
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Eu 154 half-life:
5. 4 years;
emits beta particles
of 0. 3 mev (50%), 0. 7 mev (40%)
and 1. 9 mev (10%) and gamma
rays of 1. 2 mev. The permissible levels are: In body: 22
microcuries. In air: 6 X 10~ 9
,
sample of explosive in a dished, inclined container so arranged that

there is very
little
clearance between
the pendulum and the sample. Thus

the effect of contact between the
sample and the pendulum bob is one
of a combination of shock and rubbing. The height from which the
pendulum is allowed to swing to
explode the sample is a measure of
the sensitivity of the sample to this
test.
The drop test consists of
placing a sample upon an anvil and
allowing a 5 pound weight to drop on
The height from which the weight
it.
must drop to explode the sample is a
measure of the sample's sensitivity
to shock.
Below is a table of the results of
a drop test upon several samples.

water: 3 X 10 2 microcurie per
These results must be considered as

relative and not by any means absolute. Solid explosive in a tightly
milliliter.
fitting
container is
much more sen-
sitive to shock.
EXPLOSIVES, HIGH
(1)
Description: High explosives (HE)

are those which decompose by detonation.
This is a very rapid (nearly
instantaneous) process; hence the
action is fast and violent. An explosion may be initiated by sudden
shock, by high temperature or by a
combination
of the two.
For many
explosives the conditions under which

they will explode are well known,
for example:
An explosion may be initiated by
elevated temperature alone:
(1) In the case of mercury fulminate 15 seconds exposure to 200 C
or 1 second exposure to 340 C will
set
it off.
Trinitrotoluene will be set off

by exposure to 500 C for 1 second.
(3) Tetryl will detonate in 1000
seconds at 160C or in 0. 1 second
at 500C.
(4) Picric Acid will detonate in
(2)
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
mercury fulminate
=
2 inches at 5 pounds
nitroglycerin
=
(3) tetryl =
(4) picric acid
- 14 inches at 5 pounds
(5) trinitrotoluene
= 20 inches at 5 pounds
(6) black powder (a low explosive)
= 30 inches at 5 pounds*
Another test for explosives is the
speed at which a detonation travels.
This speed is usually in the range of
thousands of meters per second.
Speed of detonation is found to be a
function of kind of explosive and
(2)
There is an
state of compaction.
state of compaction beyond
optimum
From "Explosions, Their Anatomy

and Destructiveness, " by C. S.
Robinson (McGraw-Hill)
-''
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
EXPLOSIVES, HIGH
705
which the explosive tends to become

"dead-pressed, " in which state it is
difficult to make the whole sample
explode. Below the point of optimum
compaction the rate of detonation is
used
found to be directly proportional to

the density of the sample. Below are
listed some maximum detonation
Bureau of Mines, but it evolves a

large percentage of carbon monoxide
(See Carbon Monoxide). This type
of explosive has many safety advantages. For instance, it is not itself
an explosive until mixed with a flammable absorbent which can be done at
the last moment before firing. However, once the explosive has been
rates, in meters/second, for

explosives:
some
common
(1)
nitroglycerin
(2)
PETN
(3) tetryl
picric acid
trinitrotoluene
(6) lead azide
(4)
(5)
(7)
mercury fulminate
(8)
ammonium
(9)
low explosives
nitrate
8500
8100
7700
7500
7400
4900
4800
1100
1000
has been found that upon detonation an explosive can cause a nearby
sample of explosive to detonate
"sympathetically. " The distance
over which one charge can detonate
another is a function of the amount of
energy produced by the first explosion and the medium through which
the shock wave is propagated to the
second charge of explosive. For instance the relationship for air (very
approximately) would be expected
to be: Weight of explosive in
pounds /(distance in feet) 3 = 4. Thus
to calculate the maximum distance
for a possible sympathetic detonation of 40, 000 pounds of explosive,
It
the calculation is:

=
D3
D
10,000
22 feet (approximately)
According to C. S. Robinson the

formula is more nearly:
weight of explosive = 4 X (distance) 225
The power of the shock wave is
much more rapidly attenuated in

water, wood, etc., than in air, which
means that if a shield of water or
wood is interposed between piles of
explosive the distance between them
may be lessened. (See also American Table of Distances in Section 7,
I)
Liquid Oxygen.
Though not by
oxygen can
itself explosive, liquid
be dangerous when blended with

highly flammable or carbonaceous
materials. In this combination it is
Toxic Rating Code:
made up, it is very flammable and

when it catches fire it will usually
detonate. Liquid oxygen explosives
are not stored, as they deteriorate
rapidly and lose a great deal of their
explosive power in a short time.
General Fire Hazard: Severe, when

exposed to heat by chemical reaction with powerful oxidizing or
reducing agents.
General Explosion Hazard: Moderate

to dangerous when severely
shocked or heated, depending upon
kind of explosive, state of compaction, degree of confinement, etc.
Practically all high explosives
used commercially requires a
detonator or cap to set them off,
as compared to an igniter needed
to set off black blasting powder
(See also Explosives, Permissible;
Dynamite; Nitroglycerin; Ammonium Nitrate; Nitrates, Trinitrotoluene).
D3
(40,000)/4
Appendix
in coal mining, quarrying,

strip mining, and open-cut ore
mining, and in rocket fuels. Its use
underground or in confined places is
not recommended by the U. S.
None
= Slight
Storage and Handling: See detailed

description in Section 7.
Detonating Devices: To develop
the desired disruptive effect of an
explosive, some means must be
adopted to "setoff, " "fire, " or
"detonate" it without killing or
maiming the persons doing the
blasting. Several devices or methods
are being utilized, all with a view to
having this work done as safely and
efficiently as possible. There are
two general types of devices or
methods of getting explosives into
action, namely, igniters and detonators. The former merely convey
a flame to the explosive mass and
ignite it, while the latter transmit
(originally through ignition of a
small quantity of highly explosive
substance by an arc, a flame, or
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
EXPLOSIVES, HIGH
706
spark) a sharp blow that causes the

explosive to dissociate, or detonate,
or burn with very great rapidity.
Igniters are squibs (plain and electric), fuse, and delay igniters; detonators are blasting caps (plain and
electric), delay electric blasting
caps, delay electric igniters with
caps, and Cordeau-Bickford deton-
the explosive. Delay igniters usually are much safer than fuse, particularly for coal-mine use; but they,
too, have their hazards. Delay
blasting is by no means a safe procedure in coal mining, though it is a
standard and relatively safe practice
in metal mining and tunneling, if
sensible precautions are taken.
ating fuse.
The squib is a small -diameter
tube of straw or paper filled with a
quick-burning powder and having a
relatively slow burning "match head"
attached to one end; the latter is
ignited or lighted by an ordinary
match or other flame, and its relatively slow burning allows the person
handling the ignition to retire before
the fire is communicated to the quickburning material in the tube. Squibs
are by no means either safe or efficient, even though still used to a considerable extent, especially in coal
mining. Electric squibs are somewhat similar to ordinary squibs, except that the ignition is accomplished
by means of an electric arc; electric
squibs are much more satisfactory
from a safety viewpoint than ordinary
squibs.
A fuse (or, as it is sometimes
called, "safety fuse") consists of a
Blasting caps or detonators are

metallic cylinders (usually copper)
closed at one end, about 3/l6 inch in
diameter, and usually less than 2
inches in length, partly filled with a
small amount of a relatively easily
fired or "detonated" compound, the
resultant shock or blow when fired
being sufficient, when embedded in
dynamite, to fire or detonate the
dynamite mass. Ordinary blasting
caps usually are fired or detonated
fine-grained black powder core covered with cotton hemp or jute to form
a rope -like material about 3/l6 inch
in diameter; one end of the fuse is
brought in contact with the powder
charge or with a detonating "cap, "
and the other end (usually several
feet away from the explosive) is
lighted by a flame from a match or
open light. The fine-grained black
powder burns gradually and somewhat slowly (about 30 to 40 seconds
to the linear foot of fuse) until
it
reaches the explosive (black powder)

or the detonating cap (if some form
of dynamite is used), giving the
blaster time to get in the clear before the
main explosion takes place.
Fuses are much safer than squibs,

but have their own hazards and must
be used with care.
Delay electric igniters usually are
a combination of electric igniters
and fuses, the latter being lighted by
the igniters within the blasting hole,
the fuse transmitting the ignition to
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
by the flame of the fuse, the end of

the latter being inserted into the
open end of the detonator or cap and
placed in contact with the highly explosive material in the interior of
the metallic capsule or cap. Caps
are extremely hazardous to handle,
as they are likely to be detonated by
heat, friction, or a relatively moderate blow; however, they are relatively safe if handled carefully.
Partial proof of this is in the fact
that they are manufactured and shipped
by the thousands daily and accidents
are decidedly rare, primarily because the caps are at all times handled with utmost care.
Electric blasting caps are somewhat similar to ordinary caps or detonators, but the cap is fired by
The electric wires are
electricity.
so placed in the capsule or cap that
when attached to an electric current
an arc is formed within the cap,
which detonates the sensitive explosive material in the cap. A hazard in the use of electric blasting
caps is unexpected explosions due to
radio or radar induced electric currents which may activate the cap.
Delay electric blasting caps or
detonators are somewhat similar to
ordinary electric blasting caps, except that several time intervals in
blasting are obtained by having the
electric arc ignite a short piece of
fuse or some slow-burning substance
before it reaches the highly sensitive
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
EXPLOSIVES,
707
explosives, probably the most complete being"Regulations for the Trans-
detonating material in the capsule or

cap. Numerous time -interval delays
are obtained; in general delay electric blasting caps are relatively safe
and effective even in wet holes,
though they ought not be used in coal
mining if explosions of gas or dust
are to be avoided. Delay electric
igniters with caps or detonators are
a combination of electric igniter and
blasting cap, usually with suitable
lengths of fuse between to give the
desired delay; they have some advantages but are relatively unsafe
and should not be used in coal min-
portation of Explosives and Other

Dangerous Articles by Freight and
Express and in Baggage Service, "
the most recent issue was in 1957.
Users of explosives who transport
them by truck would profit by familiarizing themselves with the regulations established by the Interstate
Commerce Commission.
own regulations
of explosives
for the transportation
and other dangerous
articles, and the restrictions of some

of the carriers are drastic in the ex-
The Cordeau-Bickford detonating

fuse is a combined fuse and detonator in the form of a lead tube about
l/4 inch in diameter filled throughout its length with a high explosive,
trinitrotoluene (TNT). It is fired by
fuse and an ordinary detonator or
treme.
the
The Bureau
of
Explosives
of
American Railway Association
has issued
much
interesting informa-
tion relating to the transportation of
dangerous substances, including explosives of various kinds. The

Bureau of Mines and other organizations have also issued information on
the transportation of explosives, but
much careless explosives-transportation practice occurs, not only in
mining work but to an even greater
extent in other activities in which
explosives are used. State laws on
transportation of explosives usually
are confusing and inadequate; in
fact, state laws on this subject usually are almost nonexistent or are
phrased so broadly as to be almost
cap by an electric cap; when fired,

detonates throughout its length
(which may be up to or over 100
feet) almost instantaneously, the
explosion wave traveling at a rate
of about 17, 500 feet per second. Although somewhat expensive, it is
relatively safe to handle and is
particularly effective in deep-well
drill holes in quarry and similar
work, as it detonates simultaneously
throughout its length, adding effectiveness to the main body of explosive which it detonates. It fires
black powder as well as high explosives (dynamite, etc. ) and is obtainable in lengths of approximately
500 feet, wound on spools.
Transportation of Explosives. In
it
meaningless.
EXPLOSIVES,
the transportation of explosives, the

manufacturers and the railroads have
set a most excellent example in safety, as is proved by the fact that accidents in rail transportation of explosives were so rare as to have been
almost nonexistent in the past decade.
The problem of transporting explosives from the railroad car to the

users' magazines and from the maga-
Railroad
companies formulate and issue their
ing.
zines to the places of use (the mine,

quarry, tunnel) is decidedly serious
and should be given much more consideration than it usually receives.
The Interstate Commerce Commission has issued numerous explicit
regulations on the transportation of
LOW
LOW
Synonyms: Black blasting powder;

gunpowder; "A" blasting powder;
"B" blasting powder.
Composition: Black powder is composed of saltpeter, charcoal and
sulfur in the approximate propor("A" blasting powtions of 6:1:1.
der uses KNO3 and "B" blasting
powder uses NaN0 3 ). Low explosives are explosives which deflagrate; this differentiates them
both in composition and properties
from high explosives, which de-
A deflagrating explosive
one that burns progressively
over a relatively sustained period
of time in comparison with a detonating explosive, which decomposes almost instantaneously. See
also Section 7.
Toxicity: Variable
tonate.
is
EXPLOSIVES,
LOW
708

exposed to heat or flame or by chemical reaction.
Although most safety men now look

upon black blasting powder with disfavor, it is one of the oldest and most
generally used explosives in commercial work. It burns with extreme
rapidity instead of detonating as high
explosives do; it is highly sensitive
to flame or sparks or friction and
gives off much flame, which is hot
and of great length of duration.
These properties make it extremely
hazardous for use in mines (especThe
ially coal mines) and quarries.
gases given off in detonation are not
only very hot but frequently contain
harmful constituents. Notwithstanding its numerous dificiencies
from a safety standpoint, it has
action characteristics that make it
valuable in both coal mining and
quarrying, though it has relatively
little utility in metal mining.
It is
difficult to use effectively in wet
places and this is its main disadvantage from an efficiency standpoint.
Pellet powder is black blasting powder in consolidated (pellet or stick)
form rather than in grains or granules, and it has few if any real advantages over black blasting powder,
notwithstanding the fairly prevalent
idea that it is a "safe" explosive.
Smokeless powders have a some-
what different composition from that

of black blasting powder and are used
chiefly for sportsmen's ammunition
and, more widely, for military purposes. They are decidedly sensitive to flame and impact but ordinarily are so packaged that is reasonable judgment is used they are relatively harmless.
Most black powder fires start
from sparks. Ignition results in an
explosion so quickly that no attempt
can be made to fight the fire. Every
effort should be made to prevent fires
from reaching stores of black powder;
but if this fails, fire -fighting forces
should be withdrawn at least 800
feet from the fire and should protect
themselves against an explosion by
seeking any cover available or by
lying flat on the ground. If an explosion does occur, every effort should
be made to prevent flames from
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
spreading to neighboring magazines.

Fire-fighting forces should be cautioned against approaching a fire
which may involve black powder to
avoid being trapped or injured by an
explosion. Most explosions from
black powder originate from sparks
and the following safety rules should
be strictly enforced and obeyed.
(l) Open no containers in a magazine in which explosives or ammunition are stored.
This should be done
only in a building free from all other
explosives or ammunitions; or in
suitable weather in the open, at least
100 feet from the nearest magazine.
The quantity at or near such an
operation should be limited to 100
pounds. Safety tools only should be
used in opening or closing containers
or in other operations involving black
powder. Safety shoes (non-insulating)
should be worn in all rooms where
black powder is handled and by all
persons engaged in handling black
powder. The wearing of all nonconductive shoes, such as rubber is
prohibited. If the handling of black
powder is carried on over a concrete
floor, the floor should be covered
with a tarpaulin or other suitable
material.
Loose black powder is extremely
Whenever
it is necessary
powder, not
over 50 pounds should be permitted
at or near such operations. If black
powder is spilled on benches or
floors, all work should be stopped
until it has been removed and the
explosive hazard of any remaining
dust or particles has been neutra-
dangerous.
to handle loose black
lized with water.
Rooms
which black powder
or buildings
handled
should be inspected frequently for
dust, and all such dust should be
immediately removed with water.
See also Section 7.
Explosive Hazard: Severe, when
exposed to heat or flame or by chemical reaction. Black powder is the
slowest acting of all explosives. It
has a shearing and heaving action,
tending to blast materials in large,
firm fragments. The action derives
from a relatively slow development
of gas pressure so that it must be
carefully loaded and closely confined.
The application is limited because it
in
2 =
Moderate
3 =
is
High
Unknown
EXPLOSIVES,
709
disintegrates in water and therefore
cannot be used in wet work, except
with special precautions. It also
produces more smoke and fumes than
most dynamites.
Precautions in Handling: Black
is the most treacherous explosive material used today and it is
regarded as one of the worst known
explosive hazards. When ignited
unconfined it burns with explosive
violence and will explode if ignited
under even slight confinement. It
can be ignited easily by very small
sparks, heat and friction. It is sub-
powder
ject to rapid deterioration in the

presence of moisture, but if kept dry
it retains its explosive properties
for many years. It is used to ignite
smokeless powder, propelling

charges, airplane flares and bursting
charges of hand grenades, as a bursting charge in shrapnel, practice
bombs, practice trench-mortar
shells, in saluting charges, smokepuff charges, time and percussion
fuses, pellets, primers and primer
detonators, and in expelling charges
of pyrotechnic signals.
When black powder is shipped or
received, each container should be
inspected for holes and weak spots.
It should be examined particularly
for small holes, such as those made
by nails, which are visible only upon
close examination. Damaged containers should not be repaired. The contents should instead be transferred
to new or serviceable containers.
Metal containers for export shipment
should be crated. Usually two containers are packed in each crate.
Repainting of containers and repacking of black powder, contained in
damaged or unserviceable containers,
constitutes the principal maintenance activity for such stocks. Black
powder containers are also subject
to sweating, which rusts metal drums
or kegs, so that repainting is necessary to keep containers serviceable. Repainting should not be done
in a magazine in which explosives or
ammunition are stored. It may be
done in a nearly empty magazine, or
in clear weather in the open, at least
100 feet from the nearest magazine.
The quantity of black powder, at or
LOW
near such operations should be

limited to 100 pounds.
The marking on repainted containers should be checked carefully
to see that it is a facsimile of the old.
Furthermore, the metal caps on
certain types of black powder containers deteriorate in storage. Replacement of these caps may be
allowed, but the same safety precautions as outlined above for repainting containers should be followed.
Operations, such as removal of
black powder from containers and
its transfer from unserviceable to
serviceable drums should be conducted in strict compliance with
applicable portions of the above
outlined safety regulations. Black
powder operations of any kind should
be conducted in special buildings
which are not used for other purposes
The floors of such
at the same time.
buildings should be covered with
suitable materials. Intraplantquantity-distance requirements for
high explosives as given in Section 7
should be followed. Absolute cleanliness should be maintained at all
times in and around each operation.
Non-insultating safety shoes should
be worn by personnel in all assemblyoperations. All equipment should be
electrically grounded and this should
be determined by tests. Empty
metal containers which have held
black powder should be thoroughly
washed inside with water before they
are disposed of. Serious explosions
have occurred from supposedly empty
Wooden containers should be

destroyed by burning. Safety tools
only should be used in opening or
closing containers or in handling
black powder. Processes should be
so laid out as to bring about frequent
grounding of all operators handling
cans.
this material.
Destruction: Black powder is

best destroyed by dumping it into
water (preferably a stream or large
body of water, but some states have
anti- stream pollution laws that may
be violated in this manner. It is well
to be informed on this subject and to
be certain that no damage will be
done
to
water supplies.
If it is
inconvenient or inadvisable
EXPLOSIVES, PERMISSIBLE
to destroy black
powder
710
thus,
or the gelatin classes.
it
may
be burned. If that is done, the

contents of only one container holding 2 5 pounds or less should be
burned at a time. The powder should
be poured on the ground in a trail not
wider than 2 inches, and no part of
such a trail should parallel another
part at a distance of less than 10 feet.
A train of combustible material
should be laid to the explosive for
igniting it, as with dynamite.
"Pellet powder" (black powder in
compressed stick form) may be
destroyed either by throwing it into
water after removing the wrapper,

or as described for dynamite. If
dry and in good condition, black
powder burns rapidly, especially
in small grain size, with a yellow
or pinkish-blue flame and dense
smoke.
The empty powder containers
should be washed out, as explosions
are said to have occurred from
"empty" containers.
Shipping Regulations: Class A
Explosive. Not accepted as freight.
"Permissible" explosives are
essentially high explosives (dynamite)
modified by the introduction of
"dopes. " The function of the dopes in
general is to decrease flame temperature and to a smaller extent, the

length and duration of flame when the
explosive is converted from a solid
into a gas; in other words, when it is
fired or detonated. The designation
"permissible" is givento an explosive
of modified dynamite type after it has
passed certain tests made by the
Federal Bureau of Mines. The permissible character of such explosives depends not only upon the ingredients in the explosive, but also
on certain well-defined specifications as to handling and use. As
with the dynamites, there are several
different types and grades; "permissibles, " hydrated "permissibles "
organic nitrate "permissibles,"
nitroglycerin "permissibles, " ammonium perchlorate "permissibles, "
and gelatin "permissible. " Essentially all those now used to any extent
are in either the ammonium nitrate
,
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
(See also
Dynamite. )
The ammonium nitrate "permissible" explosives contain relatively
nitroglycerin and relatively
little
large proportions of
nitrate.
The latter
ammonium
is
an explosive
but one less sensitive to impact,

sparks, and flames than nitroglycerin. This type of "permissible"
explosive is now used extensively,
as it has a rather wide range of
strength, rate of detonation, density,
size of cartridge, etc.
and can be
utilized not only in dry but also to
some extent in fairly wet holes if
charged carefully and fired promptly.
,
Gelatin "permissible, " explosives

are more suitable than ammonium
nitrate "permissibles, " for wet
holes, and in general are stronger
and more violent than the ammoniumnitrate types.
All "permissible" explosives are
strong,
must be used in relatively
small quantities (less than l l/2
pounds) per hole to retain their permissibility, give off considerable
quantities of toxic gases on detonation, and, while much safer than
black blasting powder or dynamite,
must be stored, handled, and used
with care.
Classification Upon Basis of Toxic
Gases: All "permissible" explosives,
when detonated, emit some toxic
gases and a much larger volume of
nontoxic gases. In order that the
toxic products may not become a
menace to the life or health of miners,
no explosive is now or can become
"permissible" if upon detonation it
evolves more than 158 liters {S 1^
cubic feet) of toxic gases per 1%
pound charge as determined by tests
in the Bichel pressure gage.
Classification upon the basis of
volume of toxic gases produced

by 680 grams (1% pounds) of explosive is as follows: Class A, not
more than 53 liters; Class B, between
53 and 106 liters; and Class C, between 106 and 158 liters. (These
classifications are not to be confused with the I. C. C. classification
the
of explosives).
Field tests were made with a

of a "permissible"
/2
pound charge
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
711
explosive that produced, in the Bichel

gage, the maximum allowable quantity of poisonous gases (158 liters
per \ l/2 pounds); these tests indicated
that in a narrow entry, without artificial ventilation, 1800 ppm of carbon monoxide (the only poisonous gas
present) was produced, as shown by
analysis of an air sample taken 2
minutes after the shot. Another

sample of the air taken 2 minutes
later contained 800 ppm of carbon
monoxide. Under no conditions
should miners or shot firers return
to the face until the poisonous gases
have been removed by adequate
ventilation.
It is provided further that, in
accordance with the provisions and
conditions, explosives enumerated
on the "permissible" lists of theBureau of Miners are "permissi-
ble" in use only when they satisfy

the following requirements:
(1) That the explosive be in all
respects similar to the sample submitted by the manufacturer for test,
and that the diameters of the cartridges used must be those that have
been approved.
(2) That electric detonators (not
fuze and detonators) be used of not
less efficiency than No. 6, the
detonating charge of which shall consist of a 1 gram mixture of 80 parts
of mercury fulminate and 20 parts of
potassium chlorate (or their equivalents), and that the required electric
firing must be done by means of a
"permissible" type blasting unit.
(3) That the explosive be stored
in surface magazines under proper
conditions, so that it will not undergo
change in character, and that after
taking underground it be used in less
than 36 hours.
(4) That the coal to be blasted be
undercut or equivalently relieved;
that, to
prevent blow-through,
all
portions of the borehole must be at

least 18 inches from relief in any
direction; that, to prevent blowcuts,
the charge be properly confined with
not less than 2 feet of clay (if the
length of the hole will not permit the
charge desired and 2 feet of stemming, at least half the length of the
hole shall be filled with stemming)
or other incombustible stemming and
not be on the solid; that, to prevent

the hole being on the solid, it shall
be at least 6 inches shorter than the
depth of the undercut or equivalent
relief, and, when placed adjacent to
the roof, ribs, or floor, all but 12
inches at the rear of the hole must
be at least 6 inches from the adjacent
surface as projected into the coal to
be blasted, and all parts of the hole
shall be free from the adjacent surface as projected into the coal to be
blasted; that the shot be not a dependent shot; and that the shot hole
be cleaned before charging.

(5) That the quantity used for a
shot (l) be not in excess of 680 grams
when fired in accordance
( 1 Vz pounds)
with these requirements and (2) when
used under certain additional requirements or restrictions be not in excess
The use
of 1, 361 grams (3 pounds).
of charges over l l/z pounds and not
exceeding 3 pounds is approved
tentatively pending further investigation. The approval, which may be
withdrawn at any time, expires
June 30, 1946, unless renewed. For
charges of over l l/2 pounds, the following additional requirements must
be observed; (a) Shot holes must
be 6 feet or more in length, (b) Explosive must be charged in a continuous train, with no cartridges deliberately deformed or crushed, with
all cartridges in contact with each
other, and with the end cartridges
touching the rear of the hole and the
stemming, respectively, (c) Examinations for gas must be made in the
blasting area before and after a shot
is fired,
(d)
The "permissible"
explosive must be one showing toxic

gas emission that will place it in
either Class A or Class B.
(6) That the region in which the
blasting is done be kept well-protected by rock dust or otherwise
in accordance with Bureau of Mines
inspection standards.
(7) That the shot not be fired in
the presence of a dangerous percentage of firedamp. Examination for
firedamp to be made at the blasting
area before shooting in a gassy mine.
See also articles on Dynamite,
Nitroglycerin, Trinitrotoluene,
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate, Nitrates, Ammonium Nitrates, Pic rates,
Azides, Fulminates.
EXTRACTS, LIQUID FLAVORING
EXTRACTS, LIQUID FLAVORING

Constant:
Below 80 F
Variable; an allergen.
Flash P.
Toxicity:

vigorously with oxidizing materials (Section
6).
Explosion Hazard:
Toxic Rating Code:
Unknown
None
= Slight
712
Section 2
Classification: FlamI. C. C.
mable liquid; red label,

Coast Guard Classification: Cornbustible liquid; inflammable
liquid; red label.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
FERRIC ARSENATE

Synonym: Scorodite.
Description: Rhombic, green
FERRIC BROMIDE
crystals.
Formula: FeAs0 4
2H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 230. 78
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 18
Description: Dark red-brown, deliquescent crystals.
Formula:
Compounds.
sition
FERRIC ARSENIDE
Synonym: Iron arsenide.
Formula: FeAs
M. P.
Density

tion

Chronic Local: U
Formula: Fe[(CH 3 2As0 2
]3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 466. 8
See Arsenic
83
Highly toxic. See Arsenic

Compounds and Arsine.
Disaster Control: See Arsenic Compounds and Arsine.
Toxicity:
Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Arsenic Cornpounds.
FERRIC CHLORIDE
Black-brown
FeCl 3
Description:
Formula:
FERRIC ARSENITE
Formula:
Brown-yellow powder.
Fe 2 3 5H z O
2FeAsO s
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 607. 26
M. P. Decomposes
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162.
M. P. 282 C
B. P.
See Arsenic
Compounds.
I.
Inges-
Description: Yellowish-brown,
odorless powder.
130. 8
Description:
1;
FERRIC CACODYLATE
1020C
7.
295. 60
M. P. Sublimes with decompo-
See Arsenic

Poison B;
poison label.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
FeBr 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Poison B;
poison label.
319.
solid.
0C
Density 2.804 @11C

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
FERRIC DIARSENIDE
714

acid; will react with water to
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 859. 3
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: Slight. See Ferrocyanides,
FERRIC DIARSENIDE
Synonym: Iron diarsenide.
Description:
crystals.
FERRIC FLUORIDE
Cubic, silver-gray
Formula: FeAs 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 205. 7
M. P. 990C
Density 7. 4
Compounds and Arsine.
Disaster Control: See Arsenic Compounds and Arsine.
Red-brown granules.
Formula: Fe 2 (Cr 2
7 )3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 759. 8
Fire Hazard:
See Fluo-
rides.

FERRIC FLUOSILICATE
Description: Gelatinous, fleshcolored solid.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 537. 9
Toxicity: Hightly toxic. See
Fluosilicates.
Moderate, by chem-
FERRIC FORMATE
ical reaction with reducing
agents (Section 6).

Section
FERRIC ETHYLENE BIS-DITfflO-
CARBAMATE
fungicide.
sulfur.
Section
FERRIC FERRICYANIDE
Synonym: Berlin
Synonym: Iron formate.

Formula: Fe(CH0 2 ) 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 190. 9
Toxicity: See Formic Acid.
Fire Hazard:
when

Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112. 9
Density 3. 18
Formula: Fe 2 (SiF 6 ) 3
FERRIC DICHROMATE
Description:
Synonym: Iron fluoride.

Description: Green crystals.
Formula: FeF 3
Slight;
when
heated, it emits toxic fumes

(Section 6).
Section 2
green.
FERRIC METHANEARSENATE
Cubes.
Formula: Fe[Fe(CN) 6 ]
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 267. 8
Toxicity: Slight. See Ferricyanides.
Description: Reddish-brown,
lustrous scales.
Formula: Fe 2 (CH 3 As0 3

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 525. 5
)3
See Arsenic
Compounds.
FERRIC FERROCYANIDE
Description:
Dark blue crystals.
Formula: Fe 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
FERRICYANIDES
715
FERRIC NITRATE
Description:
Formula:
Fe(N0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
6H z O
)3
FERRIC THIOCYANATE
Formula: Fe(SCN) 3
Inges-
2;
Acute Systemic:
halation 1
Chronic Local:
Ingestion
Irritant
Chronic Systemic:
Inhalation
1;
In-
Ingestion
1;

Section 2

FERRIC OXALATE
Yellow powder.
Formula: Fe 2 (C 2 4 3
5H z O
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 465. 8
P. Decomposes @100C
Section 2
FERRIC SULFIDE
Description:
Formula:
Description: Cubic, black-red,

349. 96
M. P. 35C
Density 1. 68
tion

Crystals.
Fe 2 S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 207. 90
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 230.10
M. P. Decomposes
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
cyanides.
FERRIC m- VANADATE
Synonym: Iron m-vanadate.
Description: Grayish-brown powder.
Formula: Fe(V0 3 3
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
352. 70
See Vanadium Compounds.
FERRICYANIC ACID
Description: Green-brown, deliques
cent needles.
Formula: H 3 Fe(CN) 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 215.
M. P. Decomposes
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
cyanides.
FERRICYANIDES
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Ferricyanides as such
FERROCYANIC ACID
716
are of low toxicity since the

CN is bound. It has been stated
but not conclusively proven that
HCN can be liberated in the
stomach as a result of contact
with gastric acidity.
cyanides.
FERROSILICON
FERROCYANIC ACID

chemical reaction.
produce hydrogen and other flammable vapors; can react with
oxidizing materials; and on contact with acid or acid fumes, it
can emit toxic fumes.
Description: White needles turning

blue in moist air.
Formula: H 4Fe(CN) 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
216.
M. P. Decomposes
Chronic Local: U
cyanides.
Formula: Fe
+ Si
Constant:
Density 5. 4
Toxicity: Unknown. This material
is decomposed by moisture,
under which conditions impurities may liberate such poisonous
gases as phosphine and arsine.
Fire Hazard:
Moderate, by chemi-
cal reaction with moisture (Section 6).
Section 11

Hazardous article.
FERROUS
o -ARSENATE
Description:
Green, amorphous
Formula: Fe 3 (As0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 553. 5
M. P. Decomposes
FERROCYANIDES
6H z O
See Arsenic
Compounds.
1;
Toxicology: Ferrocyanides as such

are of a low order of toxicity.
But highly toxic decomposition products can form upon mixing them
with hot concentrated acids. Acid,
basic or neutral solutions of
ferrocyanides liberate hydrocyanic acid upon strong irradia-

Poison B;
poison label.
FERROUS BROMIDE
Description: Hexagonal, greenyellow crystals.
Formula: FeBr 2
tion.

cyanides.
Toxic Rating Code:
Crystalline, metallic
solid.
powder.

Chronic Local: U
Inhalation
Description:
None
= Slight

M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 636 @25C
Chronic Local: U
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
FERROUS OXALATE
717
FERROUS FERROCYANIDE

highly toxic fumes of hydrobromic
Formula:
acid.

Amorphous, blue-white
Fe 2 Fe(CN) 6
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 323. 7
Toxicity: Slight. See Ferrocyanides.
FERROUS CHLORIDE
Synonym:
Description:
crystals.
Lawrencite.
Description: Green to yellow,

FERROUS FLUORIDE
Formula: FeCl 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126. 8
M. P. 670 - 674C
Formula:
B. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 93. 85
M. P. > 1000C
Density 3. 95 - 4. 33
1026C
Density 2. 98
Toxic Hazard. Rating:


Chronic Systemic: U
acid.
7
Trigonal, colorless
Formula: FeSiF 6
Description:
571. 9
Hexagonal, gray crys-
M. P. Decomposes
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 309.
M. P. 177C
Density 5. 315
714

Chloroplatinates generally
tend to be highly irritating
to the skin, but systemic poison-
Toxicity:

Fel 2
7
Toxicity: Moderate. See Iodides.

ing is unknown.
FERROUS NITRATE
Description: Rhombic, gray crystals,
Formula: Fe(N0 3 2
6H 2
FERROUS FERRICYANIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Deep blue crystals.

Formula: Fe 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
288.
5C Decomposes
Moderate. See Nitrates.
M. P.
60.
Toxicity:
591. 5
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity:
See Fluosil-
tals.
Density
2.
6H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 306.
Density 1. 961
FERROUS IODIDE
6H z O
Formula: FePtCl 6
Description:
crystals.
See Fluosilicates.
Yellow, hexagonal
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
FERROUS FLUOSILICATE
icates.
Disaster Control:
FERROUS CHLOROPLATINATE
Description:
cyrstals.
See Fluo-
rides.

Crystals.
FeF 2
Slight.
Disaster Control:
See Ferricyanides.
See Ferricya-
FERROUS OXALATE
nides.
Section
Description:
Pale yellow powder.
FERROUS OXIDE
Formula:
FeC 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
718
2H z O
FERROUS SULFATE
Synonyms: Iron
green vitriol.
179. 90
@ 160 C
28
Disaster Control: See Oxalates.
M. P. Decomposes
Description:
Density
Formula:
2.
FERROUS OXIDE
Description:
Formula:
tion
FeO
Inhalation
Inges-
1;
FERROUS SULFIDE
Troilite.
Black-brown crystals.
Formula: FeS
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 87.9
M. P. 1193C
Green crystals.
Formula: Fe(C10 4 2
6H zO
4. 84
See Sulfides.
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 362.86
M. P. Decomposes > 100C
Chronic Local: Ingestion 1
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate; a powerful
oxidizer (Section 6).

chemical reaction.
chlorides; can react with reducing
materials.
FERROUS PYROARSENITE
Green-white crystals.
Formula: Fe 2 As 2 5
Description:

Compounds.
None
Decomposes
Density
Description:
1;
Synonym:
In-
B. P.
Toxic Rating Code:
H zO
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
FERROUS PERCHLORATE
)
FeS0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 169.93
Density 2.99 - 3. 08
Black crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 71. 84
M. P. 1420C
Density 5. 7
halation 1
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
copperas;
sulfate;
= Slight
FERROUS THIOCYANATE
Rhombic green crystals
Formula: Fe(SCN) 2 3H 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 226.07
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: Probably low. See Thiocya nates.
FERROVANADIUM DUST
A gray to black
Description:
dust.
Formula: FeV
Toxicity: See Vanadium Compounds
and Iron Compounds.
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative); 11 millicub^c meter of air.

gram per
FERTILIZER AMMONIATING SOLUTION CONTAINING FREE

AMMONIA. See Ammonia and
Compressed Gases,
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
N. O.S.
Unknown
FIREWORKS, SPECIAL
719
which this material may contain.

An examination of the minute

lesions resulting from the handling

of glass wool shows that these are
never of an allergic eczematous
character. With continued use,

label.
most workers become hardened

it and the temporary itching,
FIBER, BURNT
Acute Local:
halation
Irritant
1;
swelling and redness subside. Reassurance and treatment with

calamine lotion and phenol plus
In-
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when xposed to heat or flame; can react
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat or flame.
Section 11.

I.
"FIBERGLAS"
Description: A
fibrous form of glass.

Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: This proprietary product
is
other protective measures takes

care of about 95% of the cases.
FIBERS OR FABRICS, WITH
ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS

Toxicity:
gen.
Variable;
possible aller-

finely divided and exposed to
flame.
11.

I.
FIRE EXTINGUISHER CHARGES

See also Sulfuric Acid.
glass in the form of fine
fibers. When handled by workers

for a period of time, it can cause
considerable skin irritation,
particularly when in intimate
contact with the skin. The possibility of lung injury due to inhalation of fine particles of this
I.
FIRE EXTINGUISHING GASES

material has been raised repeatedly, but according to the

best evidence available, pulmonary effects do not arise from this
source. It has been reported
that the dermatitis due to this
material is caused by the mechanical impingement of tiny pieces of
glass upon the skin during handling. Occasionally, it is thought
to be due to the tricresyl phosphate which is added to the glass
wool as a dust adhesive, or it is
sometimes blamed upon the tar or
phenolformaldehyde- resin binder
to
Section 11.

Coast Guard Classification: Noninflammable gas.
I.
FIREWORKS, COMMON.
See Ex-
plosives, Low.
sive C.
FIREWORKS, SPECIAL.
plosives, Low.
of Toxicology,
see Section
See Ex-
FISCHER'S SALT
720

Explosive B; special fireworks label.

Chronic Local: Allergen 1; Inhalation
Coast Guard Classification: Explosive B; special fireworks

label.
of dust.

form of dust, when exposed to
heat or flame (Section 6). Severe
flour dust expolsions have occurred
in grain elevators and processing
FISCHER'S SALT. See Potassium

Cobaltic Nitrite.
FISH OIL
Constant:
plants.

rate): Section 2
Perosnal Hygiene: Section 3
Flash P. About 420 F

Toxicity: May act as irritants to the
skin or as allergens; insecticides
when combined with sodium or
potassium base as a soap.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame.
FLUE DUST
when exposed
Variable; depends on
composition.
exposed to flame or spark.
rate): Section 2
poison label.
Toxicity:
Yes
6).

Section 11.
Coast Guard Classification: Hazardous article.
FISH SCRAP,

DRY
Toxicity: Details unknown, a mild

allergen; a nuisance dust.
Coast Guard Classification: Haz-
FLUOACETATES
Toxic Hazard Raiting:
MEAL WITH
MORE THAN
MOISTURE
Toxicity: Details unknown; a mild

allergen; a nuisance dust.

I.
solid;
Description:
Formula:
1;
Allergen
None
Colorless crystals.
CH 2 FCOOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 78. 04
B. P. 165C
M. P. 33C
FLOUR
fluorides.
Section 2
Synonym: Fluoroacetic acid.

to
FLUOACETIC ACID
Flammable
yellow label.
Toxic Rating Code:
Dangerous; when
decompositon or on
heated
FISH SCRAP OR FISH

LESS THAN 6% OR
2;
Inhalation 2
Disaster Control:
ardous article.
12%

= Slight
Toxicity:
2 =
Moderate. See Fluoacetates.
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
FLUORESCEIN
721
FLUOGALLATES
Disaster Control: See Fluoacetates.

FLUOALUMINATES
Toxicity:
Details unknown.
FLUOGERMANATES
Probably high.
Toxicity:
rides.
See Fluo-

fluorides.
Section
See Fluo-

See also
Fluorides.
heated to decompositon or on
Probably high.
Toxicity:
rides.
FLUOPHOSPHATES
FLUOANTIMONATES
Antimony
Compounds.
See Fluo-
Highly toxic.
Toxicity:
rides.

Antimony Compounds.
Section
FLUOPHOSPHORIC ACIDS
Description: A term used to designate several acids containing

fluorine and phosphorus (from
FLUOBERYLLATES
3;
Inhala-

Inhalation
H 2 P0 3 F
Toxicity:
rides.
tion 3
3;
FLUOBORATES
Highly toxic.
See Fluo-

rate): Section 2
FLUOBORIC ACID
Formula:
).
See Fluo-

FLUORANTHENE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
HBF 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 87. 8
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluo-
Colorless solid.
C^H^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 202. 24
M. P. 102C
B. P.
367C
Vap. Press. <

Toxicity:
Description:
HPF 6
Disaster Control: See Fluorides

and Beryllium Compounds.
Section 2
Toxicity:
rides.
to
Highly toxic.
0.01mm@20C
Unknown

FLUORENE
Synonym:
o-Biphenylene methane.
Description:
Formula:
White, shining flakes.
C 13 H 10
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 166. 2
M. P. 113C
B. P. 295C
Density 1.202
Vap. Press. 10
Toxicity:
mm
@146.0C
Unknown

rides.

FLUORESCEIN
Synonym: Resorcinol phthalein.
it
FLUORIDES
722
Orange-red, crystalpowder.
Formula: C20H12O5
Description:
line
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 332. 3
M. P. 314 - 316C with Decomp.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U

FLUORINE
tion
3;
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
Density 1. 14 @-200C;
1. 108 @-188C
Vap. D. 1. 695
Inhalation
Inges-
Chronic Systemic:
3;
anorexia,
dental defects are among the comfindings in chronic fluorine

poisoning. There may be an
eosinophilia, and impairment of
growth in young workers.

Organic fluorides are generally
less toxic than other halogenated
hydrocarbons.
they emit highly toxic fumes.
Section 2
None
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted);
0.
part
per million in air.

Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by chemical reaction with reducing agents
(Section
6).

corrosive fumes.
rate): Section 2
I.
mon
Toxic Rating Code:
In-
2;
halation 2
anemia, wasting and cachexia, and
to
local action.
and ligamentous changes are

demonstrable by x-ray.
of weight,
In-
Acute Systemic: Secondary

3;
Inhalation 3
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 2. 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air.
Toxicology: Inorganic fluorides are
generally highly irritant and toxic.
Acute effects resulting from exposure to fluorine compounds are
due to hydrogen fluoride. Chronic
fluorine poisoning, or "fluorosis, "
occurs among miners of cryolite,
and consists of a sclerosis of the
bones, caused by fixation of the
calcium by the fluorine. There
may alse be some calcification of
the ligaments. The teeth are
mottled, and there is osteosclerosis and osteomalacia. The bony
rate):
38.0
-223C
-187. 0C
halation

Loss
Pale yellow gas.
Description:
Formula: F 2
FLUORIDES
= Slight
FLUOROACETOPHENONE
Synonym: Phenacyl fluoride.
Description:
odor.
Brown
pungent
liquid;
Formula: CfrHsCOCHzF
Constant:
B. P. 98C @8
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
mm
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
FLUOSULFONIC ACID
723
Section 2
FLUOROFORM
Trifluorome thane.
Colorless gas.
Synonym:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 70. 02
M. P. -163C
B. P. -82.2C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
FLUOROTRICHLOROMETHANE
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula: FCC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
137. 38
-111C
M. P.
1C
Density 1.494
B. P.
7.2 C
1;
when heated
to
decompofumes
sition, it emits highly toxic

of fluorides.
Section
2-FLUORYLAMINE
Formula: C 6 H 4 CH 2 C 6H 3 NH2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 181. 3
stomach insecticide. See also
FLUOSILICIC ACID
Description:
fuming
Formula:
liquid.
H 2 SiFfc

tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
Slight;
when heated,
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
2;
Inhalation 2
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; when
and oxides of sulfur; will react

rate): Section 2
FLUOSULFONIC ACID
Amines.
Fire Hazard:
In-
3;
halation 3
Inhalation 3
rate): Section 2
FLUOSULFONATES
Inges-
Inhalation 1
per million in air.
gerous;
silicates.

1
Inhalation

24.
tion
3;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144. 1
M. P. 144. 1C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 29 - 1. 31 @15C
"Freon 11."
Synonym:
FLUOSILICATES
tion
CHF 3
6).
Synonym: Silicofluorides.
Acute Local: Irritant 3; IngesAcute Systemic: Ingestion
Description:
Formula:
it emits acrid fumes (Section

Synonym: Fluosulfuric acid.

FLUOTELLURITES
724

highly corrosive liquid.
FORMALDEHYDE (COMMERCIAL
Formula: HSO s F
Synonyms: Methanal; methyl alde-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 07
M. P. -87. 3C
hyde; formalin.
Description: Clear, water-white,
very slightly acid, gas or liquid;
pungent odor. Pure formaldehyde
is not available commercially
because of its tendency to polymerize. It is sold as aqueous
solutions containing from 37% to
50% formaldehyde by weight and
varying amounts of methanol.
Some alcoholic solutions are used
industrially and the physical
properties and hazards may be
greatly influenced by the solvent.
B. P. 165. 5C
Density 1. 743 @15C
tion
3;
Inhalation
Inges-
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
2;
Inhalation 2
Disaster Control: See Fluosulfonates.
Section 2
rate):

I.
FLUOTELLURITES
SOLUTIONS)
Formula:
HCHO
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
30. 03


gen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH
Details unknown.
(accepted);
1;
Aller-
parts

Fluorides and Tellurium Compounds
per cubic meter in air for 8-hour
day exposure.
Caution: Frequent or prolonged exposure can cause hypersensitivity.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; vapors will
"FLURAL"
Description: Dry, free-flowing powburn above flash point if exposed
der.
to flame, sparks, etc. Should
Formula:
formaldehyde be involved in a
A1FS0 4 xH z O to A1 2 F 4S0 4 xH z O
fire, irritating gaseous formaldeToxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluohyde may be involved in a fire,
rides.
irritating gaseous formaldehyde
may be evolved.
FLUX, BLACK. Dangerous! A low
chemical, foam, or water spray
Toxicity:
See also
explosive. For details, see Explosives, Low.
FLUX, WHITE
Sodium nitrate and
sodium nitrite. See Nitrates.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous. This is a
Composition:
strong oxidizing agent.

Disaster Control: Keep away from
heat and open flame; do not store
near reducing agents or easily
oxidized materials.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
(Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: When acqueous

formaldehyde solutions are heated
above their flash points, a potential
explosion hazard exists. Higher
formaldehyde concentrations or
methanol content lower the flash
point.
Explosive Range: Formaldehyde gas

or vapors from solutions - 7. 0%
to 73. 0%.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; because of irritating
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
FRENCH POLISH
725
vapor which may be in toxic concentrations locally if storage tank

is ruptured.
rate): Section 2
MCA
warning label.
FORMALIN.
See Formaldehyde.
Formalin was originally used as a
European trade name for 37% formaldehyde solution. It is commonly
employed as a synonym for commercial formaldehyde.
FORMAMIDE
Synonym: Methanamide.
Description:
and oily liquid.
Formula:
HCONH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 45. 04
M. P. 2. 55C
B. P. 210. 7C Decomposes
Density 1 1 34 @ 20 /4C;
1. 1292 @25/4C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
.
FORMIC ACID
Synonyms:
Methanoic acid; hydrogen carboxylic acid.

liquid; pungent, penetrating odor.
Formula:
HCOOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 46.03
B. P. 100. 8C
Freezing P. 8. 2C
Density 1. 2267 @ 15 /4C;
1.220 @20/4C

Vap. D. 1. 59
3;
Inhalation

rate): Section 2
I.C.C. Classification: Corrosive
MCA
warning label.
FORMYL FLUORIDE
Description: Colorless, mobile liquid.
Formula:
HCOF
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
48.02
-26C
B. P.
Inges3;
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
tion
3;
Fire Hazard:
Moderate, by chem-
ical reaction (Section 6).

fluorides; it will react with water
or steam to produce toxic fumes,
such as carbon monoxide.
rate): Section 2
FRENCH POLISH
Shellac dissolved in
alcohol.
Toxicity: See Alcohol and Shellac.
Description:
Fire Hazard:
Moderate, when
"FREON-11"
726

(Section 6).
exposed
Section 11.

Combustible liquid.
FUEL OIL NO. 5

Synonym: Navy special.
"FREON-11." See Fluorotrichloromethane.
M
FREON-12." See
Dichlorodi-
fluorom ethane.
"FREON-21." See Dichlorofluoro

methane.
M
FREON-112.
tT
See Tetrachloro-
difluoro ethane.
M
FREON-113.
See Trifluorotri-
chloroethane.
FUEL
OIL NO.
1.
See Kerosene.
FUEL OIL NO.
2.
See Diesel Oil.
FUEL OIL NO.
3.
Description: Viscous, oily liquid.

Constants:
Flash P. 130+F
Density Less than 1
Toxicity: Unknown
Section 2

Combustible liquid.
FUEL OIL NO.

Description: Somewhat viscous,
brown, odoriferous liquid.
Constants:
Flash P. 110 - 230F (C. C. )
Density Less than 1
Autoign. Temp. 498F
Toxicity: Unknown

Section 2
rate):
FUEL OIL NO.
4
Description: Moderately viscous,
dark, odoriferous liquid.
Constants:
Density Less than 1
Toxicity: Unknown

Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
rate):
Description: Very viscous, dark

colored, odoriferous liquid.
Constants:
Flash P. 150+F
Density Less than 1
Toxicity:
Unknown

Section 2
FULMINATE OF MERCURY, DRY

Description:
White solid.
Formula: HgC 2 N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
2 84. 7
Explodes
Density
4. 42
Organic.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous! Material
should be kept moist till used.
Explosion Hazard: See Fulminates.
Disaster Control: Highly dangerous.
See Fulminates.
Toxicity:
Section 11.
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
FUMARIC ACID
727
fulminate, the fumes given off are

toxic and flammable. Care is required to prevent fulminate dust from
being carried off in the exhaust system;
deposits thus made have caused explosions. Much attention should be
given to cleanliness as foreign or
C. C. Classification: Forbidden
explosive.
I.
Prohibited.
FULMINATES
Toxicity:
Variable.
Dangerous. Keep
gritty materials in the product
Fire Hazard:

flame (See Explosives, High and
Section 7).
Storage and Handling: The fulminates are a group of explosives
which are very sensitive to heat,
impact, and friction when dry. They
should be kept moist till ready for
use. If compressed beyond 25, 000
psi they become what is known as
"dead-pressed, " i. e. not capable
of being exploded by flame. Fulminates are subject to deterioration
when stored in hot climates. They
decompose completely when they detonate and do so with great violence.
They can be ignited with a flame or
"spit, " with a fuse, or with an
electrically heated wire. They are
widely used as initiators or primers
for bringing about the detonation of
high explosives or the ignition of
powder. They are commonly used in
combination with substances which
provide a more prolonged blow and
a bigger flame than fulminates alone.
In the reinforced type of detonator,
fulminates are made more effective
by the addition of a more sensitive
and powerful high explosive such as
This material is generally
tetryl.
used in the manufacture of caps and
detonators for initiating explosions
for military, industrial, and sporting
purposes. All precautions required
for protection of magazines apply to
storage of these materials. They
should not be handled when frozen.
Wet fulminate of mercury or wet
floor coverings containing small
quantities of fulminates may be
burned on windrows of flammable
material. Nonexplosive products are
formed by neutralizing fulminates
with cold sodium thio sulfate. All
floors, tables and walls where the
dry fulminates have been used should
be washed with this solution.
,
In the
manufacture
of
same as for the bulk material. They

will explode as soon as fire reaches
them. Stocks in an assembly or
loading room should be kept as small
as possible. Examples of fulminates
commonly used in the explosives
industry are mercury fulminate,
copper fulminate and silver fulminate. See also Section 7.
FUMARIC ACID
Synonym: trans -Butenedioic acid.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Colorless, odorless
HOOCCH:CHCOOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 1
M. P. 287C
B. P.
290 C subl.
Density 1. 635 @20/4C
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
mercury
may
cause an unexpected explosion. The

floors on which fulminates are used,
should be covered with l/l6 inch
cloth inserted rubber packing or its
equal. All cracks and crevices
should be covered. The walls of these
rooms should be covered with glazed,
water -proof material. Frequent
washing with neutralizing solution is
necessary. In manufacture, the fulminate is dried on muslin squares on
a drying table. Drying tables may
be heated with hot water or the dry
house may be heated with a warm air
blower system. The drying temperature should be between 50 and 60 C.
Primer caps and detonators, loaded
with fulminate of mercury are less
sensitive than the dry bulk material
but must be handled with great care
anyway. Fires involving these
assemblies should be treated the
it
FUMARYL CHLORIDE
728
FUMARYL CHLORIDE
Synonym: trans -Butenedioyl chloride.
Description:
Clear, straw-colored

153
(Section
0C
Density 1. 408 @20 /4C
Toxicity: Probably high. See
Hydrochloric Acid.
and hydrochloric acid; it will
fumes.
P.
exothermic reaction.
(C10CCH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B.
peroxides, Confirm by test. Contact with acids can initiate a violent
liquid.
Formula:
sulfate slightly acidified with

sodium bisulfate will remove these
160.
FURAN
Synonym: Furfurane, oxole.
Formula: C 4H 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 68.07
M. P. -85. 65C
zing materials.
Section 2
FURFURAL
Synonyms:
Formula:
Vap. D. 2. 35
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Caution: The exposure concentration
limit of 10 ppm together with its
low boiling point requires that
adequate ventilation be provided in
areas handling this chemical.
Contact with liquid must be avoided since this chemical can be
absorbed through the skin.
Thorough washing with soap and
water followed by prolonged
rinsing should be done immediately after accidental contact.
Unstabilized, it may form unstable peroxides on exposure to
air and should always be tested
before distillation. Washing
with an aqueous solution of ferrous
=
None
2-Furancarbonal;
2-furaldehyde; fural; furale.

Description: Colorless-yellow
liquid; almond-like odor.
B. P.
31.36C
Flash P. -32 F (C. C. )
Density 0. 937 @ 20 /4C
Toxic Rating Code:
6).

exposed to flame. The low
boiling point of this material
makes it easy to obtain explosive
concentrations of the vapor in inadequately ventilated areas.
upon exposure to heat or flame;
can react vigorously with oxidi-
= Slight
C 4 H 3 OCHO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 96. 1
M. P. -36. 5C
B. P.
161.
7C @764
mm
Flash P.
Density
140 F (C.C. )
1. 161 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3.31
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
15 parts
(tentative);
million in all.
per
Toxicology:
The liquid is dangerous

The vapor is irritant
to the eyes.
to mucous membranes and is a
central nervous system poison.
its low volatility reduces

Furfural which
its toxic effect.
However,
has been ingested has produced

cirrhosis of the liver in rats. In
industry there is a tendency to
minimize the danger of acute effects resulting from exposure to
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
FUROYL CHLORIDE
729
it.
FURFURYLAMINE
This is true, particularly,
low volatility. Little

is known concerning the possibility
of chronic effects, such as nervous disturbances, following prolonged or severe exposure to this
because
of its
material.

chemical reaction. An exothermic resinification of almost explosive violence can occur upon
contact with strong mineral acids
or alkalies.
Synonym:
2-Furanmethylamine.
Light straw-colored
Description:
liquid.
Formula: C4H3OCH2NH2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
97.
146C
Freezing P. -70C
Density 1.0502 g/cc @25C
Vap. D. 3. 35
tion
2;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Explosive Range: 2. 1% @ 125C

dangerous. Keep away from heat
and open flame!
rate): Section 2

FURFURYL ALCOHOL
FURNITURE POLISH
Description:
Toxicity: Variable; allergen.

Clear, colorless,
mobile liquid.
Formula: C 4 H 3 OCH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B.
P.
98.
-31 C
mm
171 C @750
167 F (O. C. )
1 29 @ 20 /4C
1
Flash P.
Density

Vap. D. 3. 37
also Alcohols.
per million in air.

Explosive Range; 1.8 -16.3%
(between 72. 5 - 122C)

ide,

rate):
Section
2
3
7

Combustible liquid; inflammable liquid; red label.
I.
FUROIC ACID
Synonym: Pyromucic acid.
Description:
White solid.
Formula: C 4 H 3 OC0 2 H
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112. 1
M. P. 133C; sublimes @ 100 C
B. P. 230 - 232C
bactericide.
FUROYL CHLORIDE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C 4 H 3 OCOCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
130. 5
FURS
730
B. P. 176C
M. P. -2C
tion
3;
Inhalation

3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
and chlorides; it will react with
rate):
Section

See Explosives,
High.
Classification: ExploI. C. C.
sive C.
Explosive C.
FUSE LIGHTERS.
See Explosives,
High.
Classification: ExploI. C. C.
sive C.
Explosive C.
FUSEL
FURS
OIL.
See Isoamyl Alcohol,
Primary.

Acute Systemic:
Toxic Rating Code:
FUSE IGNITERS.
None
Section 11.

Combustible liquid.
1
= Slight
FUSES. See Explosives, High.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
GABIAN OIL
Toxicity:
GADOLINIUM SELENATE
Unknown

GADOLINIUM
Monoclinic, pearly
a
Gd 2 (Se0 4
Formula:
8H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 886. 81
M. P. -8H z O @130C
Density 3. 309
Probably high. See

Selenium and its Compounds.
Toxicity:
Description:
Description:
crystals.
metallic element.
Formula: Gd
Compounds.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 156. 90
Toxicity: Unknown
GADOLINIUM BROMIDE
Description:
Rhombic plates.
Formula: GdBr 3
6H z O
mass.
Formula: Gd 2 S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 504. 74
Density 2. 844 @15C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 410. 00
Density 3. 8
its
Section
GADOLINIUM SULFIDE
Description:
Toxicity:
Yellow, hygroscopic
Probably high.
See Sul-
fides.
GADOLINIUM FLUORIDE
White, gelatinous mass.
Description:
Formula: GdF 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
213.90
See Fluorides.
Toxicity:

GALENA.
See Lead Compounds.
GALLIUM
Description:
GADOLINIUM NITRATE
Description:
Formula:
Triclinic crystals.
Gd(N0 3
)3
5H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 433. 00
M. P. 92C
Density 2.406 @15C
Silvery-white metal;
forms bright, shiny liquid @30C.

Formula: Ga
Constants:
At. Wt. 69. 72
M. P. 30.0C
B. P.
1983C
Density Solid: 5.903 @25C;

Liquid: 6. 093 @32. 38C
Toxicity: See Gallium Compounds.
Ga 72
many
half life:
14. 3
GADOLINIUM OXALATE
hours;
Description:
0. 64 - 3. 2 mev, and many

rays between 0. 84 - 2. 5
In body: 8 microcuries; in air:
"
3 X 10 6 microcurie per milliliter;
10H 2 O
Formula:
Gd2 (C 2
Constants:
M. P.
-6H 2
Toxicity:
Highly toxic. See Oxalates.
4)3
Mol. Wt.
758.02
@110C
emits
beta particles
between
gamma
GALLIUM ACETATE, BASIC

in water:
732
microcuries per milli-
material.
Formula:
liter.
Ga 4 (Fe(CN) 6
)3

Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 914. 8
B. P. Decomposes
GALLIUM ACETATE, BASIC
Toxicity: Slight. See Ferrocyanides.

Description:
Formula:
4Ga(C 2 H 3
White crystals.
Section
2 )3-
2Ga 2
5H 2 Q
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1452.4
M. P. Decomposes below 100 C
Toxicity:
Slight.
See Gallium
Com-
pounds.
GALLIUM COMPOUNDS
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Preliminary investigations show that these materials
have a low order of toxicity. Work
has been done with the oxide, tartrate, benzoate, and anthranilate
which were used by some investigators in the treatment of experimental syphilis. Amounts up to
15 mg/kg of body weight were injected intravenously and were
tolerated without harm by laboratory animals. Larger doses
produced hemorrhagic naphritis.

In the case of gallium lactate,
work dene at the Naval Medical
Research Institute showed that
intravenous injections of about
40 mg of gallium per kg of body
weight in rats or rabbits was
Metallic gallium as well
lethal.
as the nitrate produced no skin
injury and subcutaneous injection
of relatively large amounts could
be tolerated both by rabbits and
rats without evidence of injury.
It has, however, been demonstrated that gallium remains in the
tissues for long periods of time
following intramuscular injection
Tissue
of soluble gallium salts.
distribution experiments indicate
that it behaves like bismuth and
mercury in that one respect.
Section
GALLIUM HYDRIDE
Synonyms: Digallane; galloethane.
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: Ga 2 H$
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 145.49
M. P. -21.4C
B. P. 139C; decomp. > 130C
Vap. Press. 2.5mm@0. C
Toxicity: See Hydrides.
Section 2
GALLIUM MONOSELENIDE
Synonym: Gallium selenide.
Description: Dark red-brown,
greasy leaf.
Formula: GaSe
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148. 68
M. P. 960C
Density 5. 03
Probably toxic. See

Selenium and its compounds.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction which liberates
hydrogen selenide.
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by chemToxicity:
ical reaction.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes
of selenium.
GALLIUM MONOSULFIDE
Description:
Sublimate, light yellow.
Formula: GaS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 101. 79
M. P. 956 10C
Density 3. 86 @25C
Toxicity:
Probably toxic.
See Sul-
fides.
GALLIUM FERROCYANIDE
Description:

Gelatinous, white
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
GALLIUM SESQUITELLURIDE
733

GALLIUM MONOTELLURIDE
Description:
leaves.
Formula:
Soft black, greasy-
GALLIUM SELENATE
GaTe
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: Ga 2 (Se0 4
197. 33
M. P. 824C
Density 5. 44
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction to liberate tellurium
Toxicity:
)3
6H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 856. 58
Compounds.
Section
hydride.
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by chemSee Tellurium
Disaster Control:
GALLIUM NITRATE
Formula:
White, deliquescent
Density
376. 32
1020C
4. 92
See Selenium Compounds.

Fire Hazard: Moderate; it can
liberate a flammable gas upon
contact with moisture or acids.
Explosion Hazard: Slight; it can
liberate a flammable gas upon
selenium.
Toxicity:
Ga(N0 3
)3
xH zO
GALLIUM OXALATE
White powder.
Formula: Ga 2 (C 2
4 )3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 403. 50
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Oxalates
GALLIUM OXYCHLORIDE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Constants:
M. P. Decomposes @ 110C
B. P.
>Ga 2 O 3 @200C
Toxicity: See Nitrates,
Description:
Reddish-black crys-
tal s
Formula: Ga 2 Se 3
Compounds.
Description:
crystals.
GALLIUM SESQUISELENIDE
Description:
ical reaction.
Crystals.
Formula: 6GaOCl
14H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 979. 3
GALLIUM SESQUISULFIDE
Description:
Yellow crystals; white
amorphous mass.
Formula: Ga 2 S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 235. 64
M. P. 1255 10C
Density 3.65 @25C
GALLIUM PERCHLORATE
GALLIUM SESQUITELLURIDE
Description:
crystals.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
White, deliquescent
Ga(C10 4 ) 3
6H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 476. 19
Hard, black, brittle
Formula: Ga 2 Te 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 522.
M. P. 790C
Density 5. 57
GALLIUM SUBOXIDE
734

Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction (Section 6).
ical reaction.
chem-
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
See Tellurium
Disaster Control:
Formula: GaBr 3
Compounds.
309.47
121. 5
278. 8C
0.6C
Density 3.69 @25C

See Bromides.
Toxicity:
Section
GALLIUM SUBOXIDE
Brown-black powder.
Formula: Ga z O
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 155.44
M. P. > 660C
Sublimes > 500 C
Density 4. 77
Toxicity:
See Gallium Compounds.
GALLIUM SUBSELENIDE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
Ga 2 Se
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 218.40
Density 5. 02
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction.
Explosion Hazard:
Slight,
by chem-
ical reaction.

pounds.
Com-
Green crystals or black
powder.
Formula: Ga 2 S
See Sulfides.
Toxicity:
GALLIUM SULFATE
White powder.
Formula: Ga 2 (S0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 427. 6
M. P. Decomp. below 600 C
GALLIUM TRIBROMIDE
Description:
crystals.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126.7
M. P. > 1000C
B. P. Sublimes approx. 950 C
Density 4. 47
GALLIUM TRIFLUORIDE
AMMINE
Description:
TRI-
White powder.
Formula: GaF 3
'
3NH 3

M. P. NH,
100C
GALLIUM TRI IODIDE

Formula: Gal 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 450.48
M. P. 212 1C
B. P. 345 C sublimes
Density 4. 15 @25C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 171. 51
M. P. Decomp. > 800 C
Density 4. 18 @25G
Description:
White powder.
GaF 3
Description: Colorless to lemonyellow, hygroscopis needles.
GALLIUM SUBSULFIDE
Description:
GALLIUM TRIFLUORIDE
Description:
= Slight

GAMBALA
Aller-
1;
gen 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
735
GASOLINE

GAS IDENTIFICATION SETS

GAMBOGE
Synonym: Cambogia

Constants:
Flash P. 150F
Density < 1
Autoign. Temp,. 640 F
B. P. 230 - 450C
GAMMA RAYS
See also
Kerosene.
Description: Electromagnetic
radiation emitted by certain
radioactive isotopes. Gamma
rays are similar to x-rays, but
are more energetic and penetrating than the x-rays ordinarily
used in medical diagnosis and
therapy.
Radiation Hazard: See Section 5 for
complete discussion.


- 13.5%
Explosive Range: 6.
GARBAGE TANKAGE CONTAINING

LESS THAN 8% MOISTURE
Section 11.
Corn-

bus tible .Liquid.
GASOLINE
Synonym: Petrol.
rials.

Description:
Formula: A mixture
hydrocarbons
Section 11.
GAS CYLINDERS, EMPTY
-50 F (C. C. )
Density Less than 1.
- 4.
Vap. D. 3.
11).
GAS DRIPS, HYDROCARBON

Unknown
als (Section 6).
1;
Toxicology: Occurrence of chronic

poisoning is questionable. Gaso-
Com-
bustible liquid.
can cause hyperemia of the

conjunctiva and other disturbances
of the eyes.
The vapors are not
considered to be very poisonous,
unless its concentration in air is
sufficiently high to reduce the
oxygen content below that needed
line
11.
Flam-

IngesInhalation 1
per million in air.
tion

of aliphatic
Constants:
Flash P.
See
Shipping Regulations (Section

Clear, aromatic,
volatile liquid.

I.
GAS OIL
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicity:
Section 11.
I.C.C. Classification: Poison

and C; poison gas label.
GASOLINE (CASINGHEAD)
to
maintain
life, in
736
which case
it
acts as a simple asphyxiant.
A mixture of alkaloids.
Composition: Chief constituents:
gelsemine, gelseminine and
gelsemic acid.
Toxicity: See Gelseminine.
Description:

GELSEMIUM
95-100

ide,
GELSEMIUM SEMPERVIRENS

Disaster Control: Dangerous, in the
presence of heat or flame.
Toxicity:
Caution:
eyes.
Yellow jasmine.
See Gelseminine.
Can seriously
GENERALS.
rate): Section 2
affect the
Section
11.

Coast Guard Classification: Inflammable liquid; red labe.
I.
GASOLINE (CASINGHEAD)
Description:
Synonym:
Aromatic, volatile
GERMANIUM
Description:
Constants:
At. Wt. 72. 60
M. P. 958. 5C
B. P. 2700C
Density 5. 35 @ 20 /20 C
Toxicity:
liquid.
Constant:
Flash P. 0F or less
See Gasoline
rials (Section 6).
Cubic gray-white metal.
Formula: Ge
See Germanium Compounds.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Ge 71 half-life: 11

days. The permissible levels are:
in body: 67 microcuries; in air:
~
4 X 10 5 microcurie per milliliter;
in water: 9 microcurie per milli,
liter.

See also Powdered Metals

Disaster Control: Dangerous, in the
presence of heat or flame.
Fire Hazard:
Section 2
Section 7
Explosion Hazard: See Powdered

Metals.
GASOLINE VAPORS.
See Gasoline.
rate):
of dust,
flame.
(Section
6).
Section 2
GEL COALITES.
GERMANIUM COMPOUNDS
High.
GELSEMININE
Description: An
See Explosives

Acute Local: U
alkaloid.
Formula: C 2 oH22N 2

M. P. 178C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
2;

Inhalation
2;
Toxicology: Germanium compounds

are considered to be of a low order
or toxicity, but rare instances of
poisoning have been reported in
the literature. Interest is high in
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
GERMANIUM MONOHYDRIDE
737
material because of its close

chemical relationship to arsenic.
It has been found that the dioxide
GERMANIUM
stimulates the generation of red

blood cells, but it is believed to
be relatively nontoxic. When
germanium is given in sublethal
Formula: Gel 2
this
amounts,
it
Description:
crystals.
causes a pronounced
tolerance to be exhibited. Germanium compounds are considered

much less toxic than the corresponding lead and tin compounds.
Buffered germanium dioxides in
solution have been found to be
nonirritating to the skin. Germais a hemolytic gas
and has been shown to have toxic
nium hydride
properties at concentration
levels of 100 ppm. It can cause
death in concentration of 150 ppm.
Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 326.44
M. P. Sublimes and decomposes
GERMANIUM DIOXIDE (INSOLUBLE)

Description:
Description:
Colorless needles or
plates.
Formula:
GeBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 232. 4
M. P. 122. 0C
B. P. Decomposes
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 60
M. P. 1086 5C
Density 6. 239
Toxicity: See Germanium Compounds.
GERMANIUM DIOXIDE (SOLUBLE)

Description:
crystals.
Ge0 2
See Germanium
GERMANIUM DISULFIDE
GERMANIUM DICHLORIDE
White powder.
Formula: GeCl 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143. 5
M. P. Decomp. to Ge + GeCl 4
Com-
pounds.
White powder;
rhombic, white crystals.
Formula: GeS 2
Description:
White, deliquescent
Formula: GeF 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110. 6
M. P. Decomp. > 350C
B. P. Sublimes
ortho-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136. 73
M. P. Ca. 800C
B. P. Sublimes > 600 C
Density 2. 94 @14C

GERMANIUM IMIDE
Description:
GERMANIUM DIFLUORIDE
Description:
crystals.
Com-
pounds.
See Bromides.
See Germanium
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 60
M. P. 1115. 0C
Density 4. 703 @18C
Toxicity:
Toxicity:
Toxicity:
Formula: GeO z
Formula:
GERMANIUM DIBROMIDE
DI IODIDE
Yellow, hexagonal
White, amorphous
powder.
Formula: Ge(NH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
102. 63
Toxicity:
Details unknown.
See
GERMANIUM MONOHYDRIDE
Description:
Formula:
Brown powder.
GeH
GERMANIUM MONOSULFIDE
Constants
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
May
@ 165 C
explode

Hydrides.
also Hydrides.
GERMANIUM MONOSULFIDE
Description: Yellow-red, amorphous
or black crystals.
Formula: GeS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 67
M. P. 530 C
B. P. Sublimes > 430 C
Density Amorphous: 3.31;
rhombic: 4.01 @14/l4C
Explosion Hazard: See Sulfides
Disaster Control: See Sulfides
GERMANIUM MONOXIDE
Description:
186. 5C
3. 1 32 @ 29 /Z9 C
Density
73. 61
M. P. Decomposes
B. P.
Toxicity:
738

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous, when heated it emits
toxic fumes of bromides.
GERMANIUM TETRACHLORIDE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: GeCl 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 214.43
M. P. -49. 5C
B. P. 83. 1 C
Density 1. 879
toxic fumes of chlorides; will
GERMANIUM TETRAFLUORIDE
Description:
Colorless gas or solid;
not liquid at atmospheric pressure,
Formula:
GeF 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
148.60
M. P. Sublimes
Black, crystalline
powder.
Formula: GeO
Density
6.
65 g/l
See Fluorides.
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 60
M. P. Sublimes @710C
Toxicity: See Germanium Compounds.
GERMANIUM TETRAHYDRIDE
See Monogermane.
GERMANIUM OXYCHLORIDE
Description:
GERMANIUM TETRAIODIDE
Colorless liquid.
Formula: GeOCl 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 159. 51
M. P. -56.0C
Formula: Gel 4
B. P.
Toxicity:
Decomposes
> 20C
See Hydrochloric Acid.

toxic
fumes
of chlorides.
GERMANIUM TETRABROMIDE
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 580.28
M. P. 144. 0C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 322 @ 26 /Z6 C
iodides.
GeBr 4
Constants
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Gray-white crystals.
26.
GIN
Composition: a 40 to 50% ethyl
alcohol beverage made from
392. 26
1
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
GLYCERYL TRIACETATE
739
Chronic Systemic: U
juniper and coriander berries,

etc.
Constants
82 C
89 F
B. P.
Flash P.

Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
GLYCERINE
Synonyms:
3-Propanetriol;
CH OHCHOHCH 2 OH
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
92.09
17. 9 C (solidifies at a
much lower temperature)
70
dioxide, dry
(Section 6).
290C
Flash P. 349 F
Density 1 260 @ 20 /4 C
B. P.

heated or exposed to a flame.
2


Vap. Press. 0. 0025
Vap. D. 3. 17
mm @ 50 C
tion
Synonym: Zingiber.
Description: Irregularly bunched
pieces; aromatic odor.
ide,

GLYCEROL.
See Glycerine.
GLYCEROL TRINITRATE.
See
Nitroglycerine.
rate):
GLASS FIBER, DUST,
10-20
tion:
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
Inges-

Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
to heat, flame or powerful oxidizers,
GINGER
tion
Colorless or pale yellow

odorless and syrupy;
sweet and warm taste.
rials.
Section
liquid;
glycerol.
Description:
GLYCERYL TRIACETATE
See "Fiber.
glas. "
Synonym:
Formula:
Constants:
Triacetin.
(C 3 H 5 )(OOCCH 3 )3
Mol. Wt.
218.2
-78C
P. 258C
M. P.
GLASS WOOL.
See "Fiberglas.
"
B.
Flash P. 280 F (C.C.

Density 1. 161
GLUE
Description: A collodial suspension
of proteins in water; from white
to brown slabs, flakes or chips.
Acute Systemic: U

Vap. D. 7. 52
Chronic Local: U
GLYCERYL TRIBUTYRATE
740

to heat, flame or powerful oxidizers.

6).

GLYCERYL TRIBUTYRATE.
See
Formic Acid.
Section
GLYCOLIC ACID
Synonyms: Hydroxyethanoic
Tributyrin.
GLYCERYL TRINITRATE.
See
ether.
Formula:
GLYCIDYL PHENYL ETHER

Liquid.
P.
M. P.
M. P.
B. P.
tion
(O. C.
Density 1. 1092 @ 20 /4C

Vap. D. 5. 18
Acute Local: U
halation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
In-

toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
GLYCOL DIACETATE.
See Ethylene
GLYCOL DIFORMATE
Synonym: Ethylene formate.
Liquid.
HCOOCH 2 CH 2 OOCH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 1
B. P. 345F
Density 1.227
Vap. D. 4. 07
Toxic Rating Code:
None
GLYCOLONITRILE
Synonym: Formaldehyde cyanohydrin.
Description: Mobile, colorless,
odorless oil.
Formula:
HOCH 2 CN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 57. 1
B. P. .183C with slight decomp.
Freezing P. -67 C
Density 1. 104
Vap. D. 1. 97
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanides,

chemical reaction in the presence
of alkalies if uninhibited (poly-
merizes).
emits highly toxic fumes on decomposition.
Glycol Diacetate.
Formula

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Description:
76.05
Decomposes
63C; (b): 79C

(a):
150. 17
3. 5C
245C
Flash P. 175F
HOCH 2 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula: C 6 H 4 CH 2 CHOCH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
acid;
hydroxyacetic acid.
Description: Rhombic leaflets from
Nitroglycerin.
Description:
GLYCOLS
Dihydric alcohols are
physically and chemically related
Most of the glycols
to glycerol.
Toxicity:
See
1
= Slight
have low volatility and consequently present little danger from

inhalation of vapors. Severe and
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
GOLD DITELLURIDE
741
even fatal poisoning has occurred

following ingestion of ethylene
glycol and severe occupational
poisoning has been caused by ethylene glycol monomethyl ether
(methyl "Cello solve"). Under ordinary conditions of industrial use,
most of the commonly used glycols
are not considered to be toxic.
half-life 3. 3 days; emits beta particles of 0. 32 mev and many gamma
rays between 0. 02 - 0. 23 mev.

The permissible levels are: In
body: 28 microcuries;
in air:
"7
micorcurie per milli2. 5 x 10
"
liter; in water: 7 x 10 3 microcuries per milliliter.
GOLD CHLORIDE
GLYOXAL
Synonym:
Chlorauric acid.
Description: Claret-red prisms.
Synonyms: Ethanedial; oxalaldehyde;
Formula: AuCl 3
biformyl.
Description: Yellow crystal or light
yellow liquid.
Formula:
50.
tion 2;
4C
Inges-
chlorides.
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

GLYOXALIDINE DERIVATIVES
See l-Hydroxethyl-2-heptadecylglyoxalidine.
GOLD
Description: Cubic yellow, ductile,
metallic crystals.
Formula: Au
M. P. 1063C
B. P. 2966C
Density 19.3; Liquid: 17.0
Toxicity:
@
lmm@1869C
see Gold
Negligible;
Compounds.
Radiation Hazard (Section
ficial isotope
Au 198
5):
Arti-
half life:
mev and gamma
2. 7
0.
97
41 mev.
The permissible levels are: in
body: 10 microcuries; in air: 1 x
10"' microcurie per milliliter; in
~
water: 3 x 10 3 microcurie per
milliliter. Artificial isotope Au 1 ",
rays of
GOLD COMPOUNDS

rate): Section 2
1063C
Vap. Press.
303. 6
Density 3. 9
58.0
Mol. Wt.
OCHCHO
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. 15C
B. P.
Constants:
0.
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: Salts of gold, particularly gold sodium thiosulfate, have
been used extensively in the treatment of some forms of arthritis
and for other diseases. Toxic reactions are not infrequent. Various allergic manifestations have
occurred, such as urticaria, (hives)
itching, purpura and other types of
skin rashes, some of which may be
quite severe (Section 9). Damage
to the blood forming organs resulting in aplastic anemia has been described. The liver, kidneys and
nervous system may be affected.
If gold therapy is being used,
careful watch must be kept for the
first signs of toxic reaction and
the drug be promptly discontinued.
BAL has been reported to be of
value in treating gold poisoning.
Ventialtion Control (use normal
rate): Section 2
GOLD DITELLURIDE
Description: Crystal forms: rhombic;
monoclinic; triclinic.
Formula: AuTe 2
GOLD IODIDE
742
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 452. 42
Density 8. 2 - 9. 3
and Gold Compounds.
toxic fumes of tellurium; will
react with water, steam or acid

vapors of tellurium hydride.
to
GOLD IODIDE

GOLD POTASSIUM CYANIDE

Synonyms: Potassium cyanaurite;
potassium aurocyanide.
Description:
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: KAu(CN) 2
2H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 324. 36
See Cya-
nides.

heating to decomposition, it emits
Section 7
Synonym: Aurous iodide.
Description: Greenish-yellow powder.
Formula: Aul
GOLD SELENIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 324. 12
Density 8. 2 5
Description:
Fo rmula
GOLD PHOSPHIDE
Description:
Solid.
Au2 Se 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 631.28
Density 4. 65 @22C
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with moisture or
acids.
Gray crystals.
Hydrogen Selenide.
487.34
M. P. Decomposes
Density
6. 67
High. See Phosphides.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; on decomposition it emits highly toxic
fumes. (See Phosphides).
Toxicity:

of selenium; will react with water,
steam, or acid to produce toxic
and flammable vapors of hydrogen
selenide.
Section
Synonym: Potassium auribromide.

Violet crystals.
Formula: AuBr 3
KBr
2H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 592. 01
GOLD POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

Synonym: Potassium aurichloride.
Formula: AuCl 3 KC1
2H z O
GOLD SODIUM BROMIDE
GOLD SODIUM CHLORIDE

Synonyms: Sodium aurichloride;
sodium chloraurate.
Formula: NaAuCl 4 2H 2
Constant:
Toxicity:
Mol. Wt. 398.05

See Gold Compounds
GOLD SODIUM THIOSULFATE

Synonym: Aurous sodium,
414. 17
Toxic Rating Code:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 575. 91
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym: Sodium auribromide.

Description: Black-brown crystals.
Formula: AuBr 3 NaBr
2H 2
GOLD POTASSIUM BROMIDE

Description:
See
Formula: Au 2 P 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
thiosulfate.
Unknown
GREEN VITRIOL
743

Acute Systemic: U
White crystals, odor-
Description:
less.
Formula: Na 3 Au(S 2
3 )2
2H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 527.47
halation
atopic
Triclinic crystals.
Formula: Au 2 Te
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 522.
Density 9. 04
Fire Hazard: Moderate, on contact
with moisture (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, upon

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous in a disaster because, when
toxic fumes of tellurium; on contact with water, steam or acid, it
can emit toxic and flammable
fumes of hydrogen telluride.
line
Gray powder, crystal-
Formula: AuBr 3
M. P.
-Br 2 @160C
GRAPHITE
Synonyms:
Black lead; plumbago.
C
12.
2.
2.
25

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U

GRAIN SMUTS
Description: These are minute,
threadlike, parasitic plants, the
mycelium of which enters the
growing portion of the seedling
and grow up with the host. They
remain invisible

Chronic Systemic:
Section 2
Constants:
At. Wt.
Density
437.
GRASSELLIS.
GREEK
FIRE.

Description:
until the heads

appear, at which time
they partially or wholly destroy
the heads, appearing at that stage
as masses of dark substance.
These masses contain spores
which further propagate by getting
on or into the seeds where they
reenact their life after the seed
of grain
of skin allergy,
GRANITE DUST
Formula:
brown.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
form
perennial rhinitis, and asthma

may occur in those exposed.
These conditions may be fairly
abundant wherever favorable
climate for infestation exists,
which can be in the Middle West,
the Pacific Northwest, the South,
and the Southwest.
Description: A crystalline form of

carbon; soft, greasy feel; steelgray to black color.
GOLD TRIBROMIDE
Description:
Essentially, this is a
mixture of nitrates and pitch,
which has been in use since the
8th century. This material is a
deflagrating mixture and therefore
properly belongs in the class of
low explosives.
GREEN
VITRIOL,
See Ferrous
Sulfate.
is planted.
In-

Toxicology: Due to these smut
spores, contact dermatitis, an
GOLD TELLURIDE
Description:
1;
-^
GRENADES (ALL TYPES)
GRENADES (ALL TYPES)
744
See
Explosives, High.
Grignard reagents react

both water and oxygen,
these substances must
So far as is known the
ordinary materials of construction
are satisfactory for use with Grignard reagents. Adequate ventilation
should, of course, be employed.
Because the heat or decomposition
of Grignard Reagents with water is
great and the ether it is dissolved in
is highly volatile and flammable,
they must be handled with extreme
Since all
rapidly with
contact with
be avoided.
care. Some of these reagents, especially the solution of MeMgBr in

ethyl ether, may ignite spontaneously
on contact with water or even damp
floors; nearly all of these compounds
will ignite on a wet rag or similar
material.
All possible precautions should be
taken to eliminate spills, or to curb
them if they should occur.
1. Check all drums before use to
see that there have been no leaks or
damage to the drums. Outdoor storage in a roofed-over area protected
from the weather is recommended for
all Grignard reagents except phenyl
magnesium bromide.
Any area where Grignard
2.
reagents are to be handled must be
well ventilated and free from sources
All electrical fixtures
and wiring must be explosion-proof,

Class I Group D, or Class II
Group G.
Prepare an area where the
3.
drums are to be opened that is completely dry, and far away from any
possible water splashes. A curbed
area or one surrounded by a dry sand
dike is recommended for this purpose.
4.
All facilities to which the
reagent is being transferred should
be checked to see that they are completely dry. A supply of dry sand
should be close at hand.
5.
Connect a solid outlet line
to the drum, seeing that all joints
are tight and that the outlet bung is
free flowing. The inlet bung (also
free) should be connected to a source
of oil-pumped dry nitrogen, and
about 1 to 2 psi. should be applied
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
drum when pumping
starts.
the reagent out of the
drums into the reactors through a
closed system, using a positive
displacement pump, replacing the
volume with dry, oil-pumped nitrogen. Do not apply over 5 lbs. nitrogen pressure to the drum.
In case of a spill the material
7.
6.
GRIGNARD REAGENTS
of ignition.
to the
Pump
should be curbed and covered with

dry sand and immediately removed.
Should a large spill occur that cannot be taken up with sand, a film of
will appear on
the top of the material. Do not break
decomposed Grignard
any more than absolutely

necessary! By means of a vacuum
line or pump remove the spilled
reagent to a dry container, and then
remove the residue with dry sand.
Any solid remaining in the
8.
drums is extremely hazardous in
contact with air or moisture because
this film
may give off great quantities of

heat, and may ignite any solvent
it
remaining with it.

Do not attempt
9.
to
wash drums
should not be necessary if nitrogen displacement has

been complete. If washing is necessary, use butyl ether followed by
out with water.
It
alcohol.
GUAIACOL
Synonym: Methyl catechol.
Description: Clear, pale yellow
liquid or solid.
Formula:
OHC 6 H 4OCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 124. 1
M. P. 28C
B. P. 202 - 209C
Density 1. 097 @ 25 /ZE> C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
GUNPOWDER
745

GUAIACOL VALERATE
Description:
Oily, pale yellow liquid.
Formula: C 6 H4 OCH 3 OCOC 4H 9

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 208. 3
B. P. 265C
Density 1. 05
Guaiacol and Valerian.
GUANIDINE CARBONATE
Description: Columnar crystals.
Formula: [H 2 NC(NH)NH 2 ] 2 H 2 C03
M. P.
333C
Density
Toxicity:
1.
24
Crystals.
NH 2 C(NH)NHCONH 2 HN0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165. 1
M. P. > 230C
Density 1. 579 @ 30 C
NH 2 C(NH)NHCONH 2 -H 3P0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 200. 1
Density 1. 614
White powder.
H 2 NC(NH)NH 2
Crystals.
Description:
Formula:
HC1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 95. 6
M. P. 183C
Toxicity:
Unknown
Disaster Control: See Phosphorus
Compounds.
Unknown

acid.
GUANYL UREA SULFATE

Description:
White powder.
Formula:
Section
White granules.
Formula: H 2 NC(NH)NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
NH 2 C(NH)NHCONH 2 H 2S0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
GUANIDINE NITRATE
Description:
M. P.
Toxicity:
Formula:
GUANYL UREA PHOSPHATE
GUANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Description:
Toxicity:
GUANYL UREA NITRATE

Description:
Unknown

toxic fumes.
Formula:

Oxidizing
HN0 3
122.1
214C
See Nitrates.
flame; a stable, flashless, nonhygroscopic high explosive used
as a blasting explosive in combination with charcoal and inorganic
nitrates.
M.
P.
Density
Toxicity:
302. 28
192C Decomposes
1.
609
Unknown

sulfur
GUM
ARABIC.
GUNPOWDER,
See Acacia.
See Explosives,
High.
HAFNIUM
HAIR
Gray crystals.
Description:
Formula: Hf
Constants:
At. Wt.
178. 60
M. P. 2207C
3. P. < 3200 C
Density 13.3
Toxicity:
Unknown
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Hf 181 half-life: 47

0. 41 mev and many gamma rays
between 0. 09 - 0. 48 mev.
,

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Coast Guard Classification: (Wet)
Inflammable solid; yellow
label.
HAFNIUM CARBIDE
HAT GLAZING LACQUER
Description:
Toxicity:

Lacquers.
Solid.
Formula: HfC
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 190. 61
M. P. 3887C
Toxicity:
Unknown
rials (Section 6).
Fire Hazard: Slight; will react with

water or steam to produce flammable vapors (Section 6).

HAFNIUM OXIDE
Description:
HAY
Synonym: Dried grass.
Synonyms: Hafnium dioxide; hafnia.

Description:

White crystals.
Formula: HfO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 210. 60
M. P. 2810C
Density 9. 68
Toxicity:
halation
halation
HAFNIUM OXYCHLORIDE
Colorless crystals.
Formula: HfOCl 2
8H zO
None
= Slight
In-
In-
1;
Chronic Systemic:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 409. 6
Hydrochloric Acid.
Toxic Rating Code:
1;
Acute Systemic:
Unknown
Description:
Yellow, fibrous mate-
rial.
6).
Spontaneous Heating: Occurs when

wet or improperly packed.
Section 2

Section 11.

Hazardous article.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HEMP
747
HELLEBORIN
HELIUM
Colorless, odorless,
Description:
Description:
crystals.
tasteless, inert gas.
Colorless, lustrous
Formula: He
Formula: C^^Ô^
Constants:
At. Wt. 4.003
M. P. -272. 2C @Z6 atm.
B. P. -268. 9C
Density 0. 1785 g/l @0C;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 468. 6
M. P. Above 250 C
also Helleborein.
(Section
0. 147 @-270. 8C (lq)

Toxicity: See Argon.
Disaster Control: Slightly
6).
dangerous; shock can

shatter its
HELVELLIC ACID
compressed

gas container with explosive force.

Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
C. C. Classification: Nonflammable gas; green

label.
Noninflammable gas; green
I.
See
Helium and Oxygen.

Section 11.

I.
there is stupor, dilation of the

pupils, enlargement of the liver
and spleen, and tubular damage
to the kidneys with albuminuria.
In some cases death may follow
from an acute yellow atrophy of
the liver. In the absence of this
last symptom, the prognosis is
label.
HELLEBORE, BLACK.
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: This is a poisonous
material and a powerful hemolytic
agent. It can cause superificial
punctate keratitis. The symptom
of poisoning from this material
usually occur within the first few
hours after ingestion and consist
of nausea, vomiting, gastric
pains, and diarrhea. Further,
gas label.
HELIUM- OXYGEN MIXTURE.
3;
See
Helleborein.
HELLEBOREIN
favorable.
Treatment and Antidotes: Injections
Description: Glucoside crystallizable in yellow prisms.

Formula: C 37 H 5 60 18
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 788. 63
M. P. 270C
of glucose to protect the liver

can be given.
rate):
Section 2

tion 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
(Section
HEMP
halation
6).
Ventilation Control (use normal rate).

Section 2
1;
In-

HEPTACHLOROPROPANE
748

308. 54
M. P. 85C
B. P. 200C @2 mm
Hazardous
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
article.
HEPTACHLOROPROPANE
Formula: C 3 HC1 7
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 285. 3
Aliphatic.


Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
2
-HE PT ADEC YL - 2 -IMIDAZ OLINE
ACETATE
HEPTADECANOL
Description:
Synonym: Heptadecyl alcohol.

Formula: C 17 H 35 OH
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
256.46
M. P. 130F
B. P. 309C
Density 0. 8475 @ 20 /20 C
@20C
Vap. Press. < 0.01
)
mm
Vap. D. 8. 84
Alcohols.
See also
Toxicity:
Light orange crystals.
C 2 2H44N202
368. 6
Unknown

HEPTAFLUOROBUTYRIC ACID
Description: Colorless liquid; sharp
odor similar to butyric acid.
Formula:
CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 OOH

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 214.00
B. P. 210. 0C @735
also Fluorides.

MAC: ACGIH
-HEPTADECYL GLYOXALDINE
ACETATE
Synonym: Glyodin.
Description:
CH 3 COOH
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 368. 59
Toxicity: Details unknown, but may
cause irritation of eyes and skin.
MCA
2-
warning label.
HEPTADECYLIMIDAZOLINE
Synonym: 2-Heptadecylglyoxalidine.
Description: Waxy solid.
Formula: C20H40N2
Toxic Rating Code:
(accepted);
See
2. 5
None
= Slight
milli-
of air.

produce corrosive fumes.

Crystals.
Formula:
C 17 H 35 CNCH 2 CH2NH
mm
HEPTANE
Synonyms: Heptyl hydride; dipropyl
methane.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 CH 3
)5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 20
B. P. 98. 52 C
Freezing P. -90. 5C
Density 0. 684 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 3.45
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
2-HEPTANONE
749
Acute Local:
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

MAC: ACGIH

rate):
Description:
Formula:
B. P.
Flammable
Mol. Wt.

rate): Section 2
116.2
ide,
M. P. -34. 6C
B. P. 175. 8C
Density
0.
824
@ 20 /4 C
See Alcohols.
with oxidizing materials (SecToxicity:
tion
2-HEPTANONE
Synonym: Methyl amyl ketone.
6).

Section 2
Description:
-HEPTANOL
Synonym: Amyl methyl carbinol.

Description:
Liquid.
CH 3 (OH)CH(CH 2 4 CH 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
116.2
4C
Flash P. 160 F (O.C.
Density 0. 8344 @0C
B. P.
160.
Vap. D.
4. 01
Liquid;
fruity odor.
Formula: C 7 H 14
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
Liquid.
C 7 H 15OH
Constants:
2;
Chronic Systemic: U
HEPTANOL
Description:
Vap. D. 4. 01
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Synonym: Keptyl alcohol.

Formula:
116. 2
156. 2C
)

1-
Liquid.
CH 3 CH 2 CH(OH)C 4H 9
Flash P. 140 F (CO. C.

Freezing P. -70C
Density 0. 8224 @ 20 /Z0 C
red label.
liquid;
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Section 11.
3-HEPTANOL
6).
dizing materials.
rate): Section 2
I.
Section


upon exposure to heat or flame;
6).

114. 2
150. 2C
P.
106F
Flash
Density 0. 8197 @ 1 5 /4C
Toxicity: See Ketones.
6).

Section 2
2-HEPTENE
750
Z-HEPTENE
Description:

Clear liquid.
C 7 H 14
Formula:
Constants:
B. P.
98.18
Mol. Wt.
98.
2C
Flash P. < 30 F
Density 0. 709 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3.4
Acute Local: U
HEXABORANE
Synonyms: Boron hydride; hexaboron decahydride.
Description: Colorless liquid, turns
yellow on standing.
1;
In-
Irritant
Chronic Systemic: U
exposure to heat or flame; can
materials.
Section
rate):
Formula:
BH 10
Constants:
halation 1
Chronic Local:
Personal Hygiene:
Section 3
mm
B. P. 0C @7. 2
Mol. Wt. 75.
M. P. -65. 1C
Density 0. 69 @0C
Vap. D. 2. 6
Toxicity: See Boron Hydride.
also Hydrides.
3-HEPTENE
(Mixture of cis and

trans isomers)
Synonym: 1 -Ethyl- 2 -propyl ethylene.
CH3CH2CHCHCH2CH2CH3
Formula:
Constants:
B. P.
5. 5
/25. 5 C
Unknown
Dangerous; when excan react

vigorously with oxidizing mateto heat or flame;
Mol. Wt. 503. 5

148C Decomposes
gamma- HEXACHLORIDE,
rials.

rate): Section 2
HEPTYL ALCOHOL.
See 1-Heptanol.
HEXAANTIPYRINECERIUM
PERCHLORATE
None
= Slight
See
Benzene Hexachloride.
HEXACHLOROACETONE
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
B. P.
Colorless liquid.
CCI3COCCI3
Mol. Wt. 264. 8
202 - 204C
Freezing P. -2C
Vap. D. 9. 2
tion
III

crystals.
Formula: [Ce(C n H 12 N 2 0) 6 ]
(C104 ) 3
M. P. 295 - 300C Decomposes
Perchlorates.
Toxic Rating Code:
C 2 Br
M. P.
Fire Hazard:
posed
Formula:
Constants:
96C
Flash P. < 20F

Density 0. 705 @ 1
Vap. D. 3. 38
Toxicity:
98.18
Mol. Wt.
HEXABROMOETHANE
Description: Yellowish-white,
rhombic needles.
2;
Inges-
2;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Disaster Control: Dangeorous; when
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HEXACHLOROMETHYLCARBONATE
751
Section
Section 2

Section
HEXACHLORODIPHENYL OXIDE
Description: Light yellow, very

viscous liquid.
HEXAC HLOROBENZ ENE

Synonym: Perchlorobenzene.
Description: Monoclinic prisms.
Formula: C^Cl^
Formula: C 12 H 4 Cl60
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 376.9
B. P. 230 - 260C @8
Density 1. 60 @20/60C
mm
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
284. 80
230C
326C
Flash P. 468F
M. P.
Toxicity:
B. P.

Density 1 5
Vap. D. 9. 8
Acute Local: U

Section 2
halation 3
Chronic Local:
Inhalation
HEXACHLOROETHANE
Synonyms: Carbon trichloride; carbon hexachloride.
Description: Rhombic, triclinic or
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion
3;
cubic crystals; colorless;

camphor-like odor.

to heat or flame.
Formula:
dioxide, dry
(Section 6).
it
M. P.
emits
tion 2

Chronic Local: U
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by spontaneous chemical reaction. Dehalogenation of this material by

reaction with alkalies, metals,
will produce spontaneously
etc.
HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE
Description: Yellow to ambercolored liquid; pungent odor.

Formula: C 5 Cl6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 272. 79
M. P. -2C
explosive chloroacetylenes.
Section 2
236C
715
9.42
@ 15.
5/l5. 5C
HEXACHLOROMETHYLCARBONATE

Toxicity:
Synonym: Triphosgene.
Description:
Formula:
of chlorides.
2;
Inhalation 2
See Benzene Hexachloride.
1.
Mol. Wt. 236. 76

6C (Sublimes)
186.
Density 2. 091
HEXAC HLOROCYCLOHEXANE
B. P.
CC1 3 CC1 3
Constants:

rate): Section 2
Density
Vap. D.
Unknown
White crystals.
(OCCl 3 ) 2 CO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 296. 77
M. P. 78 - 79C
HEXACHLOROMETHYL ETHER
205 - 206C (partial decomposition)
Density 2 (approx. )
Acute Local: Irritant 3; Inges3. P.
tion
3;
Inhalation

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2
HEXACHLOROMETHYL ETHER
Description:
752
rate): Section 2
HEXACHLOROPROPENE
Formula: C 3 Cl6
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 248. 8
HEXADECANOL.
1-HEXADECINE
Liquid.
Formula: 0(CC1 3 ) 2
Synonym:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 252.76
B. P. 98 C (partial decomp. )
Density 1. 538 @18C
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2
Description:
HEXACHLORONAPHTHALENE
Description:
White solid.
13
C:CH
222.40
15C
B. P. 274. 0C
Density 0. 797 @20C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 101. 6C
mm
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
7.
68
Unknown

Section
HEXAETHYL BENZENE
Formula: C6(C 2 H 5 ) 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 246.42
B. P.
130C
298C

@150. 3C
Vap. Press. 10
334. 9
mm
2;
Inges3;
Unknown


Toxicity:
tion 2
3;
HEXAETHYLENE GLYCOL

Toxic Rating Code:
Liquid or crystals.
CH 3 (CH 2
M. P.
M. P.
Inhalation
-Hexadecyne.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Constant:
Mol. Wt.

Formula:
Formula: C 10 H 2 Cl6
Inhalation
See Cetyl Alcohol.
None
= Slight
(OH) 2 (CH 2 ) 12 5
Formula:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HEXAMETHYLDISILOXANE
753
Glycols.
Fire Hazard:
posed
See also
to heat or flame;

HEXAETHYL TETRA PHOSPHATE

Synonyms: Ethyl tetraphosphate;
HETP.
Liquid.
(C 2 H 50) 6 P 4
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 506.4
M. P. -40 C
B. P. Decomp. above 150C
Density 1. 2917 @27 /4C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2

HEXAETHYL TETRAPHOSPHATE
AND COMPRESSED GAS
MIXTURES
Poison A;
poison gas label.

HEXAFLUOROPHOSPHORIC ACID
Description: Corrosive, colorless,
clear liquid.
Formula:
HPF 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
145.99
31 C
Density
1. 65
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluorides, Hydrofluoric Acid and
Phosphoric Acid.

rate): Section 2
Corrosive
HEXAHYDROPHENOL.
HEXAHYDROPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
viscous liquid.
Formula: C 6H 8 (CO) z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 154. 1
B. P.
M. P.
158C (5)17
35 - 36C
mm
Vap. D. 5. 31
Phthalic Anhydride.
See also

n-HEXALDEHYDE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
C 5H n CHO
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
-56. 3C
M. P.
100. 16
B. P. 128. 7C
Density 0. 81 56 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3.45
Aldehydes.

Ventialtion Control (use normal rate):
Section 2
HEXAMETHYLDISILOXANE
Formula:
Constants:
See Cyclo-
hexanol.
Si 2 0(CH 3 ) 6
Mol. Wt.
162.32
HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE
754
B. P. 99. 5C
Flash P. 30 F
Density 0. 7606 @ 25 /Zb C
Inhalation
1;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

materials.
rate): Section 2
HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE
Synonym:
Description:
Formula:
6-Hexanediamine.
Colorless, silk leaf.
NH 2 (CH 2 6 NH 2
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 21
M. P. 42C
B. P. 205C
tion
2;
2;
Inges-
Inhalation 2

liquid;
Corrosive
white label.
Coast Guard Classification: Corrosive liquid;
white label.
HEXAMETHYLENE GLYCOL.
Hexanediol-
tion 2

Toxicology: Some persons suffer a
skin rash if they come in contact
with this material or the fumes
evolved when
it is
heated (Sec-
Pure hexamethylene-
tion 9).
tetramine may be taken internally

in small amounts and is used in
medicine as a urinary antiseptic.
Its major industrial use is in the
manufacture of phenolic resins.
It is combustible and can be
readily ignited when a flame is
applied directly to its surface.
It liberates formaldehyde on decomposition.
Section 2

HEXAMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDE
Clear, colorless,
Description:
mobile liquid; spicy odor.

Formula: [(CH 3 ) 2 N] 3 PO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 179.2
B. P. 98 - 100C
@6
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE
Synonyms: Methenamine; formamine;
hexamine; urotropin.
None
mm
6.
18
Unknown

highly toxic fumes of phosphorus.
HEXAMMINECHROMIUM
See
Toxic Rating Code:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 140. 19
M. P. Chars @280C
Flash P. 482 F
Density 1. 270 @25C
Freezing P. 4C
Section 11.
(CH 2 ) 6 N4
Formula:

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section
Description: Odorless, rhombic

crystals from alcohol.
= Slight
III
CHLORIDE
Yellow crystals.
Formula:
[Cr(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 3 H 2 Q
Description:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HEXANETRIOL-1,2,6
755
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 278. 59
Density 1. 585


I.
HEXANEDIOL-1,6
Synonyms: 1 6-Dihydroxyhexane;
hexamethylene glycol.
,
HEXAMMENENICKEL
Description:
Formula:
NITRATE
(II)
Cubic, blue crystals.
[Ni(NH 3 6 ](N0 3
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 284. 90
n-HEXANE
Colorless liquid.
Description:
CH 3 (CH 2 4 CH 3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 17
B. P. 68. 7C
Freezing P. -95. 6C
Flash P. < -10F
Density 0.6603 @20/4C
Vap. Press. 100
@ 15 8C
Vap. D. 2. 97
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or" flame.
Underwriters Laboratory Classifica
mm
tion:
90-95
No

(Section
Clear liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3
Mol.-Wt.
Constants:
118.2
M. P.
42 C
B. P. 250 C
Flash P. 205F
Density 0.967 @0/4C

Vap. D. 4.07
Toxicity:
Synonym: Hexyl hydride.

Formula:
Description:
Unknown

,
No

ide,
HEXANEDIOL-2,5
Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 17
B. P. 220. 8C
Flash P. 220 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 9617 @20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 4.07
Alcohols.
6).

heated or exposed to flame; can
materials.
rate): Section 2
HEXANEDIONE-2,5. See Acetonyl

Acetone.
HEXANETRIOL-1,2,6
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula:
HOCH 2 CH(OH)(CH 2 3 CH 2 OH
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
134. 17
178C
(5)5
mm
HEXANITRODIPHENYLAMINE
756
Freezing P. -20C
Flash P. 380 F (C.O.C. )
Density 1 1063 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. Press. < 0. 01
@ 20 C
Vap. D. 4. 63

Alcohols.
This mate rial is a powerful explosive and has an added military
advantage in that its explosion
gases contain irritating and very
toxic sulfur dioxide. See also
Explosives, High.
mm
HEXANITRODIPHENYLAMINE
Synonyms: Hexil; hexite; hexamine.
Hydrocarbons.
A powerful and violent explosive
used as a booster explosive, in
which use it is superior to TNT.
It is not as good for this purpose
as tetryl, but is extremely stable
and much safer to handle.
HEXANITRODIPHENYLAMINO ETHYL NITRATE

HEXANITRODIPHENYL SULFIDE
Synonym: Picryl
Toxicity:
sulfide.
See Nitro Compounds of
HEXANITRODIPHENYL SULFONE
Toxicity:
Nitro
Details unknown.
Compounds
of
See also
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons.
This material is a stable, very
powerful high explosive, used in
detonating compositions. See also
Explosives, High.
Toxicity:
Hydrocarbons.
This explosive
is slightly less
sensitive to impact than tetryl,

but equally sensitive to detonation
by other means. It is considered
about as powerful as tetryl. Its
explosive strength can be enhanced
by addition of oxygen- rich salts,
such as potassium chlorate. It
may replace tetryl as a booster as
well as in detonating compositions.
HEXANITROMANNITOL
See
Mannitol Hexanitrate.
HEXANITROOXANILITE
Hydrocarbons.
Explosion Hazard: See Nitrates. This
material is about as powerful an
explosive as TNT. See also Explosives, High.

1-HEXANOL
Synonyms: n-Hexyl alcohol; amyl-
HEXANITRODIPHENYLOXIDE
Toxicity:
Nitro
Details unknown.
Compounds
of
See also
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons.
This high explosive is stable and
not very sensitive. It is used in
detonating compositions and is
considered more powerful than
picric acid.
High.
See also Explosives,
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
carbinol.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 4 CH 2 OH
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102.2
B. P. 157. 2C
Density 0. 81 86 @20 /4C
@24. 4C
Vap. Press. 1
Vap. D. 3. 52
mm
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HEXONE
757
exposed

(Section
rate):
2-HEXANONE.
Section
flame (Sec-

materials.
6).
to heat or
tion 6).
Section

See Methyl n- Butyl
Ketone.
HEXENE -2
3-HEXANONE
Description:
Synonym: Ethyl propyl ketone.
Formula:
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C 2 H 5 CO(CH 2
liquid.
C$H 12
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84. 16
B. P. 68. 5C
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 686 @ 1
Vap. D. 2. 92
CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 16
B. P. 124C
Density 0. 81 3 @ 21 8/4C
Chronic Local: U
.
Toxicity:
materials.
HEXONE
Synonyms: 4-Methyl-2-pentanone;
methyl isobutyl ketone.
Description:
Formula:
hexylene.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 16
M. P. -84. 7C
B. P. 63. 5C
Flash P. <20F
Density 0. 6732 @20 / 4C
Vap. Press. 310
@38C
mm

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; when
6).

rate): Section 2
Synonyms: Hexene; butylethylene;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84. 16
M. P. -98. 5C
Unknown
HEXENE-1
Colorless liquid.
5. 5


Section 2
CH 2 CH(CH 2 3 CH3
/l

Chronic Systemic: U
Formula:
5. 5
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 COCH 2 CH(CH 3
B. P. 119C
Flash P. 74F
Density 0. 801 7 @ 20 /4 C
Vap. D. 3.45
Inhalation 2

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted);
100 parts

Toxicology: This material is toxic
and has a distinct and irritating
sec-HEXYL ACETATE
758
odor at concentrations below the

flammable range. This should
attract immediate attention, and
the warning should be heeded.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when ex-


Formula: C 6H 13 0(C2H 40)2H
6).

materials.
rate): Section 2

sec-HEXYL ACETATE,
Amyl Acetate.
See Methyl
n-HEXYL "CARBITOL"
Description:
Liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 190.03
B. P. 258. 2C
Freezing P. -33. 3C
Density 0. 9346 @ 20 /20 C
Glycols.
n-HEXYL "CELLOSOLVE"
HEXYL ALCOHOL.
See Hexanol.
Formula:
Liquid.
CfcH 13
NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 101. 19
M. P. -22. 9C
B. P.
131.
Liquid.
Formula: C6H 13 OCH 2 CH 2 OH
n-HEXYL AMINE
Description:
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146.22
B. P. 208. 3C
Density 0. 8894 @20 /20 C
@20C
Vap. Press. 0. 1
Vap. D. 5.04
Glycols.
mm
4C

Density 0. 7675 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3.49
Amines.
6).

HEXYL DIETHYL HEPTYLATE
Section 2
Description:
N,
Section
n-HEXYL -2- AMINOHEPTANE
Synonym: N-N-Hexyl-n-heptylamine.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
See also
Amines.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Liquid.
Formula:
C 6 H 10 [COOCH 2 CH(C 2H 5 )C 4H 9 ] 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 376. 59
M. P. -53C
B. P. 216C @5
Density 0. 9586 @20 /ZQ C
Vap. D. 13. 7
Esters.
mm
C 6 H 13 NHCH 3 CHC 5H 11
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 1)99.4
Synonym: Flexol Plasticizer CC-55.
= Slight

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HISTAMINE
759



ide,
HEXYL TITANATE
See
-Ethyl
Butyl Titanate.
HEXYL TRICHLOROSILANE
HEXYLENE GLYCOL
Formula: C 7 H 15 Cl 3 Si
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 234. 6
Acute Local: Irritant 3; IngesCH 3 COH(CH 3 )CH 2 CHOHCH3
Constants:
Acute Systemic: U
Mol. Wt. 118. 17
Chronic Local: U
B. P. 197. 1 C
Chronic Systemic: U
Freezing P. -50 C
Flash P. Z15F (O. C. )
Density 0. 9234 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4
Glycols.
rate): Section 2
tetrachloride, carbon dioxide or
dry chemicals (Section 6).
Corrosive
Synonym:
2-Methyl pentanediol-2,
Description: Mild odor, colorless
liquid, water soluble.
Formula:
4.
HEXYL ETHER
Description:
Formula:
rosive liquid;
HISTAMINE
N,n-HEXYL-n-HEPTYL AMINE
(C 6H 13 2 (C 7 H 15 )N
Mol. Wt.
283.5
Details unknown.
See also
Amines.
ergamine.
Description:
Formula:
C 5H 9 N 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 111.2
M. P. 84C
B. P.
210C @18
mm

3;
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
rapid, weak pulse. Allergic

effects on skin (hives) may occur
(Section 9).
Constant:
Toxicity:
Synonyms: 4-Imidazole ethylamine;
Allergen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Ingestion or inhalation of
this material produces the following effects: flushing followed
by pallor, dizziness, fainting,
fall in blood pressure, headache,

See also Ethers.
Formula:
white label.
Liquid.
C^HÔC^H^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 186. 33
M. P. -43. 0C
B. P. 440 F
Flash P. 170F(O. C. )
Density 0. 794
Ethers.
Cor-
Synonym: Dihexyl ether.
Treatment and Antidotes: If swallowed, wash out stomach.
HISTAMINE SALTS
760
Administer stimulants (epinephrine or ephedrine). Call a physician.

it
emits
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Inhalation
Chronic Systemic:
highly toxic fumes.

rate): Section 2
MAC: ACGIH
HISTAMINE SALTS. See Histamine.
HORNSTONE.
1;
Section 2
See Magnesium
Fluosilicate and Zinc Fluosilicate.
HOLMIUM
Description:
Yellow-colored salts.
HORSEHAIR. See
Hair.
Formula: Ho
Constant:
At. Wt.
164. 94
Toxicity: Unknown
Radiation Hazard: Section 5. Artificial isotope Ho 166 half-life 27
1. 8 mev and gamma rays of 0. 8
In body: 17 microcuries; In air:
6
3 X 10~ microcuries per milliliter; In water: 23 microcuries
,
per milliliter.
Colorless, rhombic
prisms; white pulverulent
alkaloid.
Formula:
Synonyms: Mandelytropeine,
homoatropine
Description: Deliquescent prisms
from ether; glistening prisms
from alcohol.
Formula: C l6H 2 iN0 3
383. 39
M. P. 132C
Acute Local: U
3;
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes.
rate):
Section 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
275. 34
M. P. 95. 5 - 98. 5C
Description:
needles.
3;
Chronic Local: O
Chronic Systemic: U
Resembles atropine in its action.

See also Atropine.
highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
Formula:
White -yellowish
C n H 13 N03
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 207.2
M. P. 116 - 117C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes.
rate):
HORN DUST
HYDRASTININE
Acute Local: O
Toxic Rating Code:
C 2 iH 21 N0 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
HOMATROPINE AND COMPOUNDS
Inhalation
HYDRASTINE
Description:
Section 2

1;
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HYDRIDES
761
HYDRAZINE (and Compounds)

Synonyms: Hydrazine base; diamine;
HYDRAZINE, ANHYDROUS. See

also Hydrazine.
hydrazine anhydrous.
liquid;
Formula:
white crystals.
NH 2 NH
Section 11.
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 32. 05
M. P. 1.4C
3. P. 113. 5C
Density 1.011 @ 1 5 C (liq. )
Autoign. Temp. 518F
Vap. D. 1.1
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
MAC: ACGIH (tentative); 1 part
per million in air.
Toxicology: Hydrazine and some of
its derivatives may cause damage
to the liver and destruction of red
blood cells. See Phenyl Hydra-
rosive liquid;
Cor-
white label.
HYDRAZOIC ACID
Synonym: Azoimide.
Description:
Colorless liquid.
NH 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 43. 03
M. P. -80C
B. P.
37C

Chronic Local: U
tion
2;
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Low concentrations produce eye irritation and headache.
Higher concentrations may produce excitation and other distur-
bances of the nervous system and

exposure is continued there may
be convulsions and death. See
also Azides.
zine.
if
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizing agents; a powerful reducing agent.
6).
Explosion Hazard: Severe, when exposed to heat or flame or by chemical reaction with oxidizing agents.
is a powerful explosive, much
used in rocket fuels. It is very
sensitive and must not be used
without full and complete instructions from the manufacturer as
to handling, storage and disposal.
It

compounds; may explode by heat
or chemical reaction.
rate): Section 2

rate): Section 2
HYDRIDES
Variable. The hydrides of
phosphorus, arsenic, sulfur,
selenium, tellurium and boron
which are highly toxic, produce
local irritation and destroy red
blood cells. They are particularly dangerous because of their
volatility and ease of entry into
the body. The hydrides of the
alkali metals, alkaline earths,
aluminum, zirconium and titanium
react with moisture to evolve
hydrogen and leave behind the
hydroxide of the metallic element.
This hydroxide is usually caustic.
See also Sodium Hydroxide.
Fire Hazard: The volatile hydrides
Toxicity:
HYDRIODIC ACID
762
are flammable, some spontaneously so in air. All hydrides

react violently on contact with
powerful oxidizing agents. When
heated or on contact with moisture
or acids an exothermic reaction
evolving hydrogen occurs. Often
enough heat is evolved to cause
ignition. Hydrides require special
handling instructions which should
be obtained from the manufacturers (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: The volatile
hydrides (such as hydrides of
boron, arsenic, phosphorus,
selenium, telliurim) form explosive mixtures with air. The
nonvolatile hydrides (such as
sodium, lithium, calcium) readily
liberate hydrogen when heated or
on contact with moisture or acids.
Furthermore, hydrides form dust
clouds which can explode due to
contact with flames, sparks, heat
or oxidizers.
when heated, they can ignite at
once or liberate hydrogen: they
react with moisture or acids to
evolve heat and hydrogen; on
contact with powerful oxidizers
violent reactions can occur.
rate): Section 2
HYDRIODIC ACID
Description: Colorless gas or pale
yellow liquid.
Formula: HI
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 127.93
M. P. -50. 8C
B. P. -35. 38 @4 atm.
Density 5. 66 g/liter @0C
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
highly toxic fumes of iodides;
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight

fumes.
rate): Section 2
Shipping Regulations. Section 11.
HYDROABIETYL ALCOHOL
Description: Colorless, tacky,
viscous liquid.
Constants:
Density 1 007- 1 008 @ 20 /20 C
Softening P. 33 C
Alcohols.
.

HYDROBERBERINE
Description:
White, crystalline alka-
loid.
Formula: C 2 oH 2 iN0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 339.4
M. P. 167C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
emit highly toxic fumes of
nitrogen oxides.
rate): Section 2
HYDROBROMIC ACID
Synonym: Hydrogen bromide.
Description: Colorless gas or pale
yellow liquid.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
763
Formula: HBr
corrosive.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 80. 92
M. P. -87C
B. P. -66. 5C
Inhalation 2
Inhalation 2
per million in air.
rate): Section 2
I.
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.

rosive liquid;
Cor-
white label.

label.
HYDROCARBON
GAS,
See Gases,
GAS, LIQUEFIED.
See specific gas.

11.
gas; red gas label.
I.
HYDROCARBON
GAS, NONLIQUE-
FIED.
See specific material.

I.C.C. Classification: Flammable gas; red gas label.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Synonyms: Muriatic acid; chlorohydric acid; hydrogen chloride.
Description:
Colorless gas or color-
less, fuming liquid;
strongly
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 36.47
M. P. -114. 3C
B. P. -84. 8C
Density 1 639 g/liter @ C;
1. 194 @-36C (liquid)
Vap. Press. 4. atm @ 1 7. 8C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Hydrochloric acid is an
.
irritant to the mucous membranes

of the eyes and respiratory tract,
and a concentration of 3 5 ppm
causes irritation of the throat
after short exposure. Concentrations of 50 to 100 ppm are tolerable for 1 hour. More severe
exposures result in pulmonary
edema, and often laryngeal spasm.
Concentrations of 1, 000 to 2, 000
ppm are dangerous, even for
brief exposures. Mists of hydrochloric acid are considered less
harmful than the anhydrous
hydrogen chloride, since the
droplets have no dehydrating

In general, hydrochloric
acid causes little trouble in industry, other than from accidental
splashes and burns.
action.
Hydrocarbon.
HYDROCARBON
Formula: HC1

rate): Section 2
Corrosive
Coast Guard (anhydrous) Classification: Noninflammable gas;
green gas label.
MCA
warning label.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID, MIXTURES

HYDROCHLORIC ACID, MIXTURES.
Corrosive
white label.
liquid;

rosive liquid;
Cor-
white label.
HYDROC OT ARNINE
Monoclinic prisms.
Description:
Formula:
C 12 H 15 N0 3
y2 H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 230.3
M. P. 56C
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
emit highly toxic fumes of nitro-
gen compounds.
764
render the oxygen unavailable to

the tissues, and cause death
through asphyxia.
The suspension
of tissue oxidation lasts only while

the cyanide is present; upon its
removal, normal function is re-
stored provided death has not

already occurred. Hydrocyanic
acid does not combine easily with
hemoglobin, but it does combine
readily with methemoglobin to
form cyanmethemoglobin. This
fact is utilized in the treatment of
cyanide poisoning, when an attempt

made to induce methemoglobin
formation. The presence of
cherry-red venous blood in cases
of cyanide poisoning is due to the
is
inability of the tissues to remove

the oxygen from the blood. Exposure to concentrations of 100 to
200 ppm for periods of 30 to 60
minutes can cause death.
In cases of acute cyanide

rate): Section 2
poisoning, death is extremely

rapid; though sometimes breathing may continue for a few minutes.
In less acute cases, there is headache, dizziness, unsteadiness of
HYDROCYANIC ACID
gait, a feeling of suffocation,
Synonyms: Hydrogen cyanide; prus-
nausea. Where the patient recovers, there is rarely any dis-
sic acid.
Colorless liquid; faint

Odor of bitter almonds.
Description:
Formula:
HCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 27. 03
M. P. -13. 2C
B. P.
25.
Flash P.
Density 0. 6876
@ 20 /4C
ical reaction with oxidizers.
Chronic Systemic: U
(accepted);
10 parts

Toxicology: Hydrocyanic acid and the
cyanides are true protoplasmic
poisons, combining in the tissues
with the enzymes associated with
cellular oxidation. They thereby
Toxic Rating Code:
6).
Explosion Hazard: Severe, when exposed to heat or flame or by chem-

Vap. D. 0. 932
Chronic Local: U
MAC: ACGIH
ability.

To Fight Fire: Carbon dioxide, nonalkaline dry chemical or foam
(Section
7C
0F (C.C.
and
None
= Slight
Under
certain conditions, particularly

contact with alkaline materials,
hydrogen cyanide can polymerize
or decompose explosively. The
liquid is
commonly
stabilized by
addition of acids.
Explosive Range: 6 - 40%

the gas forms explosive mixtures
with air; will react with water,
steam, acid or acid fumes to produce highly toxic fumes of cyanides.
rate):
Section

I.
2 =
C.C. Classification: Poison A;
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HYDROFLUOSILICIC ACID
765

Toxicology: It is extremely irritating and corrosive to the skin and
poison gas label.

MCA warning label.
mucous membranes.
of the
See Hydrocyanic Acid.

I.
Poison B;
poison label.
Poison B; poison gas label.
HYDROCYANIC ACID, UNSTABILIZED. See Hydrocyanic Acid.

Not
accepted.
explosive force; when heated, it

emits highly corrosive fumes of
fluorides; will react with water
corrosive fumes.
rate):
Section 2
Not
permitted.
HYDROFERROCYANIC ACID
White crystalline
Description:
material.
Formula: H 4 Fe(CN) 6
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 216
or in the presence of
acid or acid fumes, it
emits highly toxic fumes
of cyanides.
rate): Section 2
I.
liquid;
rosive liquid;
MCA
Cor-
white label.
warning label.
HYDROFLUORIC ACID, ANHYDROUS.
fluor-
hydric acid.
fuming corrosive liquid or gas.
I.
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.

rosive liquid;
MCA
HF
Cor-
white label.
warning label.
20.01
19.4C
Density 0.921 g/liter
HYDROFLUOSILICIC ACID
Synonyms: Fluosilicic acid;
B. P.
(gas):
0. 987 (liquid)
Inhalation 3
Inhalation 3
Inhalation 2
tion
white label.
See Hydrofluoric Acid.

Synonyms: Hydrogen fluoride;
Formula:
HYDROFLUORIC ACID
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. -92. 3C
Inhalation
vapor may cause ulcers of

the upper respiratory tract. Concentrations ot 50 to 2 50 ppm are
dangerous, even for brief exposures. Hydrofluoric acid produces severe skin burns which
are slow in healing. The subcutaneous tissues may be affected,
becoming blanched and bloodless.
Gangrene of the affected areas
may follow. See also Fluorides.
can shatter the container with
HYDROCYANIC ACID SOLUTION.
3;
silico-
fluoric acid.
Description:
fuming
Formula:
Constants:
Transparent, colorless,
liquid.
H 2SiF 6
Mol. Wt.
144.08
Decomposes
B. P.
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
tion
3;
HYDROFURAMIDE
766

Inhalation 3
Disaster Control;
3;
Dangerous; when

highly toxic and corrosive fumes
of fluorides; will react with water
rate): Section 2
Corrosive
HYDROFURAMIDE
Description:
Formula:
(CÔCHs^N;,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 268.26
M. P. 117C
Toxicity: Details unknown; a component of fungicides.
Disaster Control: Slight; when
toxic fumes of nitrogen compounds.
very small quantities as a result

of natural neutron bombardment of
deuterium. Hazard Rating, Class
II (National Bureau of Standards
Handbook No.
To Fight Fire: Carbon dioxide or dry

chemical (Section 6).
rate): Section 2
(LiqueI. C. C. Classification:
fied) not accepted
(Liquefied) not permitted.
I.
HYDROGEN ANTIMONIDE
Synonym:
Description:
Formula:
H2
Colorless gas.
H 3 Sb
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Colorless gas.
124. 8
-88C
P. -17C
M. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 2. 0162
M. P. -259. 18C
B. P. -252. 8C
Vap. D. 0. 069
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
or artificial isotope H 3 (Tritium),
half-life: 12. 5 years; emits beta
particles of 0. 018 mev. The permissible levels are: in body:
10 4 microcuries; in air: 2X 10~ 5
microcurie per milliliter; in
water: 0. 2 microcurie per milli-
B.
Density
2.26@-25C
Tritium occurs naturally in

=
None
= Slight
(liq.
);
30 g/liter @0C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Anti5.
mony Compounds and Hydrides.

materials.
rate): Section 2
HYDROGEN ARSENIDE
liter.
Toxic Rating Code:
Stibine.
Description:
Formula:
HYDROGEN
42).
Fire Hazard: Highly dangerous;

(GAS).
See Arsine.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HYDROGEN PENTASULFIDE
767
HYDROGEN ARSENIDE
(SOLID)
Brown powder.
Formula: H 2 As 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 151. 84
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
Inhalation
Ingestion
3;
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with oxidizers.

See also Hydrides.
evolves highly toxic fumes of
arsenic.
rate): Section 2
B. P. 126C
Density 1.49
Toxicity: See Hydrobromic Acid.
Disaster Control: See Hydrobromic
Acid.
HYDROGEN BROMIDE, HYDRATED

Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: HBr
H zO
Contants:
Mol. Wt. 98.94
B. P. -3. 3 to -15C
Density 1. 78
Toxicity: See Hydrobromic
Acid.
Disaster Control: See Hydrobromic Acid.
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE.
See
Hydrochloric Acid.
Section 11.

I.
label.
MCA
warning label.
HYDROGEN BISMUTHIDE
HYDROGEN CYANIDE.
Synonym: Bismuthine.
Description:
Formula:
See Hydro-
cyanic Acid.
Liquid.
H 3 Bi
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212. 02
B. P. 22C
HYDROGEN DISULFIDE

and Hydrides.
Disaster Control: See Bismuth Compounds and Hydrides.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 66. 15
M. P. -89. 7C
Yellow
Formula: H 2S 2
Description:
Toxicity:
HYDROGEN BROMIDE.
See Hydro
bromic Acid.
Section 11.
C. C. Classification: Nonflammable gas; green label.

label.
I.
B. P.
74.
5C
Density 1. 376
@22.0C
Vap. Press. 100
highly toxic. See also Hydrogen
mm
Sulfide.

HYDROGEN FLUORIDE.
See Hydro-
fluoric Acid.
HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN BROMIDE (CONSTANT
oil.
IODIDE.
See Hydriodic
Acid.
BOILING MIXTURE)
Description:
Colorless liquid.
( 47%) + H z O
HYDROGEN PENTASULFIDE
Formula: HBr
Description:
Constants:
M. P. -11 C
Formula: H 2S 5
Clear yellow
oil.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
768
162. 35
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 67 @16C
highly toxic. See also Hydrogen
Sulfide.
Unknown, but probably
Fire Hazard:
because (l) uncovered containers

are much more prone to react with
flammable vapors, gases, etc.;
(2) because if uncovered, the
water from an H 2 2 solution can
evaporate, concentrating the
material and thus increasing the
fire hazard of the remainder.
For instance,
high.
Explosion Hazard: Unknown, but may

be dangerous;
Disaster Control: Keep containers
closed and avoid heat and open
flame.
H2
of 65
solutions of
of concentrations in
excess
wt% heat up spontaneously
when decomposing to H z O + V2 2
Thus 90 wt% solutions, when
caused to decompose rapidly due
.
to the introduction of a catalytic
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Synonym: Hydrogen Dioxide.
Description: Colorless, heavy
liquid or at low temperatures a
crystalline solid.
Formula:
H2O z
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
34. 016
107C for 35 wt%

Freezing P. -11 C for 90 wt%
Density 1. 71 @-20C;
B. P.
1.46 @0C
Toxic Hazard Rating: (For concentrated solutions)
Acute Local:
tion
Irritant
Inhalation
3;
3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH
per million
(tentative); ] part
of air for 90 wt%
solution.
Toxicology:
Pure H 2
its
solu-
tions, vapors and mists are

irritating to body tissue. This
irritation can vary from mild to
severe depending upon the con-
centration of H 2 O z
For instance
solutions of H 2 O z of 35 wt% and
over can easily cause blistering
.
Irritation caused by
H 2 2 which does not subside upon
flushing of the affected part with
of the skin.
water should be treated by a

physician. The eyes are particularly sensitive to irritation by
this material.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous by chemical

reaction with flammable materials. H 2 2 is a powerful oxidizer,
particularly in the concentrated
state. It is important to keep
containers of this material covered
Toxic Rating Code:
decomposition agent, can get

quite hot and perhaps start fires.
highly concentrated or pure H 2 O z
is exposed to heat, mechanical
impact, detonation of a blasting
cap, or caused to decompose
catalytically by metals and their
salts, dusts and alkalies.
Although many mixtures of H 2 O z
and organic materials do not explode upon contact, the resultant
combination is detonatable either
upon catching fire or by impact.
The detonation velocity of
aqueous solutions of H 2 O z has been
found to be about 6500 meters/second for solutions of between 96
wt% and 100 wt% H 2 2
Another source of H 2 O z explosions is from sealing the material
in strong containers. Under such
conditions even gradual decomposition of H 2 O z to H z O + y2 2 can
cause large pressures to build up
in the containers which may then
burst explosively. See also
Schumb, Satterfield, and Wentworth "Hydrogen Peroxide, "
None
= Slight
pp.
174, 453.
Highly dangerous
because when heated, or shocked
Disaster Hazard:
or contaminated, the concentrated

material can explode or start fires.
Section 2
Storage and Handling: Section 7 (See

also Schumb, Satterfield and
Wentworth, "Hydrogen Peroxide, "
pp.
172
176.

(Corrosive Liquid) Solution
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
769
water containing over 8% Hydrogen Peroxide by weight; white
readily detected by odor, but

there is no noticeable irritant
label.
effect at that level. Concentrations of 1. 5 ppm or higher are

strongly irritating to the eyes
in
MCA
warning label
above 7. 4%).
(for solutions
and nasal passages.
HYDROGEN PHOSPHIDE
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
H 4P 2

M. P. < -10C
B. P. 57. 5C @735
Density 1. 012
See Phosphine and Phosphides.

See
Phosphine.
HYDROGEN PHOSPHIDE
Description: Yellow solid.
(H 2 P 4 ) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 377. 81
M. P. Ignites @l60C
B. P Decomposes
Density 1.83 @19C
See Phosphine and Phosphides.
HYDROGEN SELENIDE
Colorless gas.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; will react

vigorously with powerful oxidizing
agents.
80. 98
M. P.
-64C
B. P. -41.4C
Density
2.
12
3.
Explosion Hazard:
(liquid)
Vap. Press. 10 atm. @23.4C

MAC: ACGIH
Dangerous;
forms explosive mixtures with
614 g/liter (gas):
@-42C
on possible chronic effects of

this material, but it is logical
to assume that when the concentration of this gas is low enough
to avoid the irritant effects,
only the systemic effects will be
noticeable.
H 2Se
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
odor and irritating effects are

both useful to an'experienced investigator for estimating the
concentrations, they do not offer
a dependable warning to workmen
who may be exposed to gradually
increasing amounts and therefore
to it.
Due to its
extreme toxicity and irritant effects, it seldom is allowed to
reach a concentration in which it
is flammable in air.
Very few data are available
Formula:
Description:
rapidly because
Although the
become used
(POLYMER)
Formula:
ppm disappears
of olfactory fatigue.
mm
HYDROGEN PHOSPHIDE.
As in the case of hydrogen

sulfide, the odor of hydrogen
selenide in concentrations below
(accepted);
0.
air. See also Hydrides.

keep away from heat and open
flame.
rate): Section 2
05 part;

Toxicology: This material is a
hazardous compound of selenium
which can cause damage to the
lungs and liver as well as conjunctivitis. It has been found
that repeated 8-hour exposures
to concentrations of 0. 3 ppm
prove fatal to guinea pigs by
causing a pneumonitis, as well
as injury to the liver and spleen.
Concentrations of 0. 3 ppm are
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
Synonym: Sulfuretted hydrogen.
Description: Colorless; flammable
offensive odor.
H 2S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 34. 08
M. P. -85. 5C
B. P. -60.4C
gas;
Formula:
Vap. Press. 20atm@25.5C

Vap. D. 1. 189
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
770

halation
3;
In-

MAC: ACGIH
Toxicology: Hydrogen sulfide is both
an irritant and an asphyxiant.
Low concentrations of from 20 to
150 ppm cause irritation of the
eyes; slightly higher concentrations may cause irritation of the
upper respiratory tract, and if

exposure is prolonged, pulmonary
edema may result. The irritant
action has been explained on the
basis that H 2 S combines with the
alkali present in moist surface
tissues to form sodium sulfide,
a caustic.
With higher concentrations the

action of the gas on the nervous
system becomes more prominent,

and a 30-minute exposure to
500 ppm results in headache,
dizziness, excitement, staggering gait, diarrhea and dysuria,
followed sometimes by bronchitis or bronchopneumonia.

The
action on the nervous system is,
with small amounts, one of depression; in larger amounts, it
stimulates, and with very high
amounts the respiratory center
is paralyzed.
Exposures of 800
to 1000 ppm may be fatal in 30
minutes, and high concentrations
are instantly fatal. Fatal hydrogen
sulfide poisoning may occur even
more rapidly than that following
exposure to a similar concentration of hydrogen cyanide. H 2 S
does not combine with the hemoglobin of the blood; its asphyxiant
action is due to paralysis of the
respiratory center.
With repeated exposures to
low concentrations, conjunctivitis,
photophobia, corneal bullae,
tearing, pain and blurred vision
are the commonest findings. High
concentrations may cause rhinitis,
bronchitis and occasionally pul-
monary edema.
Exposure
poisoning results in headache,

inflammation of the conjunctivae
and eyelids, digestive disturbances
loss of weight and general debility.
6).

when heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes
of oxides of sulfur; can react
force;
rials.

rate): Section 2
MCA
warning label.
HYDROGEN TELLURIDE
Description:
needles.
Colorless gas or yellow
H 2 Te
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129. 63
M. P. -49.0C
B. P.
-2.0C
Density
5.
81 g/liter
See
Tellurium Compounds and
Hydrides.
See also Hydrides.
Compounds and Hydrides.
Toxicity:
Highly toxic.
HYDROGEN TRISULFIDE
Description:
Formula:
Bright yellow liquid.
H 2S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
98.21
-52C
P. Decomposes @90C
to very
high concentrations results in
M. P.
immediate death.
Density 1.496
Toxic Rating Code:
Chronic
=
None
= Slight
B.
2 =
Moderate
@15C
3 =
High
Unknown
p-HYDROQUINONE
771
Toxicity:
See also
Highly toxic.
Hydrogen
Sulfide.
Section
HYDROHYDRASTININE
White crystalline alka-
Description:
loid.
Formula: C n H 13 N02
Constants: Mol. Wt.
M. P. 66 C
191.22
303C @752 mm
Acute Local: U
Cases of dermatitis have resulted

from skin contact with this mate-
B. P.
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
Chronic Systemic: U
nitrogen.
rate): Section 2
P-HYDROQUINONE
Synonyms:
4-Benzenediol;
quinol; hydroquinol.
prisms.
Formula: C 6 H 4 (OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110. 1
M. P. 170. 5C
1
B. P. 286. 2C
Flash P. 329 F (C. C. )
Density 1. 358 @20 /4C

Vap. D. 3. 81
gen 1
Acute Systemic:
Ingestion
2;
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Allergen 2
2;
Inhalation 2
MAC: ACGIH
or meta isomer. For instance,

the ingestion of 1 gram by an
adult or a smaller quantity by a
child may induce tinnitis, nausea,
dizziness, a sensation of suffocation, an increased rate of respiration, vomiting, pallor, muscular
twitchings, headache, dyspnea,
cyanosis, delerium, and collapse.
The literature contains reports of
fatal cases which have been caused
by the ingestion of 5 to 12 grams.
12 milligrams per cubic meter of air.

Toxicology: Absorption of this
(tentative);
material by tissues can cause

symptoms of illness which resemble those induced by its ortho
rial, and have also followed the

application of an antiseptic oil
which apparently contained traces
of hydroquinone added as an
antioxidant. The reports also
contain cases of keratitis and discoloration of the conjunctiva among
personnel exposed to this material in concentrations ranging from

10 to 30 mg of the vapor or dust
per cubic meter of air. It is
considered to be more toxic than
phenol. The inhalation of vapors
of this material, particularly when
liberated at high temperatures,
must be avoided. From toxicity
experiments on mice, it has been

found that the LD50* via the
intraperitoneal route is from
160 to 170 mg/kg of body weight.
rat via the same route,
170 to 175 mg/kg, and for the rat
via the oral route, 370 to 390
mg/kg. Finally, for the rabbit
via the intraperitoneal route, the
LD50* has been found to be 125
to 150 mg/kg.
Treatment and Antidotes: When personnel who are working with this
For the
material exhibit some of the

symptoms listed above, they
should immediately be removed
to fresh air. If the symptoms
do not subside quickly, consult a
physician. In cases of dermatitis
due to this material, removal from
exposure will quickly clear up the
symptoms. If this material accidentally comes into contact with
the skin, it should be removed at
once and the affected area washed
with plenty of soap and

water.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;
warm
when exposed
can react
HYDROQUINONE DIMETHYL ETHER

HYDROQUINONE MONOMETHYL
ETHER

Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat.
Section

Section
Synonym: 4-Methoxy phenol; hydroxy

anisole.
Description:
4-Dimethoxybenzene.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 124. 13
M. P. 52. 5C
C 6H 4 (OCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
138. 16
56C
212. 6C
Allergen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
with oxidizing materials (Sec6).

See also Ethers.
Section 2

HOCÔC^
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 186.2

See Talc.
HYDROXYACETIC ACID
Synonym: Glycolic
Description: Light straw-colored
liquid or crystals.
HOCH 2 COOH
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M'. P. a
B. P.
Can
of skin.

See also Ethers.
Section 2
None
= Slight
Inges-
1;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
o-
HYDROXYACETOPHENONE
Description: Greenish-yellow liquid;

highly refractive; minty odor.
C 6 H 4 (OH)COCH 3
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
2 =
136.14
95C
Vap. D.
79C
(3
Inhalation
1;
M. P.
Toxic Rating Code:
63C;
Vap. D. 2.62
Formula:
7
76.
=
Decomposes
tion
cause permanent depigmentation
HYDROUS MAGNESIUM SILICATE.
HYDROQUINONE MONOBENZYL
ETHER
Formula:
Section 2
1
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
tion
2;
Chronic Systemic: U
See also Ethers.
)2
Density 1. 053 @ 55 /55 C

246C
Density 1. 55 @20 /Z0 C

Acute Local: U
Description: Colorless leaflets;

odor of sweet clover.
Formula:
White, waxy solid.
CH 3 OC 6 H 4OH
Formula:
B. P.
HYDROQUINONE DIMETHYL ETHER

Synonym:
772
4.
Moderate
69
3 =
High
Unknown
HYDROXYETHYL HYDRAZINE
773
Toxicity:
Unknown
Ingestion
2-HYDROXYADIPALDEHYDE
AQUEOUS SOLUTION)
bon dioxide, dry chemical or

130.
Freezing P. -3. 5C
Density 1. 066 @ 20 /20 C
Aldehydes.
Fire Hazard: Slight; when heated;
(3-

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
TOLUENE.
3,
5- Dl-tert-
HYDROXYETHYLENE DIAMINE
Description:
Formula:
Yellow liquid.
Formula:
C 17 H 3 3C[N(C2H 4 OH)CH 2 CH 2 N]
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 3 50
B. P. 250 - 280C @2
Density 0. 95 @20C
mm
BUTYL-
See Di -tert- Butyl -
See also
Amines.
Mol. Wt.

1 -
185.2
M. P.
70 C
330 C
Aniline and Phenol.
B. P.
Toxicity:
it
HYDROXYETHYL- 2 - HEPTADECYLGLYOXALIDINE

fungicide.

(3
-HYDROXYETHYL HYDRAZINE

viscous liquid.
HYDROXYETHYL ACETAMIDE
Formula:
Synonym: n-Acetyl ethanolamine.

Description: Brown, viscous liquid.
Formula: CH 3 CONHC 2 H 4 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Mol, Wt.
plant
emits

103.12
151 C
Flash P. 350 F
Freezing P. 15. 8C
Density 1. 122 @ 20 /20 C
B.
See also
Amines.
Description:
Synonym: Anilinophenol.
Description: Gray solid leaflets.
Formula: C 6 H 5 NHC 6 H 4 OH
Constants:
l-HYDROXYETHYL-2-HEPTADECENYLIMIDAZ OLINE
HYDROXY DIPHENYLAMINE
Constants:
Clear liquid.
NH CHOHCH 2 NH
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 76. 1
p-Cresol.
P-
6).

HYDROXY ANTHRAQUINONE
4 -HYDROXY-
To Fight Fire: Water, foam, car-
Formula: OHC(CH 2 3 CH(OH)CHO

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Inhalation
to heat or flame.
(25%
Liquid.
Description:
1;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

P.
M. P.
HOCH 2 CH 2 NHNH
76. 12
-70C
B. P. 145 - 153C @25mm

Flash P. 224F
Vap. D. 2. 63
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Hydrazine.
Fire Hazard:
n-HYDROXYETHYL MORPHOLINE
can react with
To- Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon
Section 2
to heat or flame;
774
B. P. Loses C0 2
Freezing P. -21. 3C
Density 1. 0965 @25/4C
also Sodium Carbonate.
HYDROXYLAMINE
Synonym: Oxammonium.
n-HYDROXYETHYL MORPHOLINE

white needles.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
Formula: C 2 H 4OC 2 H4NC 2 H 4OH

_i
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
131. 7
M. P. 1.6C
B. P. 226. 3C
Density 1 074 @ 20 /20 C
.
Vap. D. 4. 54
Toxicity: Unknown
NH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 33.02
M. P. 34. 0CB. P. 110. 0C
Flash P. Explodes @ 265 F
Density 1. 227
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
Fire Hazard: Moderate; when exposed

to heat or flame, can react with
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxExplosion Hazard: Dangerous; when
exposed to heat or open flame.
Section 2
Ventilation Coiftrol (use moderate
rate): Section 2
n- HYDROXYETHYL PROPYLENE
DIAMINE
Description:
Liquid.
HYDROXYLAMINE ACID SULFATE
Formula:
Synonym: Hydroxylammonium
CH 3 CH(NHC 2 H 4OH)CH2NH2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 18
M. P. -65C
B. P. 240. 4C
Density 0. 9938
Vap. D. 4.07
Description:
brown
B. P.
Toxicity:
See also

HYDROXYETHYL TRIMETHYL
AMMONIUM BICARBONATE
Description: A colorless liquid.

Formula: (CH3) 3 NCH 2 CH 2 OHHC03
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165. 19
Toxic Rating Code:
None
(NH 2 OH) 2
= Slight
H 2S0 4
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Amines.
2-
solid.
Formula:
M. P.
sulfate,
Crystalline white to
164.14
177C
Decomposes
Toxic.
See also Hydroxyl-
amine and Sulfuric Acid.

toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur.
rate): Section 2
HYDROXYLAMINE FLUOGER-
MANATE
Description:
Formula:
Monoclinic prisms.
2NH 2 OH H 2 GeF 6 2H z O

Toxicity: See Fluogermanates
and Hydroxylamine.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HYDROXYMERCURINITROPHENOL
775
HYDROXYL AMMONIUM ACID

SULFATE
Description: A crystalline material.
Formula: NH 2 OH H 2S0 4

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
fluorides.
M. P.
HYDROXYLAMINE FLUOSILICATE
Description:
Toxicity:
H 2 SiF 6
2H 2
and Hydroxylamine.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, or on contact with acid or

sulfur.
of fluorides.

exposed to heat or by chemical
reaction. In the presence of
alkalies at elevated temperatures,
free hydroxylamine is liberated
and may decompose explosively.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 246. 17
Toxicity: See Fluosilicates
fumes
See Hydroxyl-
amine and Sulfuric Acid.
Scales.
Formula:
2NH 2 OH
131. 1
Indefinite.
Highly toxic.
Section
HYDROXYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE.
HYDROXYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
See Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride.
Synonym: Hydroxylammonium
HYDROXYMERCURICHLOROPHENOL
chloride.
Description:
crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
,
B. P.
HC1
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 345. 2
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See
Compounds, Organic.
69. 50
151C
MCA
Decomposes
Density
1.
67
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 325. 8
Compounds, Organic.
Shipping Regulations. Section 11.
chlorides.
Section
HYDROXYLAMINE NITRATE
White crystals.
MCA
NH 2 OH HNO s
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
warning label.
HYDROXYMERCURICRESOL
Formula: HOHgC 6H 4 OHCH 3
See Hydroxylamine
Description:
Mercury
@17C
Toxicity:
Formula:
Solid.
Formula: C 6H 5 ClHg0 2
NH 2 OH
Formula:
Description:
HYDROXYMERC URINITROPHENOL
Formula: HOHgC 6 H4OHN0 2
96. 05
M. P. 48C
B. P. < 100C Decomposes
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Hydroxylamine and Nitrates.
warning label.
Section 7
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 356. 7
Compounds, Organic.
Disaster Control: See Nitrates and
Mercury Compounds Organic.
,
HYDROXYLAMINE SULFATE.
See
Hydroxylamine Acid Sulfate
MCA
warning label.
1- HYDROXY- 4- METHYL- 2,
6-DI-tert-BUTYL
1-HYDROXY-4-METHYL-2,
tert-BUTYL BENZENE.
6-DISee
BENZENE
776

Di -tert-Butyl-p-Cresol.
3-
1-HYDROXYNAPHTHALENE
See
-HYDROXY- 2 -NAPHTHOIC ACID
Synonyms: (3-oxy naphthoic acid;

2-naphthol-3-carboxylic acid.
Description: Yellow needle-like
crystals.
Formula:
HOC 10 H 6 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 188.2
M. P. 216C
Toxicity:
Unknown

Tan-colored lumps.
C 5H 5ON
Formula:
a-Naphthol.
3
HYDROXY PYRIDINE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 95. 1
M. P. 126 - 129C
B. P.
Toxicity:
Pyridine.
oxides; can react vigorously with
oxidizing material.
HYDROXYPENTAMETHYLFLAVAN
HYOSCINE
Synonym:
Synonym: Scopolamine.
2-Hydroxy-2,
4, 4, 4, 7-
pentamethylflavan.
Description:
an in-

secticide.

o-
HYDROXYPHENYLMERCURIC
halation 3
Chronic Local:
Synonym: o-Chloromercuriphenol.
White
to faint pink
Formula: C 6 H 4 OHHgCl
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
329.2
M. P. 143. 5C
Toxicity:
Compounds, Organic.
Compounds, Organic.
N- (2 -HYDROXY PROPYL)
ETHYL-
ENE DIAMINE
Description: Colorless to faint
yellow liquid.
Formula:
H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 NH(CH 2 CHOHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118
B. P. 180 C @ 114
Density 0. 9858 @ 25 /Zb C
mm
Amines.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Thick, colorless,
syrupy liquid alkaloid.

Formula: C 17 K 21 N0 4
M. P. 55C
Acute Local: U
CHLORIDE
Description:
crystals.
mm
151 - 153C @3 to 4
3;
In-
Chronic Systemic: U
poisonous alkaloid. It can produce profound depression of the
central nervous system and occasionally it causes excitement.
It can cause hallucinations and
the individual affected loses a certain
amount
of his
normal
inhibi-
tory control. It is for that reason

that it has been called "truth
serum. " In many cases of poisoning from this material, and even
to a certain extent following its
medical application, there is retention of the urine caused by
paralysis of the bladder, and
catheterization is necessary. The
fatal dose is variable. Death
has occurred from as little as 0. 6
mg, while recovery has occurred
from doses of 7 to 1 5 mg. There
is even a reported case of recovery
following a 500-mg ingestion of
the hydrobromide by mouth.
Treatment and Antidotes: A physician
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HYPOCHLORITES
777
should be called at once. Wash
stomach with a large volume
of warm -water containing tannin,
then give 15% magnesium sulfate
(approximately 8 ounces). A solution of iodine may be used instead of tannin. Charcoal may
also be used. If iodine is used,
the amount should be roughly 4
times the weight of the atropine
The iodine
to be precipitated.
solution should not be allowed to
remain in the stomach. In
moderate cases of poisoning,
morphine is of advantage if given
hypodermically. If the respiration
is markedly depressed, caffeine
and artificial respiration should
be employed. Coramine may
also be of value. If there is extreme excitement or violent
delirium, chloroform or ether
may be employed.
oxides.
rate): Section 2
the
nerves. The symptoms of

poisoning from this material are
those of dryness of the throat and
mouth, marked difficulty in swallowing, and a sensation of burning and thirst.
The vision becomes
impaired through dilation and loss
of accommodation, and the eyes
present a rather prominent, brilliant, staring appearance.
The
voice is husky and the tongue is
red.

oxides.
rate): Section 2
HYOSCYAMINE HYDROBROMIDE.
See Hyoscyamine.
HYOSCYAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE.
See Hyoscyamine.
HYOSCYAMINE SULFATE.
See
Hyoscyamine.
HYPOBROMOUS ACID
HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE.
See
Hyoscine.
Description:
Colorless
to
yellow
solution.
Formula: HBrO
HYOSCINE SULFATE. See

Hyoscine.
HYOSCYAMINE
Synonyms:
1-Hyoscyamine; datuduboisine.
Description: White crystalline alkarine;
loid.
Formula: C 17 H 2 3N0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 289. 36
M. P. 106 - 108C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: This is one of the
atropine alkaloids and is very
toxic, acting
very much
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 96. 92
M. P. 40 C (in vacuum)
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
toxic
fumes
of
bromides; will

Section 2
ra.te):
like
atropine. It has the same effect

on the central nervous system but
twice the effect on the peripheral
HYPOCHLORITES
Description:
Salts of hypochlorous
acid.
HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS
tion
2;
2;
778
Inges-
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with reducing agents,
These are powerful oxidizers
particularly at higher temperatures when chlorine and then oxygen are evolved, or in the presence of moisture or carbon dioxide.

fumes of chlorine and chlorides;
rate): Section 2
MCA warning label.

rate):
Section

3
7
HYPONITROUS ACID
Description:
Formula:
White solid.
H2N2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 62. 03
M. P. Explodes
Nitric Oxide.
See also

Explosion: Severe, when exposed to
heat or flame.
of nitrogen and may explode.
HYPOPHOSPHITES
Description:
Salts of hypophosphorous
acid.
HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS CONTAINING MORE THAN 7%

AVAILABLE CHLORINE BY
(H 2 P0 2 )~
Details unknown; generally
have little or no toxicity.
WEIGHT. See Hypochlorites.


exposed to heat. See also Phos-
Formula:
Toxicity:
I.
C. C.
Cor-
HYPOCHLOROUS
ACID,
See
phine.

highly toxic fumes of phosphine
and oxides of phosphorous.
Hypochlorites.
HYPOPHOSPHORIC ACID
HYPOIODOUS ACID
Description:
Synonym.: Iodine hydroxide.

Description: Yellow to greenish
Formula:
solution.
Formula: HOI
Mol. Wt. 143.93
Constant:
tion
3;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
2;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 161. 99
M. P. 55C
Phosphoric Acid.

exposed to heat.
Inhalation 2
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; when
highly toxic fumes of iodides; will
Toxic Rating Code:
Crystals.
H 4P 2
None
= Slight
phosphorus.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID
779
HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID
Description: Colorless, oily liquid
or deliquescent crystals.
Formula: H(H 2 PO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 66. 00
M. P. 26. 5C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 1.493 @19C

Phosphoric Acid.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; will react
Toxicity:
violently with oxidizing agents.
Disaster Control:
decomposition
toxic
Dangerous; on
emits highly
phosphine and may
it
fumes of
Keep away from oxidizing
explode.
agents.
Section
ICTHYOL
Formula: HN(CH 2 CH 2 CN) 2
Description:
Thick brown liquid,
bituminous odor.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123. 16
M. P. -5. 50C
B. P. 173 @10
Density 1. 0165 @ 30 C
mm
nides.

INDIUM
Description: Tetragonal, silverywhite, soft metal.
Formula: In
ILLUMINATING GAS.
See Carbon
Monoxide and Methane.
3, 3'
-IMINO- BIS- PROPYLAMINE
Description:
Formula:
B. P.
151 C
@5
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
mm
Flash P. > 175F (C.C. )

Density 0. 9237 g /cc @ 25C
Vap. D. 4. 52
tion 2;
2;
Inges-
Inhalation 2

Section 2
IMINO DIPROPIONITRILE
Colorless liquid.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
3;
U
U
Chronic Systemic:
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Description:
114. 76
M. P. 155C
B. P. 2000C
Density 7. 28 @20C
Colorless liquid.
C6H 17 N 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 131.23
M. P. -14. 5C
Constants:
At. Wt.
Toxicology: When this material is

injected into animals either subcutaneously or intravenously, it
is found to be highly toxic.
It
affects the liver, the heart, the
kidneys and the blood. However,
available data are scanty. Tox-
based on animal experiments (Section l).

Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artiicity is
ficial isotope In 114
half-life: 50
emits gamma rays of 0. 192

mev. In 114 decays to an isomeric
form of short half-life (72 seconds)
which has a beta emission of 2.
days;
mev.
Fire Hazard:
of dust
Moderate
when exposed
in the form
to heat or
flame (Section 6).

Section 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
INDIUM MONOCHLORIDE
781
INDIUM CYANIDE
Formula: InF 3
Description: White precipitate.

Formula: In(CN) 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 192. 81
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 171. 8
M. P. 1170 10C
B. P. > 1200C
Density 4. 39 0. 01 @25C
Toxicity: See Indium and Fluorides.
nides.

INDIUM HYDROXIDE
INDIUM DIBROMIDE
Description:
White precipitate.
Description:
Formula: In(OH) 3
Formula:
Constants:
Pale-yellow solid.
InBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Mol. Wt.
M. P. 235C
B. P.
< 150C
See Indium.
Toxicity:
632 C Sublimes
4. 22 @25C
165. 78
-H 2
M. P.
274. 6
INDIUM IODATE
Density
See Indium and Bromides,

Toxicity:
Description:
Constants:
B. P
Toxicity:
INDIUM DICHLORIDE
Formula: InCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 185. 7
M. P. 235C
3. P. 550 - 570C
Density 3. 655 @25C
Toxicity: See Indium..
White crystals.
Formula: In(l0 3
)3
Mol. Wt.
639. 52
Decomposes
See Indium and Iodates.

Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with reducing agents
(Section 6). A powerful oxidizing
agent.

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; keep away from reducing
agents.
INDIUM MONOBROMIDE
INDIUM DIHYDROGEN SULFATE
Description:
Powder.
In 2 (S0 4 ) 3 H 2 S0 4 7H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 741. 9
M. P. -H 2 S0 4 7H 2 O@250C
Toxicity: See Indium.
Formula:
Red-brown crystals.
Formula: InBr
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 194. 7
M. P. 220C
B. P. 662 C Sublimes
Density 4. 96
Toxicity: See Indium and Bromides.
INDIUM DI IODIDE
Description:
Formula:
Solid.
Inl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 368. 6
M. P. 212C
Density 4. 71 @25C
INDIUM MONOCHLORIDE
Formula: InCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150.2.
M. P. 225C
B. P. 550C
Density 4.18 (red); 4.19 (yellow)
@25C
See Indium and Chlorides.
Toxicity:
INDIUM FLUORIDE
Description:
Solid.
INDIUM MONOIODIDE
782
INDIUM MONOIODIDE
Description:
Formula:
Brown-red
INDIUM SESQUIOXIDE
Description:
crystals.
solid
Inl
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Z41. 7
351 C
B. P.
714C
Density
Toxicity:
5.
31
See Indium and Iodides.
Red-brown
ln 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 277. 5
Density 7. 179
INDIUM MONOOXIDE
INDIUM SESQUISULFIDE
Gray-white crystals.
Formula: InO
Formula:
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 130. 8
Toxicity: See Indium
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 325.7
M. P. 1050C
B. P. Subl. @ 850 C in high
INDIUM MONOSULFIDE
Description:
Yellow crystals.
In 2 S 3
vacuum
Dark crystals.
Density
Formula: InS
4.
90
@25C
See Sulfides and Indium.

Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146. 8
M. P. 692 C
B. P. 850 C
Density 5. 18 @25C
Toxicity: See Indium and Sulfides.
INDIUM SUBOXIDE
Description:
Black crystals.
Formula: ln2
Density 6.99 @25C
M. P.
INDIUM PERCHLORATE
Sublimes in Vacuum
@656C
Description: Colorless, deliquescent

crystals.
Formula: In(C10 4 ) 3
8H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 557.26
M. P. Ca. 80C
B. P. D. 200C
Toxicity: See Indium and Perchlo
Toxicity:
See Indium
INDIUM SUBSULFIDE
Description:
Yellow
Formula:
In 2 S
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
653 C
M. P.
Density
5.
87
to black needles
261.6
@25C
See Sulfides and Indium.

Toxicity:
rates.
Moderate. A powerful
See Perchlorates.
Perchlorates.
See Perchlorates.
Fire Hazard:
oxidizing agent.
INDIUM SULFATE
Grayish, deliquescent
powder.
Formula: In2 (S0 4 ) 3
Description:
INDIUM SELENATE
Description:
Formula: In 2 (Se0 4
10H 2O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 838. 56
Toxicity: See Selenium and Indium
Compounds.
Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 517. 7
Density 3.438
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it evolves toxic fumes of
sulfur oxides.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
Section
High
Unknown
783
DRY
INSECTICIDES,
INDIUM SULFITE, BASIC

Description:
Formula: 2In 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
exposed to heat or flame (Sec-
Crystals.
3
tion 6).
3S0 2
8H 2
Synonym: Oxindole.
See Indium Compounds and
Sulfites.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it evolves toxic fumes of
sulfur oxides.
Section 7
INDIUM TRIBROMIDE
Description: White to yellow needle
like crystals.
Formula: InBr 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 354.
M. P. 436C
B. P. Sublimes
Density 4. 74 @25C
Toxicity: See Indium and Bromides.
INDIUM TRICHLORIDE
Formula: InCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 221. 1
M. P. 586C
B. P. Volat. @600C
Density 3. 46
INDIUM TRI IODIDE

Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Yellow, deliquescent
Inl 3
See Indium and Iodides.

INDOCENE
Toxicity:
Formula:
C 6 H 4 NHCOC H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 133. 1
M. P. 120C
B. P. Decomposes
Flash P. 205 - 275F
Density 1 058 @ 20 /Z0 C
.
probably toxic; an insecticide.

To Fight Fire: Water, foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6).
INK, PRINTING
Description: Liquid or paste.
Composition: Carbon, black dye,
glue, gum arabic, solvent.
Toxicity: Slight, due to solvent or
dye used.
with oxidizing materials (Section 6),
Explosion Hazard: Variable.
Section 2
Coast Guard Classification: Com-
Toxicity:
Constants:
B. P. 340 F
Density 1. 064
Colorless, needle-like
Description:
crystals.
bustible liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 495.5
M. P. 210C
Density 4. 69
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
2(3)-INDOLONE
891. 37
M. P. -3H z O @100C
Toxicity:
Section
Moderate, when
INSECTICIDE LIQUID GAS. See

specific
Components.
Section 11.

Coast Guard Classification: Noninflammable gas; green label.
I.
INSECTICIDES, DRY. See specific

Components listed on container.
Section 11.
poison label.
Poison B;
INSECTICIDES, LIQUID
784


INSECTICIDES, LIQUID. See

specific
Components.
IODIC

Poison B; poison label (Ver-
min Exterminator).
META-PERACID
Description: Rhombic, colorless to

pale yellow crystals.
Formula: HI0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
191.9
Sublimes @110C
Inflammable
Poison B;
poison label (Vermin Exter-

minator).
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Disaster Control: See Periodates.
bustible liquid.
liquid;
red label.
INSTANTANEOUS FUSE.
See Explo-
sives, High.
Section 11.
C.C. Classification: Explosive C - No Exemption.

Coast Guard Classification: Ex-
I.
plosive C.
IODATES
tion
IODIC o-p-PERACID
Powder.
Formula: U 5L0 6
Variable; similar to
bromates and chlorates. See also
Description:
compound.
These materials are a
moderate fire hazard because they
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
specific
Fire Hazard:
are powerful oxidizers. In conflammable or even combustible materials they can start
tact with
fires (Section 6).

heated to decomposition, these
compounds emit highly toxic
fumes of iodine and iodine compounds; they can react vigorously
IODIC ACID
yellow crystals.
Formula: HI0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 175. 9
M. P. 110C
Density 4. 629
3;
Inges-
tion 3
228.
M. P. Decomp. @140C
Inges-
3;
tion 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction. A powerful oxidizer (Section
6).

iodine compounds; can react vigorously with reducing materials.
IODIDES
None

Acute Local: Variable.
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
Inges-
3;
3;
2;
2;
Inhalation 2
Toxicology:
bromides.
= Slight
2 =
Similar in toxicity to
Prolonged absorption
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
IODINE AZIDE
785
of iodides may produce "Iodism"
is manifested by skin rash,
which
running nose, headache and irritation of
mucous membranes.
In
severe cases the skin may show

pimples, boils, redness, black
and blue spots, hives and blisters
(Section 9). Weakness, anemia,
loss of weight and general depres-
may
sion
occur.
Disaster Control: When heated to

decomposition, they can emit
iodine compounds.
Section 2

IODINE
per milliliter; in water: 3 X 10~ 5

131
concentrates in the thyroid,
I
which is a relatively small organ.
For this reason the permissible
body level is quite low. Diagnostic
and therapeutic doses of I 131 used
for diseases of the thyroid frequently run considerably above the
maximum permissible level given
in the table. Hazard Rating, Class
II (National Bureau of Standards
Handbook No. 42).
fumes of iodine and iodine compounds; can react vigorously with
reducing materials.
rate):
Section 2
Description: Rhombic, violet-black

crystals, metallic luster.

Formula:

I2
Constants:
At. Wt.
M. P.
253. 84
112. 9C
tion
Inhalation
3;
tion
rate):
Serious exposures are seldom

encountered in industry, due to
the low volatility of the solid at
ordinary room temperatures.
Signs and symptoms are irritation
and burning of the eyes, lachrymation, cough, irritation of the
nose and throat.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artidays;
half-life:
8.
0.
32
mev (15%) and 0. 60 mev (85%) and

gamma rays of 0. 08, 0. 28, 0. 36
64 mev. The permissible
levels are: in body: 0. 3 micro-
and
0.
curie;
in air:
"9
3;
Inges-
Section 2

Section
IODINE AZIDE
Description:
Yellow crystals.
Formula: IN 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
168. 94
tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inhalation
Chronic Systemic:
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
tion 3;
microcurie
3;

heated to decomposition, they can
emit highly toxic fumes of iodine
and iodine compounds; they react
corrosive fumes.
3;
Inhalation 3
(accepted); 1 part per
cubic meter of air.
Toxicology: The effect of iodine
vapor upon the body is similar to
that of chlorine and bromine, but
it is more irritating to the lungs.
131
Inhalation
Inhalation
MAC: ACGIH
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
ficial isotope
IODINE ACIDS
183C
Density 4. 93
Acute Local: Irritant 3; IngesP.
B.
Section
3;
Inges-
IODINE CYANIDE
786

7).

emits highly toxic fumes of iodine
and iodine acids.
Section 2
IODINE CYANIDE
Synonym: Cyanogen iodide.
Description: Colorless needles, very
pungent odor, acrid taste.
Formula: ICN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 152. 94
M. P. 146. 5C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Iodine
and Cyanides.
Disaster Control: See Iodine and
Cyanides.
Formula: IBr
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 206. 84
M. P. 42 C; Sublimes @ 50 C
B. P. 116C
Density 4.4157 @0C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

highly toxic fumes of bromine,
iodine and their compounds; will
rate):
Section 2

-IODINE
Synonyms:
p
MONOCHLORIDE
a-Iodine monochloride.
Reddish-brown, oily
Description:
liquid.
Formula: IC1
IODINE HEPTAFLUORIDE
Colorless crystals or
Description:
liquid.
Formula: IF 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B.
P.
259. 92
5C
Sublimes
5.
2. 8 @ 6 C (as liquid)
Highly toxic. See Iodine
and Fluorides.
iodine and fluorides, and may explode; will react with water or
rate): Section 2
Density
Toxicity:
IODINE
MONOBROMIDE
Description:
None

exposed to heat.
chlorine and iodine, and may explode; will react with water or
steam, to produce toxic and
corrosive fumes.
Section 2

IODINE NONOXIDE
Yellow, hygroscopic
Description:
powder.
Formula: I4O9
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
651. 7
M. P. 75 C Decomposes.
Dark gray crystals.
Toxic Rating Code:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162.4
M. P. alpha 27 C; beta 14 C
and Chlorine.
= Slight
Toxicity:
2 =
Highly toxic.
Moderate
3 =
High
See Iodine.
Unknown
IODINE TRIBROMIDE
787

powerful oxidizing agent (Section 6).
exposed to heat.
iodine compounds, and may explode; can react vigorously with
reducing materials.
IODINE OXIDE
Synonyms: Iodine dioxide; iodine
tetroxide.
Description: Lemon-yellow crystals.

Formula: IO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158. 9
M. P. Decomp. slowly @75C;
rapidly @ 130 C
Density
4. 2
@10/l0C
Highly toxic. See Iodine.

Fire Hazard: Moderate; by spontaneous chemical reaction. An
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exToxicity:
posed
IODINE PENTAFLUORIDE
Formula: IF 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 221. 9
M. P. -8. 0C
B. P.
97C
Density 3. 5
Vap. Press 10mm@8. 5C
and Fluorides.
iodine, fluorine and their compounds; will react with water or
stearn to produce toxic and corrosive fumes.
Section 2
Description:
White crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 333. 8
M. P. 300 - 350 C
Density 4. 799 @25C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Iodine.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by spontaneous chemical reaction (Section
Crystals.
6).
A powerful oxidizing agent.

iodine compounds; will react with
reducing materials.
Caution:
Formula: IBr 5
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 526. 5
See Iodine
and Bromine.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by spontaneous chemical reaction (Sec6).

highly toxic fumes of bromine,
iodine and their compounds; will
IODINE TRIBROMIDE
Description: Dark brown
liquid.
Formula: IBr 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
366. 7
materials.
Formula: I2O5
IODINE PENTABROMIDE
tion
IODINE PENTOXIDE
to heat.

iodine compounds; can react vigorously with reducing materials.
Description:

IODINE TRICHLORIDE
788
Toxicity: See Iodine and Bromine.

Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction (Section 6).
bromine, iodine and compounds of
each and explodes; will react with
and corrosive fumes; can react
vigorously with reducing mate-
iodine compounds.
IODOSUCCINIMIDE
Synonym: NIS.
Description: Off-white, nearly
odorless powder.
C 4H 4 2 NI
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 225.0
M. P. 201 C
Formula:
Unknown
Toxicity:

Section 2
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, or in the presence or in the
presence of acid or acid fumes, it
can emit toxic fumes of nitrogen
and sulfur compounds.
IODINE TRICHLORIDE
IODOUS HYPOACID
Description: Orange-yellow, deliquescent, crystalline powder;

pungent, irritating odor.
Formula: IC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 233. 29
M. P. 101 C @16 atm.
Density 3. 117
and Chlorine.
iodine and chlorine and compounds
of each; will react with water or
steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes; can react with reducing materials.
Synonym: Iodine hydroxide.

Description: Yellow to greenish
rials.
IODOPLATINIC ACID
Description: Monoclinic, black,
Formula: H 2 PtI 6 9H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1120.91
M. P. <100C
and Platinum Compounds.

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
solution.
Formula: HOI
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 143. 9
Iodine and Iodides.
iodine compounds.
IPECAC
Synonym: Ipecacuanha.
Description: Dried rhizome and roots
of Rio or Brazilian ipecac.
Composition: Emetine, cephaeline,
emetamine, ipecacuanic acid,
psychotrine, methyl psychotaine,
resin.

Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Caution: Can cause conjunctivitis
with opacity of the cornea. See
also Emetine.
IRIDIUM
AND IRIDIUM COMPOUNDS

Silver-white metal.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
At. Wt.
2 =
Ir
193. 10
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
IRON
789
M. P. 2440 15C
IRON
4400 C
Density 22. 421
Acute Local: U
Synonym: Ferrum.
B. P.
halation 2
Chronic Local:
Description: Silvery-white, tenacious,

lustrous, ductile metal.
Formula: Fe
2;
Constants:
At. Wt.
In-
M. P.
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Soluble iridium compounds are said to be toxic. However, there are no industrial data
available upon which to base a
maximum allowable concentration
in air.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Ir 190 half -life: 10. 7
days; emits beta particles of 0. 09
mev and gamma rays of 0. 2 5 mev.
body: 21 microcuries; in air: 7 X
~ 7 microcurie per milliliter;
1
in water: 10~ 2 microcurie per
milliliter. Artificial isotope Ir 192
half-life: 70 days; emits beta
particles of 0. 65 mev and many
gamma rays between 0. 14 - 0. 65
,
mev.

in body: 3. 4 microcuries per
milliliter; in air: 5 X 10" 8 microcurie per milliliter;
in water: 9
milliliter.
X 10" 4 microcurie per
flame. See alsoPowdered Metals.


Ventialtion Control (use normal rate):
Section 2
55.8
1535C
B. P. 3000 C
Density 7. 86
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted); 15 milligrams per cubic meter of air

(as oxide fume).
Toxicology: Iron dust can cause
conjunctivitis, choroiditis, retinitis and siderosis of tissues if
iron remains in these tissues.
Iron ore dust can cause palpebral
conjunctivitis. The mottling of
the lungs which has been found in
personnel who have been exposed

to iron dust or iron oxide fumes
in the mining or welding industries
is now believed to be a benign condition, which does not predispose
the worker to tuberculosis nor impair his ability to work. Also, it
is thought that it takes 6 to 10
years to bring this condition about,
and then only if the exposure has

been severe for that period. An
iron oxide fume is generated in
welding operations and continued
exposure to concentrations above
30 mg/cu meter of air can cause
chronic bronchitis. Fresh iron
oxide fume can cause metal fume
fever.
IROKO
A wood.
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
form of dust when exposed to heat
or flame (Section 7).
Description:
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Arti55

ficial isotope Fe
half-life: 2. 9
years; emits low energy gamma
and x-rays. The permissible
levels are: in body: 10 3 micro,
curies; in air: 6 X 10" 7 microcurie per milliliter; in water: 4 X

10" 3 microcurie per milliliter.
Fe 59 represents considerable
in-
ternal radiation hazard. Any iron

uptake in the body becomes part
of the hemoglobin and is not readily eliminated. Being directly in
the blood, the isotope may cause
IRON BORIDE
790
considerable damage to the blood
forming organs. Hazard Rating,

Class III (National Bureau of
Standards Handbook No. 42). Artificial isotope
Fe 59
half-life 46. 3
days; emits beta particles of 0.26
,
mev (50%) and 0.46 mev (50%) and

gamma rays of 1. 1 and 1. 3 mev.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 8
Density 5.2 @20C

body:
IRON NONACARBONYL
1. 5
Description:
crystals.
11 microcuries; in air:
x 10" microcurie per milliliter; in water: 1 x 10" 4 microcurie per milliliter. See Fe 55
No. 42).
or flame. See also Powdered
Metals.
.
Orange, hexagonal
Formula: Fe 2 (CO) 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 363. 8
M. P. Decomp.
@100C
Density 2.085 @18C

Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Carbon
Monoxide.
IRON OXIDE. See Ferrous Oxide.

Hazardous material (Wet).
IRON BORIDE
Description:
IRON PENTACARBONYL
Gray crystals.
Formula: FeB
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 66.67
Formula:
Fire Hazard: Moderate. Borides

can react with moisture and acids
to yield boron hydrides.
Explosion Hazard: A possible explosion hazard.
Disaster Control: Moderate; can
react with water, steam or acids
to evolve toxic and flammable
fumes.
See Iron Penta-
carbonyl.
IRON COMPOUNDS. See corresponCom-
ding Ferric and/or Ferrous
pound.
mm
yls.
Fire Hazard:
Iron
Sponge, Spent.
IRON MONOPHOSPfflDE
Description:
Rhombic crystals.
Formula: FeP
Dangerous.
See Car-
bonyls.
Fight Fire: Water, foam, carbon

Carbonyls.
rate):
IRON MASS, SPENT. See
Fe(CO) 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 195.9
M. P. -21C
B. P. 105. 0C
Flash P. 5F
Density 1.453 @25/4 C
(5)30. 3 C
Vap. Press. 40
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Carbon-
To
IRON CARBONYL.
Yellow to dark red
liquid.
Section 2

IRON SPONGE (NOT PROPERLY

OXIDIZED)
See

also iron.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ISOAMYL ALCOHOL, PRIMARY
791
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; it can react vigorously with oxidizing
I.
Flam-
solid; yellow label not accepted.

Coast Guard Classification: Insolid;
yellow label.
Iron + other materials.


Flam-
mable
solid;
yellow label
not accepted.
In-
flammable solid; (Wet)

Hazardous material.
Dark green, lustrous
MAC: ACGIH
55
tion:
60.
dioxide, dry
(Section
6).
Explosion Hazard:
exposed to heat
Explosive Range:
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; keep
Section 2
rate):
3
7
Synonyms: Isobutyl carbinol; fusel

oil.
Clear liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 15
B. P. 132C
ISOAMYL ACETATE
iso;
Liquid, banana-like
(CH 3 )2CHCH 2 CH 2 OH
Flash P. 109F
Density 0. 813
(C. C.

Vap. D. 3. 04
Toxicity: See Amyl Alcohol.
Underwriters Laboratory Classifica)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
tion:
35-40
dioxide, dry
130. 2
B. P. 142. 0C
Flash P. 77 F
Density
Autoign.
Vap. D.
1.0%@212F.

Description:
Synonyms: Amyl acetate,

banana oil.
Moderate, when
or flame.

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 167. 88
M. P. Decomp. @140 - 150C
Density 1. 996 @18C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Carbonyls.
CH 3 COO(C 5H 11
200 parts
(accepted);
Formula:
Formula:
Irritant 2
Chronic Systemic: U
Formula: Fe(CO) 4
Description:
odor.
2;
ISOAMYL ALCOHOL, PRIMARY
IRON TETRACARBONYL
Description:
crystals.
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Composition:
I.
Inhalation 2
rials (Section 6).
IRON SPONGE, SPENT

Toxicity:
Iron.
2;

mable
flammable
Ingestion
0.
(Section
876
Temp. 715F
4.
49

6).

Section 2
2;

ISOAMYL ALCOHOL, SECONDARY

ISOAMYL ALCOHOL, SECONDARY

Synonym: Isobutyl carbinol.
Formula: (CH 3 2 CHCH(OH)CH 3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
792
Density 0.866 - 0.868 @15. 5C
Toxicity: Slight. See Butyric Acid.
ISOAMYL DICHLOROARSINE
88. 15
Oily liquid, somewhat

agreeable odor, decomposed by
water.
113C
Density 0. 819
Vap. D. 3.04
Toxicity: See Amyl Alcohol.
Description:
MAC: ACGIH
217.
B. P. 88. 5 - 91. 5C
B. P.
Formula:
100 parts
(accepted);

vigorously with reducing materials (Section 6).
CsHnAsC^
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Compounds.
Disaster Control:
pounds.
Description:
(Section
Formula:

Section 2

ISOAMYL BROMIDE
Colorless liquid.
Description:
(CH 3
Formula:
)2
CHC 2H 4 Br

B. P. 119. 7 - 121. 8C
Flash P. 90 F
-112C
M. P.
208 @25/25C
25
Density
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
1.
5.
Bromine Compounds.
6).

toxic fumes of bromides; can
Section 2
Formula:
liquid.
C 5H u COOC 3H 7
Toxic Rating Code:
mm
(Section 6).
rate): Section 2
ISOBORNYL THIOCYANO-
None
Formula:
C 13 H 19 N0 2 S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 253.4
Density 1. 1465 @ 25 /4 C
158.23
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 16
B. P. 123. 3C
Density 0.87 @20C
Vap. Press. 10
@ 17. 1 C
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
inhalation 2
Toxicology: This material is very
irritating and can cause narcosis.
The symptoms are usually transient in nature, but it is possible
upon severe or prolonged exposure to have serious consequences,
Description:
Water -white
Constants: Mol. Wt.

B. P. 178. 6C
Clear liquid.
CsHnOOCH
ACETATE
ISOAMYL BUTYRATE
Description:
Com-
ISOAMYL FORMATE
dioxide, dry
6).
See Arsenic
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
793
ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL
Probably slight. See also

Thiocyanates. An insecticide and
fly spray.
Toxicity:
ISOBUTANE
Synonyms: 2 -Methyl propane;
methyl methane.
Description:
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH

Caution: Upon absorption it can
hydrolyze to acetic acid and iso-
butanol.
tri-
Colorless gas.
Formula: C 4H 10
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 58. 12
B. P. -11. 7C
Freezing P. -160C
Autoign Temp. 1010 F
Vap. D. 2. 01
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: An asphyxiant.
6).

Explosive Range: 1. 9 - 8. 5%.
on contact with oxidizing materials, it can react vigorously.
rate): Section 2

rate): Section 2
ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL
Synonyms: Isopropylcarbinol; 2methyl propanol- 1; isobutanol.
Description:
odor.
Formula:
Clear liquid, sweet
(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 74. 12
B. P. 107. 90C
Freezing P. -108C
Density 0. 805 @20/4C
Vap. D. 2.55
Inhalation
ISOBUTANOL. See
Isobutyl Alcohol.
ISOBUTYL ACETATE
Description:
Colorless, neutral
Formula: C 4 H 9 OOCCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 10
M. P. -98.9C
B. P. 118. 0C
Vap. D. 4.00
2;
6).

heat or flame.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; emits highly toxic fumes
when heated. Keep away from
Inhalation 2
2;
In-
Chronic Systemic: U
Underwriters Laboratory Classification: 40 - 45
liquid, fruit-like odor.
halation 2
Chronic Local:
In-
heat and open flame.
halation 2
ISOBUTYL ALDEHYDE
794

rate): Section 2
ISOBUTYL BENZENE
ISOBUTYL ALDEHYDE
Formula: C 4H 9 C6H 5
Synonyms: Isobutyraldehyde; 2methyl propanol.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134. 23
M. P. -51. 5C
B. P. 172. 8C
Density 0. 867
Vap. D. 4. 62

rate): Section 2
Description:
Description: Transparent, colorless,

highly refractive liquid; pungent
odor.
Formula:
(CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
)2
CHCHO
72. 10
M. P.
-65.9C
B. P. 64C
Flash P. -40F
(C. C.
Density 0. 7938 @ 20 /4C

exposed to heat or flame (Section
6).

Explosion Hazard: Moderate

rate): Section 2
Section
ISOBUTYL AMINE
Synonym:
Description:
Formula:
-Amino-2-methylpropane
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3
)2
Liquid.
Benzene.
Section 2
ISOBUTYL BROMIDE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3
)2
CHCH 2 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137.
M. P. -118. 5 C
B. P. 91 - 93C
Freezing P. < -30 C
Density 1. 258 @25/25C
Vap. D. 4. 76
Details unknown.
See
Toxicity:
CHCH 2 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 73. 14
M. P. -85. 5C
B. P. 68. 6C
Flash P. 15F
Density 0.731 @20/20C
Vap. Press. 100
@ 18. 8C
mm
Amines.
Bromides.
of bromine; can react vigorously

To Fight Fire: Dry chemical, foam,
carbon dioxide or carbon tetra-

Section 2

ISOBUTYL CARBINOL.
See Isoamyl
Alcohol.
ISOBUTYLENE
Synonyms: Isobutene; 2-methyl propene.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 = Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ISOBUTYRALDE HYDE
795
Volatile liquid or easilyliquefied gas.
Description:
Formula:
(CH 3 ) 2 CCH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 56. 1
B. P. -6. 9C
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 600
Vap. Press. 3290
@40. 5C
Vap. D. 1. 94
Toxicity: Details unknown. May
have asphyxiant or narcotizing
Chronic Systemic:

ide,

materials.
Section 2
3
Formula:
Liquid with fruity odor.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144.2
M. P. -80. 7C
B. P. 147. 5C
Density 0. 850-0. 860 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 97
Toxicity: Details unknown; an insect repellent. See also Isobutyl
Alcohol.
to heat or flame (Section 6); can
ISOBUTYL METHYL KETONE

Synonyms: Methyl isobutyl ketone;
hexone.
Description:
Formula
Clear liquid.
(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 CO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100.2
B. P. 118C
Flash P. 73 F
Density 0. 803
Vap. D. 3.45
8.
00% @212F.

materials.
rate):
(CH 3 )2CHCOOCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2

heat or flame.
Explosive Range 1 34 % @ 1 22 F to
Section 2

ISOBUTYL ISOBUTYRATE
Description:

Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when ex-
action.
rate):
Formula:
Liquid.
C 4H 9 OCHCH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100.2
M. P. -112C
B. P. 82.9 - 83.2C
Flash P. 20 F
Density 0.76@25/4C
Vap. D. 3.45
Ethers.
See
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame. See

Ethers.
6).
Explosion Hazard: Severe, when exposed to sparks or open flame.

See Ethers.
materials.
Section
ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE
ISOBUTYL VINYL ETHER

Description:
rate): Section 2
Inges-
3;
MAC: ACGIH
mm

Inhalation 2
Ingestion
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
tion 2;
Acute Systemic:
Description:
Colorless liquid;
ISOBUTYRIC ACID
796
ISODECYL OCTYL ADIPATE
pungent odor.
Formula:
(CH 3
)2
CHCHO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72. 06
M. P. -65.9C
B. P. 64 C
Flash P. -40 F (C. C. )
Density 0. 7938 @ 20 /4C
Aldehydes.

flame.
Description: Liquid, low viscosity,

water white.
Formula:
(C 10H 21 )(C 8 H 17 )(CO 2 ) 2 (CH 2 ) 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 398.6
M. P. -60C
B. P. 215 - 240C @4
Flash P. 400 F
Density 0. 924 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 13.8
Adipic Acid.
mm

6).

ISOFORM
rate): Section 2
Section
Synonym: p-Iodoanisole.
Description:
White powder.
C 6 H4 (OCH 3 )I0 2
ISOBUTYRIC ACID
Formula:
Description: Colorless liquid, pungent odor.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 265. 98
Toxicity: Unknown
of iodides; explodes at 225 C.
Formula
(CH 3
)2
CHCOOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 1
M. P. -47C
B. P. 154. 5C
Vap. D. 3. 04
Toxicity: Slight. See Butyric Acid.
with oxidizing mate rials.
ISOHEPTANE
Synonym:
2 -Methyl
Description:
hexane.
Colorless liquid.
Formula: (CH 3 2 CH(CH 2

)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100.2
B. P. 90C
Freezing P. -119.
Flash P. < 0F
Density 0. 6789
Vap. D. 3.45
)2
CH 2 CH 3
Probably slight.
Toxicity:
ISOCINCHOMERONIC ACID
Description:
Formula:
Off-white powder.
C5H 3 N(COOH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 167. 12
Toxicity:
Unknown

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
6).

materials.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ISOOCTYL DECYL PHTHALATE
797
rate): Section 2
ISOHEXANE
Synonym: Mixture
Description:
Formula:
of
hexane isomers
Liquid.
CgH 14
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 17
B. P. 130 - 140F
Flash P. Below -20 F (C.C.
Density 0. 669
Vap. D. 3.00
Toxicity: See Hexane.

I.

ISOOCTENES
Formula: C 8 H l6
6).

Explosive Range: 1.0- 7.0%
Disaster Control: Dangerous] Keep
away from sparks, heat or open
flame; can react vigorously
rate): Section 2
ISOOCTANE
Synonyms:
2, 2,
4-Trimethyl pentane;
2 -methyl heptane.
Description: Clear liquid.
Formula: (CH 3 )2CH(CH 2 ) 4 CH3

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112. 2
B. P. 102 - 107C
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 723 @15. 5/l5. 5C
Vap. D. 3. 9
Toxicity:
B. P. 99.2C
Freezing P. -116C
Flash P. 40 F
Density 0. 703 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3.93
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted);
500 parts

Unknown

Disaster Contrjpl: Dangerous; keep
materials.
rate): Section 2

I.
114.2
6).

materials.
rate): Section 2
ISOOCTYL DECYL PHTHALATE

Description: Water-white, low
viscosity liquid.
Formula:
CjoîC^CC^H^CC^CsHiy
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 418
B* P. 232 - 243C @4
Pour P. -43 C
Density 0. 973 @20C
Vap. D. 14.4
mm
ISOOCTYL TfflOGLYCOLATE
798
liquid.
6).
ISOOCTYL TfflOGLYCOLATE
clear, water-white
liquid, fruity odor.
Description:
Formula:
HSCH 2 COOC 8 H 17
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 204. 33
B. P. 125F @17
Toxicity: Probably toxic. See
Thioglycolic Acid.
steam to produce toxic and flammable vapors; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
mm
ISOPENTANE
2 -Methyl butane; isoamyl
hydride.
Description: Colorless liquid with
pleasant odor.
Synonyms:
Formula: CH3CHCH3CH2CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72. 15
B. P. 27. 8C
Vap. Press. 595
@ 21. 1 C
Vap. D. 2.48
Toxicity: See Pentane.
mm
chemical or carbon
ide, dry

rate): Section 2

I.
ISOPHORONE
Practically water -white
=
None
138. 1
215. 2C
Flash P. 205F (O.C.
B. P.
Density 0. 9229
Autoign. Temp. 864F
Vap. D. 4. 77
3;
Inhalation 3

halation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
In-
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
Toxicology: Considered to be more
toxic than mesityl oxide. However,
due to its low volatility, it is not a
dangerous industrial hazard. The
response of guinea pigs and rats to
repeated inhalations of the vapors
indicates that it is one of the most
toxic of the ketones. It is chiefly
a kidney poison. It can cause irritation, lachrymation, possible
opacity of the cornea and necrosis
of the cornea (experimental).
It
is irritant at the level of 25 ppm
to
humans.
In animal
experiments
death during exposure was usually

due to narcosis, but occasionally
to irritation of the lungs.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials.

Keep
Toxic Rating Code:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
ide,

Description:
COCHC(CH 3 )CH 2 C(CH3)2CH 2
Formula:
= Slight

rate):
Section 2

3
7
ISOPRENE
Synonym:
3-Methyl 1,3-butadiene.
Description: Colorless, volatile liquid.
Formula:
CH 2 C(CH 3 )CHCH 2

M. P. -146. 7C
B. P. 34C
Density 0. 6806 @ 20/4C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ISOPROPENYL CHLOROFORMATE
799
Vap. Press. 400
@ 15. 4C
Vap. D. 2. 35
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Isoprene is irritant to
mucous membranes of the eyes,
nose and upper respiratory passages. Concentrations of 2 percent in air do not narcotize mice
but produce bronchial irritation.
Concentrations of 5 percent are
fatal to mice.
There are no data
on human exposures.
(Section 6).
rate): Section 2
mm

I.
ISOPROPANOL.
See Isopropyl
Alcohol.

Section 2
ISOPROPENYL ACETATE
Description:
Formula:
Description:
Formula:
Clear liquid.
CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 75. 1
M. P. 29. 5C
B. P. 159C
Flash P. 160F
Density 0. 962
(O. C.
mm
ride (Section 6).

Section 2
ISOPROPENYL CHLOROFORMATE
Vap. D. 2. 58
tion
1;
Inhalation
1;
Formula:
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Liquid.
CH 3 COCOClCH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 5C
B. P. 93 C @746
Density 1. 103 @20C
mm
tion
liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100.06
M. P. 92. 9C
B. P. 96. 6C @746
Density 0. 9226 @ 20 o /20 C
Vap. D. 3.45
Inhalation 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
dry chemical or carbon tetrachlo -
Description:
ISOPROPANOLAMINES, MIXED
Water-white
CH 3 COOC(CH 3 )CH 2
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
ISOPROPOXYPROPIONITRILE
Formula:

(3-
800
ISOPROPOXYPROPIONITRILE
Description:
Formula
Liquid.
C 3 H 7 OCH 2 CH 2 C N
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
113. 16
M. P.
-67 C
B. P.
82
Vap. D. 3. 91
nides.
See Cya-
Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame.

Fire Hazard:
6).

rate): Section 2
ISOPROPOXYPROPYLAMINE
Synonym: 3-Dimethylcarbinolpropylamine.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3 )2CHOCH2CH 2 CH 2 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118.2
B. P. 147C
Density 0. 845 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 07
Inhalation

Chronic Systemic: U
heated, it emits toxic fumes;
normal
Section 2
rate):
3
7
ISOPROPYL ACETATE
Description:
Colorless aromatic
liquid.
Toxic Rating Code:
)2
mm
86 C
Flash P. > 100F

Density 0. 9058
3-
CH 3 COOCH(CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 13
M. P. -73C
B. P. 88. 4C
Density 0. 874 @20 /20 C
Vap. Press. 40
@ 17. C
Vap. D. 3. 52
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
None
= Slight

rate): Section 2
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
Synonyms: Dimethyl carbinol; secondary propyl alcohol, isopropanol.
Description:
Formula:
CH 3 CHOHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60. 09
M. P. -88. 5 to -89. 5C
B. P. 82. 3C
Density 0. 7854 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 07
tion 1
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
;
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
3-ISOPROPYLAMINOPRQPYLAMINE
801
per million in air; 10Z0 milligrams per cubic meter of air.

Toxicology: Acts as a local irritant
and in high concentrations as a
narcotic. It can cause corneal
burns and often eye damage. It
has good warning properties because it causes a mild irritation
of the eyes, nose and throat at
concentration levels of 400 ppm.
It may induce a mild narcosis,
the effects of which are usually
transient, and it is somewhat
less toxic than the normal isomer,
but twice as volatile.
It
Vap. D. 2. 03
Toxicity: Probably slight.
(Section 6).
materials.
Section 2
Flam-
MAC: ACGIH
parts
6).
ISOPROPYLAMINOPROPIONITRILE
Description:
Liquid.
C 3 H 7NHCH 2 CH 2 CN
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
112. 18
M. P. <-20C
B. P. 86C @17
Flash P. 100 F
mm
Density 0. 864
Vap. D. 3. 87
See Cya-
nides.

6).

steam to produce toxic and flammable vapors; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
Section 2
ISOPROPYLAMINOPROPYLAMINE
(CH 3 ) 2 CHNHCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2
Formula:
Constants:
59. 11
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Colorless liquid, amine
(CH 3 ) 2 CHNH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

rate): Section 2
3-
Formula:
(tentative);
per million in air.

red label.
ISOPROPYLAMINE
Description:
odor.
See
Amines.

Disaster Control: DangerousI Keep
liquid;
B. P. 31. 7C
Flash P. -15 F (O.C. )
Density 0. 694 @ 1 5 /4C
Autoign. Temp. 7 56F
is not
considered an important toxic

hazard. There is some evidence
that personnel can acquire a
slight tolerance to this material,
and single or repeated applications
of it on the skin of rats, rabbits,
dogs or human beings induced no
untoward effects. It acts very
much like ethanol in regard to
absorption, metabolism and elimination but with a stronger narcotic action. Chronic injuries due
to it have been detected in animals.
Humans have ingested up to 20 ml
diluted with water and noticed
only a sensation of heat and slight
lowering of the blood pressure.
mable
M. P. -101. 2C
B. P.
Mol. Wt.
159C
Vap. D.
Density
4.
0.
116.2
00
827
@25 /4C
ISOPROPYL ANTIMONITE
tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
802
Inges-

halation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
In-
can react witn oxidizing materials,

rate): Section 2
2;
ISOPROPYL BENZOATE
Description:
Inhalation 2

Section 2
rate):
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 299. 1
B. P. 82 C @7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 164. 2
M. P. -26.4C
B. P. 219C
Density 1. 0112
Vap. D. 5. 67
ISOPROPYL ANTIMONITE
Formula: (C 3 H 7 0) 3 Sb
Liquid.
C 6 H 5COOCH(CH 3
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame, can react
mm

Toxicity:
To Fight Fire: Water spray, foam,

Section 2

ISOPROPYL BENZENE
Synonyms: Cumene; cumol.

Description:
Formula:
ISOPROPYL BROMIDE
Colorless liquid.
C 6 H 5CH(CH 3 ) 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 2
B. P. 152 - 153C
Freezing P. -96. 3C
Density 0. 862 @20/4C
Vap. D. 4. 14
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
heated it emits toxic fumes;
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 CHBrCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123.0
B. P. 58. 5 - 60. 5C
Freezing P. -90C
Density 1. 304 @25 /25C
Vap. D. 4.27
Bromides.
bromides.
ISOPROPYL CHLORIDE
Synonyms: 2-Chloropropane.
Description:
Formula:
Clear liquid.
CH 3 CHC1CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
78. 55
35.3C
Freezing P. -117.
B. P.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ISOPROPYL FORMATE
803
Flash P. -26F (C. C. )

dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes

of chlorides.
Vap. D. 2. 71
Toxicity: See Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.
flame; emits highly toxic fumes
of chlorides such as phosgene;
rate): Section 2
ISOPROPYL ETHER
Synonyms:
-60 C
5C
Freezing P. -85. 6C
Flash P. -18F (C. C.
Density 0. 719 @25C
B. P.
Chronic Systemic:


Severe, when
or flame.
1.4 - 21.0%. See
Explosion Hazard:
exposed to heat
Explosive Range:
also Ethers.
Disaster Control:
213.66
36 C
away from
heat,
Dangerous; keep
sparks or open
under some conditions

shock will explode it; emits toxic
fumes; reacts vigorously with
flame;

Section 2
Formula:
MAC: ACGIH
M. P.
PHENOXYACETATE
mm
C 10 H 12 ClNO 2
Description:
crystals.
68.

Vap. Press. 150
@25C
Vap. D. 3. 52
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
ISOPROPYL 2,4-DICHLORO-
)2
102. 17
M. P.
carbanilate.
Description: Light brown crystalline solid, faint characteristic
odor.
Mol. Wt.
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Synonyms: Isopropyl m-chloro-
Formula:
(CH 3 2 CHOCH(CH 3
Formula:
Chlorophenyl Carbamate).
Constants:
2-Isopropoxypropane;
diisopropyl ether.
ethereal odor.
ISOPROPYL m- CHLOROCARBANILATE. See Isopropyl N-(3ISOPROPYL N -(3-CHLORO

PHENYL) CARBAMATE
rate):
Section 2

Nearly colorless
C 6H 3 Cl 2 OCH 2 COOCH(CH3)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 263. 13
Density 1. 255 .- 1. 270 @25 /25 C
Toxicity: See 2,4-D.
ISOPROPYL FORMATE
Synonyms: Isopropyl formate
propyl methanoate.
Formula: C 3 H 7 CH0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
88.
ISO'
ISOPROPYL MANDELATE
B. P. 68. 3C
Flash P. 22F (C.C.
Density 0. 873
804

Vap. D. 3. 03
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2
ISOPROPYL MANDELATE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
C 6H 5CH(OH)COOC 3 H 7
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
194. 2

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
o-
ISOPROPYL PHENOL
Colorless to amber
liquid.
Formula:
(CH 3
)2
CHC 6H 4OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136.2
M. P. 15. 5C
B. P. 209C
Flash P. 220 F
Density 0. 995 @25 /25 C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 56. 6C
mm
Toxicity:
P- ISOPROPYL PHENOL
Description: Needle-like crystals,
white to light tan.
Formula: (CH 3 ) 2 CHC 6H4 OH

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136.2
M. P. 61 C
B. P. 228C
Density 0. 983
Toxicity:
Unknown

4- ISOPROPYL PYRIDINE
Formula:
(CH 3 )2CHC 5H 4 N
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 121. 3
B. P. 182. 2C
Density 0. 9282 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 18
Toxicity: See Pyridine.
highly toxic fumes of cyanides; can
ISOPROPYL TITANATE
Synonym: Titanium Isopropylate.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
Ti(OC 3 H 7 ) 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 284. 2
M. P. 14. 8C
B. P. 104C @ 10
Density 0. 954
Vap. D. 9.8
mm
Synonym: o-Cumenol.
Description:


Disaster Control: It will react with
water or steam to produce flammable vapors; can react with
Unknown

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
ISOPROPYLTRICHLOROSILANE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 3 H7SiCl 3
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ITACONIC ACID
805
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 177. 5
M. P. -87. 7C
B. P. 119. 4C
Density 1. 196
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
fume s
Section 2
ISOTHIOCYANATES. See Thiocyanates.
Synonyms:
3-
B. P.
Is ovale raldehyde;
m ethylbutanal

apple -like odor.
)2
CHCH 2 CHO
5C
92.
803 @ 1 7 /4C
96
Aldehydes.
Density
Vap. D.
0.
2.
ITACONIC ACID
Synonym: Methylene succinic acid.
Description:
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: CH 2 C(COOH)CH 2 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
130. 10
167. 5 C (decomp.
Density 1 63
tion
ISOVALERIC ALDEHYDE
(CH 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 13
M. P. -51C
1;
Inhalation
1;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
JAPAN (LACQUER)
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Dermatitis is frequently
caused by natural Japan lacquer
due to a highly irritating chemical
urushiol (Section 9). Synthetic
Japan lacquer contains linseed
oil, lead oxide, pigments and
solvents such as kerosene or turpentine (which see).
Section 2
JUNIPER BERRIES
Description:
halation 2

Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: The oil of juniper

berries can be irritating to the
skin. If taken internally, a
severe kidney irritation similar
to that caused by turpentine may
result.

when heated, it emits toxic fumes.
JUTE
A combustible fiber.
of dust it may be highly
In the
form
flammable.
See Cotton Dust.
Dried ripe fruit
Toxic Rating Code:
Juniperus Communis L.
Pinaceae.
None
of
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknowr
KAPOK

Description: A fibrous material.

Acute Systemic:
Chronic Local: Allergen 1; Inhalation 1
Chronic Systemic:
Caution: Gives off a nuisance dust.
Inhalation can cause coughing and
sneezing.
tion:

ide,

Explosion Hazard: Slight, in the form
Section 2
40
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxExplosion Hazard: Moderate, when

Section 2

Section 11.

Section
Com-
bustible liquid.
KELP DUST
KERYL BENZENE- 12
Details unknown. The

dried material, if finely
divided, may form a nuisance
Synonym: Monododecyl Benzene.

Description: Very light straw color;
dust.
Formula: C^^sC^Hs
Toxicity:

Section 2
KEROSENE
Synonym:
Fuel Oil No. 1.

Description: A pale yellow to water
white oily liquid.
Formula: A mixture of petroleum

hydrocarbons, chiefly 6 methane
series, having 10-16 C atoms.
Constants:
B. P. 175 - 325C
Flash P. 100 - 165F (C.C. )
Density 0. 80 - < 1.0
Vap. D. 4. 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 246.4
Flash P. 280 F
Density 0. 894 @20C
B. Range 291 - 354C
1
Benzene.
Fire Hazard:
Slight
See also
when exposed
to
heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials (Section 6).

KERYL NAPHTHALENE
10
Synonym: Monodecyl naphthalene.

Description: Color of straw;
of naphthalene.
Mol. Wt. 268.4
Flash P. 325F
Density 0.968 @20C
Constants:
B.
Range 341
420 C
odor
KETENE
808

Naphthalene.
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxToxicity:
ide,

Section
has been shown to have a high degree

of chronic toxicity.
Some of them are dangerous fire
hazards. See Diethyl ketone.
KILL-TONE POWDER.
See Arsenic
Oxide and Copper Compounds.
KRYOFIN
Synonym: Methoxyacetyl-p-phene-
KETENE
tidine.
Synonym: Ethenone; carbomethane;

keten.
Description:
Colorless gas of disagreeable taste. Decomposes in

water.
Formula:
CH 2 CO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 42.04
M. P. -151C
B. P. -56C
Vap. D. 1.45
3;
Inges-

Chronic Local: U
Section 2

KETONES
Organic compounds containing the
chemical group =C=0, derived from
secondary alcohols by oxidation.
Acetone, which is dimethyl ketone,
is the most familiar of this group of
compounds. See Acetone.
No general statement can be made
as to the toxicity of ketones. Some
are highly volatile and hence may
have narcotic or anesthetic effects.
Skin absorption as well as inhalation
may be an important route of entry
into the body. None of the ketones
Toxic Rating Code:
Formula:
CH 3 OCH 2 CONHC 6H 4OC 2 H5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
209. 24
M. P. 98C
tion 3
rate):
Description: White needles, tasteless

but becoming bitter on chewing.
None
= Slight
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
KRYPTON
Description:
Colorless inert gas.
Formula: Kr
Constants:
At. Wt. 83. 8
M. P. -156. 7C
B. P. -152. 0C
Density 3. 708 g per liter @0C;
(liq) 2. 155 @-152.9C
Toxicity: A simple asphyxiant in
large concentrations. See also
Argon.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Kr 85 half- life about
10 years; emits beta particles of
0. 74 mev and no gamma rays.
Hazard Rating, Class I. Kr 85 like
A 41 is chiefly produced by irradiation in air-cooled nuclear
reactors.
,
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
LACQUER BASE OR
CHIPS, DRY.
Explosive Range: Variable.

See Lacquers, Nitrocellulose.

rate): Section 2
Combustible material.
C.C. Classification: Flammable solid; yellow label,

I.
LACQUERS, NITROCELLULOSE
LACQUER BASE OR CHIPS,

PLASTIC (WET WITH ALCOHOL
OR SOLVENT). See specific
Constant:
Flash P. 40 F
Toxicity: Variable, they
allergic effects.
component.
Section 11.


I.
(Section
LACQUERS
solvent.
Constant:
-
Ventilation Control:
rate): Section 2
80 F
Toxicity: Variable;
allergic effects.
they
6).

Disaster Control: Dangerous. On
decomposition they may emit
highly toxic fumes.
Description; Solutions of resins,

gums or plastics in an organic
Flash P.
may

exposed to heat or flame. A
large part of the great fire
hazard of lacquers is due to the
solvents commonly used. Even
when solvent-free, however,
nitrocellulose lacquers are highly
flammable. See Lacquers,
LACTIC ACID
thick liquid.
Formula:
CH3CHOHCOOH
of vapor when exposed to

flame (Section 7). See also individual solvents as well as individual solid component.
away from heat and open
flame! They can react vigorously
moderate
Synonym: Ethylidenelactic acid.

Description: Yellow or colorless,
Nitrocellulose.
chemical, carbon tetrachloride,
or water spray (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Severe, in the
(use

have
form
may have
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 08
M. P. 18C
B. P. 122 @15
Density 1.249 < 15 C
mm
tion 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
2;
Inges-
LACTOL
SPIRITS
Fire Hazard:
Slight;
810
emits acrid
fumes when heated.

LACTOL
SPIRITS.
Petroleum.
See Naphtha,
LACTONITRILE
Synonym: 2-Hydroxypropanenitrile.
Description: Straw-colored liquid.
Formula: CH 3 CH(OH)CH
M. P. -40 C
B. P. 103C @50
Freezing P. -34C
Vap. D. 2.45
mm
nides.
Caution: In the presence of alkali,
it evolves hydrocyanic acid.
tetrachloride.

it emits highly toxic fumes of cyanides; can react vigorously with
rate): Section 2
LAMP BLACK.
See Carbon.
LANTHANUM
Description: Lead-gray metal.
Constants:
At. Wt. 138. 92
M. P. 826 C
B. P. 1800C
Density 6. 15
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
La 140
hazard rating and permissible

levels apply to the equilibrium
mixture. For La 140 alone, the
hazard rating is still II, but the
permissible levels are: body =
24 microcuries; air = 10~ 6 microcurie per milliliter and water =
a microcurie per milliliter.
of Standards Handbook
No. 42).
Fire Hazard: Dangerous in the form
of dust when exposed to flame;
Metals.
Bureau
the
form
to
Constants:
M. P. 37. 9C
Density Less than 1
Toxicity: A mild allergen.
reaction.
None
= Slight
40h;
La 140 usually exists in equilibrium with its parent, Ba 140 The
Synonym: Wool grease.
Toxic Rating Code:
half -life:
milliliter.
Explosion Hazard:
LANOLIN
emits beta particles of 1. 3 mev

(70%), 1. 7 mev (20%) and 2. 3 mev
(10%) and many gamma rays between 0. 093 - 2. 5 mev. The permissible levels are: in body: 5
microcuries; in air: 6 X 10" 8
of dust
Moderate in
when exposed
flame or by chemical
See also Powdered
Metals.
Section
LANTHANUM BORIDE
Synonym: Lanthanum hexaboride.
Description:
crystals.
Red-purple, metallic
Formula: LaB$
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 203. 8
M. P. 2210C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 61
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
LANTHANUM SULFATE
811
Toxicity:
Details unknown.
See
Boron Hydrides.
Fire Hazard:
Moderate, because on
contact with moisture or acids

boron hydride is evolved. See
also Boron Hydride.

Hydrides.
Disaster Control: See Boron
Hydrides.
Toxicity:
rates.
Moderate.
Description:

Perchlorates.
Perchlorates.
LANTHANUM IODATE
Colorless.
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 663. 68
Toxicity: See lodates.
Fire Hazard: See lodates.
Explosion Hazard: See lodates.
Disaster Control: See lodates.
9H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 684. 81
M. P. 37. 5C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic: U
See Per-
chlorates.
Formula: La(I0 3
Crystals.
Formula: La(Br0 3 ) 3
Dangerous.
Fire Hazard:
Description:
LANTHANUM BROMATE
See Perchlo-
2;
LANTHANUM IODIDE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: Lal 3

Explosion Hazard: See Bromates.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 519.68
M. P. 761 2C
Density 5. 057 @25C
LANTHANUM BROMIDE

Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: LaBr 3
7H 2 Q
LANTHANUM OXIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 504. 78
M. P. Anh. 783 3
Density 5.057 @25C
Synonyms: Lanthana; lanthanum

trioxide.

Yellow crystals.
Formula: LaC 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162. 94
Density 5. 02
Toxicity:
bides.
See Lanthanum and Car-
Fire Hazard: See Carbides.

Explosion Hazard: See Carbides.
Disaster Control: See Carbides.
LANTHANUM HEXAANTIPYRINE
PERCHLORATE
crystals.
Formula: [La(C n H 12 N 2 0) 6 ]
(C10 4 ) 3
M. P.
Formula: La 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
LANTHANUM CARBIDE
Description:

oxide; hisses in moist air like
quicklime.
290-305C Decomposes
325. 84
M. P. 2315C
B. P. 4200 C
Density 6. 51
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
LANTHANUM SULFATE
White, hygroscopic
powder.
Formula: La 2 (S0 4 ) 3
M. P. 1150C (Decomposes)
Density 3. 60 @15C
Description:
LANTHANUM SULFIDE
tion 2;
812
2;
Inges-
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: Lanthanum and sulfuric
acid are formed upon hydrolysis
of this material.
Section 2
LANTHANUM SULFIDE
Red-yellow crystals.
Formula: La 2S 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
374.04
M. P. 2110-2150C (vac.
Density 5. @0/0C
LARD
OIL (COMMERCIAL
OR
ANIMAL)
yellow liquid.
Composition: Olein, stearin.
Constants:
M. P. -2C
Density 0. 905 - 0. 915
Toxicity: A very weak allergen.

10-20.
Yes
6).
LARD OIL (PURE)

Synonym: No. 2 mineral
oil.

yellow liquid.
Constants:
M. P. 28^F
Flash P. 500 F
Density 0. 9
Toxicity:
LATEX, RUBBER
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2
Storage and Handling: This material
is shipped in sealed drums which
can build up pressure from within,
unless care is used in opening
this can endanger personnel.
Latex contains ammonia as a
preservative, and caution should
be exercised in opening the drums
not to inhale the fumes evolved
(Section
7).
LAUDANINE
Synonym: dl-laundanine.
Description: Small trimetric
yellowishwhite powder.
Formula: C 2 oH 2 5N04
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 343.41
M. P. 166C
Density 1.26 @26/4C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
3;

rate): Section 2
LAUDANOSINE
Unknown
Synonym: 1-N-Methyltetrahydro-
Toxic Rating Code:

None
= Slight
papaverine.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
LAURYL CHLORIDE
813
White needles.
Description:
Description:
Formula: C21H27NO4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 357.44
M. P. 89 - 90C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2
LAUDANUM
liquid.

Acute Local: U
halation
In-
3;
3
2;
Inhalation 2

Section 2
Synonym: Dodecanoic acid.

CH 3 (CH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 200.
M. P. 48 C
B. P.
299.
) 10
COOH

LAURYL BROMIDE
Synonym: Dodecyl bromide.
Description:
Formula:
An amber
CH 3 (CH 2
10
liquid.
CH 2 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 249. 2
M. P. < -40C
B. P. 136. 6-193. 5C @10
Flash P. 291 F
Density 1.021 @25/25C
Vap. D. 8. 6
Bromides.
2C
Density 0. 883
Vap. Press. 1
Toxicity:
Section 2
mm
LAURIC ACID
Formula:
burns upon the skin and mucous

membranes; it is a powerful oxidizing agent. See also Peroxides,
Organic.
Fire Hazard: See Peroxides, Organic,
Organic.

Chronic Local: U
Description:
crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 398. 60
M. P. 48 - 50C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: It can irritate and cause
rate):
Brown
Description:
White, tasteless,
coarse powder; faint odor.

Formula: (CnHzsCOÔz
mm @ 121.
Unknown

LAUROYL PEROXIDE
Synonym: Dodecanoyl peroxide.

to heat or flame.
toxic
fumes
of
bromine compounds;

materials.
LAURYL CHLORIDE
Synonym: Dodecyl chloride.
LAURYL ISOQUINOLINIUM BROMIDE

Description:
Clear, water-white,
CH 3 (CH 2
10
CH 2 C1
204.8
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
-19C
M. P.
B. P. 112 - 160C
Flash P. 235F
Density 0. 87
when heated to decompoemits toxic fumes; it can

gerous;
it
LAURYL ISOQUINOLINIUM BROMIDE

Toxicity:
Unknown
chloride (Section
Vap. D. 7. 07
Toxicity: Unknown
to heat or flame.
Disaster Control: Moderately dansition
Toxicity:

heat or flame.
oily liquid.
Formula:
814
Details unknown.
See also
Bromides.
6).
LAURYL QUINALDINIUM BROMIDE

Bromides.
Fire Hazard: Unknown.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decompoToxicity:

LAURYL QUINOLINIUM CHLORIDE

fungicide.


LAURYL THIOCYANATE
Formula: CH 3 (CH 2 10 CH 2SCN
LAURYL MERCAPTAN
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym: Dodecyl mercaptan.

Description: Water-white to pale
yellow liquid.
Formula:
C 12 H 25 SH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
LEAD
115 - 177C
Flash P. 262 F
Density 0. 849 @ 1 5. 5 /l
Toxicity: See Mercaptans.
Synonym: Plumbum.
B. P.
Slight
when exposed
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxdry chemical or carbon tetra-

Disaster Control: See Mercaptans.
LAURYL PYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE

Synonym: Dodecyl pyridinium
chloride.
Description:
Mottled tan semi-solid.

6 H 26 2 C1
Flash P. 347 F
Toxic Rating Code:
Formula: Pb
Constants:
At. Wt.
M. P.
Formula: C^gNC^.
None
Bluish-gray, soft metal.
Description:
5. 5
to heat or flame.
ide,
227.
See Thiocyanates.
Toxicity:
202. 5
-7C
Fire Hazard:
= Slight
B. P.
207.21
327.43C
1620C
Density 1 1 288 @ 20 /20 C

@973C
Vap. Press. 1
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
.
mm
3;
Inhalation 3
milligrams per cubic meter of air.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5):
Natural isotope Pb 210 (Radium D),
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
LEAD AZIDE
815
emits beta
particles of 0. 028 mev and gamma
rays of 0. 008, 0. 046 mev.
Pb 210 is a member of the uranium series. It is the longestlived daughter of radium, and
hence does not accumulate rapidly
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 608. 6
Disaster Control: See Lead.
half -life 22 years;
radium preparations.
LEAD ANTIMONATE
Like
other lead isotopes, it is a bone
seeker and its daughters, Bi 210
and Po 210 may cause excessive
irradiation of the blood-forming
organs, even though the Pb 210
itself has an exceedingly lowenergy beta emission.
Natural isotope Pb 212 (Thorium
B), half -life 10. 6 hours; emits
beta particles of 0. 34 mev (88%
rays of 0. 24 mev.
Like Pb 210 Pb 212 is a member
of the thorium series and a
daughter of thoron.
or flame.
rate): Section 2
in
Synonyms:
Naples yellow;
antimony
yellow.
Description:
Orange-yellow powder.
Formula: Pb 3 (Sb0 4 2
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 993. 2
Toxicity: See Lead and Antimony
Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Lead and
Antimony.
LEAD ARSENATES
Lead o-arsenate; lead
di-o-arsenate; lead mono-oarsenate; lead pyroarsenate;
lead meta-arsenate.
Synonyms:
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
0. 2
milli-
of air.

heating it emits highly toxic
fumes.
I. C. C.
poison label.
LEAD ARSENITES
LEAD ACETATE
Synonyms:
Synonym:
m-arsenite.
heating it emits highly toxic
fumes.
Sugar of lead.
Description: White crystals, soluble
in water.
Commercial grades
are frequently brown or gray
lumps.
Formula: Pb(C 2 H 3 02)2
3H 2 Q
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 379. 35
M. P. 75C; anhydrous 280C
Density 2. 55
LEAD ACETATE, MONOBASIC

Description:
White powder.
Formula:
Lead o-arsenite; lead
LEAD m-ARSENITE.
See Lead
Arsenites.
LEAD AZIDE
Description:
PB 2 OH(C 2 H 3
Section 11.
Poison B;
poison label.
I.
Colorless needles.
2)3
LEAD BENZOATE
816
Formula: Pb(N 3 ) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 291.26
Toxicity: See Lead Compounds and
Azides.

flame. Explodes @350C (Section
LEAD CAPROATE
Description:

when heated it emits highly toxic
Crystals.
Formula: Pb(C 6H n
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
7).
fumes

2)2
437. 51
74C
See Lead Compounds.
73
Toxicity:
of lead.

Explosive A
LEAD BENZOATE
Formula: Pb(C 7H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
White
Formula: Pb(C 8H 15
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
2)2
H zO
493.61
83. 5
467. 5
-H 2
LEAD CARBONATE
@100C
See Lead Compounds.

Formula: Pb(B0 2 ) 2
White, powdery crystals.
Description:
Formula: PbC0 3
M. P.
White powder.
Description:
Synonym: Cerussite.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
LEAD m- BORATE
.
H2
267.22
Decomposes @315C
Density
6. 6
See Lead Compounds.

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 310. 87
Density 5. 598 (anhydrous)
Toxicity:
Com-
See Lead and Boron

pounds.
Toxicity:
LEAD CARBONATE, BASIC

Synonyms: White lead; hydro7
cirussite.
Description:
LEAD BROMATE
Description:
Formula: Pb(Br0 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Density
H2
481.06
Decomposes 180 C
5.
53
See Lead Compounds.

Disaster Control: See Bromates and
Lead.
Toxicity:
LEAD CAPRATE
Formula: Pb(C 10H 19 O 2
Constants:
2) 2
Toxicity:
Toxicity:
M. P.
leaf.
-84. 5C
See Lead Compounds.
White crystals.
Description:
LEAD CAPRYLATE
Description:
Mol. Wt.
M. P. 103
White, amorphous
powder.
Formula: 2PbC0 3 Pb(OH) 2
Density 6. 14
'
LEAD CEROTATE
Description:
White crystals.
Formula: Pb(C 26H 51

Constants: Mol. Wt.
M. P. 113. 5C
2)2
998. 55

)2
549.71
104C
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
LEAD COMPOUNDS
817
LEAD CHLORATE
Monoclinic, white
Description:
crystals.
Formula: Pb(C10 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
374. 12

highly toxic fumes of lead and
material.
Decomposes
Density
3.
LEAD CHROMATE, BASIC
89
See Lead Compounds.

Chlorates.
Toxicity:
Description:
crystals.
Red, amorphous or
Formula: Pb 2 (OH) 2 Cr0 4

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 564.45
M. P. 920 C
See Lead and Chromium

Compounds.
Toxicity:
LEAD CHLORIDE
Synonym: Cotunnite.
Description:
White crystals.
Formula: PbCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 278. 12
M. P. 501 C
B. P.
954C
Density 5. 85
Vap. Press. 1
@ 547 C
mm
LEAD CHLORITE
Description:
crystals.
Monoclinic, yellow
Formula: Pb(C10 2 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

material.
LEAD CITRATE
Description:
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: Pb 3 (C 6H 5
7)2
3H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 1053. 88
342. 12
M. P. Explodes @ 126 C
Fire Hazard: See Chlorites.
exposed to heat.
Disaster Control: See Chlorites and
Lead.
LEAD COMPOUNDS
Acute Local:
3;
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:

Inhalation 3; Absorption 3
Toxicology: Lead poisoning is one of
commonest of occupational
diseases. The presence of leadbearing materials or lead compounds in an industrial plant does
not necessarily result in exposure
on the part of the workman. The
lead must be in such form, and so
distributed, as to gain entrance
into the body or tissues of the
the
LEAD CHROMATE
Crocoite; chrome
yellow.
Synonyms:
Formula: PbCr0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 323.22
M. P. 844 C
B. P.
Density
Decomposes
6. 3

Compounds.
Toxicity:
workman
in
measurable quantity,
otherwise no exposure can be said

to exist.
1.
Mode of entry into body:

By inhalation of the dusts,
fumes, mists or vapors.

LEAD COMPOUNDS
2.
By
818
ingestion of lead compounds
trapped in the upper respiratorytract or introduced into the mouth

on food, tobacco, fingers or other
objects.
Through the skin; this route

especial importance in the
case of the organic compounds of
3.
is of
lead, as lead tetraethyl. In the

case of the inorganic forms of
lead, this route is of no practical
importance.
Physiological Action and Toxicity:
When
lead is ingested,
much
of it
passes through the body unabsorbed,

and is eliminated in the feces. The
greater portion of the lead that is
absorbed is caught by the liver and
excreted, in part, in the bile. For
this reason, larger amounts of lead
are necessary to cause poisoning if
absorption is by this route, and a
longer period of exposure is usually
necessary
to
produce symptoms.
On
when lead is inhaled,

absorption takes place easily from
the respiratory tract and symptoms
tend to develop more quickly. From
the other hand,
the point of view of industrial poisoning, inhalation of lead is much

more important than is ingestion.
Lead is a cumulative poison increasing amounts build up in the body
and eventually a point is reached
where symptoms and disability occur.
Lead produces a brittleness of the
red blood cells so that they hemolyze
with but slight trauma; the hemoglobin is not affected. Due to their increased fragility, the red cells are
destroyed more rapidly in the body
than normally, producing an anemia

which is rarely severe.
The loss of
circulating red cells stimulates the
production of new young cells which
on entering the blood stream, are
acted upon by the circulating lead,
with resultant coagulation of their

basophilic material. These cells
after suitable staining, are recog-
nizedas "stippled cells". As regards

the effect of lead on the white blood
cells, there is no uniformity of
opinion. In addition to its effect on
the red cells of the blood, lead produces a damaging effect on the organs
or tissues with which it comes in
contact. No specific or characteristic lesion is produced. Autopsies
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
of deaths attributed to lead poisoning
and experimental work on animals,

have shown pathological lesion of the
kidneys, liver, male gonads, nervous
system, blood vessels and other
tissues. None of these changes, however, have been found consistently.
In cases of lead poisoning, the
amount
of lead found in the blood is

frequently in excess of 0. 07 mgm per
100 cc of whole blood. The urinary
lead excretion generally exceeds
0.
mgm
per liter of urine.
The toxicity of the various lead

compounds appears to depend upon
several factors:
(1) the solubility of

in the body fluids;
(2) the fineness of the particles of the
compound; solubility is greater, of
course, in proportion to the fineness
of the particles; (3) conditions under
which the compound is being used;
the
compound
where a lead compound is used as a

powder, contamination of the atmosphere will be much less where the
powder is kept damp. Of the various
lead compounds, the carbonate, the
monoxide and the sulfate are considered to be more toxic than metallic
lead or other lead compounds. Lead
arsenate is very toxic, due to the
presence of the arsenic radicle. The
toxicity of lead chromate, or "chrome
yellow" is less than would be expected,
due to its low solubility.
Signs and Symptoms: Industrial
lead poisoning commonly occurs
following prolonged exposure to lead
or its compounds. The common
clinical types of lead poisoning may
be classified according to their clinical picture as (a) alimentary; (b)
neuromotor; and (c) encephalic.
Some cases may show a combination
The alimentary
of clinical types.
type occurs most frequently, and is
characterized by abdominal discomfort or pain. Severe cases may present actual colic. Other complaints
are constipation and/or diarrhea,

loss of appetite, metallic taste,
nausea and vomiting, lassitude, in-
somnia, weakness, joint and muscle

pains, irritability, headache and
dizziness. Pallor, lead line on the
gums, pyorrhea, loss of weight, abdominal tenderness, basophilic
stippling, anemia, slight albuminuria,
increased urinary excretion, and an
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
LEAD BICHROMATE
819
dosage schedules have been proposed.

effective regime is 3 to 6 grams
increase in the lead content of the

whole blood, are signs which mayaccompany the above symptoms.
In the neuromuscular type, the
chief complaint is weakness, frequently of the extensor muscles of
the wrist and hand, unilateral or bilateral. Other muscle groups which
are subject to constant use may be
An
of
Gastroenteric symptoms
are usually present, but are not as
severe as in the alimentary type of
poisoning. Joint and muscle pains
are likely to be more severe. Headache, dizziness and insomnia are
frequently prominent. True paralysis is uncommon, and usually is
the result of prolonged exposure.
Lead encephalopathy is the most
severe but the rarest manifestation
of lead poisoning. In the industrial
worker it follows rapid and heavy
lead absorption. Organic lead compounds, such as tetraethyl lead, are
absorbed rapidly through the skin as
well as through the lungs, and are
selectively absorbed by the central
nervous system. The clinical picture in these cases is usually an
encephalopathy. With inorganic lead
compounds, comparable concentrations in the central nervous system
are reached only when the workplace
is heavily contaminated with vapor,
fume and dust. Encephalopathy begins abruptly, and is characterized
by signs of cerebral and meningeal
involvement. There is usually
stupor, progressing to coma, with or
without convulsion, and often terminating in death. Excitation, confusion and mania are less common.
In milder cases of shorter duration,
there may be symptoms of headache,
dizziness, somnolence and insomnia.
The cerebrospinal pressure may be
increased. See also specific compound.
Treatment of Lead Poisoning: It
has been found that the chelating agent, calcium ethylenediaminetetracetate, and related compounds
are highly efficacious in removing
absorbed lead from the tissues of
the body. (The therapeutic agents of
this group are also known as Versene,
Versenate, Edathamil and Ca EDTA.)
Ca EDTA is effective only when
administered intravenously. Various
affected.
Na Ca
EDTA
in 300 cc to 500 cc of
percent glucose by intravenous drip

over a period of 3 to 8 hours. Treatment may be given daily for 5 to 10
days with an interval of one week
between courses. Another plan is
to give treatment at intervals of 3 to
5 days until deleading has been
accomplished.
Ventilation Control ( use moderate
rate): Section 2
5
LEAD CYANATE
Description:
White needles.
Formula: Pb(OCN) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Toxicity:
291.25
Decomposes
See Lead Compounds and
Cyanates.
Disaster Control: See Cyanates and
Lead.
LEAD CYANIDE
Description:
White powder.
Pb(CN) 2
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 259.25
Cyanides.
Disaster Control: See Cyanides and
Lead.
See Section
73.370.
Poison B; poison label
LEAD DICHROMATE
Red crystals.
Formula: PbCr 2 7
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
423.23
Compounds.
Moderate by chemical
Fire Hazard:

(Section
6).

LEAD DICYANOGUANIDINE
820
highly toxic fumes of lead and can

materials.
LEAD DICYANOGUANIDINE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: Pb[NH 2 CN(NCN)CN] 2
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Density
9. 375
See Lead Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Slight chemical
May ignite organic materials when
Toxicity:
mixed (Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
423.4
M. P. >300C
Toxicity: This material may be
quite toxic by skin absorption.
See also Lead Compounds.
heated to decomposition or on contact with acid or acid fumes,
emits highly toxic fumes of lead
and cyanides.
LEAD
DI IODIDE
Description: Golden-yellow crystals
or powder.
239.21
6).

lead; can react with reducing
material.
LEAD
DI-o -PHOSPHATE
Colorless crystals.
Description:
PbHP0 4
Formula:
Constanst: Mol. Wt. 303.20

M. P. Decomposes
Density 5. 661 @15C
Formula: Pbl 2
LEAD DITHIONATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 461. 05
M. P. 402 C
B. P.
Description
954C
Density
6.
16
LEAD DIMETHYLDITfflOCARBAMATE
Gray
Density
Toxicity:
heated
4H 2
to
decomposition,
it
emits

oxides of sulfur.
LEAD DUST.
solid.
Formula: PbS 2 [(CH 3 ) 2 CS] 2

M. P. 258C
6.
Mol. Wt.
439.39
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 22
Constants:

Iodides.
Iodides.
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: PbS 2
See Lead.
LEAD ENANTHATE
Description:
White leaf-like crystals,
Formula: Pb(C 7 H 13
2. 5
See Lead Compounds.

flame (Section 6).
lead and oxides of sulfur.
Fire Hazard:
to heat or
2) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 465. 56
M. P. 79 -80C
LEAD FERRICYANIDE
Description:
crystals.
Black-brown
to
red
LEAD DIOXIDE
Formula: Pb 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]
Synonyms: Plattnerite; lead per-

oxide.
Description:
crystals.
Brown, hexagonal
Ferricyanides
Formula: PbO E
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
Section
High
Unknown
LEAD LIGNOCERATE
821
LEAD FERRITE
Description:
Hexagonal crystals.
Formula: PbFe 2
LEAD HYDROXIDE
382.89
M. P. 1530C (decomp.)
LEAD FERROCYANIDE
Yellowish-white
powder.
Formula: Pb 2 Fe(CN) 6 .3H z O
Description:
M. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Disaster Control: See Lead

Synonyms: Lead hydrate; hydrated

lead oxide.
Description: White, bulky powder.
Formula: Pb(OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
241.23
Density
7. 592
See Lead Compounds.
Toxicity:
680.43
-H 2
@100C
LEAD IODATE
See Lead Compounds.

Ferrocyanides.
Description:
LEAD FLUORIDE
See Lead Compounds.

Explosion Hazard: See Iodates.
Disaster Control: See Iodates and
Lead.
Toxicity:
Description:
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 557. 05
M. P. Decomposes
@300C
Toxicity:
Colorless solid.
Formula: PbF 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 245. 2
M. P. 855 C
B. P.
1293C
Density 8. 24
Vap. Press. 10
@904C
Fluorides.
Fluorides.
mm
LEAD FLUOSILICATE
Description:
White solid.
Formula: Pb(l0 3
LEAD ISOBUTYRATE
Description: White prisms.
Formula: Pb(C 4 H 7 2 2
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 381.40
M. P. < 100C
Monoclinic, colorless
LEAD LAURATE
powder.
Formula: PbSiF 6 2H 2
Description: Chalky white powder.

Formula: Pb(C 12 H 23 2 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 385. 30
M. P. Decomposes
Fluosilicates.
Fluosilicates.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 605. 82
M. P. 104. 7C
LEAD LIGNOCERATE
LEAD FORMATE
Description:
lustrous.
Description:
Rhombic, white,
Formula: Pb(CH0 2 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 297.25
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 63
Toxicity:
@190C
See Lead Compounds.
White powder.
2) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 942.44
M. P. 117C
LEAD LINOLEATE
822
LEAD LINOLEATE
Yellowish- white paste,
Description:
Formula: Pb(C 18 H 31
2 )2
2/2
2
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 661.92
M. P. 107C
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 766. 07

LEAD MELISSATE
Description:
LEAD p-NAPHTHALENESULFONATE
Description:
White powder.
Formula: Pb(C 31 H 6l
Formula: Pb(C 10 H7SO3) 2
2)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1138. 81
M. P. 115 - 116C
LEAD MERCAPTIDE
Mercaptans.
Mercaptans.
Toxicity:
Synonym: Wulfenite.
Formula: PbMoQ 4
M. P.
Toxicity:
1070C
See Lead Compounds.

LEAD MONOIODIDE
Description:
Pale yellow
Formula: Pbl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 334. 13
M. P. Decomposes
Iodides.
Needles.
Formula: Pb(H 2 P0 4 ) 2
401.28
Phosphates.
LEAD MYRISTATE
White powder.
=
Description: White, ointment-like

granules or mass.
Formula: Pb(C 18H 3 30 2 ) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 770. 10
LEAD OXALATE
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxic Rating Code:
Nitrates.

Oxidizing

LEAD MONO- o- PHOSPHATE
Description:
White crystals.
Formula: Pb(NO s ) 2
Description:
LEAD OLEATE
@300C

Description:
LEAD NITRATE

367.16
Mol. Wt.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 621. 64
lead and oxides of sulfur.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 331. 23
Density 4. 53 @20C
LEAD MOLYBDATE
Constants:
White, crystalline
powder.
None
= Slight

Formula: PbC 2 4
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 295.23
Density 5. 28
Oxalates.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
LEAD
823
LEAD PERCHLORATE

Description:
Crystals.
Formula: Pb(C104
LEAD OXIDE
Synonym: Red lead, minium.
Description: Bright red powder.
Formula: Pb 3 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 685. 6
B. P. 1472 C
Density 8. 32 - 9. 16
Fire Hazard: Slight by chemical
(Section 6).
Caution: An oxidizing agent.
LEAD OXYCHLORIDES
Synonyms: Mendipite; cassel
yellow laurionite; matlockite.
Description: Yellow or white
)2
3H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 460. 17
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 6
@100C

Perchlorates.
LEAD PHENATE
Description: Yellowish to grayishwhite powder.
Formula: Pb(OH)OC 6 H 5
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
317.28
Toxicity:
Phenol.
LEAD m- PHOSPHATE
solid.
PbCl 2
Composition:
amounts
o- PHOSPHITE
of
sibly some
Toxicity: See
+ varying
PbO and
Description:
H z O.
Lead Com-
pounds.
LEAD PALMITATE
Description: Chalky white powder.
Formula: Pb(C l6H 31 2 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 718. 03
M. P. 112. 3C
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 365. 17
M. P. 800 C
LEAD
o-
PHOSPHATE

or white powder.
Formula: Pb 3 (P0 4

LEAD PARAPERIODATE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: Pb(P0 3
pos-
Crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 811. 59
M. P. 1014C
Density 6. 9 - 7. 3
Formula: PbHI0 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 415. 14
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: See
Iodates.
LEAD
o- PHOSPHITE
@130C
Lead Compounds and

Periodates.
Section
F ormula
PbHP0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 287.20
M. P. Decomposes

Phosphites.
Phosphites.
Toxicity:
LEAD PICRATE
824
LEAD PICRATE
Formula: PbSe
Yellow crystals.
Formula: Pb(C 6 H 2 N 3 7 ) 2 H z O
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 681.43
M. P. -H 2 @130C
Explodes
Density 2. 831 @20C
B. P.
Pic rates.
Fire Hazard: See Nitrates and Ex-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 286. 17
M. P. 1065C
Density 8. 10 @15C
Toxicity: See Lead and Selenium
pounds.
Com-

of dust when exposed to flame or by
chemical reaction with moisture
to evolve the hydride. See also
Hydrogen Selenide.
plosives, High.

High.

Nitrates.
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by chemical reaction with moisture. See

also Hydrogen Selenide.
Selenium.
LEAD PYROPHOSPHATE
LEAD
White crystals.
Formula: Pb 2 P 2 7
Description:
SILICATE.
See Lead m-Sili-
cate.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 588. 38
M. P. 824C
Density 5. 8
LEAD m -SILICATE
Synonym: Alamosite.
Description: White crystalline powder.
See Lead Compounds.

Phosphates.
Formula: PbSi0 3
LEAD, RED.

Toxicity:
See Lead Oxide.
LEAD RESINATE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 283. 27
M. P. 766C
Density 6.49
Yellowish- white paste.
Formula: Pb(C 20 H 29 O 2 ) 2
LEAD STEARATE
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 810.07
Description:
White powder.
2) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 774. 13
M. P. 115. 7C
LEAD SELENATE
Description:
LEAD STYPHNATE.
White crystals.
Formula: PbSe0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
LEAD SULFATE
350. 17
M. P. Decomposes
Synonym: Anglisite.
Density
Description:
Toxicity:
6.
See Lead
Trinitroresorcinate.
37
White, rhombic crys-
tals.
Selenium Compounds.
Selenium.
Formula: PbS0 4
LEAD SELENIDE

Synonym:
Clausthalite.
Description: Cubic crystalline.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 303.27
M. P. Decomposes
Density 6. 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
@1000C
High
Unknown
LEAD TETRAETHYL
825
LEAD SULFIDE
Formula: PbTe
Synonyms: Galena, plumbous
sulfide,
Description: Silvery, metallic crystals or black powder.
Formula: PbS
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
239. 27
1114C
Density 7. 5
Vap. Press. 1
@ 8 52 C
(Sublimes)
mm
Sulfides.

Disaster Control: See Lead and Sulfides.
LEAD SULFITE
White powder.
Formula: PbS0 3
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 287.28
Sulfites.
Disaster Control:
See Lead and Sul-
fites.
LEAD SULFOCYANATE
Synonym: Lead thiocyanate.
Description:
Monoclinic, white
crystal.
Formula: Pb(SCN) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 323. 37
Density 3. 82

Thiocyanate s.
Thiocyanate s.
Toxicity:
LEAD TARTRATE
Description:
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: PbC 4 H 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 355.28
Density 2. 53 @19C
LEAD TELLURIDE
Synonym:
Altaite.
Description:
White, cubic crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 334. 82
M. P. 917C
Density 8. 16
Tellurium Compounds.
Tellurium.
LEAD TETRAACETATE
Colorless to faintly
pink, monoclinic crystals.
Description:
Formula: Pb(CH 3 COO) 4

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 443. 39
M. P. 175C
Density 2.228 @17C
LEAD TETRACHLORIDE
Description:
Formula: PbCl 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 349. 04
M. P. -15C
Density 3. 18 @0C
Toxicity: See Lead and Hydrochloric
Acid. This material readily
evolves Hydrochloric Acid in contact with moisture.
Hydrochloric Acid.
LEAD TETRAETHYL
Description: Colorless, oily liquid,
pleasant, characteristic odor.
Formula: Pb(C 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 323. 5
M. P. Decomposes 125 - 150C
B. P. 198 to 202 C with Decomp.
Density 1. 659 @18C
@38.4C
Vap. Press. 1
powerful poison and a solvent for
fatty materials. It has some
solvent action on rubber as well.
mm
The fact
makes
that
it
is a lipoid solvent
an industrial hazard,
because it can cause intoxication
not only by inhalation but also by
absorption through the skin. It
it
LEAD TETRAMETHYL
826
decomposes when exposed

light or
forms
to sun-
allowed to evaporate,
it
which is also
a poisonous compound, as one of
This
its decomposition products.
liquid lead compound, when handled in undiluted form or concentriethyl lead,
trated solution as when it is manufactured or in the plants where it

is mixed with gasoline, may cause
lead exposure intoxication by coming in contact with the skin.
Therefore, any open receptacle
which contains these liquids in
high concentration or any container, article of clothing, or any
other object which is not kept
clean, particularly in contact with
this material, may subject personnel to serious lead exposure.
highly toxic fumes of lead; can
materials.
LEAD TETRAMETHYL
Description:
LEAD TfflOSULFATE
Synonym: Lead hyposulfite.
White crystals.
Description:
Formula: PbS 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
319. 33
M. P. Decomposes
Density
5.
18
See Lead Compounds.

Toxicity:
oxides of sulfur.
Section
LEAD m- TITANATF
Description:
Pale yellow solid.
Formula: PbTi0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 303. 11
Density 7. 52
LEAD TRINITRORESORCINATE
Synonym: Lead styphnate.
Description: Orange -yellow, monoclinic crystals.
Formula: C 6 H(N0 2 ) 3 (0 2 Pb)
Colorless liquid.
Formula: Pb(CH3 ) 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 267.33
M. P. -18F
B. P. 230 F
Density 1. 99
Vap. D. 9.2
Toxicity: See Lead Compounds
and Lead Tetraethyl.

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 450.30
M. P. Explodes @ 590 F
Density 3. 1 - 2. 9
Toxicity: See
Nitrates.
Lead Compounds and
Fire Hazard: See Nitrates and Explosives, High.
Explosion Hazard:
Severe when
heated.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; explodes at 590 F.
LEAD TUNGSTATE
Synonym: Lead wolframate.
Description:
Yellowish powder.
flame.
highly toxic fumes of lead; can
materials.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 455. 13
Density 8. 235
LEAD TfflOCYANATE,
LEAD m- VANADATE
See Lead
PbW0 4
Description:
Sulfocyanate.
Toxic Rating Code:
Formula:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
Yellow powder.
3 =
High
Unknown
LEWISITE
827
Formula: Pb(V0 3 ) 2

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 405. 11

Vanadium Compounds.
Section 11.

I.
LEATHER
bustible and inflammable

Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
Caution: Handling "green" hides
from certain parts of the world
can bring about contact with
anthrax spores. Furthermore,
tanning can introduce materials
such as chromium, formaldehyde,
liquid;
red label.
"LEDATE"
Synonym: Lead dimethyldithiocarbamate.
Description: Gray, no odor.
Formula [(CH 3 ) 2 NC (S )S] 2 Pb
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 447. 61
M. P. Above 258 C
:

Density 2. 5
See Lead Compounds.
LEATHER BLEACH
"LETHANE
etc.
Toxicity:
Unknown
anodiethyl ether.
Thiocyanates.
tetrachloride.

"LETHANE

Coast Guard Classification: Combustible liquid and inflammable
I.
red label.
LEATHER DRESSING
Constant:
Below
80 F
Details unknown; some

dressings may act as irritants or
allergens.
Toxicity:
B-71"

Flash P.
384"
Synonym: /3-|3-Tubatoxythiocy-

liquid;
Toxicity:
gen 1
Acute Systemic:
1;
Aller-
Ingestion
1;
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
Allergen 1
1;
Inhalation 1
Section 2
LEWISITE
Synonym: Chlorovinyldichloro arsine,
Description: Colorless liquid when
pure; geranium-like odor;
usually a dark, oily liquid.
"LEYTOSAN"
828
Formula: ClCHCHAsCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 207. 32
Freezing P. -15C
Vap. D. 7.
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: A military poison gas
(blistering). Median detectable
concentration: 8 milligrams per
cubic meter of air by irritation
and 14 - 23 milligrams per cubic
meter of air by odor. Its effects
are immediate irritation and delayed blistering. See also Arsenic,
Section 2
Poison A;
poison gas label - not accepted.


Acute Systemic: U

Section 2
Section
Synonym: Phenyl mercury urea.

Organic.
pounds, Organic.
LINSEED OIL
Constants: B. P. 343 C
M. P. -19C
Density 0. 93
Flash P. Raw oil: 432 F (C.C);
boiled: 403 F (C.C.)
gen 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Constant:
B. P. 230 - 410F
Toxicity: See Petroleum Hydrocarbons.
Toxic Rating Code:
302F
= None
under pressure.
Formula: C0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 44.0
M. P. -56. 6C @3952
B. P. -78. 5C Sublimes
Density 1.977 g/l @0C;
mm
liquid:
halation
LIGNITE DUST
Autoign. Temp.
LIQUEFIED CARBON DIOXIDE

Synonym: Liquid carbonic gas.
Description: Heavy gas or liquid
1.
101
@-37C

6).
Constant:
6).

Com-
LIGHT OILS

LIME. See Calcium Oxide.
"LEYTOSAN"
MAC: ACGIH
= Slight
In-
2;

Chronic Local:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
LITHIUM ACID OXALATE
829
container with explosive force.
Section 2

I.
label.
LIQUEFIED HYDROCARBON GAS

Synonym:
LP
gas, bottle gas.
Unknown.
Toxicity:
chemical, or water spray.

explosive force; can react with
Section 2
I.
LIQUEFIED NONFLAMMABLE
GASES(CHARGED WITH NITROGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE OR AIR)

Noninflammable gas; green gas
LITHARGE
Synonyms: Lead oxide, yellow;
plumbous oxide; lead protoxide.
Description:
crystals.
Tetragonal, yellow
Formula: PbO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 223.21
M. P. 888C
Density 9.53
See Lead
Explosion Hazard: Dangerous, by

chemical reaction with oxidizers,
moisture and acids.
burned, it emits toxic fumes of
lithium oxide and hydroxide;
produce heat and hydrogen; can
materials.
Section 2

See specific component.

NonflamI. C. C. Classification:
label.
LITHIUM
Description: Silvery light metal.
Formula: Li
Constants:
At. Wt. 6. 94
M. P. 186C
B. P. 1372C
Density 0. 534 @25C
Toxicity: See Lithium Compounds
for a discussion of the toxicity
of the lithium ion. See Sodium
for a discussion which applies to
the toxicity of metallic lithium.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame or by chemical reaction with moisture, acids
or oxidizers.
dry chemical, soda ash, graphite
(Section 6).
LITHIUM ACETYLSALICYLATE
Slightly hygroscopic
powder, decomposes in moist air.
Formula: LiC 9 H 7 4
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 186.09
Toxicity: See Acetylsalicylates.
LITHIUM ACID OXALATE

Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: LiHC 2
Toxicity:
H zO

M. P. Decomposes
LITHIUM ALUMINATE
830
LITHIUM ALUMINATE
Synonym: Lithium m-aluminate.
White powder.
Description:
Formula: LiA10 2
Flammable liquid; Red label.

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 65.91
M. P. Above 1625C
Density 2. 55 @25C
I.
LITHIUM AMIDE
Compounds.
LITHIUM ALUMINUM DEUTERIDE

Description: "White to gray-white
micro crystalline lumps or
powder.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 42.0
M. P. 150 with decomposition
(ignites in air)
Formula: LiNH 2
Mol. Wt. 23.0
373 - 375C
B. P. 430 C
Density 1. 178 @ 17. 5C
Toxicity: Ammonia is liberated and
lithium hydroxide is formed when
Constants:
LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE

White, mocrocrystal-
lumps;
compound is exposed to
moisture. See also Ammonia and
Lithium Hydroxide.
steam to produce toxic and flammable vapors; on contact with
oxidizing materials, it can react
vigorously, and on contact with
acid or acid fumes, it can
evolve much heat.
this
Density 1.02 @25C

Toxicity: See Deuterium, Lithium
and Aluminum Compounds.
Description:
Description: White crystalline solid

or powder.
M. P.
Formula: LiAlD 4
air at
See Lithium and Aluminum
Toxicity:
line
Disaster Control: See Ethers and

Hydrides.
solid stable in dry
room temperature; above
125 C decomposes forming Al,

and lithium hydride.
H2
Formula: LiAlH 4

I.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 37.94
Toxicity: See Aluminum and Lithium
Compounds.
LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE,
ETHEREAL
Description:
LiAlH 4
Liquid solution of
in ether.
Composition: LiAlH 4 + an ether.

Toxicity: See Ethyl Ether, Lithium
Aluminum Hydride.
Fire Hazard: See Hydrides and
Ethers.
dry chemical. See also particular ether used as a solvent.
Explosion Hazard: See Hydrides and
Ethers.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
LITHIUM ANTIMONIDE
Description:
Solid.
Formula: Li 3Sb
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 142. 58
M. P. > 950C
Density 3. 2 @17C
Fire Hazard: In contact with moisture
stibine is liberated. See also
Antimony Hydride.
Explosion Hazard: See Antimony
Hydride.
antimony; will react with water
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
LITHIUM CHLORIDE
831

flammable vapors; can react vig-
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
143. 96
Disaster Control: See Arsenic Com-
LITHIUM ARSENATE
o -arsenate.
Formula: Li 3As0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 159. 73
Density 3.07 @15C
LITHIUM BORATE.
See Lithium
m-Borate.
LITHIUM m- BORATE
Synonym: Lithium borate.
White powder.
Formula: LiBO z
White pov/der.
Formula: Li(CH 3 2As0 2
orously with oxidizing materials.

Synonym: Lithium
LITHIUM CACODYLATE
Description:
pounds.
LITHIUM CARBIDE
Description:
Crystals or white
powder.
Formula: Li 2 C 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 37. 90
Density 1. 65 @18C
Toxicity: See Lithium Compounds.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 49. 8
M. P. 845 C
Toxicity:
LITHIUM CARBONATE
Formula: Li 2 C0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
See Boron and Lithium
Compounds.
M. P.
Density
Toxicity:
LITHIUM m- BORATE DIHYDRATE.

See Lithium m-Borate.
73. 9
618C
2.
Ill
@17.
See Lithium Compounds.
LITHIUM CHLORATE
White crystals.
Formula: LiC10 3
Description:
LITHIUM BOROHYDRIDE
Description: White to grayish micro
crystalline powder and lumps.
Formula: LiBH 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 21. 8
M. P. 284C (Decomposes)
Density 0. 66
Toxicity: See Boron and Lithium
Compounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90.4
M. P. 124C
Toxicity: See Chlorates and Lithium
Compounds.
LITHIUM CHLORIDE
Description: Cubic, white deliquescent crystals.
LITHIUM BROMIDE
Formula: LiCl
Description: White, hygroscopic,

granular powder.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula: LiBr
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 86
M. P. 549 C
B. P.
42.4
M. P. 613C
1265C
Density 3.46 @25C

Vap. Press. 1
@748C
Toxicity: See Bromides and Lithium
mm
B. P.
1383C
Density 2.068 @25C

Toxicology: This material has been
recommended and used as a substitute for
sodium chloride
Compounds.
in
LITHIUM CHLOROPLATINATE
832
"salt free" diets, but cases have

in which the ingestion of lithium chloride has produced dizziness, ringing in the
been reported
and these solutions in water are

very caustic. See also Potassium
Compounds.
and mental confusion.

Section 2
cases, the
ears, visual disturbances, tremors
when
the
In most
symptoms disappeared
use was discontinued.
LITHIUM DEUTERIDE
LITHIUM CHLOROPLATINATE
Bluish-gray, fine
powder.
Formula: LiD
Description:
Description: Red, deliquescent

crystals.
Formula: Li 2 PtCl 6 6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 529. 95
B. P. -6H 2 @180C
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits fumes of chlorine
and chlorine compounds.

LITHIUM CHROMATE
LITHIUM DICHROMATE
Description: Yellow crystalline,

Formula: Li 2 Cr0 4 2H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165.92
M. P. -2H 2 @150C
Fire Hazard: Slight; an oxidizer.
It can react with reducing materials (Section 6).
Synonym: Lithium bichromate.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 9.
M. P. Above 600 C
Density 0. 906 @25C
Toxicity: See Deuterium and Lithium
Compounds.
Description: Yellowish-red, crystalline, deliquescent powder.

Formula: Li 2 Cr 2 7 2H z O
M. P. -2H 2 @130C
B. P. Decomposes.

Fire Hazard: Moderate, a powerful
oxidizer; can react with reducing
Toxicity:
LITHIUM COBALTITE
Description:
LITHIUM ETHYL
Blue -black powder.
Formula: LiCoO z
Transparent crystals.
Formula: LiC 2 H 5
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 36.00
M. P. 95C
Fire Hazard: A flammable material;
97.9
LITHIUM COMPOUNDS
halation
1;
In-
(Section 6).
2;
In-
halation 2
Chronic Local: U
1;
Inhalation 1
Toxicology: Lithium compounds
resemble those of Potassium in
systemic and local action. Large
doses of lithium compounds have
caused dizziness and prostration.
Lithium oxide, hydroxide, carborate, etc. are strong bases
,
Toxic Rating Code:
= None
= Slight

Section 2
LITHIUM FLUORIDE
Description:, Fine white powder.
Formula: LiF
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 25.94
M. P. 845C
B. P. 1671 C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
LITHIUM IODATE
833
Density 2.295 @21. 5C

Vap. Press. 1
@ 1047 C
mm
LITHIUM FLUOSILICATE
Synonym: Lithium silicofluoride.
Description: Monoclinic, white
crystals.
Formula: Li 2 SiFfc
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 191. 97
M. P. -2H zO @100C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 33 @12C
LITHIUM GALLIUM HYDRIDE

Description:
White crystals.
Formula: LiGaH4
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
80.69
See Gallium and Lithium
Compounds.
Explosion Hazard: See Hydrides
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 7. 95
M. P. 680C
Density 0. 82
Toxicity: In contact with moisture
lithium hydroxide is formed. Can
ignite spontaneously in moist air.
See also Lithium Compounds.
dry chemical.

I.
LITHIUM HYDROSULFIDE
Description:
White, hygroscopic
powder.
Formula: LiHS
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 40.01
LITHIUM GALLIUM NITRIDE
LITHIUM HYDROXIDE
Description: Light gray powder.

Formula: Li 3 GaN 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 56
Density 3. 3 5
Description:
Toxicity:
See Gallium and Lithium
Compounds.
LITHIUM m- GERMANATE
Formula: Li 2 Ge0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134.48

M. P. 1239C
Density 3. 53 @21C
Toxicity: See Germanium and Lithium
Compounds.
LITHIUM HYDRIDE
Description: White, translucent,
crystalline mass.
Colorless crystals.
Formula: LiOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 23. 95
M. P. 462 C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 54 @20C
See Lithium Compounds

and Sodium Hydroxide.
Toxicity:
LITHIUM HYDROXIDE MONOHYDRATE. See Lithium Hydroxide.

LITHIUM IODATE
White crystals.
Formula: LiI0 3
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 181. 86
Toxicity: See Iodates and Lithium
Compounds.
Formula: LiH
LITHIUM MANGANITE
834
LITHIUM MANGANITE
Density 2. 121 @17. 5C

Description: Reddish-brown powder.

Formula: Li 2 Mn0 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 116. 8
Toxicity: See Manganese and Lith-
LITHIUM OXIDE
ium Compounds.
LITHIUM METAL, IN CARTRIDGES
See Lithium.
I. C. C. Classification: See 73. 206
LITHIUM MOLYBDATE
Description:
White, crystalline
Description: Cubic, white crystals.

Formula: Li 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 29. 9
M. P. > 1700C
Density 2. 013 @25.2C
Section 2
LITHIUM PERCHLORATE
powder.
Formula: Li 2 Mo0 4
Description:
crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula: LiC104
M. P.
173. 83
705C
See Molybdenum and

Lithium Compounds.
Toxicity:
LITHIUM NITRATE
Description: Colorless powder,
deliquescent granules.
Formula: LiN0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 69.
M. P. 255C
Density 2. 38
LITHIUM NITRITE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: LiNO z
H zO
LITHIUM OXALATE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Colorless crystals.
4
101. 90
M. P. Decomposes
Toxic Rating Code:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106.40
M. P. 239C
Density 2.429
LITHIUM PERMANGANATE
Purple crystals.
Formula: LiMn0 4
3H 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 179. 92
Density 2. 06
Moderate; a powerful
can react with
reducing materials (Section 6).
Fire Hazard:
oxidizing agent;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 71.
M. P. < 100C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 615 @0C
Formula: Li 2 C 2
LITHIUM PEROXIDE
Description: Fine white powder or a
sandy yellow, granular material.
Formula: Li 2 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 45. 88
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 14 @20C
Toxicity: See Lithium Compounds and
Peroxides.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, because it
is an extremely powerful oxidizing
agent. See also Peroxides, Inorganic.
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
835
LITHIUM THALLIUM

steam to produce heat; on contact with reducing material, it
can react vigorously.
Oxidizing

TARTRATE
LITHIUM SODIUM FLUOALUMINATE
LITHIUM SELENIDE
Description: Colorless, deliquescent
crystals.
Formula: Li 2Se
9H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 255.0

Toxicity:
Compounds.
dl-
LITHIUM SILICATE
Description: Cubic crystals.

Formula: Li 3 Na 3 (AlF 6 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 371. 75
M. P. 710C
Density 2. 774
Toxicity: See Fluoaluminates.
Disaster Control: See Fluoaluminates
LITHIUM SULFIDE
Description: Cubic, white -yellow
crystals.
Formula: Li 2 S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 46.0
Density 1. 66

Formula: Li2Si0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 89.9
M. P. 1201 C
LITHIUM SULFITE
Density 2.52 @25C

See Silicates.
Description: Needles.
Formula: Li 2 S0 3 H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112.
M. P. 455 C slight decomp.
Toxicity:
LITHIUM SILICON
Description:
Solid.
Composition: Li+Si.
Toxicity: See Lithium and Silicon.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, in the
heat or flame or by chemical
reaction with moisture or acids.
In contact with water, silane and
hydrogen are evolved.
(Section
LITHIUM TETRABORATE
Description:
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: Li 2 B 4
6).

steam to produce flammable
vapors; on contact with oxidizing
materials, it can react vigorously
and on contact with acid or acid
fumes, it can emit toxic and
flammable fumes.
5H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 259. 24
M. P. -2H 2 @200C
Toxicity:
See Boron and Lithium
Compounds.
LITHIUM THALLIUM
Description:
dl-
Formula: LiTlC 4H 2
2H 2

Density 3. 144
Compounds.
TARTRATE
Crystals.
Section
1
LITHIUM THIOCYANATE
836
LITHIUM THIOCYANATE
Description:
crystals.
Deliquescent, white
Formula: LiSCN
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 65.
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Yellowish powder.
Toxicity:
2H z O
141. 92
LITHIUM ZIRCONATE
Description: Creamy-white powder.
Formula: Li 2 Zr0 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 153. 10
Toxicity:
LOBELINE SULFATE
Toxicity:
See Lobeline.
LOGWOOD
LITHIUM m- VANADATE
Formula: LiVO s

Section 2
See Zirconium and Lithium
Compounds.

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
LOMITE
#1.
LONDON PURPLE,
See
SOLID.
Arsenic Compounds and Aniline.
LITHIUM ZIRCONIUM SILICATE

Formula: 2Li 2 Q
ZrO z SiO z
Toxicity: See Lithium Compounds,
Zirconium Compounds and
Silicates.
LOW EXPLOSIVES.
See Explosives,
Low.
LOBELIA
Section 11.
I.C.C. Classification: Explo-
Toxicity: See Lobeline.

heated, it emits highly toxic fumes,
sive
not accepted.
Coast Guard Classification: Explosive A.
LUBRICATING OIL
LOBELINE
Description:
Formula:

poison label.
Yellow, syrupy liquid.
C 22 H 27 N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 285.28
M. P. 131 C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Causes stimulation
which leads to convulsions in
severe cases. Nausea and vomiting are frequent.
Stomach if vomiting has not occurred. Use stimulants.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Constants:
Flash P. 450 - 535F (O. C. )
Density Less than 1.00
Petroleum Hydrocarbons.
To Fight Fire: Spray, foam, carbon
OIL, CYLINDER
Constant:
Density < 1
LUBRICATING
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
" LUMINAL'
837

Allergen 1; Ingestion 1
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
LUBRICATING OIL (MAINLY

MINERAL)
Constants:
Constants:
Density < 1
Flash P. 300 - 450 F
See also
can react with

to heat or flame;
OIL,
MINERAL
Constant:
Density <
Toxicity:
Details unknown.
See also
to heat or flame;
OIL,
SPINDLE
Density < 1
Flash P. 169 F
Fire Hazard:
LUBRICATING
LUBRICATING
can react with
LUBRICATING OIL, MOTOR

Constants:
Density < 1
Autoign. Temp. 500 - 700 C
Flash P. 300 - 450 F
Fire Hazard:
can react with

to heat or flame;
LUBRICATING OILS, AUTO

See also
can react with
To Fight Fire: Water spray, foam
to heat or flame;
LUBRICATING OIL, TURBINE

Constants:
Density < 1
n
t?
LUCITE.
Tf
See Methyl Methacrylate.
LUMINAL u
Synonyms:
Phenylethylbaribituric
phenylethylmalonylurea.
Description: White, shining, crystalline, odorless and stable powder.
acid;
Formula:
(C 6H 5 )(C 2 H 5 )C(CONH) 2 CO
Constants
Mol. Wt. 232. 17M. P. 174 - 178C
LUPANINE
838

when heated, it emits acrid fumes.
Section 2
Moderate; a powerful
can react with
Fire Hazard:
oxidizing agent;
Section 2

LUPANINE
Description: White needles (dextroform); yellow syrupy liquid (levoform).
LUPININE
Formula: C 15ti 24N 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 248. 28
M. P. 40C
Acute Local: U
White, crystalline
alkaloid.
Formula:
C 10H 19 NO
"LUPERCO"
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 169. 21
M. P. 69 - 71 C
B. P. 255 - 257C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
Description: Paste or solution

in organic or inorganic sol-
LUTETIUM
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2

Formula:
vents.

tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate; a powerful
oxidizing agent; can react with
Section 2

Lu
Constant:
At. Wt. 175.0
Toxicity: Unknown
Radiation Hazard: Natural isotope
Lu 176 emits beta particles of 0. 3
mev and gamma rays of 0. 26 mev.
Artificial isotope Lu 177 half-life:
6. 8 days; emits beta particles of
0. 37 mev (17%), 0. 17 mev (18%)
rays of 0. 11, 0. 21 and 0. 32 mev.
body: 78 microcuries; in air:
5 X 10" 6 microcurie per milliliter;
in water: 24 microcurie per
;
milliliter.
"LUPERSOL"
Description: Solutions.
Ingestion 3; Inha-
of dust
with oxidizers.
Explosion Hazard: See Powdered

Metals.
lation 3
2,6-LUTIDINE
Synonym:
in the form
to heat or

3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
Moderate
when exposed
Fire Hazard:
None
= Slight
2 =
2,
6-Dimethyl pyridine.
Moderate
3 = High
Unknown
LYE
839
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(CH 3 2 C5H 3 N
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 107. 1
B. P. 143. 7C
Freezing P. -6. 6C
Density 0. 923 @20C
Vap. D. 3. 70
Pyridine.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decompo
LYCORINE
Description:
Formula:
C 16 H 17 N0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 287. 31
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2
White, crystalline
LYE. See Sodium Hydroxide.
alkaloid.
MAGNESIUM
Formula:
Mg
heat
are allowed to accumulate,

necessary that they be left in
drums and removed to a separate
etc.
it is
Constants:
At. Wt. 24. 32
M. P. 651 C
B. P. 1107C
Density 1.74 @ 5 C
Toxicity: See Magnesium Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, in the
form of dust or flakes, when exposed to flame, or by violent
agents. In solid form, magnes-
ium
more than 50 cubic feet (6 fiftygallon drums) of turnings, borings,
If
Description: Hexagonal, silverywhite crystals of metal.
is difficult to ignite because

is conducted rapidly away
from the source of ignition; it

must be heated above its melting
point before it will burn. However, in finely divided form it
may be ignited by a spark or the

flame of a match. Magnesium
fires do not flare up violently
unless there is moisture present.
Therefore, it must be kept away
from water, moisture, etc. See
To Fight Fire: Operators and fire
fighters can approach a magnesium fire to within a few feet if
no moisture is present. Water and
other ordinary extinguishers,
such as CO z carbon tetrachloride,
etc.
should not be used on magnesium fires. G-l powder or
powdered talc should be used on
open fires. Oven fires can be
easily controlled by the use of
boron trichloride gas.
Magnesium turnings, borings,
etc.
should be collected frequently during the working hours
and always at the end of the shift
,
room or separated from other occupancies by a

space of at least 50 feet. Magnesium grinding dust should always
be collected in a dust collector
fire resistant storage
approved specifically for this

service. The collected material
should be removed frequently, and
burned. This may be accomplished
by spreading it three or four inches thick on a layer of firebrick
or hard burnt paving brick and
igniting some combustible refuse
placed on top. The burning refuse
ignites the top surface of the
magnesium and the layer dries as
Danger of a sudden
it burns.
flare up exists when the sludge
has been allowed to become partially dry.
During machining, magnesium

fires result from the use of dull
cutting tools, machining with light
cuts at high speeds, or rubbing of
the tool on the work after the cutting operation is finished. Chip
fires on machine tools can best
be controlled by the use of a newly
developed liquid extinguishant, by
flooding with coolant, by using G-l
powder or powdered
from machines and surrounding

area and placed in clean, dry
metal covered containers plainly
labeled, "For Magnesium Only. "
Good housekeeping is essential.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
talc, or, if
necessary, by dry sand. These

dry materials should be shoveled
onto a fire until it is completely
blanketed. If the fire is on a
combustible floor, best results
can be obtained by spreading a
layer of extinguishing material on
the floor and on the fire, and then
shoveling the fire on the layer of
extinguishing material.

flame or by violent chemical reaction with powerful oxidizers.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MAGNESIUM CHLOROPALLADATE
841

heated, it burns violently in air
and emits fumes; will react with
water or steam to produce hydrogen; on contact with oxidizing
MAGNESIUM
Formula:
Mg 3 (As0 4
)2
8H z O
Formula:
See Arsenic
Compounds.
MAGNESIUM ARSENATE,
SOLID.
See Magnesium o-Arsenate.

Poison B;
poison label.
MCA warning label.

Description:
crystals.
Rhombic, colorless
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 190.60
Density 2. 99 @21 C
Magnesium.
MAGNESIUM BROMATE
Colorless crystals.
Formula: Mg(Br0 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
6H 2
Toxicity: See Magnesium Compounds.

MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
Description: Thin white to gray
opaque granules and/or flakes.
Formula: MgCl 2
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mg 3 (B0 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 299. 33
M. P. 35C
B. P. Decomposes @ 120 C
Density 1. 80 @25C
See Arsenic
BORATE
12H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 915.24
Density 2. 802
Formula: Mg(C10 3
Compounds.
o-
Trigonal crystals.
Formula: MgPtBr 6
Description: White, deliquescent

crystals or powder.
)2
MAGNESIUM
Description:
MAGNESIUM CHLORATE
Solid.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 318. 78
See Bromides.
MAGNESIUM BROMOPLATINATE
Toxicity:
MAGNESIUM o-ARSENITE
Mg 3 (As0 3
MgBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 184. 15
M. P. 700C
Density 3. 72
Toxicity:

MCA warning label.
Formula:
29
MAGNESIUM BROMIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 494. 91
Density 2. 60 - 2. 61
Formula:
2.
See Bromates.
Description: Large lustrous, white,

Monoclinic, white
Description:
Density
Toxicity:
o- ARSENATE
Synonym: Hoernesite.
Description:
crystals.
M. P. -6H 2 @200C
B. P. Decomposes
M. P.
708C
B. P.
1412 C
95.2
Density
2. 325
See Magnesium Compounds.
Toxicity:
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, HYDRATED.

See Magnesium Chloride.
6H z O
MAGNESIUM CHLOROPALLADATE
388. 25
Description:
Hexagonal crystals.
MAGNESIUM CHLOROPLATINATE
Formula: MgPdCl 6
6H 2
Toxicology: The inhalation of fumes

of freshly sublimed magnesium
oxide may cause metal fume fever.
There is no evidence that magnes-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 451.86
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 12
Toxicity: See Palladium
ium produces true systemic poi-
Compounds
and Magnesium Compounds.

MAGNESIUM CHLOROPLATINATE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
MgPtCl 6
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 540. 39
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2.437
Toxicity: See Platinum
Compounds

MAGNESIUM CHLOROSTANNATE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: MgSnCl 6
6H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 463. 86
Density 2. 08
Magnesium Compounds.
MAGNESIUM CHROMATE
Description:
MgCr0 4
7H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 266.44
Density 1. 695

reaction; can react with reducing materials (Section 6).
Toxicity:
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Irritant 2
Chronic Systemic:
probably from the presence of

atmospheric contaminants such as
fluorides, sulfur dioxide, carbon
tetrachloride and chromium compounds.
Particles of metallic magnesium
or magnesium alloy which perforate the skin or gain entry through
cuts and scratches may produce a
severe local lesion characterized
by the evolution of gas and acute
inflammatory reaction, frequently
with necrosis. The condition has
been called a "chemical gas
gangrene. " Gaseous blebs may
develop within 24 hours of the injury. The inflammatory response
is marked at the site of injury and
there may be signs of lymphangitis.
The lesion is very slow to heal.
The most serious hazard
presented by magnesium is the
danger from burns. Protection
necessary for personnel handling
and processing magnesium is
usually no different from that which
is necessary for other metals.
recommended that smooth

clothing and leather or fire resistant, easily removable aprons be
worn in grinding operations on
magnesium. The toxicity of
magnesium compounds is usually
that of the anion. Refer to magnesium and anion. See also specific
compounds.
MAGNESIUM CYANIDE
Description:
Solid.
Formula: Mg(CN) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 76.4
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
soning. Occupational health hazards
may exist in magnesium foundries
It is
Rhombic, yellow crys-
tals.
Formula:
842
MAC: ACGIH
(as MgO fume) per cubic meter
MAGNESIUM DIAMIDE
Description:
White powder.
Formula: Mg(NH 2 ) 2
of air.
Toxic Rating Code:
= None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MAGNESIUM FORMATE
843
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
can react with oxidizing mate56.4
rials.
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity:
Section
Details unknown.
Ammonia, which
is
See also
evolved upon
MAGNESIUM DUST.
See Magnesium,
contact with water.
Dangerous; by chem-
Fire Hazard:
MAGNESIUM ETHYLENE
DITHIOCARBAMATE
ammonia;
spontaneously flammable in air
ical reaction to evolve
(Section
Toxicity:
6).
Section 2
Section
MAGNESIUM DIETHYL
Formula:
Crystals or liquid.
Mg(C 2 H 5
Details unknown;
a skin
irritant.

reacts violently with water.
materials.
Description:
BIS-
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 82. 4
M. P. 0C
Toxicity: Details unknown, See also
Magnesium and Ethyl Alcohol.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; spontaneously flammable in air or in
carbon dioxide (Section 6).

sulfur.
Section
MAGNESIUM FERROCYANIDE
Description:
Formula:
Mg 2 Fe(CN) 6
12H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 476. 79
Disaster Control: See Ferrocyanides
MAGNESIUM FLUORIDE
Synonym:
Sellaite.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Faint violet, luminous
MgF 2

spontaneous chemical reaction or
upon contact with water.
react violently with water or
steam; can react vigorously with
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 62. 32
M. P. 1396C
B. P. 2239 C
Density 2. 9 - 3. 2
MAGNESIUM FLUOSILICATE
MAGNESIUM DIPHENYL
Description: Feathery crystals.
Formula: Mg(C 6 H 5 ) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 178. 5
Toxicity: Unknown
Fire Hazard: Moderate; spontaneously flammable in moist (but

not dry) air (Section
6).

exposed to flame, or upon contact
with moisture.
decomposes violently in water;
White crystals or
powder.
Formula: MgSiF^
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 166. 38
MAGNESIUM FORMATE
Description:
crystals.
Rhombic, colorless
Formula: Mg(CH0 2 ) 2
2H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
150.4
See Formic Acid.
Toxicity:
MAGNESIUM o-GERMANATE
844

Formula:
7
MAGNESIUM o-GERMANATE
Description:
Formula:
White precipitate.
Mg 2 Ge0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
185.24
Toxicity: See
MAGNESIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Description:
White crystals.
Formula: Mg(H 2 P0 2
)2
6H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 262. 36
Density 1. 59
Toxicity: See Hypophosphites.
posed to heat.
chemical reaction.
heated to 100C it evolves flammable gas and highly toxic fumes
of phosphine; can react with
(2)
(l)
Mg(N0 3
Mg(N0 3
)2
)2
2H 20;
6H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. (1) 184.37; (2) 256.43.
Density (1) 2. 0256 @25C; (2)
1.464
M. P. (1) 129. 0C; (2) 95C
B. P.
@330C
(2) -5H 2
Oxidizing
Coast Guard Classification: Oxi
dizing material.
MAGNESIUM OXALATE
White powder.
Description:
Formula:
MgC 2
2H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148. 37
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 45
MAGNESIUM OXIDE
MAGNESIUM IODATE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: Mg(I0 3 ) 2
4H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 446.22
M. P. -4H 2 @210C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 3 @13. 5 C
Toxicity: See Iodates and Magnes-

MgO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 40. 32
M. P. 2500 - 2800C
Density 3. 65 - 3. 75
Toxicity:
See Magnesium
Com-
pounds.
MCA: ACGIH
15 milli-
(accepted);
White, deliquescent
of air.
MAGNESIUM PERBORATE
Description:
White powder.
Formula: Mg(B0 3
MAGNESIUM IODIDE
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
)2
7H zO
268. 02
See Magnesium Compounds and Boron Compounds.

reaction; an oxidant (Section 6).
Toxicity:
Formula: Mgl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 278. 16
M. P. > 700 C Decomposes.
Density 4. 244
Toxicity: See Iodides and Magnes-
ium Compounds.
MAGNESIUM NITRATE
Description: (l) white crystals
(prisms); (2) monoclinic,
colorless, deliquescent crystals.
Toxic Rating Code:
Formula:
ium Compounds.
Description:
crystals.
White powder.
Description:
None
= Slight
MAGNESIUM PERCHLORATE
Description:
crystals.
White, hygroscopic
Formula: Mg(C10 4 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 223.33
M. P. Decomp. @251C
Density 2. 60 @25C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MAGNESIUM SULFITE
845
See Magnesium Compounds

and Perchlorates.
Toxicity:
Section 11.
I.
)2
Description:
Colorless crystals.
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 275. 38
Density 1. 928
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 370.28
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 18
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction; a powerful oxidizer
(Section
Section 11.

Formula: MgSe0 4
Description: Dark purple, deliquescent needles.
Mg(Mn04
See Magnesium.
MAGNESIUM SELENATE
MAGNESIUM PERMANGANATE
Formula:
MAGNESIUM SCRAP (SHAVINGS,

BORINGS, OR TURNINGS).

Compounds.
Section
MAGNESIUM SILICATE HYDRATED.

See Asbestos.
6).
Section
MAGNESIUM SILICATE, HYDROUS
Description:
Solid.
MAGNESIUM PEROXIDE
Formula:
Mg 2 Si 3
Synonym: Magnesium dioxide.

Formula: Mg0 2 (theoretical)
Toxicity:
See Silicates.
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym: Epsom Salt.

Description: Opaque needles.
Formula: MgS0 4
7H 2
Toxicity:
56. 32
See Peroxides, Inorganic
agent (Section 6).

react with reducing agents;
Toxicity:
MAGNESIUM SULFIDE
Pale red
brown.
Formula: MgS
]2
Toxicity:
06
and Sulfides.
White crystalline
powder.
Formula: MgS0 3
6H z O
Description:
@25/25 C
See Magnesium Compounds.
1.
reddish-
MAGNESIUM SULFITE
614
M. P. 95C
Density
to
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 56. 39
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 79 - 2. 85
Toxicity: See Magnesium Compounds
Description: Coarse white granules.

Formula: Mg[C0 2 (CH 2 ) 7 CH = CHCH 2 )
Description:
MAGNESIUM RICINOLEATE
CHOH(CH2 5CH3
246. 5
can

Oxidizing
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
5H 2
M. P. -7H z O @200C
Density 1. 68
in or
near a fire.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
decompose violently
MAGNESIUM SULFATE

Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with acidic materials and moisture; an oxidizing
will
Section
MAGNESIUM TfflOTELLURITE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
Formula:
(CH 3 )2PSSCHCOOC2H 5CH 2 COOC 2H 5
212.48
-6H 2 G @200C
Decomposes
Density
Toxicity:
1. 725
and Sulfites.
MAGNESIUM TfflOTELLURITE
Description:
Pale yellow, crystal-
mass.
Formula: Mg 3 TeS 5
line
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 360.9
Toxicity: See Sulfides and Tellurium
MAGNESIUM TUNGSTATE
Formula:
MgW0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 272. 24
Density 5. 66
Toxicity: See Magnesium
Compounds
MALACHITE GREEN
Synonyms: Aniline green; China
green.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 298.4
Vap. D. 10.3
Density 1.23 @25C
Toxicity: See Parathion.
MAC: ACGIH
15 milli-
(tentative):
of air.

sulfur and phosphorus.
MCA
warning label.
MALEIC ACID
Compounds.
oxides of sulfur and tellurium;
Description:
crystals.
846
Green crystals.
Synonyms: Maleinic acid;
toxilic
acid.
Description: White crystals, faint

acidulous odor.
Formula:
HOOCCHCHCOOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 1
M. P. 130. 5C
Density 1. 590 @20 o /4C
Vap. D. 4.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
Formula:
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
C 23 H 25N 2 C1
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 364.9
Aniline Dyes.
oxides of nitrogen.
butene dioic anhydride.

Description: Fused block or white
crystals.
Formula:
OCOCHCHCO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 98. 1
M. P. 58C
B. P. 202C
Flash P. 218F (C.C.
Density 0.934 @20 o /4X
Autoign. Temp. 80 F
@44. 0C
Vap. Press. 1
Vap. D. 3.4
)
MALATfflON
Synonym: O, O- Dim ethyl dithiophosphate of diethyl mercaptosuccinate.
Description: Yellow-brown liquid.
Toxic Rating Code:
Synonym: Toxilic anhydride; cis-
None
= Slight
mm
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MANGANESE
847

tion
3;
Inges-
Inhalation 3
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; will react with water or steam to produce heat; emits toxic fumes
when heated; can react on contact
Section 2
MCA
warning label.
MALT EXTRACT
A
Description:
powder.
Composition:
Contains diastase,
dextrin, dextrose, protein bodies
and barley salts.
Acute Local: Allergen 1; Inhalation

Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Malthas beenassociated
with grain or malt fever, an illness existing among grain workers.
This is described in the literature
as follows. It occurs several
hours after the patient leaves work,
possibly during sleep. It causes
headache, weakness, fever, chills
and cold sweats, as well as nausea,
coughing, and often vomiting. By
morning these symptoms have subsided. The victim feels normal
and generally reports back for
work. This strange illness occurs
most frequently among men never
before exposed to grain dust, or
even among experienced men at
the beginning of a new season or
upon returning to work after a
short absence. It resembles
metal fume fever because only
those constantly exposed appear
to develop an immunity.
No
MANGANESE
Description: Reddish-gray or silvery,
brittle, metallic element.
Formula:
Mn
Constants:
At. Wt. 54. 93
M. P. 1260C
B. P. 1900C
Density 7. 20
Vap. Press. 1
@1292C
Acute Local:
Chronic Local: U
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Mn 52 half-life: 6
days; emits gamma rays of 0. 73;
0. 94 and 1. 5 mev and positron
particles of 0. 58 mev.
Hazard
Rating, Class I (National Bureau of
Artificial isotope Mn 54 halflife:
310 days; emits gamma rays
of 0. 84 mev.
Artificial isotope Mo", halflife: 68 hours; emits beta par-
mm
really satisfactory explanation

can be offered for this reaction
to malt dust, except that it is
probably due to the presence of a
foreign protein.

of dust, when exposed to flame.
and 1. 2 mev and

rays of 0. 75 mev. The
50 microcuries; in air: 2 X 10" 3
water: 14 microcurie per milli-
ticles of 0. 2
gamma
liter.
Artificial isotope
life:
Pm 147
half-
emits beta par23 mev. The permis-
3. 9 years.;
ticles of 0.
sible levels are: In body: 120
"
microcuries; in air; 2X 10 7
water: 1 microcure per milliliter.
Artificial isotope Tb 160 half,
life:
of 0.
76 days; emits beta particles

72 mev; the energy of gamma
rays is doubtful.
of dust or powder, when exposed
to flame.
MANGANESE ARSENATE
848
of

steam to produce hydrogen; can
Section 2
for as little as three months may

produce the condition, but usually
cases develop after one to three
MANGANESE ARSENATE
years of exposure. The central

nervous system is the chief site
of damage.
If cases are removed
from exposure shortly after the
appearance of symptoms, some
improvement in the patient's condition frequently occurs, though
there may be some residual disturbances in gait and speech.
When well established, however,
the disease results in permanent
Description: Reddish- white, crystal-
disability.
Individuals exposed to dusts

and fumes of manganese have
been reported by several investi-
line solid.
Formula:
MnHAs0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
194. 9
See Arsenic
Highly toxic.
Compounds.
MANGANESE BENZOATE.
See
Manganous Benzoate.
However,
experiments with mice have produced definite and striking lung
pathology which varied in intensity
with the length of exposure to the
industrial conditions.
MANGANESE BROMIDE.
See
Manganese Dibromide.
MANGANESE CACODYLATE
Description:
Formula:
dust.
Reddish-white crystals
Mn[(CH 3 2As0 2
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 328. 9
gators to suffer from a much

higher incidence of upper respiratory infections and pneumonia
than does the general population.
It has not yet been possible to
prove that a definite pneumonitis
results in humans from exposure
to manganese dusts or fumes under
]2
See Arsenic
Compounds.
Chronic manganese poisoning

begins usually with complaints of
languor and sleepiness. This is
followed by weakness in the legs
and the development of a stolid,
mask-like facies, and the patient
speaks with a slow monotonous
voice. Then muscular twitchings
varying from a fine
hands to coarse,
rhythmical movements of the
arms, legs and trunk. Nocturnal
cramps of the legs appear about
There is a slight
the same time.
increase in tendon reflexes ankle
and patellar clonus, and a typical
Parkinsonian slapping gait. The
handwriting may be quite minute.
There are no sensory disturbances,
and no eye, gastrointestinal or
genitourinary complaints. The
urine and spinal fluid are normal,
and the blood shows no abnormality
or only a slight leucopenia. The
symptoms may simulate progressive bulbar paralysis, post-
appear,
tremor
MANGANESE CHLORIDE,
See
Manganese Dichloride.
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
2;
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion 3;
Inhalation 3
Toxicology: Chronic manganese
poisoning is a clearly characterized disease which results from
the inhalation of fumes or dusts
of
manganese.
Exposure
to
heavy
concentrations of dusts or fumes
Toxic Rating Code:
None
of the
= Slight
encephalitic Parkinsonism,
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MANGANESE HYPOPHOSPEITE
849
multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis and progressive
lenticular degeneration (Wilson's
disease). Often, a history of
exposure is the only aid in establishing the diagnosis.
rate): Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Density 5.01
See Manganese Compounds.
Toxicity:
MANGANESE DIOXIDE
Synonym: Manganese oxide.
Formula: MnO z
MANGANESE DIBROMIDE

M. P. -O @535C
Density 5.
Synonym: Manganese bromide.

Description: Rose-red crystals.
Formula: MnBr 2
4H z O

Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction; a powerful oxidizer.
It must not be heated or rubbed in
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 286. 8
M. P. 64 C (decomp,
Density 4. 385 @25C
380. 8
contact with easily oxidizable
See Manganese Compounds

MANGANESE BICHLORIDE
matter (Section 6).

Disaster Control: Moderately danger
ous; keep away from heat and
flammable materials.
Synonyms: Scacchite; manganese
Toxicity:
Formula: MnCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
MANGANESE HEPTOXIDE
Description: A dark red oil.
Formula: Mn2 7
125. 84
M. P. 650C
1190C
Density 2.977 @25C
Toxicity: See Manganese Compounds,
B. P.
MANGANESE DIFLUORIDE
Synonym: Manganese fluoride.
Description: Red, tetragonal crystals or reddish powder.
Formula:
MnF 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 92. 93
M. P. 856 C
Density 3. 98
Man-
ganese Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Fluorides.*
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 221. 9
M. P. < -20C
B. P. Explodes
Density > 1. 84
DI IODIDE
Synonym: Manganese iodide.

Description: Yellowish-brown or
pink, deliquescent crystalline
mass
or white powder.
Formula: Mnl 2
4H 2 Q
@70C

Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by chemical reaction; a powerful oxidizer
(Section
6).

Explosive Range: @70C.
shock or heat will explode it; can
materials.
MANGANESE HYPOPHOSPHITE
Description:
MANGANESE
Section 11.
Coast Guard Classification: Hazardous material.
chloride.
Description: Cubic, deliquescent,
pink crystals.
Pink, odorless crys-
tals.
Formula: Mn(H 2P0 2 ) 2
H2
Mol. Wt. 202. 9

M. P -H 2 Q > 150C
Toxicity: See Manganese Compounds,
Fire Hazard: See Hypophosphites.
Constant:
MANGANESE IODIDE
850
Description:
Disaster Control: See Hypophosphit e s
MANGANESE
IODIDE.
See Manga-
nese Diiodide.
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: MnPtI 6
9H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1173. 82
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 60
Toxicity: See Platinum
Compounds

MANGANESE LEAD RESINATE

Description:
Formula:
Dark brown
to black
mass.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 65.75
Density 6.2 @15C
Toxicity: See Manganese Compounds
Fire Hazard: Moderate; will react

with acids or steam to form boron
hydride. It will ignite in presence
of powerful oxidizers (Section 6).
chemical reaction. See Boron
Hydride.
vapors; it reacts vigorously with
MANGANESE MONOPHOSPfflDE
Description:
Manganese Compounds.
of lead; can react with oxidizing
materials.
MANGANESE MONOARSENIDE
Description:
crystals.
Black, hexagonal
Formula: MnAs
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129. 84
M. P. Decomp. @400C
Density 6. 2
Dark gray crystals.
Formula:
MnP
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
1190C
M. P.
Density
Toxicity:
5.
39
85.91
@21C
See Phosphides and
chemical reaction with moisture
or acids.

phosphorus; will react with
water, steam or acids to produce
toxic and flammable vapors; can
materials.
MANGANESE OXALATE.
Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to flame. It will react with
water and acids to form hydrogen
arsenide (Section 6).
highly toxic fumes of arsenic;
will react with water, steam or
acids to produce toxic and flammable vapors; can react with
Toxic Rating Code:
Crystalline powder.
MnB
MANGANESE IODOPLATINATE
Toxicity:
MANGANESE MONOBORIDE
None
= Slight
See Man-
ganous Oxalate.
MANGANESE PYROPHOSPHATE
See Manganous Pyrophosphate.
MANGANESE RESINATE
Description:
Dark, brownish-black
mass.
Formula: Mn(C 2 oH 29
2)2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 657. 8
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MANGANOUS CHLOROPLATINATE
851

to heat or flame or by reaction
with powerful oxidizers (Section 6),
MANGANESE SELENATE
Rhombic crystals.
Formula: MnSe0 4 2H z O
Description:
MANGANIC m- PHOSPHATE
Description:
Formula:
Pink crystals.
Mn2 (P0 3
)6
2H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 619.8
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 233.92
Density 2. 95 - 3. 01

MANGANIC o-PHOSPHATE
.Description: Greenish-gray crystalline powder.
Formula:
MnP0 4
H zO
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 167. 93
Compounds.
MANGANESE SELENIDE
MANGANIC SULFATE
Gray, cubic crystals.

Formula: MnSe
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 133. 89
Density 5. 59 @15C

Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction either with moisture
or acids to liberate selenium
hydride, or on contact with power-
Toxicity:
@160C
MANGANOCYANIC ACID
Formula: H4Mn(CN) 6
See
Manganese Arsenate.
MANGANOUS BENZOATE
MANGANESE SELENITE.
Synonym: Manganese Benzoate.

Description: Flat prisms.
Formula: Mn(C 7 H 5 2 2 3H 2
See
Selenite.
MANGANESE SULFATE.
MANGANESE TARTRATE.
See Man-
See
MANGANIC FLUORIDE
MANGANOUS CHLOROPLATINATE
crystals.
Description:
MnF 3
Crystals.
Formula: MnPtCl 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 111. 93
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 54
and Fluorides.
Compounds

Manganous Tartrate.
Red
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 351.20
Toxicity: See Manganese
ganous Sulfate.
Formula:
Mn2 (S0 4 ) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 398.06
M. P. Decomposes
Formula:
MANGANOUS ARSENATE
materials.
Description:
Green, deliquescent
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 215.07
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanides,
ful oxidizers (Section 6).

chemical reaction.
will react with water or acids to
vapors; can react with oxidizing
Manganous
Description:
crystals.
6H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 571.00
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 692
Toxicity: See Platinum Compounds

MANGANOUS CITRATE
852
MANGANOUS CITRATE
Description:
Formula:
Description:
White -reddish powder.
Mn 3 (C 6 H
7 )2
White-pink crystals.
Formula: Mn(OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 95
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 258 @13C
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 542. 99
MANGANOUS NITRATE
MANGANOUS FERROCYANIDE
Description: Monoclinic rose -white

or colorless crystals.
Description:
Formula:
Greenish-white powder.
Mn 2 Fe(CN) 6
7H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 447. 93
MANGANOUS FLUOGALLATE
Pink crystals.
[Mn(H 2 0) 6 ][GaF 5 H 2 G]
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 345. 76
Density 2. 22
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 287. 04
M. P. 25. 8C
B. P.
4C
129.
Density
1.
82

and Nitrates.
MANGANOUS OXALATE
White crystals or
powder.
Formula: MnC 2 Q 4 2H z O
Description:
MANGANOUS FLUOSILICATE
Synonym: Manganous silicofluoride.
Description: Hexagonal, rose-red
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 179.0
M. P. -2H z O @100C
Density 2.43 @21. 7 C
Toxicity: See Oxalates and Manganese
Compounds.
prisms.
Formula: Mn(N0 3 ) 2
Synonym: Manganese oxalate.
Diraster Control: See Fluogallates.

Formula: MnSiF 6
Toxicity:
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 305. 09
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 903
MANGANOUS o-PHOSPHATE
Description: Rhombic crystals or
pale rose-pink or yellowish-white
granules.
MANGANOUS FORMATE
Rhombic crystals.
Formula: Mn(CHO z ) 2 2H 2
Description:
Formula:
Mn 3 (P0 4
)2
3H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 408. 80
Density 3. 102
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 181.00
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 953
MANGANOUS HYDROXIDE
MANGANOUS PYROPHOSPHATE
Synonym: Manganese pyrophosphate.
Description: Monoclinic, brown-pink
crystals.
Formula:
Mn2 P 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 283. 82
M. P. 1196C
Density 3.707 @25C
Toxicity:
Synonym: Pyrochroite.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MATCHES
853
MANGANOUS SELENITE
Description:
Synonym: Manganese
Formula: C 6 H 8 (N0 3
selenite.
Crystals.
Description:
Formula: MnSeO s
Mol. Wt. 217.92

Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Manganese Compounds and Selenium
Constant:
Compounds.
See Selenium
Disaster Control:
Compounds.
MANGANOUS SULFATE
Synonym: Manganese sulfate.
Description: Reddish crystals.
Formula: MnS0 4
Constants:
M. P.
B. P.
Mol. Wt.
700 C
Toxicity:
151.00
Decomposes @850C
Density
3.
25
MANGANOUS SULFIDE
Synonym: Ala bandit e.
Description: Cubic, green,
phous crystals.
Formula:
amor-
MnS
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
)6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 452. 17
M. P. 112C
Density 1. 603 @0C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
shocked or exposed to heat. A
very sensitive high explosive used
as a substitute for fulminates and
in combination with tetracine.
See also Explosives, High and
Nitrates.
Disaster Control: Highly dangerous]
See Nitrates and Explosives, High,
Section 2
2H z O
Colorless crystals.
87. 00
M. P. Decomposes
Density
3.
MANNITOL MONOLAURATE
99

Toxicity:
MANGANOUS TARTRATE
Formula:
White powder.
MnC 4H 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 203. 00
Fire Hazard: Slight;

Constants:
M. P.
Toxicity:
Mol. Wt.
-3H 2
3H 2
to
170C
See Manganese Compounds,

MANNITOL HEXANITRATE
Synonym: Mannitol
a fly
Keep away from rodents!
225.15
@160C
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 364. 5
spray.
Composition: Usually contain phosphorus, antimony and sulfur.

Toxicity: Details unknown. See individual components.
MANGANOUS THIOCYANATE
Formula: Mn(SCN) 2
Colorless solid.
C^gtOH^COsCnH^
MATCHES
Compounds
when heated,
Description:
Formula:

can
Synonym: Manganese tartrate.

Description:
Description:
nitrate.

tend to propagate fires; emit
toxic fumes of phosphorus, sulfur
and antimony.
MAUVINE HYDROBROMIDE
854

flammable solid.
In-

MAUVINE HYDROBROMIDE
Yellowish powder.
Acute Local: U
Description:
Inhalation
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
fume s
Section 2

MCABEES.
MELAMINE
Synonym:
6-Triamino-s-tri-
Monoclinic colorless
prisms.
Formula:
NC (NH 2 )NC (NH. ;NC (NH 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M.
P.
B. P.
126.13
Z50C
Sublimes
Unknown

MENHADEN OIL
Synonyms: Pogy
oil;
moss bunker
oil.
Description:
from
Thick liquid derived
fish.
Constants:
Freezing P. -5C
Flash P. 435 F (C. C. )
Density 0. 923 - 0. 933
Toxicity:
Toxicity:
0.
Slight,
Unknown

None
6).
Section
MENTHOL
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 156.26
M. P. 42. 5C
B. P. 212. 0C
Density 0. 890 @ 15 /\5 C
Vap. Press. 1 mm@56.0C
Vap. D. 5. 38
Acute Systemic: U
gen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
when exposed
can react with

Toxic Rating Code:
849@75C

to heat or flame;
ide,
Density 0.843
Vap. D. 4.68
it
MERCAPTANS
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
Description: Oily liquid; slight

citrus odor.
Formula: CiqHk,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136. 2
B. P. 171. 2C
Flash P. 120F (T.C.C. )
Synonym: Hexahydrothymol.
Description: Crystals; peppermint
taste and odor.
Formula: C 10H 19 OH
Density 1. 573 @20 /4 C

Vap. D. 4. 34
Toxicity:
2-p-MENTHADIENE
chloride (Section
2, 4,
azine.
Description:
1(7),
Synonym: p-Phellandrene.
= Slight
In-
3;
halation 3

Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Mercaptans generally
have a very offensive odor, which
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MERCURIC ACETYLIDE
855
may cause nausea and headache.

High concentrations can produce
unconsciousness with cyanosis,
cold extremities and rapid pulse.
almost always emit highly toxic

materials.
Section 2
fumes
of oxides of sulfur; they

acids to produce toxic and flam-
mable vapors; they can react

rate): Section 2
2
2-MERCAPTOETHYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Description: White, slightly hygroscopic crystals.
Formula: HSCH 2 CH 2 NH 2
-MERC APTOBENZ OTHIAZ OLE
Description:
Light yellow powder.
Formula: C 6H 4SCNSH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 167. 3
M. P. 170C
Density 1.42 @25C
See
Mercaptans.
sulfur compounds; can react with
MERCURIC ACETATE
Description:
White, crystalline pow-
der.
Synonym: 2-Hydroxyethyl-mercaptan.
Description: Water-white, mobile
liquid.
HSCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 78. 13
B. P. 157. 1C
Density 1. 1 168 @20/20C
Vap. D. 2. 69
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
chemical, carbon tetrachloride or
water spray (Section 6).
HC1

MERCAPTOETHANOL
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 113. 6
M. P. 70.2 - 70. 7C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Formula: Hg(C 2 H 3
2)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 318. 70
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3.270
Compounds, Organic.
Poison B;
poison label.
I.
MERCURIC ACETYLIDE
Description:
Formula:
White powder.
3HgC 2
HzO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 691.91
M. P. Explodes
Density 5. 3
MERCURIC AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

Toxicity:
See Mercury
Highly toxic.
Compounds, Organic.
Fire Hazard: Details unknown.
MERCURIC BARIUM BROMIDE
also Acetylides.
of
mercury and arsenic.

See

Disaster Control: Dangerous! Heat
or shock will cause detonation;
fumes
856
mercury.
MERCURIC AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

Description: White, pulverulent
lumps or powder.
2H 2
Formula: HgCl 2 2NH 4 Cl
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 414. 5
Synonym: Barium-mercury bromide.

Description: Colorless, very hygroscopic crystals.
Formula: HgBr 2
BaBr 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 657. 6

poison label.
MERCURIC BARIUM IODIDE

Description: Reddish or yellow,
unstable, deliquescent, crystalline mass.
Formula: Hgl 2
Bal 2
5H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 935. 73
MERCURIC ARSENATE
MERCURIC BENZOATE
Yellow powder.
Formula: HgHAs0 4
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 340. 5
M. P. Decomposes
Compounds, Inorganic and
Arsenic Compounds.
o -ARSENATE
Formula: Hg 3 (As0 4 ) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 879.65
Compounds and Mercury Compounds, Inorganic.
None
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 442. 83
M. P. 165C
Compounds, Organic.

poison label.
MERCURIC
Toxic Rating Code:
White crystalline
powder.
Formula: Hg(C 7 H 5 2 ) 2
Description:
= Slight
MERCURIC BROMATE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: Hg(Br0 3 ) 2
2H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 492.47
M. P. Decomp. @130 - 140C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MERCURIC CHLORIDE DIAMMINE
857

MERCURIC BROMIDE IODIDE
highly toxic fumes of mercury;

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 407.45
M. P. 229C
B. P. 360C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Mercury Compounds, Inorganic.
Description:
Formula: HgBrI
MERCURIC BROMIDE
Description:
crystals.
Rhombic, colorless
Formula: HgBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 360.44
M. P. 237C
Density 6. 109 @25C
Vap. Press. 1
MERCURIC CHLORATE
Description:
crystals.
mm
Highly toxic.
See Mercury
Poison B;
poison label.
I.
Formula: Hg(C10 3
@136. 5C
Toxicity:
Rhombic, yellow crys-
tals.
MERCURIC BROMIDE, AMMONOBASIC

White powder.
Formula: Hg(NH 2 )Br
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 296. 55
M. P. Decomposes
MERCURIC BROMIDE DIAMMINE

White powder.
Formula: Hg(NH 3 2 Br 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 394. 51
M. P. 180C
Toxicity: Highly toxic: See Mercury
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 367. 52
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 998
chlorine; can react with reducing
materials
MERCURIC CHLORIDE
Synonym: Corrosive sublimate.
Description:
der.
White crystals or pow-
Formula: HgCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 271. 52
M. P. 277C
B. P. 304C
Density 5.440 @25C
MCA
warning label.
MERCURIC CHLORIDE DIAMMINE

Description:
Fusible white precipi-
tate.
MERCURIC CHLORIDE IODIDE

Formula: Hg(NH 3 ) 2 Cl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 305. 59
M. P. 300C
858
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 835.42
MERCURIC CYANIDE
Description:
MERCURIC CHLORIDE IODIDE

Description:
Rhombic, red crys-
tals.
Formula: HgClI
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 362. 99
M. P. 153C
B. P. 315C
MERCURIC CHLOROIODIDE
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
Hgl 2
2HgCl 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 997.48
Colorless, transparent
prisms, darkened by
Formula: Hg(CN) 2
light.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 252: 65
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 996
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanides and Mercury Compounds,
Organic.
it emits highly toxic fumes of cyanides and mercury; will react
toxic fumes.
Poison B;
poison label.
I.

MERCURIC FLUORIDE
MERCURIC CHROMATE
Transparent crystals.
Formula: HgF 2
Description:
Rhombic, red crystals.

Formula: HgCr04
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
316.62
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity:
Highly toxic.
See Mercury
Fire Hazard:
reaction; an oxidizer (Section 6).

it
emits

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 238.61
B. P. 650C
Density 8. 95 @15C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluorides and Mercury Compounds,
Inorganic.
and Mercury Compounds, Inorganic
MERCURIC FLUOSILICATE
Description:
crystals.
MERCURIC CUPROUS IODIDE
Formula: HgSiF 6
Synonym: Copper-mercury iodide.

Description: Dark red, crystalline
powder.
Formula: Hgl 2 2CuI
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 450. 77
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
6H 2
High
Mercury
Unknown
MERCURIC NITRATE
859
Formula: OHg 2 NH 2 I
See Mercury
Disaster Control:
Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
560. 16
M. P. > 128C
B. P. Explodes
MERCURIC IODATE
Description:
Amorphous, white
powder.
Formula: Hg(l0 3 ) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 550.45
it

exposed to heat.
may
explode.

yellow powder or needles.
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Description: (l) Rhombic, yellow

crystals; (2) Tetragonal red
crystals or powder.
Toxicity:
2I 2
488. 51
See Mercury
Highly toxic.

(2)
(2)

Section 7
6.283
Tr. 126-
127C
Vap. Press, (l) 1
MERCURIC IODIDE SOLUTION.
mm
See Mercuric Iodide.
@157.5C
See Mercury
highly toxic fumes of mercury,
Section 11.
Highly toxic.
Poison B;
Poison B;
poison label.
I.
MERCURIC LACTATE
Description:
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: Hg(C 3 H 5
poison label.
3)2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 378. 71
Compounds, Organic.
Disaster Control: See Mercury.
MERCURIC IODIDE AMMONOBASIC

Description:
Formula: Hgl 2
I.
MERCURIC IODIDE DIAMMINE

Formula: Hg(NH 3
MERCURIC IODIDE
Toxicity:
Section
emits

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 454.45
Density (l) 6.271;
M. P. (1) 259C;
Mercury
Dirty white crystals.
Formula: Hg(NH 2 )l
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 343.55
it
emits

MERCURIC IODIDE, AQUOBASICAMMONOBASIC

Description: Yellow to brown crystals.
MERCURIC NITRATE
Description: White-yellowish,
Formula: Hg(N0 3
'
V2 H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 333. 63
M. P. 79C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 39
MERCURIC OLEATE
860

amorphous, orange -yellow powder.

Formula: HgO
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
216. 61
MERCURIC OLEATE
M. P. Decomposes
Synonym: Mercury oleate.
Density
Yellowish to red liquid;

semi-solid or solid mass.
Description:
Toxicity:
@ 500 C
11. 14
Highly toxic.
See Mercury
(C 17 H 3 3C0 2 )2Hg
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 763. 1



Poison B;
Formula:
Fire Hazard:
Mercury
Compounds, Organic.
Disaster Control: See Mercury.
I.
Poison B;
poison label.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
emits
Yellow crystals.
Formula: HgBr 2
3HgO
288. 63

Compounds, Organic and Oxalates.
Toxicity:
emits
it

Description: Heavy, bright orangered powder.
Formula: HgO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 216. 61
Density 11. 14
poison label.
I.
Formula: HgCl 2
3HgO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 921. 35
Density 7. 93
MERCURIC OXYCYANIDE
powder or needles.
Formula: Hg(CN) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
HgO
469. 26
M. P. Explodes
Density 4.437 @19C
Highly toxic. See Cyanides
and Mercury Compounds, Organic.
Light, odorless,
None
Hexagonal, yellow
Description:
crystals.
Toxicity:
MERCURIC OXIDE, YELLOW

=
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 1010. 27
MERCURIC OXYCHLORIDE
MERCURIC OXIDE, RED
Toxic Rating Code:
it
Description:
M. P. Decomposes
Description:
MERCURIC OXYBROMIDE
White powder.
Formula: HgC 2
by chemical
poison label.
MERCURIC OXALATE
Description:
Slight,
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
I
MERCURIC POTASSIUM CYANIDE
861

flame.
it emits highly toxic fumes of cyanides and mercury.
poison label.
MERCURIC OXYFLUORIDE
Formula: HgF 2 HgO- H z O
MERCURIC PHENYL CYANAMIDE

Description:
Formula:
Powder.
C^sHgNCNH
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 318. 8
See Mercury
Compounds, Organic and Cyanides.
cyanides and mercury.
MERCURIC PHOSPHATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

Synonym: Mercuric o-phosphate.

Description: Heavy white or yellowish
powder.
Formula: Hg 3 (P0 4 2
473. 24
Inorganic.
fluorides and mercury.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 791. 87
MERCURIC OXYIODIDE
MERCURIC o-PHOSPHATE.
Description:
Formula: Hgl 2
3HgO
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 1104.28
MERCURIC PERCHLORATE
Description:
crystals.
See
Mercuric Phosphate.
Formula: Hg(C10 4 ) 2
'
6H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 507. 62
See
Mercury Compounds, Inorganic.

of mercury; can react vigorously
MERCURIC POTASSIUM CYANIDE

Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: Hg(CN) 2
2KCN
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 382. 85
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanides and Mercury Compounds,
Organic.
cyanides and mercury; will react
Shipping Regulations:' Section 11.
Poison B;
poison label.
I.
of Toxicology,
see Section
MERCURIC POTASSIUM IODIDE
MERCURIC POTASSIUM IODIDE

Description: Heavy, bright orange
red to yellow powder.
Formula: Hgl 2
2KI
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 786. 5
Poison B;
poison label.

MERCURIC POTASSIUM
SULFATE
Description:
Toxicity:
Highly toxic.
See Mercury
Fire Hazard: This material readily
liberates hydrogen selenide upon
contact with acids or moisture
(Section
6).

acids to produce toxic fumes;
MERCURIC SESQUI IODIDE

Toxicity:
Highly toxic.
See Mercury
TfflO-

Section 7
White powder.
K2S 2 3
3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 503. 1
Formula: HgS 2
862
emits
it
highly toxic fumes of mercury

MERCURIC SALICYLATE
MERCURIC SILVER IODIDE

Deep yellow powder.
Formula: Hgl 2 2AgI
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 924. 1
Synonym: Mercury subsalicylate.

White to yellowish
powder.
Formula: C 7 H 4 3 Hg
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 336. 6
Compounds, Organic.
Poison B;
poison label.
I.
MERCURIC STEARATE
Description:
Yellowish, granular
powder.
Formula: (C 18 H 35
MERCURIC SUBSULFATE
Synonym: Tiemannite.
Description: Gray plates.
Formula: HgSe
Formula: HgS0 4
None
Lemon
yellow powder.
2HgO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 729.90
B. P. Volatilizes
Density 6. 44
Vap. D. 25. 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 279. 57
M. P. Sublimes
Density 7. 1 - 8. 9
1
= Slight
Mercury

Description:
Hg

MERCURIC SELENIDE
Toxic Rating Code:
2) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 767. 5
Compounds, Organic.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
See Mercury
Unknown
MERCURIC THALLIUM IODIDE
863
Toxicity:

See Mercury
Highly toxic.

Poison B;
poison label.

MERCURIC SULFATE
MERCURIC SULFOCYANATE
Synonyms: Mercury rhodanide;
mercuric thiocyanate.
Formula: Hg(SCN) 2
White, crystalline
Description:
powder.
Formula: HgS0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
296. 67
M. P. Decomposes
Density
Toxicity:
6. 47
Highly toxic.
See Mercury

poison label.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 316. 77
M. P. Decomposes
Compounds, Organic.
mercury; can react with oxidizing
materials.
Poison B;
poison label.
I.
MERCURIC SULFIDE, BLACK

Synonym: Metacinnabarite.
Formula: HgS
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Density
Toxicity:
MERCURIC TELLURATE
232. 67
583. 5C
7.
Description:
Amber,
cubic crystals.
Formula: Hg 3 Te0 6
73

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 825. 44
mercury and tellurium.
MERCURIC SULFIDE, RED
MERCURIC THALLIUM IODIDE
Synonyms: Cinnabar; vermilion.
Description:
Description: Hexagonal, red crystals or powder.
Formula: Hgl 2
Formula: HgS
Constants: Vap. D. 8.
Mol. Wt. 232. 68
M. P. Subl. @583. 5C
Density 8. 10
Red, crystalline lumps.
Til
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 708. 9
Compounds Ino rganic
,
MERCURIC TfflOCYANATE
864
contact with acid or acid fumes

mercury and thallium.

MERCURIC TfflOCYANATE.

Toxicity:
See
Highly toxic.
See Mercury
it
Mercuric Sulfocyanate.
MERCURICYANAMID
Description: A white solid.
MERCURIC THYMOLATE
Description: Yellowish, gray powder;
variable composition.
Compounds, Organic.
Formula: Hg(CN) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 252. 65
See Mercury
Compounds, Organic and Cyanides.
heated
MERCURIC THYMOL NITRATE

Description: Amorphous, white to
reddish-white powder.
Compounds, Organic.
materials.
to
decomposition,
it
emits
highly toxic fumes of cyanides and

mercury; will react with water,
steam or acids to produce toxic
fumes.
7
11.
Poison B;
poison label.
I.
MERCURIC ZINC ACETATE

White crystals.
Description:
Formula:
Hg(C 2 H 3
2 )2
Zn(C 2 K 3
2)2

Compounds, Organic.
Toxicity:
MERCURIC THYMOLSALICYLATE
White to reddish
powder.
Compounds, Organic.
Description:

MERCURIC THYMOLSULFATE
White to reddish -white
powder.
Compounds, Organic.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; v/hen
Description:
MERCURIC TUNGSTATE
Description:
Formula:
Yellow crystals.
HgW0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 448. 53
M. P. Decomposes
Toxic Rating Code:

Section 7

M
MERCUROCHROME"
Synonym: Merbromin.
Formula: C 20 H 8 Br 2 HgNa 2 O 6
= Slight
3H z O
MERCUROL, SOLID
Colorless to brownish
powder.
Composition: Contains 20% mercury.
Compounds, Organic.
Description:
None
Toxicity: Highly toxic if ingested.

Relatively non-irritating and nontoxic to damaged skin or tissue.
An antiseptic.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
Section 11.
High
Unknown
MERCUROUS CHLORATE
865
I.
fumes
of
mercury, and may ex-
plode on exposure to heat.

poison label.
MERCUROUS BROMATE
Description:
"MERCUROSAL"
Description:
White, amorphous
powder.
Formula:
(HOHg)NaOOCC 6 H 3 OCH 2 COONa

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 456. 69
Compounds, Organic.
MERCUROUS ACETATE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: Hg 2 (Br0 3
Synonym: Disodium hydroxy mercury salicyloxyacetate
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 657. 06
M. P. Decomposes
Fire Hazard: A powerful oxidizing
agent.
Keep away from flammable
materials
MERCUROUS BROMIDE
Colorless scales or
Description: Tetragonal, whiteyellow crystals.
plates.
Formula: Hg 2 (C 2 H 3 02)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 519. 31
M. P. Decomposes
Compounds, Organic.
Formula: Hg 2 Br 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
561. 07
M. P. Subl. @345C
Density 7. 307
Vap. D. 19. 3
See Mercury
MERCUROUS ARSENITE
Description: Unstable brown powder.

Poison B;
poison label.
MERCUROUS AZIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 461.23
M. P. Decomp. @130C
Compounds, Organic.
Description:
White crystals.
Formula: Hg 2 (N 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 485. 27
M. P. Explodes
Explosion Hazard: Severe, when exposed to heat or flame, or even
light.
See also Azides.
MERCUROUS CARBONATE
Formula: Hg 2 C0 3
Description:
MERCUROUS CHLORATE
Description:
White crystals.
MERCUROUS CHLORIDE
866
Formula: HgC10 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 284. 1
M. P. Decomp. @250C
Density 6. 409
MERCUROUS CHLORIDE
Synonym:
Calomel.
MERCUROUS FLUOSILICATE
Description:
Colorless prisms.
Formula: Hg 2 SiF 6
2H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 579. 31
mercury.
Description: White, rhombic crystals or crystalline powder.

Formula: Hg 2 Cl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 472. 14
Density 7. 150
Coinpounds, Inorganic.
MERCUROUS CHROMATE
Red needles or powder.
Formula: Hg 2 Cr0 4
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 517. 23
M. P. Decomposes
MERCUROUS FLUORIDE
Description:
it emits highly toxic fumes of fluorides and mercury.
Cubic yellow crystals.
Glistening scales.
Formula: Hg 2 (CH0 2 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 491. 26
M. P. Decomposes
Compounds, Organic.
MERCUROUS GLUCONATE
Description:
White solid.
Formula: HgC0 2 C 5H 6 (OH) 5

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 395. 8
Compounds, Organic.
Poison B;
poison label.
I.
MERCUROUS IODATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Description:
M. P.
Density 8. 73
Inorganic.
Toxic Rating Code:
Yellowish crystals.
Formula: Hg 2 (I0 3
570C
None
= Slight
MERCUROUS FORMATE
Description:
Formula: Hg 2 F 2
439. 22
Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 751. 06
M. P. Decomposes
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MERCUROUS OXALATE
867

MERCUROUS IODIDE
Description: Yellow, tetragonal crystals or amorphous powder.
MERCUROUS NITRATE, AMMONIATED
Formula: Hgl
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
327. 53
Subl. @140C;
M. P.
Synonym:
decomp.
Density
7.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 896. 48
70
See Mercury
Highly toxic.

I.
Poison B;
Description:
o-ARSENATE
Yellow-red crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula: Hg 2 HAs0 4
Density
See Arsenic
Toxicity:
Compounds and Mercury Com-
M. P.
Density
Toxicity:
(Section
Short, colorless,
Moderate, by cheman oxidizing agent
6).
White crystals.
Formula: Hg 2 C 2 4
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
@4C
Highly toxic.
See Mercury
MERCUROUS OXALATE
2H z O
561. 26
79
33

70C
4.
7.
Highly toxic.
ical reaction;
prismatic crystals.
2
493. 24
Fire Hazard:
MERCUROUS NITRATE
)
pounds, Inorganic.
arsenic and mercury.
Constants:
Mol. Wt
M. P. Decomp. @100C
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 541. 14
Yellow crystals.
Hg 2 (N0 2
Formula:
Formula: Hg 2 (N0 3
emits
MERCUROUS NITRITE
MERCUROUS MONO HYDROGEN
Description:
it

materials.
11.
poison label.
Description:
Hg 2 ONH 2 Hg 2 N0 3
Formula:
Decomp.
Toxicity:
Black precipitate.
Black powder.
Description:
@290C
B. P.

poison label.
See Mercury
489. 24
Highly toxic.
See Oxalates
and Mercury Compounds, Organic.
Toxicity:
MERCUROUS OXIDE, BLACK
868
MERCUROUS OXIDE, BLACK

Description:
Black
grayish-black
to
powder.
Formula: Hg z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 417. 22
M. P. Decomp. @100C
Density 9. 8
Fire Hazard:
Mercury

emits
it

Poison B;
poison label.
MERCUROUS PHOSPHATE
Formula: Hg 3 P0 4
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 696. 85
MERCUROUS SULFATE
Description:
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: Hg 2 S0 4
B. P.
Toxicity:
Yellowish-white crystalpowder.
Formula: Hg 2 C 4H 4 6
line
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 549. 29
Compounds, Organic.
MERCURY
Silvery liquid;
Description:
element.
metallic
Formula: Hg
Constants:
At. Wt.
200. 61
M. P.
-38. 89C
B. P.
356.
9C
Density 13. 546

Acute Local: Allergen3; Inges-
497. 28
Decomposes
Decomposes
Density
MERCUROUS TARTRATE
Description:
Mercury Compounds)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 433.29
sulfides; will react with moisture
or acids to produce toxic and flammable vapors; can react with
oxidizing materials:
7.
tion 3
Acute Systemic:
56
Highly toxic.
See Mercury
Poison B;
poison label.
Black crystals.
Formula: Hg 2 S
Description:
None
gen 3
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted);
01 part
per million in air; 0. 1 milligram

Hg 203 half-life: 43. 5 days; emits
gamma rays of 0. 28 mev.
heated it emits highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
0.
MERCUROUS SULFIDE
Toxic Rating Code:
Ingestion 3;
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
Section
High
Unknown
MERCURY COMPOUNDS, INORGANIC
869
MERCURY ACETAMIDE
Description:
Formula:
Compounds and Mercury Com-
White powder.
CH 3 CONHg
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 257. 7
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Klercury
Compounds, Organic.
it
emits

MERCURY BENZAMIDE
Description:
Formula:
MERCURY ACETATE.
See Mercurous Acetate or Mercuric
Coast Guard Classification;

MERCURY, AMMONIATED
MERCURY BICHLORIDE, SOLID
Synonyms: Ammonobasic mercuric

chloride; white precipitate.
Description: White lumps or powder.
Formula: HgNH 2 Cl
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 252. 10
Compounds Inorganic.

See Mercuric Chloride.

poison label.
I.
MERCURY BISULFATE.
See Mer-
curic Sulfate.
Poison B;

Section 7
poison label.
MERCURY ANTIMONY SULFIDE
MERCURY COLLOIDAL,
Gray-black powder.
Composition: Mixture of equal parts
of black mercury sulfide and gray
Description:
See
Mercury.
sulfide.

Compounds and Antimony.
it emits highly toxic fumes of mercury, antimony, and sulfides.
Toxicity:
MERCURY ATOXYLATE
Synonym: Mercury p-aminophenol
arsenate.
Description:
White powder.
C 6 H 5CONHg
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 319. 7
Compounds, Organic.
Acetate.
I. C. C.
poison label.
antimony
pounds, Organic.
arsenic and mercury.
White powder.
Formula: C 12 H 14
N 2As 2 Hg
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 632.71
See Arsenic
MERCURY COMPOUNDS,
INORGANIC
Inges3;
Inhalation 2
tion
3;

Allergen 3
Toxicology: Mercury is a general
protoplasmic poison; after absorption it circulates in the blood and
stored in the liver, kidneys,
spleen and bone. It is eliminated
in the urine, feces, sweat, saliva
and milk. In industrial poisoning,
is
MERCURY COMPOUNDS, INORGANIC

the chief effect is upon the central
nervous system and upon the
mouth and gums. Colitis has been
reported frequently; a nephritis
or nephrosis is rarely reported.

The organic mercury compounds,
like the organic lead compounds,
appear to have an affinity for the
lipoid- containing organs, resulting in disturbances of the central
nervous system resembling those
of tetraethyl lead.
Fulminate of
mercury rarely produces symptoms of systemic poisoning, but
frequently causes a dermatitis.
Organic mercury compounds
may
act as vesicants on the skin (Section 9).

The cardinal symptoms of industrial mercury poisoning are
stomatitis, tremors, and psychic
disturbances. Usually the first
complaints are of excessive salivation and pain on chewing; in
severe cases there may be

gingivitis, with loosening of the
teeth, and a dark line on the gum
margins, resembling the "lead
line. " In slow poisoning the salivation may be absent, and the
only complaint dryness of the
throat and mouth. Tremor and
psychic disturbances are commonly seen in the slow, chronic form
of the poisoning; the tremor is of
the intention type, and may be
seen when the patient spreads the
outstretched fingers or protrudes

the tongue, or attempts to
perform
specified movements. Muscles of

the face, hands and arms are
chiefly affected. In more severe
cases there may also be convulsive or shaking movements;
writing is frequently illegible.
870
lesion.
The dermatitis produced by

fulminate of mercury takes the
form of small, discrete ulcers on
the exposed parts, and is usually
accompanied by conjunctivitis and
inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and throat.
Elemental mercury is probably
not absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, but many mercury
compounds are. A number of
mercury compounds, in addition
to the fulminate, can cause skin
irritations and can be absorbed
through the skin; they are strong
allergens (Section 9).

emit highly toxic fumes of mercury.
rate): Section 2
MERCURY COMPOUNDS,
SOLID.
Toxic Rating Code:
= None
= Slight
N.O.S.
See Mercury.
Section 11.
Poison B;
poison label.
I.
MERCURY COMPOUNDS, ORGANIC

Aller-
3;
gen 2; Ingestion 3; Inhalation

Hyperactive knee-jerks and scanning speech may be present in

advanced cases. The psychic
disturbance (so called "erethism")
includes such changes as loss of
memory, insomnia, lack of
confidence, irritability, vague
fears and depression.
With poisoning by organic
mercury compounds the nervous
system is usually affected. Tremor, ataxia, difficulty in speaking,
and gross constriction of the
visual fields are reported and
may
be personality changes.
psychoses can
occur. The peripheral nerves and
dorsal spinal roots may be affected,
and the patient's condition resembles that of a dorsal root
there
In severe cases,
halation

Toxicology: See Mercury Compounds,
Inorganic.
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
0. 01 milliof air
(as mercury).
emit highly toxic fumes of mercury.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MESITYL OXIDE
871
MERCURY NUCLEATE.

Section 2
MERCURY CYANIDE.
Cyanide.
I.C.C
MESITYL OXIDE
Synonym:
4- Methyl- 3 -penten- 2 - one

Description: Oily, colorless liquid;
strong odor.
See Mercuric
M. P.
Poison B;
RIC FULMINATE. See Fulminate of Mercury, Dry.
MERCURY MORPHINE OLEATE

Description: An oleaginous mass.
Compounds, Organic.
MERCURY NAPHTHENATE
liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 469.
Vap. D. 15. 3
Compounds, Organic.
MERCURY NITRIDE
Description:
Brown powder.
Formula: Hg 3 N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
629. 85
M. P. Explodes
Toxicity:
Highly toxic.
See Mercury
Explosion Hazard: Severe, when exposed to heat.
may
explode.
Section
CCHCOCH 3
98. 14
-59C
)
MERCURY FULMINATE, MERCU-
A dark amber
(CH 3
B. P. 130. 0C
Flash P. 90F (C.C.
Density 0. 8539 @ 20 /4C
poison label.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Section 11.
Classification:
See
Mercurol, Solid.

Vap. D. 3. 38
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: It can cause opaque
cornea, keratoconus, and extensive necrosis of cornea. From
animal experiments, it has been
found that concentrations of
1, 000 ppm for 4 hours at a time
per day over an observation
period of 14 days killed 3 out of 6
white mice, placing it in the
category of moderate to definite

toxic hazard. Guinea pigs and
rats were subject to repeated inhalations of the vapors of this
material. No effect upon them
was found after the concentration
had been reduced to 50 ppm, even
with 30 eight-hour exposures.
Single exposures tend to indicate
that this ketone has greater acute
and narcotic action than isophorone

It can have harmful effects upon
the kidneys and liver, and may
damage the eyes and lungs to a
serious degree. Animals exposed to 100 ppm for 30 eighthour exposures showed internal
damage as noted above.

posure
to 500
Ex-
ppm caused
their
death.

METALDEHYDE
To Fight Fire:
872
Carbon dioxide,
dry-

(Section 6).
Section 2
MCA
warning
label.
METALDEHYDE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
(C 2 H 40) 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 176.21
M. P. 475F
Flash P. 97F (C.C.)
Vap. D. 6. 06

METAL POLISH
LIQUID
Constant:
Flash P. < 80 F
Details unknown; some
metals polishes can act as irritants and allergens.
rials (Section 6).

METANILIC ACID, SODIUM SALT.

See m-Aniline Sulfonic Acid.
METHACROLEIN
Synonym: a-Methylacrolein.
Description:
B. P.
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 C(CH 3 )CHO
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
73.
Flash P.
Density
0.
70.
3;
Inhalation 3
Section 2

METHACRYLIC ACID
Synonym: alpha -methy la crylic acid.
Description: Corrosive liquid or
colorless crystals.
Formula: (CH 3 )(CH 2 )CCOOH

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 1
M. P. 15C
B. P. 161 C
Density 1.014@25C (glacial)
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
METHACRYLONITRILE
Synonym:
5C
5F
830
6).

rate):
See also
Aldehydes.
Formula:
tion

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Synonyms: m-Acetaldehyde; polymerized acetaldehyde.
Formula:

Vap. D. 2.42
2 -Methyl prophenitrile.
Description:
@20/4C
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Formula:
= Slight
2 =
Colorless liquid.
H2C
Moderate
C(CH 3 )C
High
3 =
N
=
Unknown
3-METHOXY EUTANOL
873
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 67.09
M. P. -40 C
B. P. 90. 3C
Density 0. 805
Vap. Press. 40
Explosive Range: 3.2 - 8. 1% @75F.

toxic fumes of chlorine; can react
mm @ 12. 8C
rials.


rate): Section 2
1-METHALLYL ALCOHOL
METHANE
Synonym: 2-Buten-l-ol.
Synonyms: Marsh gas; methyl
See Cya-
nides.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
CH 3 CHCHCH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72. 1
M. P. < -30C
B. P. 118C
Flash P. 94F
Density 0. 8726 @0/4C
Vap. D. 2.49
toxic. See also Alcohols.
(Section
6).
Section
METHALLYL CHLORIDE
liquid; disagreeable odor.
F or mula C 4H 7C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 55
B. P. 72. 17C
Freezing P. < -80C
Flash P. 14F (T.O. C.)
Density 0. 9257 @20/4C
Vap. Press. 101.7
@20C
Vap. D. 3. 12
Acute Systemic: U
Inhalation 2
(Section 6).
:
mm

hydride.
Description: Colorless, odorless,
tasteless gas.
Formula:
CH 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 16.04
B. P. -161. 5C
Density 0. 415 @ -164C;
0. 7168 g/l
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Caution: A simple asphyxiant. See
Argon for discussion of simple
asphyxiants.

Disaster Control: Dangerous; due to
shock, it can shatter the compressed gas container with explosive force.
Section 2
METHANOL.
See Methyl Alcohol.
3-METHOXY BUTANOL
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 CH(OCH3)CH2CH 2 OH
METHOXY BUTYL ACETATE
874
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
104. 15
161. 1C
Freezing P. -85C
Density 0. 9229 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D.
3.
59
Details unknown.
Alcohols.
Toxicity:
Fire Hazard:
posed
See also
Moderate, when exor flame; can react
to heat

ide,
(CH 3 OC 6H 4 ) 2 CHCCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 345. 7
M. P. 78C
Vap. D. 12
Inhalation 1
Inhalation 1
METHOXY BUTYL ACETATE
2-METHOXYETHANOL
Synonym: Butoxyl.
Synonyms: Ethylene glycol methyl
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
ether.
CH 3 C0 2 C 4H 8 OCH 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146. 2
B. P. 275F
Flash P. 170 F
Density 0. 952-0. 958 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 5. 05
Acetic Acid.
3-METHOXY BUTYL ALCOHOL.

See 3-Methoxy Butanol.
3-METHOXY BUTYRIC ACID

Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 OC 3 H 6 COOH

M. P. 12C
B. P. 139C 50
Density 1.053 @20/20C
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown

can react
Formula:
Clear liquid.
OCH 3 CH 2 CH 2OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 76. 1
M. P. -86. 5C
B. P. 124. 5C
Flash P. 125F
Density 0. 9629 @25/25 C
Vap. D. 2.63
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local; U
Inhalation 2
Section 2
2-(2-METHOXY ETHOXY) ETHANOL

Synonym: Diethylene glycol methyl
ether.
6).
Section 7
Description:
clear, colorless
liquid.
METHOXYCHLOR
Synonym: DMDT;
Formula:
2,
2-bis-(p-meth-
oxyphenyl)-l, 1, 1-trichloroethane.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
CH 3 OCH2CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120.2
B. P. 189 - 195C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHOXY ETHYL PHTHALATE
875
Flash P. 210F
Density 1. 0209 @20 /l0 C
Vap. D. 4. 14
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 295.2
See
Alcohols.
See Mercury
Compounds, Organic.
highly toxic fames of mercury.
Section 7
METHOXY ETHYL OLEATE

Light-colored liquid.

Description:
METHOXY ETHYL ACETYL
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 340
M. P. -20C
B. P. 188 - 225C
Flash P. 386 F
Density 0. 902 @ 20 /ZQ) C
Vap. Press. 0. 04
@ 1 50 C
Vap. D. 11.
Esters.
C 8H 17 CHCH(CH 2 7 COOC 2 H 4OCH 3

)
RICINOLEATE
Description:
Light straw colored
liquid.
Formula:
C 17 H 32 (OOCCH3)COOC 2 H 4OCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 398
M. P. -60C (gels)
B. P. 200 - 260C @4
Flash P. 446 F
Density 0. 966 @ 20 /20 C
Hg
Vap. Press. < 0. 01
mm
mm
150C
Vap. D. 13. 8
See
Esters.
to heat or flame.

METHOXY ETHYL ACRYLATE

Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 2 CHC02CH 2 CH 2 OCH3
Constants:
B. P.
61 C
@17
mm

Density 1.0134 @20C
Vap. D. 4.49
See
Ethyl Acrylate.
METHOXY ETHYL MERCURY

CHLORIDE
Description:
Formula:
Formula:
Crystals.
@4mm
mm
METHOXY ETHYL PHTHALATE

Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(OCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C0 2 2 C 6 H 4
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 282. 3
B. P. 190 - 220C
Density 1.17
Vap. D. 9. 75
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
OCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 HgCl
2- METHOXY- 4- NITROANILINE
876
2-METHOXY-4- NITROANILINE
Synonyms: 4-Nitro-o-anisidine; 5nitro-2-aminoanisole; 1-amino2 -methoxy- 4- nitrobenzene.
Description:
Crystals.
-METHOXY PHENOL
Synonym: Guaiacol.
Description: Light yellow liquid
when melted.
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 OCH2CH 2 CH 2 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 89. 14
M. P. -75. 7C
B. P. 116C
Flash P. 90F (T.C. C. )
Density 0. 8615 @ 30 C
Vap. D. 3.07
Acute Local: U
HOC 6H4OCH 3
Formula:
METHOXYPROPYLAMINE
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 168.2
Nit roani line.
2
3-
CH 3 OC 6 H 3 N02NH2
Formula:
mable vapors; can react with
Inhalation 2

M. P. 28. 3C
B. P. 205. 0C
Density 1.12
Phenol and Cresote.
l-METHOXY-2-PRQPANOL.
See
Chronic Local: U
2;
Inhalation 2

(Section
6).

Section 2

Monopropylene Glycol Methyl
METHOXYTRIGLYCOL ACETATE
Ether.
Triethylene glycol methyl

ether acetate.
Synonym:
METHOXY PROPIONITRILE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
OCH3 CH2CH2 CN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 85. 1
M. P. -63C
B. P. 160C
Flash P. 149 F
Density 0. 92
Vap. D. 2.94
Formula:
CH 3 0(CH 2 2 0(CH 2 2 0(CH 2 2 OCOCH 3
See Cya-
nides.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame. See

Cyanides.
(Section
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
See also
when exposed
can react with
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;
(Section
6).

will react with water, steam, or
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 206.23
B. P. 266F
Flash P. 260 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 094
Vap. D. 7. 11
Glycols.
6).
Section
METHYL ABIETATE
Description:
Formula:
2 =
Liquid.
CH 3 C 20 H 29 O 2
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYL ACETONE
877
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 316. 5
B. P. 680F
Flash P. 360 - 365C
Density 1.02
Vap. D. 10.9
Toxicity: Probably similar to
Abietic Acid.
85
90.

(Section
6).

Explosive Range: 4. 1-13. 9%
materials.
rate):
Section 2
METHYL ACETATE

Description:
Colorless, volatile
liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 C0 2 CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 74.08
M. P. -98. 7C
Description:
upon the mucous membranes of

the eyes and upper respiratory
tract, and in this respect its
stronger than that of the
members

Formula:

Vap. D. 2. 55
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Methyl acetate is
narcotic, but is less so than the
higher members of the acetate
series. It has an irritating effect
is
Section 11.
METHYL ACETOACETATE
B. P. 57. 8C
Flash P. 14F
Density 0. 92438
action
higher
of the series.
The irritant concentration is

about 10, 000 ppm.
Signs and symptoms are irritation and burning of the eyes,
lachrymation, dyspnea, palpitation of the heart, and complaints
of depression or dizziness.
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 COCH 2 COOCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 11
M. P. 27.5C
B. P. 170C
Density 1. 077
Vap. D. 4.00
Probably
moderate.
Section
METHYL ACETONE
Clear liquid.
Composition: A mixture of acetone,
methyl acetate and methyl alcohol.
Description:
Constant:
Flash P. 0F (C.C. )
Probably toxic. See components, especially methyl
Toxicity:
alcohol.

(Section
6).
Explosion Hazard:
Unknown.
METHYL ACETYLENE
878
Dangerous! Keep
Disaster Control:

Section 2
rate):
METHYL ACETYLENE
Synonym: Propyne.
Description:
Formula:
Gas.
H 3 CC=CH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 40. 06
M. P. -101. 5C
B. P. -23. 1C
Density 0. 674 @ -23.
Vap. Press. 3876
some
@20C
Details unknown; has

anesthetic properties.
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative); 1,000
parts per million in air.
Explosion Hazard: Moderate; when

shocked, exposed to flame, or by
Disaster Control: Dangerous! May
explode on shock or exposure to
heat or open flame.
Section
METHYLACETYL RICINOLEATE
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C02(CH 2
CHCHCH 2 CHOH(CH 2 CH3
Formula:
)7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 340. 5
Vap. D. 11. 9
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 CHC0 2 CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 1
B. P. 80 C
Freezing P. -75 C
Density 0.949 @25C

Vap. Press. 100
@28C
Vap. D. 2. 97
Toxicity: Details unknown. Probably
toxic. See Acrylic Acid.
mm
6).

can reit emits toxic fumes;
act vigorously with oxidizing
materials.
rate):
Section 2

METHYL ACRYLIC
ACID.
3
7
See
Methac rylic Acid.
Synonyms: Formal; methylene dimethyl ether; formaldehyde dimethylacetal.

Description: Colorless liquid; pungent odor.
CH 2 (OCH 3
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 76. 1
M. P. -104. 8C
B. P. 42. 3C
1;
Inges-
when exposed
can react with

Toxic Rating Code:
METHYL ACRYLATE
Formula:
)5
Slight,
to heat or flame;
See
Methac r olein.
METHYLAL
Section 2
Fire Hazard:
METHYL ACROLEIN,
1
mm
Toxicity:
o-
= None
= Slight
Flash P. 0F (O. C.)

Density 0. 864 @20 74 C
Vap. D. 2. 63
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
per million in air; 3100 milligram:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYL ALCOHOL
879

Caution: High concentrations of
vapors act as an anesthetic.
eliminated.
the products
Section
toxic. Because of the slowness

with which it is eliminated,
methyl alcohol should be regarded
as a cumulative poison. Though
6).
single exposures to fumes may

cause no harmful effect, daily
exposure may result in the accumulation of sufficient methyl
alcohol in the body to cause ill-
ness.

Clear, colorless very
liquid.
CH 3 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 32.04
B. P. 64. 8C
Freezing P. -97. 8C
The
and a feeling of intoxication.
visual symptoms may clear temporarily, only to recur later and

progress to actual blindness.

Density 0. 7913 @ 20 /AC
Vap. D. 1.11
Inhalation 1
Toxicology: Methy alcohol possesses
distinct narcotic properties. It
is also a slight irritant to the
mucous membranes.
cause
dizziness, unconsciousness,
sighing respiration, cardiac
depression, and eventually death.
Where the exposure is less severe,
the first symptoms may be blurring
of vision, photophobia and conjunctivitis, followed by the development of definite eye lesions.
There may be headache, gastrointestinal disturbances, dizziness
Synonyms: Methanol.
mobile
Formula:
may
Severe exposures
METHYL ALCOHOL
Description:
formed
last as
In the body
by its oxi-
dation are formaldehyde and

formic acid, both of which are

materials.
rate):
from
resulting
long as 2 to 4 days.

Coma
massive exposures may
Its
main
toxic effect is exerted upon the

nervous system, particularly the
optic nerves and possibly the
retinae. The effect upon the eyes
has been attributed to optic
neuritis, which subsides but is
followed by atrophy of the optic
nerve. Once absorbed, methyl

alcohol is only very slowly
Irritation of the mucous membranes

of the throat and respiratory
tract, peripheral neuritis, and
occasionally, symptoms referable

to other lesions of the nervous
system have been reported. The
skin
may become dry and cracked
due to the solvent action
of
methyl
alcohol.

(Section
6).

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 6. - 36. 5%
materials.
rate):
Section 2

3
7
Section 11.
METHYL ALLYL CHLORIDE
880

I.
MCA warning label.

METHYL ALLYL CHLORIDE.
METHYLAMINE
(30% SOLUTION).
See Monomethylamine.
ACID.
See Sarcosine.
METHYL
P - AMINOPHENOL
Formula:
CH 3 NHC 6H 4OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123. 17
M. P. 87 C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard:
Inges-
Moderate; when
heated, it emits toxic fumes

(Section 6).
Section 2
METHYL
p -AMINOPHENOL
SULFATE
Description:
Formula:
H 2 S0 4
sulfur.

Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
(CH 3 )2CH(CH 2 ) 3 OOCCH3
MCA
warning label.
METHYL AMYL ALCOHOL

Synonyms: Methyl isobutyl carbinol;
4-methyl pentanol-2.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 344. 38
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
= Slight
pleasant
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144.21
B. P. 146. 3C
Density 0. 8598 @ 20 /20 c
Vap. D. 4. 97
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
Clear liquid.
Formula: (CH 3
Colorless needles.
(CH 3 NHC 6 H 4OH) 2
hexyl acetate.
Description: Clear liquid;
odor.
Formula:
See
Methallyl Chloride.
N-METHYLAMINO ACETIC
METHYL AMYLACETATE
Synonym: 4-Methyl pentyl 2-acetate;
)2
CHCH 2 CHOHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102.2
B. P. 131. 8C
Freezing P. < -90 C (sets to a
glass)
Density 0. 8079 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3. 53
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
per million in air.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYL BENZYL ALCOHOL
881
Section 2
MCA
warning label.
METHYL
n-
AMYL KETONE
Synonym: Heptanone-2.
Formula: CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 COCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114. 18
B. P. 150. 6C
Density 0. 8166 @20 /20 C
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
U
%Chronic Systemic:
Section 2
Caution: Both the liquid and vapor

can be absorbed through the skin.
See also Aniline.
highly toxic fumes of aniline; can
rate): Section 2
o-METHYLANILINE
METHYL BENZENE.
Formula:
C 6H 5 COOCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136. 14
M. P. -12. 5C
B. P. 199. 6C
Flash P. 181 F
Density 1. 0937
Vap. D. 4. 69
Com-

halation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
In-
Chronic Systemic: U
N-METHYLANILINE
Synonym: Monomethylaniline.
Description: Reddish-brown,
oily liquid.
C 6 H 5 NHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 107. 15
M. P. -57. 0C
B. P. 195. 7C
Density 0. 989 @20 /4C
Vap. Press. 1 mm@36. 0C
Vap. D. 3. 70
oil.

fragrant odor.
warning label.
Formula:
See Toluene.
METHYL BENZOATE
Synonym: Niobe
bustible liquid.
MCA
See o-Tolui-
dine.

a-
METHYL BENZYL ALCOHOL
Synonym: Methyl phenyl carbinol.

Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
C 6 H 5CH(CH 3 )OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 2
B. P. 204C
Density 1. 013 @20/4C
Vap. D. 4.22
Alcohols.
METHYL BENZYLAMINE
882
Fire Hazard:
Moderate; can react


Section 7
a-METHYLBENZYL DIETHANOLAMINE
Description:
Formula:
a -METHYL
Description:
BENZYLAMINE
Liquid.
Formula: C 6 H 5CH(CH 3 )NH 2
Liquid.
C 6 H 5 CH(CH3)N(C 2 H 4OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 209.28
M. P. -7C
B. P. 244C @50
Flash P. 370 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 0812 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 7. 2
mm
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 121. 18
M. P. -65C
B. P. 188. 5C
Density 0. 9535
Vap. D. 4. 18
Amines.
Amines.
when exposed
can react with
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;

Section 7

a-
ide,
METHYLBENZYL DIMETHYLAMINE
Description:
Liquid.
^-METHYL BENZYL BENZOIC ACID
Formula: C 6 H 5CH(CH 3 )N(CH 3
Synonym: Benzoic acid
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. -75C
cC
methyl
benzyl ester.
Formula:
a -METHYL BENZYL
Formula:
B. P. 195C
Density 0. 9044 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 5. 15
C^CfrHsCHC^COOH
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 226. 3
Toxicity: Details unknown; an insecticide. See also Esters and
Benzoic Acid.
emits acrid fumes.
Amines.
it
"CELLOSOLVE"
CH3 C 6 H 4 CH20CH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 166.21
B. P. 253. 5C
Freezing P. -50 C
Density 1. 0395 @20 /20C
Vap. D. 5. 73
Glycols.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
)2
149.23
= Slight

METHYL BENZYL ETHER

Synonym:
Bis-a-methyl benzyl ether-.

Water-white liquid.
Description:
Formula:
C 6 H 5CH(CH 3 )0(CH 3 )CHC 6H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 226. 3
M. P. < -30C (sets to a glass)
B. P. 286. 3C
Flash P. 275F
Density 1 0017 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 7. 8
.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYL BROMIDE
883
Ethers.
Toxicity:
a-
METHYLBENZYL ETHER
Description:
B. P. 110C
Density 2.30 @18C
Vap. D. 7. 8
it emits toxic fumes of bismuth;
Liquid.
Section
Formula:
METHYL BORATE
C 6 H 5 CH(CH 3 )OCH(CH3 )C 6H5

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 226. 3
M. P. -30C
B. P. 286. 3C
Flash P. 275 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 0017 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 7. 82
Ethers.

To Fight Fire Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon
a-
NOLAMINE
Liquid.
Formula: C 6 H 5 CH(CH3)NHC 2 H 4 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165.23
M. P. -15C
B. P. 182 C @50
Density 1. 0327 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 5. 7
mm
Amines.
Section 7
METHYL BISMUTHINE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
BiH 2
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
B(OCH 3
)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 103.92
M. P. -29C
B. P. 68C
Flash P. 60 F
Density 0. 92 @20C
Vap. D. 3. 59
dizing materials.
rate): Section 2
METHYL BROMIDE
Synonym: Bromomethane.
Description:
Colorless, transparent,
volantile liquid or gas; burning

taste; chloroform-like odor.
Formula:
CH 3 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 94.95
B. P. 3. 56 C
Freezing P. -93 C
Flash P. None
Vap. D. 3. 27
Inhalation
226.05
tri-

exposed to flame.
METHYLBENZYL MONOETHA-
Description:
Synonyms: Trimethyl borate;

methoxy borine.
METHYL BROMIDE
884
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation Z; Skin Absorption
MAC: ACGIH
Toxicology: Methyl bromide is reported to be 8 times more toxic on
inhalation than ethyl bromide.
Moreover, because of its greater

volatility, methyl bromide is a
much more frequent cause of

poisoning. Death following acute
poisoning is usually caused by
its irritant effect on the lungs.
In
chronic poisoning, death is due to
injury to the central nervous
system. Fatal poisoning has
always resulted from exposures
to relatively high concentrations
methyl bromide vapors (from
600 to 60, 000 ppm). Nonfatal
poisoning has resulted from exposure to concentrations as low
as 100 to 500 ppm. In addition
to the lung and central nervous
system injury mentioned, the kidneys may be damaged, with
development of albuminuria and,
in fatal cases, cloudy swelling
and/or tubular degeneration. The
liver may be enlarged. There
are no characteristic blood
changes.
The onset of symptoms following the inhalation of methyl
bromide vapor is usually delayed
for 4 to 6 hours, though the latent
period may vary from Z to 48
hours. In fatal poisoning, the
early symptoms are headache,
visual disturbances, nausea and
vomiting, smarting of the eyes,
of
8,
irritation of the skin, listlessness,
vertigo and tremor.
Progress
is
nearly always rapid, with the

development of convulsions fever
pulmonary edema, cyanosis, unconsciousness and death. Signs of
involvement of the nervous
system may be present before
,
death. The clinical picture in

nonfatal poisoning is extremely
variable. Fatigue, blurred or
double vision, nausea and vomiting
are frequent; incoordination,
tremors, convulsions, exaggeration of the patellar reflexes and a
positive Babinski's sign may
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Nearly every type of

nervous disturbances has been reported. The pulmonary symptoms
are comparatively slight. Recovery
is frequently prolonged and there
develop.
= Slight
may be permanent injury, commonly characterized by sensory

disturbances, weakness, distur-
bances of gait, irritability, and

blurred vision. Locally, methyl
bromide is an extreme irritant
to the skin and may produce severe
burns (Section 9).
exposed to sparks or flame.
Section
rate):

3
7

I.C.C. Classification (liquid):
Coast Guard Classification 'liquid):
MCA
warning label.
Z-METHYL BUTADIENE -1,3.

See Isoprene.
METHYL BUTANONE.
See Butanone.
METHYLBUTENE
Formula: CsHjq
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 70. 1
B. P. Z0 - 38C
Flash P. < Z0F
Density 0. 648 @ Z0 /4C
Toxicity:
Unknown

6).

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYL "CARBITOL"
885


materials.
rate): Section 2
METHYL BUTYRATE
Description:
METHYL
KETONE
n -BUTYL
Formula:
Synonyms: 2-Hexanone; u- butyl

methyl ketone.
Formula: CH 3 OC(CH 2 3 CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 13
M. P. < -97C
B. P. 102. 3C
Flash P. 57F (C.C.)
Density 0. 898
@29.6C
Vap. Press. 40
Vap. D. 3. 53
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
100. 16
mm
-56.9C
127. 2C
Flash P. 95F (O.C.
B. P.

Vap. D. 3.45
Acute Local: Ingestion 3; Inhalation
Acute Systemic:
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
Ingestion
3;
Chronic Systemic:
Inhalation 2
MAC: ACGIH

Disaster Control: Dangerous fire and
explosion hazard.
Section 2
METHYL BUTYNOL
Synonym:
2-Methyl- 3-butyn-2-ol.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
(CH 3
)2
Liquid.
CH 3 COOC 3 H 7
OHCCH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72. 1
M. P. 2. 6C
B. P. 104 - 105C
Vap. D. 2. 49
Toxicity Details unknown;
probably
moderately toxic.

materials.
rate): Section 2
METHYL "CARBITOL"
Synonym: Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
Description: Hygroscopic, waterwhite liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 15
B. P. 194. 2C
Density 1. 0354 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 4. 14
Chronic Local:
Inhalation 2
METHYL "CARBITOL" ACETATE

(Section 6).
Section 2
886
METHYL "CELLOSOLVE."
See
Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether.
METHYL "CELLOSOLVE" ACETAL.

See Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl
Ether Acetal.
METHYL "CELLOSOLVE" ACETATE
METHYL "CARBITOL" ACETATE
Synonym: Ethylene glycol monomethyl
Synonym: Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate.
ether acetate.
Formula:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
Description:
CH 3 COOC2H4 OC 2 H 4 OCH 3
Constants
Mol. Wt.
162. 19
209. 1C
Density 1 0396 @ 20 /20 C
B. P.

Acute Systemic: Ingestion 3; Inhalation
Chronic Local: U
2;
Inhalation 2

Section 2
Storage and Handling; Section 7
METHYL "CARBITOL" FORMAL

Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
CH 2 (CH 3 OCH2CH 2 OCH2CH 2 0)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 252.3
M. P. -37.4C
B. P. 305C
Flash P. 310 F
Density 1. 040
Vap. D. 8. 7
Glycols.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
CH3 COOCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 13
B. P. 143 C
Freezing P. -70C
Density 1 005 @20 /ZQ C
Vap. D. 4. 07
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
MAC; ACGIH (accepted); 25 parts
(Section 6).
Section 2
= Slight
METHYL "CELLOSOLVE"
ACETYLRICINOLEATE
Description:
White crystals.
CH 3 (CH 2 7 CHOHCH 2 CHCH(CH 2 7 C0 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 370. 6
Vap. D. 12. 8
Glycols and "Cellosolve. "
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYL CHLOROFORMATE
887
METHYL CHLORIDE
Synonyms:
Description:
Formula:
degenerative changes in the heart,

liver and especially the kidneys.
In repeated exposures to lower
Chloromethane.
Colorless gas.
CH 3 C1
concentrations there is usually
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 50.49
B. P. -23. 7C
Flash P. Below 32 F (O.C. )
Density 0. 918 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 1. 78
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: Methyl chloride has
very slight irritant properties and
may be inhaled without noticeable
discomfort. It has some narcotic
action, but this effect is
than that of chloroform.
weaker
Acute
poisoning, characterized by the

narcotic effect, is rare in industry.
Repeated exposure
to
low
concentrations causes damage to

the central nervous system, and,
and
dura have been reported. Sprayed
on the skin, methyl chloride produces anesthesia through freezing
of the tissue as it evaporates.
In exposures to high concentrations, dizziness, drowsiness,
incoordination, confusion, nausea
and vomiting, abdominal pains,
hiccoughs, diplopia and dimness
of vision are followed by delirium,
convulsions and coma. Death
may be immediate, but if the exposure is not fatal, recovery is
usually slow, and degenerative
changes in the central nervous
system are not uncommon. The
liver, kidneys, and bone marrow
may
be affected, with resulting

acute nephritis and anemia.
Death may occur several days
after exposure, resulting in
the result of
damage
to
nervous system, with

visual changes and attacks of
depression and other psychic disturbances being reported.
6).

emits highly toxic f ume s of chlorides; can react vigorously with
rate): Section 2
when heated

Hemorrhages
into the lungs, intestinal tract
commonly
the central
I.
less frequently, to the liver, kidneys, bone marrow and cardio-
vascular system.
muscular
weakness, drowsiness, and dimness of vision. After-effects are
fatigue, loss of appetite,
MCA warning label.

METHYL CHLOROFORM.
See a-
Trichloroethane.
METHYL CHLOROFORMATE
Synonyms: Methyl chloromethanoate;
methyl chlorocarbonate.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
ClCOOCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 94. 50
B. P. 71.4C
Density 1 223 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3.26
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
.
METHYL CHLOROMETHOXY STEARATE

highly toxic fumes of methyl
chloroformate and phosgene; will
rate): Section 2
Corrosive
METHYL CHLOROMETHOXY
STEARATE
Description: Straw-yellow liquid.
Formula: C20H39O3CI
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 354
Freezing P. 8. C
Density 0. 980 @20 /40C
Vap. D. 12.2
Esters.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame.
when exposed
888
acids to produce toxic and corrosive fumes.

rate): Section 2
3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE
Yellow crystals.
Formula: C 2 iH 1 6
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 268. 3
B. P. 280 C @80mm
M. P. 180C
Density 1.28 @20C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: Thought to be a carcinogenic
agent on repeated local application.

Section
it
METHYL CYANIDE
6).

METHYL CHLOROSULFONATE
pungent odor.
Formula: CH 3 0S0 2 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 130. 55
M. P. -70C
Density 1.492 @10C
Vap. D. 4. 51
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Synonyms: Ethanenitrile; acetonitrile,

Colorless liquid;
aromatic odor.
Formula: CH 3 CN
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 41.05
M. P. -41 C
B. P. 80. 1C
Density 0. 7868 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 1.42
Fire Hazard:
posed
Dangerous, when ex-
to heat or flame.

ide,
heated
to
decomposition,
it
emits
highly toxic fumes of cyanides; will

to
produce toxic and flammable va-
pors; can react vigorously with

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYL CYCLOHEXANOL
889
rate): Section 2
METHYL CYANOACETATE
Description:
Liquid.
CNCH 2 COOCH 3
Formula:
Mol. Wt. 99.09

-22. 5C
B. P. 203 C
Vap. D. 3.41
cyanides.
Constants:
M. P.
METHYL CYANOFORMATE
ethereal odor.
Formula:
Constants:
B. P.
COOCH 3 CN
Mol. Wt.
77.06
100 C
Density Approx. 1.00@20C

Vap. D. 2. 66

acids to produce toxic fumes.
METHYLCYCLOHEXANE
Synonyms: Hexahydrotoluene;
c y c 1 ohexylm e tha ne
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
C^C^n
(accepted);
500 parts

Toxicology: The minimum lethal
dose for rabbits via the oral route
is from 4.
to 4. 5 g/kg of body
weight; by inhalation, 15, 000 ppm
caused the death of rabbits in
about 70 minutes. As to chronic
effects, these are also present,
since all rabbits exposed to 10,000
ppm concentrations for 6 hours a
day, 5 days a week, for 2 weeks
died. Not enough data are available in the literature to decide
what the limits should be for
human beings. However, until
these limits have been agreed
upon, the allowable concentration
given above seems safe enough.
This material does not cause irritation to the eyes and nose, and
even at the level of 500 ppm, exhibitis only a very faint odor.
Therefore, it cannot be said to
have any warning properties. It
is believed to be about 3 times as
toxic as hexane and can cause
death by tetanic spasm as has been
noted in animals.

materials.
rate): Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 98. 18
M. P. -126. 4C
B. P. 100. 3C
Flash P. 25F (C.C.)

Density 0. 7864 @ /4C;
MAC: ACGIH
Section
METHYL CYCLOHEXANOL
Synonyms: Hexahydromethyl phenol;
hexahy dr oc r e sol.
0.769
@20/4C
Vap. D. 3.39
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Description: Colorless, viscous

liquid; aromatic, menthol-like
odor.
Formula:
CH 3 C 6 H 10 OH

B. P. 155 - 180C
Density 0. 924 @ 1 5. 5 /15.
Vap. D. 3. 93
METHYL CYCLOHEXANONE
890

Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
Skin Absorption 1
;
6).

heating it emits highly toxic fumes;
warning label.
METHYL CYCLOHEXANONE
Description: Water-white to pale
yellow liquid; acetone-like odor.
Formula:
COCH(CH 3 )CH2CH 2 CH 2 CH2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112. 17
B. P. 160 - 170C
Vap. D. 3. 86
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: This is a toxic compound which can damage the kidneys and the liver. It is similar
to cyclohexanol in its toxic action,
although it is somewhat less
active.
Harmful exposures
in
industry are rare. From experiments on rabbits, it h;s been

found that they could withstand
prolonged exposures to concen-
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
from
0.
02 to
0.
05%
by volume in air.
6).

heating it emits highly toxic fumes
Section
rate):

MCA
4-
rials.

rate): Section 2
MCA
trations of
3
7
11.
warning label.
METHYLC YCLOHEXENE-
Description:
clear liquid.
C 7 H 12
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 96. 17
B. P. 102. 5C
Flash P. 30 F (T.O.C. )
Density 0. 804 @ 1 5. 5 /l 5. 5 C
Vap. D. 3. 34
Toxicity:
Unknown


rate): Section 2
ide,
METHYL CYCLOHEXYL ACETATE

Synonym:
Methyl cyclohexanol
acetate.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
0^11^,02
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 156.22
Vap. D. 5. 37
Toxicity: See Methyl Cyclohexanol.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYL DICHLOROARSINE
891
Section 2

METHYL CYCLOHEXYL LACTATE

materials.
rate): Section 2
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 10H 18 O 3

Flash P. 208F
Density 1. 02
Vap. D. 6.43
Toxicity: See Methyl Cyclohexanol
and Lactic Acid.
Section 2
METHYL CYCLOHEXYL STEARATE

Description: Clear, oily liquid;
straw yellow.
Formula:
C 17 H35COOC 6H 10 CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 380
M. P. 10C
B. P. 220 - 240F @4
Flash P. 338F
Density 0. 890 @ 15 /l 5 C
Vap. D. 13. 1
Toxicity: See Methyl Cyclohexanol.
Section 2
mm
METHYL CYCLOPENTANE
Description:
Colorless liquid or
solid.
Formula: C^H 12
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84. 16
P. -142. 5C
B. P. 71. 8C
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 750 @20 /4C
Vap. Press. 100
@ 17.
Vap. D. 2.9
mm
Toxicity:
6).
METHYL DIACETOACETATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3 CO) 2 CHC0 2 CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158.2
Vap. D. 5.45
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

4 -METHYL -2, 6 -DI- tert- BUTYLPHENOL. See Di-tert-Butyl-pCresol.
METHYL DICHLOROACETATE
Synonym: Methyl dichloroethanoate.
ethereal odor.
Formula: Cl 2 CHCOOCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143.
B. P. 143. 0C
Density 1. 3809 @ 19. 2 /l9. 2 C
Vap. D. 4.93
Toxicity: This material hydrolyzes
upon contact with moisture to form
a product corrosive to tissue.
See Dichloracetic Acid.
METHYL DICHLOROARSINE
Synonym:
Methylarsenic dichloride.
Colorless, mobile
Description:
liquid.
9
Unknown
Formula:
CH 3 AsCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
160. 86
METHYL DICHLORSTEARATE
M. P.
-59C
136C
Density 1. 838 @20 /4C
B. P.
Compounds.
METHYL DICHLORSTEARATE
Description:

Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
Liquid.
CH 3 C02C 19 H32
319. 5
689F
Flash P. 632 F
Density 1. 02
Vap. D. 11.0
Toxicity: Unknown
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;
when exposed
can react with

tetrachloride (Section 6 ).
ide,
Light yellow, oily
liquid.
Formula: C 17 H33Cl2C0 2 CH2
METHYL DIETHANOLAMINE
Clear liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 119. 16
B. P. 464F
Density 1. 043
Amines.
None
Water-white liquid.
Formula: OCH(CH 3 )OCH 2 CH 2
i
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 10
B. P. 82.5C
Vap. D. 3. 03
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
METHYLENE ANILINE
CH 3 N(CH2CH 2OH)2
Toxic Rating Code:
-METHYL- 1, 3-DIOXOLANE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 367.40
M. P. -5C to + 7C
Flash P. 358 F
Density 0. 997 @ 1 5. 5 /l 5. 5 C
Vap. D. 12. 7
Toxicity: Probably low. See Esters.
to heat or flame.
Description:
METHYL DIHYDROABIETATE
Description:

chlorine; will react with water,
poison gas label.
Formula:
892
= Slight
Synonym: Hexahydro-1,
3, 5-triphenyl
sym-triazine.
Description: White, silky needles.
Formula:
(C 6 H 5NCH 2 ) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 315.40
M. P. 141 C
B. P.
185C

Inges3;
Inhalation 3
tion
2 =
3;
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
893
Chronic Local: U
Formula:
Bromides.
bromides.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 154. 17
M. P. 185C (with decomp. )
Density 1. 235 @30C
Vap. D. 5. 31
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
Synonyms: Dichloromethane.
Description:
crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 641.5
M. P. 120 - 130C
Density 1.074 @30C
Unknown

heated, it may emit toxic fumes.
Synonyms: Diphenyl
PHENYL
ethane
diisocyanate.
Description: Crystals or yellow fusel
solid.
Formula:
OCNC^CHzC^NCO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 250.25
M. P. 37.2C
B. P. 194 - 199C @5
Density 1. 19 @50C
mm
CH 2 C1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84. 94
B. P. 40. 1C
Freezing P. -96. 7C
Density 1. 326 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 93
Chronic Local: U
dangerous to the eyes. Except
for its property of inducing
narcosis, it has very few other
toxic effects. Its narcotic powers
are quite strong, and in view of
its great volatility, care should be
taken in its use. It will not form
explosive mixtures with air at
ordinary temperatures. However,
it can be decomposed by contact
with hot surfaces and open flame,
Formula:
Formula: C 23 H3302
(4-
Colorless, volatile
liquid.
2,2'-METHYLENEBIS (4-METHYL6-tert-BUTYLPHENOL)
Description: Pale cream to white
ISOCYANATE)
Colorless, heavy liquid.
CH 2 Br 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 173.9
B. P. 95. 6 - 97.4C
Freezing P. < -50 C
Density 2. 485 @25 /25C
Vap. D. 6.05
H 2 C(CH 2 CHCONH) 2
METHYLENEBIS
an
Disaster Control: See Isocyanates.

Description:
N,N' -METHYLENEBISACRYLAMIDE
Description: Colorless, crystalline; stable, white powder.
Toxicity:
Details unknown;
irritant.
METHYLENE BROMIDE

rate): Section 2
Formula:
Toxicity:
METHYLENE CHLOROBROMIDE
and it can then yield toxic fumes,
which are irritating and will thus
give warning of their presence.
It has been used as an anesthetic
in Europe and is still used there
for local anesthesia. Experiments
have shown that 25, 000 ppm concentrations for 2 hour exposures
894
Methylene Chloride.
Toxicity:
highly toxic fumes of halides.
Storage and Handling: Section 7. It

should not be stored in Aluminum
or Magnesium containers.
were not
Concentrations
lethal.
200 ppm after 8 minutes
caused paresthesia of the extremities; after 16 minutes, acceleration of the pulse to 100 and during
the first 20 minutes, congestion
in the head, a sense of heat and
slight irritation of the eyes. At a
level of 2, 300 ppm, there was no
feeling of dizziness during onehour exposures, but nausea did
occur after 30 minutes of exposure. The limit of perception by
smell is set at 25 - 50 ppm concentrations. Can cause a dermatitis upon prolonged skin contact
(Section 9). A gas mask for
organic vapors and fumes should
be worn to avoid excessive inof 7,
halation.
Fire Hazard: None

Explosion Hazard: None under
ordinary conditions, but will form
explosive mixtures in atmosphere
having high oxygen content.
Explosive Range: 15. 5 - 66.4% in
oxygen.
Section 2

MCA
Section 11.
warning label.
METHYLENE CHLOROBROMIDE
Synonyms: Bromochloromethane;
chlorobromomethane.
Description:
liquid;
Formula:
METHYLENE DIANILINE
Tan flakes or lumps,

amine -like odor.
Formula: CH 2 (C 6 H4NH 2 2
Description:
faint
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
198. 3
Freezing P. 90 C
Flash P. 440 F
Toxicity: It has moderately high
acute oral toxicity. Does not
seem to be rapidly absorbed
through skin in dangerous quantities or to irritate the eyes.
No
information regarding chronic

toxicity or allergy. Tested only
on rats.
Section 7
METHYLENE DISALICYLIC ACID

Description:
Light tan, coarse
powder.
Formula: C 15H 12 06
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 288. 25
M. P. 225 - 238C
Density 1. 430 @25 6 /4C
tion 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
;
IODIDE
Synonyms: Diiodomethane.
Description: Light straw to clear
colored liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129.4
B. P. 67. 8C
Freezing P. -88C
Flash P. None
Density 1 930 @ 25 /Zb C
Vap. D. 4. 46
Formula:
None
CH 2 I 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 267. 9
M. P. 5 - 6C
B. P. 181 C (decomp.
METHYLENE
Clear, colorless
sweet odor.
BrCH 2 Cl
Toxic Rating Code:
P, P
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYL ETHYL PYRIDINE
895
Density
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
3.
9.
325
25
@20 /4C

containers tightly closed and
away from heat or open flame;
rate): Section 2
Unknown
iodides.
Section
METHYLENE SUCCINIC
ACID.
METHYL ETHER OF PROPYLENE

GLYCOL
See
Description:
Itaconic Acid.
Formula:
N- METHYL
Description:
Formula:
ETHANOLAMINE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106. 1
Vap. D. 3. 66
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
Liquid.
CH 3 NHC 2 H4OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 75. 11
M. P. -4. 5C
B. P. 159. 5C
Density 0. 9414 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 2. 59
Amines.
METHYL ETHYL ETHER

3-
Section
METHYL- 4- ETHYLHEXANE
Description:
Formula:
METHYL ETHER
oxide.
Formula:
Flash P. 75F
Density 0. 738 @25 /4C
Vap. D. 4.43
Clear liquid or color-
(CH 3 z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
46. 07
Toxicity:
Flash P. -42 F (C. C.

Density 2. 091 g/l
Unknown

-216F
P. -11F
M. P.
B.
C 9 H 2o
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128.250
B. P. 140. 4C
Synonyms: Dimethyl ether; methyl

Description:
less gas.
See
Ethyl Methyl Ether,
tetrachloride.
Liquid.
CH 3 OCH 3 COHCH 2 OH

Vap. D. 1. 59
has narcotic and anesthetic effects.
See Ethers.
(Section 6).
,
Section 2
Section
METHYLETHYL KETONE.
METHYL ETHYL PYRIDINE

Liquid.
See
Butanone
MCA warning label.
Description:
6).

2-METHYL-5-ETHYL PYRIDINE
Formula:
C 8H n N
METHYL FLUOROFORMATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 121.2
B. P. 178. 3C
Density 0.920 @20/20C
Vap. D. 4. 18
Pyridine.
oxides; can react with oxidizing
materials.
2-METHYL-5-ETHYL PYRIDINE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: NC(CH 3 )CHCHC(C 2 H 5 )C H

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 121. 17
M. P. -70.3C
B. P. 178. 3C
Density 0. 9215 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 18
Pyridine.
METHYL FLUORIDE
Synonym: Fluor omethane.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless gas.
CH 3F
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 34.0
M. P. -142C
B. P. -78.2C
Density 0. 8774 @ -78. 6 /4C
Toxicity: Details unknown; may act
as a simple asphyxiant.
emits highly toxic fumes of fluor-
Description:
Formula:
B. P.
Section
None
= Slight
Liquid.
CH 3 COOF
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
78.04
40C
Density 1. 06 @33C
Vap. D. 2. 69
tion
3;
Inhalation
Inges-
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2
METHYL FLUOROSULFONATE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid;
ethereal odor.
CH 3 OS0 2 F
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114. 09
B. P. 92 C
Density 1.427 @16C
Vap. D. 3.94
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
with water, steam or acids to
rate): Section 2
METHYL FORMATE
Synonym: Methyl methanoate.
Colorless liquid;
agreeable odor.
Description:
Formula:
ides.
Toxic Rating Code:
896
2 =
HCOOCH 3
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
N-METHYLGLUCAMINE
897
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60.05
M. P. -99. 8C
B. P. 32.0C
Flash P. -25. 6F (C. C. )
Density 0. 98149 @ 15/4C;
0.975 @20/4C
Vap. Press. 400
@ 16. C
Vap. D. 2.07
I.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 82. 1
B. P. 63. 7C
Freezing P. -88. 7C
Flash P. -16F (T.C.C. )
Density 0. 914 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 8
U
100 parts

Toxicology: It can cause irritation
to the conjunctiva and optic
neuritis. Industrial exposures
resulting in fatalities
from
this
tion 2
material are extremely rare,

having occurred only in instances
where high concentrations are encountered, as in painting the inside of a tank or working in a tank
containing a residue of this
material.
Exposure of guinea pigs to 5%

concentrations of methyl formate
(Section
6).

exposure to heat or flame; it
emits toxic fumes and can react

rate): Section 2

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
(Section
vapor in air proved lethal in

20 to 30 minutes, whereas
1. 5 to 2. 5% was dangerous in
from 30 to 60 minutes. The
maximum concentration tolerated
without serious disturbance was
0. 5% and the maximum concentration tolerated for several
hours without serious disturbances
was 0. 15 - 0. 20% by volume in air.
from
-METHYL FURAN
Formula: CsHÔ
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
(accepted);
Flam-

liquid; ether -like odor.
tion 2;
Chronic Systemic:
11.

mm
MAC: ACGIH

6).

exposure to heat or flame; will
emit toxic fumes on heating and
rate):
Section 2

N-METHYLGLUCAMINE
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
HOCH 2 (CHOH) 4 CH 2 NHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 195. 21
M. P. 128 - 129C
tion
1;
Inhalation
1;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
-METHYLGLYCIDOL
|3
898
METHYLGLYCIDOL
Description:
Formula:
_
OCHCH 3 CHCH c2 OH
i
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 1
Vap. D. 3.04
Toxicity:
B. P.
165C
@3
mm
M. P. 54C
Liquid.
_j
Vap. D. 9. 72
Toxicity: Unknown.
See Ketones.
Unknown


ide, dry
N-METHYLGLYCINE
2-METHYLHEPTANE
Synonym: Sarcosine.
Description:
Formula:
Synonym: Isooctane.
Crystals.
CH 3 NHCH 2 COOH
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 89. 1
B. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: Unknown
Colorless liquid.
Formula: (CH 3 3 (CH 2 ) 4 CH

)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
114.33
M. P. -109C
B. P. 117. 6C
Vap. D. 3. 93
Details unknown; may have
narcotic or anesthetic properties.
rate): Section 2
materials.
Toxicity:
METHYL GLYCOL ACETATE

Synonym: Propylene glycol acetate.
Description:
Liquid.
CH 2 OHCHOHCH 2 C0 2 CH3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134. 1
Flash P. 111F (C.C.
Vap. D. 4.62
Inges-
1;
Inhalation 1
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
tion
1;
1;

(Section
6).

Section
METHYLGLYCOCOLL.
See N-
Methylglycine
METHYL HEPTADECYL KETONE

Description:
Formula:
White solid.
(CH 3 )(C 17H 35 )CO
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3 )(C 7 H 15 )CO

M. P. -9C
B. P. 194C
Vap. D. 4. 9
Density 0. 832 @30C
Ketones.
See

with oxidizng materials.
282
Toxic Rating Code:
METHYL HEPTYL KETONE

Description:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
899
2-METHYLHEXANE
Density 2. 279 @ 20 /4C

Vap. D. 4. 89
Synonym: Ethylisobutylmethane.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula: (CH 3 )2CH(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 CH 3

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100.20
M. P. -118. 2C
B. P. 90.0C
Density 0. 6789 @ 20 /4C
Vap. Press. 40
@ 14. 9C
Vap. D. 3.45
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
tion
mm
Inhalation 2
highly toxic fumes of iodides.

Section 2
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
ide,
2;

Chronic Local: U
tetrachloride.

METHYL ISOBUTYL CARBINOL
Section 2
Personal Hygiene:

pleasant odor.
Section
Formula:
METHYL - 3 -HYDROXYBUTYRATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 CHOHCH 2 COOCH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 13
B. P. 174. 9C
Flash P. 180F
Density 1. 0559
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
METHYL IODIDE
Synonym: Iodomethane.
brown on exposure to light.
Formula:
Synonym: Methyl amyl alcohol.
turns
(CH 3
)2
CHCH 2 CHOHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 17
B. P. 131. 6C
Freezing P. -90C
Density 0. 813 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 53
Chronic Local: U

Disaster Control: Emits toxic fumes
on heating; can react with oxidizing materials.
Section 2
ide,
CH 3 I
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 141. 95
M. P. -64. 4C
B. P. 42. 5C
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE

Synonyms: 4-Methyl-2-pentanone;
hexone.
Description:
Colorless liquid.
METHYL ISOCYANIDE
900
Formula: CH 3 COCH 2 CH(CH3) 2
METHYL ISOPROPYL CARBINOL
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 16
B. P. 115. 1C
Freezing P. -80. 3C
Density 0. 8024 @20/20 C
Vap. Press. l6mm@20.0C
Vap. D. 3. 45
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
exposure to heat or flame; on
heating, it emits toxic fumes; can
materials.
rate): Section 2
MCA
warning label.
METHYL ISOCYANIDE
Synonym: Methyl isonitrile.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88.2
Vap. D. 3.04
Alcohols.
(Section 6).
Section 2
METHYL LACTATE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 41. 1
M. P. -45C
B. P. 59. 6C
Density 0. 7464 @ 20 /4C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanid e s

rate): Section 2
None
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 16
B. P. 144C
Density 1. 09
Vap. D. 4. 02
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

Explosive Range: 22%@212F.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; vapor-air mixtures may
explode; can react with oxidizing
materials.
Section 2
METHYL MERCAPTAN
Synonym: Methanethiol.
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
B. P.
Toxic Rating Code:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C 4 H 8
(Section
CH 3 NC
Clear liquid.
CH 3 C 3 H 7 CHOH
Formula:
2 =
Liquid or gas.
CH 3 SH
Mol. Wt.
48. 10
7.6C
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYL MONOCHLOROACETATE
901
M. P. -123. 1C
Flash P. 0F
Density 0. 868 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 1. 66
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
tion
Toxicity:

iodides.
2;
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
million in air.
(MONOMER)
Description:
Formula:
50 parts
6).
toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur;

mable vapors; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

rate): Section 2


Section
I.
Crystals.
CH3 HgNHC(NH)NHCN

Vap. D. 10.
Compounds, Organic.
mercury and cyanides.
METHYL MERCURY
Formula:
IODIDE
Crystals.
CH 3 HgI
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 342. 6
Vap. D. 11. 8
Section 11.
AMIDE
Description:

METHYL MERCURY DICYANDIFormula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 C(CH 3 )COOCH 3

M. P. -50C
B. P. 101. 0C
Density 0. 936 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3.45
Inhalation 1
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1

Description:
METHYL METHACRYLATE
per
Section
2;
Chronic Systemic:
See Mercury
Highly toxic.
Compounds, Organic.
MCA warning label.

METHYL MONOCHLOROACETATE
Description:
Formula:
Clear liquid.
CH 2 ClCOOCH 3
Mol. Wt. 108.53

132C
Density 1. 227
Vap. D. 3.74
Acute Local: Irritant 2; IngesConstants:
B. P.
tion
2;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
N-METHYL MORPHOLINE
902
METHYL NITRITE
..chemical or carbon tetrachloride

(Section 6).
Description:

Section 2
N-METHYL MORPHOLINE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid,
C 2 H 4OC 2 H 4 NCH3
i

M. P. -65. 9C
B. P. 115. 4C
Density 0. 9213
Vap. D. 3. 35
Morpholine.
rate): Section 2
emit toxic fumes on heating;
MCA
warning label.
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 77. 04
B. P. 65 C (explodes)
Density 1 206 @ 20 /4 C
Vap. D. 2. 66
Nitrates.
rocket fuel.
Disaster Control: DangerousI See
Nitrates.
rate): Section 2
.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 61.04
M. P. -17C
B. P. -12C
Density 0.991 @15C
None
See
Nitrites.

materials.
rate): Section 2
1
-METHYL - 3 -NITRO - -NITROSO

1
GUANIDINE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C2H5N5O3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 147. 1
Toxicity: Unknown
METHYL NONYL KETONE

Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3 )(C 9 H 19 )CO

170
M. P.
CH 3 N0 3
Toxic Rating Code:
Gas.
CH 3 ONO
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
METHYL NITRATE
Description:
Formula:
= Slight
12C
B. P. 223C
Density 0. 829 @30C
Vap. D. 4. 87
Ketones.
Toxicity:
(Section
6).
Section
9-METHYLOL CARBAZOLE
Formula: (C 6 H 4 ) 2 NCH 2 OH
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
3-METHYLPENTANE
903
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 197. 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
a fumi-
75
Flash P.
Probably toxic.
gant.

toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides;
can react on contact with oxidizing materials.
Section
Water-white
to light
Formula: C n H 17 OH
mm
2.
@ 20 /4C
83
Unknown

6).
Dangerous! Keep
Formula:
METHYL ORANGE
Synonyms: Helianthine B; Orange
1 1
Description: Orange-yellow powder.

Formula: C 14 H 14 N3Na03S
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 327. 3
Toxicity: Unknown
sulfur.
Section
METHYL PARATHION
Description: A solid or powder.
Toxicity: See Parathion.

exposed to heat (120C).
highly toxic fumes and may explode; can react with oxidizing
materials
-METHYLPENTANE
Description:
Unknown
Section
Synonym: Dim ethylpropylm ethane.

Section 11.
warning label.
METHYL PENTADIENE
Formula:
7184
0.
rate): Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146.3
B. P. 111C @10
Density 0.963 @25C
Vap. D. 5. 05
Description:
Toxicity:
-30F
Disaster Control:
Description:
MCA
Density
Vap. D.
77C
METHYLOL PINENE
Toxicity:
82. 14
B. P.
Liquid.
C^H^
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3 2 CH(CH2)2CH 3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 17
B. P. 60C
Freezing P. - 1 54 C
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 654 @20 /4C
Vap. Press. 400
@41. 6C
Vap. D. 2. 97
Toxicity: Details unknown; may have
mm

ide,

reacts vigorously with oxidizing
agents.
rate): Section 2
3
-METHYLPENTANE
Synonym: Diethylmethylmethane.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CfcH 14
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
86. 17
3C
Freezing P. - 1
B. P.
63.
C (sets to a
glass)
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 664 @ 20 /4 C
(5) 10.
Vap. Press. 100
Vap. D. 2. 97
mm
2-METHYL-2, 4-PENTANEDIOL
Toxicity: Details unknown; may have

rate): Section 2
2-METHYL-2, 4-PENTANEDIOL
Synonym: a, a, a-Trimethyl
methylene glycol.
Description:
Formula:
tri-
904
2
-METHYL PENTANOL-1
Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 17
B. P. 147. 5C
Density 0. 8230 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3. 52
Alcohols.
Liquid.
(CH 3
)2
COHCH 2 CHOHCH 3
4-METHYL PENTANOL-2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 2
B. P. 196 C
Flash P. 202 F
Density 0. 9240 @ 17 /4 C
also Glycols.
Synonyms: Isobutylmethylcarbinol;
methyl amyl alcohol.
3-METHYLPENTANEDIOL-l,

to heat or flame.
Description:
Clear liquid.
Formula:
HOCH 2 CH 2 CH(CH3)CH2CH 2OH

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 17
B. P. 248. 4C
Freezing P. -60 C
Density 0. 9755 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. Press. < 0. 01
@ 20 C
Vap. D. 4
Alcohols.
To Fight Fire: Foam, dry chemical,
carbon dioxide or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6).
mm
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Colorless, stable liquid.
Description:
Formula:
(CH 3
)2
CHCH 2 CHOHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 17
B. P. 131. 4C
Density 0. 81 56 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 53
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

Section 2
2-
METHYL- 1 - PENTENE
Synonym:
-Methyl- 1 -propyl ethylene,
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 2 C(CH3)CH 2 CH 2 CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84.2
M. P. -135. 8C
B. P. 62 C
Flash P. -18F
Density 0. 684 @ 15.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
5 /l 5. 5
High
Unknown
3-METHYL-1-PHENYL-5-PYRAZOLONE
905
Vap. Press. 326

Vap. D. 290
Toxicity:
Unknown
Dangerous, when ex-
Fire Hazard:
posed
mm @ 37. 3 C
to heat or
flame.

(Section
6).

rate): Section 2
Section
2-METHYLPENTENE-2
A liquid.
Description:
Formula:
C^H^
4-METHYL-2-PENTENE
Synonym:
Unknown
6).
Liquid.
CH 3 CHCHCH(CH 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84.16
M. P. -134. 4C
B. P. 58C
Density 0. 670 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 90
Unknown
Moderate; when
Fire Hazard:

(Section 6).
METHYL PENTYNOL
Synonym:

-Isopropyl-2-methyl
ethylene.
Description:
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84. 2
B. P. 66. 9C
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 690 @ 1 5. 5 /l 5. 5 C
Vap. D. 2.9
Toxicity:

materials.
rate): Section 2
3-Methyl- 1 -pentyn- 3-ol.

Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula: HC:CC(OH)CH 3 C 2 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 98. 14
M. P. -30. 6C

Toxicity:
materials.
rate): Section 2

can react
4-
METHYLPENTENE
Description:
liquid.
B. P.
121
Density
Vap. D.
122C
8688
0.
3.
@20C
38
Unknown
METHYL PHENYLACETATE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
C 6 H 5CH 2 COOCH3
Formula: C$H 12
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84. 2
M. P. -153. 6C

Density 1. 062
Vap. D. 5. 18
Esters.
B. P. 54C
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 668 @ 1 5. 5 /l 5. 5 C
Toxicity:
Unknown

3-METHYL- 1- PHENYL- 5 -PYRAZ-
OLONE
White powder.
Formula: C 6 H 5 N 2 COCH 2 CCH 3
Description:

METHYL
PHOSPfflNE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
Toxicity:
906
Formula: C5H 12 N 2
174.2
128. 9C
191 C @7
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
mm
M. P.
Unknown.
B. P.

materials.
100.
5C
155. 6C @746
65.
mm
Flash P. 163. 4F (C. O. C. )

Toxicity: Unknown.

ide, or
METHYL
PHOSPfflNE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless gas.
CH 3 PH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
-METHYL - 2 -PROPANETHIOL
Synonym:
48.
Butyl mercaptan.
Liquid.
C 4H 10 S
t-
-14C
Description:
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
of oxides of phosphorus; can react vigorously with oxidizing
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90.2
M. P. -115. 9C
B. P. 98C
Density 0. 800 @ 20 C
Vap. D. 3. 11
Toxicity: Detials unknown. See
B. P.
Formula:
materials.
rate): Section 2
METHYL PHTHALYL ETHYL GLYCOLLATE

Description:
Liquid.
Mercaptans.
6).

materials.
Formula:
CH 3 C0 2 C 6H 4C0 2 CH 2 C0 2 C 2H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 266.2
B. P. 590F
Density 1.220
Vap. D. 9. 16
Esters.
2
-METHYL PIPERAZINE
A hygroscopic
Description:
typical
-METHYL PROPENE.
METHYL PROPIONATE
Colorless liquid.
Formula: CH 3 CH 2 COOCH 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 15
M. P. -87. 5C
B. P. 79.8C
Density 0. 937 @4C
Autoign Temp.- 876 F
Vap. Press. 40
@ 1 1. C
Vap. D. 3.03
mm
tion
None
= Slight
1;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
solid;
amine -like odor.
Toxic Rating Code:
See
Isobutylene.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYL SALICYLATE
907

Spontaneous Heating: No.
materials.
rate):
Section
liquid.
Formula:
C 10H 10 N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158. 2
B. P. 247 C
Vap. D. 5. 46-
Toxicity:
Unknown.


materials.
Synonym: dl-Pentanol-2
Formula: CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH(OH)CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88.2
B. P. 119C
Density 0. 8303 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 3.03
also Alcohols.
N-METHYL-2-PYRROLIDONE
Synonym:
Description:
odor.
Formula:
-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
Colorless liquid; mild
H 3 C NCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C O
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
99. 13
202C
Freezing P. -24C
Flash P. 204F
Density 1. 027 @25 /4C
Toxicity: Unknown.
B. P.
(Section 6).
Section 2

METHYL n-PROPYL KETONE.
ide (Section
See Pentanone-2.
2-
Pale straw-colored
Description:
6).
METHYL PROPYL CARBINOL
6).
METHYLPYRAZINE
Description:
odor.
Synonym: Oil
Formula: C5H 6N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 94. 12
M. P. -29C
B. P. 133C @737
Density 1. 0224 @25 /25C
Vap. D. 3. 2
oxides; can react with oxidizing
METHYL SALICYLATE
Li H uid, pyridine-like
mm
l-l-METHYL-2-p-PYRIDYLPYRROLIDINE


Section
of wintergreen.
Description: Colorless, yellowish
or reddish, oily liquid.
Formula:
2-HOC 6H 4 - l-COOCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 152. 14
B. P. 223. 3C

Freezing P. -1. 2C
Density 1 1 840 @ 20. 2 /4C
Autoign Temp. 850 F
Vap. D. 5.24
Acute Local: Irritant 2; Allergen
gen 1; Ingestion 2
)
METHYL SELENIDE
908

Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Accidental acute poisoning is not uncommon. Kidney
irritation, vomiting and convulsions occur.
when exposed
can react with
Underwriters Laboratory ClassificaFire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;
tion:
20
25.

6).

METHYL SELENIDE.
3
7
See Dimethyl
Selenide.
METHYL SILICATE
oDescription:
Formula: Si(OCH 3 ) 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 152. 2
Vap. D. 5. 25
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: This material can cause

extensive necrosis (experimental),
keratoconus and opaque cornea;
it also causes severe human eye
injuries, as well as necrosis of
corneal cells, which progresses
long after the exposure has
ceased. It is destructive and its
effects resist treatment. Permanent blindness is possible from
exposure to it. Both the liquid
and vapor of this material are
dangerous to the eyes. From
animal experimentation, the
minimum lethal dose by oral
administration has been found to
be 0. 07 ml/ 100 g of body weight
for the rat and 0.01 ml/ 100 g of
body weight intravenously for
the rabbit. Administration of
this material to animals resulted
in death from within a few hours
to a few days.
=
istration of the toxic material.

In less severe cases, degeneration of the convoluted tubules was
found, with complete degeneration
of the organ in the more severe
cases. Pulmonary edema also
occurred in those animals who

had received intravenous injections. It has been reported that
exposure to methyl silicate vapor
under certain conditions of
humidity or exposure to the
liquid may cause the eye damages
noted above. This material was
found to be more toxic to animals
than either ethyl silicate or
silicic acid, although it has been
thought that the injury caused is
largely due to the action of the
silicic acid.
Clear liquid.
Toxic Rating Code:
The kidney seems to be the

organ which is usually injured,
regardless of the mode of admin-
None
= Slight

Section 2
METHYL STEARATE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid to semi- solid.
C 17 H3 5C0 2 CH3

M. P. 38 C
B. P. 215C (8)15
Flash P. 307 F (C. C. )
Density 0. 860
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;
when exposed
can react with

ide,
METHYL STYRENE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 9 H 10
Constants: Mol. Wt.
M. P. -23.21C
B. P.
165.
118.17
4C
Flash P. 136F
Density 0. 9062 @ 25 /25C
Vap. D. 4. 08
In-
2;
halation 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
METHYL TELLURIDE
909
Acute Systemic:
Ingestion
In-
2;
halation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: From animal studies it
appears that immediate deaths
occur from primary action on the
central nervous system, whereas
delayed deaths come about from
pneumonia.
6).


highly toxic. See Sulfides.
(Section 6).

sulfur, and may explode; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

Section 2
Section

Description:
Formula:
7
METHYLSTYRYL PHENYL KETONE

Formula: C^HÔ
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 222.3
Vap. D. 7.67
tion
1;
Inhalation
1;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
METHYL SULFATE.
Section
sulfite.
Colorless liquid.
(CH 3 2 S0 3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110. 1
B. P. 126C
Density 1.242 @0/0C
Vap. D. 3. 8
Toxicity: Details unknown, an irritant and probably toxic material.
sulfur; it will react with water,
N-METHYLTAURINE.
See 2-(N-Methylamino) Ethane Sulfonic Acid.
METHYL TELLURIDE
See Dimethyl
Sulfate.
METHYL SULFIDE
Synonyms: Methylthiome thane;
methyl sulfide.
di-
Description: Colorless liquid; disagreeable odor, soluable in alco^

hoi and ether.
Formula:
METHYL SULFITE
Synonym: Dimethyl
(CH 3 2 S
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 62. 13
M. P. -83.2C
B. P. 37. 5 - 38C
Density 0. 8458 @ 21 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 14
Synonym: Dimethyl telluride.

Formula: (CH 3 ) 2 Te
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
157. 7
82C
Vap. D. 5.45
it
emits
highly toxic fumes of tellurium;


materials.
2-METHYL TETRAHYDROFURAN
2-METHYL TETRAHYDROFURAN
Synonyms: Tetrahydromethylfuran;
tetrahydro sylvan.
liquid; ether-like odor.
Formula: OCH2CH2CH2CHCH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 13
B. P. 80C
Density 0. 853 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 97
Toxicity:
Unknown.

(Section
6).

rate): Section 2
Section
METHYL TOLUENE SULFONATE

C^C^SC^CH-j
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 186.22
Density 1.230 - 1. 238 @25/25C
Vap. D. 6.45 M. P. 28C
Toxicity:
Unknown.

of sulfur.
METHYL TRICHLOROSILANE
liquid.
CH 3 Cl 3 Si
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
Section
5C
Density 1 28 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. D. 5. 17
.
METHYL TRIETHOXYSILANE
Toxic Rating Code:
METHYL TRIPHENYLSILICONE
Synonym: Methyltriphenylsilane.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
CH 3 (C6H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
)3
Si
274. 4
M. P. 67.3C
tion
Inhalation
1;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
(CH 3 )(CnH 23 )CO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198
M. P. 28C
B. P. 120C @5
Vap. D. 6/84
Density 0. 825 @30C
Ketones.
mm
See

Fire Hazard:
Liquid.
Formula: C 7 H 18

Formula:
-90C
Description:

can react

white solid.
149.46
66.
Inges-
METHYL UNDECYL KETONE
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 178.20
B. P. 141 C
Density 0. 890
Vap. D. 6. 14
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Description:
Formula:
910
3 Si
=
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MINERAL DUSTS
911

METHYLUREA
Crystals.
Description:
NH 2 CONHCH 3
Formula:

M. P. 101 C B. P. Decomp.
Density 1 205 @20 /20 C
.
METHYL VINYL ETHER

Description:
Liquid or gas.
CHCH 2 OCH 3
Formula:
Mol. Wt. 58. 1

P. -122C
B. P. 41 F
Flash P. -60 F
Vap. D. 2.
has narcotic and anesthetic
properties. See also Ethers.
Constants:
M.

(Section
6).

See also Ethers.
rate): Section 2
Synonym: 3-Butene-2-one.
powerfully irritating odor.
B. P.

exposure to heat or flame; emits
toxic and irritant fumes; can
rate): Section 2
CH 3 COCHCH 2
Mol. Wt.
SILICA)
Description: Light gray to dark
flakes or particles.
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 20 million
Caution: Can cause a chronic
fibrosis of the lungs.
Section 7
MILITARY GUNCOTTON.
See
Cellulose Nitrate.
MILL DUST
Acute Systemic:
Section 2
METHYL VINYL KETONE
Constants:

MICA DUST (BELOW 5% FREE
low.

it emits toxic fumes; can react
Formula:
70.09
81.4C
Density 0. 8393 @ 25/4C
Vap. D. 2.41
Toxicity: Skin irritant and lachrymator.
MILLON'S BASE
(HO) 2 Hg 2 NH 2 OH
Density 4. 083 @18C
Disaster Control: See Mercury Compounds, Inorganic.
Formula:
MINERAL DUSTS
Toxicity:
From
Variable.
the
economic and toxicologic standpoint,

the most important are those
MINERAL SEAL OIL
912
containing free silica, which can

cause silicosis if inhaled in sufficient
quantity. These include sand, sandstone, quartz and flint. They consist
mainly of silica in the form of quartz,

diatomaceous earth, which is essenamorphous silica, and granite,

which contains from 20 to 40%
quartz. Minerals that contain com-
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
tially
bined silica in the form of silicates

but no free silica are generally less
capable of causing silicosis. Asbestos, however, can cause a fibrotic
lung condition of its own, known as
asbestosis (See Asbestos). Mica and
talc dust are also considered some-
what hazardous (See Mica Dust).

Nonsiliceous minerals, like limestone, marble, dolomite, etc.
which do not contain toxic elements,
do not ordinarily present any significant dust hazard, although minerals
containing toxic elements, such as
cryolite, which contains fluorine,
and pyrolusite, which contains manganese, may cause systemic poison,
ing if the dust is inhaled or ingested

in sufficient quantity. In any event,
the minerals are usually less reactive
than synthetic compounds of the same
elements, and in fact may be relatively inert by comparison.
MINERAL SEAL OIL

Synonym: Signal
oil.
Description: A viscous liquid.

Constant:
Kerosene.

MINERAL SPIRITS NO. 10

Synonyms: Turpentine substitute;
white spirit.
Description: A clear, water-white
liquid.
Constants:
B. P. 150 - 190C
Density 0. 80
Vap. D. 3. 9
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Inges1;
Inhalation 1
Inhalation 2
tion
1;
6).

Explosive Range: 0. 77% at 212 F.
explode on heating.
rate):
Section 2

MIRBANE
OIL.
See Nitrobenzene.
MIXED ACID.
See Sulfuric Acid

and Nitric Acid.
MCA warning label.
MIXTURES OF HYDROFLUORIC
AND SULFURIC ACIDS. See
Hydrofluoric and Sulfuric Acids.
MOHAIR
Synonym: Goathair.
Description: A fabric.

flame. See also Dust Explosions,
MOLYBDENUM
Description: Cubic, silver-white,
metallic crystals or gray-black
powder.
1
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS
913
Mo
Formula:
Constants
At Wt. 95. 95
M. P. 2622 C
B. P. 5560 C
Density 10. 2
Mo",
67
half-life:

0. 5 and 1. 2 mev and gamma rays
of 0. 81, 0. 36 and 0. 73 mev.
The
50 microcuries; in air: 2 X 10~ 3

water: 14 microcurie per milliliter.
Fire Hazard:
of dust,
Moderate,
when exposed
in the form
to heat or

Metals (Section 6).

flame. See also Powdered Metals,
MOLYBDENUM CARBONYL
Description:
Formula:
Diamagnetic crystals.
264.01
Density 1. 96
Vap. D. 9. 1
Toxicity: See Carbonyls.
In stable
pound
may
is not
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
form
this
com-
highly toxic, but
it
monoxide
decomposes easily.
because it
Fiee Hazard: See Carbonyls.
MOLYBDENUM CHLORIDE
Synonym: Molybdenum dichloride.
Amorphous or yellow
Formula: MoCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 166. 86
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 714 @25C
Toxicity: See Molybdenum
pounds.
soluble
compounds, 5 milligrams per

cubic meter of air; insoluble
compounds, 15 milligrams per
cubic meter of air.
Molybdenum and its

compounds are said to be some-
Toxicology:
what toxic, but in spite of their

considerable use in industry, industrial poisoning by molybdenum
has yet to be reported. Some
studies have been made of its
toxic effects, and it is suggested
that suitable precautions should be
taken against the inhalation of
considerable amounts of the more
soluble
molybdenum compounds.
experimentation,
it
that no fatalities
occurred to those subjected to

molybdic oxide fumes for 25 one
hour exposures at an average
concentration of 1 5 mg/cu. foot
of air, and only 1 fatality in 24
one hour exposures to molybdenite
dust at an average concentration
of 8. 1 mg/cu. foot of air.
.
liberate carbon
Description:
crystals.

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
was found
Caution:
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS
From animal
Mo(CO) 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

emits toxic fumes of chlorides.
Com-
Molybdenum
body
to
is not stored in the

any extent because it is
rapidly excreted. Experiments

with the sodium salts of hexavalent
chromium, tungsten and molybde-
num have shown that sodium

molybdate is the least toxic of the
three, and is less toxic following
intraperitoneal injection than
either sodium chromate or
sodium tungstate in equivalent
concentrations. All molybdenum compounds can be referred
to molybdenum or to more toxic
anions if present.
Recent studies have shown
that molybdenum has importance
as a trace element in the normal
MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE
914
growth and development of cerforms of plant life. It is

found also in animal tissue, altain
though
known.
its
precise function

is un-
MOLYBDENUM PENTASULFIDE
Description:
MOLYBDENUM
Molybdenum
DISULFIDE.
See
Sulfide.
MOLYBDENUM HEXAFLUORIDE
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 352. 23
See Sul-
fides.

liquid.
MoF$
Formula:
Dark brown powder.
Mo 2 S 5
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
209.95
17C
B. P. 35C
Density 2. 55
M. P.
MOLYBDENUM PHOSPHIDE
Description:
See Fluorides.
Toxicity:
MOLYBDENUM MONOBORIDE
Description:
Crystals.
MoB
Formula:
Constants: Mol. Wt.

Density 8. 65
Toxicity: See Boron
106.77
Compounds and
Molybdenum Compounds.
Fire Hazard: See Borides.

See also Borides.
Disaster Control: See Borides.
MOLYBDENUM OXIDE
Synonym: Molybdenum sesquioxide.
Description: Gray-black powder.
Formula: Mo 2 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 239. 90
Toxicity: See Molybdenum Compounds.
Section 2
Gray-green crystal-
powder.
Formula: MoP
line
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126.93
Density 6. 167
MOLYBDENUM SESQUISULFIDE
Description:
Steel-gray needles.
Mo 2 S 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 288. 10
B. P. Volat. @ 1200 C
Density 5. 91 @15C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Sulfides.

MOLYBDENUM SULFIDE
Molybdic sulfide; molyb
Synonyms:
denite.
MOLYBDENUM OXYTETRAFLUORIDE
M. P.
B. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
MoOF 4
187. 95
B. P.
98C
180C
Density
160.07
1185C
M. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Black, lustrous pow-
Formula: MoS 2
Description: Colorless-white,
Formula:
Description:
der.
Decomposes
Density
Toxicity:
4.
80
in air.
@14C
Unknown
3.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MONO n-BUTYLAMINE
915

MOND
GAS. See Carbon Monoxide

and Hydrogen.

sulfur.
Section
MOLYBDENUM TETRABROMEDE
Description:
needles.
Black, deliquescent
Formula: MoBr 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 415.61
M. P. Decomposes
B. P. Volatilizes
Toxicity: See Bromides and Molyb-
denum Compounds.
MOLYBDENUM TETRASULFIDE
Brown powder.
Formula: MoS 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 224. 19
M. P. Decomposes
amine

like odor.
Formula:
CH 3 (CH 2 2 CH(CH3)NH 2
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 87. 16
B. P. 92 C
Flash P. 20 F
Density 0. 73839 @ 20 /0 C
Vap. D. 3. 01
Amines.
bromides.
Description:
MONO- sec -AMYLAMINE
See Sul-

6).

materials.
rate): Section 2
Section
fides.

MOLYBDENUM TRISULFIDE
Description:
crystals.
Red-dark brown
Formula: MoS 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 192. 13
M. P. Decomposes
B. P. Decomposes
MOLYBDIC ACID
Description: Hexagonal, white
or slight yellowish crystals.
Formula:
H 2 Mo0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162.
M. P. Decomp. 115C
Density 3. 112
Toxicity: See Molybdenum
pounds.
N-MONOAMYL ANILINE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C5HnNHC 6 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 163. 3
B. P. 473F
Flash P. 225 F
Density 0. 9
Vap. D. 5. 63
Toxicity: Probably toxic.
Aniline.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
See
when exposed
flame.
highly toxic fumes of aniline; can
Section 2
to heat or
MONO n-BUTYLAMINE
Description:
Com-
Colorless liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 (CH2)2CH 2 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
-50. 5C
M. P.
73. 14
MONO-sec-BUTYLAMINE
916

Density 0.7401 @20.4C
Inhalation
1;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Colorless liquid.
Description:
CH 3 CH(NH 2 )CH 2 CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 73. 14
M. P. -104. 5C
Density 0. 724 @20 /4C

Acute Local: Irritant 1; Inges1;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

rate):
Section

MONOBUTYLAMINE OLEATE
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Clear
Description:
liquid.
(CH 3 3 CC 6H3(CH 3 )OH
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
164.24
27.0C
137C @25
Toxicity:
mm
969 @ 30 /l5 C
5.77
0.
Synonym:
P.
tion
MONOCHLOROACETIC ACID
63C
Flash P. 15F
B.

Cresol.
label.
MONO- sec- BUTYLAMINE

Formula:
Unknown
Density
Vap. D.
Section 2
rate):
warning
Toxicity:

MONO-tert -BUTYL -m-CRESOL
6).

MCA
Flash P. 150F
Density 0. 891
Vap. D. 12. 3
Liquid.
C 17 H33C0 2 NH 3 C4H 9
Mol. Wt.
Toxic Rating Code:
Chloroethanoic acid;
chloroacetic acid.
Formula:
CH 2 ClCOOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 94. 5
M. P. a= 63C; |3 = 56C;
y = 50 C
B. P. 189C
Flash P. None
Density 1 58 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 3. 26
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes of phosgene and
chlorides.
Section 2
.
355.6
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MONOCHLOROMONOBROMO METHANE
917
MONOCHLOROACETONE,
STABILIZED
Synonym: Monochlorated acetone.
Formula: CH 3 COOCH 2 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 92. 52
B. P. 119C
Density 1. 162 @16C
Vap. D. 3.2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

Section 2
Poison C;
tear gas label.
MONOCHLOROACETONE, UNSTABLIZED. See Monochloroacetone,

Stablized.
Not accepted.
permitted.
MONOCHLOROBENZENE.
See
Chlorobenzene.
MONOCHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE
Description:
Formula:
it
emits
Colorless gas.
CHC1F 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 48
M. P. -146C
B. P. -40. 8C
Density 3. 87 @ C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
and fluorine.
Section 2
label.
MONOCHLOROMALEIC
ANHYDRIDE
Description:
Nearly white liquid or
solid.
For-mula: C1CCH(C0) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 132. 5
M. P. 33 C
B. P. 196 - 197. 5C
Density 1. 54 @25/25C
Toxicity:
Unknown

MONOCHLOROMETHANE
See
Methyl Chloride.
MONOC HLOROMONOBROMO
METHANE
Synonym: Monochlorobromomethane.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 2 BrCl
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
129
60 - 90C
Vap. D. 4.45
B. P.
Chronic Local: U
Skin Absorption 2
Toxicology: This material has a
2;
narcotic action of moderate intensity, although of prolonged

duration. Animals exposed for
several weeks to 1, 000 ppm of
this substance had blood bromide
levels as high as 350 mg/lOO
grams of blood. Therefore,
until further data are available
concerning it, it should be
MONOCHLORONAPHTHALENE
considered at least as toxic as
carbon tetrachloride, and more
than minimal exposure to its
vapors should be avoided.
and bromides.
Section 2
918


MCA
7
11.
warning label.
rate):
MONOCHLOROTRIFLUORO-
METHANE
7
MONOCHLORONAPHTHALENE
See Chlorinated Naphthalenes.
MONOCHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE
Description: Gas.
Formula: C HF 4 C1
2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 136.49
acts as a simple asphyxiant. See
also Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.
container and release it; when
and fluorides.
I.C.C. Classification: Nonflammable gas; green label.

label.
Synonym: Chlorotrifluoromethane.
Description:
odor.
Colorless gas;
ethereal
Formula: CC1F 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104.47
M. P. -181 C
B. P.
-80C

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
container and release it; when
and fluorides.
Section 2
I.
label.
MONOCHLOROTOLUENE
Synonym:
Methylchlorobenzene.
Description:
Clear, colorless to
MONOCRESYL DIPHENYL PHOSPHATE
Formula: CH 3 C 6 H 4 C1
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126. 5
B. P. 158 - 165C
Freezing P. < -45C
Flash P. 125F
Density 1 080 @ 1 5. 5 /l 5. 5 C
Vap. D. 4. 38
Toluene.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 388. 3
Flash P. 450 F (C. C. )
Density > 1
Vap. D. 13.4
toxic and an irritant.
to heat or flame.
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical or carbon
Formula:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Liquid.
CH 3 C 6H4 0(C 6 H 50) 2 P04
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MONOGERMANE
919

MONODECYL NAPHTHALENE
Description: Straw-colored liquid.
Constants:
B. P. 341 - 420C
Flash P. 325F
Density 0. 968 @20C
Toxicity:
Unknown

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100
Density 1. 818 @ 25 /4C
Vap. D. 3.45
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluorides and Phosphoric Acid.
contact with acid of acid fumes,
fluorides.
Section 2
MONOFLUOROPHOSPHORIC ACID,
ANHYDROUS.
See Monofluophosphoric Acid.

MONODODECYL BENZENE,
See
Keryl Benzene- 12.
Corrosive
white label.
liquid;

rosive liquid;
Cor-
white label.
MONOETHANOL AMINE
MONOFLUOROTRICHLOROMETHANE
Synonym:
2-Aminoethanol.
Description:
ammoniacal odor.
Formula: NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137.4
M. P. -111C
B. P. 24. 1C
Density 1.494 @17.2C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 61. 08
B. P. 170. 5C
Freezing P. 10. 5C
Flash P. 200 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 01 80 @ 20 /4C
Vap. Press. 6mm@60C
Vap. D. 2. 11
2;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
MONOFLUOPHOSPHORIC ACID
Description:
Colorless, viscous
liquid.
Formula:
H 2 P0 3 F
Colorless liquid.
Formula: CC1 3 F
Inges-
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local: U
tion
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH

heated
to
decomposition,
it
emits

and fluorides.
MONOGERMANE
Synonym: Germanium tetrahydride.
Description: Gas
Formula: GeH 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 76. 63
M. P. -165C
B. P. -88. 5C
Density Liquid: 1.523@-142C
gas: 3.43 g/l
MONO- s ec - HEXYLAMINE
also Hydrides and
920
Germanium
Compounds.
Hydrides.
Explosion Hazard: Dangerous. See
Hydrides.
Storage and Handling: Section.
MONO- sec - HEXYLAMINE

2-Amino-4-methyl
Synonym:
pentane.
Description:
Water -white
liquid;
CH 3 CHNH 2 C 4H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 101. 19
Flash P. 55 F
Density 0. 746 @20C
Vap. D. 3. 49
See also

To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide dry chemical or carbon

materials.
rate): Section 2
MONOISOPROPANOLAMINE
Formula:
Amines
6).

exposed to sparks or flame.
rate): Section 2
Section
MONOMETHYLAMINE, ANHYDROUS
See Monomethylamine.

I.
SOLUTION. See Monomethyl

Amine.
75. 11
159. 9C
Section 11.

I.
Freezing P. -2C
Density 0. 9619 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 2. 59
See also
Amines.
MONOMETHYLANILINE
Description:
Reddish-brown
oily
liquid.
C 6 H 5NHCH 3

Formula:

Density 0. 986 @ 20 /4 C
Vap. D. 3. 7
Acute Local: U
MONOMETHYLAMINE
Synonym: Aminomethane.
Toxic Rating Code:
MONOMETHYLAMINE, AQUEOUS
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
CH 3 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 31. 1
B. P. -6. 79C
Frezing P. -93. 5C
Flash P. 0F (C.C.)
Density 0. 662 @ 20 /4C
Autoign. P. 806 F
Vap. D. 1. 07
Amines.
Description:
Formula:

amine-like odor.
Formula:
Description: Colorless gas or liquid;

strong ammoniacal odor.
None
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 107. 15
M. P. -57. 0C
B. P.
2 =
195.
Moderate
7C
3 =
High
3;
Unknown
MONOTHIOGL YC EROL
921

highly toxic fumes of aniline;


rate): Section 2
MONOMETHYLOL DIMETHYL
HYDANTOIN
Description:
C 6 H 10 N 2 O 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158. 16
M. P. 99 - 103C
Density 0. 78
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
MONONITROTOLUENE.
See p-
Nitrotoluene.
MONONONYL NAPHTHALENE
Description: Light straw-colored
viscous liquid.
Formula:
n- PROPYLAMINE
amine-like odor.
Formula:
CH 3 (CH 2 2 NH 2
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 59. 11
M. P. -83C
B. P. 48. 7C
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 719
Vap. D. 2. 04
Amines.
Odorless, white crys-
talline solid.
Formula:
MONO
C9H 19 C 10 H 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254.4
B. P. 300 - 350C
Density 0.93 - 0.94@20C
Vap. D. 8. 8
Naphthalene.
6).

fumes of nitrogen oxides; can
materials.
rate): .Section 2
Section
MONOPROPYLENE GLYCOL
METHYL ETHER
Synonym:
Description:
Formula:
-Methoxy-2-propanol.
CH 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 1
B. P. 120C
Flash P. 102F
Density 0. 92 @ 25 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 3. 1
Glycols.
See also Ethers.
Section 2
MONOTHIOGLYCEROL
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 3H 8O zS
MORPHINE
922
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 2
B. P. 118C @5
Density 1. 248 @ 20/20 C
Glycerol.
mm

materials.
MORPHINE
Description:
White, crystalline
alkaloid.
Formula:
C 17 H 19 N0 3
H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 303. 35
M. P. Anh. 254 C Decomposes
B. P. 191 - 192C (vacuum)
Density 1.317
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Morphine is the constituent of opium most responsible for its poisonous effects.
When taken orally, the effects of
morphine poisoning begin to
appear in 20 to 40 minutes; if
taken hypodermically, the symtoms appear much earlier and
narcotism is more likely to follow the early symptoms. Individual susceptibility varies
greatly and children are more
susceptible than adults. The
usual symptoms due to an overdose of morphine are a sense of
mental exhilaration and physical
ease with a quickening and
strengthening of the pulse and
then a depression of the brain
with special reference to its
higher functions. Smaller doses
which are not sufficient to cause

this depression do cause a
diminished sensibility to lasting
impressions, such as pain, cold,
hunger and discomfort. Following
this there may be dizziness and
heaviness of the head, nausea,
languor and drowsiness, the
pulse being reduced in frequency'
for some time before it is reduced
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
in force. Individuals with great

susceptibility may complain of
itching of the skin and even
erythema and as the action continues, it produces sleep. There
is a gradual loss of muscular
power and a diminished sense of
feeling. The pupils become contracted and fail to respond to
The respirations become

less and less frequent, finally
being reduced in some cases to
four or five a minute with
stertorous breathing. If the
patient who has taken an overdose
of morphine survives for 48 hours,
the prognosis is favorable.
Treatment and Antidotes: A physician
should be called at once. The
stomach should be washed repeatedly and at short intervals,
whether the poison was taken by
mouth or injection, since it is
excreted into the stomach anyway.
Emetics should be given. Recomlight.
mended
is
apomorphine hydro-
chloride, hypodermically.
If
narcosis has already set in, the

effect of the emetic may be interfered with. A dilute solution of
potassium permanganate in the

form of a lavage which should be
0. 5 gram per liter has been used
successfully. Tincture of
belladonna by mouth, 2 cc by
volume, may be repeated every
15 minutes but this antidote must
Solubility
of the morphine in the stomach
may be decreased by giving tannic
acid, coffee, tea and finally,
powdered charcoal in water, also
an iodine solution may be given.
Every effort should be made to
arouse the patient and keep him
be used cautiously.
awake, especially by walking him

around, pinching the skin, slapping him, and by ammonia inhalations and artificial respiration
if necessary.
Keep the patient
warm under any conditions. The
fatal dose may be from 1 to 2 to
4 or 6 grains, depending very
much upon the individual.
Section 2

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
MOTION PICTURE FILM, NITROCELLULOSE BASE
923
MORPHINE ACETATE.

MCA warning label.
See
Morphine.
11.
MORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
MORPHOLINE ETHANOL
Synonym: N -hydroxy ethyl mor-
See Morphine.
MORPHINE MECONATE,
See
pholine.
Morphine.
Description:
MORPHINE NITRATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
White powder, darkens

when exposed to light.
Description:
Formula:
C 17 H 19 N0 3
131. 17
225. 5C
Flash P. 210F
Density 1. 071
B. P.
HN0 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
348.26
See Morphine and Nitrates
Toxicity:
MORPHINE SULFATE.
Colorless liquid.
Formula: 0(CH 2 CH2) 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH
1;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; can re-
See Mor-
phine.
MORPHOLINE
Synonyms:
Tetrahydro- 1 4-oxazine;
diethylenimide oxide.
Description: Colorless, hygroscopic
oil.
Formula:
OCH 2 CH 2 NHCH 2 CH2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 87. 12
B. P. 128. 9C
Freezing P. -7. 5 C
Density 0. 998 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. D. 3. 00
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to flame or heat.
(Section 6).
Disaster Control:
MORTAR
STAIN, LIQUID
Toxicity:
Variable.

6).

Section 11.

I.
combustible liquid; inflamliquid, red label.
mable
MOTH BALLS.
MOTH FLAKES.
See Naphthalene.
See Naphthalene.
MOTION PICTURE FILM,

NITROCELLULOSE BASE
Dangerous; when
materials.
Section 2
6)

Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame. See also

Nitrocellulose (Section
6).

also Nitrocellulose.

MOTION PICTURE FILM, SLOW BURNING

MOTION PICTURE FILM, SLOW

BURNING
can react with oxinitrogen;
dizing materials.
MOTOR FUEL ANTIKNOCK COMPOUND. See Lead Tetraethyl.

poison label.
MOTOR FUEL,
N.O.S.
See Gaso-
line.


combustible liquid; inflammable liquid, red label.
Aromatic resin,
Toxic Rating Code:
None
muira puamine, fat.

2;
Inges-
tion 2

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

heat or flame. See also Dust
Explosions.
Section 2

MURIATIC ACID.
3
7
See Hydrochloric
Acid.
Section 11.
Coast Guard Classification: Corrosive liquid; red label.

MCA warning label.
MUSTARD
GAS. See
j3,/3'
-Dichloro-
ethyl Sulfide.
Section 11.

poison gas label - not accepted
MUIRA PUAMA
Composition:
924
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NaK
Description: Liquid or solid,
metallic alloy.
Toxicity: See Sodium and Potassium.
Toxicology: NaK as its name implies is a low melting alloy of Na
and K. Its toxicity is that of
either Na or K alone. In contact
with moisture this material reacts
very violently to evolve hydrogen
and much heat, leaving behind a
highly caustic residue of NaOH or
KOH. Of course the heat would
damage tissue as would the caustic
residue. Even fine particles of
NaK would damage the eyes,
irritate the lungs, etc. Finally
when NaK burns it evolves
quantities of finely divided fumes
of Na z O, K z O which is a powerful
caustic.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous. In the

presence of oxygen, moisture,
halogens, oxidizers, acids or
acid fumes, etc.
it will react
,
violently giving off much heat,

often either spattering red hot
particles or actually flaming.
To Fight Fire: G-l powder, dry
sodium chloride or dry soda
ash. Never use water, foam or
Explosion Hazard: Severe. It will
react explosively under manyconditions such as contact with

moisture, halogens, acid solu-
NAPHTHA (COAL-TAR)
Synonyms: Hi -flash naphtha;
160
benzol.
Description: Dark, straw-colored
to colorless liquid.
Composition: Benzene, toluene,
xylene, etc.
Constants:
B. P. 149 - 216C
Density 0. 862 - 0. 892
per million in air.
with oxidizing materials. Keep
containers tightly closed.

mists and fumes, powerful

oxidizing agents and many organic
compounds containing oxygen or
tions,
halogen.
heated, emits highly toxic fumes
of sodium and potassium oxide;
it will react explosively with water,
steam, acid, acid fumes or mists
to produce heat, hydrogen, toxic
very vigorously with oxidizing
materials. See also Sodium
and Potassium.
Ventilation Control (use complete

enclosure): Section 2
Storage and Handling: Store in a
cool place, preferably under
kerosene (Section 7).
rate):
Section 2

Coast Guard Classification: Combustible liquid; inflammable
I.
liquid,
red label.
NAPHTHALENE
Synonyms: Moth flakes; white
tar;
NAPHTHALENE-1,5-DISULF0NIC ACID
tar camphor.
volatile liquid.
Aromatic odor; white,
Description:
crystalline, volatile flakes.
Formula: C 10H 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
128. 16
1
C
217.
9C (Sublimes)
B. P.
Flash P. 176F
M. P.
80.
Density 1. 145
Autoign. Temp.
Vap. Press. 1
1038F
mm
@52. 6C
Vap. D. 4.42
Acute Local; Irritant
2;
Inges-
Inhalation 1
Inhalation 2
Inhalation 1
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; reacts
heat or flame.
tion 2;

Section

3
7
Section 11.

Hazardous article.
NAPHTHALENE- 1, 5-DISULFONIC
ACID
A mixture of the
lighter constituents of petroleum.
Composition:
Constants:
B. P. 40 - 70C
Flash P. 0F
Density 0. 630 - 0. 660
Vap. D. 4.48
Inhalation 2
Chronic Systemic: U
per million in air.
Explosion Hazard:
exposed to heat
Explosive Range:
Disaster Control:
Moderate, when
or flame.
1.1
4.
8%
Dangerous; keep
keep containers tightly closed;
dizing materials.
rate): Section 2

liquid, red label.
NAPHTHA, SAFETY SOLVENT

Synonyms: Stoddard solvent; white
Crystals.
C 10H 6 (SO 3 H) 2
Description:
Formula:
926
spirits.
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 288. 3
Naphthalene.
sulfur.
Section
NAPHTHA (PETROLEUM)
Synonyms:
Description:
Petroleum ether.
None
petroleum
distillate.
Constants:
M. P. Below -45 F
B. P. 400 F
Flash P. 100 - 110F
Density 0. 8
Kerosene.
Clear, colorless,
Toxic Rating Code:
Colorless, clear,
volatile liquid
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
j3-NAPHTHOL
927



exposed to flame. Keep containers tightly closed.

Section 2
NAPHTHA, SOLVENT.
(Coal-Tar).
I.
See Naphtha
Section 11.
Flam-

liquid,
red label.
NAPHTHA, V.M.&P.
Synonyms:
Description:
Constants:
Benzine;
76 naphtha.
Volatile liquid.
B. P. 100 - 140C
Density 0. 67 - 0. 80
Toxicity: See Naphtha (Petroleum).
6).

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 0. 9 - 6. 0% at
212F.
materials.
Section 2
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: The naphthols are
thought to be more toxic than
naphthalene, the |3-naphthol being
slightly less toxic than the a
derivative. They are an irritant
to the skin and mucous membranes
and may cause dermatitis (Section 9). It is reported that sufficient naphthol may be absorbed
through the skin to cause irritation
of the kidneys and injury to the
cornea and lens of the eye.
Section 2
tion
j3
2;
-NAPHTHOL
Synonyms: /3-hydroxynaphthalene;
isonaphthol.
Description: White to yellowishwhite crystals; slight phenolic odor
Formula: C 10H 7OH

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
144. 2
122. 5C
288. 0C
Flash P. 322 F
Density 1. 22
Vap. Press. 10
Vap. D. 4. 97
mm
@ 145.
5C

Inhalation 2
tion 2;
rate):
Section
<*-NAPHTHOL
Synonyms:
1-Naphthol; 1 -hydroxy
naphthalene.
disagreeable taste.
Formula: C 10H 7OH

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144.2
M. P. 96C
B. P. 282. 5C
Density 1. 0954 @ 98. 7 /4C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 94. 0C
mm

to heat or flame.
6).

heated it emits toxic fumes.
Section 2
2-NAPHTHOL-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID
a - NAPHTHYLAMINE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143. 18
M. P. 50C
B. P. 300. 8C
Synonyms:
-Oxy naphthoic acid;
3 -hydroxy -{3 -naphthoic acid.
Formula: HOC 10 H 6 COOH
(3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 188.2
M. P. 216C
See orand /3-Naphthols.

it emits toxic fumes; can react
Flash P. 315F
Density 1. 131
Vap. D. 4. 93
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
6).
Section
Toxicology: It has little importance

as an industrial hazard except
that a commercial grade may
contain up to 10% |3-naphthylamine,
2-NAPHTHOL-3, 6-DISULFONIC
ACID.
See Sodium (3-naphthol
Because of this ]3 content, it may

theoretically give rise to bladder
tumors after prolonged exposure.
The highest incidence of bladder
Disulfonate.
1
4- NAPHTHOQUINONE
Description:
der.
Greenish-yellow pow-
cancer
Formula:
C 10H6O 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158.1

123 - 126C
M. P.
tion 2
2;
In-
halation 2
Chronic Local:
Allergen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
NAPHTHORESORCINOL
Synonym:
1, 3-Dihydroxynaphthalene.
leaves or plates.
Formula:
C 10H 7NH 2
Formula:
2-NAPHTHOL-3-CARBOXYLIC
ACID
tion
928
C 10H 8 O 2
None
of
factors.

rate): Section 2
NAPHTHYLAMINE
Description: White to faint pink,

lustrous leaflets; faint aromatic
odor.
See

Toxic Rating Code:
manufacture

oxidizing materials; when heated
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 160. 2
M. P. 124 - 125C
Naphthalene.
is in the
organic intermediates in which

j3-naphthylamine and benzidine
are known factors and aniline and
alpha -naphthylamine are possible
= Slight
Formula:
C 10H 7 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
2 =
143. 18
111. 5C
306. 0C
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NEOARSPHENAMINE
929
Density 1 061 @ 98 /4C

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3; Skin Absorp.
tion 3
It is not corrosive or
dangerously reactive, but it is a
very toxic chemical in any of its
physical forms, such as flake,
lump, dust, liquid or vapor. It
can be absorbed into the body
through the lungs, the gastrointestinal tract or skin. Long and
continued exposure to even small
amounts may produce tumors and
cancers of the bladder. It is combustible and at elevated temperatures evolves a vapor which is
flammable and explosive. The
explosive limit of these vapors
has not yet been determined. Repeated exposure may result in
bladder tumors.
to heat or flame; when heated it
Toxicology:
Section Z

Section
Z-NAPHTHYL MERCAPTAN
Toxicity: Details unknown; a mosquiSee also Mercaptans
to larvicide.

sulfur.
Section
tf-NAPHTHYLTHIOREA
over)
Description:
(30% and
Crystals.
Formula: C 11 H 10 N 2 S
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
ZOZ.
M. P. 198C
Z;
Inges-
tion Z

halation Z
Chronic Local:
169. Z
M. P. 4C
Z69 - Z70C
Density 1. 179 @Z5C
Toxicity: Details unknown. Probably toxic. See Cyanates.
B. P.
In-
3;
Z;
In-
halation Z
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; on decomposition it emits toxic fumes.

Section Z

cv-NAPHTHYL ISOCYANATE
Formula: C u H 7 NO
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Details unknown; see also

Thiocyanates.
Toxicity:
NATURAL
GAS.
Section
See Gases, Hydro-
carbon.
NEATSFOOT OIL
Description: Pale yellow liquid.
Constants:
M. P. 84 - 106F
Flash P. 470 F (C. C. )
Density 0. 9Z
Autoign Temp.
8Z8F
Unknown.
Toxicity:
to heat or flame.
Yes.
a-NAPHTHYL ISOTfflOCYANATE
Description: White, odorless,

tasteless needles.
dry chemical or carbon tetra>

Formula:
C 10 H 7 NCS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 185.
M. P. 58C
Density 1. 81
ide,
NEOARSPHENAMINE
Synonym: Neosalvarsan.
Description: Yellow, almost odorless powder.
NEODYMIUM
Formula:
930
NH 2 OHC 6 H 3 As-
(partially)
AsC 6H 3 OHNH(CH 2 0)OSNa

Compounds.

NEODYMIUM
Description:
crystals.
Details unknown.
See also
Bromides.
See Arsenic
Highly toxic.
Toxicity:
Toxicity:

in a disaster because, when heated,
it emits highly toxic fumes of bromine.
NEODYMIUM CARBIDE
Yellowish, metallic
Description:
Hexagonal, yellow leaf-
let.
Formula: Nd
Formula: NdC 2
Constants:
At. Wt. 144. 27
M. P. 840 C
Density 6. 9

M. P. Decomposes
Density 5. 1 5
Toxicity:
Unknown.
Toxicity:
Radiation Hazard: Section 5. Artificial isotope Nd 147 half -life 12

mev (60%) and 0. 4 mev (40%) and
gamma rays of 0. 51 mev. Hazard
of dust, when exposed to heat or
flame. See also Powdered Metals
,
(Section
NEODYMIUM IODIDE
6).
Explosion Hazard:
form
Slight, in the
of dust, when exposed to
flame.
NEODYMIUM BROMATE
Description:
Hexagonal, red crys-
Formula: Nd(Br0 3 ) 3
9H z O
690. 16
M. P. 66.7C
B. P. - 9H z O @150C
also Bromates.
Description:
Black, crystalline
powder.
Formula: Ndl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 525. 03
M. P. 775 3C
See also
Iodides.
Disaster Control: Slight; when heated.
iodine.
tals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Unknown.
Fire Hazard: A moderate fire

hazard by chemical reaction.
See Carbides.
Explosion Hazard: Slight by
chemical reaction with moisture and acids.
Disaster Control: Slight; it will react with water or steam to produce flammable vapors.
Section
See
NEODYMIUM NITRATE
Fire Hazard: A moderate fire hazard by chemical reaction. A

powerful oxidizer.
materials.
Description:
Triclinic crystals.
Formula: Nd(N0 3 ) 3
6H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 438. 39
Nitrates.
Fire. Hazard: See Nitrates.
NEODYMIUM NITRIDE
NEODYMIUM BROMIDE
Description:
Description:
Green crystals.
Formula:
Formula: NdBr 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
158.28
See Ammonia, Anhydrous.
384.02
Toxic Rating Code:
Black powder.
NdN
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NICKEL
931
NEODYMIUM OXALATE
Rose crystals.
Nd 2 (C 2 4 )3 10H 2O
Description:
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 732. 76
Oxalates.
Disaster Control: See Oxalates.
NEODYMIUM SULFIDE
Olive-green powder.
Description:
Nd 2 S 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 384. 72
M. P. Decomposes
Density 5. 179 @11C
NEOHEXANE
Synonym:
2,
Description:
Formula:
(CH 3
Constants:
clear, volatile liquid.

)3
CCH 2 CH 3
Mol. Wt.
86.2
-98.2C
M. P.
B. P.
Z-Dimethylbutane.
49.
Density
0.

Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic: U
gas container with explosive force.
Section 11.

label.
I.
NEOPENTYL GLYCOL
Synonym: 2,2-Dimethyl 1,3-propanediol.
Description:
Formula:
White, crystalline solid.
C5H 12
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 2
M. P. 121 - 126C
B. P. 207 - 212C
Toxicity: Details unknown; an insect
repellent. See also Glycols.
7C
6487
@20 /4C
Unknown.
away from sparks, heat and
flame. Keep containers tightly
Toxicity:
closed.
rate): Section 2
Classification: FlammaI. C. C.
ble liquid; red label.
flammable
liquid;
red label.
NEON
NEPTUNIUM
Description:
Formula: Ne
Constants:
At. Wt. 20. 18
M. P. -248. 67 C
B. P. -245. 9C
Density 0.9002 g/liter @0C;
liquid = 1.204 @ -245. 9 C
Acute Local:
radioactive, artifici-
Constant:
At. Wt. 239
Toxicity: Unknown.
Radiation Hazard: Section 5. Artificial isotope Np 239 half -life 2. 3
days; emits many beta particles
between 0. 2 - 1.2 mev and many
mev. Np 9 is produced in nuclear
reactors by the process, U 238 + n
_> U 239 > Np 239 + (3, and is the
source of Pu 239 when it decays.
,
NERVE
Description: Colorless, wholly

inert gas.
produced element.
Formula: Np
ally
GAS. See Tabun and Sarin.
NICKEL
Description: Cubic, silvery, metallic
crystals.
Formula: Ni
Constants:
At. Wt. 58. 69
M. P. 1452C
B. P. 2900C
Density 8. 90
Vap. Press. lmm@l8lOC
NICKEL ACETATE
932

Radiation Hazard: Section 5. Artificial isotope Ni 59
half -life 1. 5
X 10 5 years. The permissible
levels are: in body: 39 micro,
curies; in air: 2 X 10" 5 microcurie per milliliter; in water:

0. 25 microcurie per milliliter.

See also Powdered Metals
Fire Hazard:
of dust,
flame.
(Section
6).

will react with water, steam

or acids to produce toxic and
it
NICKEL ARSENATE
Synonym: Nickel o-arsenate.
Description: Yellowish-green powder.
Formula: Ni 3 (As0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 435. 89
Density 4. 98
See Arsenic
Compounds.
NICKEL ACETATE
Description: Green prisms.
Formula: Ni(C 2 H 3 02)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 176. 8
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 798
NICKEL AMMONIUM NITRATE

Synonym: Nickel nitrate tetraamine.
Description: Green crystals.
Formula: Ni(N0 3 2 4NH 3
2H z O
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 286. 87
Toxicity: See Nickel Compounds and
Nitrates.

NICKEL ARSENIDE
Synonym: Niccolite.
Formula: NiAs
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 133. 60
M. P. 968C
Density 7. 57 @0C
See Arsenic
Compounds.
reaction to form arsine. See also
Fire Hazard:
Formula: NiSb
Hydrides (Section 6).

chemical reaction to evolve arsine. See also Hydrides.
highly toxic fumes of Arsenic; it
acids to produce toxic and flammable vapors; it can react with
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
NICKEL ANTIMONIDE
Synonym: Breithauptite.
Description: Hexagonal, light copper-
red crystals.
180.45
1158C
M. P.
B. P.
Toxicity:
NICKEL o-ARSENITE, ACID
Decomp. @1400C
Density
7.
54
Highly toxic.
See Anti-
mony Compounds.
Fire Hazard:
Moderate, by chemi-
cal reaction with water to form

stibine. See also Hydrides (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exposed to flame; can evolve stibine. See also Hydrides.
Description: Green-white crystals.

Formula: Ni 3 H 6 (As0 3 ) 4 H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 691. 77
M. P. Decomposes
.
Compounds.
NICKEL BENZENE SULFONATE

Description: Green, monoclinic crystals.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NICKEL CARBONYL
933
Formula: Ni(C 6H5S0 3
)2
6H 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 481. 11
B. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 628 @25C
Toxicity: See Nickel Compounds,
NICKEL BROMIDE AMMONIA

Description:
Section
6NH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 320. 72
Density 1. 837
sulfur.
Violet powder.
Formula: NiBr 2
NICKEL BORIDE
Description:
NICKEL BROMOPLATINATE
Formula:
Description:
Prisms.
NiB
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 69. 51
Density 7. 39 @18C
Boron Compounds.
Platinum Compounds.
toxic fumes of bromine.
drides.

acids to produce toxic and flammable vapors.
NICKEL BROMATE
Description:
Constants:
Ni(Br0 3
)2
Mol. Wt.
6H 2 Q
422.62
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 575
NICKEL CARBIDE
Formula: Ni 3 C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 188. 08
Density 7. 957 @25C
NICKEL CARBONATE
Description:
crystals.
Bromates.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction;
dizing agent.
Formula:
a powerful oxi-
118. 70

liquid or needles.
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
green
NICKEL CARBONYL
Synonym:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 218'. 52
M. P. 963 C
Density 4. 64 @28C
light
M. P. Decomposes
NICKEL BROMIDE
Formula: NiBr 2
Rhombic,
NiC0 3
Constants
Mol. Wt.

bromine; it can react vigorously
on contact with reducing materials.
Nickelous bromide.
Description: Yellowish, brown,
6H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 841. 51
Density 3. 715
Fire Hazard: See Boron Hydride,

which is easily evolved by this
material.
Explosion Hazard: See Boron Hy-
Formula:
Trigonal crystals.
NiPtBr 6
Ni(CO) 4
170. 69
-25C
P. 43C
M. P.
B.

Vap. Press. 400
@25. 8C
Acute Local: Inhalation
mm
NICKEL CHLORATE
934

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: 3
MAC: AGGIH
(accepted):
One part

6).

Explosive Range: 2% (L. E. L. ) @
20 C
fumes; it can react with oxidizing materials.
rate): Section 2
I.
NICKEL CHLORATE
Description: Dark red crystals.
Formula: Ni(C10 3 2 6H z O
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 333. 70
M. P. Decomp. @80C
Density 2. 07
Chlorates.
NICKEL CHLOROPALLADATE
Hexagonal crystals.
Formula: NiPdCl 6 6H 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 486. 23
Density 2. 353
NICKEL CHLOROPLATINATE
Trigonal crystals.
NiPtCl 6
6H 2
Density 2. 798
and Nickel Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Chlorids.
Description:
Formula:
NICKEL COBALT SULFATE

Reddish-brown, crysmass.
14H 2
Formula: NiS0 4 CoS0 4
Description:
talline
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 561. 99
Cobalt Compounds.
NICKEL COMPOUNDS
Abute Systemic: Ingestion 1; Inhalation

Toxicology: Nickel and most salts
of nickel are not generally
considered to cause systemic
poisoning. Ingestion of large
doses of nickel, as a nickel com-
NICKEL CHLORIDE
Description: A: Yellow, deliquescent scales B: Monoclinic, green
crystals.
6H z O
Formula: A: NiCl 2 B: NiCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. A: 129.60 B: 237.70
M. P.
Sublimes (A)
B. P.
987 C (A)
Density 3. 55 (A)
Toxic Rating Code:

None
= Slight
pound, (l to 3 mg per kg of
weight) has been shown to cause
intestinal disorders, convulsions
and asphyxia in dogs. Nickel has
been found in the hair of persons
exposed to nickel oxide dust, but
no systemic effects which could
be attributed to nickel alone have
been reported, in 1938, the
British described 10 cases of lung
cancer and numerous cases of
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NICKEL FORMATE
935
cancer of the nose and nasopharynx occuring in workers in a

nickel refinery. The exact cause
of the malignancies was never
completely explained but arsenic
was involved. The most common
effect resulting from exposure to
nickel compounds is the development of "nickel itch. " This
form of dermatitis occurs chiefly
in persons doing nickel-plating.
There is marked variation in individual susceptibility to the dermatitis. It occurs more frequently under conditions of high
temperature and humidity when
the skin is moist, and chiefly
affects the hands and arms (Section 9). Nickel carbonyl is highly
irritating to the lungs and also
can produce asphyxia by decomposing with the formation of
carbon monoxide.
Section 2


sulfur.
Section
NICKEL DITfflONATE
Description:
Green, triclinic crys-
tals.
Formula: NiS 2 Q 6
6H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 326.92
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 908
sulfur.
Section
NICKEL FERROCYANIDE
Description: Green-white crystals.
Formula: Ni 2 Fe(CN) 6 xH z O
Constant:
Density 1. 892
Toxicity: Moderate. See Ferrocyanides and Nickel Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Ferrocyanides
NICKEL CYANIDE
Description: Apple-green plates
or powder.
Formula:
Ni(CN) 2

Toxicity: Highly Toxic. See Cyanides.

Section

I.
3
7
Section 11.
Poison B;
poison label.
NICKEL DI-n-BUTYLDITHIOCAR-
BAMATE
Dark olive-green
powder.
Formula: Ni[(C 4 H 9 ) 2 NCSS] 2
M. P. 89 - 90C
Density 1. 29
NICKEL FLUOGALLATE
Description: Pale green crystals.
Formula: [Ni(H 2 0) 6 ][GaF 5H 2 0]
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 349. 52
M. P. -5H 2 G @110C
Density 2. 45
Nickel Compounds.
NICKEL FLUORIDE
Green crystals.
Formula: NiF 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 96. 69
Density 4. 63
Description:
NICKEL FORMATE
Green crystals.
Formula: Ni(CHO z 2 2H 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 184. 76
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 154
NICKEL HYDROXIDE
936

NICKEL HYDROXIDE
Synonym: Nickelic hydroxide.
Description: Black, amorphous
powder.
Formula: Ni(OH) 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 109. 71
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 76
M. P. 797C
Density 5. 3 - 5. 65
Toxicity: See Sulfides and Nickel
Compounds.
NICKEL MONOXIDE
Synonym: Bunsenite.
NICKEL HYPOPHOSPHITE
Formula:
Cubic, green-black
Description:
crystals
Green crystals.
Formula: Ni(H 2 P0 2 2
6H 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 296. 78
Density 1. 82 @19. 8C

exposed to heat.
explode at 100C. Keep away
from heat and open flame.
NiO
Constants
Mol. Wt.
74. 69
M. P.
1990C
Density
7. 45
See Nickel Compounds.
Toxicity:
NICKEL NITRATE
Green, deliquescent
Description:
crystals.
Formula: Ni(N0 3
Constants:
6H 2
290.8
Mol. Wt.
7C
B. P. 136. 7C
Density 2. 05
M. P.
NICKEL IODATE
56.

Ni(l0 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 408. 53
Density 5. 07

and Nitrates.
and Iodates.
Disaster Control: See Iodates,
NICKEL OLEATE
Formula:
NICKEL IODIDE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Black, deliquescent
Green
Formula: Ni(C 18 H 33
Description:
oil.
2)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 621. 58
M. P. 18 - 20C
NICKELOUS HYDROXIDE
Nil 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 312. 53
M. P. 797 C
Density 5. 834
and Iodides.
Synonym: Nickel hydroxide.

Description: Light green crystals
or amorphous.
Formula: Ni(OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 92. 7
Density 4. 1
NICKEL MONOSULFIDE
NICKELOUS, NICKELIC SULFIDE
Synonym: Millerite.
Synonym: Polydymite.
Description: Trigonal or amorphoui

black crystals.
Formula: NiS
Description: Cubic, gray-black

crystals.
Formula: Ni 3 S 4
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NICKEL SUBSULFIDE
937
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 304. 33
Density 4. 7
NICKEL POTASSIUM SULFATE
NICKEL OXALATE
NICKEL SELENATE
Description:
Formula:
Formula:
Density
Toxicity:
2. 124
Green, tetragonal,
monoclinic crystals.
tion 6).
Section
437. 10
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 18Z. 74
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Oxalates.
heated it emits toxic fumes (Sec-
M. P. Decomp. @less than 100 C
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Light green powder.
NiC 2
Blue-green crystals.
NiS0 4 K 2 S0 4 6H 2
Description:
Formula: NiSe0 4
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 341.75
Density 2. 314
Compounds.
NICKEL OXIDE.
See Nickel Mon-
Section
oxide.
NICKEL SELENIDE
NICKEL PERCHLORATE
Description:
needles
Formula:
Description:
crystals.
Hexagonal, green
Cubic, white or gray
Formula: NiSe
Ni(C10 4
6H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 365. 70
M. P. 140C
Perchlorates.
NICKEL PEROXIDE
Synonym: Nickelic oxide.
Description: Gray-black powder.
Formula: Ni 2 O s
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165. 38
M. P. -O
600C
Density 4. 83
NICKEL PHOSPHATE
Synonym: Nickelous phosphate.
Description: Apple-green plates
or emerald crystals or granules
Formula: Ni 3 (P0 4 ) 2
8H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 510.24
M. P. Decomposes
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137. 65
Density 8. 46
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; it can
easily evolve hydrogen selenide,
which is highly flammable.

evolve hydrogen selenide. See also
Hydrides.
acids to produce toxic and flammable vapors.
NICKEL SUBSULFIDE
Synonym: Heazlewoodite.
Description: Pale yellowish, bronze
metallic, lustrous crystals.
Formula: Ni 3 S 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 240. 19
Density 5. 82
Toxicity: See Sulfides and Nickel
Compounds.
NICKEL SULFATE
938
NICKEL SULFATE
Description:
NiSQ 4
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 154. 76
M. P. -S0 3 @840C
Density 3. 68
NICKEL SULFATE, ANHYDROUS.

See Nickel Sulfate.

heated, emits highly toxic fumes;

rate): Section 2
poison label.
NICKEL SULFITE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Tetrahagonal, green
NiSO s
6H zO
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 246. 85
Toxicity: See Nickel
NICOTINE CUPROCYANIDE
Compounds and
Toxicity: See Nicotine and Cyanides.

Sulfites.

oxides of sulfur.
NICOTINE HYDROCHLORIDE.
See
Nicotine.
poison label.
NICOTINE
Synonym: |3-Pyridyl -a -methyl
NICOTINE SALICYLATE.
pyrrolidine.
Description: In its pure state, a
colorless and almost odorless
oil;
sharp burning taste; alkaloid
tobacco.
Nicotine.
poison label.
C 10 H 14 N 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
162. 23
NICOTINE SULFATE.
M. P.
Below -80C
B. P.
247. 3C
Density
1.
0092

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
See Nicotine
Section 11.

poison label.
@20C

Vap. Press. lmm@6l.8C
Vap. D. 5.61
Chronic Local: U
(Section 6).
See
NICOTINE TARTRATE. See

Nicotine.
Section 11.

poison label.
NIOBIUM
Synonym: Columbium.
Rhombic, steel-gray,
Description:
lustrous, metallic crystals.
Formula: Nb
Constants:
At. Wt.
2 =
92. 91
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NIRVANOL
939
M. P.
1950C
M. P. Infusible
2900 C
Density 8. 55
B. P.
Toxicity:
Density
Unknown

Nb 95 half -life: 35 days; emits
,
beta particles of
0.
15
mev and
gamma
rays of 0. 24 and 0. 77 mev,

body: 90 microcuries; in air:
"
4 X 10 7 microcurie per milli"
liter; in water: 4X 10 3 microcurie per milliliter. Hazard
form
of dust,
when exposed
to
flame or by chemical reaction;

See also Powdered
Metals (Section 6).
flame.
Toxicity:
Formula:
Nb(HC 2
4) 5
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 538. 05
See Oxalates
NIOBIUM NITRIDE
Description:
Formula:
Cubic, black crystals,
NbN
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
106.92
Toxicity:
8.
Unknown
NIOBIUM OXYBROMIDE
Yellow crystals.
Formula: NbOBr 3
Description:
104. 91
M. P. Approx. 3900 C
Density
Description:
crystals.
Density
Cubic, black or laven-
der-gray powder.
Formula: NbC
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
NIOBIUM HYDROGEN OXALATE
M. P. 2573C
NIOBIUM CARBIDE
Description:
6. 6
Details unknown.
See also
Hydrides.
Toxicity:
82
Details unknown.
7.
See also
Carbides.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 348. 66
M. P. Sublimes
NIOBIUM CHLORIDE
Dangerous; on
emits toxic fumes
Synonym: Niobium pentachloride.
Disaster Control:
decomposition
Description: Yellow-white deliquescent powder.
Formula:
of
it
bromides.
Section
NbCl 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 270. 20
M. P. 194C
B. P. 241 C
NIOBIUM PENTAFLUORIDE
Description:
Toxicity: Irritant. See Hydrochloric Acid.

heating it may evolve toxic and
corrosive fumes
of
hydrochloric
acid.
Section
NIOBIUM HYDRIDE
Description:
Formula:
See also
Bromides.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 187. 91
M. P. 72 C
Density 3.92
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluorides.

Gray powder.
NbH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
prisms.
Formula: NbF 5
NIRVANOL
Synonym: Phenylethylhydantoin.
93. 92
Description:
Colorless, odorless,
NITER
940
crystalline powder.
practically all nitrates are

powerful oxidizing agents (Sec-
Formula:
(NHCO)(CONH)C(C 2 H 5 )(C 6 H 5
tion 6).
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 204. 17
M. P. 199 - 200C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
NITER.
See Potassium Nitrate.
NITRAMON.
NITRATE OF ALUMINUM.
Aluminum
See
Nitrate.
Section 11.
NITRATES, N.O.S.
Description: Organic nitrates are
usually termed nitro compounds.
These compounds are a combination of the nitro ( N0 2 ) group
and an organic radical. However,
this term is often used to denote
nitric acid esters of an organic
material. Inorganic nitrates are
compounds of metals which are

combined with the mono-valent
"N0 3
radical.

Acute Local: U
halation 2
Chronic Local:
2;
In-
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion
2;
Inhalation 2
added
even fatal effects. The symptoms

are dizziness, abdominal cramps,
vomiting, bloody diarrhea, weakness, convulsions and collapse.
Small, repeated doses may lead
to weakness, general depression,
headache and mental impairment.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction;
=
None
= Slight
to
double-base powders
for the purpose of reducing

flash and rendering the powder
more ignitable. A further use
for these materials is to mix
them with a smokeless powder
which is not completely colloided,
for the purpose of granulation.
An example of such a powder is
"E. C. Powder", used for loading
blank cartridges and hand

grenades. Sodium and potassium
nitrate are also used in black
powder as the oxygen carrier to
support the combustion of the
sulfur and the charcoal.
Ammonium nitrate has all the
properties of the other nitrates,
but is also able to detonate by
itself under certain conditions.
It is therefore a high explosive,
although very insensitive to impact and difficult to detonate. In
the pure state, it requires a
combination of an initiator and a
high explosive. This combination
is known as a reinforced detonator,
Ammonium nitrate in combination
with nitro compounds (such,
perhaps, as trinitrotoluene) forms
one of the major high explosives
for military use. Ammonium
nitrate is widely used also as the
chief
Toxicology: Large amounts taken

by mouth may have serious or
Toxic Rating Code:
Nitrates may explode when shocked, exposed to

heat or flame or by spontaneous
chemical reaction (See also
Explosives, High). All the inorganic nitrates act as oxygen
carriers; under proper conditions
these can give up their oxygen to
other materials, which may in
turn detonate. For example,
potassium or barium nitrate are
Explosion Hazard:
component
of
"ammonia
permissibles, " and of "ammonia

dynamites"; as a component of
many pyrotechnic mixtures; and
in combination with smokeless
powder, as a granular blasting
explosive. It is a relatively safe
high explosive which, however,
must be stored in a cool, ventilated place, away from acute
fire hazards and easily oxidized
materials. Ammonium nitrate
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NITRIC ACID, FUMING
941
must not be confined, because
nitrogen and of nitric acid vapor.

Nitric acid vapor is highly irri-
if
a fire should start, confinement
tant to the mucous membranes of

the eyes and respiratory tract and
to the skin. It is corrosive to the
teeth.
Because of its irritant
can cause detonation with extremely violent results.
Disaster Control: Dangerous, due to

fire and explosion hazard.
On
decomposition têy emit toxic
fumes. They are powerful oxidizing agents which may cause
violent reaction with reducing
materials. Nitrates should be
protected carefully as discussed
in detail in Section 7.
Section 2
Oxidizing
NITRATING (MIXED) ACID.
See
Nitric Acid and Sulfuric Acid.
I.
Section 11.
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.

rosive liquid;
Cor-
white label.
NITRIC ACID
azotic acid.
Description: Transparent colorless

or yellowish, fuming suffocating
caustic and corrosive liquid.
Formula:
HN0
Fire Hazard:
To
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 63. 02
M. P. -42C
B. P. 86C
Density 1. 502
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: The exact composition
of the "fumes" or vapor produced
by nitric acid depends upon such
factors as temperature, humidity,
and whether or not the acid comes
in contact with other materials
such as heavy metals or organic
compounds. Depending upon these
factors, the vapor will consist of
a mixture of the various oxides of
Moderate, by chem-
ical reaction with reducing agents.

It is a powerful oxidizing agent.
Fight Fire: Water (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by chemical reaction to evolve oxides of
nitrogen; can explode on contact

with powerful reducing agents.
nitrogen and hydrogen nitrate;
produce heat and toxic and corrosive fumes.
rate): Section 2
I.
Synonyms: Aquafortis; hydrogen

nitrate;
properties, chronic exposure to

dangerous concentrations of the
acid vapor seldom occur.

liquid;
white label.

rosive liquid;
Cor-
white label.
NITRIC ACID, FUMING

Synonym: Nitric acid, anhydrous.
Description: Colorless to yellow to
red corrosive liquid.
Formula:
HN0 3
N 2O s
Constant:
Density Above 1.480

Inges3;
Inhalation 3
tion
3;
Fire Hazard: Dangerous; very

powerful oxidizing agent (Section
6).
Moderate; can
react explosively with many reducing agents.
nitrogen; will react with water
Explosion Hazard:
NITRIC OXIDE
942

toxic, corrosive and flammable
vapors.
rate): Section 2
neutralized by the alkalis present

in the tissues, with the formation
of nitrates and nitrites.
The
latter may cause some arterial
dilatation, fall in blood pressure,
headache and dizziness, and there

may be some formation of methemoglobin. However, the
nitrite effect is of secondary importance.
NITRIC OXIDE
Description:
Colorless gas;
blue
liquid and solid.
NO
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 30. 01
M. P. -161C
B. P. -151. 8C
Density 1.3402 g/liter; liquid:
1.269 @-150C
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Exposure to nitrous
fumes may occur whenever nitric

acid acts upon organic material,
such as wood, sawdust and refuse;
occurs when nitric acid is
when organic nitro
compounds are burned, as for
example, celluloid, cellulose
nitrate (guncotton) and dynamite.
The action of nitric acid upon
metals, as in metal etching and
it
heated, and
pickling, also liberates the

In high-temperature
welding, as with the oxyacetylene
or electric torch, the nitrogen and
oxygen of the air unite to form
oxides of nitrogen. Exposure may
also occur in many manufacturing
fumes.
processes when nitric acid
made
is
Because of their relatively low

solubility in water, the nitrogen
oxides are only slightly irritating
to the mucous membranes of the
upper respiratory tract. Their
warning power is therefore low,
and dangerous amounts of the
fumes may be breathed before the
workman notices any real discomfort. Higher concentrations
(60 to 150 ppm) cause immediate
with coughing and burning in the
throat and chest. These symptoms often clear up on breathing
fresh air, and the workman may
feel well for several hours.
Some 6 to 24 hours after exposure,
he develops a sensation of tightness
and burning in the chest, short-
ness of breath, sleeplessness and

restlessness. Dyspnea and air
hunger may increase rapidly,
with development of cyanosis and
loss of consciousness, followed
by death. In cases which recover
the pulmonary edema, there
usually no permanent disability,
but pneumonia may develop later.
Concentrations of 100 to 150 ppm
are dangerous for short exposures
from
is
Concentraof 30 to 60 minutes.
tions of 200 to 700 ppm may be
fatal after even very short exposures.
Continued exposure to low
concentrations of the fumes, insufficient to cause pulmonary
edema,
or used.
is said to result in
The oxides of nitrogen are

somewhat soluble in water, reacting with it in the presence of
oxygen to form nitric and nitrous
chronic irritation of the respiratory tract, with cough, headache,

loss of appetite, dyspepsia,
corrosion of the teeth and gradual
acids. This is the action that

takes place deep in the respiratory
system. The acids formed are
irritants, causing congestion of
the throat and bronchi, and edema
The acids are
of the lungs.
loss of strength.
Exposure to nitrous fumes is
always potentially serious, and
persons so exposed should be kept
under close observation for at
least 48 hours.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
m-NITROANILINE
943

of nitrogen; will react with water
or steam to produce heat and corrosive fumes; can react vigorously with reducing materials.
rate):
Organic nitrites

may explode them; when heated
to decomposition, they emit highly
toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen;
materials.
rate): Section 2
Section 2

NITRIDES
Description: Compounds of N= as the
anion, such as Li 3 N, Ca 3 N 2 etc.
Toxicity: The details of toxicity of
nitrides as a group is unknown.
However, many nitrides react
with moisture to evolve ammonia.
This gas is an irritant to the nose,
throat and eyes. See Ammonia.
Fire Hazard: To the extent that many
nitrides evolve flammable ammonia
gas upon contact with moisture,
nitrides can be fire hazards. See
,
Ammonia.
Explosion Hazard:
Moderate.
See
may decompose
violently.
p - NITROACETANILIDE
Formula:
CH 3 CONHC 6H 4 N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
180. 16
215C

Acetanilide and Nitro Compounds
of Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
materials.
Ammonia.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous due to fire and explosion
hazard. On decomposition they
emit toxic fumes of ammonia.
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
m-NITROANILINE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 138.
M. P. 114C
3;
Chronic Systemic:
4-Nitro-o-Anisidine.
Synonym: n-Nitraniline.
Formula: C 6 H 6N 2 O z
NITRITES
Acute Local: U
5-NITRO-2-AMINOANISOLE. See
B. P.
Ingestion
1;
Inhalation 1
Toxicology: Large amounts taken by
mouth may produce nausea, vomiting, cyanosis (due to methemoglobin formation) collapse and
coma. Repeated small doses
cause a fall in blood pressure,
rapid pulse, headache and visual
disturbances.
Fire Hazard: Details unknown. They
are generally powerful oxidizers.
In contact with readily oxidized
materials, a violent reaction such
as a fire or explosion may ensue.
305.
7C
Density 1.43
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See pNitroaniline.

Causes nitration of materials
which can then ignite spontaneously.
6).

o-NITROANILINE
944
o-NITROANILINE
o-Nitr aniline.
Description: Orange-yellow crystals.
Formula: C 6H 6 N 2 O z
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
138.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 168
p-Nitroaniline and Nitro
72C
B. P. 284. 5C
71
Brown, crystalline
mass.
Formula: (N0 2 )(NH 2 )C 6 H 3 OCH 3
Description:
Synonym:
Density 1. 442
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See p-
See also
Com-
pounds of Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

Nitroaniline.

6).

P-NITROANILINE
Synonym:
Description:
Formula:
-Amino-4-nitrobenzene.
Yellow crystals.
C 6H 6 N 2 O z
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
Synonyms: Oil
of mirbane; nitrobenzol.
Description: Bright yellow crystals
or yellow, oily liquid.
Formula:
mm

Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
MAC: ACGIH (tentative); 1 part per
million in air.
rate): Section 2
Poison B;
poison label.
B. P. 210. 9C
Density 1. 19867 @ 25 /4C

Vap. Press. 1
@ 44. 4C
Vap. D. 4.25
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 1 part per
cubic meter of air.
Underwriters Laboratory Classification: 20 - 30.

rate):
Synonyms:
5-Nitro-2-aminoanisole;
2-methoxy-4-nitroaniline.
None
= Slight
7
11.
Poison B;
poison label.
I.
Section 2

4 - NITRO- o - ANISIDINE
Toxic Rating Code:
C 6H 5N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123. 11
M. P. 5. 7C
mm
138. 1
146. 5C
336. 0C

Density 1.437
Vap. Press. 1
@ 142. 4
I.
NITROBENZENE
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
o-NITROBENZYL CHLORIDE
945
m -NITROBENZENE SULFONYL
FLUORIDE
Yellow
Description:
Formula:
solid.
NC 6 H4 S0 2 F
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 205
M. P. 45 - 47 C
B. P. 143C @7
Flash P. 335F
Density 1. 582
Vap. D. 7. 07
Toxicity: Apparently low acute inhalation toxicity to test animals.
mm
Possibly slightly irritating to

skin.

to heat or flame.
p-NITROBENZOIC ACID
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
N0 2 C 6H 4 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 167. 1
M. P. 242. 4C
B. P. Sublimes
Density 1. 550 @ 32 /4C
Toxicity:
Unknown

P-NITROBENZOIC ACID ETHYL

ESTER
Synonym: Ethyl p-nitrobenzoate.
Toxicity: Details unknown; larvicide
for European corn borer.
m -NITROBENZ OTRIFLUORIDE
Synonym: m-Nitrotrifluoromethyl
benzene.
Description: Thin, pale straw, oily
liquid with aromatic odor.
Formula: C 7 H 4 F 3 N0 2
M. P. -5C
B. P. 202. 8C
Density 1 437 @ 1 5. 5 /l 5. 5 C
.
Toxicity:
Unknown

nitrogen and fluorides.
m -NITROBENZ OYL CHLORIDE

Yellow
Description:
to
brown liquid,
room
partially crystallized at
temperature.
Formula:
Constants:
N0 2 C 6H 4 C0C1
Mol. Wt.
- 31 C
M. P.
28
B. P.
278C
185.5
Vap. D. 6.43
Hydrochloric Acid.
and oxides of nitrogen; will react
p- NITROBENZ OYL CHLORIDE
Description: Yellow, crystalline
solid.
Formula:
N0 2 C 6H 4 C0C1
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. 70C
185.5
mm
154C @15
Hydrochloric Acid.
B. P.
Toxicity:
o-NITROBENZYL CHLORIDE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
N0 2 C 6 H 4 CH 2 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 171. 59
M. P. 48 - 49C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
o-NITROBIPHENYL
946

and oxides of nitrogen.
rate): Section 2

Section 2
2-NITROBUTANE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 4H 9 NO z
o-NITROBIPHENYL
Synonyms: ONB; o-nitrodiphenyl.
Description: Light yellow to reddishcolored liquid or crystalline solid
Formula:
C 6H 5 C 6H4 N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
199. 2
35C
330C

B. P. 139C
Toxicity: See 1 -Nitrobutane.

tetrachloride.
Flash P. 290 F
Density 1. 189 @40 /\b. 5C
Autoign Temp. 179C
Vap. D. 6. 9
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
to heat or flame.
6).

Section 2

Section 2
2
Section
-NITRO - 1 -BUTANOL
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 CH 2 CH(N0 2 )CH 2 OH

M. P. -47C
B. P. 105C
Density 1. 1 33 @ 20 /20 C
Alcohols.
NITRO CARBONITRATE
Description:
Composition:
ium
A solid explosive.
A mixture of ammon-
nitrate, dinitro cotton, etc.
1-NITROBUTANE
Toxicity:
Description:
Fire Hazard: Moderate; an oxidizing

agent. See Nitrates.
Formula:
Liquid.
C 4H 9 N0 2

B. P. 151C
Acute Local: U
High;
2;
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Nitrates.

High; Nitrates.
Shipping Regulations: Section 11,
Classification: Oxidizing
I. C. C.
NITROCELLULOSE
Synonym: Cellulose
tetrachloride.

Toxic Rating Code:
Unknown.
None
= Slight
nitrate; cellulose hexanitrate; cellulose pentanitrate; cellulose tetranitrate;
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NITROCHLOROMETHANE
947
cellulose trinitrate;
nitrocotton.

Density 1. 368 @ 22 /4C
guncotton;
Dry: White, amorphous powder or cotton-like solid;

Wet: Water-white liquid.
Formula: C 12 H 14 (ON0 2 ) 6 4 to
Description:
C 12 H 17 (ON0 2
)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 594. 28 to 459. 28
M. P. Ignites @ 1 60 - 170C
Density 1. 66
Fire Hazard: Highly dangerous in
the dry state, when exposed to
heat, flame or powerful oxidizers.
When wet with 35% of denatured
ethyl alcohol it is about as hazardous as ethyl alcohol alone or gasoline.
Dry nitrocellulose burns

rapidly, with intense heat and
ignites very easily (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Moderately dangerous. See Explosives.
To Fight Fire: Use copious volumes

Carbon dioxide is
of water,
effective in extinguishing fires of
nitrocellulose solvents.
Disaster Control: The dry material
is highly dangerous; the wet,
somewhat less so. Keep away
from heat and open flame!
rate): Section 2
I. C. C.
Classification: Flammable liquid; red label (for
wet product).
Poison B;
poison label.
I.

p - NITROC HLOROBENZ ENE
Synonym: p-Nitrochlorbenzol.
Formula:
C1C 6 H4 N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 157.
M. P. 83C
B. P. 242 C
-NITRO - 4 -C HLOROBENZ OTRI-
FLUORIDE
Thin, yellow, oily
Description:
liquid.
Formula:
o-NITROCHLORBENZENE, LIQUID.
See Nitrochlorobenzene.
Poison B;
poison label.
Vap. D. 5.43
Chronic Local: U
to heat or flame.
nitrogen and chlorides.
rate): Section 2
Meta or Para - Solid (I. C.C. and
Coast Guard);
C 6H3 CF 3 (N0 2 )(Cl)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 225. 6
M. P. -7. 5C
B. P. 222C
Density 1 542 @ 1 5. 5 /l 5. 5 C
Nitro Compounds or Aromatic
.
Hydrocarbons.
chlorides and oxides of nitrogen.
NITROCHLOROFORM.
See Chloro-
picrin.
6
NITROCHLOROMETHANE.
Chloropicrin.
See
NITRO COMPOUNDS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
NITRO COMPOUNDS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: The di- and trinitrobenzenes, like the mononitrobenzene,
are absorbed chiefly through the
skin and through inhalation of the
dust or vapor when these materials are heated.
The dinitrobenzenes are believed to be somewhat more toxic than the mononitrobenzene, and more toxic than
aniline. The effect of di- and
trinitrobenzene on the body is
similar to that of aniline and
mononitrobenzene, with reduction
of the oxygen-carrying power of
the blood and depression of the
nervous system being responsible
for most of the symptoms following acute exposure. Poisoning
with the solid nitro compounds is
usually slower and less severe,
than is the case with the liquid
nitro and amino benzenes since
absorption is less rapid. Thus,
chronic poisoning occurs more

frequently than acute, the picture
in the chronic form being one of
anemia, moderate cyanosis,
fatigue, slight dizziness, headache, insomnia and loss of weight.
The urine is frequently dark in
color; the skin on the exposed
parts is often yellowish-brown,
and the hair yellowish-red. There
may be irritation of the nose and
throat, nausea and vomiting,
sclerotic icterus, and complaints
related to the nervous system.
Prolonged chronic exposure may
result in damage to the liver and
kidneys, with production of acute
yellow atrophy, toxic hepatitis,
and fatty degeneration of the kidneys.
The introduction of one or more
chlorine atoms into the nitrobenzene ring results in the formation
of chloro-nitrobenzene compounds
or nitrochlors. The chloro-mononitrobenzenes have essentially
the same toxic effect as nitro-
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
948
benzene. The chlorine derivatives of dinitrobenzene, on the

other hand, while resembling
dinitrobenzene in their system
effect, are much more irritating
They act as direct

to the skin.
irritants, and in addition may
cause sensitivity. For further
information see specific nitro
compounds.
NITROCOTTON.
See Cellulose
Nitrate.
NITROCRESOL METHYL ETHER

Description:
Formula: C 6 H 3 CH 3 N0 2 OCH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 167. 2
M. P. 8. 5C
B. P. 274C
toxic. See also Ethers.
Ethers and Nitrates.
NITROCYCLOHEXANE
Description: Straw-colored to waterwhite mobile liquid; mild odor.
Formula:
NCH(CH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129.2
Flash P. 190. 4F (T.O.C. )

Vap. D. 4.46
also Cyclohexane.
6).

See Nitrates.
Disaster Contro
1
8-NITRO-1-DIAZO-2-NAPHTHOL4 -SULFONIC ACID

Description:
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
solid.
295. 22
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
2 =
Yellow
C 10H 5N 3 SO 6
Moderate
See Nitrates.
3 =
High
Unknown
NITROGEN BROMIDE
949
ETHYL- 1, 3 -PROPANEDIOL.
2 -NITRO- 2-

Description:
o-NITRODIPHENYL. See
CH 2OHC(C 2 H 5 )N0 2 CH 2 OH
bi phenyl.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 149. 15
M. P. 56 - 57C
2 -NITRODIPHENYLAMINE
Crystals.
Description:
Formula:
NC 6 H 4 NHC 6H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 214.22
M. P. 74. 7C
223C @20
B. P.
Density
Decomposes
Unknown
B. P.
Toxicity:

mm
1. 366
Details unknown.
NITROGEN
See
Toxicity:
Description: Colorless gas, colorless liquid or cubic crystals at
Hydrocarbons
low temperatures.
Formula: N 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 28. 02
M. P. -210. 0C
B. P. -195. 8C
Density 1. 2506 g/liter @ C;
(liq. ) 0. 808 @-195. 8C
Toxicity: None. In high concentrations it is a simple asphyxiant.
The release of nitrogen from
solution in the blood, with formation of small bubbles, is the
4-NITRODIPHENYLAMINE
White solid.
Description:
F o r mula
C 6 H 5 NHC 6H 4 N0 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 214. 2
Hydrocarbons.
NITROETHANE
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
C 2 H 5N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 75.07
B. P. 114. 0C
Freezing P. -90C
Density 1 052 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 2. 58
Toxicity: See Nitropa raff ins.
.
(Section
Formula:
o- Nitro -
6).

Section 2
Section
cause of most of the symptoms

and changes found in compressed
air illness (caisson disease). See
also Argon.
I.
label.
NITROGEN BROMIDE
Synonym:
Nitrogen tribromide.
Description:
Formula:
Crystalline solid.
NBr 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 253. 8
highly toxic. See Bromides.
flame or by spontaneous chemical
reaction.
will explode it; on decomposition,
bromine; can react vigorously
NITROGEN CHLORIDE
950

Oxides.
7
NITROGEN CHLORIDE
Synonym: Nitrogen trichloride.
Description: Volatile, yellowish oil
or rhombic crystals; pungent odor.
Formula: NC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 38
M. P. Below -40 C
B. P. Below + 71 C
Density 1. 653
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
Explosion: Severe, when shocked,
Certain common materials
catalyze its decomposition. It is
particularly sensitive when it
contains impurities.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; even
slight shock will explode it; on
toxic fumes of chlorine; can react

rate): Section 2
Poison A
(liquid); poison gas label.
Poison A (liquid); poison gas
label.
NITROGEN FLUORIDE.
See Nitro-
gen Trifluoride.
NITROGEN IODIDE.
See Nitrogen
Triiodide.
NITROGEN MUSTARD
HN - 1.
Synonym:
Dark
Description:
if pure.
no odor
liquid;
Formula: (C1CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 NC 2H 5
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
M. P.
B. P.
85C
(5)10
170.08
mm
Density 1. 09 @25C
Vap. D. 5. 9
Ingestion 3;
Inhalation 3
tion
3;
Acute Systemic:

rate): Section 2
Chronic Systemic: U
Disaster Control: Highly dangerous!
A military poison!
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES (Except Nitrous)

Synonym: Nitrogen Tetroxide.

Description: Colorless solid to
yellow liquid.
Formula:
NO z
tion
3;
(use
Inhalation
moderate
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 46
M. P. -9.3C (yellow liquid)
B. P. 21 C (red brown gas with
decomp.
Ventilation Control:
rate): Section 2
Density 1.491 @0C

Vap. Press. 400
@ 8. 0C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Nitrogen
Oxides.
Disaster Control: See Nitrogen
mm
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
3;

Inhalation 2
per million in air.
2;
parts
Exposure to nitrous
fumes may occur whenever nitric
acid acts upon organic materials,
Toxicology:
such as wood, sawdust and refuse;

occurs when nitric acid is
heated, and when organic nitro
compounds are burned, as for
it
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NITROGEN PENTOXIDE
951
example, celluloid, nitrocellulose

(guncotton) and dynamite. The
action of nitric acid upon metals,
as in metal etching and pickling,
also liberates the fumes. In hightemperature welding, as with
the oxyacetylene or electric torch,
the nitrogen and oxygen of the air
form oxides of nitrogen.

Exposure may also occur in manymanufacturing processes when
unite to
may develop later.

Concentrations of 100 to 150 ppm
are dangerous for short exposures
of 30 to 60 minutes.
Concentrations of ZOO to 700 ppm may be
fatal after even very short exposures.
Continued exposure to low
concentrations of the fumes, insufficient to cause pulmonary
but pneumonia
edema,
made
result in
is said to
or used.
The oxides of nitrogen are
somewhat soluble in water, reacting with it in the presence of
oxygen to form nitric and nitrous
acids. This action takes place
chronic irritation of the respiratory tract, with cough, headache,

loss of weight, loss of appetite,
dyspepsia, corrosion of the teeth
and gradual loss of strength.
deep in the respiratory system.

The acids formed cause congestion of the throat and bronchi,
and edema of the lungs. They are
neutralized by the alkalis present
in the tissues, with the formation
of nitrates and nitrites.
The
latter may cause some arterial
dilatation, fall in blood pressure,
headache and dizziness, and there
may be some formation of
methemoglobin. However, the
nitrite effect is of secondary im-
always potentially serious, and

persons so exposed should be
kept under close observation for
nitric acid is
Exposure
rials.
NITROGEN OXYCHLORIDE.
NITROGEN PENTOXIDE
Synonym: Nitric anhydride.

Description: Hexagonal (rhombic)
white crystals.
Formula:
feel well for several hours. Some

6 to 24 hours after exposure, he
develops a sensation of tightness
and burning in the chest, short-
ness of breath, sleeplessness and

restlessness. Dyspnea and air
hunger may increase rapidly, with
development of cyanosis and loss
of consciousness, followed by
death. In cases which recover
See
Nitrosyl Chloride.
warning power is therefore low,

and dangerous amounts of the
fumes may be breathed before
the workman notices any real discomfort. Higher concentrations
(60 to 150 ppm) cause immediate
with coughing and burning in the
throat and chest. These symptoms often clear up on breathing
fresh air, and the workman may
the pulmonary edema, there

usually no permanent disability
is

rate): Section 2
Because of their relatively low

solubility in water, the nitrogen
oxides are only slightly irritant
to the mucous membranes of the
upper respiratory tract. Their
is
fumes
at least 48 hours.
heated they evolve highly toxic
fumes; they will react with water
corrosive liquids; they can react
portance.
from
to nitrous
N2O s
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 02
M. P. 30 C
Density 1. 642 @18C
Vap. Press. 400
@24. 4C
Toxicity: See Nitrogen Oxides.
heated it liberates oxygen (Sec-
mm
tion
6).
Explosion Hazard: Dangerous; at

122 F it decomposes violently
liberating oxygen.
NITROGEN PEROXIDE
952

nitrogen; will react with water
corrosive fumes; can react with
reducing materials.
rate): Section 2
NITROGEN PEROXIDE.
Oxide.
See Nitric
Section 11.
Poison A;
poison gas label.
I.
NITROGEN SELENIDE
Description: Solid material.
Constant:
B. P. Explodes @446F
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Selenium
Compounds.
shocked or exposed to a temperature of 446 F.
will explode it; on decomposition
or on contact with acid or acid
fumes of selenium and oxides of
nitrogen.
Section
NITROGEN TRICHLORIDE,
See
Nitrogen Chloride.
NITROGEN TRIFLUORIDE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless gas.
NF 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 71.01
M. P. -216. 6C
B. P. -120C
Density liquid 1.537 @ -129 C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluorides
and Hydrofluoric Acid.
shocked, exposed to heat or flame
or by spontaneous chemical
reaction.

fluorides; can react vigorously
rate): Section 2
Section
NITROGEN TRI IODIDE

Description:
Black crystals.
Formula: NI 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 394. 77
M. P. Explodes
B. P. Sublimes in vacuo
Iodides.
NITROGEN SULFIDE
Description: An unstable, solid
material.
Constant:
M. P. Explodes @ 401 F
Sulfides.

flame.
or heat (400 F) will explode it;
on decomposition or on contact
nitrogen and oxides of sulfur.
NITROGEN TETROXIDE.
See
Nitrogen Dioxide.
Section 11.

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight

shocked, exposed to heat or flame
or by spontaneous chemical
reaction. It has no known uses as
an explosive, because it is far
too sensitive in the dry state to
store or handle safely. If this
material must be worked with,
A convenit should be kept wet.
ient way of keeping it wet is with
ether; when it is needed in the
dry state, it simply has to be
taken out into the open and the
ether will evaporate, leaving it
perfectly dry. When dry, it will
explode when given the slightest
touch, vibration or raise in
temperature. Even a puff of air
directed into it can cause it to
detonate. It is a high explosive
and is very violent. It can be
destroyed by throwing a quantity
of it Into large bodies of water,
flowing streams or rivers.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NITROGLYCERIN
953
NITROGEN TRI IODIDE MONO-
and reduced blood pressure,

excitement, vertigo, fainting,
respiratory rales, and cyanosis.
If this material is taken internally, it causes respiratory
difficulties and death, due to
respiratory paralysis. Severe
poisoning often manifests itself
at first by confusion, pugnacious
ness, hallucinations, and
maniacal manifestations. The
most common complaint is headache which is noted upon commencing work but soon passes off. A
break in the work interrupts
this acclimatization and workers
AMMINE
Description: Dark red rhombic
crystals.
Formula: NI 3 NH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 411. 80
B. P. Explodes
Density
Toxicity:
3. 5
Details unknown.
Explosion Hazard: Severe. This

material is extremely unstable
when dry. The slightest shock
or heat will cause it to decompose
explosively. It should be kept
moist.
Disaster Control:
decomposition
toxic
fumes
of
Dangerous. On
it emits highly
iodine and ammonia.
NITROGEN TRIOXIDE
Bluish gas.
Description:
Formula:
N0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
62. 01
M. P. Decomp.
slightly at
ordinary temperatures.
Toxicity: See Nitrogen Oxides.
Disaster Control: See Nitrogen
Dioxide.
Section
NITROGLYCERIN
Synonyms:
Glycerol trinitrate;
blasting oil; soup.

Description: Colorless to yellow
liquid.
Formula:
C 3 H5(ON0 2 )3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
227. 09
C
B. P. Expl. @260C
Flash P. Explodes
Density 1. 601
Vap. D. 7.84
Toxicology: The symptoms of nitroglycerin poisoning are headaches
M. P.
11
sometimes resort to the device of

moistening their hat bands with
nitroglycerin when they are off
the job so as to maintain this
effect during absence from their
occupation. Furthermore it can
be absorbed through uninjured
skin and may produce eruptions
on the palms and intradigital
spaces of the hands. In normal
manufacture and use of dynamite,
the physiological effects of nitroglycerin cause only temporary
discomfort and are not injurious
to health.
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 0. 5 parts
per million in air; 5. milligrams per cubic meter in air.
flame. Nitroglycerin is a powerful explosive, very sensitive to
mechanical shock. Small quantities of it can readily be detonated
by a hammer blow on a hard surface, particularly when it has been
absorbed in filter paper. Frozen
nitroglycerin is somewhat less
sensitive than the liquid. However, a half or partially thawed
out mixture is more sensitive
than either one. See also Explosives, High and Dynamites.
shock, heat and flame will explode it, and toxic fumes evolved
on decomposition.
rate): Section 2
NITROGLYCERIN, LIQUID, DESENSITIZED

11.
Cannot be
shipped by common carrier.
Coast Guard Classification: Pro-
I.
hibited.
NITROGLYCERIN, LIQUID, DESENSITIZED.
See Nitroglycerin.
permitted.
NITROGUANIDINE
Yellow solid.
Formula: H 2 NC(NH)NHN0 2
Description:
a powerful explosive, approximately as powerful as nitroglycerin,

and is used to stretch glycerin supplies. It is made up by dissolving
up to 25 percent of sucrose in glycerin and nitrating the resulting
mixture to give an explosive oil.

This procedure saves considerable
quantities of glycerin. The material is almost exactly like nitroglycerin. See also Explosives, High.
and heat will explode it; on decomposition it emits highly toxic
materials.
NITROHYDROCHLORIC ACID.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 1
M. P. Z46C
Toxicity: Unknown
See
Aqua Regia.
Section 11.

(Section
954
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.

rosive liquid;
Cor-
white label.
6).

flame. Nitroguanidine is known
as a flashless or cool explosive.
is about as powerful as TNT
and is normally used mixed with
colloided nitrocellulose in which
form it yields a propellent powder
which gives no flash from the
muzzle of the gun thus serving as
a great advantage to the military.
It has also been used mixed with
ammonium nitrate and paraffin
wax as a trench mortar ammuniIt
tion.
NITROHYDROCHLORIC ACID,
DILUTED. See Aqua Regia.
I.
NITRO JUTE
Toxicity:
Unknown

also Explosives High.
or heat will explode it; on decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes
of oxides of nitrogen; can react
vigorously with oxidizing mate,

toxic fumes; can react vigorously
rials.
Section
NITROHYDRENE
Description:
Composition:
sucrose.
Toxicity:
An
NITROLEVULOSE
oil.
Nitroglycerin + Nitro-
Toxicity:
Unknown

shocked or exposed to heat. It is
Toxic Rating Code:
Synonym: Dextrose
None
= Slight
nitrate.
Unknown

also Explosives, High and Nitrates.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NITROMOLASSES
955
on deit;
composition, it emits highly toxic
materials.
or heat will explode
NITROMANMTE
Synonym: Nitromannitol.
C 6H 8 (N0 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 452. 2
M. P. 166. 1C (expl. @125C)
B. P. 295C @3. 5
Density 1. 489 @20 /4C
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown

also Explosives High and
,
Nitrates.
or heat will explode it; on de-
composition, it burns, emits


flame.
or heat will explode it; on decomposition it emits highly toxic
rate): Section 2
2
-NITRO- 2 -METHYL -1, 3 -PRO-
PANEDIOL
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 135. 12
M. P. 147 - 149C
B. P.
Toxicity:
Decomposes
Unknown

toxic
fumes
2-NITRO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANOL
Formula:
A liquid.
CH 3 N0 2
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
61. 04
101C
Freezing P. -29C
Flash P. 95F (C. C.
Density 1 1 30 @ 20 /4C
)

Vap. D. 2. 11
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
100 parts
(Section
(accepted);
6).
Explosion Hazard:
CH 3 C(CH 3 )N0 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 119. 12
M. P. 90 - 91C
B. P. 95C (8)10
B. P.
MAC: ACGIH

Description:
NITROMETHANE
CH 2 OHC(CH3)N0 2 CH 2 OH
Moderate, when
Toxicity:
mm
Unknown

NITROMOLASSES
Toxicity:
Unknown

flame. See also Explosives,
High and Nitrates.
or heat will explode it; on decomposition, it emits highly toxic
materials.
Section 2
Section
NITRONAPHTHALENE
956
m-NITROPHENOL
NITRONAPHTHALENE
Yellow crystals.
Description:
Formula:
Monoclinic prisms.
Description:
C 10H 7 NO 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 173. 16
M. P. 58. 8C
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
139.
M. P.
97C
B. P. 194C @70 mm
Density 1. 485 @20/4C
Toxicity: See p-Nitrophenol.
B. P. 304C
)
Vap. D. 5. 96
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
"

rate): Section 2
o-NITROPHENOL
to heat.
Light yellow crystals;
Description:
dry chemical, carbon

tetrachloride of water spray
aromatic odor.
Formula: C 6 H5N0 3
(Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 139. 1
M. P. 45 C
B. P. 214. 5C
Density 1. 657 @20C
Toxicity: See p-Nitrophenol.
ide,
6).

NITROPARAFFINS
Synonyms:
2-Nitropropane, nitro-
ethane, nitromethane,
1-nitro-
propane.
Constant:
Flash P. 103 - 120F
halation 2
Chronic Local:
P-NITROPHENOL
yellow crystals.
Formula:
2;
Fire Hazard:
Irritant
1;
Moderate.
See
Nitrates.
To Fight Fire:
ide,
Foam, carbon dioxdry chemical or carbon
6).
Explosion Hazard: Dry salts of

nitromethane and inorganic bases
are explosive. Otherwise the
mono nitro-paraffins are relatively stable. Impact under confined
conditions can cause explosions
of mono nitro methane.
Avoid
heating it to above 450 F.
Section

Toxic Rating Code:
C 6 H 5 N0 3
Mol. Wt. 139.1

113 - 114C
Density 1 270 @ 120 /4 C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
rate): Section 2
Constants:
M. P.

Inhalation
In-
None
m-NITROPHENOL DIAZONIUM
PERCHLORATE
Toxicity:
= Slight
Unknown
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame (Section 6),
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NITROSACCHAROSE
957

toxic fumes of chlorides and oxides of nitrogen; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

NITROPRUSSIDES
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
1-NITROPROPANE
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 N02
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
Density
003
@ 20 /Z0 C

Vap. D. 3. 06
Toxicity: Moderate. See Nitroparaffins.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or open flame

(Section
6).

(Section

2-NITRQPROPANE
Colorless liquid.
Formula: (CH 3
)2
CHN0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 89.09
B. P. 120C
Freezing P. -93C
Density 0.992 @20/20C
Vap. D. 3. 06
Toxicity: Moderate. See Nitropa raff ins.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or open flame
(Section
6).

Explosion Hazard:
3;
Toxicology: According to some

observers, sodium nitroprusside
in the body liberating
cyanide; hence the toxicity is
that of cyanides. There may be a
nitrite effect in nonfatal cases.
See also Cyanides and Nitrites.
cyanides and oxides of nitrogen.
rate): Section 2
NITROPYRIDINE
Description:
6).
Description:
Ingestion
decomposes
89. 09
132C
Freezing P. -108C
Flash P. 120F (T.O.C.
Chronic Systemic:
Inhalation
3;
See Nitrates.
Formula:
Liquid.
C 5H 4 N 2
Mol. Wt. 124. 1

Autoign Temp. 725 F
highly toxic. See also Pyridine.
To Fight Fire: Water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, carbon
(Section 6).
materials.
Constants:
NITROSACCHAROSE
Synonym: Nitrosugar.
Description: White solid.
Toxicity: Unknown

p-NITROSODIMETHYLANILINE
958
NITROSOMETHYLUREA
Powder.
Nitrates.
Description:
P-NITROSODIMETHYLANILINE

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Has been known to
cause a contact dermatitis of the
poison ivy type (Section 9).
Description:
Green
leaflets.
NOC 6 H 4 N(CH 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
)2
150. 14
M. P. 87. 8C
Inhalation

Inhalation
Section

Section
Details unknown.
See also
Amines.
Description:
Formula:
Solid.
CH 3 NNOCOOC 2 H 5
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
132.2

tion 2;
Inhalation
Inges-
2;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
nitrogen.
Section
normal
rate):

P-NITROSOPHENOL
needles.
Unknown
Formula:
Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame (Section 6).

flame. See also Explosives, High
and Nitrates.
Fire Hazard:

Toxic Rating Code:
89.
Synonyms: Quinone monoxime.

Description: Yellow, rhombic
NITROSOGUANIDINE
Toxicity:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
n-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE
Toxicity:
CH 3 NHCONHNO
NITROSOMETHYLURETHANE

rate):
Formula:
None
= Slight
NOC 6 H 4 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Toxicity:
123. 11
126C Decomposes
Unknown
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; burns

explosively (Section
6).

exposed to heat. See also Nitrates
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
NITROSYL CHLORIDE
959
NITROSOPHENOL DIMETHYLPYRAZOLE
Toxicity:
Unknown

exposed to heat. See also Explosives, High and Nitrates.
NITROSO PYRAZOLE
tion
2;
2;
Inges-
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
materials.
Section Z
NITROSTYRENE
Styrene.
See also

NITROSYL BROMIDE
Description:
Brown gas
or dark
brown liquid.
Formula: NOBr
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 109. 9Z
M. P. -55. 5C
B.- P. -ZC
Density > 1.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section Z
NITROSYL CHLORIDE
Synonym: Nitrogen oxychloride.
Description: Yellow gas or yellow
liquid or crystals;
irritating odor,
NITRO STARCH
Formula: NOC1
Synonym: Starch
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 65.47
M. P. -64. 5C
B. P. -5. 8C
Density (liq. ) 1.250 @ 30 C
Vap. Press. 76mm@-50C
Vap. D. 2. 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2
Description:
Formula:
C 12 H 12 (NO 2 8 O 10
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
nitrate.
Solid.
684. 30
Unknown

flame. It is a powerful high explosive. Nitrostarch is not a
definite compound, but a mixture
of various nitric acid esters of
starch of different degrees of
nitration. It is used as an ingredient of blasting explosives, for
quarrying, and as a demolition
explosive. See also Nitrates.

High and Nitrates.
I.
NITROSYL FLUORIDE
960

label.
NITROSYL FLUORIDE
Synonym: Nitrogen oxyfluoride.
Formula:
NOF
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 49.01
M. P. -134C
B. P. -56 C
Density 2. 176 g/l
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluorides and Hydrofluoric Acid.
Disaster Control: Dangerous! See
Fluorides and Hydrofluoric Acid.
NITROSYL SULFURIC ACID

Synonym:
Chamber
Description:
crystals.
Crystalline, colorless
solid.
Formula: ONOSO3H
Sulfates.
Ventilation Control (use normal rate);

Section 2
NITROSYLSULFURIC ANHYDRIDE
Formula: (NOS0 3
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 236. 15
M. P. 217C
B. P. 360C
3;
Inhalation
Description:
Liquid.
CH 3 C 6 H 4 N0 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
137. 1
P. 15. 1C
B. P. 231. 9C
Flash P. 223F (C.C.
M.
Density 1. 1630 @ 1 5/4C

Vap. D. 4. 72
Toxicity: Moderate. See also p-

6).

o-NITROTOLUENE
Yellowish liquid.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137.
M. P. -4. 1
B. P. 222. 3C
Density 1 1622 @ 19 /l 5 C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 50 C
Vap. D. 4. 72
Toxicity: Moderate. See p-Nitro.
mm
toluene.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or open flame.

Synonym: Methyl nitrobenzene.

3;
Inges-
None
Description:
Yellowish crystals.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
m-NITROTOLUENE
p-NITROTOLUENE

tion

rate): Section 2
Nitrotoluene.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 127. 08
M. P. 73 C (for crystalline
material)
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Description:

nitrogen and oxides of sulfur;
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137.
M. P. 51. 9C
B. P.
238. 3C
Flash P.
2 =
Moderate
223F (C.C.)
3 =
High
Unknown
NITROUS OXIDE
961
Density 1. 286
Vap. Press. 1
@ 53. 7C
Vap. D. 4. 72
Acute Local: U
mm
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion 2;
Inhalation 2
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or open flame.
Section 2
m -NITROTRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZENE.
NITROUREA
Toxicity:
Unknown

Nitrates.

NITROUS ACID
Description:
Formula:
-
NITRO-p - TOLUIDINE
Description:
Formula:
See m-Nitroben-
zotrifluoride.
Pale blue solutions.
HNO z
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 47. 02
Clear liquid.
C 7 H 6NH 2 N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 168. 15
M. P. 241 F
Density 1.312
Vap. D. 5. 80
Toluidine and Nitro Compounds of

(Section
6).

nitrogen.
to heat or flame.
To Fight Fire: Water carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon
NITROUS FUMES.
NITROUS OXIDE
Synonym: Laughing gas.

Description: Colorless gas or liquid
or cubic crystals.
Formula:
NITROTRICHLOROMETHANE.
See Chloropicrin.
6-NITRO-2,4-bis (TRICHLORO-
METHYL)-1, 3-BENZODIOXANE
Toxicity:
Details unknown.
See also
Hydrocarbons
and oxides of nitrogen.
NzO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 44. 02
M. P. -102. 4C
B. P. -88. 49C
Density 1.977 g/l;
liquid 1.226
@-89C
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction; it supports combustion (Section
See Nitrogen
Dioxide.
6).
m-NITROXYLOL
962
Explosion Hazard: Moderate; it can

form an explosive mixture with
air.
Disaster Control: Slightly dangerous,

as shock can shatter the container
with explosive force.
Section 2
I.
label.
m-NITROXYLOL
P-NITROXYLOL
Synonym: p-Nitroxylene.
Formula: C 6H 3 (CH 3
)2
N0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 151.2
B. P. 240 C
Density 1. 132
Hydrocarbons.
Shipping Regulations: See m-
Synonym: m-Nitroxylene.
Nitroxylol.
Light yellow liquid.

C 6 H 3 (CH 3 )2N02
Description:
Formula:
NITRYL CHLORIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 151.2
M. P. 2C
B. P. 244 C
Density 1. 135 @15/4C
toxic. See also Nitro Compounds
Description:
Density 2. 57 g/l; liquid 1. 32

14C
Acute Local: Irritant 3; In-
of

Section 11.

Poison B;
poison label.
o-NITROXYLOL
o-Nitroxylene.
Description: Yellowish liquid or
solid.
C 6H 3 (CH 3 )2N02
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
151. 2
M. P. 29 C
B. P. 258C
Density
Toxicity:
Nitro
1. 139
Details unknown.
Compounds
NO z Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 81.47
M. P. < -31 C
Formula:
B. P.
5C
halation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
chlorides and nitrogen dioxide;
Section 2
when heated
Synonym:
Formula:
Pale yellow or brown
gas.
of
NONAETHYLENE GLYCOL
See
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons.
Shipping Regulations: See m-Nitro-
See also

Glycols.

n-NONANE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
C 9H 2 o
xylol.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
n-NONYL AMINE
963
NONETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOSTEARATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128.25
M. P. -53. 7C
B. P. 150. 7C
Flash P. 88F (C.C.)
Density 0. 718 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 4. 41
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic: U
(Section

Glycols.
of gas,
to heat or flame.

ide,
NONYL ACETATE
Description:
CH 3 COOCH[CH 2 CH(CH3) 2 ]2
to
flame.
Section 2
NONANOIC ACID
Synonym: Pelargonic acid.
Description:
Formula:
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 C0 2 H

Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
(CH 3 3 CCH 2 CH(CH3)CH 2 CH(OH)CN
)
Unknown

NONETHYLENE GLYCOL HEXARICINOLEATE

Constant:
Flash P. 530 F (O. C. )

Glycols.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 186.29
M. P. -48. 1C
B. P. 192. 4C
Density 0. 8530 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 6.42
Esters and Acetic Acid.
NONYL ALDEHYDE CYANOHYDRIN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158.2
M. P. 12C
B. P. 254C
Density 0. 9055 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 5.46
Toxicity:
Liquid.
Formula:
Moderate, in the
when exposed
See also
6).
Explosion Hazard:
form
Constant:
See also

to heat or flame.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 169
B. P. Decomp. to
Density 0. 8976
Vap. D. 5. 83
Hazardous, as it decompoon boiling. See

Cyanides.
Disaster Control: Dangerous! See
Cyanides.
Toxicity:
ses to
HCN
n-NONYLAMINE
Synonym:
Description:
Formula:
HCN
-Amino nonane.
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 7 CH 2 NH 2
)
NONYL BENZOL
964
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143. 3
B. P. 202. 2 C
Density 0. 785
Toxicity:
See also

NONYL BENZOL
Formula:
Liquid.
C6H 5C 9 H 19
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 204. 3
B. P. 473F
Density 0. 86
NONYL NAPHTHALENE
Liquid.
C 10H 7 C 9 H 19
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254.4
B. P. 626F
Density 0. 94
Naphthalene.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;
NONYLTRICHLOROSILANE
Formula: C 9 H 19 SiCl 3
silanes.

Description:
6).

See also
Benzene.
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 261. 7
Density 1. 072 @25C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Chloro-
Nonyl benzene.
Description:
when exposed
can react with
Slight,
to heat or flame;
Amines.
Synonym:
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
See also
when exposed
can react with

Section 2
NORNICOTINE
Synonym: j3-Pyridyl-o'-pyrrolidine.
Description:
Hygroscopic, viscous
liquid.
Formula:
C 9 H 12 N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148.2
B. P. 270C
Density 1. 0737 @20 /4C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
nitrogen.
rate): Section 2
NONYL PHENOL
Description:
Clear, viscous,
"NOVOCAINE." See Procaine
Formula:
C6H4OHC 9 H 19
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 220.34
B. P. 290 - 301 C
Pouring P. 2C
Flash P. 300 F (T.O.C.
Density 0. 949 @20/4C
Vap. D. 7. 59
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Hydrochloride.
NUISANCE DUSTS
Variable, depending upon
composition. Cause local irritation of eyes, nose, throat and
lungs. Some may lead to chronic
Toxicity:
)
bronchitis,
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
emphysema and
3 =
High
Unknown
965
NUISANCE DUSTS
bronchial asthma. Dermatitis

result from short contact.
Asthma, angioneurotic edema,
hives, etc. may result from short
periods of inhalation. Atopic eczema, angioneurotic edema, hives,
may
etc. may also result from prolonged contact. See also Section 9.
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); < 100 million particles per cubic foot,
rate: Section 2
OAT DUST

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: Allergen 1; In

halation

rate):
414. 2 (approx.
See Stearyl
Alcohol.
1-OCTADECENE
1
-Octadecyne;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 250.
M. P. 26C
Acute Local: U
hexadecyl
B. P.
15
CH 3
mm
180C @15
0. 7884 @ 20 /4C
Density
3;
In-
Toxicity:
Unknown
when exposed
can react with
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;
2;
Inhalation 2
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; when

Section 2
OCTACHLOROTRISILANE
Formula:
Si 3 Cl 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 368. 3
M. P. -67C
B. P. 211. 4C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
1-OCTADECANOL.
Formula: HC:C(CH 2
Description: Yellow, waxy solid.

Formula: C 10 H 10 C1 8 (approx. )
halation 3
Chronic Local:
produce toxic and corrosive fumei
acetylene.
OCTACHLORO-CAMPHENE
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
emits

rate): Section 2
Synonyms:
Section 2
it
None
= Slight
OCTADECENYL ALDEHYDE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 18 H 3 60
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 266. 5
B. P. 167C
Density 0. 847
Vap. D. 9. 18
See also
Aldehydes.
OCTADECYL ALCOHOL
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
CH 3 (CH2)i6CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 270.
M. P. 58 C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
OCTANE
967
B. P.
OCTAMETHYL PYROPHOSPHOR-
349. 5C
Density 0. 8124
Vap. Press. 1
AMIDE
@ 59 /4C
mm
Water-white
Formula: C 8 H 24N 4 P203
Unknown. See Alcohols.

Description:
Toxicity:
tion
6).
Section
liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 286. 34
M. P. 20 - 21 C
B. P. 137 - 142C @2
Density 1 1 37 @ 25/4C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
OMPA.
Synonym:
@150. 3C
mm
N-OCTADECYL DISODIUM SULFOSUCCINAMATE

Description:
paste.
Cream-colored
C 22 H 41
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
soft
NSNa 2
493
Unknown
Toxicity:

phosphorus.
Formula:
OCTADECYLISOCYANATE
C 18 H 35 NCO

rate): Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 295. 5
M. P. 15 - 18C
Description:
B. P.
150
Density
Toxicity:
0.
86
OCTAMETHYL TRISILOXANE
180C
@ 3/4
mm
Formula:
@25C
Probably toxic.
See also
Cyanates.
Disaster Control: See Cyanates.
C 18 H3 7SiCl3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 268. 01
B. P. 223C @10
Density 0.984 @25C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2
mm
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 236. 5
B. P. 150. 2C
Freezing P. -80 C
Density 0. 82
Vap. Press. lmm@7.4C;
10
@43. 1 C
Siloxanes.
mm
OCTADECYL TRICHLOROSILANE
Formula:
Liquid.
C 8H 240 2 Si 3
OCTANE
Description:
Formula:
Clear liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 6 CH 3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114.23
B. P. 125. 8C
Freezing P. -56. 5C
Density 0. 7036 @20 Y4 C
Vap. D. 3. 86
Acute Local:
OCTAPHENYL CYCLOTETRASILOXANE
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH
500 parts
(accepted);

Caution: May act as a simple
asphyxiant. See also Argon.
6).

materials.
rate): Section 2
OCTAPHENYL CYCLOTETRASILOXANE
Description:
Crystals.
[(C 6 H 5 ) 2 SiO] 4
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
-OCTENE
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C 8 Hj6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112. 21
M. P. -94. 04C
B. P. 125. 2C
Density 0. 7192 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 87
Toxicity:
Unknown

6).

materials.
rate): Section 2
when heated
to
decompo-
2 -Ethyl
OCTYL ALCOHOL
Synonyms:
1-Octanol;
caprylic
alcohol.

penetrating aromatic odor.
Formula: Primary normal:

CH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 CH 2 OH
-OCTENE
Synonyms:
1-Octylene; 1-caprylene.
Formula: CqH^
Constants: Flash P.
See
Hexyl Acetate.

70F(T.O.C.)
Mol. Wt. 112.21

M. P. -101. 9C
B. P. 121.27C
Density 0. 716 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 87
Toxicity:
Description:
n-OCTYL ACETATE.

Siloxanes.

materials.
rate): Section 2
793. 12
M. P. 202C
B. P. 335C
gerous;
968
Unknown
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 130.23
M. P. -16. 3C
B. P. 195C
Flash P. 178F
Density 0. 827 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 4.48
Alcohols.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when ex^



Synonyms:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
OCTYL ALDEHYDE
2 =
2-Ethylhexanal;
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
OCTYLENE GLYCOL BIBORATE
969
caprylaldehyde.
Formula: C 7 H 15CHO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128.2
163. 4C
B. P.
Density 0.821 @20 o /4C
Vap. D. 4.41
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
Water-white
OCTYL DECYL PHTHALATE

A clear liquid.
Description:
Formula:
C 6 H 4 (COOC 8 H 17 )(COOC 10 H 21
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 418. 6
B. P. 239C @4
Freezing P. -50C
Density 0. 980 @20 /20 C
Toxicity: Unknown. See Phthalic
Acid.
mm

to heat or powerful oxidizing
agents (Section 6).
Constants:
Amines.

(CH 3 )3CCH2C(CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129.3
B. P. 140 C
Flash P. 92 F
Density 1.4213
Vap. D. 4.46
146.2
B. P. 475F
Flash P. 230F
Density 0. 94
(C. C)

Vap. D. 5. 05
Glycols.
See also

ide,
OCTYLAMINE
Description: Clear liquid;

like odor.
M. P.
Mol. Wt.
63 C


Formula:
CH 3 (CH 2 7 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129.3
B. P. 170 - 179C
Flash P. 140 F
Density 0. 779 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4.46
tert-
Section
Synonyms: 4, 5-Octanediol.
Formula: [CH 3 (CH 2 2 CHOH] 2
liquid;
amine-like odor.
Formula:
Section 2
OCTYLENE GLYCOL
OCTYLAMINE
Description:

OCTYLENE GLYCOL BIBORATE

amine)2
Description:
white solid.
Formula: C 24H 46 6 B 2
Constants: M. P. 69
NH 2
104C
Mol. Wt. 454. 3

B. P. 154 - 173F @0. 4
Toxicity: See Esters and Boron
mm
Compounds.
See also

Amines.
OCTYL PHENOL
970
OCTYL PHENOL
Synonym: Diisobutyl phenol.

Description:
White or light pink
flakes.
Formula:
C 6H 4 (C 8 H 17 )OH
OILED CLOTHING, FABRICS,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 206. 3
B. P. Z80 - 283C
RAGS, ETC.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame, by spontaneous chemical reaction or on
contact with oxidizing materials
Freezing P. 72 - 74C
Toxicity:
Section 11.
Coast Guard Classification; Corrosive liquid; white label.
I.
Unknown

flame (Section 6).
Fire Hazard:
(Section
6).
to heat or
Spontaneous Heating: Yes, particu-
highly toxic fumes of Phenol;


larly
when wet.
Hazardous
rials.
Section
article.
OIL GAS
OCTYL SILICATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 544. 3
B. P. 204 @3
mm
secticide.

OCTYL TITANATE.
See 2-Hexyl
Ethyl Titanate.
OCTYL TRICHLOROSILANE
Description:
Fuming
247. 7

tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

fumes.
rate):
Section 2

Toxic Rating Code:
None
Constant:
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Carbon
Monoxide
liquid.
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
A gas derived from

petroleum.
Composition: Illuminants 4. 2%;
carbon monoxide 10.4%; hydrogen
47. 6%; methane 27. 0%; carbon
dioxide 4. 6%; nitrogen 5. 8%;
oxygen 0. 4%.
Description:
Formula: Si(OC 8 H 17 ) 4
3
7
= Slight
6).
Explosion Hazard:
exposed to heat
Explosive Range:
Disaster Control:
can shatter the
Moderate, when
or flame.
- 13.5%
Dangerous; shock
6.
compressed gas
OIL, N.O.S.
Synonyms: Petroleum, crude oil.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
exposed to heat or flame
(Section
2 =
6).
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
OIL OF
971
OIL OF

away from open flame! It can
Coast Guard Classification: Combustible liquid;
OIL OF BITTER
Composition:
d-pinene.
Constants:
inflammable
ALMOND
halation 2
Chronic Systemic: U
toxic fumes.
95% Benzaldehyde
4% HCN.
Composition:
-
Eucalyptol, aldehydes,
M. P. -15.4C approx.
Density 0. 905-0. 925 @ 25/25 C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: Allergen 1; In-
liquid.
2
Colorless to pale yellow
liquid.
Colorless to yellow
Description:
EUCALYPTUS
Description:
red label.
liquid,
PEPPERMINT
Constant:
Density 1 038- 1. 060 @ 25 /Zb0
.
Section

OIL OF GARLIC
OIL OF CHENOPODIUM
Synonym: Oil of American wormseed
Composition:

yellow liquid.
Constant:
Composition:
60
Allyl propyl disulfide,
diallyl disulfide.
Density 1. 046-1 057 @ 15 /l5 C

Toxicity: Details unknown. See individual components.
.
70% Ascaridol
Constant:
Density 0. 950-0. 980 @ 25 /25C

tion 3
sulfur.

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
it emits irritant fumes (Section 6).

rate): Section 2

rate): Section 2
OIL OF
OIL OF
CHERRY LAUREL
Pale yellow liquid.

Composition: Hydrogen cyanide,
benzaldehyde, benzaldehyde
cyanhydrin, benzyl alcohol.
Density 1. 054-1 066 @ 20 /ZQ C
Description:
nides.

rate): Section 2
OIL OF MIRBANE
See Nitro.
benzene.
PEPPERMINT

yellow liquid.
Constant:
Density 0. 896-0. 908 @ 25 /25C
gen 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
OIL OF TANSY
Description:
Yellow
liquid.
it
OLEFINS
972
Composition:
Thujone, borne ol and
camphor.
Constant:
Density 0. 925-0. 950 @ 15 /l 5 C

Chronic Systemic: U
OLEFINS
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Unsaturated aliphatic
hydrocarbons do not differ greatly
from paraffins, particularly insofar as their toxic effect on working personnel is concerned.
Ethylene and some of its homologues occur in manufactured and
natural gases. Ethylene can be
used as an anesthetic, and when
inhaled in sufficient quantity it
can be an asphyxiant. However,
the greatest hazard from its use
is the danger of fire and explosion.
Prolonged or repeated exposures to high concentrations of
various olefins have caused certain toxic effects in animals,
such as liver damage and hyperplasia of the bone marrow (due to
butene-2), but no corresponding
effects have been discoverable in
human beings as due to industrial
exposures. The diolefins,
butadiene and isoprene, are more
irritating than paraffins or monoolefins of the same volatility. In
general, it may be stated that the
olefins are comparatively innocuous materials.
Section 2
OLEIC ACID
Synonym: Red
grade).
Description:
oil
(commercial
Colorless, odorless
when pure.
Formula: C 17 H 33 COOH
liquid
Toxic Rating Code:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 282.45
M. P. 14C
B. P. 360. 0C
Density 0. 895 @ 25 /25C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
to heat or flame.
OLEO
OIL
Description: Thick, yellow liquid.

Constants:
M. P. 2F
B. P. 464F
Density 0. 915
Toxicity:
Unknown

Spontaneous Heating: Yes, on contact
with fibrous combustible materials.

ide,
OLEUM
Synonym: Fuming sulfuric acid.
Description: Heavy, fuming yellow
liquid.
Formula: H 2 S0 4 and up to 80% SO s

3;
Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
and carbohydrates (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Severe, by chemical reaction with moisture and
some organics.
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
OSMIUM AND OSMIUM COMPOUNDS
973
steam to produce heat and toxic

rate): Section 2
MCA
warning label.
OLIVE OIL
Synonym: Sweet oil.
Description: Yellow
oil.

ide,
"OMILITE"
Polyethylene polys ulfide.

fungicide.
also Sulfides.
See
when

sulfur.
Section
OPIUM
Synonym:
Gum
A
Description:
See Arsenic Sulfide.
OSMIC ACID ANHYDRIDE.

Osium Tetraoxide.
opium.
habit-forming drug.

Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Section 2
See
OSMIUM AND OSMIUM COMPOUNDS

White, bluish metal.
Description:
Formula: Os
Constants:
At. Wt.
190. 20
M. P. 2700C
B. P. Above 5300 C
Density 22.48
.Inhalation
Constants:
M. P. 21 F
Flash P. 437F (C.C.
Density 0. 910
Spontaneous Heating: Some
Synonym:
ORPIMENT.
1;

Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: The principal effects of
exposure are ocular disturbances
and an asthmatic condition caused
by inhalation. Furthermore, it
causes dermatitis and ulceration
of the skin upon contact (Section 9).
When osmium
is heated, it gives
pungent, poisonous fume of
osmium tetraoxide. One case of
osmium poisoning reported in the
literature resulted from the inhalation of osmium tetraoxide
which gave rise to a capillary
bronchitis and dermatitis. The
vapor has a pronounced and
nauseating odor which should be
taken as a warning of the toxic
concentration in the atmosphere,
and personnel should immediately
remove to an area of fresh air.
Osmium compounds, other than
the tetraoxide, are probably safe,
particularly as ordinarily handled
in industry. The metal itself is
not highly toxic.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Os 191 half -life: 16
mev and gamma rays of 0. 13 mev.
Artificial isotope Os 193 half -life
31 hours; emits beta particles of
1.15 mev, gamma rays of 1. 6
mev and electron particles of
0. 14 mev.
off a
Fire Hazard:
of dust,
when exposed
to heat or
flame (Section 6).

of dust when exposed to heat or flame.
OSMIUM DICHLORIDE
974
OSMIUM DICHLORIDE
OSMIUM TETRACHLORIDE
Description: Dark brown, deliquescent crystals.
Description:
Formula: OsCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 332. 03
M. P. Sublimes
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 261. 11
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: See Osmium and
Osmium
Compounds.
fumes
of chlorides (Section 6).
Section
OSMIUM DISULFIDE
Description:
Formula: OsS 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254. 3
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: See Osmium and Sulfides.
Red-brown needles.
Formula: OsCl 4
OSMIUM TETRAFLUORIDE
Brown powder.
Description:
Formula: OsF 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 266. 2
OSMIUM TETRAOXIDE
Synonym: Osmic acid.
Description: (A) Monoclinic, colorless crystals; (B) Yellow mass,
pungent, chlorine-like odor.
OSMIUM HEXAFLUORIDE
Formula: Os0 4
Green crystals.
Formula: OsF^
Fluorides.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254.20
M. P. A: 39. 5C B: 41 C
B. P. 130C Sublimes
Density 4. 906 @22C
Vap. Press. A: 10mm@26. 0C;
B: 10
@31. 3 C
Toxicity: Moderate. See Osmium.
OSMIUM OCTAFLUORIDE
toxic fumes.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 304.20
M. P. > 50C
B. P. 205C
Toxicity:
Probably toxic.
Description:
mm
See
Section
Formula: OsF 8
OSMIUM TETRASULFIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 342.20
M. P. 34. 4C
B. P. 47. 3C
Description:
Toxicity:
Brown
or black crystals.
Formula: OsS 4
Probably toxic.
See
Fluorides.
OSMIUM SULFITE
Description:
Yellow crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 318.4
M. P. Decomposes

Blue-black crystals.
Formula: OsS0 3
OSMIUM TRICHLORIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 270. 3
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: See Osmium and Sulfites.
Description:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Cubic, brown crystals.
Formula: OsCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 296. 57
M. P. Decomposes @560 - 600 C
Toxicity: See Osmium and Chlorides.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
OXALYL BROMIDE
975

OXALATES
Formula: Salts of oxalic acid.

Toxicology: Oxalates are corrosive
and produce local irritation. When
taken by mouth they have a caustic
effect on the mouth, esophagus
and stomach. The soluble oxalates are readily absorbed from
the gastro-intestinal tract andean
cause severe damage to the kidneys.

emit toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
OXALIC ACID
Synonym: Ethanedioic
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
acid.
COOHCOOH
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
126. 1
101 C; 189C (anh.
Subl. @ 150C
Density 1. 653
tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
The chief effects of inhalation

of the dusts or vapor are irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, ulceration of the mucous
membrane of the nose and throat,
epistaxis, headache, irritability
and nervousness. More severe
cases may show albuminura,
chronic cough, vomiting, pain in
the back and gradual emaciation
and weakness. The skin lesions
are characterized by cracking
and fissuring of the skin and the
development of slow-healing
ulcers.
The skin may be bluish
in color, and the nails brittle
and yellow.
rate):
3
3;
Section 2

Inges-
The renal tubules become

obstructed by the insoluble calcium oxalate, and there is profound kidney disturbance. The
inhalation of the dust or vapor may
cause symptoms of irritation of
the upper respiratory tract,
gastro-intestinal disturbances,
albuminuria, gradual loss of
weight, increasing weakness and
nervous system complaints.
Oxalic acid has a caustic action
on the skin and may cause dermatitis (Section 9); a case of early
gangrene of the fingers resembling that caused by phenol has
been described.

MCA warning label.
7
11.
In-
halation 3
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: Acute oxalic poisoning
results from ingestion of a solution of the acid. There is marked
corrosion of the mouth, esophagus
and stomach, with symptoms of

vomiting, burning abdominal pain,
collapse and sometimes convulsions. Death may follow quickly.
The systemic effects are attributed to the removal by the oxalic
acid of the calcium in the blood.
OXALYL BROMIDE
Synonym: Ethanedioyl bromide.
Description:
liquid.
Formula: (COBr) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 215. 85
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Oxalic
Acid.
corrosive fumes.
Section
OXALYL CHLORIDE
976
OXALYL CHLORIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 32. 00
M. P. -218. 4C
B. P. -183. 0C
Density Liquid: 1. 14 @ -183. C
Solid: i.426 @-252. 5C
Vap. D. 1.429 @0C
Toxicity: None, as gas. In liquid
form it can cause severe "burns"
and tissue damage on contact
with the skin.
Fire Hazard: Though itself nonflammable, it is essential to combus-
Synonym: Ethanedioyl chloride.

liquid.
Formula: COC1COC1
M. P. -12C
B. P. 64C
Density 1.488 @ 13C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Oxalic
Acid.
fumes.
N-OXYDIETHYLENE BENZOTHIAZ OLE- 2 - SULFENAMIDE

Description:
Tan-colored powder.
Formula: C 6 H 4SNCSN(CH 2 ) 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 252.4
M. P. 90 C
Density 1. 37
Toxicity:
Unknown

sulfur and oxides of nitrogen.
<3
j3
of
oxygen from
details.
Explosion Hazard: Liquid oxygen

can explode on contact with
readily oxidizable material,
especially at high temperature.
Disaster Control: Compressed
oxygen is shipped in steel
cylinders under high pressure.
If these containers are broken
due to shock or exposed to high
temperature, an explosion or
fire
may
result.

C. C. Classification: Nonflammable gas; green gas label.
I.
OXYDIPROPIONITRILE
Description:
Exclusion
tion.
the neighborhood of a fire is one

of the principle methods of extinguishment. See Section 6 for
Colorless liquid.
label.
Formula: 0(CH 2 CH 2 CN) 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 124. 1
M. P. -26. 3C
B. P. 172C @10
Density 1.041 @30C
mm
nides.

OXIDIZING MATERIALS, N.O.S.

I.
Section 11.
OXYGEN FLUORIDE
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 54.
M. P. -223. 8C
B. P. -144. 8C
Density Liquid: 190@-223.8C
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Hydrofluoric Acid.

material;
yellow label.
OXYGEN
tasteless gas or liquid or hexagonal crystals.
Formula: O z
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Colorless gas.
OF 2
(Section
6).

chemical reaction with powerful
reducers.
acids to produce toxic and corrosive fumes; can react
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
OZONIZED ETHER
977
MAC: ACGIH
rials.

Toxicology: Ozone has a strong
irritant action on the upper
respiratory system. Concentrations of 0. 015 parts of ozone per
million parts of air produce a
barely detectable odor. Concentrations of 1 ppm produce a disagreeable sulfur-like odor and
may cause headache and irritation of the upper respiratory
tract which disappear after
leaving the exposure. Exposure
of guinea pigs to higher concentrations may cause death from
lung congestion and edema. No
systemic effects have been reported following industrial exposures.
or combustibles (Section 6).
with powerful reducing agents.
shock or heat can shatter the
OXYGEN, LIQUID.
Section
See Explosives
High.
8-OXYQUINOLINE BENZOATE
fungicide.

OZOKERITE
Synonym: Mineral wax.
Constants:
M. P. 136 - 230F
Density 0. 85 - 0. 95
Toxicity:
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame.
when exposed
dioxide, dry
(Section
6).
Section
OZONE
Description: Colorless gas or dark
blue liquid.
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 48.00
M. P. -251 C
B. P. -111. 1C
Density Gas: 2. 144 g/l;
Liquid: 1. 7 1 @-183C
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
(accepted);
0.
part

explosive force.
rate): Section 2
OZONIZED ETHER
Toxicity:
Unknown

agents (Section
6).

PAINT
Description:
fluid
of heating depends upon state

of dryness (Section 6).
mixture of a
pigment and a vehicle.
Moderate.
Constant:
Flash P.
PALLADIUM BROMIDE
80 F
For lead-base
paints, see
Lead; usually the toxicity is that
of the solvent used.
Toxicity:

Formula:
Constants:
- 80 F
Variable.
Flash P.
Toxicity:
Com-
pounds.
PALLADIUM COMPOUNDS
Low.
This metal, in the

palladium chloride, has
been administered orally in dosage
of about 1 grain daily in the treat-
form
of
ment of tuberculosis. These

amounts resulted in no toxic ef-
rate): Section 2
Constant:
266. 53
See Palladium
Toxicity:

heated, the solvent emits acrid
PAINT AND GREASE ERADICATORS
Mol. Wt.
crystals.
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity:
6).
Red-brown
PdBr 2
Description:
Applied locally to the skin,

palladium chloride shows little or
no irritation. In experimental
animals, palladium chloride has
been given by intravenous injection, producing damage to
bone marrow, liver and kidneys
when the dosage was of the order
of 0. 5 to 1.0 mg per kg of body
fects.
weight.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Pd 109 half -life: 13
0. 98 mev.
dust, when exposed to heat or
,

flame (Section
6).
6).

PALLADIUM CYANIDE
materials.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158. 74
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See also
Cyanides.
Section
PAINT SCRAPINGS
Toxicity:
Variable,
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; avoid

large unventilated piles. Danger
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Description:
crystals.
Yellowish-white
Formula: Pd(CN) 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PALM
979
PALLADIUM SELENIDE
PALLADIUM DIFLUORIDE
Description:
Formula:
Brown
Dark gray crystals.

Formula: PdSe
Description:
crystals.
PdF 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 185. 66
M. P. < 960C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144. 70
M. P. Volatilizes
Decomp. @red
OIL
See Fluorides.
Probably high. See

Selenium Compounds.
PALLADIUM HYDRIDE
Disaster Control:
B. P.
Toxicity:
heat.
Toxicity:
Selenide.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Pd 2 H
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Description: Green-gray crystals.

Formula: Pd2 S
Density 10. 76
See Hydrides.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 245.47
M. P. Decomp. @800C
Density 7. 303 @15C
Toxicity:
PALLADIUM IODIDE
Black powder.
Pdl 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Toxicity:
PALM KERNEL
OIL
Synonym: Palm nut oil.
360. 54
Decomp. @350C
Constants:
M. P. 25. 5 - 30C
Density 0. 95
See Palladium Compounds,
PALLADIUM MONO- AND

DISULFIDES
Description: Brown-black crystals.
Formula: PdS, PdS 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 138. 8; 170. 8
PALLADIUM NITRATE
Description: Rhombic, brown-yellow
deliquescent.
)2

M. P. Decomposes
Aller-
gen 1
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic: U

Formula: Pd(N0 3
PALLADIUM SUBSULFIDE
4Z8. 82
M. P. Decomposes
Formula:
See Hydrogen
Selenide.
Silver, metallic
6).

PALM OIL
Synonym: Palm butter.
Description: Reddish-yellow to dirty^
red, fatty mass; faint odor of
violet.
Composition: Palmitin, stearin,

linolein.
PAPAVERINE
980
PARAFFIN OILS
Constants:
M. P.
43. 3C
421 F (C. C.
26. 6
Description: The color range is from

pale yellow through yellowish-
Flash P.
Density 0. 92
brown
to
reddish-brown
to
dark
Temp. 600 F
green.
Constant:

Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic: U
Flash P. 444F
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic: U
Autoign.
Spontaneous Heating: Yes, low.
6).

6).

PAPAVERINE
Description:
needles.
Colorless, rhombic
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. 147C
P.
339. 38
Decomposes
Density 1. 337
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation
The effects of the paraffin

hydrocarbons vary with the
The gaseous hydrovolatility.
carbons, such as methane,
have but slight
ethane, etc.
anesthetic effect and are hazardous only when present in sufficient
concentration to dilute the oxygen
to a point below that which is
necessary to sustain life. With
the volatile liquid hydrocarbons,
Toxicity:
Formula: C20H21NO4
B.
PARAFFINS
1;
or with the next higher fraction,

the anesthetic action predominates, and with the higher molecular
weights or with the less volatile
compounds, the anesthetic increases, but at the same time an
irritant action becomes more pro-
Toxicology: This material is considered to be a comparatively

weak poison. Its action on the
central nervous system is about
midway between morphine and

codeine and even large doses do
amount of excitement caused by codeine or the
nounced. For information concerning the toxic and hazardous

properties of these materials,
see the individual compounds.
not produce the
soporific action of morphine.

Small doses are followed by sleep
and slow respiration, but these
are not increased with larger
doses. The heart beat is slowed,
but the blood pressure is scarcely
affected. It is thought that doses
up to 15 grains are nonfatal. See
also Morphine.

Section
PAPER STOCK, WET.
See Waste
Paper, Wet.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
PARAFFIN WAX
Description:
Colorless or white,
somewhat translucent, odorless,

mass; greasy feel.
Constants:
M. P. 43.3 - 60 C
B. P. Above 370 C
Density 0. 9
Acute Local:
Acute Systemic:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PARALDEHYDE
981
Chronic Systemic:
(Section
6).

PARAFORMALDEHYDE
Synonyms: Polyoxymethylene
glycol; paraform.
Formula: (CH z O) x HOH
Constants:
M. P. 120 - 160C (sealed tube)
B. P. Vaporizes, depolymerizing
to formaldehyde gas.
Flash P. 200F (T.O.C.
Density 1. 39
Inhalation 2

Chronic Local: U
6).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated, it forms

formaldehyde gas and oxides of
carbon; can react with oxidizing
materials.
Section 2
MCA
warning label.
PARALDEHYDE
Synonyms: Para-acetaldehyde;
2, 4, 6 trimethyl-1, 3, 5 trioxane.
Density 0. 9943 @20 /4C

Vap. D. 4. 55
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
Toxicology: Paraldehyde has
hypnotic and analgesic properties.
However, poisoning due to it is
very rare. There is a wide range
between the hypnotic dose and the
toxic dose; 2 to 5 grams produces a soporific effect; recovery
has been observed following the
ingestion of 50 grams. Continued
use of the drug has been known to
result in habituation. There have
been no cases reported of industrial poisoning.
Signs and symptoms are incoordination and drowsiness,
followed by sleep. With larger
doses, the pupils dilate, reflexes
are lost, and patient lapses into
coma. Weak pulse and shallow
respiration are followed by
cyanosis. Death results from
respiratory paralysis.
The symptoms of chronic intoxication from this material are
disturbances of the digestion,
continual thirst, general emacia-
muscular weakness and

mental failure followed by tremors
of the hands and tongue. It can
cause skin eruptions similar to
those caused by chloral hydrate
tion,
(Section
toxic dose of this material has

been ingested, wash out the
stomach and give barbiturates or
morphine to quiet the nerves.
Call a physician.

(Section
Formula:
9CH(CH 3 )OCH(CH 3 )OC HCH3

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 132. 16
M. P. 12.6C
B. P. 124. 4C @752
Flash P. 63F (C. C.
mm
9).
Treatment and Antidotes: When a
6).

emits toxic fumes on heating;
PARATfflON
982

Section 2
Coast Guard Classification: Combustible liquid
warning label
MCA
PARATfflON
Synonyms: O, O-Diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate.
Description: Yellowish liquid.
C 10 H 14 NO 5PS
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 291. 3
B. P. 375C
Density 1.26 @25/4 C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Parathion, like the
other organic phosphorus poisons,
acts as an irreversible inhibitor
of the
molecules
of the
enzyme
choline ste rase and thus allows the

accumulation of large amounts of
acetylcholine. When a critical
level of cholinesterase depletion
reached, grave symptoms

appear. Whether death is
actually caused entirely by
cholinesterase depletion or by
the disturbance of a number of
enzymes is not yet known. Recovery is apparently complete if
a poisoned animal or man has
is
time
to
reform
his critical
quota of cholinesterase. However, if a second small dose is

administered before recovery
from the first is complete, the
effect is partially additive.
Dangerous Acute Dose in Man:
Death has followed splashing
of
the body and clothing of one

worker with technical parathion
(approximately 95 percent pure).
The amount was sufficiently small
that the worker was not soaked or
at any rate did not follow the
simple instructions for changing
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
clothes and bathing. Two operators have died after rather extensive skin contact with agricultural
sprays and the inhalation of dust
from 25-percent water-wettable

powder. Others have died after
what was apparently almost entirely respiratory exposure to 25percent dust. In no single case of
fatal human poisoning by parathion
has it been possible to determine
the exact dosage which the victim
received either on the day on which
symptoms appeared or subacutely
over a period of days or weeks.
However, on the basis of animal
experiments the acute lethal oral
dose for man has been estimated
at 10 to 20
mg
l
(
l
/5 to /z grains).
Based again on animal experiments the acute lethal dose by

the dermal route would be only
about three times as great.
Dangerous Chronic Dose in Man:

Exposure to parathion reduces
the cholinesterase level and the
organism exposed remains susceptible to relatively low dosages
of parathion until the cholinesterase
level has regenerated. Small
doses at frequent interval are,
therefore, more or less additive.
There is, however, at the present
time no indication that, when recovery from a given exposure is
entirely complete, the exposed
prejudiced in any way.

Poisoning: Headache,
giddiness, blurred vision, weakness, nausea, cramps, diarrhea,
organism
Symptoms
is
of
and discomfort in the chest,

sweating, miosis, tearing, salivation, pulmonary edema, cyanosis, papilledema, convulsions,
coma, and loss of reflexes and
sphincter control. The last
several signs are seen only in
advanced cases but do not preclude a favorable outcome if
energetic treatment is continued.
Poisoned animals show various
degrees of heart block and cardiac
arrest may occur. In most cases
of accidental, chiefly dermal exposure, relatively incapacitating
symptoms of nausea, cramps,
muscular twitching, etc. follow
the initial giddiness, blurred
vision, and pin-point pupils only
,
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PENTABORANE, STABLE
983
after a period of 2 to 8 hours. In
one such case, the onset of serious
symptoms was apparently more

Following oral ingestion
associated with murder or suicide,
death has been esentially instantaneous.
rapid.

gram per cubic meter
0.
milli-
of air.
Disaster Control: * Highly dangerous;

shock can shatter the container,
releasing the contents when heated
toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides,
phosphorus and sulfur.
rate): Section 2
MCA warning label.
PARATHION AND COMPRESSED

GAS MIXTURES.
See Parathion.
Section 11.
poison gas label.
PARIS
Constants:
M. P. 2. 7C
Flash P. 540 F
Density 0. 92
Aller-
gen 1
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic: U
to heat or flame"; can react with
Spontaneous Heating: Slight.
6).

PEANUT RED SKIN

A red skin-like
Description:
layer
between nut and shell.

Acute Systemic: Ingestion 1; Inhalation
Chronic Local: Irritant 1; AllerInhalation 1

gen 1
;
Inhalation
GREEN
Copper acetoarsenate.
Formula: Approx. Cu(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2
3CuO As 2 3
reaction; can react with oxidizing
Spontaneous Heating: High
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 1013. 83

Fire Hazard:
Synonym:
Description:
'
Section 2
See Arsenic
Compounds.
PENTABORANE, STABLE

poison label.
MCA warning label
Synonyms: Pentaboron enneahydride.
Description:
bad odor.
Katchung
oil;
earthnut
Straw-yellow to
greenish-yellow or nearly colorless oil; nutty odor and bland taste.
B5H9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 63. 2
M. P. -46. 6C>
B. P. 0C @66
Density 0. 61 @0C
Vap. Press. 66mm@0C
Vap. D. 2.2
Toxicity: See Boron Hydrides.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by chemical reaction; spontaneously
mm
oil.
Description:
Colorless gas or liquid;
Formula:
PEANUT OIL
Synonyms
PENTABORANE, UNSTABLE
flammable
984
in air (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Dangerous. Details unknown.

fumes and can react vigorously
Section 2
I.
PENTABORANE, UNSTABLE
Synonyms: Dihydropentaborane
Description: Colorless liquid; turns
yellow on standing.
Formula:
BsHu
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 65.2
B. P. 63C
Fire Hazard:
Dangerous, by chem-
Explosion Hazard: Dangerous. Details unknown.

I.
Section 11.
C. C. Classification: Flammable liquid; red label, not
accepted.
"PENT-ACETATE"
Composition: A mixture of amyl acetates and amyl alcohols.
agreeable odor.
Constants:
B. P. 125C
Density 0. 864
Autoign Temp. 110F
Toxicity: Moderate. See Amyl Alcohol and Amyl Acetate.
PENTACHLOROETHANE
Synonym: Pentalin.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
CHC1 2 CC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
202.
M. P. -29C
B. P. 162C
Density 1. 6728 @25/4C
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation
ical reaction; ignites spontaneously in air (Section 6).

Section 2

6).

Dehalogenation by reaction with
will proalkalies, metals, etc.
duce spontaneously explosive
,
chloroacetylenes.
rate): Section 2
PENTACHLOROETHYL BENZENE
White, crystalline
Description:
solid.
Formula: C1 5C6CH 2 CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 278.4
M. P. 53.4C
B. P.
305C
Density 1 552 @ 60 /25 C

Vap. D. 9. 6
.
Toxicity:
Unknown.

Section 7
6).
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
3-PENTADECYL PHENOL
985
PENTACHLOROMETHYL ETHER
Formula:
Hydrocarbons.
oxides of nitrogen.
Liquid,
Description:
CCl 3 OCHCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
218. 32
158. 5 to 159.
5C
Density 1. 64 @20C
Acute Local: Irritant 3; IngesB. P.
tion
Inhalation
3;
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
PENTACHLORONAPHTHALENE
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 300.41
halation 3
Inhalation 3
In-
Inhalation 3
tion
3;
Acute Systemic:
it
it
emits
3;
3-PENTADECYL PHENOL
Description:

Flaked pink
emits
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 304. 5
M. P. 49 - 51 C
Density < 1
B. R. 190 - 195C @1
also Phenol.
acrid fumes; can react with oxidizing materials.
mm
PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE
C 6Cl5N0 2
probably
See
quite toxic; an insecticide.
to white
waxy solid.
Formula: Ci 5H 31 C 6H 4OH

rate): Section 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 295.4
B. P.
266.4
191C
310C (decomposes)

rate): Section 2
MCA warning label required.
MAC: ACGIH
Formula:
M. P.
White solid.
C 10H 3 C1 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
mm

rate): Section 2
Description:
with a characteristic odor.
Formula: Cl 5C 6 OH
Density 1. 978
Vap. Press. 40
@ 21 1. 2 C
6).

Formula:
Dark-colored flakes
and sublimed needle crystals
Description:
5-PENTADECYL RESORCINOL
986
5-PENTADECYL RESORCINOL
Formula: C(CH 2 0) 4 (CHC 2 H5)2
Description: Pale amber to white

crystalline solid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 216.
M. P. 19C
C 15H 31 C 6H 3 (OH) 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
93C
B. P. 220 - 225C @1
91
Density >
weak
PENTAERYTHRITOL DIACETAL
White flakes.
C(CH 2 0) 4 (CHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
can react with

to heat or flame;

Formula:
7.47
Unknown.
Toxicity:
mm

allergen.
Description:
259C
Vap. D.
320. 5
)2
188. 22
PENTAERYTHRITOL, TECHNICAL
Synonyms: Pentek; penetek.
Description:
Formula: C(CH 2 OH) 4

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136. 1
M. P. 262 C
Toxicity:
Unknown.
M. P. 42C
B. P. 216C
Toxicity: Unknown.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials (Sec-
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials
(Section
6).
Section
PENTAERYTHRITOL DIBUTYRAL
tion 6).
Section
PENTAERYTHRITOL TETRANITRATE
Synonym: PETN
Description:
Crystals.
Description:
Formula: C(CH 2 N0 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 316. 55
M. P. 138 - 140C
B. P. Explodes @205 - 215C
Density 1. 773 @20 /4C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
shocked or exposed to heat. One
of the most powerful high explosives, it is particularly sensitive to shock. It is used in detonating and priming compositions,
as a base-charge in anti-aircraft
shells and mixed with TNT (70 30) in mines, explosive bombs
and torpedoes. It is a very effective demolition explosive. It is
also used in blasting caps combined with lead azide and diazodinitrophenol. It explodes at 215C
(See Explosives, High).
White flakes.
C(CH 2 0) 4 (CHC 3 H 7 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 244.
M. P. 59 C
B. P. 290C
Toxicity: Unknown.

PENTAERYTHRITOL DIFORMAL
White flakes.
Formula: C(CH 20) 4 (CH 2 ) 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 160. 17
M. P. 50C
B. P. 80 - 83C
Toxicity:
@1
mm
Unknown.

PENTAERYTHRITOL DIPROPIONAL
Description: Slightly viscous, colorless liquid.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
)4
High
Unknown
987
n-PENTANE

shock or heat will explode it; on
decomposition, it emits highlytoxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen;
Section 2
Classification: A exploI. C. C.
sive; not accepted by express.
Initiating explosive label.

highly toxic fumes of nitrogen compounds and cyanides.
"PENTALARM"
Toxicity: Unknown.
Composition: Mixture
amyl mercaptans.
of
isomeric
Constants:
B. P. 100C
Density 0, 83 - 0. 85
Inhala-
normal
Section
PENTAMETHYLENE DIAMINE
Cadaverine.
Description: Colorless, thick

quid; characteristic odor.
li-
C 5H 14 N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
6).
Synonym: Amyl hydride.

Description:
Formula:
rate):

Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 1
B. P. 81. 1C
Flash P. -4F
Density 0. 854
Vap. D. 3.
n-PENTANE
6).
ing materials.
Synonym:
liquid.
ing materials.
rate): Section 2

Disaster Control: Dangerous, keep
can react vigorously with oxidiz-
Formula: C5H 10 O
(Section

Section
Tetrahydropyran.
Description:

can react vigorously with oxidiz-
tion 2
(Section
PENTAMETHYLENE OXIDE
Synonym:
102. 2
M. P. 9C
B. P. 178 - 180C
Density 0. 873 @25/4C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 )3CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72. 15
B. P. 36. 1C
Flash P. -56. 6F (C. C. )
Density 0. 626 @ 20 /4C
Autoign Temp. 588 F
Vap. Press. 400
@ 18. 5C
Vap. D. 2.48
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
mm
1,5-PENTANEDIOL
988

Explosive Range: 1.4% - 8. 0%.
keep away from heat, sparks or
open flame; shock can shatter
metal containers and release contents.

rate): Section 2
I. C. C.
Classification: Flammable liquid; red label.
flammable
liquid;
red label.
1,5-PENTANEDIOL
Synonyms: Pentamethylene glycol.
Description: Colorless, viscous,
odorless liquid.
Formula:
HOCH 2 CH2CH2CH 2 CH 2 OH

B. P. 242. 5 C
Flash P. 275 F
Freezing P. -15. 6C
Density 0. 994 @20 /4C
Vap. Press. < 0. 01
@20C
Vap. D. 3. 59
Glycols.
mm
PENTANEDIONE -2,4
Synonym: Acetylacetone.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 COCH 2 COCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 11
M. P. -23.2C
mm

dioxide, dry
None
(Section
6).

Section 2
rate):
PENTANICKEL DIPHOSPfflDE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Needles, tablets or
M5P2

M. P. 1185C
Phosphine.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; see also
Phosphine.
also Phosphine.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; see
Phosphine.
PENTANONE-2
Synonym: Methyl propyl ketone.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 CO(CH 2 )2CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
86. 13
102. 3C
P. 72 F (O. C.
Flash
)
Freezing P. -77. 5C
Density 0. 812 @ 15/l5C
Vap. D. 2.96
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH
B. P. 139C @746
Flash P. 105 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 976
Vap. D. 3. 45
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; can re-
Toxic Rating Code:
= Slight

Toxicology: The irritant action of
pentanone in relation to its narcotic
action is
more marked
than in
the case of the lower ketones,
Concen-
acetone and butanone.
trations of 1, 500 ppm of pentanone

are irritant to the eyes and nose
after several hours exposure.
See also Acetone and Butanone.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
2-PENTENE
989
Unknown
Toxicity:
(Section
Fire Hazard:
when exposed
can react with
Slight,
to heat or flame;
6).

exposed to flame.

materials.
Section 2
1-PENTENE
Synonym: Propyl ethylene.
Description:
"PENTASOL"
Composition:
Liquid.
mixture
of
isomeric
Constants: B. P. 108 - 140C

Density 0. 81 - 0. 82
Chronic Local: U
Section 2
PENTATHIONIC ACID
when
Mol. Wt.
1C
Constants:
70.
30.
Freezing P. -138C
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 6409 @ 20 /4C
(5)12. 8C
Vap. Press. 400
Vap. D. 2.41
mm
amyl alcohols.

fungicide.
Liquid.
Formula: CH3CH2CH2CHCH2
B. P.
Description:
Unknown
Toxicity:
Fire Hazard:
posed
Dangerous, when ex-
to heat or flame.


materials.
rate): Section 2
Section
2-PENTENE
Synonym
sym - Methylethylethylene
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 5H 10
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
70.
M. P. Cis: -179C; trans: -135C

B. P. Cis: 37C; trans: 35.85C
Flash P. 0F
Density Cis form: 0. 6503 @20/4C
trans form: 0.6482 @20/4C

Vap. D. 2.41
Toxicity: Unknown
sulfur.

Section
PENTATRIACONTENE
A white solid.
Description:
Formula:
C 17 H35CHCHC 6H 33
1

B. P. 260 - 265C@0.5
Flash P. 239 F (O. C. )
M. P. 75 C
Density 0. 8
mm
6).

3-PENTENE-2-ONE
990
rate): Section 2
Section
3-PENTENE-2-ONE
oxidizing agent.
Synonyms: Ethylidene acetone;

methyl vinyl ketone.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 CHCHCOCH 3
OIL.
See Oil of
Peppermint.
PERACETIC ACID
(40% SOLUTION)
Peroxyacetic acid;
acetyl hydroperoxide.
Synonyms:
strong odor.
Formula:
CH 3 COOOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 76.05
B. P. 105C; explodes
@110C
Density 1. 15 @20C
3;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: See Peroxides,
Organic.
Toxic Rating Code:
7).
None
Explosive Range:
@110C
material).
Disaster Control:
Dangerous;
(pure
keep
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84. 11
B. P. 122 - 124C
Density 0. 856
Vap. D. 2. 89
Toxic Hazard Rating: (based on test
animals)
Acute Local; U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
PEPPERMINT
Explosion Hazard: Moderate, wnen

chemical reaction. A powerful
= Slight

rate): Section 2
Oxidizing
PERBENZOIC ACID
Synonym:
Benzoyl hydroperoxide.
Description:
Formula:
Leaflets.
C 6 H 5COOOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 138. 1
M. P. 42 C
B. P. Explodes @ 80 - 100C
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
agent. See Peroxides, Organic.
Explosive Range: @ 80 - 100C
will cause it to explode; can
materials.
Section 2
PERCHLORATES
Composition: Combinations of a
metal and the mono-valent C10 4
radical.

Inges-
2;
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
tion
2 =
2;
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PERCHLORIC ACID (OVER
991
Toxicology: Perchlorates are unstable materials, and are irrita-

Section 2
mem-
ting to the skin and mucous

branes of the body wherever
they come in contact with it.
Avoid skin contact with these

Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction; powerful oxidizers.
To Fight Fire: Water or foam (Sec-
MCA
warning label
PERCHLORIC ACID, MONOHYDRATE

Synonym: Hydronium perchlorate.
Description:
tion 6).
material, form explosive mixThey are considered a

fire and explosive hazard when
associated with carbonaceous
materials or finely divided
metals. This is also true of the
tures.
of sulfur,
Fairly stable needles.
Formula: HC1C 4

chemical reaction. Perchlorates,
when mixed with carbonaceous
presence
72%)
powdered
magnesium and aluminum.
See
Explosives, High, and Section 7.
will explode them; when heated,
chlorides; they can react with
reducing materials.
Section 2
Oxidizing
H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118.48
M. P. 50 C
Density 1.88; liquid: 1. 776 @
50 C
Toxicity: Highly corrosive. See
Perchloric Acid and Sulfuric
Acid.
Fire Hazard: A very powerful oxidizer. See Perchlorates.
PERCHLORIC ACID (NOT OVER

72%)
Description:
Clear liquid.
Formula: HC10 4 3H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 154. 5
M. P. -18C
B. P. 200C
Density 1. 5967 @25/4C
I.
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.
PERCHLORIC ACID
rosive liquid;
MCA

unstable liquid.
Cor-
white label.
warning label.
Formula: HC10 4
PERCHLORIC ACID (OVER
Constants:
Moi. Wt. 100.47
M. P. -112C
B. P. 19C @11
Density 1. 768 @22C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: Irritant 2; Inhalation 2
Chronic Systemic: U
Synonym: Perchloric acid dihydrate.
mm
Description:
72%)
Stable liquid.
Formula: HC10 4
2H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136. 5
M. P. -17. 8C
B. P. 200C
Density 1. 7129 @25/4C
See
Section 11, 73.269
permitted.
MCA
warning label.
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
992
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
Synonyms:
Tetrachloroethylene;
ethylene tetrachloride; carbon

dichloride.
chloroform-like odor.
Formula:
CC1 2 CC1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165. 85
M. P. -23. 35C
B. P. 121.20C
Flash P. None
Density 1.6311 @15/4C
Vap. D. 5. 83
Toxicology: Not corrosive or dangerously reactive, but toxic by
inhalation, by prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or
mucous membrane, or when ingested by mouth. The liquid
can cause injuries to the eyes;
however, with proper precuations
it can be handled safely.
The
symptoms of acute intoxication
from this material are the result
of its effects
upon
the
nervous
system.
Exposures
concencause
irritation, lachrymation and burning of the eyes and irritation of
the nose and throat. There may
be vomiting, nausea, drowsiness,
an attitude of irresponsibility,
and even an appearance resembling alcoholic intoxication. This
material also acts as an anesthetic, through the inhalation of
excessive amounts within a short
time. The symptoms of fatal
intoxication are irritation of the
eyes, nose and throat, then fullness in the head; mental confussion; there may be headache,
stupefaction, nausea and vomiting.
Personnel suffering from subacute
poisoning may suffer from such
symptoms as headache, fatigue,
to higher
trations than 200
Toxic Rating Code:
ppm
None
= Slight
nausea, vomiting, mental confusion and temporary blurring of

the vision. This can occur when
inadequate ventilation results in
concentrations higher than 200
ppm, or where the vapor concentrations are intermittently high
due to faulty handling of the
material, or when an individual
fails to take adequate precautionary
measures.
This material can cause dermatitis, particularly after repeated or prolonged contact with
the skin. The dermatitis is preceded by a reddening and burning,
and more rarely, a blistering of
the skin. In any event, the skin
becomes rough and dry, due
largely to the removal of skin
oils by the material.
The skin
then cracks easily and is readily
susceptible to infection (Section 9).
Upon ingestion it causes irritation
of the gastrointestinal tract which
in turn causes nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea and bloody stools. However, such effects are usually

less severe than the effects of
swallowing similar amounts of
other chlorinated hydrocarbons.
It may be handled in the
presence or absence of air, water,
and light with any of the common
construction materials at temperatures up to 140 C. This material
is extremely stable and resists
hydrolysis.
rate): Section 2
MCA
warning label.
PERCHLOROMETHYL MERCAPTAN
Synonyms:
Thiocarbonyl tetrachloride;
trichloromethane sulfonyl chloride.
Description: Yellow oily liquid.
Formula: C1SCC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
Density
Vap. D.
2 =
185.90
Slight
1.
decomp. @149C
700
@20C
6.414
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PERILLA OIL
993

tion 3
and fluorides.
rate): Section 2
Classification: Compressed
I. C. C.
green label.
gas N. O. S.
Inges-
3;
Inhalation 3

Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
3;
Inhalation 3
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
million in air.
0.
part
PERCUSSION CAPS AND FUSES.
per

(caps
I. C. C. Classification

rate): Section 2
Poison B;
and fuzes): Explosive C.

Coast Guard Classification (caps
and fuzes): Explosive C.
PERFORMIC ACID
Synonym: Formyl hydroperoxide.
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
PF
tion
C10 3 F
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 5
M. P. -146 2C
B. P. -46. 8C
Moderately toxic. Forms

methemoglobin in the body and
destroys red cells causing anemia,

anorexia and cyanosis. Recovery
is said to be rapid, leaving no
permanent physiological damage.
Can be absorbed through the skin.
Its odor can be detected as low as
10 ppm, although this cannot be
relied upon as an indication of
toxic concentrations in air. The
chronic effects are not known.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; while nonflammable, it supports combustion. It is a powerful oxidizer.
Explosion Hazard: Moderate; contact with readily oxidized substances, such as hydrogen sulfide, charcoal, sawdust, lampblack, etc. yield explosive pro-
Inhalation
3;
Inges-
Organic.
Explosion Hazard: See Peroxides,
Organic.
Organic.
Toxicity:
ducts down to -78C in some

cases.
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: See Peroxides,
Description: Colorless, non-corrosive gas with a characteristic

sweet odor.
Formula:
62.

PERCHLORYL FLUORIDE
Synonym:
Liquid.
HCOOOH
Formula:
poison label.
Section 2

3
7
PERFUMES
Composition: Essential
oils
and
alcohol.

2;
halation 1
Chronic Local:
In-
Allergen 1
Fire Hazard: Moderate. See Alcohol.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous due to flammability of
alcohol.

PERILLA OIL
Constants:
M. P. -5C
PERIODIC ACID
994
radical.
a Mn0 4

Density 0. 93 - 0. 94
Toxicity:
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
Fire Hazard:
when exposed

To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxto heat or

ide,
PERIODIC ACID
in a cool, ventilated area, away

fire hazards and easily
White, deliquescent
Formula: HI0 4
ical reaction with reducing agents.

Silver permanganate and other
metallic permanganates may
detonate when exposed to high
temperatures or when they are
involved in fires or severely
shocked. They should be stored
from acute
Synonym: Paraperiodic acid.

Description:
crystals.
Compounds.
Moderate by chem-
2H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 228.
M. P. 110C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction; an oxidizing
agent (Section 6).
highly toxic fumes of iodides;
reacts vigorously with reducing
materials.
Section 2
oxidized materials. They may be

disposed of by dissolving in
water. Practically all permanganates are soluble in water.
or heat may explode them; they
rate): Section 2
Oxidizing
PERMANGANIC ACID
Description:
Formula:
In solution only.
HMn0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 119.9

Explosion Hazard: See Permanganates.
PERMANGANATE OF POTASH.
See Potassium Permanganate.
Oxidizing
I, C. C. Classification:
PERMANGANATE OF SODA.
See Sodium Permanganate.
Oxidizing
Disaster Control: See Permanganates,

PERMANGANYL CHLORIDE
Highly toxic. See Manganese Compounds.
Toxicity:
exposed to heat.
Section 2
PERMANGANATES
Composition:
Compounds containing
Toxic Rating Code:
= None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PEROXY DISULFURIC ACID
995
PERONINE
Synonym: Morphine benzyl ether
Many peroxides are very
hydrochloride.
Description: White prismatic,
crystalline, odorless powder;
Upon contact with reducing mate-
bitter taste.
Formula: C 17 H 17 NO(OH)OC 7 H 7
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 411.9
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
HC1
3;
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes.
Section 2
PEROXIDES, INORGANIC
Toxicity: Variable. They may cause
injury on contact with skin or
mucous membranes. See also
Hydrogen Peroxide.
Fire Hazard: Moderate to dangerous
by chemical reaction with reducing
agents and contaminants; strong
oxidizing agents; contact with
moisture may produce much heat.
See also Hydrogen Peroxide and
Sodium Peroxide (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Moderate; heat
shock or catalysts can cause
violent decomposition. Contact
with reducing agents may give
rise to explosively violent reactions.
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; shock
heat or moisture may cause explosion; reacts with reducing

agents.
PEROXIDES, ORGANIC, LIQUID,

N.O.S.
Caution:
These materials are irand
ritating to the skin, eyes
mucous membranes.
Fire Hazard:
Dangerous, by chem-
ical reaction with reducing agents

or exposure to heat. They are
powerful oxidizers.
unstable,
rials an explosive reaction can

occur.
shock or heat may explode
them; reacts with reducing
materials.
Storage and Handling: They should
be stored in a cool, ventilated,
isolated area away from organic
or other easily oxidizable materials and away from acute fire
hazards. Containers should be
kept closed and plainly labelled.
Personnel should be cautioned
regarding their use. Personnel
who must be exposed to these
materials should use protective
equipment. Recommended are
protective clothing to avoid skin
contact, chemical safety goggles
for protection of the eyes, and a
respirator to avoid the inhalation
of extensive amounts of these
materials in vapor form (Sec-
tion 7).

mable liquid, red label;
oxidizing material, yellow
label.
Coast Guard Classification: Inflammable liquid, red label;

oxidizing material, yellow
label.
PEROXY DISULFURIC ACID

Synonym: Persulfuric acid.
Description: Hygroscopic crystals.
Formula: H 2 S 2 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 194. 15
B. P. Decomposes
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction; a powerful oxidizer (Section 6).

on decomposition, it emits highly
toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur.
PEROXY SULFURIC ACID
996

Section 2
PEROXY SULFURIC ACID

Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
H 2SO s
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114.08
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
reaction; a powerful oxidizer.
(Section
6).

sulfur.

Section 2
"PETROHOL" 91%
Synonym: Isopropyl alcohol.
Constants:
Flash P. 66 F
Autoign. Temp. 895F
Toxicity: Moderate.
alcohol.
See Isopropyl

can react on contact with oxidizing materials.
Section 2
"PETROHOL" 98%
Synonym: Isopropyl alcohol.
Constants:
Flash P. 59 F
Autoign. Temp.
Toxicity: Moderate.
Alcohol.
845 F
See Isopropyl
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
dioxide, dry
(Section
6).

materials.
Section 2
PETROLEUM ETHER.
leum
See Petro-
Spirits.
Section 11.
I.C.C. Classification: Flammacombusble liquid, red label;

tible liquid.

liquid, red label.
PETROLEUM NAPHTHAS AND

SOLVENTS
Section 11.

liquid, red label.
MCA warning label
PETROLEUM SPIRITS
Synonyms: Petroleum benzine;
petroleum naphtha; light ligroin;
petroleum ether.
Description: Volatile, clear, colorless and non-fluorescent liquid.
Constants:
M. P. < -73C
B. P. 40 - 80C
Density 0. 635 to 0. 660
Autoign. Temp. 475F
Vap. D. 2. 50
Chronic Systemic: U
when exposed to heat, flame,
sparks, etc.
Underwriters Laboratory Classification: 95 - 100

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PHENETHYL ALCOHOL
997

keep away from heat or flame!
rate):

dioxide or dry chemical or carbon
Section 2
PHENARSAZINE CHLORIDE

Synonyms: Adamsite; diphenylamine chlorarsine.
PETROLEUM SULFONATE
Description: Pure: light yellow

crystals; technical: dark green
or brown crystals.
Constant:
Flash P. 400 F
Toxicity:
(O. C.
Formula: HN(C 6H 4 ) 2AsCl
Unknown

carbon dioxide, dry chemical
or carbon tetrachloride (Sec-

M. P. 182 - 195C
Density 1. 648 @20C
Vap. Press. 2 X 10~ 13
@20 C
Volatility 0. 02 mg/m 3
mm
tion 6).
Compounds.

PHENACAINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Description:
Small, white crystals.
Formula:
(C 2 H 5OC 6 H4) 2 N 2 HCCH3-
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
HC1 H 2 C>
PHENAZINE
Synonym: Dibenzopyrazine.
352. 8
Description:
Acute Local: Anesthetic

Inhalation
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
3;
chlorides.
Section 2
Solid or monoclinic
(C 6 H 4 CH) 2
mm
Slight,
PHENAZINE OXIDE
Toxicity: Details unknbwn;
insecticide.
an
PHENETHYL ALCOHOL
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 178.22
M. P. 97 C
B. P. 339C
Density 1. 179 @25C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 118. 3
Vap. D. 6.14
Toxicity: Details unknown. Possibly
a carcinogen.
Fire Hazard:
gerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes.


PHENANTHRENE
Formula:
180. 2
171 C
B. P. Above 360 C (sublimes)

larvicide.
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Description:
crystals.
M. P. 190C
when exposed

to heat or
Synonyms:
2 -Phenyl ethanol; benzyl

carbinol.
Description: Colorless liquid; floral
odor of roses.
Formula: C 6H 5 CH 2 CH2OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 14
M. P. -27C
B. P. 220C
Flash P. 216F
Density 1.0245 @15C
Vap. D. 4.21
o-PHENETIDINE
998

Alcohols.
Toxicity:

oxides; reacts vigorously with
powerful oxidizers.
Section 2
MCA
warning label
o-PHENETIDINE
PHENOBARBITAL
Synonym:
Description:
2-Aminophenetole.
Description:
Oily liquid.
line,
Formula: C 8 H n NO
White, shining, crystalodorless" powder; bitter
taste.
CO(NHCO)2C(C 2 H5)(C 6H 5 )
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 232.2
M. P. 174 - 178C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Caution: Repeated ingestion may
lead to habituation.
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
137. 2
M. P. Below -20 C
B. P. 229C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion
2;
Inhalation 2
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; when
oxides.
Section 2
warning label
MCA
fumes (Section 6).

Section 2
PHENOL
Synonyms:
Carbolic acid; phenic

acid; phenylic acid.
Description:
White, crystalline
turns pink or red
not perfectly pure; burning
taste, distinctive odor.
mass which
P-PHENETIDINE
Synonym: 4-Aminophenetole.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
Formula: C 6 H 5OH
C 8H n NO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 94. 11
M. P. 40.6C
B. P. 181. 9C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137.2
M. P. 3C
B. P.
254C
Flash P. 240 F
Density 1 0652 @
.

Density 1.072
Auotign. Temp. 1319F
Vap. D. 3. 24
/4C
Vap. D. 4. 73
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
U
Ingestion
2;
Inhalation 2
Slight,
to heat or flame.
when exposed

Toxic Rating Code:
Inhalation 3
Inhalation; Skin Absorption 2
tion
Chronic Systemic:
Fire Hazard:
if
None
= Slight
3;
Acute Systemic:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PHENOLS, HIGH- BOILING
999

Toxicology: In acute phenol poisoning, the main effect is on the central nervous system. Absorption
from
products
spilling phenolic solutions
in
(Section
6).

heated it emits toxic fumes; can
rate): Section 2
Poison B;
poison label.
Poison B; poison label (liquid
and solid).
MCA warning label.
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
of
Synonym:
vision, ringing in the ears, ir-
regular and rapid breathing,

weak pulse, and dyspnea may all
develop, and may be followed by
loss of consciousness, collapse
and death. When taken internally,
there is also nausea, with or
without vomiting, severe abdominal pain, and corrosion of the
3,
3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-
phthalide.
Small crystals.
Formula: C 20 H 14 O4
Description:
mouth, throat, esophagus

and stomach. There may be
lips,
perforation. On the skin, the

affected area is white, wrinkled
and softened, and there is usually
no immediate complaint of pain;

later, intense burning is felt,
followed by local anesthesia and
still later, by gangrene.
Chronic poisoning, following
prolonged exposures to low concentrations of the vapor or mist,
results in digestive disturbances
(vomiting, difficulty in swallowing,
excessive salivation, diarrhea,
loss of appetite), nervous disorders (headache, fainting, dizziness, mental disturbances) and
skin eruptions. Chronic poisoning may terminate fatally in cases
where there has been extensive
damage to the kidneys or liver.
Dermatitis resulting from contact
with phenol or phenol- containing
common

on the skin may be very rapid,

and death results from collapse
within 30 minutes to several
hours. Death has resulted from
absorption of phenol through a
skin area of 64 square inches.
Where death is delayed, damage
to the kidneys, liver, pancreas,
spleen, and edema of the lungs
may result. Absorbed phenol is
partly excreted by the kidneys,
partly oxidized. Part of the
excreted portion is combined with
sulfuric and glycuronic acids, the
remainder is excreted unchanged.
The symptoms develop rapidly,
frequently within 1 5 to 20 minutes following spilling of phenol on
the skin. Headache, dizziness,
muscular weakness, dimness
is fairly
industry.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 318. 3
M. P. 260C
Density 1.277
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
heated, it emits acrid fumes.
PHENOLS, HIGH-BOILING
Description:
Composition:
Liquid.
Allkyl substituted
phenols.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150 (ave. )
B. P. 238 - 288C
Freezing P. < -40 C
Flash P. 250 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 033 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. Approx. 5. 2
Fire Hazard:
to heat or
Slight,
flame;
when exposed
can react with
PHENOL SULFONATE
1000

ide,

PHENOL SULFONATE
Inges-
2;
tion 2

halation 2
Chronic Local:
Irritant
Chronic Systemic:
2;
In-
Ingestion
2;
Inhalation 2

sulfur.

Section 2

MCA warning label
PHENOTHIOXIN
Synonym: Dibenzothioxin.
Description: A powder.
Formula: C 12H 8 OS
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 200.2
louse
powder.
highly toxic fumes of sulfur
pounds.
com7
PHENYL ACETIC ACID

Synonyms: or-Toluic acid.
PHENOLSULFONIC ACID
Description: White crystals;

floral honey-like odor.
Synonym: Sulfocarbolic acid.
Formula: C 6 H 5CH 2 COOH
Description: Yellowish liquid; a

.mixture of o- and p- phenolsul-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136. 14
M. P. 76. 7C
B. P. 265. 5C
Density 1 228 @20 /4C
fungicide; probably highly toxic.
See also Toluene.
fonic acid.
Formula:
C 6H 5S0 3 H
Constants:
174.17
Mol. Wt.
sweet,
M. P.
50 C Density 1. 155
Toxicity: Details unknown; less
irritating and less toxic than
phenol. See Phenol and Sulfuric
Acid.
of sulfur compounds; will react
PHENYLACETONITRILE
Synonym: Benzyl cyanide.
heat.
Section
Description:
odor.
Oily liquid;
aromatic
PHENOTHIAZINE
Formula: C 6 H 5 CH 2 CN
Synonym: Thiodiphenylamine.
Description: Grayish-green powder.
Formula: C 12 H 9 NS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118.2
M. P. -23. 8C
B. P. 233. 5C
Density 1. 0214 @ 1 5/l5C

M. P. 175 - 179C

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
None
nides.

Cyanides.
rate): Section 2
tion 2
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PHENYL CARBYLAMINE CHLORIDE
1001
PHENYL ARSONIC ACID

Description:
PHENYLBIGUANIDE
Crystalline powder.
Synonym: Phenylbiguanide.
Formula: C 6 H5AsO(OH) 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 202
Compounds.
compounds.

Arsenic Compounds.
See
PHENYLBIGUANIDE HYDROCHLO-
RIDE.
PHENYL AZOIMIDE
See Phenylbiguanide.
PHENYLBIGUANIDE MERCAPTO
BENZOTHIAZOLE SALT. See
Synonyms: Diazobenzeneimide;
triazobenzene.
Description: Yellow
Section
Phenylbiguanide.
oil.
Formula: C 6H 5N 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 119. 1
B. P. 59 C (explodes)
Density 1. 078 @22. 5C
also Benzene.
flame or by chemical reaction.
shock or heat will explode it; can
react with oxidizing materials;
fumes it can emit toxic fumes.
Section 2
l-PHENYLBUTENE-2
A liquid.
Formula: C 10 H 12
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 132.2
B. P. 175C
Density 0. 888 @ 15. 5 /l5. 5C
Toxicity: Unknown

presence of heat or flame; can

Section 2
PHENYL "CARBITOL"
Synonym: Diethylene glycol mono-
PHENYL BENZOATE
Description:
Colorless crystals,
Formula: C 6 H 5OC2H 4OC2H 4OH
geranium odor.
Formula: C 6 H 5COOC 6 H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
70 C
B. P.
314C
Density 1. 235
Toxicity: See Phenol and Benzoic
Acid.
1
-PHENYLBENZOTHIAZOLE

larvicide.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 182. 21
B. P. 207 C @55
Freezing P. -50 C
Density 1. 1158 @20/20C
Vap. D. 6.28
Glycols.
mm
198. 2
M. P.
phenyl ether.
PHENYL CARBYLAMINE
CHLORIDE
Synonym: Phenyliminophosgene.
PHENYL "CELLOSOLVE M
Description:
1002
Pale yellow, oily liquid.
Formula: C 6 H 5 NCC1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174. 03
B. P. 208 to 210C
Density 1. 30 @15C
Vap. D. 6.03
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
A tear gas.
rate): Section 2
Poison A;
poison gas label.

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 204. 7
M. P. 6C
Density 1.24 @25/4C
Toxicity: Details unknown; a germicide and fungicide. See also
Chlorophenol.
PHENYLCHLOROPHENYL
TRICHLOROETHANE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C 6H 5C1C 6H 4C1 3 C 2H

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 320. 1
Toxicity: Details unknown; an insecticide. See also DDT which is
a related compound.
PHENYLCYCLOHEXANE
Synonym: Cyclohexylbenzene.
Description:
PHENYL "CELLOSOLVE"
Formula:
Synonym: Ethylene glycol mono-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 160.25
M. P. 7. 5C
phenyl ether.
Formula: C 6 H 50(CH 2 ) 2OH

Mol. Wt. 138.2
M. P. 14C
B. P. 242 C
Flash P. 250 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 109
Glycols.
to heat or flame.
B. P. 240. 0C
Density 0.938 0. 02 @25/l5. 6C
Constants:
Moderately dangerous; when heated, it emits

acrid fumes.
-PHENYL -6-CHLOROPHENOL
Synonym: 6-Chlor-orthoxenol.
Description:
Pale yellow, viscous
liquid.
Formula:
C12H9CIO
Toxic Rating Code:

Cyclohexane.
2
-PHENYL CYCLOHEXANOL
Colorless to pale,
Description:
(Section 6).
Disaster Control:
C^Hjg
None
= Slight
Formula: C 6H 10 C 6H 5OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 176.2
B. P. 276 - 281 C
Flash P. 280 C
Density 1. 033 @25/25C
Vap. D. 6. 13
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
o- PHENYLENE DIAMINE
1003
can react with

Fight Fire: Foam, carbon diox-
to heat or flame;
To
ide,
Toxicity:

container, releasing contents;
emits highly toxic fumes of arsenic:
rate): Section 2
Poison B;
poison label.

PHENYL CYCLOHEXYL
HYDROPEROXIDE
Description:
Formula:
Available as solution.
C 12 H 60 2
1
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 192

Flash P. > 212 F
Peroxides, Organic.
to heat or flame or by spontaneous chemical reaction.
PHENYL DIETHANOL AMINE

heated, it burns and emits acrid
or reducing materials.
Description:
Constants:
M. P.

oxides of sulfur and nitrogen;
PHENYL DICHLOROARSINE,
LIQUID
Colorless gas or liquid;
changes to yellow.
Formula: C^HsAsC^
Synonym: m-Diaminobenzene.
Formula: C 6H 4 (NH 2 ) 2
it
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 222. 92
B. P. 255 - 257 C
Freezing P. -15. 6C
Density 1.654 @20C
Vap. D. 7.
(O. C.
m PHENYLENEDIAMINE
Dangerous; shock
on decomposition
Description:
181.23
57.
Density 1. 1203
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 242. 3
Toxicity: Unknown
shocked or exposed to heat;
when dry it can explode at room
it;
Mol. Wt.
8C
B. P. 192C
Flash P. 375F

Formula: (C 6H 5 N 2 2 S
will explode
Liquid.
Formula: C 6H 5N(CH 2 CH2 OH) 2
PHENYL DIAZO SULFIDE
temperature.
Disaster Control:
See Arsenic
Highly toxic.
Compounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 1
M. P. 63 C
B. P. 286 C
Density 1. 139
Toxicity: Somewhat less than p-
Phenylene Diamine.
fumes (Section
6).

MCA warning label
o-
Section
PHENYLENEDIAMINE
Synonym: o-Diaminobenzene.
Description: Brownish crystals.
p-PHENYLENE DIAMINE
1004
Formula: C 6H4 (NH 2 ) 2
a physician should be called at

once. If the material has come
in contact with the eyes, mucous
membranes, or the skin, the
contaminated area or the involved
skin areas should be washed
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
108. 1
P. 104C
B. P. 257C
Toxicity: Somewhat less than
M.
p-Phenylene Diamine.
fumes (Section
to
to heat or flame.
6).
Section
P-PHENYLENE DIAMINE
Synonym: Diaminobenzene; ursol.
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: C 6 H 4 (NH 2 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 1
M. P. 139. 7C
B. P. 267C
Flash P. 312F
Vap. D. 3. 72
2;
Aller-
gen 1
Description:
2;
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: Of the three phenylene
diamines, the para form has
proved to be an especially powerThis material
ful skin irritant.
is also responsible for asthmatic
symptoms and other respiratory
workers in the fur
dye industry where it is commonly

used. The p- form will cause
kerato- conjunctivitis, swollen
conjunctiva, and eczema of the
eyelids. Systemic poisoning from
this material is uncommon. At
least one fatal case of liver involvement due to the para form
has been reported in the literature, m- and o- Phenylene
diamine are somewhat less toxic
than the p- isomer. For this
reason and possibly because they
are much less used in industry,
they are not considered to be
industrial hazards. All forms
are flammable liquids and moderate fire hazards.
Treatment and Antidotes: If removal from exposure is prompt,
the symptoms will be relieved.
If the exposure has been severe,
Toxic Rating Code:
6).
PHENYLETHANOLAMINE
Allergen 2
of
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated, it burns

nitrogen compounds; can react
Section 2
MCA warning label
2;
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
symptoms
promptly with plenty of lukewarm

water and soap.
None
= Slight
Liquid.
Formula: C 6 H5NHCH 2 CH 2 OH
2
B. P. 285. C
Flash P. 305 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 097 @20,/20C
@20C
Vap. Press. < 0.01
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
To Fight Fire': Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon
Section 2
mm
PHENYL ETHYL ACETATE

Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CeHsCÔOCCHg
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 164.2
B. P. 223.6
Freezing P. <-20C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PHENYL ETHYLENE
1005
Flash P. 230 F
Density 1. 032 @25/25 C
Toxicity:

Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
Unknown
tion 2;

to heat or flame.
6).

|3
Toxicology:
PHENYLETHYLAMINE

yellow liquid.
C 6 H 5 (CH 2 ) 2 NH2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 121.2
B. P. 200C
Density 0. 96 @ 15. 5 /l5. 5C
Vap. D. 4. 18
Amines.
when exposed
can react with
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;
PHENYLETHYL BENZOATE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C 2 H 5 C 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 COOH
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 226.3
Toxicity: An insecticide.
Benzoic Acid.
See

emits acrid fumes; can react
PHENYL ETHYLENE
Synonym: Vinylbenzene.
Formula: C 6 H 5CHCH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
104. 14
M. P.
-31 C
B. P.
146 C
Flash P.
88F
Density 0. 9074
Autoign. Temp.
Vap. D. 3. 6
@ 20 /4C
914F
It
can cause irritation,
violent itching of the eyes,
lachrymation, and severe human

eye injuries. Its toxic effects
are usually transient and result
in irritation and possible narcosis. It is not considered a very
toxic material, because under
ordinary conditions it does not
vaporize sufficiently to reach a
concentration that can kill animals,
such as rats and guinea pigs, in a
few minutes. Experimentally it
has been found that 10, 000 ppm
was dangerous to animal life in
from 30 to 60 minutes, 2, 500 ppm
was dangerous to life in 8 hours,
while 1, 300 ppm was the highest
amount which was found to cause
no serious systemic disturbances
in 8 hours. However, all animals
exposed to these amounts did
evidence eye and nasal irritation,
while those exposed to 2, 500 ppm
or more showed varying degrees
of weakness and stupor, followed
by incoordination, tremors and
unconsciousness. To produce this
unconsciousness required 10 hours
at a concentration of 2, 500 ppm.
From a study to determine the
chronic effects of this material,
it was discovered that rats exposed to 1, 300 ppm for from 7 to 8
hours per day 5 days a week for
26 weeks showed evidence and
definite signs of eye and nasal
irritation and appeared unkempt,
though they made a normal gain
in weight and presented no significant microscopic tissue changes
or changes in the blood picture.
12 rabbits exposed to 1, 300 ppm
for the same period of time with
one unexplained exception showed
similar results.
who show symptoms
of irritation
or beginning narcosis due to exposure to this material should be
PHENYL ETHYL ETHANOLAMINE

removed from exposure and the
symptoms will disappear. If the
symptoms persist, consult a
1006

physician.
Inhalation 2
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to flame.

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 1.1 - 6. 1%.
decomposition it emits acrid
Section 2
PHENYL ETHYL ETHANOLAMINE

Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C 6H 5N(C 2 H5)C2H4OH

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165.23
M. P. 37.2C
B. P. 268C @740mm
Flash P. 270 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 04 @20 /20 C
MAC: ACGIH
parts
Toxicology: The ingestion or subcutaneous injection of phenyl

hydrazine has been shown to
cause hemolysis of the red
blood cells, an effect which has
been utilized in the treatment of
polycythemia. The erythrocytes
frequently contain Heinz bodies.
Part of the hemoglobin is converted to methemoglobin.
Pathological changes seen in
animals include congestion of the
spleen with hyperplasia of the
reticuloendothelial system, degeneration and necrosis of the
liver cells with extensive pigmentation, early damage to the
tubules of the kidneys with fatty
changes in the cortical portion,

and hyperplasia of the bone
marrow. The most common
effect of occupational exposure
is the development of dermatitis
which, in sensitized persons,
may be quite severe. Systemic
effects include anemia and general
weakness, gastro-intestinal disturbances and injury to the kid-
Amines.
neys.

PHENYLHYDRAZINE
Description: Yellow, monoclinic
crystals or oil.
Formula: C 6 H 5 NHNH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 14
M. P. 19.6C
Density 1. 0978 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 7
gen 1
Acute Systemic:
halation
(tentative);
per million in air.
Ingestion
3;
In-

compounds; can react with oxidizing materials.
Section 2
PHENYLHYDRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Description:
Leaflets.
Formula: C 6H 5 NHNH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
HC1
144.6
M. P. 245C
Toxicity: See Phenylhydrazine.
toxic fumes of nitrogen compounds
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PHENYLMETHYL CARBINOL
1007
and chlorides.
Section 2
to
Description:
Liquid.
C 6 H 5 NCO
Synonym:
Thiophenol.
Description: Liquid; repulsive odor.
Formula: C 6 HsSH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110.2
B. P. 168. 3C
Density 1. 0728 @25 /4C
Toxicity: Details unknown; mosquito
larvicide. See also Mercaptans.
nates.


Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition or on contact with acids,
it emits toxic fumes of sulfur
compounds.
PHENYL MAGNESIUM BROMIDE

Formula: C$H 5 MgBr
To
See also
PHENYL MERCAPTOACETIC
Dangerous, by chem-
Fire Hazard:
ACID
ical reaction.
(Section 6).
White powder.
Formula: C 6H5SCH 2 COOH
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

chemical reaction.
168.2
M. P. 63C
fungicide and bactericide;
probably highly toxic. See also

flammable vapors; can react
Mercaptans.
contact with acids, it emits
on decomposition it emits
of bromides.
rials;
toxic
emits toxic
PHENYL MERCAPTAN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 119. 1
M. P. -30 C approx.
B. P. 166 C
Density 1.1 @20C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Isocya-
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 181. 3
Bromides and Phenol.
it
6).

Section 2
PHENYL ISOCYANATE
Formula:
decomposition
fumes (Section
fumes
sulfur.
N-PHENYLMALEAMIC ACID
Synonym: Maleanilic acid.
PHENYL MERCURIC COMPOUNDS
Description:
All are highly toxic. For details

see Mercury Compounds, Organic.
Yellow, crystalline
solid.
Formula: C 10H 9 O 3 N
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
PHENYLMETHYL CARBINOL
Synonyms: Methylphenylcarbinol;
191. 18
M. P.
190C
Density 1.418 @30C
1-phenylethanol, styralyl alcohol.

Toxic Hazard Rating (animal studies):

2;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Formula:
C 6H 5 CH(CH 3 )OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 16
B. P. 204C
Freezing P. 21.4C
Density 1. 015 @20 %20C
PHENYL METHYL ETHANOL AMINE

Vap. D. 4.21
Toxicity: Slight. See Alcohols.
1008

4-
PHENYLMORPHOLINE
Synonym: N-Phenylmorpholine.
Crystal.
Description:
Formula: C 6H5NC 2 H4OCH 2 C H 2

J
Con stant s
!
'
'
Mol. Wt.
6).

M. P.
163.2
57 C
PHENYL METHYL ETHANOLAMINE
B. P. 270C
Density 1. 0599 @57%20C
Vap. Press. < 0. 1
@20C
Description:
Vap. D.
Formula:
Liquid.
C 6H 5N(CH 3 )C 2 H 4OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

secticide.
151.2
192C @100
M. P. -30 C
Flash P. 280 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 0661 @20 /20C
@20C
Vap. Press < 0. 01
mm
B. P.
mm
Vap. D. 5.21
heating to decomposition it emits
compounds.
Section
PHENYL METHYL KETONE

Synonyms: Acetophenone; methyl
phenyl ketone; hypnone; acetyl benzene.
plates.
Formula:
CH 3 COC 6H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 14
M. P. 19. 7C
B. P. 202. 3C
Flash P. 221 F
Density 1. 026 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 4. 14
Toxicity: Slight. See Ketones.
Toxic Rating Code:
6).
None
mm
5.63
= Slight
an in-

6).

fumes of nitrogen compounds.
PHENYL MUSTARD OIL

Synonyms:
Thiocarbanil; phenylisothiocyanate; phenylthiocarbon-
imide.
Description: Pale yellow liquid.
Formula: CfcHsNCS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 135. 18
M. P. -21 C
B. P. 221 C
Density 1. 1382
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
it emits highly toxic fumes of cyanides and oxides of sulfur.
Section

3
7
PHENYL /3-NAPHTHYLAMINE
Synonyms: N- Phenyl- 2- naphthylamine.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PHENYLTfflOUREA
1009
Description:
Formula: C 10H 7 NHC 6H 5

M. P. 108C
B. P. 399. 5C
Density 1.20
See Naphthylamine.
Toxicity:
o-PHENYLPHENOL
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110. 1
B. P. 160C
Density 1. 001 @15C
Vap. D. 3. 79
highly toxic. See also Phosphine.
highly toxic fumes of phosphorus
Section 2
Synonyms: Orthoxenol.
Description: White, flaky crystals,

mild odor.
PHENYL SALICYLATE
Formula: C 6 H 5C 6 H4OH
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 170. 2
B. P. 286C
Freezing P. 57. 2 C
Flash P. 255 F
Density 1. 217 @25/25C
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local: U
aromatic odor.
Formula: C 13 H 10 O 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 214. 2
M. P. 42 C
B. P. 173C @12
Density 1. 25
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
P-PHENYLPHENOL
Formula: Si(OC 6 H 5 ) 4
Synonym:
Salol.
mm
PHENYL SILICATE
Description:
Description:
Formula:
Flaky material.
C 12 H 9 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 170.2
M. P. 164. 5C
B. P. 308C
Flash P. 330 F
Toxicity: See o-Phenylphenol.
PHENYL PHOSPfflNE
Synonym: Phosphaniline.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
C 6 HsPH 2
Small, white crystals;
Solid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 401. 5
M. P. 48C
Phenol.
it emits toxic fumes (Section
6).
PHENYLTfflOUREA
Synonym: Phenylthiocarbamide.
Description:
Needle-like crystals;
bitter taste.
Formula: C 6H 5 NHCSNH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 152.2
M. P. 154C
Density 1. 3
PHENYLTRICHLOROSILANE
1010

rodenticide. The thioureas in
general are moderately toxic.

PHENYLTRICHLOROSILANE
Description:
Liquid.
C^H^SiC^
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 211. 6
B. P. 201 C
Flash P. 195F
Density 1. 321 @25C
tion
3;
Inhalation
Inges-


materials.
rate): Section 2
liquid;
Cor-
white label.
PHENYLURETHANE
Synonym: Phenyl ethyl carbamate.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
165.2
M. P.
53 C
B. P.
238C
Density
(Slight
decomp.
106
Toxicity: Details unknown; a citrus
fruit fungicide.
of nitrogen compounds.
1.
Toxic Rating Code:
2H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 472.44
Density 1.4298 @19C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
2,6- Dime thy 1 - 2 - 5 heptadien-4-one.

Description: Solid or liquid.
Synonym
Formula:
(CH 3
)2
CCHCOCHC(CH 3
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 138.20
M. P. 28C
B. P. 197. 2C
Density 0. 879
Vap. D. 0. 879
Toxicity:
Unknown


ide,
None
Synonyms:
Carbon oxychloride;
carbonyl chloride; CG.

Description: Colorless, gas or
colorless, volatile liquid; odor
of new mown hay or green corn.
Formula: COCl 2
Crystals.
C 6 H 5NHCOOC 2 H 5
Formula:
Silky needles.
C 21 H 24O 10
PHOSGENE
Description:
Formula:
Corrosive
white label.
rosive liquid;
Description:
PHORONE
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
I.
PHLORIDZIN
Synonym: Phlorizin.
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 98.92
M. P. -104C
B. P. 8. 3C
Density 1. 37 @20C
@20C
Vap. Press. 1180
Vap. D. 3. 4
mm
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PHOSPHIDES
1011
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH

Section 2
Poison A;
poison gas label.
Coast Guard Classification: Poi-
(accepted);
part

Toxicology: In the presence of
moisture, phosgene decomposes
to form hydrochloric acid and
carbon monoxide. This action
takes place within the body, when
the gas reaches the bronchioles
and the alveoli of the lungs.
There is little irritant effect upon
the respiratory tract, and the
warning properties of the gas are
therefore very slight. The liberation of hydrochloric acid in the
lung tissues results in the devel-
son A; poison gas label.
PHOSPHAM
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
short exposure.
There may be no immediate
warning that dangerous concentrations of the gas are being

breathed. After a latent period
of 2 to 24 hours the patient complains of burning in the throat and
chest, shortness of breath and
increasing dyspnea. There may
be moist rales in the chest.
Where the exposure has been
severe, the development of pulso rapid
that the patient dies within 36

hours after exposure. In cases
where the exposure has been less,
pneumonia may develop several

days after the occurrence of the
accident. In patients who recover, no permanent residual
disability is thought to occur.
force; when heated to decomposition or on contact with water
or steam, it will react to produce
PN 2 H
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 60. 00
Toxicity: Unknown
opment of pulmonary edema,

which may be followed by bronchopneumonia, and occasionally lung
abscess. Degenerative changes
in the nerves have been reported
as later sequelae. Concentrations of 3 to 5 ppm of phosgene
in air cause irritation of the eyes
and throat, with coughing; 25
ppm is dangerous for exposures
lasting 30 to 60 minutes, and 50
ppm is rapidly fatal after even
monary edema may be
White, amorphous
toxic
fumes
of
phosphorus and
nitrogen compounds.
PHOSPHENYL CHLORIDE
Synonym: Dichlorophenyl phosphine
Description:
Formula:
Fuming
liquid.
C^gPC^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 179.0
B. P. 225C
Density 1.319
Vap. D. 6. 17
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
phosphorus and chlorides; will
react with water or steam to produce heat, toxic and corrosive
fume s
rate): Section 2
PHOSPHIDES
Composition: Combination of a
cation + elemental phosphorus.
Toxicity: Phosphides are particularly
dangerous because they tend to
decompose to phosphine upon
PHOSPfflNE
1012
See also Phosphine.

Fire Hazard: Dangerous by chemical reaction; they react with
water and acids to liberate
phosphine.
Phosphine.
heated, these may emit highly
toxic fumes of oxides of phosphorus; they react with water or
steam to produce toxic and flammable vapors; on contact with
oxidizing materials, they can
react vigorously and on contact
with acid or acid fumes, they can
emit toxic fumes.
Section 2
Section
out after-effects.
Chronic poisoning, characterized by anemia, bronchitis,
gastro-intestinal disturbances and
visual, speech and motor disturbances, are said to result from
continued exposure to very low

concentrations.
chemical or water spray (SecExplosion Hazard: Moderate, when

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: Not known
can shatter it compressed gas
PHOSPfflNE
Synonyms: Hydrogen phosphide;
phosphoretted hydrogen.
Colorless gas.
Description:
PH 3

of phosphorus; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
rate): Section 2
when heated
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 34.04
M. P. -132. 5C
B. P. -87. 5C
Density 1. 529 g/l @
C
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Phosphine is a very
toxic gas, but its action on the
body has not been fully worked
out. It appears to cause, chiefly,
a depression of the central
.
nervous system and irritation

the lungs; autopsy findings in
human cases may be entirely
of
negative, or there may be pulmonary edema, dilation of the
heart and hyperemia of the

visceral organs.
Inhalation of phosphine causes
restlessness, followed by
tremors, fatigue, slight drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and
frequently, severe gastric pain
and diarrhea. There is often
headache, thirst, dizziness,
Toxic Rating Code:
develop cough and sputum. Coma

or convulsions may precede
death. Mild cases recover with-
tion 6).
rate):
Formula:
oppression in the chest and burning substernal pain; later the

patient may become dyspneic and
None
= Slight
PHOSPHONIUM BROMIDE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Cubic, colorless
PH 4 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114.93
B. P. 38. 8C @794 mm; sublimes approx. 30 C
Density 2. 464 g/l
@28. 0C
Vap. Press. 400
mm
toxic
fumes
of
bromides.
PHOSPHONIUM CHLORIDE
Description:
crystals.
Cubic, colorless
PH 4 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 70.47
M. P. 28 C @46 atm
Formula:
B. P.
2 =
Sublimes
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
1013
PHOSPHORUS (AMORPHOUS, RED)
Toxicitiy: See Chlorides.

PHOSPHORIC ACID, ORTHO

Description:

Section 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 98. 04
M. P. 42. 35C
PHOSPHONIUM IODIDE
Description: Tetragonal, colorless,
Formula:
M. P.
-y2 H 2
mm
161. 93
Sublimes
@213C
Freezing P. 42.4C
Density 1. 864 @25C
Vap. Press. 0. 0285
PH 4I
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Colorless liquid or
rhombic crystals.
Formula: H 3 P0 4
@ 61.

8 C
B. P.
80 C
Density 2. 86
tion 2;
Inges-
2;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Vap. Press. 40mm@l6. 1 C

Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Phosphine and Iodides.
fumes of phosphine, iodides, etc.
It explodes on contact with strong
oxidizers.
rate): Section 2
@20C
In-
2;
halation 2
PHOSPHONIUM SULFATE
Chronic Systemic: U
toxic fumes of oxides of phosphorus.
Section 2
MCA warning label
PHOSPHORIC ANHYDRIDE.
Formula: (PH 4 ) 2 S0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 166.09
Toxicity: See Phosphorus Compounds, Inorganic.
highly toxic fumes of sulfur com-
PHOSPHORAMIDE
Synonym: Phosphoryl amide.
Description: Amorphous, white
crystals.
Formula: PO(NH2 ) 3
Section 11.

MCA warning label.
I.
pounds and phosphorus compounds,

rate): Section 2
See
Phosphorus Pentoxide.
PHOSPHOROUS ACID, META

Description:
Formula:
Feather-like crystals.
HPO z
Constant:
Mol.Wt. 63.99
Inorganic.
heated
to
decomposition,
it
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 95. 05
M. P. Decomposes
phosphorus.
Unknown. See Phosphorus Compounds, Inorganic.

nitrogen and phosphorus.
PHOSPHORUS (AMORPHOUS,
Toxicity:
emits
Section
RED)
Synonym: Red phosphorus.
Description: Reddish-brown powder.
Formula: P 4
B. P. 280 C (with ignition)
PHOSPHORUS CHLORIDE NITRIDE
1014
M. P. 590 C @ 43 atmospheres
Density 2. 20
Autoign. Temp. 500Finair
Vap. D. 4. 77
3;
stomach as well as liver
and kidney damage.
White needles.
Formula: P(CN) 3
Description:
2;
Mol. Wt. 110

Sublimes @130C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See CyaConstants:
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion
2;
Inhalation 2
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or by chemical

chemical reaction or on contact
with organic materials.
fumes of oxides of phosphorus;
can react with reducing materials
rate):
in the
PHOSPHORUS CYANIDE
Inhalation 3

Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
calcium metabolism. Metaphosphates may be highly toxic,

causing irritation and hemorrhage!
Section 2

3
7
Section 11.

I.
PHOSPHORUS CHLORIDE NITRIDE

Prisms.
Formula: P 6 N 7 C1 9
M. P.
nides.

rate: Section 2
PHOSPHORUS DIBROMIDE
TRICHLORIDE
Orange crystals.
Formula: PBr 2 Cl 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 297. 18
Toxicity: See Hydrobromic Acid
oxides of phosphorus, bromides
and chlorides.
rate): Section 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 603.05
M. P. 237. 5C
B. P. 251 - 261 C @13
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Hydrochloric Acid.
mm
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS,
PHOSPHORUS DIBROMIDE
TRIFLUORIDE
Description:
Formula: PBr 2 F 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 247.81
M. P. -20C
B. P. Decomposes @ 15C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluorides and Hydrobromic Acid.
and Bromides.
rate): Section 2
INORGANIC
PHOSPHORUS DICHLORIDE
Variable. Most inorganic

phosphates, except phosphine,
have low toxicity but in large
doses they may cause serious
disturbances, particularly in
Description:
Toxicity:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Colorless crystals.
Formula: PC1 2
Constants: B. P. 180C
Mol. Wt. 101. 89
M. P. -28C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PHOSPHORUS HEPTASULFIDE
1015
Probably toxic. See

Hydrochloric Acid.
Toxicity:

fumes;
rate): Section 2
chemical reaction.
chemical reaction.
selenium and oxides of phosphorus.
rate):
Section
Section 2
PHOSPHORUS HEPTABROMIDE
PHOSPHORUS DICHLORIDE
TRIFLUORIDE
DICHLORIDE
Prisms.
Formula: PBr 7 Cl 2
Description:
Formula: PC1 2 F 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158. 89
B. P. -8C; decomp.
@ 200C
Probably toxic. See
Fluorides and Hydrochloric Acid.
oxides of phosphorus and chloToxicity:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 661. 31
Hydrochloric Acid.
it
emits

and chlorides; will react with


rate): Section 2
rate): Section 2
PHOSPHORUS HEPTASULFIDE
rides;
will react with water,
Section
Description: Solid, light yellow

crystals; light gray powder or
fused solid.
Formula: P4S7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 348. 34
M. P. 310C
B. P. 523C
Density 2. 19 @ 17C
Toxicity: See Sulfides and Phos-
PHOSPHORUS DnODIDE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: P 2 I 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 569. 64
M. P. 124. 5C
B. P. Decomposes
Iodides.
when
phosphorus and iodides; will
react with water, steam, or acids
fumes.
heated
to
Section 2
rate):
Section
PHOSPHORUS HEMITRISELENIDE
Dark red mass.
Formula: P 2 Se 3
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 298. 8
Toxicity:
Fire Hazard:
Moderate, by
phorus Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous.
To
See
Sulfides.
Explosion Hazard:
Moderate.
See
Sulfide s

sulfur; will react with water,

rate): Section 2
PHOSPHORUS MONOBROMIDE TETRACHLORIDE
PHOSPHORUS MONOBROMIDE
TETRACHLORIDE

rate): Section 2
Yellow crystals.
Formula: PBrCl 4
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 2 52. 72
Toxicity: Probably toxic. See Hydrochloric Acid and Bromides.
and bromides; will react with
water, steam or acids to pro-
duce toxic and corrosive fumes.

Section 2
rate):
Section
PHOSPHORUS NITRIDE
Description:
crystals
Amorphous, white
Formula: P 3 N 5
Constants
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
162. 98
Decomposes g800 c C
Density
2.
51
Probably toxic. See

Phosphorus Compounds, Inorganic.
See Ammonia.
chemical reaction.

nitrogen and phosphorus; will react with water or steam to produce
rate): Section 2
PHOSPHORUS OXYBROMIDE
Colorless plates.
Formula: POBr 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
286. 73
56 C
M. P.
B.
P.
193C
Density
Toxicity:
2.
882
Probably
Hydrobromic
toxic.
See
^,cid.

and oxides of phosphorus; will
fumes.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
PHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE
Synonym: Phosphoryl chloride.
yellow fuming liquid.
Formula: POCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
153. 39
2C
B. P. 105. 1C
Density 1.685 @15.5C
Vap. Press. 40
g 27. 3 C
Vap. D. 5. 3
react with water or steam to produce heat and toxic and corrosive
mm
fume s
8 C
Toxicity:
Description:
1016
= Slight

rate): Section 2
Corrosive
MCA
warning
label.
PHOSPHORUS OXYFLUORIDE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless gas.
POF 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 103. 98
M. P. -68C
B. P. -39. 8C
Density 4. 69 g/l
rate): Section 2
PHOSPHORUS OXYNITRIDE
Description:
2 =
Moderate
Amorphous,
3 =
High
Unknown
PHOSPHORUS PENTAFLUORIDE
1017
white crystals.
Formula:
PON
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60.99
M. P. Red heat
Toxicity: See Nitrides.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction (See Ammonia).

chemical reaction.
toxic fumes of oxides of phosphorus and nitrogen; on contact
emit toxic fumes.
Section 2
Section
PHOSPHORUS OXYSULFIDE
B. P.
Toxicity:
102C
295C
PHOSPHORUS PENTACHLORIDE
Formula: PC1 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 208. 31
M. P. 166. 8C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 55. 5 C
Toxicity: Highly caustic. See
Hydrochloric Acid.
mm

milli-
of air.
Moderate, by chemReacts violently

with moisture.
ical reaction.
6).

See
Sulfides.
Moderate.
See
Sulfides.

oxides of sulfur and phosphorus.
rate): Section 2
PHOSPHORUS PENTABROMIDE
Description:
crystals.
Section
Description: Yellowish -white, fuming, crystalline mass.
(Section
See Sulfides.
Explosion Hazard:
rate): Section 2
Fire Hazard:
Description: Tetragonal, deliquescent crystals.

Formula: P40 6S 4
M. P.

Rhombic, yellow

rate): Section 2

MCA warning label
PHOSPHORUS PENTAFLUORIDE
Description:
Colorless gas.
PF 5
Formula: PBr 5
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 430. 56
M. P. Decomposes above 100 C

M. P. -93. 7C
B. P. -84. 5C
Vap. D. 5. 81 g/l
Bromides.
Fire Hazard:
reaction.
rides.
Contact with moisture
can cause a violent reaction and

evolution of heat.


can shatter its compressed gas
container; when heated to decomposition, it emits highly
toxic fumes of fluorides and phosphorus compounds; will react
PHOSPHORUS PENTASELENIDE
rate): Section 2
PHOSPHORUS PENTASELENIDE
1018
vapors; can react vigorously

rate): Section 2
Synonym: Diphosphorus pentasel-
PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE
enide.
Description:
Dark red-black needles.
Description: A fluffy, crystalline,

Formula: P2Se 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula: P 2
456. 76
M. P. Decomposes
Selenium Compounds.
See
Fire Hazard: Moderate. See

Selenium Compounds.
Explosion Hazard: See Selenium
Compounds.
oxides of phosphorus and selenium.
rate): Section 2
PHOSPHORUS PENT ASUL FIDE

Description:
Gray
Synonym: Phosphoric acid anhydride.
to
yellow-green,
crystalline, deliquescent
mass.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143.
M. P. 563 C
Density 0. 77 - 1. 39
@384C
Vap. Press. 1
Phosphorus Compounds, Inor-
mm
ganic.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction. Reacts violently

with water to evolve heat (Section 6).

reacts with water or steam to
produce heat; on contact with
reducing materials, it can react
vigorously.
Section
Formula: P2S5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
PHOSPHORUS SESQUISULFIDE
Synonym: Tetraphosphorus
222. 34
276C
514C
Density
2.
Description:
03
Autoign. Temp. 548. 6 F

Toxicity: Probably toxic. See Sulfide s

milli-
of air.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous in the form
flame. Evolves heat in contact
with moisture.
Spontaneous Heating: Yes, in the
presence of moisture.
To Fight Fire: Carbon dioxide, snow
dry chemical or sand.

solid form by spontaneous chemical reaction.

sulfur and phosphorus; will react
Toxic Rating Code:
tri-
sulfide.
None
= Slight
Yellow, crystalline
mass.
Formula: P4S3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 220.26
M. P. 172. 5C
B. P. 407 C
Density 2. 03
Toxicity: Probably toxic. See Sulfides,
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; ignites
by friction.
Explosion Hazard: Moderate by
chemical reaction.

phosphorus and sulfur; will react
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PHOSPHORUS TRIFLUORIDE
1019

I.

rate): Section 2
Corrosive
11.
Flam-

PHOSPHORUS TETROXIDE
Description: Rhombic, colorless,
Formula: P2O4
PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 125.96
M. P. > 100C
Density 2. 54 @23C
Toxicity: See Phosphorus Compounds, Inorganic.
Synonym: Phosphorus chloride.

Description:
PHOSPHORUS THIOCYANATE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: P(SCN) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 205.23
M. P. Approx. -4C
B. P. 265C
Density 1. 625 @18C
Probably toxic. See

Thiocyanates.
contact with acids, it emits highly
toxic fumes of cyanides; can react
rate): Section 2
Toxicity:
PHOSPHORUS TRIBROMIDE
Description:
Colorless, fuming
liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137. 39
M. P. -111. 8C
B. P. 74. 2C
Density 1. 574 @21C
Vap. D. 4.75
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 270. 8
M. P. -40C
B. P. 175. 3C
Density 2. 852 @ 1 5 C
Toxicity: See Hydrobromic Acid.
corrosive fumes.
Moderate, by chem-
Fire Hazard:
ical reaction.

(Section
6),

react with water, steam, or acids
to produce heat and toxic and corrosive fumes; can react with
Section
rate):
Formula: PBr 3
Clear, colorless,
fuming liquid.
Formula: PC1 3

I.
Corrosive
white label.

rosive liquid;
MCA
PHOSPHORUS TRIFLUORIDE
Formula:
Colorless gas.
PF 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Cor-
white label.
warning label
Description:
Section 11.
liquid;
87.98
PHOSPHORUS TRHODIDE
M. P.
B. P.
1020
-160C
-95C
Density 3. 907 g/l

Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Hydrofluoric Acid and Fluorides.
container, releasing the contents;
when heated
to decomposition it
fluorides and oxides of phosphorus;
rate): Section 2
PHOSPHORUS TRI IODIDE

Description: Hexagonal, red,
Formula: PI 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 411. 74
M. P. 61 C
B. P. Decomposes
iodides and oxides of phosphorus.
rate): Section 2
PHOSPHORUS TRIOXIDE
crystals or white, deliquescent
powder.
Formula: P 2
Toxicity:
Probably toxic.
See Sul-
fides.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or by chemical

chemical reaction.
phosphorus and sulfides; will
produce toxic fumes; can react
rate): Section 2

PHOSPHORUS TRISULFIDE
Tetraphosphorus hexa-
sulfide.
Description: Gray-yellow crystals.

Formula: P 4S 6
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
PHOSPHORUS (WHITE)
Description: Cubic crystals; colorless to yellow, wax-like solid.
Formula: P 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
124. 08
M. P.
44.
B. P.
280C
Flash P. Spontaneously
in air
Density 1. 82
Autoign. Temp. 86 F
Vap. D. 4.42
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110.
M. P. 22. 5C
B. P. 173C
Density 2. 135 @21 C
Toxicity: Caustic. See Phosphorus
Disaster Control: Slightly dangerous; will react with water or
Synonym:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 316.44
M. P. 290C
B. P. 490C
halation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
In-
3;
Inhalation 3
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 0.1 milligrams per cubic meter of air.
Toxicology: This material is dangerously reactive in air and turns
red in sunlight. If combustion
occurs in a confined space, it
will remove the oxygen and render
the air unfit to support life.
High concentrations of the

vapors evolved by burning it
are irritating to the nose,
throat and lungs as well as the
skin, eyes and mucous membranes. If phosphorus is ingested,
it can be absorbed from the
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PHTHALIC ACID
1021
gastrointestinal tract or through

the lungs. The absorption of
toxic quantities of phosphorus
has an acute effect on the liver
and is accompanied by vomiting

and marked weakness. The longcontinued absorption of small
amounts of phosphorus can result in necrosis of the mandible
or jaw bone, and is known as
"phossy-jaw. " Long -continued
absorption, particularly through
the lungs, and through the gastrointestinal tract can cause a
chronic poisoning. This gives
rise to a generalized form of
weakness attended by anemia,
loss of appetite, gastrointestinal
weakness and pallor. The most
common symptom, however,
of
chronic phosphorus poisoning is

necrosis of the jaw. It can also
cause changes in the long bones,
and seriously affected bones may
become brittle, leading to spontaneous fractures. It is especially hazardous to the eyes and
can damage them severely. It
also has adverse effects on the
teeth, and workers should have
periodic dental examinations. The
yellow form of phosphorus, when
it comes into external contact
with the eyes, can cause conjuncIf
tivitis with a yellow tint.
the material is inhaled, it can
cause photophobia with myosis,
dilation of pupils, retinal hemorrhage, congestion of the blood
vessels and rarely an optic
neurities.
P 32
half-life: 14.4
1.71 mev. The permissible
levels are: In body: 10 micro~
curies; in air: 10 7 microcurie
per milliliter; in water: 2X 10 " 4
,

No. 42).
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or by chemical reaction with oxidizers. Ignites
spontaneously in air.
To Fight Fire: Water.
Explosion Hazard:
Moderate, by

agents.

of phosphorus; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
rate): Section 2
White or yellow - dry, in water
for both I. C. C. and Coast Guard.
I.
Flam-

MCA warning label.
PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Triclinic, yellow-green
HaPWÔ^
14H 2G

Toxicity: Slight. See Tungsten
Compounds.
highly toxic fumes of phosphorus.
PHOTOGRAPHIC AND X-RAY

FILMS, SCRAP
emit highly toxic fumes; they can
materials.
Section 11.

I.
PHTHALIC ACID
Synonym: Benzene dicarboxylic acid.
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C 8 H60 4
Constants:
M. P.
Mol. Wt. 166.

206 - 208C
Density 1. 59
Acute Systemic: U
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
1022

Chronic Systemic: U
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
Formula:
White crystalline
Acute Systemic: U
halation
In-
1;

Explosion Hazard:
of dust,
Moderate, in the
when exposed
flame.
MCA
Section
PHTHALONITRILE
Synonym: o-Dicyanobenzene.
Formula: C 6 H 4 (CN 2 ) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 156.2
Cyanides.
PHYSOSTIGMA
Synonyms: Calabar bean; ordeal
Chronic Systemic: U
form
6).
Inhalation
Unknown
fumes (Section
C 6 H4 (CO) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 147. 1
M. P. 233C
B. P. Sublimes

to decomposition it emits toxic
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148. 11
M. P. 131. 2C
B. P. 284. 5 C Sublimes
Density 1. 527 @4C
Vap. D. 5. 10
Light tan to white
powder.
Formula: C 6H4 (CO) 2 NH
Toxicity:
Synonym: Phthalandione.
Description:
needles.
Description:
to
warning label
bean.
Description: Dried, ripe seeds.
Inhalation 3
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
PHTHALIDE
PHYSOSTIGMINE
Synonym: ar-Hydroxy-o-toluic acid
Synonyms: Eserine; calabarine.
lactone.
Description:
Description: Colorless, hygroscopic crystals.
White crystals.
Formula: C 6 H4 C0 2 CH 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134. 1
M. P. 72. 7C
B. P. 290 - 292C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 275. 3
M. P. 105 - 106C
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Poisoning can occur as
Toxicity:
Unknown

3-Isoindole dione.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
the result of a mistake in dosage

or due to hypersensitivity of the
patient. Symptoms of intoxication
PHTHALIMIDE
Synonym:
C 15H 21 N 3
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PICRAMIC ACID
1023
from
this material,
961 3 @ 1 5 /4 C
3.21
Pyridine.
which usually
Density
Vap. D.
manifest themselves in from 5 to

25 minutes after injection, are a
marked cutaneous hype raes the sia,
vomiting, convulsions and diarrhea, paralysis of the diaphragm,
spasm of the glottis with transient
dyspnea, increased salivation,
sweating, slowing of the respiration and lowering of the temperature. Death usually occurs
from respiratory paralysis. It
has a central and peripheral
nervous system action.
stomach, keep body warm.
Atropine by injection. Artificial
respiration and oxygen if needed.
fumes of nitrogen oxides.
0.
Probably moderate to dangerous.

toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides.
T-PICOLINE
Synonyms: 4-Picoline; 4 -methyl
pyridine.
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: CH3C5H4N
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 93.06
B. P. 145C
Freezing P. 3. 7C
Density 0.9571 @15/4C
Vap. D. 3.21
Pyridine.
a-PICOLINE
Fire Hazard: Probably moderate

to dangerous.
Disaster Control: See a-Picoline.
Synonym: Alpha -methyl pyridine.

strong, unpleasant odor.
Formula: C5H4NCH3
4 - PIC OLINE - N - OXIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Description:
93. 13
-70C
Formula:
B. P. 129C
Flash P. 85F (O.C.)
Density 0.95 @15/4C
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

flame (Section 6).
to heat or

nitrogen; can react with oxidizing materials.
PICRAMIC ACID
Synonyms: Picraminic acid;

Section 2
3 -methyl
dinitroaminophenol.
Description: Red, monoclinic
crystals.
Formula:
Formula: CH3C5H4N
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 93. 12
B. P. 143. 5C
NH 2 (N0 2 2 C 6 H 2 OH
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 199.12
M. P. 168 - 169C
Toxicity:
Colorless liquid.
See
Fire Hazard:
6).
pyridine.
Description:
3C
Details unknown.
Pyridine.
Toxicity:

J3-PICOLINE
Synonyms: 3-Picoline;
109. 1
186.
Freezing P.
Pyridine.
(Section
Crystals.
C 6 H 7 NO
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
Moderate.
See
Nitrates.
Explosion Hazard:
Moderate.
Nitrates.
See
PICRATES
1024
See
Therefore, this material must

be kept out of contact with metals.
Picric acid is a more powerful
explosive than TNT. Its ability
to form the sensitive picrates in
contact with metal has somewhat
limited its usefulness as an ex-
Nitrates.
PICRATES.
Section 7
See Nitrates.
PICRATOL
Synonyms: Silver pic rate.
Description:
plosive.
powder.
Formula: C 6H 2 0(N0 2 ) 3Ag
use
H zO
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 353. 9
Toxicity: See Picric Acid.
Fire Hazard:
Moderate.
Explosion Hazard: Severe. See

Nitrates and Explosives, High.
PICRIC ACID
tri-
nitrophenol; carbazotic acid.

Description: Yellow crystals or
yellow liquid.
Formula:
(N0 2 ) 3 C 6H 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 229. 11
M. P. 121. 8C
B. P. Explodes above 300 C
Flash P. 302 F
Density 1. 763
Vap. D. 7. 90
Acute Local: Irritant 2; AllerIngestion 3;
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
0.
milli-
grams per cubic meter in air.

Fire Hazard: Slight, but explodes @
300 C. An oxidizing material.
To Fight Fire: Water
shocked or exposed to heat (See
Explosives, High). Picric acid
forms
salts readily.
Many
of its
known as picrates, are

sensitive explosives than
picric acid. This is particularly
true of copper, lead and zinc.
salts,
more
Toxic Rating Code:
None
its
primary
rials.
gen 1
Acute Systemic:
gen 2
America,
is in the
substitute for a part of the mercury

fulminate change in detonators.
It has been used extensively in the
form of mixtures with other nitro
compounds. Such mixtures, having
a lower melting point than picric
acid, can be melted and cast at
temperatures below 100 C. These
mixtures are more generally
practical for use because of the
hazard involved in melting
straight picric acid, which has a
relatively high melting temperGuanidine picrate is an
ature.
example of a picrate which is
used in shells instead of pure
picric acid. See also Explosives,
High.
shock will explode it; on decomposition, it emits highly toxic
fumes and explodes; can react
See
Nitrates.
Synonym: Picronitric acid;
In
converted form of
ammonium picrate in base -fused
shells for seacoast cannon and in
all armor-piercing shells.
Picric acid has also found use as
a booster explosive and as a
Yellow, crystalline
= Slight

rate): Section 2
PICRIC ACID, WET, NOT EXCEEDING 16 OUNCES. See Picric

Acid.
See
Section 11, 73. 192.
PICRIC ACID,
WET WITH NOT
LESS THAN 10% WATER. See

Picric Acid.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PINENE
1025
PICRYL CHLORIDE
Synonym: 2-Chloro-l,
3,
5-trinitro-
benzene.
Description: White needles.
Formula: C 6H 2 C1N 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 247. 6
M. P. 83 C
Density 1. 797
Picric Acid.
PICRYL SULFIDE
Details unknown.
Picric Acid.
Toxicity:
See also

Disaster Control: See Sulfides and
Eventually slower respiration and

weakness occur, but consciousness
remains until breathing ceases.
The action of pilocarpine on the
sweat glands renders it the most
powerful sudorific in the pharmacopeia. It is used to remove excess
fluid accumulations in the body.
It very rarely causes death but
when it does, it is by paralysis of
the heart or edema of the lungs.
Treatment and Antidotes: Give
general treatment for alkaloidal
poisoning and in addition atropine
may be administered.
heating to decomposition it emits
rate): Section 2
"PINAP"
Constant:
Flash P.
Nitrates.
Section
PILOCARPINE
Description: Colorless or yellow,
hygroscopic, needle-like crystals.
Formula: C H H l6 N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 208.26
M. P. 34C
B. P. 260 C @5
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: A very poisonous
alkaloid. It can cause contraction
of the pupils and lachrymation.
The ingestion of toxic quantities
of this material causes a marked
secretion of saliva, excessive
perspiration and tears, nausea,
retching and vomiting, pain in
mm
the abdomen, violent movement

of the intestines with profuse
The pulse is
sometimes quickened, sometimes
slow and irregular. The respira-
watery evacuation.
tion is quick and labored with

rales over the bronchi. There
are giddiness and confusion with

tremors and feeble convulsions.
Toxicity:
80 F (C.C.)
Unknown

materials.
rate): Section 2
Section
PINENE
Synonym: a-Pinene.
Description:
Liquid;
odor of turpen-
tine.
Formula:
CxoH^
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. -55C
136.2
B. P. 155C
Flash P. 91 F
Density 0. 8585 @20 /4C
Turpentine.
Section 2
PINE OIL
1026
PINE OIL
PINE TAR
Description: Pale yellow liquid;

penetrating odor.
Constants:
B. P. 200 - 220C
Density 0. 86
Turpentine.
Section 2
Description: Black-brown, viscous

liquid; piny odor.
Constants:
B. P. 240 - 400 C
PINE PITCH
Section 2
Constants:
M. P. 64. 4C
B. P. 255C
Toxicity: A weak allergen.
Colophony; yellow resin;
rosin.
Description: Pale to yellow to amber,

translucent fragments; slight
turpentine odor and taste.
Constants:
M. P. 100 - 150C
Flash P. 370 F
Density 1. 08
Toxicity: Details unknown; may act
as a weak allergen.

6).
Toxic Rating Code:

6).

Tar
Description:
PINE RESIN
Aller-
Section
rate):
PINE TAR OIL

(Section
gen 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Synonym:

Synonyms:
Density Above

Section
None
= Slight
oil rectified.
Dark, reddish-brown
liquid.
Constants:
Density 0. 96 - 0. 99 @25/25C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
(Section
6).

PINTSCH GAS
30. 0% illum1% carbon monoxide,
13. 2% hydrogen, 45. 0% methane,
9. 0% ethane, 0. 2% carbon dioxide, 1. 6% nitrogen.
Acute Local: U
Typical Composition:
inants, 0.

Chronic Local: U
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PIPERONAL
1027
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to flame (Section 6).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; shock can shatter its
compressed gas container, releasing the contents;
when heated,
emits toxic fumes; can react

it
Section 2
Section
PIPERAZINE
Synonyms: Hexahydropyrazine;
diethylenediamine.
crystals.
Formula:
NHCH 2 CH 2 NHCH 2 C H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86. 14
M. P. 104C
B. P. 145C
Chronic Local: U
nitrogen.

Synonym: Hexahydropyridine.
Clear, colorless
amine -like odor.

Formula: C 5H N
liquid;
1]L
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 85. 2
M. P. -7C
B. P. 106C
Flash P. 61 F
Density 0. 8622 @20/4C
Vap. D. 3.0
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
(Section
PIPERIDINIUM PENTAMETHYLENE
DITfflOCARBAMATE
Description: White to cream crystals
Formula: C n H 22 N 2S 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 246
M. P. 170C
Density 1.13 @25C
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
PIPERINE
Synonym:
1-Piperoyl piperidine.
Crystals.
Description:
PIPERIDINE
Description:

rate): Section 2
6).

M. P. 130C
Density 1. 193
Toxicity: Details unknown; an insecticide. Probably low.
nitrogen.
PIPERONAL
3, 4 -Methyl ene-dioxy ben
zaldehyde; heliotropin.
Description: Colorless, lustrous
crystals.
Synonyms:
Formula: C 8 H60 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150. 1
M. P. 37C
B. P. 263C
mosquito repellent. See also
Aldehydes.
PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE
1028

to heat or
PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE
Synonym: Butylcarbityl
(6 -propyl
piperonyl) ether.
Description: Light brown liquid;
mild odor.
Formula: C 12 H 15
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 207.2
Flash P. 340 F
Density 1.04- 1. 07 @20/20C
low; an insecticide.

Disaster Control: Moderately danger
ous; when heated, they burn and
may emit acrid fumes; they may
PLATINIC DISULFIDE
Description: Black-brown powder.
Formula: PtS 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 259. 36
M. P. Decomp. 225
Density 7. 22
250 C

and Sulfides.
See
Sulfides.

Disaster Control:
PIPERONYL CYCLONENE
PLATINIC TETRABROMIDE
Synonym:
Description: Dark brown crystals.

Formula: PtBr 4
ide,
3 -Isoamyl- 5 -(methylene
dioxyphenyl) - 2 -cyclohexanone.
Formula:
CsHnCHztOC^s^C^sO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 367. 5
Flash P. 290 - 300 F
Density 1.09 - 1. 20 @20/20C
Toxicity: Probably low.

PITCH DUST
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
PLASTIC POWDERS
Toxicity:
Variable;
Toxic Rating Code:
weak allergen.
None
= Slight
Dangerous.
See
Sulfides.
Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 514. 89
M. P. Decomp. @180C
Density 5. 69
PLATINIC TETRACHLORIDE
Brown-red crystals.
Formula: PtCl 4
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 337.06
M. P. Decomp. @370C
PLATINIC TETRAFLUORIDE
Description: Deep, red, fused mass
or yellow-light brown, deliquescent crystals.
Formula: PtF 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 271.23
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: See Fluorides
Fluorides.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PLATINUM ARSENIDE
1029
PLATINIC TETRAIODIDE

Chlorides.
Description: Amorphous, brown to

black crystals.
Formula: Ptl4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 702.91
M. P. Decomp. @370C
See
7
PLATINOUS DIFLUORIDE
Description:
Yellowish-green crys-
tals.
Density 6.064 @25C

Formula: PtF 2
Toxicity:
PLATINOUS-AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Synonym: Ammonium chloroplati-
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 233.23
Fluorides.
See
7
nite.
Dark ruby-red crys-
Description:
tals.
Formula: PtCl 2
2NH4 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 373. 14
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 936
Toxicity:
PLATINOUS CYANIDE
Description: Yellow-brown crystals.
Formula: Pt(CN) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 247. 27
PLATINOUS DI IODIDE
Formula: Ptl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 449. 07
M. P. Decomp. 300 - 350 C
Density 6.4
and Sulfides.
PLATINOUS MONOSULFIDE
Description:
See Cya-
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
nides.

Cyanides.
rate): Section 2
Black crystals.
Formula: PtS
227.29
M. P. Decomposes
Density
8. 847
Toxicity:
PLATINOUS DIBROMIDE
PLATINUM ARSENIDE
Brown
Formula: PtBr 2
Synonym: Sperrylite.
Description:
crystals.
Description:
355. 06
M. P. Decomp. @250C
Density
6.
65

Toxicity:
PLATINOUS DICHLORIDE
Olive green crystals.
Description:
Formula: PtCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
266. 14
M. P. Decomp.
Density
Toxicity:
Formula: PtAs 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
@ 581 C
C
5.
87
1 1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 345.05
M. P. > 800 C
Density 10. 602
See Arsenic
Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction (Section 6).
chemical reaction.
Arsenic Compounds.
rate):
Section 2
PLATINUM COMPOUNDS
1030
(exist,
PLATINUM COMPOUNDS
Toxicity:
num
Exposure to complex platibeen shown to cause
salts has
symptoms of intoxication such as

wheezing, coughing, running of
the nose, tightness in the chest,
shortness
of
quest.
Formula: Pt 2 S 3
breath and cyanosis,
whereas exposure
to dust of pure
metallic platinum causes no in-
Furthermore, many
people working with platinum
toxication.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 486. 66
M. P. Decomposes
Density 5. 52
and Sulfides.
Sulfides.
Disaster Control:
Dangerous.
See
Sulfides.
Section
salts are troubled with dermatitis
(Section 9). This seems only to

be true of complex platinum salts.
It does not include the complex
salts of other precious metals.
from exposure effectively causes
the symptoms to disappear.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Pt 197 half -life: 18
0. 68 mev.
rate): Section 2
,
PLATINUM FULMINATE
Description:
Solid.
Formula: Pt(C 2 N 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
2)2
363. 3
PLUTONIUM
Description:
element.
Radioactive metallic
Formula: Pu
Constant: At. Wt. 239
The permis-
sible levels for plutonium are the

lowest for any of the radioactive
elements.
This
occasioned by
is
the concentration of plutonium

directly in the blood-forming sections of the bone, rather than the
more uniform bone distribution
shown by other heavy elements.
This increases the possibility of
damage from equivalent activities
of plutonium and has lead to the
adoption of the extremely low
permissible levels given.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Pu 239 half-life:
4
2. 4 X 10 years; emits alpha
particles of 5. 15 mev. The permissible levels are: Soluble compounds: In body: 0. 04 microcurie;
in air: 2 X 10~12 microcurie per
,

also Explosives, High and Fulminates.
toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen.
Toxicity:
PLATINUM PYROPHOSPHATE
Green-yellow crystals.
Formula: PtP 2 7
in water: 1 5 X 1 0" 6
microcurie per milliliter. Insoluble compounds: In body: 0. 00 8
microcurie; in air; 2 X 10" 12
For further information refer to
Atomic Energy Commission,
Washington, D. C.
milliliter;
Description:
Toxicity:
Probably
PODOPHYLLIN
Synonym: Podophyllum resin.
Description: Light yellow powder or
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 369. 27
M. P. Decomp. @600C
Density 4. 85
small, yellow, bulky, fragile
lumps; bitter, acrid taste.

slight.
PLATINUM SESQUISULFIDE
Description:
tion
Gray crystals
Toxic Rating Code:
None
2;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic:
1
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
U
High
Unknown
POLONIUM CARBONYL
1031
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 11.

Combustible liquid.
POLONIUM
Description:
Radioactive element.
Formula: Po
POISON IVY
Constant: At. Wt.
210

Synonyms: Poison oak; poison
isotope Po 210 (Radium F), half -life:
sumac.
140 days; emits alpha particles
Description: Leafy plant, vine or bush,
of 5. 30 mev and gamma rays of
The permissible levels
0. 77 mev.
Acute Local: Irritant 1; Allerare: in body: 0. 2 microcurie;
gen 2
Acute Systemic U
in air 2 X 10" 10 microcurie per
milliliter; in water: 3 X 10" 5 miChronic Local: Allergen 2
Chronic Systemic: U
crocurie per milliliter. Po 210 is
a member of the uranium series
Toxicology: Can cause a dermatitis
in susceptible individuals, from
(see section on radiation hazard).
bodily contact with the plant, exThe permissible levels shown are
for soluble polonium compounds
posure to the smoke from burning
plants and contact with material
where the spleen is the critical
organ. For insoluble compounds,
which has been in contact with
the plant (Section 9).
the lung is the critical organ and
the permissible levels are 7 X 10" 11
POISONOUS LIQUID OR GAS,
microcurie per milliliter of air.
N.O.S.
Po 210 is a difficult isotope to
:
POISONOUS SOLIDS, N.O.S.
handle without contaminating surrounding areas. Extreme care

should be taken to contain this
material for while the alpha emitters are not important in terms of
external radiation, they may become airborne or be ingested very
rapidly.

Classification: Poison A;
I. C. C.
poison gas label.

Section 11.
C. C. Classification: Poison B,
poison label; Poison C, tear
gas label.
Poison B, poison label;
Poison C, tear gas label.
I.
POLISHES (METAL, STOVE,

FURNITURE), LIQUID
Toxicity:
of
(radon).
Description:
Radioactive material.
Formula:
PoCO
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
238
6).

Rn222
POLONIUM CARBONYL
Variable.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame; they can

(Section
Natural isotope Po 218 (Radium A),

emits
3. 05 minutes;
alpha particles of 6. 00 mev. Po 218
is a member of the uranium series
(see section on radiation hazard).
With its short half -life, it is only
considered a hazard as a daughter
half-life:
Section 11.

Coast Gurad Classification: Inflammable liquid; red label.
I.
POLISHING COMPOUNDS, LIQUID

See Polishes, Liquid.
Radiation Hazard: See Polonium.

Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or by chemical
(Section 6).
highly toxic fumes of carbon
monoxide; can react vigorously
POLONIUM HYDRIDE
1032

Section 2
POLONIUM HYDRIDE
Description:
material.
Volatile, unstable

Formula: PoH 2
POL YC HLOROPENTANES
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 212. 02
Constants:
B. P. 174C
Flash P. 175 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 33
Toxicity: See Chlorinated Hydro-
See
Hydrides.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat.
produce flammable gases; can
react with oxidizing materials;
it can emit toxic fumes.
Section 2
Section
carbons (Aliphatic).
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
CHLORIDE
Description:
POLONIUM HYDROXIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
198. 9C
Density 1 1753 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 31
Formula: Po(OH) 4
See Polonium.
POLYAMYL NAPHTHALENE
Description: A mixture of polymers.
Constants:
Flash P. 360 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 92 - 0. 93
Naphthalene.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
when exposed

to heat or
305 - 355C
520 F
Density 0. 90 - 0. 92 @30/20C
also Phenol.
B. P.
Flash P.
when exposed

Toxic Rating Code:

None
= Slight
Section
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS
Description:
Colorless viscous
liquids.
Formula: H(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n OH
M. P.
Constants:
Slight,
to heat or flame.

to heat or flame.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
POLY -sec -AM ?L PHENOL
Fire Hazard:
124. 57
-90C
B. P.
Radioactive solid.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 278
Radiation Hazard:
110
Liquid.
Formula: ClC 2 H4 OC 2 H 4 OH
M. P.
Description:
200
-14
9000
to 25 C
Flash P. 360 - 480 F

Density 1. 122-1. 130
to heat or flame; they can react
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
POTASSIUM
1033
exposed


(Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Details unknown
See also Ethers.
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: HO(C 3 H 6 0) n H
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 400 - 2000
M. P. Does not crystallize
Flash P. 390 - > 440 F
Density 1. 002 - 1. 007
PORTLAND CEMENT
Finely divided gray
powder.
Composition: Lime, alumina,
silica and iron oxide.
Acute Local: Irritant 2; In-
Description:

halation
halation
(accepted); 50 million particles per cubic foot.

Colorless, amorphous
Section 2
Constants:
M. P. Decomp. over 200 C

Flash P. 392 F
Description: Cubic, silvermetallic crystals.
1.
Formula:
of dust,
compounds
Slight, in the
to
when exposed
0. 012% in all potassium compounds

and therefore cannot be considered
as a radiation hazard. Artificial
Description:
Light yellow to
amber-colored, balsamlike liquid.
isotope K 42 half-life: 12. 5 hours;

emits beta particles of 3. 6 mev
(70%) and 1. 9 mev (30%) and gamma
(C 3 H60) X
Constants:
Mol. Wt. (58. l)x
Ethers.
Fire Hazard:
almost always that

isotope K 40 half-life: 1. 3 X 10 9
years; emits beta particles of 1.4
mev and gamma rays of 1. 5 me v.
K 40 occurs at the level of about
POLYVINYL METHYL ETHER
Formula:
is
of the anion.
flame.

Constants:
At. Wt. 39. 10
M. P. 62.3C
B. P. 760C
Density 0.86 @20C; 0.83@62C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: The toxicity of potassium

Explosion Hazard:
POTASSIUM
329
Toxicity: Details unknown. Polyvinyl alcohol is not considered a
toxic hazard. However,
technical grades should not be
used in foods or drugs without
careful testing to assure conformity with the Federal Food,
Drug and Cosmetic Act and
similar state acts.
form
In-
MAC: ACGIH
powder.
Density
2;
Chronic Systemic:
POLYVINYL ALCOHOL
Description:
Acute Systemic:
rays of
See also
Moderate, when
1. 5
mev.
The permis-

microcuries; in air: 2 X 10
of Toxicology,
see Section
POTASSIUM
1034
X 10 2 microcurie per
Hazard Rating Class I
Handbook No. 42).
Fire Hazard: Dangerous] Metallic
potassium reacts with moisture
to form potassium hydroxide and
hydrogen. The reaction evolves
much heat causing the potassium
to melt and spatter. It also ignites the hydrogen which now
water:
milliliter.
burns, or if there is any confinement an explosion can occur.
Burning potassium is difficult to

extinguish; dry powdered soda
ash or graphite or special mixtures of dry chemical is recommended. It can ignite spontaneously in moist air (Section 6).
Storage and Handling (Section 7):
Store in inert atmospheres, such
as argon or nitrogen, or under
liquids which are oxygen-free,
such as toluene or kerosene, or
in glass capsules which have been
filled under vacuum or inert
atmosphere and sealed before
oxygen or moisture can enter.
When quantities of this metal are
in use, provision should be made
for fireproof garments so that
personnel can approach close
enough to the fire to fight it.
Large quantities of potassium
can be disposed of by simply cutting it into small pieces and
placing it in an open waste space
to react with the moisture in the
air and gradually turn to potas-
sium hydroxide.
metal will form the peroxide

(K 2 2 and the superoxide
(K0 2 or K2 4 ) at room temperature even when stored under
mineral oil. Metal which has
oxidized on storage under oil
may explode violently when handled or cut. Oxide coated potassium should be destroyed by burn)
ing.

heated or on contact with acids, it
of potassium; will react with
water or steam to produce h-ât
and hydrogen; can react vigorously
rate):
Section 2

Section 11.

I.
POTASSIUM ACETATE
Description:
Formula:
White powder.
CH3 COOK
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 98. 14
M. P. 292 C
Toxicity:
Very low.

it
Potassium
may
be reacted with ethanol to

give a stable product. Do not dispose of it, even in small quantities, by throwing it into sinks or
waste containers which may contain combustible materials. It
should be stored in a detached
building which is fireproof and
not where it can come in contact
with moisture, powerful oxidizing
materials or high temperatures.
Do not heat glass vessels
which contain metallic potassium
POTASSIUM ACID FLUORIDE

Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Cubic, colorless
KHF 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 78. 10
M. P. Decomposes

Fluorides.
action with the glass can ensue.
Formula: K(A10) 2 (B0 2 ) 3
None
= Slight
See
7
POTASSIUM ALUMINUM BORATE,

Description:

chemical reaction. Potassium
See Fluo-
rides.
to temperatures much in excess

of the melting point of potassium,
or a vigorous to explosive re-
Toxic Rating Code:
BASIC
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
2 =
Moderate
253. 50
3 =
High
Unknown
1035
POTASSIUM ANTIMONY TARTRATE
M. P. < 1800C
Density 3.415
POTASSIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE
Aluminum Compounds.
Synonym: BasF
Description: Gray to light or dark
brown crystals.
Formula: KN0 3 + NH 4 N0 3
POTASSIUM ALUMINUM FLUORIDE

White powder.
Description:
Formula:
K3 A1F 6
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 258. 3
Fluorides.
Fluorides.
Toxicity: Moderate. See Nitrates.

Nitrates.

See
7
POTASSIUM AMMONIUM SELENOSULFIDE

POTASSIUM AMALGAM
Silvery liquid or solid.
Description:
Formula:
Hg
Formula: (KNH 4S) 5Se

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 525. 01
Highly toxic. See Potassium and Mercury.

Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spontaneous chemical reaction; on
contact with moisture hydrogen
is liberated.
See also Potassium.
liberates hydrogen upon contact
with moisture, acids, etc. See
also Potassium.
oxides of potassium; will react
produce hydrogen; can react with
Toxicity:
and Sulfides.
Sulfides and Selenium Compounds.
POTASSIUM ANTIMONIDE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless-white or
yellow-green crystals.
Description:
KNH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 55. 12
M. P. 335C
B. P. Sublimes @ 400 C
Toxicity: See Ammonia.
reaction; can react with moisture
ammonia
Explosion Hazard:
to the
ammonia
(Section
6).
Moderate, due
See Antimony
Compounds.
Synonym: Potassamide.
to liberate
K 3 Sb
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 239.05
M. P. 812C
POTASSIUM AMIDE
Formula:

exposed to flame.
contact with moisture or acids,
antimony; can react with oxidizing materials.
rate):
Section 2

3
7
liberated.

react with water or steam to produce toxic, corrosive and flammable vapors; can react with
POTASSIUM ANTIMONY TARTRATE

Synonym: Tartar emetic.
Description: Rhombic, colorless
crystals.
POTASSIUM ARSENATE
Formula: KSbC 4H4
1036
/z U zO
7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 333. 94
M. P. -V2H2 @100C
Density 2. 607
For other properties, see Potassium
l
Antimonide.
POTASSIUM BERYLLIUM FLUORIDE

Description:
White, crystalline
masses.
Formula: BeF 2
2KF
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 163.21
and Fluorides.
See Beryllium
POTASSIUM ARSENATE
Synonyms: Potassium dihydrog en
arsenate; Macquer's salt.
Description:
F o r mula
Colorless crystals.
KH 2A s
See Arsenic
Compounds.
poison label.
I.
POTASSIUM ARSENITE
Description:
White powder.
KAsO z
Formula:
White powder.
K2 Be(S0 4
)2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 279.4
Beryllium.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 180.02
M. P. 288C
Density 2. 867
Formula:
POTASSIUM BERYLLIUM SULFATE

Description:
HAsO z
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 253. 8
For other properties, see Potassium
See
POTASSIUM BICHROMATE
Synonyms: Potassium dichr ornate;
red potassium chromate.
Description: Bright, yellowish-red,
transparent, crystals, bitter,
metallic taste.
Formula:
K 2 Cr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 294.21
M. P. 398C
B. P. Decomp. @500C
Density 2. 69
reaction. A powerful oxidizer
(Section
6).
Arsenate.
POTASSIUM BIFLUORIDE
POTASSIUM AURATE
Description:
Light yellow needles.
Formula: KAuO z
'
3H 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 322. 34
M. P. Decomposes
POTASSIUM AZIDE
Description:
Formula:
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
KHF2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 78. 10
M. P. Decomposes
See Fluo-
rides.
Colorless crystals.
KN3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 81. 12
M. P. 350 C
Density 2. 04
Toxicity: See Azides.

Fluorides.
See
7
POTASSIUM BINOXALATE
Synonyms: Potassium acid oxalate;

Azides.
Azides.
Toxic Rating Code:
Synonyms: Potassium acid fluoride;

Fremy's salt.
None
= Slight
salactosella; salt of sorrell;

essential salt of lemon.
Description: White, somewhat
hygroscopic crystals; bitter,
sharp taste.
Formula:
2 =
KHC 2
Moderate
3 = High
Unknown
POTASSIUM CADMIUM IODIDE
1037
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128. 12
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2.
Formula:
See Oxalates.
K 2PtBr 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 752.92
M. P. Decomp. > 400 C
Density 4.66 @24C
POTASSIUM
m -BORATE
POTASSIUM BROMOPLATINITE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
KBO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 81. 92
M. P. 947 - 950 C
Toxicity:
POTASSIUM BROMATE
Description: White crystals or
crystalline powder.
Formula:
KBr0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 167. 01
M. P. 434C; decomp. @370C
For other properties, see Bromates.
Oxidizing
POTASSIUM BROMIDE
Description:
Cubic, colorless,
Formula: KBr
Formula:
Rhombic, brown
K 2 PtBr 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 593.09
POTASSIUM BROMOSTANNATE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
K 2SnBr$
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 676. 39
Density 3. 783
POTASSIUM CACODYLATE
Description:
White crystals.
Formula: K[(CH 3 ) 2As0 2 ]

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 194.09
H zO
See Arsenic
Compounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 119.01
M. P. 730C
B. P. 1380C
Density 2. 75 @25C
Vap. Press. 1 mm@795C
For other properties, see Bromides.

Arsenic Compounds.
rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM BROMOAURATE
POTASSIUM CADMIUM IODIDE
Description:
crystals.
Rhombic, red-brown
Description: White, yellowish crystalline, deliquescent powder.
Formula: KAuBr 4
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 555. 96
M. P. Decomp.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 734. 31
Density 3. 359
2KI
Cdl 2
2H z O
See Cad-
mium Compounds.
Disaster Control:
See
Cadmium
Compounds.
POTASSIUM BROMOPLATI-
NATE
Description:
crystals.
Cubic, dark red-brown

rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM CARBONYL
1038

Formula: KCr0 3 Cl
7
POTASSIUM CARBONYL
Gray-red
(KCO) 6
Description:
Formula:
solid.

M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 497
Fire Hazard:
reaction; a powerful oxidizer

(Section 6).
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 402. 64
M. P. Explodes
bonyls.
See Car-

shocked, exposed to heat, on
contact with water, or by chem-
Chlorides.
Section
POTASSIUM CHLOROIODATE (III)

Rhombic, yellow
Description:
crystals.
Formula: KIC1 4
ical reaction.

will explode it; will react with
water or steam to produce heat;
rate): Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
307. 84
M. P. Decomposes
1. 76 @45C
Details unknown.
chlorides and iodides.
Density
Toxicity:
POTASSIUM CHLORATE
Synonym: Potassium oxymuriate.
POTASSIUM CHLOROIRIDATE

crystals or white powder; cool-
Formula: KglrCl^
ing,
saline taste.
Formula: KC10 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 55
M. P. 368. 4C
B. P. Decomp. @400C
Density
2. 3.2
For other properties, see Chlorates.

Section 11.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 484.03
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 546
Toxicity: See Iridium Compounds.
.Chlorides.
POTASSIUM CHLORO-
OSMATE
Description:
crystals.
Monoclinic, yellow
Cubic, red crystals.
K 2 OsCl 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 481. 1
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: See Osium Compounds.
Osmium Compounds and Chlorides.
Formula: KAuCl 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 378. 12
M. P. Decomp.
(IV)
Description:
Formula:
POTASSIUM CHLOROAURATE
Description:
@357C
See Gold Compounds.

Toxicity:
Chlorides.
POTASSIUM CHLOROPALLADATE
Description:
Formula:
POTASSIUM CHLOROCHROMATE
Synonym: Peligot's
salt.
K 2 PdCl 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
397.63
Description: Monoclinic, red crystals,
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
POTASSIUM COBALTINITRATE
1039
M. P. Decomposes
Density
2.
738
Toxicity: See Palladium Compounds,

Chlorides.

POTASSIUM CHLOROTELLURATE
K 2 TeCl 6
Formula:
POTASSIUM CHLOROPLATINATE
Description:
Formula:
K 2 PtCl 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 486. 16
M. P. Decomp. @250C
Density 3.499 @24C
Chlorides.
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Description:
Formula:
Cubes.
K 2 PbCl 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 498. 14
M. P. Decomp. @190C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Lead
Compounds.
Chlorides and Lead Compounds.
418. 54

Chlorides.
Toxicity:
POTASSIUM CHROMATE
Synonym: Tarapacaite.
Description: Rhombic, yellow
crystals.
K2 Cr0 4
Formula:
POTASSIUM* CHLOROPLUMBATE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 194.20
M. P. 968. 3C
Density 2.732 @18C
POTASSIUM CHROMIC SULFATE

Cubic, red or green
Description:
crystals.
Formula: KCr(S0 4 ) 2
POTASSIUM CHLORO-
RHENATE
Description:
Formula:
(IV)
K2 ReCl 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 477. 24
Density 3. 34
Toxicity: See Rhenium Compounds.
Disaster Control: Moderate. See
Chlorides.
M. P.
Mol. Wt.
89 C
B. P.
-12H 2
Constants:
Density
RUTHENATE
Description:
Formula:
(IV)
K2 RuCl 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 392. 63
M P. Decomposes
Toxicity: See Ruthenium Compounds
Chlorides.
12H 2
499.4
@400C
83
1.

POTASSIUM CHROMIUM CHROMATE,

BASIC
Description: Violet-brown,
amor-
phous powder.
Formula:
POTASSIUM CHLORO-
K 2 Cr0 4
2Cr(OH)Cr0 4

M. P. 300 C
Density 2.28 @14C
(Section
6).
POTASSIUM COBALTINITRITE
POTASSIUM CHLOROSTANNATE
Synonym: Fischer's salt.

Description: Yellow prisms.
Formula: K 3 Co(N0 2 6
Description:
crystals.
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Formula:
Cubic, colorless
452. 3
K 2 SnCl 6
POTASSIUM COBALTOUS SULFATE

Toxicity: See Cobalt
and Nitrites.
Compounds
Fire Hazard:
by chemical
Slight,
reaction; an oxidizing agent

(Section 6).
1040
POTASSIUM CYANO-COMPOUNDS
With the exception of the ferriand ferrocyanides, any compound
of potassium containing the cyanogen radical (CN) is highly toxic
and should be handled with adequate ventilation and protective
equipment. See Cyanides.
POTASSIUM COBALTOUS SULFATE

Red, monoclinic
prisms.
Formula: K2 S0 4 C0SO4 6H zO
POTASSIUM DIBORANE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 437.36
Density 2. 218
Formula:
Description:
POTASSIUM COPPER CHLORIDE

Description:
Red needles.
CuCl 2
Formula: KC1
POTASSIUM CYANATE
Formula:
Description:
White crystals.
K2 B 2 H 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 105.9
B. P. Decomp. @300C @ 1
Density 1. 18
highly toxic. See also Boron
mm
Compounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 209
Density 2. 86
Description:
Synonym: Diboranide.
Colorless crystals.
KOCN

M. P. 700 - 900C (decomp.)
Density 2. 056@20C
POTASSIUM DIBROMOIODIDE
Formula: KlBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 325. 85
M. P. 60C
B. P. Decomp. @180C
Toxicity: See Bromides and Iodides.
Disaster Control: See Bromides and
Iodides.
Section 7
nides.

Section 2
MCA
warning
label.
POTASSIUM CYANIDE
crystalline solid; faint odor of
bitter almonds.
Formula:
KCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
634. 5 C
M. P.
Poison B;
poison label.
None
Formula: K1C1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 236.93
M. P. 60 C
B. P.
Toxicity:
Decomp. @215C
See Chlorides and Iodides.

it emits toxic fumes of chlorides.
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE
Red crystals.
K2 Cr 2
Formula:
65.11
Toxic Rating Code:
Description:
Description:
Density 1. 52 @16C
Highly toxic. For other properties,
see Cyanides.
I.
POTASSIUM DICHLOROIODIDE

M. P. 398C
B. P. Decomp. @500C
Density 2. 69
,

(Section
6).
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
Section 7
3 = High
Unknown
POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE
1041
POTASSIUM DICYANOGUANIDINE
Description:
Formula:
crystals.
Crystals.
Formula:
NCHNC(NH)NCNK
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 147.2
M. P. Decomp. @265C
Toxicity: Details unknown. Possibly
most toxic by skin absorption.
cyanides.
POTASSIUM DIFLUOTELLURATE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
K 2 Te0 3 F 2
3H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 345. 85
M. P. Decomposes
See Fluo-
rides.

Fluorides.
Formula:
DITfflOPHOSPHATE
Description: Colorless, crystalline, nearly odorless solid.
Formula:
(CH 3 2 CHO] 2 PSKS

)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 252.4
M. P. Decomp. near 200 C
Toxicity: Details unknown. Many
derivatives of this material are
highly toxic.
Description:
Formula:
K 2S 2
Com-
Section
POTASSIUM FERRIC SULFIDE

Description:
crystals.
Description:
crystals.
Formula: KFeS 2
Purple, hexagonal
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 159.
Density 2. 563
KH 2As0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 180
M. P. 288C
Density 2. 867
See
Sulfides.
POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN
o -ARSENATE
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 142.3
M. P. 470C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 303.4
M. P. > 83C
Density 4. 31 @21. 5C
pounds.
POTASSIUM DIISOPROPYL
POTASSIUM DISULFIDE
White crystals.
K2 Ge 2
sulfur and phosphorus.

See
POTASSIUM DIGERMANATE
Description:
K2 B 2 H 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137. 88
M. P. Decomposes to K.
Density 1.39

See
Sulfides.
See Arsenic
Section
Compounds.
Arsenic Compounds.
rate):
Section
POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE
Synonyms: Red prussiate of potash;
red potassium prussiate.

First Aid: Section.
Section
Description: Bright red, lustrous

crystals or powder.
Formula:
7
POTASSIUM DIHYDROXY DIBORANE

Description:
K3 Fe(CN) 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 329.24
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 894 @17C
Colorless, cubical
POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE
1042
Toxicity: See Ferricyanides. This

is not a powerful poison as are
the simple cyanides.
cyanides.
Section

Toxicity:
See Fluorides and Boron
Compounds.
Fluorides.
rate): Section 2
Section
POTASSIUM FLUOGERMANATE
POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE
Description:
crystals.
Synonym: Yellow prussiate
Formula:
Description:
K 4 Fe(CN)
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
of potash,
yellow crystals.
3H 2
422. 39
-3H z O @70C
M. P.
B. P.
Lemon
Decomposes
Density 1.85 @17C

Toxicity: Not as toxic as the simple
cyanides. See Ferrocyanides.
cyanides.
POTASSIUM FLUOBERYLLATE
Description:
Rhombic, colorless
crystals.
Formula:
K 2 BeF 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 163. 2
M. P. Red heat
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Beryllium and Fluorides.
Fluorides.
Section 2
Hexagonal, white
K 2 GeF$
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 264. 8
M. P. 730C
B. P. Approx. 835C
Fluorides.
See
POTASSIUM FLUORIDE
deliquescent powder; sharp,
saline taste.
Formula:
KF
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 58. 1
M. P. 880C
B. P. 1500C
Density 2. 48
Vap. Press. lmm(g885C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluorides,
Fluorides.
rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM FLUOSILICATE
Synonym: Hieratite.
Description: Hexagonal or cubic,
colorless crystals.
K 2 SiFg
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 220.25
M. P. Decomposes
Density Hex.: 3.08;
Formula:
POTASSIUM FLUOBORATE
Synonym: Avogadrite.
Description: Rhombic or cubic,
colorless crystals.
Formula:
KBF 4
For other properties, see Fluo-
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Density
Cubic: 2.665
@17C
125. 9
silicates.
530C
2.
POTASSIUM FLUOSTANNATE
498
Description:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
Monoclinic prisms.
3 =
High
Unknown
POTASSIUM HYDRIDE
1043
Formula:
K 2 SnF 6
H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 328. 9
Density 3.058
For other properties, see Fluorides.
POTASSIUM FLUOSULFONATE
Description:
Formula:
Toxicity:
1.
91
See Formic Acid and
Potassium Compounds.
POTASSIUM GALLIUM SULFATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 138. 16
M. P. 311 C
POTASSIUM FLUOTANTALATE
Formula:
Decomposes
Short, thick prisms.
KFSO s
Description:
crystals.
B. P.
Density
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: KGa(S0 4
)2
'
12H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 517. 14
Density 1. 895
Rhombic, colorless
POTASSIUM m-GERMANATE
K2 TaF 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 392. 1
Density 4. 56; 5. 24
Fluorides.
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
K 2 Ge0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198.79
M. P. 823C
pounds.
Com-
POTASSIUM FLUOTHORATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
K 2 ThF 6
4H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 496. 38
POTASSIUM FLUOTITANATE
Description: Colorless, small,
lustrous leaflets.
Formula:
K 2 TiF 6
H2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 258. 1
M. P. 780C
B. P. Decomposes
POTASSIUM HEXAFLUORO-
PHOSPHATE
FP Salt
KPF 6
Synonym:
Formula:
No.
4.
Constants:
Formula Wt. 184.1

M. P. About 57 5C
B. P. Decomposes
Density
2.
59
Probably very low.

fluorides and oxides of phosphorus.
Toxicity:
POTASSIUM FLUOZIRCONATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
K 2 ZrF^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 283.4
Density 3. 48
POTASSIUM FORMATE
Formula:
POTASSIUM HYDRIDE
Description:
HCOOK
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 84.
M. P. 168C
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 40. 1
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 43 - 1. 47
Toxicity: See Potassium and Hydrides,
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by chemical reaction (See Potassium).
(Section
White needles.
KH
6).

POTASSIUM HYDROGEN OXALATE
1044
chemical reaction.
Density 2. 044
Potassium.
react with water or steam to produce caustic solution and heat.
Section 2
highly toxic fumes of potassium

oxide; will react with water,
steam or acids to produce hydrogen; can react vigorously with
Section 2
POTASSIUM HYDROGEN
OXALATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
KHC 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 128.. 1
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2.
POTASSIUM HYDROXOANTI-
MONATE
Synonym: Pyroantimonate.
See Oxa-
lates.
Description:
Description: Granular, white,

crystalline powder.
Formula: KSb(OH) 6
POTASSIUM HYDROGEN
SULFITE
Synonym: Potassium
Hazardous article.
C.C. Classification: Solution:
MCA warning label.
I.
/ 2H zO
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 271.9
bisulfite.
Colorless crystals.
See Anti-
mony Compounds.
KHS0 3
Disaster Control:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 17
M. P. Decomp. @190C
Compounds.
POTASSIUM HYDROXOPLATINATE
See Sulfites.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Toxicity:
Formula:
POTASSIUM HYDROSULFIDE
Synonym: Potassium bisulfide, potassium sulphydrate.
Description: Rhombic, yellow, de-
See Antimony
Rhombic, yellow
K 2 Pt(OH) 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 375.47
M. P. Decomposes
liquescent crystals (commercial).
POTASSIUM HYDROXOPLUMBATE
Formula: KHS
Constants:
M. P.
Density
72.17
Mol. Wt.
455 C
Description:
Formula:
2.
For other properties, see
Sulfides.
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
Synonym: Potassium hydrate.
pieces, lumps or sticks having
crystalline fracture.
Formula:
KOH
B. P.
POTASSIUM HYDROXOSTANNATE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
K 2 Sn(OH) 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 298. 94
Density 3. 197
1320C
Toxic Rating Code:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 387.45
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 56. 11
M. P. 360 C 7C
Colorless crystals.
K 2Pb(OH) 6
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
POTASSIUM MAGNESIUM CHROMATE
1045
POTASSIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Description:
Solution only.
Formula: KCIO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 55
M. P. Decomposes
Disaster Control: See Hypochlorites,
POTASSIUM HYPONITRITE
exposed to heat.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 743. 98

Iodides.
POTASSIUM IODOIRIDITE
Green crystals.
Formula: KÎrl^
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1071. 9
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: See Iridium Compounds and
Iodides.
POTASSIUM IODOMERCURATE

nitrogen; can react with reducing
materials.
prisms.
Formula: KHgI 3
POTASSIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Toxicity:
Description: White, opaque, very

deliquescent crystals or powder;
KH 2 PO z
POTASSIUM IODATE
Colorless crystals.
Formula: KI0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 214
M. P. 560 C
Density 3. 89
For other properties, see Iodates.
POTASSIUM IODIDE
Colorless or white
Formula:
Black crystals.
K2 PtI 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1034. 94
Density 5. 176
POTASSIUM LEAD CHLORIDE

Synonym: Pseudo cotunnite.
Formula: 2KC1 PbCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 427.23
M. P. 490 C
See Lead
Disaster Control:
See Chlorides.
POTASSIUM MAGNESIUM
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 166. 02
M. P. 723C
B. P. 1420C
Density 3. 13
Vap. Press. 1
mm
CHROMATE
Description:
Formula:
@745C
POTASSIUM IODOAURATE
Formula:
See Mercury
Compounds.
Compounds.
Formula: KI
Description:
crystals.
620.47
Highly toxic.

phites.
Description:
granules.
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 09
M. P. Decomposes
For other properties, see Hypophos-
Description:
Description:
POTASSIUM IODOPLATINATE
pungent saline taste.
Formula:
(II)
Synonym: Potassium mercury iodide
Lustrous, black
KAuL
Triclinic crystals.
K 2 Cr0 4
MgCr0 4
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 370. 56
Density 2. 59
(Section
6).

POTASSIUM MANGANATE
1046
POTASSIUM MANGANATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:

Rhombic, green
See Manganese
pounds.
Fire Hazard:
Synonym: Chloromanganokalite.
Description:
Com-
Moderate, by chema powerful oxi-
dizer (Section 6).

POTASSIUM MANGANIC SULFATE

Description:
Violet crystals.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 502. 35
Compounds
POTASSIUM MANGANOUS SULFATE

Synonym: Manganolangbeinite.
Description: Rose-red crystals.
Formula: K 2 S0 4 2MnS0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 476. 23
M. P. 850C
Density 3. 02
See Manganese
Toxicity:
POTASSIUM MANGANICYANIDE
Description:
Formula:
MnCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 424. 06
Density 2.31
also Chlorides.
12H z O
Crystals.
Formula: 4KC1
ical reaction;
Formula: KMn(S0 4 ) 2
POTASSIUM MANGANOUS CHLORIDE
K 2 Mn0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 197. 12
M. P. Decomp. @190C
Toxicity:
Section
Com-
pounds.
POTASSIUM MERCURICYANIDE
K 2 Mn(CN) 6
Colorless crystals.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 328. 33
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanides and Magnesium Compounds.
cyanides.
rate): Section 2
Mol. Wt. 382.87

Highly toxic. See
Cyanides and Mercury Compounds, Organic.
Mercury Compounds, Organic and
Cyanides.
rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM MANGANOCYANIDE
POTASSIUM MERCUROUS
Deep blue crystals.

Formula: K 4 Mn(CN) 6 3H 2
Description:
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 421.47
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanides and Magnesium Compounds.
cyanides.
rate): Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Description:
Formula:
K 2 Hg(CN) 4
Constant:
Toxicity:
TARTRATE
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula
KHgC 4H4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 387.78
Toxicity: Highly toxic^ See Mercury
Compounds, Organic.
rate): Section^

2 =
Moderate
3 =
Section
High
Unknown
POTASSIUM NITRATE
1047
POTASSIUM, METALLIC, LIQUID
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110.26
M. P. 840C
Density 1. 80 5 @14C
For other properties, see Sulfides.
ALLOY.
See Potassium.
11.

I.
POTASSIUM MONOXIDE
Description:
crystals.
POTASSIUM METHAZONATE
Toxicity:
Unknown
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 94. 19
Density 2. 32 @0C
Toxicity: See Potassium.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction; will react with
(Section
HzO
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 318.41
highly toxic. See also Dimethyl
to
flammable
products (Section 6).

POTASSIUM MONOHYDROGEN
o -ARSENATE
Description:
Formula:
Formula:
M.
P.
Colorless crystals.
437. 11
Decomp. < 100 C

2. 124
POTASSIUM NITRATE
Synonyms: Niter;
nitre;
saltpeter.

or white, crystalline powder or
crystals; cooling, pungent, saline
taste.
Formula:
KNG 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
101. 10
Density
2.
109
@16C
See Nitrates.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; an oxidizing material. See Nitrates.
Toxicity:
See Arsenic
Compounds.
Disaster Control:
Toxicity:
Blue crystals.
M. P. 334C
B. P. Decomp. @400C
K 2 HAs0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 218. 11
K 2 S0 4 NiS0 4 6H 2 G
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Density
Sulfate
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame; it de-
composes readily
Section
POTASSIUM NICKEL SULFATE
White crystals.
Formula: 2KCH 3 S0 4
6).
POTASSIUM METHYL SULFATE

Description:
Kz O
Formula:

toxic fumes of potassium.
Cubic colorless-gray
Nitrates.
Dangerous.
See
Arsenic Compounds.
rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM MONOSULFIDE
Description: Yellow-brown, deliquescent crystals.
Formula: K 2 S

Oxidizing
POTASSIUM NITRATE MIXED

(FUSED) WITH SODIUM NITRITE.
See Potassium Nitrate
and Sodium Nitrite.
POTASSIUM NITRIDE
I.
1048
Section 11.
Oxidizing
material.

Oxidizing material.
POTASSIUM NITRIDE
Description:
Greenish-black crys-
tals.
Formula:
K3 N
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 131. 30
M. P. Decomposes
Ammonia which is readily
evolved on contact with moisture.
Fire Hazard:
Moderate.
See
Ammonia.
Explosion Hazard:
Moderate.
See
Ammonia.
contact with moisture, acid or
acid fumes, it can emit toxic
fume s
Section

will explode at 752 F.
rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM NITROMETHANE
See Nit ropa raff ins.
materials.
Toxicity:
POTASSIUM NITRITE
Description: White or slightly
yellowish, deliquescent prisms
or sticks.
Formula:
KNO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 85. 10
M. P. 387C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 915
Fire Hazard: Moderate; an oxidizing material. See Nitrites.
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat. It will explode at
1000 F or when mixed with cyanide salts and heated.
Nitrites.

Oxidizing
POTASSIUM NITROCYANIDE
Constant:
M. P. Explodes @752F
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
POTASSIUM m-NITROPHENOXIDE
Description:
Formula:
Flat, orange needles.
KOC^NOz
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 213.23
M. P. -2H z O @130C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 1.691 @20C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Phenol.
contact with acids of acid fumes,
oxides of nitrogen.
rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM NITROPLATINATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
K 2 Pt(N0 2
)4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 457.45
M. P. Decomposes
and Nitrates.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
POTASSIUM PENTACHLORONITROSYL RUTHENATE
1049

POTASSIUM NITROPRUSSIDE
Red, hygroscopic
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
K 2 [Fe(NO)(CN) 5
2H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 330. 17
Toxicity:
Highly toxic. See Cyanides.
contact with acids or acid fumes,
cyanides and oxides of nitrogen.
rate): Section 2

rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM OXYBORATE
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
KBO s V 2 H 2

POTASSIUM PENTABORANE
Synonym: Pentaboranide.
White powder.
Formula: KjjBgHg
Description:

M. P. Decomp. < 180C
See Boron Hydrides.
POTASSIUM PENTABORATE
POTASSIUM OSMATE

fine granular structure.
Synonym: Potassium perosmate.
Formula:
Violet, hygroscopic
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
K 2 0s0 4
2H z O
Moderate, by chema powerful oxi-
ical reaction;
dizer (Section 6).

Section
Formula:
K2 C 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
POTASSIUM PENTACHLORO-
AQUORUTHENATE
(III)
Rose prisms.
Formula: K 2 Ru(H 2 0)Cl 5
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 375. 19
M. P. -H 2 @200C
Probably slight. See

Ruthenium Compounds.
toxic
fumes
it
emits
of chlorides.

127
Section 7
POTASSIUM PENTACHLORO-
@39C
HYDROXO RUTHENATE
See Oxa-
Highly toxic.
lates.

rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM OXALATO-
URANATE
(IV)
Yellow crystals.
K4 [U(C 2 4 ) 4 ] 5H 2
Density 2. 563
Formula:
449.66
184. 23
2.
Description:
4H z O
H2
M. P. Decomposes
Density
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
POTASSIUM OXALATE
Description:
crystals.
KB 5O s
M. P. 780C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 368.42
M. P. -H 2 above 100 C
Toxicity: See Osmium Compounds.
Fire Hazard:
Constants:
(IV)
Brown-red crystals.
Formula: K 2 Ru(OH)Cl 5
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 374. 19
M. P. Decomposes

Toxicity:
toxic
fumes
it
emits
of chlorides.
Section
POTASSIUM PENTACHLORONITROSYL RUTHENATE (III)

Description:
Rhombic, dark red
POTASSIUM PENTACHLORORHODITE
M. P.
crystals.
Formula:
K 2 Ru(NO)Cl
ates.

POTASSIUM PENTACHLORORHODITE
Rhombic, red crys-
POTASSIUM m-PERIODATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 230.
M. P. 582 C
-O
Density
See
slight.
Rhodium Compounds.
3.
chlorides.
7
POTASSIUM PENTAFLUONIOBATE
@300C
@15C
618

Iodates.
Fire Hazard: An oxidizing agent and
moderate

Description:
crystals.
B. P.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 358.39
M. P. Decomposes
Probably
Section 11.
Oxidizing
I.
Formula: KI0 4
tals.
Toxicity:
@10C

heated to decomposition or on contact with acid or acid fumes, emits
K2 RHC1
52
2.
For other properties, see Perchlor-
Toxicity:
Formula:
610 10C
Density
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 387. 19
M. P. Decomposes
Description:
1050
See
fire hazard.
Iodates.
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat. Explodes @1076F.

exposed to heat or flame; on
fumes of iodine compounds.
Synonym: Potassium oxyniobate.

Description:
leaflets.
Formula:
K 2 NbOF 5
H zO
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 300. 12
Fluorides.
Fluorides.
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
238. 52
M. P. 206C
KMn0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158. 03
Density 2. 703
reaction. A powerful oxidizing

agent. Spontaneously flammable
on contact with glycerine and
ethylene glycol. See also Permanganates.
Orange crystals.
K2 S
Formula:
Fire Hazard:
POTASSIUM PENTASULFIDE
Description:
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
Description: Dark purple crystals
with a blue metallic sheen;
sweetish astringent taste.
Sulfides.
POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE
Synonym: Potassium hyperchlorate.
white, crystalline powder.

Formula: KC10 4
POTASSIUM PEROXIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Description:
mass
138. 55
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Yellow, amorphous
(white crystals).
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
POTASSIUM PERSULFATE
1051
Formula:
K 2O z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 204. 8
M. P. Decomp.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110. 19
M. P. 490 C
Toxicity: See Peroxides, Inorganic.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by spontaneous chemical reaction. It is
a very powerful oxidizer. Fires
of this material should be handled
like sodium peroxide.
dizer (Section 6).


reducing material, it can react
vigorously, and on contact with
acid or acid fumes, it can emit
toxic fumes.
POTASSIUM PERSELENATE
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 182. 1
See
Selenium Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction; a powerful oxi-
Section 11.
dizer (Section 6).

selenium; keep away from combustible materials.
Section 2
POTASSIUM PEROXYCHROMATE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: KSe0 4
I.
Formula:
@440C

Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction; a powerful oxiToxicity:
Brown-red crystals.
K 3 CrO s
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 297. 3
M. P. Decomp. @170C
Chromium Compounds.
POTASSIUM PERSULFATE
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction; a powerful oxi-
Synonym: Anthion; potassium
dizer (Section 6).

pe r oxydi s ulf at e
Description: White odorless
crystals.
Formula: K 2 S 2 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 270. 3
M. P. Decomposes below 100 C
Density 2. 477
Acute Systemic: U
POTASSIUM PERRHENATE
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
KRe0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 289.41
M. P. 350C
Density 4. 887
Toxicity: See Rhenium Compounds.
Fire Hazard:
reaction; a powerful oxidizier

(Section 6).

Section
POTASSIUM PERRUTHENATE
Description:
Black crystals.
Formula: KRu0 4
gen 2
Inhalation
1;

reaction. It liberates oxygen @
212 F when dry, or at room
temperature when in solution

(Section
6).

POTASSIUM PHENOL SULFONATE

it
emits

sulfur; can react with reducing
materials.
Section 2
POTASSIUM PHENOL
1052
POTASSIUM PHTHALIMIDE
White powder.
Description:
Formula:
C^H^CO^NK
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 185.23
an in-
secticide.

SULFONATE
Description:
Formula:
Rhombic crystals.
KC 6 H 4 (OH)S0 3
POTASSIUM PICRATE
Yellow-reddish or
greenish crystals.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212.26
M. P. > 260C
Density 1. 87
oxides of sulfur.
rate): Section 2
Formula:
KC 6 H 2 N 3
Mol. Wt. 267.20

Density 1. 852
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Picric
Acid.
vigorously with reducing mateConstants:
rials.
POTASSIUM PHENYLACETATE
Dry powder.
C 6 H 5 CH 2 COOK
Description:
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 174.2
Toxicity: Unknown
emits toxic fumes.

sition,
it

rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM POLYSULFIDES.
See
Sulfides.
POTASSIUM PYROSULFITE
POTASSIUM PHENYL SULFATE
Description:
Formula:
Rhombic
Monoclinic plates.
Description:
leaflets.
KC 6H 5S0 4
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212.26
B. P. Decomposes
sulfur.
K2S 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 222. 32
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 3
For other properties, see Sulfites.
POTASSIUM RHODIUM SULFATE

Yellow cubes.
12H 2
Formula: KRh(S0 4 3
Description:

rate): Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
Synonym: Potassium metabi sulfite.
None
= Slight
Constants:
Density
Toxicity:
Mol. Wt.
2.
550.33
23
See Rhodium Compounds.
POTASSIUM RUTHENATE
Description:
2 =
Moderate
Black crystals.
3 =
High
Unknown
POTASSIUM STRONTIUM CHROMIC OXALATE
1053
Formula:
K 2 Ru0 4
H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 261.91
M. P. -H z O @200C
B. P. Decomp. 400 C vac.
Toxicity: See Ruthenium Compounds,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 903.29
Density 3. 378 @12. 5C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. For other
properties see Potassium
Selenocyanate.
POTASSIUM SELENATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Rhombic, colorless
K 2 Se0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 221. 15
Density 3. 066
For other properties, see Selenium
Compounds.
POTASSIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
Description: White, odorless, fine
crystalline powder.
Formula: K 2 SiF$
Density 2. 27
For other properties, see Fluosilicates.
POTASSIUM SELENIDE
POTASSIUM SILVER CARBONATE
Description: White crystals; reddens on exposure to air.

Formula: K 2 Se
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 157. 15
Density 2. 851 @15C
Description:
Rectangular plates.
KAgC0 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 206. 99
M. P. Decomp.
Density 3. 769
Toxicity: See Silver Compounds.
Compounds.
POTASSIUM SILVER NITRATE
POTASSIUM SELENITE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
White, deliquescent
K 2 Se0 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 205. 15
Compounds.
POTASSIUM SELENOCYANATE
Description:
Formula: KSeCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144. 1
M. P. Decomp. @100C
Density 2. 347
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Selenium Compounds and Cyanates.
Selenium Compounds and Cyan-
Formula:
KN0 3
AgN0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
270. 99
125C
Density 3.219
For other properties, see Nitrates.
POTASSIUM SODIUM ANTIMONY
TARTRATE
Description:
der.
White scales or pow-
Formula: KNaSbC 4H 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 346. 9
See Anti-
mony Compounds.
POTASSIUM STRONTIUM CHROMIC
OXALATE
ates.

rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM SELENOCYANOPLATINATE
Description:
Formula:
Description:
Rhombic crystals.
K 2Pt(SeCN) 6
Description:
Greenish-black crys-
tals.
Formula: KSrCr(C 2
4)3
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 550. 89
Density 2. 155 @13*C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Oxalates.
rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM STYPHNATE
1054
POTASSIUM STYPHNATE
Synonym: Potassium trinitroresorcinate.
Yellow, monoclinic
Description:
prisms.
Formula: KC 6 H 2 N 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
POTASSIUM SULFOCYANATE
301.21
-H z O @120C
M. P.
B. P.
H zO
Synonyms: Potassium rhodanide,

potassium thiocyanate.
Explodes
For other properties, see Nitrates
Synonym: Potassium hydrosulfide,

potassium bisulfide.
Formula: KHS
72.17
Mol. Wt.
M. P. 455 C
Density 2.
Sulfides.
POTASSIUM SULFIDE
Synonyms: Potassium sulfuret,
hepar sulfuris.
Description: Red, crystalline mass;
K2S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110.25
M. P. 471 C
Density 1. 805 @14C
C. C. Classification: Flammable solid; yellow label.
I.
flammable
solid;
yellow label.
1.
886
@ 500 C
Highly toxic. See Cyanates.
toxic fumes of cyanides.
rate): Section 2
B. P.
Toxicity:
Decomp.
POTASSIUM SUPEROXIDE
Description:
Yellow leaflets.
KO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 71. 10
M. P. Approx. 400 C
B. P.
Toxicity:
Decomp.
See Peroxides, Inorganic.

Fire Hazard: Dangerous; a powerful
oxidizing agent.

with water or steam to evolve
heat; keep away from combustible
Section
White -yellowish crys-
POTASSIUM TELLURATE
tals.
Formula:
Density
materials.
POTASSIUM SULFITE
Description:
97. 17
173. 2C
M. P.
Formula:
deliquescent in air.
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
KSCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
POTASSIUM SULFHYDRATE
Constants:
Description:
Formula:
Description:
crystals.

oxides of sulfur.
K2 S0 3
2H 2
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 194. 29
M. P. Decomp.
Soft, glutinous
mass.
K 2 Te04
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 269. 80
M. P. Decomp. @200C
For other properties, see Tellurium
Compounds.
POTASSIUM SULFOCARBONATE
Synonym: Potassium thiocarbonate.
Description: Yellowish-red crystals.
Formula: K 2 CS 3
POTASSIUM TELLURIDE

M. P. Decomp.
Toxicity: Details unknown; a soil
fumigant.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 205. 80
Density 2. 51
Description:
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
K 2 Te
Compounds.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
POTASSIUM TfflOPLATINATE
1055
POTASSIUM TELLURITE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Formula:
White, deliquescent
K 2 Te0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 253.80
M. P. 460 - 470 C decomp.
Compounds.
POTASSIUM TETRABORATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
K2 B 4
8H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 377. 60
M. P. Decomp.
Density Anhydrous: 1. 74
For other properties, see Boron
Compounds.
Formula:
White crystals.
K 2 Ge 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 512. 59
M. P. 1033C
Density 4. 12 @21. 5C
German-
POTASSIUM TETRAIODO-
MERCURATE
Formula:
(II)
K 2 HgI 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 786.48
See Mercury
Compounds.
Disaster Control:
Dangerous.
See
Mercury Compounds.
rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM TETRASULFIDE
Description:
Formula:
See Anti-
POTASSIUM TfflOARSENATE
K3 AsS 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 320.46
M. P. Decomp.
See Arsenic
Compounds.
ium Compounds.
Description:
crystals.
9H 2

antimony and oxides of sulfur.
rate): Section 2
Description:
POTASSIUM TETRAGERMANATE
mony Compounds.
Formula:
Description:
2K3 SbS 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 896. 8
Red-brown crystals.
K2 S 4

arsenic and oxides of sulfur.
rate): Section 2
POTASSIUM TfflOARSENITE
Formula:
K 2AsS 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
288.4
M. P. Decomposes
Highly toxic. For other
properties, see Potassium
Thioarsenate.
Toxicity:
POTASSIUM TfflOCYANATE.
See
Potassium Sulfocyanate.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 206.46
M. P. 145C
POTASSIUM TfflOPLATINATE
B. P. Decomp. @850C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1051. 51
M. P. Decomp. upon ignition
Density 6.44 @15C
Toxicity: See Platinum Compounds,
POTASSIUM TfflOANTIMONATE
Description:
Yellow crystals.
Description:
Formula:
Blue-gray crystals.
K 2 Pt 4S 6
POTASSIUM TRI IODIDE
1056

oxides of sulfur.
crystals.
Formula:
2K 2 C0 3
U0 2 C0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 606.48
M. P. -CO z @300C
Toxicity: See
Soluble.
Uranium Compounds,
POTASSIUM TRI IODIDE

Description: Monoclinic, dark blue,
Formula: KI 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 419.86
M. P. 31 C
B. P. Decomp. @225C
Density 3.498
POTASSIUM URANYL SULFATE

Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Radioactive, yellow
K2 S0 4
U0 2 S0 4
2H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 576.43
M. P. -2H 2 @120C
Density 3.363 @19. 1 C
Soluble.
POTASSIUM m-VANADATE
POTASSIUM TRIOXIDE
Description:
Synonym: Potassium sesquioxide.
Formula:
Description: Red crystals (probably

a mixture).
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 138. 05
K2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Toxicity:
POTASSIUM XANTHATE
126. 19
430C
Synonym: Potassium ethyl xanthate.

See Potas-
Highly toxic.
Description:
Formula:
POTASSIUM TRISULFIDE
Description:
Formula:
Yellow crystals.
K2S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174. 39
M. P. 252 C
POTASSIUM m-URANATE
Description:
Formula:
Orange-yellow crystals.
K 2 U0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 380.26
Soluble.
POTASSIUM URANYL ACETATE

Description:
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
KV0 3
Radioactive crystals.
KUOz^Ôz^
H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 504.31
M. P. -H 2 @275C
Density 2. 396 @15C
Liquid.
C 2 H 5OCS 2K
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 160. 3
M. P. 200 C Decomp.
Flash P. 205 C (C. C. )
Density 1. 558
Toxicity: See Carbon Disulfide.

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 9. 5% (U. E. L. )
materials.
rate): Section 2
Soluble.
POTASSIUM URANYL CARBONATE

Description:
Yellow, radioactive
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
POWDERED METALS
See specific metal.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous in dispersed
Toxicity:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PROCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE
1057
form when exposed
to flame or
sparks or by chemical reaction
with oxidizers. Many powdered
metals can ignite spontaneously
B. P.
-7H zO @100C
M. P. 56. 5C
For other properties, see Bromates
PRASEODYMIUM OXALATE
in air.
To Fight Fire: Use no water; use

powdered graphite, dolomite,
sodium chloride, etc. Get instructions from the supplier of
the powdered metal.
PRASEODYMIUM
Pale yellow metal.
Description:
Description:
Light green crystals.
Formula: Pr 2 (C 2
4)3
10H 2 O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 726.06
Oxalates.
PRASEODYMIUM SELENATE
Formula: Pr
Formula: Pr 2 (Se0 4
Constants:
At. Wt. 140. 92
M. P. 940 C
Density 6. 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 710. 72
Density 4. 30 @15C
Unknown
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Pr 143 half-life:
Toxicity:

of 0. 92 mev. The permissible
levels are: In body: 29 micro13. 8 days;
X 10~ 7 micro0. 4 microcurie

per milliliter. Hazard Rating,
curies; in air:
curie; in water:
7. 5
Pr 144
Artificial isotope
half-
emits beta
and gamma
The permis-
17. 5 minutes;
particles of 3. 1 mev
life:
14 mev.
sible levels are: In body:
rays of
0.
See
)3
See
Selenium Compounds.
PRASEODYMIUM SULFIDE
Description:
Brown powder.
Formula: Pr 2 S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 378.04
M. P. Decomposes
Density 5. 042 @11C
PRIMERS. See Explosives, High.

PROCAINE BORATE
microcuries; in air: 7 X 10~ 9

water: 4X 10 -2 microcurie per
Synonym: Borocaine.
milliliter.
Formula:
Pr 144
Description:
Tabular crystals.
C 13 H 20 N 2 O 2
5HBO z
exists in equilibrium with

its parent, Ce 144
The hazard
rating and permissible levels are
given for the equilibrium mixture. Hazard Rating, Class III
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 455.
M. P. 166C
Handbood No.
PROCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE
42).
Moderate, in the
form of dust, when exposed
to heat or flame or by chemical reaction. Fine dust ignites
Fire Hazard:
readily.
See also Powdered
Metals.
PRASEODYMIUM BROMATE
Description:
crystals.
Hexagonal, green
Formula: Pr(BrO s ) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
9H z O
686. 81
Moderate.
Hydrochloride.
Toxicity:
Description:
Formula:
See Procaine
Crystals.
C 13 H 20 N 2O 2
HC1
Mol. Wt. 272.8

M. P. 153 - 156C
Density 0. 707 @17C
Constants:
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
2;
Allergen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
PROCAINE NITRATE
1058

Section 2
PROCAINE NITRATE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C 13 H 2oN 2 02
HN0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
299. 3
101 C
Moderate. See Procaine

Hydrochloride.
Toxicity:
Nitrates.
Nitrates.
PRODUCER GAS
Highly toxic. See Carbon
Monoxide, Methane and Hydrogen.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to flame.
chemical or water spray (SecToxicity:
tion

acid.
6).

gas containers with explosive
force; can react vigorously with
Section
PROPANE
Colorless gas.
CH 3 CH 2 CH 3
PROPANOL.
See Propyl Alcohol.
4-PROPANOL PYRIDINE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2OH)C5H 4 N

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137.
B. P. 289C
Freezing P. 36. 7C
Density 1. 053 @40C
See
Pyridine.
oxides.
PROPARGYL ALCOHOL
Synonym: 2-Propyn- l-ol.
Description: A moderately volatile
Formula:
HC=CCH 2 OH
B. P. 115C
Flash P. 97F (O. C.
Density 0. 9715 @20/4C
@20C
Vap. Press. 11. 6
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 44. 09
B. P. -42. 1C
Flash P. -156F
Density 0.5853 @-44. 5/4C
Vap. D. 1. 56
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Highly dangerous
Toxic Rating Code:

rate): Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 56. 1
M. P. -17C
Synonym: Dimethylmethane.
Description:
6).

liquid geranium-like odor.
rate): Section 2
Formula:
tion
None
= Slight
mm
Vap. D. 1.93
Toxic Hazard Rating (animal data):
3;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

ide,
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PROPIONALDEHYDE
1059
rate): Section 2
PROPARGYL BROMIDE
Description: An almost colorless
liquid; sharp odor.
Formula:
HC=CCH 2 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 97
B. P. 88 - 90 C
Flash P. 65 F (C. O. C. )
Density 1. 564 - 1. 570
Vap. D. 6. 87
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
tion
3;
2;
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

rate): Section 2
PROPENE.
See Propylene.
1-
PROPENE- 1, 3-DIOL-DIACETATE

Acute Local: U
Inhalation
Section 2

j3
DIACETATE
Acute Local: U
Inhalation
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
PROPIOLACTONE
C 3 H4 2
Formula:
Constants:
M. P.
Mol. Wt.
72.
-33.4C
B. P. 155C (with rapid decomp.

Flash P. 165C
Density 1. 1460 @ 20 /4C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

Ventilation Control (use normalrate):
Section 2
PROPIONALDEHYDE
Synonyms: Propyl aldehyde; propylic aldehyde.
focating odor.
Formula:
l-PROPENE-2-CHLORO-l, 3-DIOL-
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Constants:
suf-
CH 3 CH 2 CHO
Mol. Wt.
58.1
M. P. -81 C; B. P. 48. 8C
Flash P. 15F
Density 0. 807 @20 /4C
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
6).
PROPIONIC ACID
1060
Disaster Control: Dangerous fire

hazard; reacts vigorously with
Section 2
3
7
PROPIONIC ACID
Synonym: Methyl acetic acid.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
CH 3 CH 2 COOH
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 74. 1
M. P. -22C
B. P. 141 C
Density 0. 992
Vap. D. 2. 56
low.

PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE
Synonym: Propanoic anhydride.
Formula: (CH 3 CH 2 CO) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
130. 14
-45C
B. P. 167. 0C
Density 1.012
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
4.
to heat or flame.
dioxide, dry
(Section
6).

rate):
Section-
Section
PROPIOPHENONE
Synonym: Ethylphenyl ketone.
Description: Water -white to light
amber
liquid.
Formula: C 9 H 10 O
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
134.2
M. P. 21C
B. P. 218. 0C
Flash P. 210 F
Density 1. 012 @20/20C
Vap. Press.
lmm@50.0C

also Ketones.
See

Section 7
49
Unknown

(Section
6).
Section 7
PROPIONYL CHLORIDE
Synonym: Propanoyl chloride.
Description:
Formula:
exposed
Colorless liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 92. 5
M. P. -94C
B. P. 80C
Flash P. 53 F
Density 1. 065
=
None

pleasant odor.
Formula:
CH 3 COOC 3 H 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 13
M. P. -92. 5C
B. P. 101. 6C
Flash P. 58F
Density 0. 887
Vap. Press. 40
@ 28. 8C
Vap. D. 3. 52
Chronic Local: U
mm
CH 3 CH 2 COCl
Toxic Rating Code:
n-PROPYL ACETATE
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PROPYL ALDEHYDE
1061

Toxicology: This material causes
narcosis and is somewhat irritaHowever, it is not likely
ting.
to cause chronic poisoning, since
there is definite evidence of
habituation to this material. The
after-effects are slight and recovery quick from even deep
narcosis. The symptoms noted
are sleepiness, fatigue, slight
stupefaction and retarded respiration. Repeated or prolonged
inhalations of high concentrations
have been shown to produce irritation and narcosis and in certain cases death, although no industrial injury has been reported
as occurring to workmen exposed
to it. Isopropyl acetate has been
shown to have slightly less narcotic potency than normal propyl
acetate.

who show the symptoms of irritation or narcosis from exposure to
this material should immediately
be removed to fresh air. Recovery is quick and complete.
If the exposure has been very
severe, consult a physician.

materials.
rate): Section 2
PROPYL ALCOHOL
Synonym:
1-Propanol; ethyl car
binol.
Description: Clear, odorless

liquid; alcohol-like odor.
M. P. -127C B. P.
Flash P. 59F (C.C.)
Density
0.
97.
mm

exposed to flame.
materials.
Personnel Protection:
Section 3
rate): Section 2
PROPYL ALDEHYDE
Synonyms: Propylic aldehyde; propionaldehyde.
focating odor.
Formula:
suf-
CH 3 CH 2 CHO
Mol. Wt. 58. 1

-81 C
B. P. 48 C
Flash P. 15F
Density 0. 807 @20 /4C
Constants:
M. P.
6).

n-
Autoign. Temp. 812F

Vap. Press. 10
@ 14. 7 C
Vap. D. 2. 07
Chronic Local: U
Underwriters Laboratory Classification: 55-60.
(Section 6).
19C
8044 @20/4C
tion
2;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
hazard; reacts vigorously with
oxidizers.
Section 2
n- PROPYL
BENZENE
n -PROPYL
BENZENE
Synonym:
1062
-Phenyl propane.
1
Formula: C 3 H 7 C6H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. Z
M. P. -99. 5C
B. P. 159. 2C
Density 0. 862
Vap. D. 4. 14
Benzene.
Section
PROPYL BORATE
Tripropyl borate.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
B(OC 3 H 7
)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 188. 1
B. P. 175C
Density 0. 867 @l6C
heated it emits toxic fumes (Section 6).
Section
PROPYL BROMIDE
Synonym:
-Bromopropane.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 Br
70.9C

tion
3;
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when heated
or exposed to flame.
Toxic Rating Code:
None

= Slight
Section
PROPYL "CELLOSOLVE"
Glycols.
See also

can react
6).
Section
CHLORIDE
n -PROPYL
-Chloropropane.
Colorless liquid;
form-like odor.
Formula: CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C1
1
Description:
chloro-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 78. 54
M. P. -122. 8C
B. P. 47. 2C
Flash P. 0F
Density 0. 890
Vap. D. 2. 71
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
(Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123. 00
M. P. -110C
B. P.
Section
Synonym:
Section 2
Formula:
rate):

6).

Synonym:

6).

exposed to flame.
rate): Section 2
PROPYL CHLOROSULFONATE
Description:
Formula:
2 =
Liquid.
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 0S0 2 C1
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
1063
PROPYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 158. 61
B. P. 70 - 72C @20
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
and oxides of sulfur. A military
poison.
rate): Section 2
Inflammable gas;
red gas
label.
mm
MCA
warning label.
PROPYLENE CARBONATE
A clear liquid.
CH 3 CHCH 2 C0 3
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
102. 09
242. 1C
Freezing P. -48. 8C
Flash P. 275 F (O. C. )
Density 1 2069 @ 20 /20 C
B. P.
Vap. Press.
Toxicity:
0.
03mm@20C
Unknown

to heat or flame.
PROPYLENE
Synonym: Propene.
Description:
Formula:
6).
Disaster Control: Can react with

gas.
C 3 Hg
PROPYLENE CHLOROBROMIDE

M. P. -185C
B. P. -47. 7C
Density (liquid) 0. 581 @0C
Vap. Press. 10 atm. @19.8C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
CH 3 CHBrCH 2 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 157. 5
B. P. 117 - 118. 5C
Freezing P. < -20 C
Density 1 540 @ 25/25 C
Vap. D. 5. 47
.
PROPYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN
Synonyms: Chloro-isopropyl alcohol;
tion 6).

exposed to heat or flame. Under
unusual conditions, i. e.
955
atmospheres pressure and 327 C,
it has been known to explode.
l-chloro-2-propanol.
non-residual odor.
CH 2 ClCHOHCH 3
Formula:

Section 2
See
Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
mild,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 94. 54
B. P. 127. 0C
Density 1. 103 @20C
Vap. D. 3. 26
Acute Systemic: Skin Absorption
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: Skin Absorption
Fire Hazard:
of Toxicology,
Moderate, when
see Section
PROPYLENE DIAMINE
1064

To Fight Fire: Carbon dioxide, drychemical or carbon tetrachloride
(Section
6).

MCA
warning label.
PROPYLENE DIAMINE
Colorless liquid.
Description:
CH 3 CH(NH 2 )CH 2 NH 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 74. 13
B. P. 119 - 120C
Flash P. 120F (O.C.
Density 0. 87 @15C
Vap. D. 2. 56
Toxicity:
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
See also
Ammonia.
60 F (C.C. )
Density 1. 1 593 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 3. 89
Acute Local: U
6).

exposed to flame.
Corrosive liquid.
Flash P.

rate): Section 2
6).

toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides;
PROPYLENE FLUOROHYDRIN
PROPYLENE DIBROMIDE

Acute Local: U
Colorless liquid.
Description:
CH 3 CHBrCH 2 Br
Formula:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
M. P.
-55C
B. P.
139. 6
201.9
142.
Vap. D.
7.
bromides.
Colorless liquid.
None
78.
2;

Section 2
PROPYLENE GLYCOL
,
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112. 99
B. P. 95. 4C
Freezing P. < -70C
=
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
2 -Propanediol; 1,21
dihydroxypropane.
CH 2 C1CHC1CH 3
Toxic Rating Code:
CH 2 FCHOHCH 3
Synonyms:
PROPYLENE DICHLORIDE
Formula:
Formula:
Chronic Systemic: U
6C
Unknown
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Freezing P. < -75C

Density 1. 940 @ 25 /25 C
Toxicity:
Synonym: Fluoroisopropyl alcohol.
CH 2 OHCHOHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
= Slight
2 =
76.
188.
Moderate
2C
3 =
High
Unknown
PROPYLENE GLYCOL CHLOROPHENYL ETHER
1065

Density 1. 0362 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. D. 2.62
(Section 6).

(Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: Details unknown

See also Ethers.
PROPYLENE GLYCOL p-tertBUTYLPHENYL ETHER

Synonym s
1 - (p - 1 e rt - Butylphe noxy )
2-propanol.
Description: White solid.
:
Formula:
(CH 3 ) 3 CC 6 H4OCH 2 CH(OH)CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
208. 3
33 C
288. 8C

exposed to flame.
Flash P. 290 F
Density 0. 979 @60 /60 C
Vap. D. 7.2
PROPYLENE GLYCOL -4-BIPHENYLYL ETHER

M. P.
B. P.
Glycols.
Synonyms:
propanol.
Description:
l-(4-Biphenylyloxy)-2-
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxWhite, crystalline
solid.
Formula: C 6H 5C 6H4OCH2 CH(OH)CH 3

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 228. 3
M. P. 121 - 123C
Glycols.
PROPYLENE GLYCOL CHLOROPHENYL ETHER

See also

PROPYLENE GLYCOL
PHENYL ETHER

ide,
sec -BUTYL
Synonyms:
l-(o- sec -Butyl phenoxy)

-2-propanol.
Formula:
C 2H 5CH(CH 3 )C 6H4OCH2CH(OH)CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 208. 3
M. P. < -20C
B. P. 276. 8C
Flash P. 270 F
Density 0. 992 @25/25C
Vap. D. 7.2
Glycols.
Synonyms:
1 -(o-Chlorophenoxy)2-propanol.
Formula:
ClC 6H4OCH 2 CH(OH)CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 186.6
M. P. < -20C
B. P. 272. 3C
Flash P. 270 F
Density 1.201 @25/25C
Vap. D. 6.45
Glycols.

to heat or flame.

toxic fumes of chlorides; can react
PROPYLENE GLYCOL DIACETATE

PROPYLENE GLYCOL DIACETATE

Glycols.
See

PROPYLENE GLYCOL-2,4-DICHLOROPHENYL ETHER

Synonyms:
l-(2,
4-Dichlorophenoxy)
-2-propanol.
Formula: Cl2C 6 H 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 221. 1
M. P. 9. 5C
B. P. 297. 7C
Flash P. 335F
Density 1. 309 @25/25C
Vap. D. 7. 6
Glycols.

To Fight Fire: Water, form, carbon
PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL

ETHER
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 OCH 2 CHOHCH 3
PROPYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER

Formula:
Clear liquid.
None
PROPYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER

Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 1
M. P. -96. 7C
B. P. 120C
Flash P. 100 F
Density 0. 91 9 @ 25/25 C
Vap. D. 3. 11
Glycols.
Section 2
PROPYLENE GLYCOL PHENYL

ETHER
Liquid.
Formula: C 6 H 5OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 3

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 152.2
B. P. 240C
Freezing P. 13 - 18C
Flash P. 275F
Density 1. 063 @ 25/4C
Vap. D. 5. 25
Glycols.
PROPYLENE IMINE
Formula:
= Slight
Liquid.
CH 3 OC 3 H 6OH
Description:
CH3CHOHCH2OC2H5
Toxic Rating Code:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 15
B. P. 130C
Glycols.
Section 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 90. 1
M. P. -96. 7C
B. P. 120C
Flash P. 100F
Density 0. 919 @25 /25C
Toxicity: Unknown. See Glycols.
Section 2
Description^
1066
2 =
Liquid.
NHCH 2 CHCH3
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
n- PROPYL
1067
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 58. 10
Vap. D. 2.
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:

2;
PROPYL ETHER
U
Synonym: Dipropyl ether.
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
million in air.
Description:
25 parts
per

Section 2
PROPYLENE OXIDE
Synonyms: 1 2-Epoxypropane;
propene oxide; methyl oxirane.
,

ethereal odor.
Formula:
FORMATE
OCH 2 CHCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 58. 08
B. P. 33.9C
Flash P. -35F (T.O.C. )
Density 0. 8304 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. Press. 400
@ 1 7. 8C
Vap. D. 2.0
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: Trritant 1
Chronic Systemic: U
(Section 6).
exposed to flame.
materials. Keep away from heat
and open flame!
rate): Section 2
mm
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(C 3 H 7 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 2
M. P. -122C
B. P. 90C
Density 0. 736 @ 20 /4C
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame (Section 6),
See Ethers.
materials.
rate): Section 2
n-PROPYL FORMATE
Synonym: Propyl methanoate.
pleasant odor.
Formula: C 3 H 7 CH0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 1
M. P. -93C
B. P. 82C
Density 0.901 @20C
Vap. D. 3.03
n- Propyl Alcohol and Formic
Acid.

materials.
rate): Section 2
PROPYL GALLATE
1068
PROPYL GALLATE
Synonym: Propyl-3,
5-trihydroxy
benzoate.
Description:
Odorless, fine, ivory

powder.
Formula: (HO) 3 C 6H 2 COOC 3 H 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212. 2
M. P. 147 - 149C
n-Propyl Alcohol.
See

Fire Hazard:

PROPYL IODIDE
Synonym:
1-Iodopropane.
Description: Colorless to yellow
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 16
M. P. -76C
B. P. 122. 4C
Flash P. 175 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 885
n-Propyl Alcohol.
n-PROPYL SILICATE
(C 3 H 7 0) 4Si
liquid.
Formula:
CH3 CH 2 COOCH 2 CH 2 CH 3
Formula:
4,
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 I
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 170.0
M. P. -98C
B. P. 103C
Density 1. 747 @20 /4C
toxic. See Halogenated Hydrocarbons.
toxic fumes of iodides; can react
Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
264.4
226C
Density
0.
915
Details unknown.
n-Propyl Alcohol.
See
Toxicity:

PROPYL SULFATE
Synonym: Di-n-propyl
Formula:
sulfate.
Colorless, oily, liquid.
Description:
(CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 2S0 4
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 89. 1
B. P. 57C
Density 0. 935
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 182.2
B. P. 120C @20
Density 1. 11 @22. 5C
Vap. D. 6.28
materials.
Section 2
n- PROPYL PROPIONATE
Synonym:
mm
PROPYL NITRATE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH3CH2CH2NO3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 105. 1
B. P. 110. 5C
Density 1. 058 @ 20 6 /4C
PROPYL NITRITE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2ONO
Toxic Rating Code:
None
PROPYL SULFIDE
= Slight
2 =
-Propyl thiopropane.
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PSEUDOACONITINE
1069
Description:
Formula:

Liquid.
(C 3 H 7 ) 2 S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118.2
B. P. 142 C
Density 0. 814 @17C
Vap. D. 4.08


Section 2
See

Sulfides.

6).
2-PROPYN-l-OL.
See Propargyl
Alcohol.
Description:
CH 3 CH2 CH 2 SCN
X2
UX 2
Shiny metallic mass.
Formula: Pa
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 101. 13
Vap. D. 3.49

Thiocyanates.
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxToxicity:


Section
PROPYL -3, 4, 5-TRIHYDROXY

BENZOATE. See Propyl Gallate.
Synonyms: Uranium
Clear liquid.
Cor-
white label.
rosive liquid;
PROTACTINIUM
PROPYL TfflOCYANATE
Formula:

Corrosive

materials.
Section 2
Description:
PROPYL TRICHLOROSILANE
Vap. D. 6. 15
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Slight', when exposed
to heat or flame.
Constant:
At. Wt. 234
isotope Pa 234 (UX 2 ), half-life:
1.2 minutes; emits beta particles
of 2. 32 mev and gamma rays of
0. 39 mev.
See also Powdered Metals (Section 6).

Section 2
First Aid: Sectionl
See Sodium
Ferricyanide and Sodium Ferro-
PRUSSIATE OF SODA.
cyanide.
PRUSSIC ACID.
See Hydrocyanic
Acid.
PSEUDOACONITINE
Synonym: Feraconitine; nepaline.
White crystals or
syrupy mass.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 689. 78
PTOMAINES
1070

Acute Local: U
Acute Systemic: Ingestion 3; Inhalation 3; Skin. Absorption 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
fumes.
Section 2

Allergen 1
Inhalation

Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: These are exceedingly
toxic compounds commonly formed
in putrefying proteins, dead
meat and fish.

They have been prepared syntheti-
In-
1;

Section 2
PYRETHRIN
PTOMAINES
2;
halation 2
Chronic Local:
II
Synonym: Pyrethrolone ester of

chrysanthemum dicarboxylic acid
monomethyl ester.
Formula: C22H28O5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 372.4
Decomp.
B. P. 200 C @0. 1
Toxicity: Less than Pyrethrin I.
mm
bodies, decayed
cally and are derivatives of ethers

of the polyhydric alcohols.
"Ptomaine poisoning"
misnomer
for other
food poisoning.
a
is
usually
forms
of
PULSATILLA POWDER
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
6).

Section

PYRETHRIN
Synonym: Pyrethrolone ester of

chrysanthemum monocarboxylic
acid.
Description:
Viscous liquid.
Formula: C 2 iH 28
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 328.4
B. P. 170C (5)0.
Toxic Rating Code:
mm
Decomp.
None
= Slight
PYRIDINE
Description: Colorless liquid; sharp,
penetrating, empyreumatic odor;
burning taste.
Formula:
NCHCHCHCHCH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 79. 10
B. P. 115. 3C
Freezing P. -42 C
Flash P. 68F (C.C.)
Density 0. 982
Vap. D. 2. 73
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
per million in air.
Toxicology: Chronic exposure has
been known to cause liver and

kidney damage.
(Section
2 =
6).
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
PYROGALLOL
1071
Explosion Hazard: Severe, in the

form of vapor, when exposed to
flame.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110. 11
M. P. 105C
B. P. 240 C
Density 1. 371 @15C
Vap. Press. 10
@ 118. 3 C
Vap. D. 3. 79

rate): Section 2
mm
gen 1

liquid, red label.
MCA warning label
Formula:
Water-soluble crystals.
C5H5NO
Constants:
MoL Wt.
95.
Freezing P.
67.
0C
Details unknown.
Pyridine.
Toxicity:
to
heat or flame.
materials
rate): Section 2
PYRIDINE -N -OXIDE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: C 6 H 4 (OH) 2
See

PYROCELLULOSE.
See Cellulose
Nitrate.
rials.
Section
PYROGALLOL
PYRIDINIUM PERCHLORATE,
Synonyms: Pyrogallic acid; 1,2,3-
See
benzentriol; trihydroxybenzene.
Description: White, lustrous crys-
Perchlorates.
PYRIDYL MERCURIC CHLORIDE.
tals.
C 6H 3 (OH) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126. 11
M. P. 133 - 134C
Formula:

Organic.
PYRO-ARSENIC ACID
B. P.
Colorless crystals.
Description:
Formula:
H 4As 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 265.9
M. P. Decomp. @206C
For other properties, see Arsenic
Compounds.
PYROCATECHOL
Synonyms:
2-Benzendiol; catechol;
1
pyrocatechin; o-dihydroxy ben,
zene.
309C
Density 1.453 @4/4C

Vap. Press. 10mm@l67.7C
Chronic Local: U
heated it may emit highly toxic fumes
PYROLIGNEOUS ACID
1072

rate): Section 2
PYROLIGNEOUS ACID
Synonym: Wood vinegar.
liquid.
Formula: HC 2 H 3 2 (6%)
Aller-
1;
Z, 4,
5-Benzene
tetracarboxylic acid.
Description: Off-white powder.
Formula: C6H 2 (COOH) 4
Description:

Description:
crystals.
Section
H 2S 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
35 C
M. P.
Density
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 96. 1
M. P. -36. 5C
B. P. 161. 8C
Density 1 563 @ 25 /4C
Toxicity: Moderate. See Aldehydes.
Ingestion of small quantities can
cause a persistent headache.
Section 2
.
None
= Slight
178.2
1. 89
Toxicity: Very corrosive.
Sulfuric Acid.
Fire Hazard:
See
reacts violently with

organic materials containing
reaction.
It
hydrogen and oxygen (Section 6).

Sulfuric Acid.
PYROSULFURYL CHLORIDE
Synonym: Disulfuryl chloride.
Description:
Colorless, mobile,
fuming liquid.
Formula: S 2 5C1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
PYROPHOSPHORIC ACID
needles or liquid.
Decomposes
B. P.
Description:
Colorless to yellowish
Formula:
Synonyms: Furfural; 2-furaldehyde.
Toxic Rating Code:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 145.99
M. P. 38C
B. P. Decomp. @139C
Toxicity: Moderate, See Phosphoric
Acid.
Synonym: Disulfuric acid.
PYROMUCIC ALDEHYDE
H 4P 2
Needles.
H4P 2
PYROSULFURIC ACID

Formula:
Section 7
Unknown
Formula: C5H 4
See Phosphoric
Acid.
phosphorus.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254. 15
M. P. 257 - 265C decomp.
Density 0.43
Toxicity:
Moderate.
Toxicity:
Formula:
PYROMELLITIC ACID
1
178.0
61 C
PYROPHOSPHOROUS ACID
Aller-
1;
gen 1
Acute Systemic: U
gen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
Synonyms: (PMA);
M. P.
phosphorus.
Yellowish, acidic
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
215.03
-39C to -37C
B. P.
140 C
Density Gas = 9. 6 g/l; Liquid

1. 818 @11/4C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
2-PYRROLIDONE
1073
Very corrosive. See

Hydrochloric Acid.
Acids.
Toxicity:
I.
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
liquid;
to heat or flame.
Section 11.
white label.
yellow label.
PYROXYLIN PLASTIC, SCRAP.
PYRROLIDINE
See Cellulose Nitrate.

Section 11.
I.

liquid; penetrating, amine -like
odor.
Formula: C 4H 9 N
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
See Cellu-
lose Nitrate.
Section 11.
red label.
PYRROLE
darkens on standing; mild odor.
Formula: C 4 H 5N
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 67.09
B. P. 129 & C
Freezing P. -24C
Flash P. 102F (T.C.C.
Density 0. 968 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 31
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Ingestion
2;
Inhalation 2

liquid,
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
PYROXYLIN SOLVENT, N.O.S.

I.
86

liquid, red label (see Solvents
N.O.S.).
71. 12
87C
Freezing P. -63 C
Flash P. 37 F (T.C.C.
Density 0. 8618 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 45
Acute Local: U
3. P.
PYROXYLIN SOLUTION.
6).

materials.
Section 2
Cor-
See Cellulose Nitrate.

Coast Guard Classification (rolls,
rods, sheets, tubes): Inflamsolid;
Fire Hazard:
PYROXYLIN PLASTIC.
mable
2;
Inhalation 2
white label.
rosive liquid;
2;


ide,

rate): Section 2
2-PYRROLIDONE
A colorless liquid.
HNCH CH 2 CH CO
Description:
Formula:
of Toxicology,
see Section
2-PYRROLIDONE
1074
PYRUVIC ALDEHYDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 85. 11
M. P. 25C
B. P. 245C
Flash P. 290 F
Toxicity:
Synonym: Pyruvaldehyde.
Description: Yellow, mobile
Formula:
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame.
when exposed

ide,

nitrogen; can react with oxidizing materials
Toxic Rating Code:
liquid;
pungent odor.
None
= Slight
CH 3 COCHO

B. P. 72C
Density 1. 20 @20 /20 C
Inhalation 1
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
;
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
QUARTZ
Synonyms: Cristobalite;
silicon
dioxide.
Description:
crystals.
Cubic, colorless

ide,
Formula: SiO z
QUICKLIME.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60.06
M. P. 1710C
B. P.
Section 11.

Hazardous article.
2230C
Density 2. 32
Acute .Local: Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic:
particles per cubic foot (over 70%
quartz); 10 million particles per
cubic foot (10 - 70% quartz).
Section 2
QUASSIA
Synonym: Bitter wood tree.
Description: Wood or bark.
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Large doses by mouth
may produce nausea and vomiting;
an insecticide.
Toxicology:
heat or flame.

QUENCHING OIL
Description: An oil.
Constants:
Density 0. 9
Toxicity:
See Calcium Oxide.
Unknown

to heat or flame.
QUICKSILVER.
See Mercury.
QUININE
Description: Bulky, white amorphous
powder or crystals; bitter taste.
Formula: C 20H 24 N 2 O 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 324.4
M. P. 174. 9C
2; Allergen 1
Toxicology: Upon contact with this
material, the eyes become swollen,
watery and exude a sticky, viscous
liquid which forms yellowish
crusts. Upon ingestion, it causes
dilation of the pupils. The optic
nerve becomes pale and atrophic
and the retina shows thready
arteries, ptosis and clonic spasms
It may cause
of the lids result.
atrophy of the optic nerve. Vision
returns in from 24 to 28 hours and
gradually improves. Quinine
dermatitis is an occupational
hazard to barbers particularly and
generally to people who work with
quinine tonics, medicaments, or
cosmetics. Quinine has no influence upon sound skin, but it is
distinctly irritant to
mucous
membranes and raw
surfaces.
Internally it can cause a sense of
fullness in the head, tinnitis
aureum, slight deafness, disorders
of vision and sometimes blindness.
QUININE ACETATE
1076
Its
will explode
the individual.
decomposition
physiological effects vary with

Occasionally, it
can cause cutaneous eruptions,
such as erythema, urticaria,
herpes, purpuria, and even gan-
grenous affections.
stomach. There are no specific
antidotes. Treatment is symptomatic.
of oxides of nitrogen.

when heated
it;
to
emits highly
toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen
and chlorides; can react vigorously with reducing materials.
Section 2
it
QUININE HYDROBROMIDE. See

Quinine.
QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE. See

Quinine.
QUININE SALICYLATE. See
Quinine.
QUININE ACETATE.
See Quinine.
Description: Refractive, colorless

liquid; peculiar odor.
Fine needles or
Description:
crystals.
QUINOLINE
Synonyms: Chinoline; leukol.
QUININE ARSENATE
Formula:
Formula:
3(C 20H 24 N 2 O 2 )ZH 3AsO 4
5H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 1346
Compounds.
QUININE BISULFATE.
See Quinine.
Constants:
M. P.
C^NCHCHCH
Mol. Wt.
B P 237 7 C
Density 1.0900 @ 25 /4C
Vap. D. 4.45
Acute Local: U
Inhalation
White powder.
C 2 oH 24 N 2
(CH 3 ) 2As0 2 H
similar to that caused by naphtha-
See Arsenic
Compounds.
QUININE CHLORATE
Description:
HC103
2H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 444. 9
M. P. Explodes.
Fire Hazard:
lene but without causing opacity

of the lens.

Section 2
Crystals.
Formula: C 2 oH 24 N 2
2;
Inhalation 2
Caution: May produce retinitis
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 462.4
Chronic Local: U
QUININE CACODYLATE
Description:
129.2
-19.5C

8-QUINOLINOL
See Quinine.
Dangerous. See
Chlorates.
Formula: C 9 H 7 NO
fungicide.


it emits acrid fumes (Sec-
Chlorates.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
tion 6)
shock
1
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
Section 7
High
Unknown
QUINOSOL
1077
8-QUINOLINOL BENZOATE
Toxicity:
cide.
Details unknown;
a fungi-

QUINONE
Synonyms: Benzoquinone; chinone.
Description: Yellow crystals;
characteristic, irritating odor.
Formula:
OC 6H4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108.09
M. P. 115. 7C
B. P. Sublimes
Density 1. 318 @20 /4C
Inhalation 3
Inhalation 3
MAC: ACGIH (tentative): 0. 1 parts
per million in air.
Toxicology: Quinonehas a characteristic, irritating odor. Itcancause
severe local damage to the skin
and mucous membranes by contact with it in the solid state, in
solution, or in the form of condensed vapors. Locally it can
cause discoloration, severe
irritation, erythema, swelling
and the formation of papules and
vesicles, whereas prolonged contact may lead to necrosis. When
the eyes become involved, it can
cause dangerous disturbances of
vision. A case is reported where
ulceration of the cornea resulted
from brief exposure to a high concentration of the vapor. An accepted criterion for regulating
workroom concentration of this
material in the air has been the
comfort of personnel involved,

as judged by eye irritation, conjunctivitis, photophobia, moderate
lachrymation, and burning sensations. It has been found that
personnel can develop corneal
injury of two types due to this
material. One type is a typical
superficial greenish-brown stain
or grayish-white opacity varying
in size and involving all the layers
of the cornea. In a few cases there
has been an appreciable loss of
vision. The eye stain is probably
an end product of the oxidation of
quinone to hydroquinone and the
subsequent polymerization of this
material. Its odor becomes perceptible at or just above 0. 1 ppm
and is quite definite in the region
of 0. 15
ppm and
irritating at 0. 5
ppm.
who show the toxic symptoms
noted above when exposed to this
material should be removed from
exposure and the symptoms will
rapidly and completely disappear.
toxic fumes.
Section 2
QUINOSOL
Synonyms: Chinosol; oxyquinoline
potassium sulfate.
powder.
Formula: C 9 H 6 NOS0 3 K H z O
low;
a fungicide.

RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.
See
individual isotopes.
See SecI. C.C. Classification:
tion 11.
Groups I and II: Poison D,
Radium replaces calcium in the

bone structure and is a source of
irradiation to the blood forming
organs. The ingestion of luminous
dial paint prepared from radium
was the cause of death of many of
the early dial painters before the
fully understood.
The
Poison Radioactive Materials
hazard was
label (red).
data on these workers has been

the source of many of the radiation
precautions and the maximum permissible levels for internal
Group
Poison D: Poison
Radioactive Materials label
III:
(blue).
Low
Activity:
Poison D.
emitters which are now accepted.

is the parent of radon and
the precautions described under
radon (Rn222 ) should be followed.
Natural isotope Ra 228 (Mesothorium-l), half-life: 6. 7 years;
emits beta particles of very low
energy. Ra 228 is a member of the
Ra 226
RADIUM
Description:
Silver-white metal.
Formula: Ra
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
226. 05
M. P. 960C
B. P.
1140C
Density
See Radiation Hazard

below.
isotope Ra 224 (Thorium X), halflife:
3. 64 days;
emits gamma
rays of about 0.25 me v. Ra 224 is
Toxicity:
member
of the
thorium series.
has been used as a short-lived

alpha emitter in radio-therapy of
skin diseases, and in the preparation of luminous paints. Rn224 is
a source of thoron and the recommendations described under
thoron (Rn220 ) should be followed.
Natural isotope Ra 226 (Radium),
half -life
1600 years; emits alpha
rays of 0. 19 mev. The permisIt
sible levels are:
In body:
0. 1
microcurie; in air: 8X 10" 12

water: 4X 10 microcurie per
milliliter.
Remarks: Ra 226 is a member of the

uranium series. The permissible
levels shown include the effects
of the daughters of Ra 226 when
radium is taken up by the bone.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
thorium series. It was a common

constituent of luminous paints, and
while its low |3 energy was not a
hazard, its daughters (Ac 228 and
Th228 ) may have been a causative
agent in the deaths of radium dial
painters following the World War I.
Its metabolism is the same as
any other radium isotope and it
The preis a source of thoron.
cautions recommended under
thoron (Rn 220 ) should be followed.
must be kept heavily shielded with
lead and stored away from possible dissemination by explosion,
flood, etc.

Sections 5 and 2
Personal Hygiene: Section_3
RADIUM BROMIDE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
RaBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
2 =
Colorless-yellowish
Moderate
385. 88
3 =
High
Unknown
WET
RAGS,
1079

isotope Rn 222 (Radon), half -life:
3. 825 days; emits alpha particles
The permissible
of 5. 49 mev.
M. P. 728 C
Density
5.
79
Toxicity: See Radium.

Radiation Hazard: See Radium.
levels are: In air: 10" 8 microcurie per milliliter; in water:

2 X 10" microcurie per milliliter.
Rn 222 is a member of the
uranium series. The permissible
levels are given for Rn 222 in
RADIUM CARBONATE
White or slight
brownish crystals.
Formula: RaC0 3
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 286.06
equilibrium with
its
daughters.
this isotope
The chief hazard from
inhalation of the gaseous eleits solid daughters

which are collected on the normal
dust of the air. This material
is deposited in the lung and has
been considered to be a major
causative agent in the high incidence of lung cancer found in
is
RADIUM CHLORIDE
ment and

yellowish crystals.
Formula: RaCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 296.96
M. P. 1000C
Density 4. 91
RADIUM EMANATION,
and Section
German and Czechoslovakian

See Radon,
5.
RADIUM IODATE
White powder.
Formula: Ra(I0 3 2
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 575. 89
Radiation Hazard: See Radium.
RAGS, OILY
Toxicity: A variable allergen.
RADIUM SULFATE
Description:
Formula:
Radon and its

daughters build up to an equilibrium value in about a month
from radium compounds, while
the build-up from uranium compounds is negligible. Good ventilation of areas where radium is
handled or stored is recommended
to prevent accumulation of hazardous concentrations of radon and
its daughters.
Section 2
uranium miners.
Colorless crystals.
RaS0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 322. 12
tion
Synonyms: Niton; radium emanation.
Colorless gas; opaque
C. C.
bel.
WET
Formula: Rn
RAGS,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 222. 00
M. P. -110C
B. P. -61. 8C
Density 9.73 g/l;
Toxicity:
-62C;
Toxicity:
11.

I.
RADON
Description:
crystals.
6).

A weak
allergen.

liquid = 4. 4
solid = 4
See Radiation Hazard

I.
mable
below.
solid;
Flam-
yellow label.
RAPESEED OIL
1080
RAPESEED OIL
Synonym: Colza oil.
Constants: Flash P. 325F(C. C.
Solidifying P. -2 to -10 C
Density 0. 915
Toxicity: Details unknown; a fungicide for plants.
RATIONITE. See Dimethyl
Sulfate
and Chloro sulfonic Acid.
RESORCINOL
Synonyms: 1, 3-Benzendiol; resorcin;
m-dihydroxy benzene.
Description: Very white crystals;
become pink on exposure to light
when
not perfectly pure; unpleasant sweet taste.

Formula: C 6H 4 (OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110. 11
M. P. 110C
B. P. 276. 5C
Vap. D. 3. 79
gen 1
Toxicology: It is primarily a skin
irritant. However, it can cause
systemic poisoning by acting both
as a blood and nerve poison. It
may also cause injury to the eyes
and dermatitis, particularly to
those who are sensitive to it.
Such individuals are affected by
even very slight traces of it. In
a suitable solvent, this material
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
can readily be absorbed through

skin, and can cause local
hyperemia, itching, dermatitis,
edema, and corrosion associated
with enlargement of regional lymph
glands as well as serious systemic
disorders such as restlessness,
methemoglobinemia, cyanosis,
human
convulsions, tachycardia,
dyspnea, and death. These same
symptoms can be induced by ingestion of the material. For
poisoning treat symptomatically.
Section 2
RHENIUM
Description: Hexagonal, metallic,
lustrous crystal.
Formula: Re
Constants:
At. Wt. 186.31
M. P. 3167 60C
Density 20. 53
Toxicity:
Unknown
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Re 183 half-life:

240 days; emits gamma rays of
mev. The
0.08, 0. 25 or 1.
35 microcuries; in air: 8X 10" 6
milliliter. The permissible
levels shown are for the thyroid
as the critical organ. If the skin
is considered the critical organ,
the permissible levels are some,
what higher.
Natural isotope Re 187 half12
years; emits beta
life: 4X 10
particles of 0. 043 mev. This
isotope occurs at a concentration
The weak beta
of about 63%.
radiation is only a very slight
hazard, even internally.
,
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
RHODIUM
1081
flame (Section 6).

RHENIUM TETRAFLUORIDE
7
RHENIUM DISULFIDE
Description:
Black, hexagonal leaf.
Formula: ReS 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 250.44
B. P. Decomp.
Density 7. 5
RHENIUM HEPTASULFIDE
Description:
Formula:
Black crystals.
Re 2 S 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 597. 1
B. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 87 @24. 5C
White
Formula: ReF 4
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
solid.
262. 31
M. P. 124. 5C
For other properties, see Fluorides,
RHENIUM TRIOXYBROMIDE
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
Re0 3 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 314.23
M. P. 39. 5C
B. P. 163C
For other properties, see Bromides,
RHIGOLENE.
See Pentane and
Isopentane
RHODANINE
RHENIUM HEXAFLUORIDE
Description:
Formula:
ReF$
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 300.31
M. P. 25. 6C
B. P.
47.
6C
Density Liquid: 6. 1573; Solid:

4.251

Fluorides.
rate): Section 2
RHENIUM OXYTETRAFLUORIDE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: ReOF 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 278.31
M. P. 39.7C
B. P. 62. 7C
Density Liquid: 5. 314; Solid:
4. 032

Fluorides.
rate): Section 2
Synonym: 2-Thio-4-keto-thiazolidine.
Formula: C 3 H 3 ONS 2
Constants:
M. P.
Density
Mol. Wt. 133. 1

166C (decomp.)
0.
868
Details unknown.
See also
Thiocyanates.
Toxicity:
sulfur.
RHODIUM
Description:
crystals.
Cubic gray-white
Formula: Rh
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 9
M. P. 1985C
B. P. > 2500 C
Density 12. 4
Toxicity:
Unknown
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Rh 103 half-life:

57 minutes; emits electron
particles of 0. 03 mev. The permissible levels are: In body: 6
microcuries; in air: 7 X 10~ 7
,
milliliter.
Rh 103
exists in equili-
brium with its parent, Ru 103 The

hazard rating and permissible
.
levels are given for the equilibrium mixture. Hazard Rating,
RHODIUM HYDROSULFIDE
1082
RHODIUM SULFITE

Artificial isotope
Rh 105
gamma
36. 5 hours; emits

rays of 0. 33 mev and beta parThe permisticles of 0. 6 mev.
microcuries; in air: 10~ 6 microcurie per milliliter; in water:
life:
1. 5
Yellow crystals.
Description:
half-
X 10" 2 microcurie per milli-
liter.
Artificial isotope Rh 106 half30 seconds; emits beta

particles of 2. 3 mev (18%) and
of 0.51, 0.8, and 1.3 mev.
The
4 microcuries; in air: 3 X 10" 8
water: 0. 1 microcurie per milli,
life:
liter.
Rh 106
exists in equilibrium
The hazard
with its parent, Ru 106
given for the equilibrium mixture.
.

Rh 2 (S0 3
Formula:
)3
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 544. 11
M. P. Decomposes
RHODIUM TRIFLUORIDE
Formula: RhF 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 159. 91
B. P. > 600 C sublimes
Density 5. 38
RICHE GAS.
See Carbon Monoxide.
RICIN
Synonym: Agglutinin.
3;
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
2;
Inhalation 2
RHODIUM HYDROSULFIDE
Formula:
which
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 202. 13
M. P. Decomposes
RHODIUM MONOSULFIDE
Formula: RhS
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134. 98
M. P. Decomposes
RHODIUM NITRATE
Brown-yellow crystals.
Formula: Rh(N0 3 ) 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
288.9
M. P. Decomposes
Black crystals.
Formula: Rh 2 S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 302.02
M. P. Decomposes
Toxic Rating Code:
None
may
tion of red blood cells.

fumes.
RICININE
Synonym: 1 2-Dihydro-4-methoxy1 - methyl - 2 - oxonic otino - nitrile
Description: Alkaloid from castor
bean plant.
Formula: C 8 H 8 N 2 2
,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 164.2
M. P. 201. 5C,
Sublimes @170
@20
RHODIUM SESQUISULFIDE
Description:
Causes violent purging

lead to collapse and
death. Small particle in eye,
nose or any skin abrasion may
prove fatal. May cause destruc-
Toxicology:
Black crystals.
Rh(HS) 3
Description:
= Slight
mm
180C

Acute Local: U
halation 3
Chronic Local:
3;
In-
Chronic Systemic: U
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
RUBBER, CRUDE
1083
Section 2
ROCKET AMMUNITION.
See Ex-
plosives, High.
Coast Guard
Fire Hazard:
Slight;
to heat or flame.
when exposed

dioxide, dry chemical or
Section 11.
Several Classifica-
tions.
ROHRBACH
Density 0. 98
Toxicity: Unknown
SOLUTION. See
Mercuric Barium Iodide.

Section 2
ROTENONE
Synonym: Tubatoxin.
Description: White, odorless crystals derived from derris root.
ROSIN
Gum rosin; colophony;

piece resin.
Constants:
M. P. 100 - 150C
Density 1. 08
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Synonyms:

to heat or flame, it emits acrid
Section 11.

Hazardous article.
"ROSINAMINE-D"
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 394.4
M. P. 163C
Density 1.27 @20C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
ROUGH AMMONIATE TANKAGES

Toxicity:
Unknown

Synonym: Dehydroabietyl amine.

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
ROSIN OIL
Synonym: Retinol.
Description: An oil.
Constants:
B. P. > -7280C
Flash P. 266 F (C.C.
C 23 H 22
Formula:

7
11.

I.
RUBBER CEMENT.
See Cement,
Rubber.
RUBBER, CRUDE
Synonyms: India rubber, caoutchouc.
Description: Light cream to dark
amber, amorphous, elastic, dry
loaves, sheets or slabs.
Constant:
Density About
0. 9
None
Fire Hazard: Very
Toxicity:
slight, but will
RUBBER, CURED
1084
support combustion; when exposed to flame (Section 6); it

emits dense, acrid smoke.
RUBIDIUM
Description:
metal.
Soft,
silvery-white
Constants:
At. Wt. 85.48
M. P. 38. 5C
B. P. 700C
Density 1.532;
Liquid 1.475
Formula: Rb
RUBBER, CURED
Cured rubber products may
Toxicity:
have slight toxicity or cause superficial dermatitis due to the active

vulcanizing agents used, for example, sulfur, diphenylguanidine
phenyl -/3-naphthylamine, mercaptobenzothiazole and its derivaThe rubber itself is not
tives.
toxic.

to flame. In the form of dust or
fine particles, hard rubber is a
more serious hazard, and should
be kept away from sparks and
open flame (Section 6).
Disaster Control: Dangerous in the
form of dust. In burning it will
emit toxic fumes of sulfides.
Shipping Regulations: None
RUBBER LATEX.
5C
Vap. Press.
ficial isotope
Rb 86
half -life: 19. 5
emits beta particles of 0. 7

mev (20%) and 1. 8 mev (80%) and
gamma rays of 1. 1 mev. The
60 microcuries; in air: 4X 10" 7
water: 3 X 10~ 3 microcurie per
days;
milliliter.
See Latex,
Natural isotope Rb 87 half- life:

6 X 10 10 years; emits beta par,
RUBBER, RECLAIMED
Toxicity: Slight. A weak
ticles of 0. 56
allergen.
Dangerous, when ex-
Fire Hazard:
posed to flame;
and toxic fumes
it
emits acrid
when
of sulfides
burning.
RUBBER SCRAP OR BUFFINGS

None

flame.
toxic
lmm@297C

Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Rubber.
Toxicity:
38.
fumes
of sulfides.

Section 2

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
mev and gamma
rays between 0. 03-0. 13 mev.

This isotope occurs at a concentration of about 27%.
See also Sodium (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Moderate; reacts
explosively with moisture, acids
and oxidizers. See also Sodium
and NaK.
rubidium oxide; will react with
water or steam to produce hydrogen and flammable vapors; reacts
RUBIDIUM BROMATE
Formula: RbBr0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 213.40
M. P. 430C
Density 3. 68
RUBIDIUM BROMOCHLOROIODIDE
Description:
2 =
Moderate
Rhombic crystals.
3 =
High
= Unknown
RUBIDIUM FLUOSULFONATE
1085
Formula: RblBrCl
RUBIDIUM COPPER SULFATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Description:
M. P. 205C
B. P. Decomp. @200C
For other properties, see Bromides
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Density
and Iodides.
2.
6H 2
534. 73
57
RUBIDIUM DICHROMATE
Description: Triclinic or
clinic crystals.
White, deliquescent
powder.
Formula: Rb 2 C0 3
Formula: Rb 2 Cr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 230. 97
M. P. 837C
B. P. Decomp.
Toxicity: See Potassium Carbonate.
mono-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 386.98
B. P. Tricl.
Density 3. 02 - 3. 13
Fire Hazard:
RUBIDIUM CHLORATE
Description:
CuS0 4
Toxicity:
RUBIDIUM CARBONATE
Description:
Formula: Rb 2 S0 4
327. 8

Crystals.
Formula: RbC10 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 168. 94
Density 3. 19
RUBIDIUM DISULFIDE
RUBIDIUM CHLOROPLATINATE
B. P. Volat. > 850 C

M. P. 420 C
Description:
For mula
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 578.93
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 94 @17. 5C
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
104.48
Density Liquid: 2.88@820C

Yellow crystals.
RUBIDIUM FLUOSILICATE
Description:

Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with reducing agentsToxicity:
6).
Section
RUBIDIUM CHROMIUM SULFATE

Cubic, violent crystals,
RbCr(S0 4 ) 2
Colorless crystals.
M. P. 760C
B. P. 1410C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 286. 97
Density 3. 518
Formula:
235.09
Formula: RbF
Formula: Rb 2 Cr0 4
Description:
crystals.
RUBIDIUM FLUORIDE
RUBIDIUM CHROMATE
(Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula: Rb 2 PtCl 6
Description:
Dark red
Rb 2 S 2
Description:
12H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 313.02
Density 3. 332
RUBIDIUM FLUOSULFONATE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 545. 81
M. P. 107C
Density 1.946
Cubic crystals.
Formula: Rb 2 SiF 6
Needles.
Formula: RbFS0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 184. 55
M. P. 304C
Toxicity: See Fluosulfonates.
RUBIDIUM GALLIUM SULFATE

Disaster Control: See Fluosulfonates,
RUBIDIUM GALLIUM SULFATE

Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: RbGa(S0 4
)2
12H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 563. 52
Density 1.962
1086
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 212.40
M. P. 642 C
B. P. 1300 C
Density 3. 55; Liquid:
825C
Vap. Press.
mm
2.
87
@748C
For other properties, see Iodides.
RUBIDIUM MONOSULFIDE
Colorless crystals.
Description:
RUBIDIUM HEXASULFIDE
Formula: Rb 2 S
Description: Brown-red crystals.

Formula: Rb 2 S^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 203.03
Density 2. 912
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 363.36
M. P. 201 C
RUBIDIUM MONOXIDE
RUBIDIUM HYDRIDE
Description:
Colorless needles.
Cubic, colorless -yellow
Description:
crystals.
Formula: RbH
Formula: Rb z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86.49
Density 2.
For other properties, see Hydrides.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 186.96
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 72
RUBIDIUM HYDROGEN NITRATE
RUBIDIUM NITRATE
Description:
Formula: RbN0 3
HN0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 210.50
M. P. 62 C
RUBIDIUM HYDROXIDE
Synonym: Rubidium hydrate.
Description: Grayish- white,
deliquescent mass; strong base.
Formula: RbOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102.49
M. P. 300 C
Density 3.203 @11C
Toxicity: See Potassium Hydroxide.
RUBIDIUM IODATE
Description:
@400C
See Potassium Oxide.
Toxicity:
Description:
Hexagonal, cubic,
rhombic or triclinic crystals.

Formula: RbN0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 147.49
M. P. 310C
Density 3.11; Liquid: 2. 395 @
400 C
RUBIDIUM PENTASULFIDE
Description: Rhombic, red, deliquescent crystals.
Formula: Rb 2 S 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 331.29
M. P. 225C
Density 2. 618 @15C
Cubic crystals.
Formula: RbIO s
RUBIDIUM PERCHLORATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 260.40
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 33 @19. 5C

Formula: RbC10 4
Constants:
B. P.
Description:
184.94
Decomposes
Density
RUBIDIUM IODIDE
Mol. Wt.
M. P. Fuses
2. 9
For other properties, see Perchlo-
Colorless crystals.
rates.
Formula: Rbl
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
RUM, DENATURED
1087
RUBIDIUM m-PERIODATE
Formula: RbO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 276.40
Density 3. 918 @16C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 117.48
M. P. 280C
Density 3. 05 @0C
For other properties, see Peroxides
Inorganic.
RUBIDIUM PERMANGANATE
RUBIDIUM TRIBROMIDE
Description:
Formula: RbI0 4
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
Description:
RbMn0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 204.41
Density 3. 235 @10.4C
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with reducing
agents (Section 6). An oxidizing
agent; keep away from flammable materials.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 325.23
M. P. Decomp. @140C
RUBIDIUM TRI IODIDE

Description:
crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 466. 24
M. P. 190C
Density 4. 03
Yellow crystals.
Formula: Rb 2 O z
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 202.96
M. P. 600 C
Density 3. 65 @0C
For other properties, see Peroxides,
Inorganic.
Greenish, hygroscopic
Pr(N0 3
)3
4H 2Q
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 693.98
M. P. 63.5; -4H 2 O@60C
Density 2. 50
RUBIDIUM SELENATE
Description:
crystals.
Colorless, rhombic
Formula: Rb 2Se0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 313.92
Density 3. 90
Compounds.
Section
RUBIDIUM SUPEROXIDE
Description:
Description:
crystals.
Reddish-yellow
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 267. 16
M. P. 213C
RUM, DENATURED
Constant:
77F (C. C. )
Details unknown.
Ethyl Alcohol.
Flash P.
Toxicity:
Yellow crystals.
See

(Section
See
Selenium Compounds.
RUBIDIUM TRISULFIDE
Formula: Rb 2 S 3
RUBIDIUM PRASEODYMIUM
NITRATE
Formula: 2RbN0 3
Rhombic, black
Formula: Rbl 3
RUBIDIUM PEROXIDE
Description:
needles.
Rhombic crystals.
Formula: RbBr 3
6).

materials.
RUTHENIUM
1088
RUTHENIUM
Black, porous meSilvery- white, nontal.
II:
ductile metal of the platinum
group.
Description:
I:
Formula: Ru

2
1 X 10~
microcurie per
water:
Ru 103
exists in equi-
librium with its daughter Rlr 03

for this equilibrium mixture.
Artificial isotope
life:
Ru 106
halfyear; emits electron parti,
cles of 0.04 mev. The permissible

levels are: In body: 4 microcuries; in air: 3 X 10"8 microcurie per milliliter; in water:
0.
Ru
microcuries per milliliter.

exists in equilibrium with
daughter, Rh* 06
The permissible levels are given for
this equilibrium mixture.
its
flame (Section
6).
RUTHENIUM COMPOUNDS
Toxicity:
Compounds.
Constants:
At. Wt. 101.70
Density I: 8.6; H: 12. 06
M. P. I: Above 1950C;
H: 2450 C
B. P. II: 4150C
Toxicity: See Ruthenium Compounds.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Ru 103 half-life: 40
0. 2 and 0. 8 mev and gamma rays
of 0. 24 and 0. 56 mev.
The permissible levels are: In body: 6
microcuries; in air: 7 X 10"~ 7
milliliter.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 152. 72
Toxicity: See Ruthenium Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Ruthenium
Details unknown;
probably
toxic, but such small amounts are

used industrially that it does not
constitute a hazard. It resembles
osmium in that when it is heated
in air, it evolves fumes which
are injurious to the eyes and
Section
RUTHENIUM PENTAFLUORIDE
Description:
Dark green
crystals.
Formula: RuF 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 196. 70
M. P. 101C
B. P.
270C
Density
Toxicity:
rides.
2. 963 @16. 5C
Highly toxic. See Fluo-

RUTHENIUM SULFIDE
Synonym: Laurite.
Description:
crystals.
Cubic, gray-black
Formula: RuS 2
Density 6. 99
RUTHENIUM TETROXIDE
Description: Yellow, volatile crystals;
odor of ozone.
Formula:
Ru0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165. 70
M. P. 25. 5C
B. P. Approx. 100C decomp.
Density 3.29 @21C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard:
Moderate, by chem-
ical reaction with reducing agents

(Section 6). A powerful oxidizing
agent.
Disaster Control:
See Ruthemium
Compounds.
lungs.

toxic fumes of ruthenium oxide.

Section 2
RUTHENIUM HYDROXIDE
Description:
RYANIA
Black powder.
Composition: Ground wool of Ryania

Spociosa.
Formula: Ru(OH) 3
Toxic Rating Code:
= None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 = High
= Unknown
RYANIA
1089
low. It is exempt from tolerance
regulations of the Food and Drug
Administration. Specific for
European corn borer.

exposed to heat or flame (Section 6).
SABADILLA SEED
Synonyms
SAFETY LAMP GASOLINE.
Cevadilla;
caustic barley.
A powder.
Acute Local: U
See
Gasoline.
Description:
halation 3
Chronic Local:
SAFETY SQUIBS.
3;
In-
insecticide.

Section 2
SACCHARIN
Synonyms: Saxin; benzosulfinide.
Crystals or powder.
Formula: C 7 H 5 N0 3 S
Mol. Wt. 183.2
228 C (decomp. )
Sublimes
Constants:
M. P.
B. P.

Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
sulfur, oxides of nitrogen.
SAFETY FUSES.
See Explosives,
High.
Classification
See SecI. C. C.
tion 11, 73. 100 (o).
:
Explosive C
Toxic Rating Code:
Section 11.
Coast Guard Classification: Ex-
I.
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: Although sabadilla seed
contains poisonous alkaloids,
there is no tolerance restriction
imposed by the Food and Drug
Administration for its use as an
Description:
See Explosives,
High.
plosive C.
SAFROLE
Synonyms:
1 -Allyl-3, 4-methylenedioxybenzene; shikimole.

crystals.
Formula: C 3 H5C 6H 3 02CH 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162. 18
M. P. 11C
B. P. 234. 5C
Density 1.0960 @20C
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Slight; when exposed to heat or flame, it
emits acrid fumes (Section
6).
Section
SALICYL ALDEHYDE
Synonyms: Salicylic aldehyde.
Description: Clear, colorless, oily
liquid; burning taste.
Formula: C 6 H 4 OHCOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 1
B. P. 197C
Freezing P. 1 C
@33.0C
Vap. Press. 1
auxiliary fumigant. See also
mm
Aldehydes.
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 = High
= Unknowi
SAMARIUM BROMATE
1091
SALT BATHS (NITRATE OR

NITRITE)
Nitrates.
6).
Section
Radiation Hazard: Unknown

These baths are oxidizing in
SALICYLANILIDE
Description:
crystals.
White, odorless
nature.
Formula:
C 6 H 5 NHCOC 6H 4 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
135C
M. P.
B. P.
Toxicity:
See also

chemical reaction, due to contamination by cyanides or easily
oxidizable materials or when
heated to over 1000 F.
in molten form will react with
heat, hydrogen, toxic and corrosive fumes; can react vigorously with reducing materials.
213.2
Decomposes
Unknown

oxides.
Section
SALICYLIC ACID
SALTPETER.
Synonym: o-Hydroxybenzoic acid.

Description: White needle crystals
or powder; sweetish, afterward
acrid taste.
Formula:
SAMARIUM
HOC 6H 4 COOH
Description: Hexagonal, gray-white,

metallic crystalline element.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 138. 12
M. P. 159C
Formula:
Toxicity:
mm
Unknown
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Sm 151 half-life

unknown; emits beta particles
of 0. 75 mev.
The permissible
levels are: In body: 420 microcuries; in air: 10" 8 microcurie
per milliliter; in water: 0. 2
,
Toxicology: Symptoms of poisoning

are nausea and vomiting, ringing
in the ears, dizziness, headache,
dullness, confusion, sweating,
rapid pulse and breathing and
sometimes skin eruptions.
Symptoms disappear when exposure or administration of the
drug is terminated.
Sm
Constants:
At. Wt. 150.43
M. P. > 1300C
Density 7. 7
B. P. Sublimes @76C
Flash P. 315F
Density 1. 443 @ 20 /4C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 1 1 3. 7 C
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation
See Potassium
Nitrate.

Natural isotope Srn 152 half -life;
11
2. 5 X 10
years; emits alpha
particles of 2.
mev. Sm 152
is present to the extent of about
27% in natural samarium. No
permissible levels have been
,
set for the natural material.

Moderate, in the
Fire Hazard:
flame or by spontaneous chemical reaction with oxidizers. See

also Powdered Metals (Section 6).
SAMARIUM BROMATE
Description:
crystals.
Hexagonal, yellow
Formula: Sm(Br0 3
)3
9H z O
SAMARIUM BROMIDE
1092
M. P. 78
79 C
375
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 696. 32
M. P. 75 C; -9H 2
Density
@150C
SAMARIUM OXALATE
Description:
SAMARIUM BROMIDE
Description:
crystals.
SmBr 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Density
Toxicity:
Formula:
Yellow deliquescent
6H z O
971
@22C
Formula:
SAMARIUM CARBIDE
mass.
Formula:
4)3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 745.08
Description:
See Bromides.
Description:
Crystals.
Sm 2 (C 2
10H 2 O
See Oxalates,
SAMARIUM SULFIDE
498.27
2.
2.
Yellow, crystalline
SmC 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174.45
Density 5. 86
Toxicity: Details unknown. Evolves
acetylene on contact with mois-
Yellowish-pink crystals
Sm 2 S 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 397. 06
M. P. 1900C
Density 5. 729
SANTONIN
Synonym: Santonic lactone.
For other properties, see Carbides.
Description: Glossy, colorless

crystals or white powder, turning
yellow on exposure to light;
odorless; tasteless at first, then
SAMARIUM DICHLORIDE
Formula: C 15H 18
Description: Dark reddish-brown,

crystalline mass.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 246. 30
M. P. 170C
B. P. Sublimes
Density 1. 187
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: It can cause disturbance
of color vision. Objects first
show bluish tinge, then yellow
which is most prominent. Complete blindness may occur,
lasting perhaps for nearly a week.
Dizziness, drowsiness and nausea
may also occur. Recovery is
spontaneous.
ture.
bitter.
Formula: SmCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 221.34
M. P. 740 C
Density 3. 687 @22C
acid; will react with water or
steam to produce hydrochloric
acid.
Section
SAMARIUM IODIDE
Orange-yellow crystals
Formula: Sml 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 531. 19
M. P. 816 - 824C
B. P.
Toxicity:
Decomposes
See Iodides.
SAPONINS
SAMARIUM NITRATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula: Sm(N0 3 ) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Synonyms: Sapotoxins;
Triclinic, pale yellow

Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
6H 2
444. 55
Toxic Rating Code:
None
sapogly-
cosides.
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SCANDIUM BROMIDE
1093

Local irritation. When
absorbed they may destroy the
red blood cells and damage liver
SAWDUST
tissue.
Synonym: Wood dust.
Toxicology:

stomach if vomiting has not
occurred. Other treatment is
supportive and symptomatic.
halation
phosphine oxide.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
[(CH 3 ) 2 CHO](CH 3 )(F)(0)P
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 140. 1
B. P. 147C
Freezing P. -38C
Density 1. 100 @20C
Vap. Press. 1. 57
@20C
Vap. D. 4. 86
ticularly dangerous
or partially burned.
man
if
charred

mm
skin will kill a
In-
1;
Chronic Systemic: U
Spontaneous Heating: Possible.
Avoid hot, humid storage or
contact with drying oils. Par-
SARIN
Inhalation
of
Acute Systemic: U
Section 11.

Hazardous, when dry, clean and
oil-free.
SCANDIUM

Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: This is a nerve gas,
acting much like tabun. Highly
toxic to eyes. A small drop on
Yellowish particles
wood.
Acute Local: Allergen 1; In-
halation
Section
Section
Description:
Synonym: Fluoroisopropoxymethyl-
tion 3;

Synonym: Ekaboron.
3
within 15
Liquid does not injure

skin but penetrates it rapidly.
See Hydrofluoric Acid.
to heat or flame.
steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes; can react with
Section 2
minutes.
Description: Silver crystals.

Formula: Sc
Constants:
At. Wt. 45.
M. P.
1200C
2400 C
Density 2. 5
B. P.
Toxicity:
Unknown
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Sc 46 half-life: 85

mev and gamma rays of 0. 18,
The permis0. 89 and 1. 2 mev.
,
sible levels are:
In body:

water 0. 4 microcurie per milliliter.
Fire Hazard:
of dust,
when exposed
to heat or
flame or by chemical reaction with

oxidizers. See also Powdered
Metals (Section 6).
SCANDIUM BROMIDE
Description:
Crystals.
SCANDIUM NITRATE
1094
Formula: ScBr 3
Bromides.
Density 3. 004 @ 1 5 /4C

Vap. Press. 2mm@15C
Toxicity: Hignly toxic. See
Selenium Compounds.
Section
Colorless crystals.
Formula: Sc(N0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
128.98
M. P. Decomposes
Compounds.
SCANDIUM NITRATE
Description:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Constants
Mol. Wt. 284. 85
M. P. Sublimes > 1000 C
Density 3. 914
SELENIUM
231. 12
M. P. 150C
SCANDIUM OXALATE
Formula: Sc 2 (C 2 4 )3
5H z O
Constants
Mol. Wt. 444. 34
M. P. -4H 2 @140C
Oxalates.
B.
P.
690C
Density 4. 26 - 4. 79
Acute Local: Ingestion 2; In-
SCOPOLAMINE.
Description: Steel-gray, non-metallic

element.
Formula: Se 8
Constants
Mol. Wt. 631. 68
M. P. 170 - 217C
halation
Acute Systemic:
See Hyoscine.
halation 3
Chronic Local:
Ingestion
3;
In-
Chronic Systemic:
SEBACIC ACID
Synonym: Dodecane
dioic acid.
Description: Thin, colorless crystals.
Formula
COOH(CH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
202.
COOH
M. P.
133C
295C 100 mm
Vap. Press. lmm@l83.0C
B.
P.
Toxicity:
Unknown
Section
SELENIC ACID
Description:
Colorless, hexagonal
prisms.
Formula: H 2 Se0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
144. 98
58C
260 C (decomp. )
Density Solid: 2.951 @15C;
B. P.
Ingestion 3;
Inhalation 3
Toxicology: Selenium is a hazard in
processing selenium-bearing
products in glass decolorizing,
in the production of ruby glass, of
red and yellow glazes, of certain
paints and pigments, of certain
plastics, and of photoelectric
apparatus; in the alloying of
machineable stainless steel, of
free -machining copper-base
alloys, and in the fireproofing of
electric cable. Its pathology has
not as yet been adequately
studied, although there are
available considerable animal
experimental data. However, it
is known that there is a difference
between its action on animals and
human
Liquid: 2. 609 @15C

on
Selenium Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Selenium Com-
from selenium produces
pounds.
Section
SELENIOUS ACID
Description:
crystals.
Formula: H 2 Se0 3
Toxic Rating Code:
None
beings.
In animals,
= Slight
subacute poisoning
a
pneumonia, fatty degeneration of

the liver, degeneration of the
kidney cells, and other alterations
which clear up without residual
pathology when the animals are
removed from exposure. It has

also caused cancer of the liver
in rats. In human beings,
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SELENIUM DIOXIDE
1095
selenium salts often cause
gastrointestinal disturbances have

it causes respir-
been noted and
atory irritation, cough, edema

of the lungs, vomiting, diarrhea,
abdominal pain or cramps, loss
of reflexes, cerebral irritation
as manifested by convulsions, and
ultimately death. It gives a garlic
odor to the breath in acute stages.
This material resembles
arsenic, both chemically and
physiologically. It forms with
hydrogen a hydrogen selenide
which is an intensely toxic, flammable gas with a very offensive
odor similar to that of rotten
horseradish. 4 ppm of selenium
is considered the outside toler-
ance limit in foodstuffs, and 3

is considered a more reasonable limit. Small amounts of
selenium getting into grain and
herbage consumed by livestock
in the western states has had
disastrous effects, and a great
deal has been written about it.
In man, a concentration of 0. 005
mg/liter is intolerable, producing
eye and nasal irritation. Contact
ppm
with metallic or amorphous selenium has not been reported as a

source of skin injury, although
selenium salts have given rise to
a contact dermatitis. Guinea
pigs exposed to 0. 57 mg of hydrogen selenide per liter of air for
10 minutes died within 5 days,
indicating that this material is
highly toxic. 1. 5 ppm of hydrogen
selenide in the air in intolerable
to
contact dermatitis. See Selenium

for further discussion.
SELENIUM DIBUTYLDITfflO-
CARBAMATE
Formula: Se[SC(S)N(C 4 H 9 ) 2 ] 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 896.4
M. P. -25C
Flash P. 225 F
Density 1. 14 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 30. 9
Selenium Compounds.
Disaster Control:

Fire Hazard:
with oxidizers. See also Powdered Metals.

rate): Section 2
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS
Since selenium resembles arsenic
chemically and physiologically,
its compounds are all more than
moderately toxic, hydrogen selenide is extremely toxic, and
6).
Dangerous.
Selenium Compounds.
See
7
SELENIUM DIETHYLDITfflO-
CARBAMATE
Orange-yellow color.
Formula: Se[SC(S)N(C 2 H 5 )2]4
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 672. 1
Density 1 32 @ 20 /Z0 C
.
Compounds.
Dangerous.
Selenium Compounds.
See
Disaster Control:
SELENIUM DIMETHYLDITHIO-
CARBAMATE
Description:
man.
Liquid.
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: Se[SC(S)N(CH 3
2]4
Mol. Wt. 559.9

M. Range: 63 - 71 C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Sele-
Constants:
nium Compounds.
Disaster Control:
See Selenium
Compounds.
Section
SELENIUM DIOXIDE
Description: White to slightly reddish, lustrous, crystalline powder
or needles.
Formula; Se0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110. 96
M. P. 340 - 350 C
B.
P.
Sublimes
SELENIUM DISULFIDE
1096
Density 3.95 @15/l5C

Vap. Press. 1
@ 157. 0C
mm
Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Selenium Com.
pounds.
Formula: SeBrCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 265.25
M. P. 190C
Compounds.
SELENIUM MONOCHLORIDE
SELENIUM DISULFIDE
Description: Red-yellow crystals.
Formula: SeS 2
143.09
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. < 100C
B. P.
Toxicity:
Decomposes
Highly toxic.
See Sele-
nium Compounds and Sulfides.

Description: Orange-yellow tablets

or powder.
Colorless gas.
Formula: SeF$
M. P. -39 C; sublimes @
-46. 6C
B. P. -34. 5C
Density 3. 25 g/l @ -25 C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Selenium Compounds and Fluorides.
rate): Section 2
SELENIUM MONOBROMIDE
Description: Dark red liquid.
Formula: Se 2 Br 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 317.75
Density 3. 604 @15C
nium Compounds and Bromides.

Dangerous. See
Selenium Compounds and Bromides.
Disaster Control:
rate):
Section
Formula: SeS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 111.03
M. P. Decomposes @ 118 - 119C
Density 3.056 @0C
Compounds and
Sulfides.
SELENIUM NITRIDE
Description: Amorphous orangeyellow to brick-red hygroscopic
crystals.
Formula: Se 4 N 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 371. 87
M. P. Explodes (5) 160 - 200 C
B. P. Decomposes
nium Compounds.
exposed to heat.
Explosive Range: @160 - 200 C.
selenium.
SELENIUM OXYBROMIDE

Section
Formula: SeOBr 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254. 79
M. P. 41. 6C
(decomp.
B. P. 217 C @ 740
Density: Liquid: 3.38@50C
mm
SELENIUM MONOBROMIDE
TRICHLORIDE
Description:
Compounds.
SELENIUM MONOSULFIDE
SELENIUM HEXAFLUORIDE
Description:
Description: Brown-red liquid.

Formula: Se 2 Cl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 228. 83
M. P. -85C
Density 2.91 @17C; 2.77 @23C
Compounds.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SHELLAC, LIQUID
1097
SELENIUM OXYCHLORIDE
Description:

Colorless, yellowish
liquid.
Formula: SeOCl 2
SELENIUM TRIOXIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165. 87
M. P. 8. 5C
B. P. 176. 4C
Density 2.42 @22C
Vap. Press. 1
@34. 8C
Description: Amorphous, pale

yellow, hygroscopic solid.
mm
Compounds.
Formula: Se0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126. 96
Density 3. 6
Compounds.
SELENIUM OXYFLUORIDE
Description:
SESAMIN
Colorless liquid.
Formula: SeOF 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 132.96
M. P. 4. 6C
B. P. 124C
Density 2. 67
Formula: C 2 oH 18 06
SELENIUM SULFIDE.
Monosulfide.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 354.3
fungicide.

See Selenium
SHALE OIL

SELENIUM TETRABROMIDE
Description:
crystals.
Crystals.
Orange-red-brown
tion
1;
Inhalation
1;
Inges-
SELENIUM TETRACHLORIDE
Acute Systemic: U
exposed to heat or flame, it emits
acrid fumes.
Description: Cubic, white-yellow,

SHELLAC, LIQUID
Formula: SeCl 4
Constant:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 220. 79
M. P. 305C; sublimes
Flash P. 40 - 70 F
as an allergen.
Formula: SeBr 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 398.62
Compounds and Bromides.
@170
196C
B. P.
Decomposes @288C
Density 3. 78
Compounds and Chlorides.
May
act

Ethyl Alcohol, the usual solvent.
See Ethyl
Alcohol.
Disaster Control: See Ethyl Alcohol.
Explosion Hazard:
SELENIUM TETRAFLUORIDE
white crystals.
Formula: SeF 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 154.96
M. P. -13. 5C
B. P.
93C

liquid; red label.
SIGNAL OIL
1098
SIGNAL OIL
Synonym: mineral seal
silica is the chief
Description: Viscid liquid.

Constant:
Flash P. 170 - 200 F
Toxicity: Unknown.
Section
SILANES
Synonyms: Silicon hydride, disilane.
Description: Gas or liquid.
Toxic Hazard Rating:,
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by chemical reaction with oxidizers; often
ignite spontaneously in air (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Variable

heated, they can burn or explode
and emit highly toxic fumes.
rate):
Section 2

Section
SILICA
Synonyms: Silicon dioxide;
silicic
anhydride; cristobalite.
Formula: Si0 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60. 09
M. P.
B.
P.
1710C
2230C
Density Amorphous 2.2; crystalline 2. 6

Acute Systemic:
Toxicology: From the point of view
of numbers of men exposed and
cases of disability produced,
Toxic Rating Code:
None
cause
monary dust disease.
oil.
= Slight
of pul-
The pro-
longed inhalation of dusts containing free silica may result in

tiie development of a disabling
pulmonary fibrosis known as
silicosis. The Committee on
Pneumoconiosis of the American
Public Health Association defines
silicosis as "a disease due to the
breathing of air containing silica
(SiO z ), characterized by generalized fibrotic changes and the
of miliary nodules
in both lungs, and clinically by
shortness of breath, decreased
development
chest expansion, lessened capacity for work, absence of fever,

increased susceptibility to
tuberculosis (some or all of whicn
symptoms may be present), and

characteristic x-ray findings. "
Silica occurs in the pure state
It is the main
in nature as quartz.
constituent of sand, sandstone,
tripoli and diatomaceous earth,
and is present in high amounts (up
to 35% in granite. Exposure to
silica occurs in hard rock mining,
in foundries, in manufacture of
porcelain and pottery, in the
spraying of vitreous enamels, in
sandblasting, in granite -cutting
and tombstone-making, in the
manufacture of silica firebrick
and other refractories, in grinding
and polishing operations where

natural abrasive wheels are used
and other occupations.
The duration of exposure which
is associated with the development
of silicosis varies widely for
different occupations. Thus, the
average duration of exposure required for the development of silicosis in sand-blasters is 2 to 10
years, in moulders and granite
cutters, about 30 years, and in
hard rock miners 10 to 15 years.
There is, also, much variation in
individual susceptibility, certain
workers showing radiological evidence of the disease years before
their fellow workmen who are
similarly exposed. Such susceptible individuals are fortunately
rather rare.
The action of silica on the
lungs results in the production of
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SILICON BROMIDE
1099
a diffuse, nodular fibrosis in
which the parenchyma and the
lymphatic system are involved.
This fibrosis is, to a certain extent,
progressive, and
may
con-
tinue to increase for several

years after exposure is terminated. Where the pulmonary reserve is sufficiently reduced, the
worker complains
of
breath on exertion.
shortness of
This is the
first and most common symptom

in cases of uncomplicated sili-
cosis. If severe, it may incapacitate the worker for heavy, or

even light, physical exertion,
and in extreme cases there may
be shortness of breath even

while at rest. The most common
physical sign of silicosis is a
limitation of expansion of the
chest. There may be a dry
cough, sometimes very troublesome. The characteristic
radiographic appearance is one
of diffuse, discrete nodulation,
scattered throughout both lung
fields. Where the disease advances, the shortness of breath
becomes worse, and
the
cough
more productive and troublesome.

There
SILICATES
Toxicity: Soluble alkaline silicates
act locally like mild alkalies. The
dust of certain silicates such as
asbestos (hydrated magnesium

silicate) and talc can produce
fibrotic changes in the lungs.
SILICIDES OF LIGHT
METALS
Description: Metallic, crystalline

materials.
Toxicity: Variable.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction. See also Hydrogen
(Section 6).

chemical reaction. See also
Hydrogen.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous;
they will react with
water or steam
to
produce hydro-
gen; on contact with acid or

acid fumes, they can emit toxic
fumes.
Section
SILICOFLUORIDES. See
Fluosili-
cates.
SILICON
Description: Cubic, steel-gray
crystals or dark brown powder.
is no fever or other evidence

systemic reaction. Further
Formula: Si
progress of the disease results in
Constants:
marked fatigue, extreme dyspnea
At. Wt. 28. 09
and cyanosis, loss of appetite,
M. P. 1420 C
pleuritic pain and total incapacity
B. P. 2600C
to work. If tuberculosis does not
Density 2. 42 or 2. 3 @ 20 C
supervene, the condition may
eventually cause death either from
cardiac failure or from destrucSilica.
tion of lung tissue, with resultant
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exanoxemia. In the later stages,
posed to flame or by chemical
the x-ray may show large, conreaction with oxidizers. See also
glomerate shadows, due to the
Powdered Metals (Section 6).
coalescence of the silicotic
nodules, with areas of emphysema
heated, it will react with water or
between them.
steam to produce hydrogen; can
rate): Section 2
of
SILICA GEL
Synonym: Silicic acid (precipitated).
Description: White powder or lustrous granules.
Formula:
H 2Si0 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 78. 1
Toxicity: Slight. See Silica.
SILICON BROMIDE
Synonym: Tetrabromosilicane.
liquid;
disagreeable odor.
Formula: SiBr 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 347. 72
M. P. 5C
SILICON CARBIDE
B. P.
1100
153C
Density 2. 814
Vap. D. 2. 82
tion
3;
3;
Inges-
Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes of hydrobromic
corrosive fumes.
Section 2

3
7
SILICON CARBIDE
Description: Bluish-black, iridescent crystals.
Formula: SiC
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 40. 10
M. P. 2600 C
B. P. Sublimes above 2000 C;
SILICON CHLORIDE
Synonym: Silicon tetrachloride.
Formula:
suffocating odor.
SiCl 4
None
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 219.95
M. P. 93C
B. P. 150C @18. 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 3
mm
Description: Colorless prisms.

Formula: SiSCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 131. 04
M. P. 75C
B. P. 92 C @22. 5
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
For
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 169.89
M. P. -70C
B. P. 57. 57C
Density 1.483
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
Colorless plates.
Formula: SiSBr 2
mm
MAC: ACGIH
liquid;
SILICON DIBROMIDE SULFIDE

Description:
SILICON DICHLORIDE SULFIDE
decomposes @2210C
Density 3. 17
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U

corrosive fumes.
rate): Section 2
Corrosive
= Slight
3;
Inhalation 3
other properties, see Sulfides.
SILICON DIOXIDE. See
Silica.
SILICON DISULFIDE
White needles.
Formula: SiS 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 92. 19
M. P. Sublimes
B. P. White heat
halation 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
2 =
Moderate
3 = High
3;
In-
Unknown
SILICON TETRAIODIDE
1101
For
3;
Inhalation 3
other properties, see Sulfides.
SILICON FLUORIDE
B. P.
tion
Synonym: Silicon tetrafluoride.

focating odor.
suf-
Formula: SiF 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104.06
M. P. -77C
B. P. -65C @ 181
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Hydrofluoric Acid.
mm
153C
Density 2. 814
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Hydrobromic Acid and Bromides.
rate):
Section 2

Silicon Chloride.
SILICON MONOSULFIDE
SILICON TETRAFLUORIDE
Synonym: Tetrafluorosilane.
SILICON OXYHYDRIDE
White powder.
(SiH0 3 /2 )x
Description:
Formula:
Constant:
Density
1. 6
For other properties, see Hydrides.
SILICON
TETRAACETATE
Description: Hygroscopic crystals.

Formula: Si(C 2 H 3 2 )4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 264.24
M. P. 110C Sublimes
B. P. 148C
Inhalation 1
;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
SILICON TETRACHLORIDE. See
Description: Yellow needles or

black solid.
Formula: SiS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 60. 13
B. P. Sublimes, 940 C @20
Density 1. 853 @15C
mm
Description:
Colorless gas.
Formula: SiF 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104.06
M. P. ~77C
B. P. -65C @ 181
Density 4. 67 g/l
Fluorides and Hydrofluoric
Acid.
emits highly toxic fumes of fluorides; will react with water or
rate): Section 2
mm
SILICON TETRAIODIDE
Synonym: Tetraiodosilane.
Description:
crystals.
SILICON TETRABROMIDE
Synonym: Tetrabromosilane.
liquid.
Formula: SiBr 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 347. 72
M. P. 5C
Formula:
Cubic, colorless
Sil 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 535.74
M. P. 120. 5C
B. P. 290 C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Inges-
SILICON TETRATHIOCYANATE
1102
Chronic Systemic: U
toxic fumes of iodides; will react
Section 2
Small prisms.
Formula: Si(SCN) 4
Description:
M. P.
B. P.
Toxicity:
260.40
143. 8C
314. 2C
SILICON TRICHLORIDE HYDRO-
SULFIDE
Formula: SiCl 3 HS
B. P. 96 - 100C
Density 1. 45
SILICYL OXIDE
Synonym: Disiloxane.
Formula: (SiH 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 78. 17
B. P.
Toxicity:
SILVER
Synonym: Argentum.
Description: Soft, ductile and
malleable, lustrous, white metal.
Formula: Ag
M. P.
107. 88
960. 5C
B. P.
1950C
ficial isotope
Ag 105
half-life:
40
emits gamma rays of 0.43

mev. The permissible levels are*
10" 5 microcurie per milliliter;
in water: 2 microcuries per
days;
milliliter.
Artificial isotope Ag 109 halfemits gamma
life:
39. 2 sec.
rays of 0. 088 mev. The permissible levels are: In body: 40 microcuries; in air: 7 X 10" 8 microcurie per milliliter; in water:
2
7 X 10' microcurie per milliliter.
Ag 109 exists in a radioacti T e and
a stable form. The radioactive
form occurs in equilibrium with
,
equilibrium mixture.
Artificial isotope Ag 110 halflife:
276 days; emits beta particles of 0. 087 mev (58%) and
0. 53 mev (35%) and many gamma
rays between 0. 66 - 1.4 mev.
Artificial isotope Ag 111 halflife:
7.6 days; emits beta par,
@-80C
Unknown
SILK DUST
Chronic Local: Allergen 1; In1
Cnronic Systemic: Inhalation
MAC: ACGIH
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to flame; can react with
Toxic Rating Code:
parent, Pd 109 and also Cd 109

(positron emission). The permissible levels are given for the
Fire Hazard: Details unknown;

probably quite flammable.
halation
when ex-
its
-144C
-15.2C
Density 0.881
of a dust cloud,
posed to flame.
Density 10. 5

Thiocyanates.
M. P.
form
Constants:
At. Wt.
SILICON TETRATHIOCYANATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
None
= Slight
ticles of 1.
mev. The permissible levels are: In body: 36
microcuries; in air: 3X 10" 5
water: 4 microcuries per milliliter.

to flame or
by chemical reaction with oxidizers
Fire Hazard".
of dust,
when exposed
tion 6).
2 =
Moderate
3 = High
Unknown
SILVER CARBONATE
1103
SILVER ACETATE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 446. 55
"White plates.
Formula: AgC 2 H 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 166. 92
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3.259 @15C
Compounds.
SILVER ARSPHENAMINE
SILVER ACETYLIDE
White precipitate.
Formula: Ag 2 C 2
silver diarsenal.
Description: Brownish-black powder;
contains approximately 20%
arsenic, 15% silver.
Toxicity: Highly toxic, See Arsenic
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 239. 78
M. P. Explodes
Compounds.
SILVER AZIDE
Description:
Silvery liquid or solid.
Formula: Ag + Hg
Highly toxic.
See Mercury
highly toxic fumes of Mercury.
SILVER AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS

chemical reaction.
or heat will explode them.
SILVER
o -ARSENATE
Description:
crystals.
White prisms.
Formula: AgN 3
SILVER AMALGAMS
Toxicity:
Synonyms: Silver diaminodihydroxyarsenobenzene; silver salvarsan,
Description:
Description:
Section
Cubic, dark red
Formula: Ag 3 As0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 462. 55
Density 6. 657 @25C
SILVER ARSENITE
Synonym: Silver orthoarsenite.
Description: Fine, yellow powder;
sensitive to light-
Formula: Ag 3 As0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 149. 90
M. P. 2. 50C
Toxicity: See Silver Compounds and
Azides.
Explosive Range: @521F.

SILVER BENZOATE
Description:
White powder.
Formula: AgC 7 H 5
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
228.99
See Silver Compounds.
SILVER BROMATE
Formula: AgBr0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 235. 8
M. P. Decomposes
Density 5. 206
Br ornate s.
SILVER CARBONATE
Yellow crystalline
powder.
Formula: Ag 2 CO s
Description:
SILVER CHLORATE
1104
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 275.8
Density 6. 077
SILVER CHLORATE
Description:
crystals.
Tetragonal, white
Pigmentation was
exposure.
noticeable first in conjunctivae,

and later in the mucous membranes
mouth and gums and in the

There were no constitutional symptoms, and no physical
disability. Persons exhibiting
the condition, and who subsequently
died from unrelated disease,
of the
skin.
Formula: AgC10 3
showed, on autopsy, a deposition
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 191.34
M. P. 230C
Density 4. 430
Chlorates.
of silver in the blood vessel walls,
kidneys, testes, pituitary,

choroid plexus, and mucous membrane of the nose, maxillary
antra, trachea and bronchi. Once
deposited, there is no known
method by which the silver can be
eliminated; the pigmentation is
permanent.
SILVER CHLORIDE
Description:
der.
White granular pow-
SILVER CYANATE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
AgOCN
Formula: AgCl
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143. 34
M. P. 455 C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 149.90
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 00
B. P.
1550C
Density 5. 561
Vap. Press. 1
@912C
mm
SILVER CHROMATE
Description:
Red
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 331.77
Density 5. 625
and Silver Compounds.
SILVER COMPOUNDS
The absorption of silver
compounds into the circulation
Toxicity:
and the subsequent deposition of

the reduced silver in various tissues of the body may result in the
production of a generalized greyish pigmentation of the skin and
mucous membrances a con-
know as argyria.

SILVER CYANIDE
crystals.
Formula: Ag 2 Cr0 4
dition
The in-

tasteless powder which darkens
on exposure to light.
Formula:
AgCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 133.90
M. P. 320 C (decomp.)
Density 3. 95

I.
Section 11.
C.C. Classification: See Section 11, 73. 370

troduction of fine particles of

silver through breaks in the skin
produces a local pigmentation at
SILVER DICHROMATE
the site of the injury.
Description:
Generalized argyria, rarely

seen at the present time, was not
infrequent in the past. The condition developed slowly, usually
after some 2 to 25 years of
Formula: Ag 2 Cr 2
Toxic Rating Code:
None
See Cya-
nates.
= Slight
Red
crystals.
7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 431. 78
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 770
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SILVER IODIDE
1105


highly toxic fumes.
SILVER DIFLUORIDE
Brown powder.
Formula: AgF 2
SILVER HYPONITRITE
Description:
Yellow crystals.
Formula: Ag 2 N 2 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 145.88
M. P. 690 C
Density 4. 57 - 4. 78
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 275. 77
Density 5. 75 @30C
Toxicity: See Nitrites and Silver
SILVER FLUOGALLATE
Description:
Compounds.
exposed to heat.
Colorless crystals.
Formula: Ag 3 (GaF 6
10H 2 O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 687. 52
Density 2. 90
Silver Compounds.

nitrogen; can react with reducing
materials.
SILVER FLUORIDE
Description:
SILVER HYPOPHOSPHITE
Yellow, crystalline
ma s s e s
Description:
White crystals.
Formula: AgF
Formula: AgH 2 PO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126.88
M. P. 435 C
Density 5.852 @15. 5C
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 172.9
SILVER FLUOSILICATE
white, deliquescent powder.
Formula: Ag 2 SiF 6
4HzO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 429. 88
M. P. < 100C
B. P. Decomposes
Silver Compounds.
SILVER FULMINATE
Description:
Small needles.
Formula: Ag 2 C 2N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 299,80
M. P. Explodes
Toxicity: See Fulminates.
it;
phosphorus.
Section 7
SILVER IODATE
Description:
crystals.
Rhombic, colorless
Formula: AgI0 3
Constants:
M. P. > 200 C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 5. 525
Mol. Wt. 282.80
Iodates.


or heat will explode

exposed to heat.
when
SILVER IODIDE
Description:
Pale yellow powder.
Formula: Agl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 234. 8
SILVER LACTATE
1106
M. P. 556C
B. P. 1506C
Density 5. 675
@820C
Vap. Press. 1
Toxicity: See Iodides and Silver
mm
Compounds.
Density 4.453 @26C

See Nitrites and Silver
Toxicity:
Compounds.
SILVER NITROPRUSSIDE
SILVER LACTATE
Description:
Description: White or slightly gray

crystalline powder.
Formula: Ag 2 [FeNO(CN) 5 ]
Formula: AgC 3 H 5
H2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 214. 97
Light pink crystals.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 431. 71
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Hydrocyanic Acid.
highly toxic fumes on heating.
SILVER NITRATE
Description: Colorless, transparent,
tabular, rhombic, odorless
crystals, becoming gray or grayish-black on exposure to light in
presence of organic matter;
bitter, caustic, metallic taste.
Formula:
AgNO s
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 169. 89
M. P. 212C
B. P. 444 C (decomp.
Density 4. 352 @19C

MCA warning label.
SILVER NITRIDE
Colorless solid.
Formula: Ag 3 N
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 337. 7
Nitrides.
Formula:
Rhombic, white
AgNO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 303. 78
Density 5. 029 @4C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Oxalates
may
explode.
Section
SILVER OXIDE
Dark brown, odorless
powder; metallic taste.
Description:
Formula: Ag 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 231. 76
Density 7. 143 @16. 6C
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction; an oxidizing agent

(Section
6).
Section
SILVER PERCHLORATE
Description:
crystals.
White, deliquescent
Formula: AgC10 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 207.34
Density 2.806 @25C
For other properties, see Perchlorates.
SILVER NITRITE
Description:
crystals.
Colorless crystals.
Formula: Ag 2 C 2

exposed to heat.
highly toxic fumes on heating and
Toxicity: Moderate. A powerful caustic. See also Silver Compounds.

Description:
SILVER OXALATE
Description:
153. 89
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SILVER SELENITE
1107
SILVER PERMANGANATE
Description:
Violet, crystalline
powder.
Formula: AgMn0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
147

exposed to heat.
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 226. 81
M. P. Decomposes
Disaster Control: See Permanganates,
Section
SILVER PHENOL SULFONATE

Synonym: Silver sulfocarbolate.
SILVER SELENATE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: Ag 2 Se0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 358. 7
Density 5. 72
Compounds.
See Selenium
Description: White to faintly reddish crystals.
Disaster Control:
Formula: AgC 6H 4S0 3 OH
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 281. 1
sulfur.
Section
SILVER PHOSPHATE
Yellow powder.
Formula: Ag 3 P0 4
Description:
See
Selenium Compounds and Silver
Compounds.
Section
SILVER SELENIDE
Description:
Cubic, thin, gray
plates.
Formula: Ag 2 Se
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 294. 72
M. P. 880C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 8.
See
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 418. 6
M. P. 849 C
Density 6. 37
Disaster Control: See Phosphorus
Compounds.
Fire Hazard: See Selenium Compounds.
Compounds.
Section
Compounds,
Section
SILVER SELENITE
Description:
SILVER PICRATE
Formula: Ag 2 Se0 3
Synonym: Picratol.
Formula: C 6 H 2 0(N0 2 3 Ag
H2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 342. 7
Density 5. 9297
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 353.99
Compounds.
Fire Hazard:
SILVER- POTASSIUM CYANIDE

White crystals;
odor of HCN.
Description:
slight
Formula: KAg(CN) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 199.00
For other properties, see Cyanides.
SILVER PROPARGYLATE
Description:
Formula:
See
reaction;
Slight,
by chemical
evolves oxygen on
decomposition (Section 6).

selenium; can react with reducing materials.
Crystals.
CHCCH 2Ag
SILVER SULFATE
1108

Thallium Compounds.
SILVER SULFATE
Description:
crystals.
Rhombic, white
Formula: Ag 2 S0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 311. 82
M. P. 652 C
Density 5.45 @29.2C
SILVER SULFIDE
Synonym: Acanthite.
Description: Rhombic, gray-black
crystals.
Formula: Ag 2 S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 247. 83
M. P. Tr. 175C
B. P.
Decomposes
Density
326
7.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 295. 82
Sulfites.

SILVER TETRAZOL
Description:
Solid.
Constant:
Mol.Wt.
176.9
exposed to heat.
oxides and may explode.
Toxicity:
SILVER-THALLIUM NITRATE
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: AgNG 3
Crystals.
Formula: Ag 3AsS 3
M. P. > 175C
Density 5. 49
Compounds.
oxides of sulfur and arsenic.
SISAL
T1N0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 435.90
M. P. 75C
Toxicity: See Thallium Compounds
None
In-
halation
Chronic Systemic:
Inhalation 1
flame; keep cool and dry;
partially burned or charred
material is dangerous (Section 6).
MAC: ACGIH
= Slight
Section
SLATE (below 5% free silica)

Description: A fine-grained green,
black or red sedimentary rock.
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
Section 2
SLUDGE ACID. See Sulfuric Acid.

I.

liquid;
white label.

rosive liquid;
Toxic Rating Code:
1;
Section 2
AgCHN4
Description:
Description:

Chronic Local: Allergen 1; In-
White crystals.
Formula: Ag 2 S0 3
Formula:
Synonym: Proustite.
halation
SILVER SULFITE
Description:
SILVER TfflOARSENITE
2 =
Moderate
3 =
Cor-
white label.
High
Unknown
SODIUM
1109
SMOG

Section 2
Description: An atmospheric combination of smoke, fog, and industrial gases.

Composition: Contents vary, but
sulfur dioxide is a common component. Other sulfides, fluorides,
chlorides, carbon particles and
various hydrocarbons may be
found in smog. See Section 4.
SODIUM
Synonym: Natrium.
Description: Light, soft, ductile,
malleable, silver-white metal.
Formula: Na
Constants: At. Wt.
M. P. 97. 81 C
B. P. 892C
Density 0.9710
dry air.
Acute Local: (Metallic Na): Irri-
Nitrocellulose containing about

1% nitrogen, produced by blend-
Ingestion 3; Inhala(Na Smoke): Irritant

Ingestion 3
tant
tion
ing material of somewhat lower

(12. 6%) and slightly higher (13. 2%)
nitrogen content, converting to a
dough with alcohol ether mixture,
extruding, cutting and drying to a
hard horny product.
Small amounts
zers are usually present, as well as

various modifying agents (nitrotoluene, nitroglycerine salts). See also
Nitrocellulose and Explosives, High.
SOAP POWDERS
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
3MgO
2;
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Na 22 half -life: 2. 6

years; emits gamma rays of 1. 3
mev and positron particles of
Radiation Hazard
0. 58 mev.
Artificial isotope Na 24 halflife:
14. 9 hours; emits beta
rays of 1. 38 and 2. 76 mev. The
5
10 4 microcuries; in air: 2 X 10"
,
water;
steatite.
Description: White to greenishwhite crystals.
Formula:
3.

0. 2 microcuries per milli-
SOAPSTONE DUST
dust;
1;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: (Metallic Na): Irritant 1. (Na Smoke): Irritant 2
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: Metallic sodium reacts exothermally with the moisture of
body or tissue surfaces, causing
thermal and chemical burns due
to the reaction with sodium and the
sodium hydroxide formed.
of stabilizers (amines) and plastici-
Synonyms: Talc
@20C
Autoign. Temp. .Above 115C in
SMOKELESS POWDER
13.
23.0
4SiO z
H2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 379. 3
Density 2. 7 - 2. 8
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic: U
Radiation Hazard Rating,

Class I (National Bureau of
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame, or by
chemical reaction with moisture,
air, or any oxidizing material;
decomposes moisture to evolve
hydrogen and heat; reacts
exothermally with the halogens,
acids and halogenated hydrocarbons. Heated sodium is spontaneously flammable in air.
liter.
SODIUM
1110
To Fight Fire: Soda ash,
dry-
sodium chloride, or graphite
in
order of preference (Section 6).

Storage and Handling (Section 7): In
the absence of moisture, oxygen
or halides sodium is safe to
handle. As to indoor storage of
drums, "the important thing in
storing sodium is that the storage
area must be kept dry, since explosions may result from the
contact of sodium with water. No
automatic sprinkler system, or
water or steam pipes containing
water should be allowed in the
room. Sufficient heat should be
provided (without the use of open
flames) to prevent condensation

of moisture in the room due to
changes in atmospheric conditions.
Empty sodium drums should be
stored in this same area.
M
Fire extinguishers (preferably
color-coded) must be provided in
the storage area, but only those
containing sodium chloride,
sodium carbonate, or graphite
may be used. Pails are adequate
for storing extinguishent if
special care is taken to insure that
the materials are dry. Water,
carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride, soda-acid, or conventional dry chemical (bicarbonate)
extinguishers must be avoided,
and signs should be posted in the
storage area warning against
their use.
"Only that amount of sodium

immediately needed should be
removed from the storage area.
Sodium should not be withdrawn
for intermediate storage in reaction areas. A special metal
container with a tight fitting
cover should be used for transporting sodium bricks to other
plant areas, once they have been
removed from the original container.
"Large-scale outdoor storage

tanks such as tank cars are unloaded after melting the sodium
by circulating hot oil and withdrawing the molten sodium by
vacuum to storage tanks similar
in construction to sodium tank
cars. Although steam may be
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
used to heat the circulating oil

for use on both tank cars and
storage tanks, steam must not be
used directly as the heating agent
for sodium tanks. " *

exposed to moisture in any form!
Keep dry at all times!
sodium oxide; will react with

water or steam to produce heat,
hydrogen, and flammable vapors;
materials.
rate): Section 2

MCA warning label.
"Sodium, Its Manu*Sittig, M.
facture, Properties and Uses, "
pp. 145-146, New York, Reinnold
1956
Publishing Corp.
,
SODIUM ACETATE
Description:
White crystals.
Formula: NaC 2 H 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 82.0
M. P. 324C
Density 1. 528
tion
Inges-
1;
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic: U
reaction; will react with water
or steam to produce heat (Section
6).

SODIUM p-ACETYLAMINOPHENYLANTIMONIATE
Synonym: Stibenyl.
Description: Light yellow powder;
antimonial content 35%.
Formula:
CH 3 CONHC 6H 4Sb0 3 HNa

Constant:
Mol. Wt.
2 =
Moderate
H zO
345. 93
3 =
High
Unknown
SODIUM m- ARSENATE
nil
Toxicity:
Highly toxic.
See Anti-
(Section
mony Compounds.
Disaster Control:
See Antimony
Compounds.
Section
SODIUM m-ALUMINATE
Description:
White, hygroscopic
sodium oxide; will react with

water or steam to produce heat and
toxic and corrosive fumes; can
powder.
Formula: NaA10 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 82.0
M. P. 1650C
tion
6).

chemical reaction with powerful
oxidizers. See also Ammonia.
highly toxic fumes of ammonia and
1;

Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
SODIUM ARSANILATE
SODIUM ALUMINUM FLUORIDE.
See Sodium Fluoride and Aluminum
Fluoride.
SODIUM ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE

Description:
White powder.
Formula: Na 3 P0 4
tion
1;
arsonate.
odorless powder; faint salty
taste.
A1P0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 285. 92
Synonyms: Atoxyl; sodium -aniline

arsonate; sodium aminophenyl
Formula:
C 6 H 4 NH 2 (HOAsOONa)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 311. 12
Inges-
4H z O
See Arsenic
Compounds.

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
SODIUM AMALGAM
SODIUM ARSENATE
Description: Silver -white liquid or

porous, crystalline mass; contains 2 to 10% metallic sodium;
decomposes in water.
Synonym: Sodium o-ar senate.
Formula: Nax Hgy

For properties, see Sodium.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 424. 10
M. P. 86.3C
Density 1. 762 - 1. 804

crystals; mild alkaline taste.
Formula: Na 3 As0 4
SODIUM AMIDE
Synonym: Sodamide.
Description:
Disaster Control:
Formula: NaNH 2
M. P. 210C
B. P. 400 C
Toxicity: See Sodium Hydroxide and
Ammonia, both of which are liberated by this material in the
See Arsenic
Compounds.
39. 02
presence of moisture.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction. See also Ammonia
12H z O
Compounds.
White crystalline
powder.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

Coast Guard Classification (solid):
SODIUM
m -ARSENATE
Description:
crystals.
Rhombic, efflorescent
Formula: NaAs0 3
SODIUM ARSENITE
1112
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 145. 91
Density 2. 301
See Arsenic
Compounds.
may
SODIUM ARSENITE
Description: Colorless or grayishwhite powder.
Formula: NaAsOz
Poison B;
See Arsenic
SODIUM BARBITAL

Poison B
poison label.

Poison B (solution); poison
label.
SODIUM ARSPHENAMINE
Synonyms: Sodium diarsenal;
sodium arsphenolamine.
Description: Bright yellow powder;
contains not less than 19%
arsenic.
Formula:
NaONH 2 C 6 H3AsAsC 6H 3 NH 2ONa

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 410.08
See Arsenic
Compounds.
SODIUM AURIDE
Description:
7
11.
poison label.
Compounds.
(solution);
explode.
Storage and Handling; Section

I.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 129.91
Density 1. 87
I.
Hydroxide.
shocked or exposed to heat, especially when contaminated by
certain materials.
fumes of nitrogen oxides, and
White powder.
Formula: NaC 8 H 11 N 2 3
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
206. 18
Toxicity: Moderate.
urates.
See Barbit-

SODIUM BENZOATE
Synonym:
Benzoate of soda.
crystalline solid.
Formula: NaC 7 H 5
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 144. 1
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
Toxicology: Large doses of 8 to 10
grams by mouth may cause

nausea and vomiting. It is pos-
Formula: NaAu 2
sible to tolerate as
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 417.40
M. P. Decomposes
grams per
day.
much
as 50
Small doses have
SODIUM AZIDE
or no effect. A fungicide.
See also Benzoic Acid.
Description:
crystals.
SODIUM BICHROMATE.
Toxicity:
little
@700C
See Gold Compounds.
Formula: NaN 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 65.02
B. P. Decomposes in vacuum
Density 2. 846
Toxicity: See Azides and Sodium
Toxic Rating Code:
See
Sodium Dichr ornate.
None
= Slight
SODIUM BIFLUORIDE,
See Sodium
Difluoride.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SODIUM BROMOPLATINATE
1113
SODIUM BISULFATE
Synonyms: Sodium hydrogen
sodium acid sulfate.
Description:
sulfate;
Colorless crystals.
Formula: NaHS0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 1
M. P. > 315C (decomp. )
Density 2.435 @13C
Toxicity: Toxic. See Sulfuric
acid which is liberated on contact with moisture.
fume
Section
it can emit flammable vapors.

SODIUM BROMATE
crystalline powder.
Formula: NaBr0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150. 91
M. P. 381C
Density 3. 339 @17. 5C
SODIUM BROMIDE
Description:
crystals.
Cubic, colorless
Formula: NaBr
SODIUM BISULFITE
Synonym: Sodium hydrogen sulfite.
Formula: NaHS0 3
Density 1. 48
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 91
M. P. 755C
B. P. 1390C
Density 3. 203 @25C
@806C
Vap. Press. 1
mm
SODIUM BROMOAURATE
Brown-black crystals.
Formula: NaAuBr 4 2H 2
Description:
SODIUM BORATE
See Sodium
SODIUM BORATE PERHYDRATE

Description:
Crystals.
Formula: NaBO z
Constants:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Tetraborate.
H 2O z
Mol. Wt.
99.8
M. P. Decomp. @40C
For other properties, see Peroxides,
SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE
Description: White to gray-white
micro-crystalline powder or
lump s
Formula: NaBH 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 37. 85
M. P. > 400 C
Density 1. 07
Toxicity: See Boron
Hydrides.
Toxicity:
575. 89
See Gold Compounds and
Bromides.
SODIUM 2-BROMO-4-PHENYL-
PHENOL
Formula:
NaOC 6H 3 Br(C 6 H 5
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 271
Toxicity: Toxic. See Phenols.
highly toxic fumes of bromine
compounds.
Compounds and

toxic fumes; will react with
water or steam to produce hydrogen; on contact with acid fumes,
Section
SODIUM BROMOPLATINATE
Dark red crystals.
Formula: Na 2 PtBr 6 6H 2
Description:
'
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 828. 8
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 323
@150C

SODIUM CACODYLATE
1114
SODIUM CACODYLATE

Section 2
Synonyms: Sodium dimethyl arsenate; arsysodila.

powder.
Formula: NaAsC 2 H 6O z
3H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 214. 02
M. P. Approx. 60 C
Compounds.
Compounds.
I.
SODIUM CARBONATE PEROXIDE

Fine white powder.
Description:
Formula: 2Na 2 C0 3
3H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 314
Toxicity: See Sodium Carbonate and
Hydrogen Peroxide.
11.
Poison B;
poison label.
SODIUM CARBIDE
White powder.
Formula: Na 2 C 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 70. 01
B. P. 700 C
Acetylene (liberated on contact
with water).
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with oxidizers.

chemical reaction; also on contact with bromine. See Acetylene,
SODIUM CARBONYL
NaCO
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 51
reaction with oxidizers. Heat
causes evolution of carbon monoxide.

reaction.

highly toxic fumes of sodium
oxide and carbon monoxide; it
may explode on heating.
rate): Section 2
SODIUM CHLORATE
Synonym: Soda chlorate.
SODIUM CARBONATE
Description: Colorless, odorless

crystals; cooling, saline taste.
Synonyms: Soda monohydrate;
Formula:
crystal carbonate.
small crystals or crystalline
powder; alkaline taste.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106. 45
M. P. 248 - 261 C
Formula:
B. P.
Na 2 C0 3
Decomposes
Density 2.490
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106. 00
M. P. 851 C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 509 @0C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
NaC10 3
None
@15C

Oxidizing
MCA
Inges-
warning label,
SODIUM CHLORIDE
Synonyms:
= Slight
2 =
halite; sea salt.

Salt;
Description:
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SODIUM CHLORO-2-PHENYLPHENATE
1115

crystals or white, crystalline
powder.
Formula: NaCl
SODIUM CHLOROACETATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 58.45
M. P. 801 C
B. P.
Description: White, odorless, freeflowing powder.
Formula: ClCH 2 COONa
1413C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 49
M. P. Decomposes
Density Z. 165
Vap. Press. 1
@ 865 C
mm
tion
Flash P.
Toxicity:

Section 7
When
bulk sodium
is heated to high temperature, a vapor is emitted which
is irritating to the eyes, particularly. Ingestion of large amounts
of sodium chloride can cause ir-
SODIUM CHLOROAURATE
Section
SODIUM CHLORITE
crystalline powder.
Formula:
NaC10 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
Toxicity:
Rhombic, yellow
Description:
crystals.
Formula: NaAuCl 4
ritation of the stomach. Improper

use of salt tablets may produce
this effect.
Unknown

Acute Systemic:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
Toxicology:
chloride
@Z00C
None
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 398. 06
M. P. Decomposes
SODIUM CHLOROIRIDATE
Dull red-black crystals
Description:
90. 45
Decomposes @175-^0 2
Virtually nontoxic.
agent; ignited on friction, heat
or shock (Section 6).

flame.
it;
when heated, it
chlorides and may explode; can
react vigorously on contact with
reducing materials.
Oxidizing
Formula: Na 2 IrCl 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
6H 2 Q
559. 93
Decomposes @600C
Toxicity: See Iridium Compounds.
M. P.
heated
to
decomposition,
it
emits

will explode
SODIUM 4-CHLORO-2-METHYL-
PHENOXYACETATE
fungicide.
heated
to
decomposition,
it
when
emits

Section 7
SODIUM CHLORO-2-PHENYL-
PHENATE
SODIUM CHLORITE SOLUTION
(NOT EXCEEDING 40% SODIUM
CHLORITE).
Section 11.
liquid;
Corrosive
white label.
Synonyms: Sodium-Z-chloro-ophenylphenate.
fungicide.
when
emits
it
SODIUM CHLOROPLATINATE
1116

SODIUM CHLOROPLATINATE
Orange -yellow powder.
Formula: Na 2 PtCl 6
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 453. 97
M. P. 150 - 160C
SODIUM CHROMATE
Description:
crystals.
Yellow, rhombic
Formula: Na 2 Cr0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162. 00
Density 2. 710
For other properties, see Chro-
mium Compounds.
1496C
B. P.

Toxicity: Highly toxic. For other
properties, see Cyanides.
MCA
warning label
SODIUM CYANOAURITE
Synonym: Sodium aurocyanide.
Description:
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: NaAu(CN) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 272. 23
cyanides.
SODIUM 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYETHYL SULFATE
SODIUM COMPOUNDS
Toxicity: 'Variable. Sodium ion
is practically nontoxic.
The
toxicity of sodium compounds
is frequently, though not always,
due to the anion involved. The
hydroxide is very corrosive,

being strongly basic. Even here
it is the concentration of hydroxyl
ion which is responsible for the
caustic action of this material.
SODIUM COPPER POLYPHOSPHATE

C1 2 C
2 H 4OS0 3 Na
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 309. 11
Toxicity: Unknown
F or mula
ÔC
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
15 milliof air.

SODIUM DICHROMATE
Synonym: Sodium acid chr ornate.
Red crystals.
Formula: Na 2 Cr 2 7 2H z O
Description:
SODIUM CYANATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless needles.
NaOCN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 65. 92
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyanates.

Description: White, deliquescent,

crystalline powder.
NaCN
B. P.
Decomposes @400C
Density 2. 52 @13C
Chromium
Compounds.
Section 11.
warning label
SODIUM DICYANAMIDE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: NaN(CN) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 49. 02
M. P. 563. 7C
Toxic Rating Code:
anhyd.
@320C
MCA
SODIUM CYANIDE
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 298. 1
M. P. -2H 2 O@100C;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 89. 04
M. P. > 315C (decomp.
Density 1.701 @30C
=
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SODIUM DINITROPHENOL
1117
Toxicity:
Toxicity:
See Calcium
Highly toxic.

cyanides.
sulfur.
CARBAMATE
ticide of
Formula: NaSC(S)N(C 2 H 5 ) 2
M. P.
Density
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
171. 3
16
1.
@20/20C
5. 9
Details unknown.
White powder.
Formula: NaF
HF

Fluorides.
Section
CARBAMATE

highly toxic fumes of sulfur and
nitrogen oxides.
Section 2
SODIUM DIFLUORIDE
Section
SODIUM DIMETHYL DITHIO-
See also
Carbamates.
Description:
moderate toxicity
oxides.
19C
developed in Germany.
toxic fumes of sulfur and nitrogen
Liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Section
SODIUM p-DIMETHYLAMINOBENZENE DIAZOSULFONATE

Toxicity: Details unknown. A roden-
SODIUM DIETHYLDITHIODescription:
Unknown

emit toxic fumes of oxides of
Cyanamide.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
(CH 3 2 NCS 2 Na
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 143. 2
See also
Carbamates.
sulfur and nitrogen oxides.
SODIUM DINITRO-o-CRESYIATE
Description: Brilliant orangeyellow dye.
Formula: C 6 H 2 (ONa)(N0 2 2 (CH 3

)
SODIUM DI- HYDROGEN

SENATE
o- AR-
Description: Rhombic or monoclinic, colorless crystals.
Formula: NaH 2 As0 4
H zO
220. 1
Toxicity: Probably toxic; an insecticide and selective herbicide.
See also Dinitrophenol.
Moderate.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 181.94
M. P. -H 2 @100 - 130C
B. P. Decomposes @200 - 280 C
Density 2. 53
Fire Hazard:
Arsenic Compounds.
SODIUM DINITROPHENOL
Formula: C 6 H 3 (ONa)(N0 2 2
Section
SODIUM- 6, 7-DIHYDROXY-2-NAPH-
THALENE SULFONATE
Description:
Formula
Dry
paste.
C 10H 6 (OH) 2 SO 3 Na
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
See
Nitrates.
Nitrates.
Compounds.
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
263.2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 206. 1
Dinitrophenol.
Fire Hazard:
Moderate.
See
See
Nitrates.

also Nitrates.
SODIUM DISPERSIONS
1118

heated it emits toxic fumes and
may
explode.
Section
SODIUM DISPERSIONS
Description:
Finely divided metallic
sodium suspended
in toluene,
xylene, naphtha, kerosene, etc.
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Sodium
and individual dispersant.
chemical reaction. These are
very reactive forms of sodium,
which if carelessly handled may
catch fire. To extinguish, see
Sodium. After sodium, has been
extinguished, the burning organic
vapor can be dealt with by very
cautious use of a carbon dioxide
extinguisher. Do not use carbon

Sodium.
fumes of sodium, sodium oxide,
etc.
will react with water or
steam to produce heat and hydro;
on contact with oxidizing

materials, it can react vigorously
gen;
SODIUM ETHYL MERCURITfflOSALICYLATE. See Mercury

Compounds, Organic.
SODIUM ETHYL SULFATE

Synonym: Sodium sulfovinate
Description: White hygroscopic
crystalline material.
Formula: NaC 2 H 5 S0 4
SODIUM ETHYL XANTHATE

Synonym: Sodium xanthogenate.
Description: Yellowish powder,
soluble in water and alcohol.
Formula:
C 2 H 5 OCSSNa
Constant:
Toxicity:
Mol. Wt.
Synonym:
Caustic alcohol.
Description: White powder, sometimes having brownish tinge.
Formula: C 2 K 5ONa
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 68. 05
Ethyl Alcohol, into which it
readily hydrolyzes.
144. 2
Unknown
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame. See

Sulfides.

oxides of sulfur.
SODIUM FERRICYANIDE
Red prussiate of sodium;
red prussiate of soda.
Description: Ruby-red, deliquescent
Synonyms:
crystals.
Formula:
SODIUM ETHYLATE
H zO

Toxicity: See Sulfuric Acid and
Ethyl Alcohol.
Disaster Control: When strongly
Na 3 Fe(CN) 6
HzO

Toxicity: Moderate. See Ferricyanides.
Disaster Control: See Ferricyanides.
SODIUM FERROCYANIDE
Synonym: Yellow prussiate of soda.
10H 2 O
Formula: Na 4 Fe(CN) 6
Constants: Mol. Wt.

Density 1. 458
484.
Moderate. See Ferrocyanides.

Toxicity:
rials.

rate): Section 2
SODIUM FLUOACETATE.
SODIUM FLUOALUMINATE
Description:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
See
Sodium Fluoroacetate.
2 =
Moderate
Colorless crystals.
3 =
High
Unknown
SODIUM FLUOROACETATE
1119
Formula:
Probably toxic. See

Fluorides.
Toxicity:
Na 3 AlF 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 209. 96
M. P. 1000C
Density 2. 90
See Fluo-
rides.

MCA
warning label
SODIUM FLUOROACETATE
Description:
Density
Toxicity:
Formula
NaSbF^
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
258. 76
mony Compounds and
See AntiFluorides.

SODIUM FLUOBERYLLATE
Description: Rhombic or
clinic, white crystals.
Formula:
mono-
Na 2 BeF 4
Constants
Mol. Wt. 131.01
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Beryllium Compounds and Fluorides.
Disaster Control: See Beryllium
SODIUM FLUOBORATE
Description:
White, rhombic crys-
tals.
Formula:
NaBF 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 109. 82
M. P. 384C (slight decomp.
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2.47 @20C

Highly toxic.
Toxicity:
rides.
See Fluo-

SODIUM FLUORIDE
Synonym: Villiaumite.
Description: Clear, lustrous
crystals or white powder or balls
Formula: NaF
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 42. 00
M. P. 980 - 997C
B. P.
1700C
Density 2. 558 @41 C

FCH 2 COONa
An
insecticide. This
material has a strong effect on
either or both the cardiovascular
and nervous systems in all
species and in some species on
the skeletal muscles. Man gives
a mixed type response with the
cardiac feature predominating.
By a direct action on the heart,
Toxicity:
3. 375
Highly toxic.
Fine, white odorless
powder.
SODIUM FLUOANTIMONATE
Formula:
(also
known as 1080)
notably in the rabbit, contractible

power is lost which leads to
declining blood pressure. Ventricular premature contractions
are seen in all species and
arrhythmias are especially
marked in some species including
man. The central nervous system,
notably that of the dog, is directly
attacked by sodium fluoroacetate.
In man, the action on the central
nervous system produces

epileptiform convulsive seizures
followed by severe depression.
The dangerous dose for man
Other species
is 0. 5 to 2 mg/kg.
vary considerably in their response
to sodium fluoroacetate with
primates and birds being the most
resistant and carnivora and rodents
being the most susceptible. Most
domestic animals show a sus-
between the two

extremes indicated above.
The first indication of poisoning
is nausea and mental apprehension
followed by epileptiform convulceptibility falling
sions. After a period of several

hours, pulsus alternans may exist
followed by ventricular fibrillation
and death. Children appear to be
more subject to cardiac arrest
than to ventricular fibrillation.
Treatment: The treatment for
sodium fluoroacetate poisoning is
mainly symptomatic. Immediate

emesis and stomach lavage followed by oral doses of magnesium
SODIUM FLUOSILICATE
1120
sulfate are useful. Administration of certain compounds capable

of supplying acetate ions
have
shown antidotal effects in animals,

including monkeys; the choice
drugs being monacetin (glycerol
monoacetate) (2 to 4 g/kg) and a
combination of sodium acetate and
g/kg of each).
theonol
(2
dose
magnesium
of
single
sulfate (800
SODIUM m-GERMANATE
Description: Monoclinic, white,
Formula: Na 2 Ge0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Density
Toxicity:
166. 59
1083C
3.
See
@22C
Germanium Compounds
31
mg/kg) given intramuscularly as
SODIUM HEXAFLUOROPHOSPHATE
a 50 percent solultion has saved

the live of rats dosed with lethal
amounts of sodium fluoroacetate.
Complete quiet and rest are indicated, but barbiturate anesthesia has proved disappointing
when used as an antidote.
White
Formula: NaPF 6
SODIUM FLUOSILICATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 188. 1
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 679
Formula:
See Fluo-
Shiny, hygroscopic
leaflets.
:
NaS0 3 F
@ red
heat
See Fluo-
sulfonates.
Disaster Control: See Fluosulfonates,

SODIUM FORMATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
White, deliquescent
HCOONa
Constants
Mol. Wt.
1.
92
@20C
See Formic Acid.

Toxicity:
Toxic Rating Code:
Section
NaH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 24. 00
Density 0. 92
Hydroxide.

Hydrides.
highly toxic fumes of oxide of
sodium; it will react with
water or steam to produce heat,
sodium hydroxide and hydrogen;

68.
M. P. 253C
Density
185.99
Density 2.369 @19C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluorophosphates.
Disaster Control: See Fluorophos-
Description: Microcrystalline,
white to brownish -gray powder.
SODIUM FLUOSULFONATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 07
M. P. Decomposes
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
SODIUM HYDRIDE
silicates.
Formula
solid.
H zO

MCA warning label.
Description:
phates.
White powder.
Na 2 SiF 6
Description:
Formula:
Description:
None
= Slight
Section 11.

SODIUM HYDROGEN FLUORIDE.

See Sodium Difluoride.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
1121
SODIUM HYDROGEN OXALATE

Description:
crystals.

Monoclinic, white
tion
Formula: NaHC 2
H zO
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 130.04
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
See Oxalates.
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
SODIUM HYDROGEN SULFITE.

See Sodium Bisulfite.
Synonym: Sodium sulfhydrate.

Colorless needles.
Formula: NaSH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 56. 07
M. P. 350C
MCA
warning label.
SODIUM HYDROSULFITE
Synonyms: Sodium dithionite;
sodium hyposulfite.
Description: Light lemon-colored
solid in powder or flake form or
white to grayish-white crystalline powder.
Formula: Na 2 S 2
2H 2
210. 16
55 C (decomp.
See Sulfites.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat and moisture
Toxicity:
(Section
6).


MCA warning label.
I.
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Synonyms: Caustic soda;
sodium
hydrate; lye; white caustic.

pieces, lumps or sticks.
Formula:
2 milliof air.
This material, both
markedly corrosive action upon

The symptoms
all body tissue.
of irritation from this material
are frequently evident immediately.
Its corrosive action on tissue
causes burns and frequently deep
ulceration, with ultimate scarring.
Prolonged contact with dilute
solutions has a destructive effect
upon tissue. Mists, vapors, and
dusts of this compound cause
small burns, and contact with the
eyes, either in the solid or solution form, rapidly causes severe
damage to the delicate tissue.
Ingestion either in the solid or
solution form causes very serious
damage to the mucous membranes
or other tissues with which conmade. It can cause perforation and scarring. Inhalation
of the dust or concentrated mist
can cause damage to the upper
respiratory tract and to lung
tissue, depending upon the severity
Thus, effects
of the exposure.
of inhalation may vary from mild
tact is
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
solid and in solution, has a
SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE
Description:
Toxicology:
Inges-
3;
Inhalation 2
3;
NaOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 40. 01
M. P. 318. 4C
B. P. 1390C
Density 2. 130
irritation of the mucous membranes to a severe pneumonitis.

It can cause an irritant dermatitis (Section 9).
Treatment and Antidotes: Speed in

removing this caustic from contact with the skin of one who has
come in contact with it is important to avoid injury. Remove all
contaminated clothing at once and
if possible give patient a shower
of shower using
plenty of water. If the eyes are
involved, they should be irrigated at once with plenty of warm
water for 15 minutes. Persons so
injured should be referred to a
physician.
produce heat and will attack
organic tissue.
under deluge type
SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SOLUTION

Section 2
Hazardous material.
MCA
warning label.
1122
chemical reaction; a strong

oxidizer. See also Nitrites.
exposed to heat.

nitrogen.
SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SOLUTION.
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
See Sodium Hydroxide.

Description: Colorless, pearly,

crystalline plates or white,
granular powder; bitter sweet,
saline taste.
Formula: NaH 2 P0 2
SODIUM HYDROXOPLUMBATE
Description: Light ye 11 ow- white,
fused, hygroscopic lumps.
Formula: Na 2 Pb(OH) 6
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 355.25
See Lead
Compounds.
SODIUM HYDROXOSTANNATE
Description: Hexagonal, colorless,
white powder or lumps.
Formula
Na 2 Sn(OH) 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
266. 74
-3H zO @140C
M. P.
See Tin Compounds.
SODIUM - 2 -HYDROXY -3,6 -NAPHTHALENE SULFONATE. See

Sodium /3-naphthol Disulfonate.
H2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 106. 01
Toxicity: See Hypophosphites.
Hypophosphites.
when exposed to heat. Sodium
hypophosphite may detonate if
heated. It must be kept cool,
and stored in a cool, ventilated
place, away from acute fire hazards. It may be disposed of by
dissolving in water (Section 7).

phosphorus.
Section 2
SODIUM IODATE
Description:
Rhombic, white crys-
tals.
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Formula: NaI0 3
Formula: NaCIO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 197. 92
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 277 @17. 5C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 74.45
M. P. Decomposes
B. P. Decomposes
For other properties, see Hypochlo-
SODIUM IODIDE
rites.
Cubic, colorless
SODIUM HYPONITRITE
Description:
crystals.
Description:
Formula: Nal
Crystals.
Formula: Na 2 N 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 149. 92
M. P. 651 C
B. P. 1300C
Density 3. 667
@767C
Vap. Press. 1
106. 01
Density
Toxicity:
2. 466 @4C
See Nitrites
Fire Hazard:
mm
Moderate, by
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SODIUM MONOFLUOROPHOSPHATE
1123
SODIUM ISOPROPYL XANTHATE

Formula: SC(OC 3 H 7 )SNa
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 158. 3
Toxicity: Unknown
Moderate, by chem-
Fire Hazard:
ical reaction with oxidizers.

See also Sulfides.
Section
SODIUM- LEAD ALLOY

Description:
Composition:
Metallic material.
(Na) x + (Pb)y
Highly toxic. See Lead

Compounds and Sodium.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; reacts
with moisture and acids to evolve
hydrogen and heat; can react
Toxicity:
(Section
6).

chemical reaction to produce
hydrogen.
Lead Compounds and Sodium.
See also Hydrogen which is
liberated on contact with
moisture.
SODIUM LEAD POLYPHOSPHATE

Description: Dense white powder.
SODIUM MANGANATE
Description:
crystals.
Synonym: Sodium methyl arsenate.

Description:
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: Na 2 CH 3 As0 3
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 292. 03
M. P. 130 - 140C
See Arsenic
Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Arsenic Compounds
SODIUM 2-(N-METHYLAMINO)
ETHANE SULFONATE
Synonym:
Sodium N-methyltaurine.
Description:
Clear, colorless
liquid.
Formula:
HN(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 S0 3 Na
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 161
M. P. -26. 5 to -3QC
Density 1. 202-1. 218
Vap. D. 5. 55
Toxicity: Unknown
Section
See
SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE.
Com-
Moderate, by chem-
Section
SODIUM, METALLIC, DISPERSION

IN ORGANIC SOLVENT.
Sodium Dispersions.
SODIUM METHANE ARSENATE
Sodium Methanearsenate.
ical reaction; an oxidizer (Section 6)

Classification: FlamI. C. C.
SODIUM METHYLARSENATE.
10H 2 O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 345. 08
M. P. 17C
pounds.
Fire Hazard:
SODIUM, METALLIC, LIQUID ALLOY
sulfur.
Monoclinic, green
Formula: Na 2 Mn0 4

I.
See
See Sodium Fluoroacetate.
SODIUM MONOFLUOROPHOSPHATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
Na 2 P0 3 F
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 143. 97
M. P. Approx. 625 C
Toxicity: See Fluorophosphates.
Section 11.
SODIUM MONOHYDROGEN o-ARSENATE

See Fluor ophosphates.
Disaster Control:
SODIUM MONOHYDROGEN
o-ARSENATE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Na 2 HAs0 4
7H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 312.02
M. P. 120 - 130C;
Toxicity:
1.88
Highly toxic.
B. P.
Decomposes @380C
Density
2.
261
See Nitrates.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when mixed
with organic matter, it will ignite
on friction. See Nitrates.
Explosion Hazard: Explodes when
heated to over 1000 C or when
mixed with cyanides.
Toxicity:
Nitrates.
-H z O @180C
Density
1124
See Arsenic
Compounds.

Oxidizing
SODIUM NITRIDE
Description:
Dark gray crystals.
SODIUM MONOXIDE
Formula: Na 3 N
Description: White -gray, deliquescent crystals.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula: Na z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 61.99
Density 2. 27
Hydroxide.
Disaster Control: See Sodium
Hydroxide.
SODIUM j3-NAPHTHOL DISUL-
FONATE
R
Synonyms:
salt.
Gray paste.
Formula: (NaSO 3 ) 2 C 10H 5OH
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 348.26
sulfur.
SODIUM NITRATE
nitratine.
Description: Colorless, transparent,

odorless crystals; saline,
slightly bitter taste.
Formula:

reaction with water (Section 6).
reaction. See also Ammonia.
highly toxic fumes of sodium;
produce toxic, corrosive and
flammable vapors.
Synonym: Diazotizing
See also
|3-Naphthol.
niter;
P.
Toxicity:
SODIUM NITRITE

Synonyms: Soda
83. 00
Decomposes @300C
Highly toxic. See Sodium
Hydroxide and Ammonia.
M.
NaN0 3
salts.
Description: Slightly yellowish or

white crystals, sticks or powder.
Formula:
NaNO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 69.01
M. P. 271 C
Density 2. 168
Fire Hazard: Moderate; a strong
oxidizing agent. In contact with
organic matter will ignite by
friction. See Nitrites.
Explosion Hazard: Explodes when

heated to over 1000F or on
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 85.01
M. P. 306. 8C
contact with cyanides.

See
Nitrites.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SODIUM OXIDE
1125
Oxidizing
Explosion Hazard:
SODIUM NITRITE MIXED (FUSED)

WITH POTASSIUM NITRITE,
Description:
Moderate.
See
Nitrates.
Nitrates.
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE
Formula: Na 2 Fe(NO)(CN) 5 2H 2
See Nitrites.
SODIUM m-NITRO BENZENE
SULFONATE
Description:
Formula
Crystals.
N0 2 C 6H 4OS0 2 Na
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 225.2
Nitrobenzene.
nitrogen.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 297. 97
Density 1. 72
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: The effects of this
material are similar to that of
nitrites, causing fall in blood
pressure but no formation of
SODIUM NITROMETHANE
Formula: NaCH 2 NO z
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 83. 3
Nitroparaffins.
fumes
See also
Section 2

tallow odor.
Constants:
M. P.
rial s

Section 2
SODIUM p-NITROPHENOXIDE
Mol. Wt.
304.5
232-235C
See Oleic Acid.

Toxicity:
SODIUM OXALATE
Synonym: Sodium nitrophenate.

Formula: NaOC 6 H4 N0 2 4H 2
Description:
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: Na 2 C 2
Decomposes
Highly toxic. See

p-Nitrophenol and Sodium
Hydroxide.
Fire Hazard: Moderate. See Nitrate;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134. 01
Density 2. 34
120C
B. P.
Toxicity:
slight
Formula: C 17 H 33 COONa
-4H 2
SODIUM OLEATE
can react with reducing mate-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 233. 16
M. P. -2H 2 0@36C;
internally,
cyanide upon being metabolized.

or acid fumes, it emits highly
toxic fumes of cyanides.

toxic
Large amounts,
may form
methemoglobin.
when taken
SODIUM OXIDE.
See Oxalates,
See Sodium
Monoxide.
<
SODIUM PENTABORATE
SODIUM PENTABORATE
1126
reaction; can react with reducing
See
Sodium Borate.
SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE
Description:
SODIUM PERCHLORATE
Formula:
Description:
crystals.
Tan powder.
C 6 Cl 5ONa
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 288.4
Toxicity: See Pentachlorophenol.
Formula: NaC10 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122.45
B. P. Decomposes
SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENOLATE. See Sodium PentachloroSODIUM PENTASULFIDE

Description:
Formula:
Yellow crystals.
Na 2 S 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 206. 32
M. P. 251. 8C
Formula:
SODIUM PENTOBARBITAL
Description:
White powder.
Formula: NaC n H 17 N 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 248.26
Toxicity: See Barbiturates.
SODIUM PERBORATE
Synonym: Metaborate peroxyhydrate,
sodium perborate tetrahydrate.
Description:
White crystals with
Formula: NaB0 2 H 2
3H 2
153. 9
62 C
6).
Section
SODIUM PERBORSILICATE
White powder.
Composition: Sodium borate, sodium
silicate and hydrogen peroxide.
Toxicity: See Silicates and Boron
Description:
Compounds.
Slight,
Toxic Rating Code:
by chemical
=
None
Moderate, by chem-
ical reaction;
(Section 6).
a strong oxidizer

react vigorously with combustible
materials.
SODIUM PEROXIDE
Formula: Na 2

reaction; an oxidizer. Practically non-hazardous unless mixed
with highly combustible or
reactive organic compounds
Toxicity:
Fire Hazard:
Fire Hazard:
Description: Yellowish, white

powder, turning yellow when
heated.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
(Section
NaMn0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 141. 93
M. P. Decomposes
Synonyms: Sodium dioxide; sodium

superoxide; sodium binoxide.
saline taste, slightly watersoluble.
M. P.
SODIUM PERMANGANATE
Description: Purple to reddishblack crystals or powder.
phenate.
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 77. 99
M. P. Decomposes
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 80 5
@460C
See Sodium
Hydroxide.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by chemical reaction; a powerful oxidizing
agent. See Peroxides, Inorganic.
dry chemical. Combustible
materials ignited by contact with
sodium peroxide should be
smothered with soda ash, salt
or dolomite mixtures. Chemical
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SODIUM PICRAMATE
1127
fire extinguishers should not be
used. If the fire cannot be
smothered,
it
oxides of sulfur.

chemical reaction with water,
acids, powdered metals, etc.
produce heat and toxic fumes;
materials.
Section 2
Oxidizing
SODIUM PEROXYCHROMATE
Orange
Na 3 CrO g
Description:
Constants
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Toxicity:
plates.
Formula: NaOC 6 H 5
Constant:
Mol.Wt.
116.10
Highly toxic. See Phenol
and Sodium Hydroxide.
Toxicity:
SODIUM PHENYLACETATE
Dry powder.
Formula: C 6 H 5 CH 2 COONa
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 158. 1
Phenol.
toxic fumes.
1 1
Moderate, by chem-
ical reaction;
a strong oxidizer
(Section 6).
react vigorously with combustible
materials.
Section
SODIUM PHENOBARBITAL
Formula: NaOC 6 H 4 C 6H 5
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 192.2
fungicide. See also Phenol.
highly toxic fumes.
White crystals.
Formula: NaC 12 H 11 N 2
SODIUM o-PHENYLPHENOLATE.
See Sodium o-Phenylphenate.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 254. 22
Toxicity: See Barbiturates.
SODIUM PHOSPHIDE
Description:
Red crystals.
SODIUM l-PHENOL-4-SULFONATE
Formula: Na 3 P

efflorescent granules.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
NaC 6H 4 (OH)S0 3
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 232. 20
B. P. Decomposes
Toxicity:
Description: Crystals or practically

white flakes.
Chromium Compounds.
Formula:
Section
SODIUM o-PHENYLPHENATE
See
Highly toxic.
Description:
Description: White, deliquescent,

crystalline needles.
249. 00
Decomposes
Fire Hazard:
SODIUM PHENOXIDE
with large quantities of water

with a hose (Section 6).
Formula:
Section
should be flooded
Unknown

100.
M. P. Decomposes
For other properties, see Phosphides
SODIUM PHOSPHOALUMINATE.
See Sodium Aluminum Phosphate.
SODIUM PICRAMATE
Description:
Yellow, water-soluble
salt.
SODIUM PICRAMATE (WET WITH 20% WATER)
SODIUM SARCOSINATE
NaOC 6 H 2 (N0 2 )2NH 2
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 221. 00
For other properties, see Picrates
SODIUM PICRAMATE (WET WITH

20% WATER)
Section 11.

I.
SODIUM POLONIDE
Description:
material.
Solid, radioactive
Formula: Na 2 Po
256
Toxicity: See Polonium.
3
-PYRIDINE SULFONATE
Description:
der.
Yellowish-white pow-
Formula: C5H 4 N0 3 SNa

Constant:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
Clear liquid.
Formula: HN(CH 3 )CH 2 COONa

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 111.1
Vap. D. 3. 83
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2

SODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE
PEROXIDE
Colorless rhombic
Formula: Na 2 Se0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 188.95
Density 3. 098
2H 2
Description: White to red deliquescent crystals.

Formula: Na 2 Se
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 124.95
M. P. > 875C
Density 2. 625 @10C
For other properties, see Selenides.
SODIUM SELENITE
White powder.
7
Description:
crystals.
SODIUM SELENIDE
181.2
Formula: Na 4 P 2
acetate.
Description:
Compounds.
Unknown
Description:
Synonym: Sodium N-Methylamine
SODIUM SELENATE
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
SODIUM
1128
Description:
White crystals.
Formula: Na 2 Se0 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 334
Toxicity: See Sodium Phosphate
5H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 263. 04
and Hydrogen Peroxide.

Slight, by chemical
reaction; an oxidizing material;
may ignite upon intimate contact
with combustible matter (Sec-
SODIUM SESQUISILICATE,
tion 6).
Formula: Na^SÔy
Compounds.
Fire Hazard:
Section
SODIUM PYROVANADATE
Description:
ANHYDROUS
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 306. 1
plates.
Inges-
3;
tion 3
Formula: Na 4 V 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 305. 89
M. P. 632 - 654C
Toxicity:
Crystals.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
2 =
Moderate
3 = High
Unknown
SODIUM TETRABORATE
1129

MCA
warning label
HYDRATED
5H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 252. 2
Formula: Na 2 S0 3
Inges
2;
tion 2
SODIUM SILICATE
Water glass.
Description: Amorphous or
colorless, deliquescent crystals.
Formula: Na 2 0-xSi0 2 (x =2-5)

Acute Local: Irritant 1; Inges
tion
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
SODIUM SULFOCYANIDE
Synonyms: Sodium sulfocyanate;
sodium rhodanate; sodium
rhodanide; sodium thiocyanate.
Description: Colorless, deliquescent crystals or white powder.
Formula: NaCNS
Constants
Mol. Wt.
81. 08
M. P. 287C
Toxicity: See Thiocyanides.
Disaster Control: See Thiocyanides.
SODIUM TELLURATE
Description: Hexagonal plates or
white powder.
See
Sodium Fluosilicate.
SODIUM SULFHYDRATE.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 126. 06
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 633 @15.4C
SODIUM SILICOFLUORIDE.
See
Sodium Hydrosulfide.
MCA
warning label.
Description: Hexagonal prisms or

white powder.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Synonym:
yellow
SODIUM SULFITE
solid;
label (fused or concentrated,

ground or not ground;- may
be chipped, flaked or broken).
MCA
SODIUM SESQUISILICATE,
Formula: Na 3 HSi0 4
Inflammable
warning label.
Formula:
Na 2 Te0 4
2H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 273. 64
M. P. Decomposes
B. P. Decomposes
Compounds.
SODIUM SULFIDE
Synonym:
Sodium monosulfide.
Description: Amorphous, yellowpink or white, deliquescent
crystals.
Formula: Na 2 S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 78. 06
M. P. 1180C
Density 1. 856 @14C
For other information, see
SODIUM TELLURITE
Formula: Na 2 Te0 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 221. 60
Compounds.
SODIUM TETRABORATE
Synonym: Sodium borate.
Description:
Sulfides.
Sec-
tion 1 1.
Classification:
I. C. C.
Flammable
solid;
yellow
label.
White crystals.
Formula: Na 2 B 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 201.27
M. P. 741 C
B. P. 1575 C (decomp. )
Density 2. 367
SODIUM
2, 3, 4, 6,
SODIUM
2,3,4,
PHENATE
-TETRACHLOROPHENATE
6-TETRACHLORO-
Description: Buff to light brown

crystals or flakes.
Formula: C 6 HCl 4ONa

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 253. 9
For other properties, see Chlorophenols.
1130
Compounds.
oxides of sulfur and arsenic.
Section 2
SODIUM TfflOCYANATE,
SODIUM
2, 3, 4,
6-TETRACHLORO-
See Sodium
Sulfocyanide.
PHENOLATE
Description: Buff to brown flakes.
Formula: Cl 4 C 6 HONa
H zO
Constants
Mol. Wt. 271. 9
Vap. D. 9.4
Toxicity: Details unknown; used as
fungicide.

highly toxic fumes of chloride,
oxides of sodium, etc.
Section 2
SODIUM THIOGLYCOLATE
Description:
Formula:
Hygroscopic crystals.
HSCH 2 COONa
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 114. 1
Toxicity: See Sulfides. This material yields hydrogen sulfide on
decomposition. The literature
contains the report of a death
attributed to the absorption of
toxic decomposition products from
the use of this material in a
permanet waving solution.

SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Synonym: Hypo.
SODIUM TETRAHYDROGEN
Description: Moncclinic colorless,

odorless crystals.
o-
TELLURATE
Formula: Na 2 S 2
Description: Hexagonal plates.

Formula: Na 2 H 4 Te0 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 273. 64
M. P. Decomposes
B. P. Decomposes
Compounds.
5H 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 248. 2
M. P. 48 C (rapid heating)
Density 1. 69
Toxicity: See Thiosulfates. Large
doses internally have a cathartic
action.
Disaster Control: See Thiosulfates.
SODIUM TETRASULFIDE
Description: Yellow, cubic, hygroscopic crystals.
Formlula:
Na 2 S 4
SODIUM THIOARSENATE
Monoclinic, yellow
Formula: Na 3 AsS 4
8H z O
Formula:
Highly toxic.
=
CH 3 C 6H4S0 2 NNaCl
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 281. 70
3H 2
Inges-
1;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
416.29
M. P. Decomposes
Toxic Rating Code:
chlorazine.
Description: White or slightly yellow
crystals.
tion
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
CHLORAMINE
Synonyms: Tolamine; tochlorine;
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
174. 26
M. P. 275C
B. P. Decomposes
Description:
crystals.
SODIUM p-TOLUENESULFON-
See Arsenic
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SODIUM m- VANADATE
1131

SODIUM TRICHLOROPHENATE-2,4,5
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
367.93
tion
Crystals or buff to
brown flakes.
Formula: Cl 3 C 6 H 2 ONa
light
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 219. 5
Toxicity: See Chlorophenols.
Disaster Control: See Chlorophenols.
<
1;
Inges-

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Ingestion of large doses

sodium phosphates causes
cartharsis. Sodium meta- and
pyro-phosphates can cause
hemorrhages from the intestine
Toxicology:
of
if
taken internally in large doses.

Section 3
Personal Hygiene:
SODIUM-2,
4,
5-TRICHLORO-
PHENOLATE
SODIUM TUNGSTATE
White rhombic crystals
Description: Buff to brown flakes.

l
Formula: Cl 3 C 6 H 2 ONa
/z H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 246.4
Vap. D. 8. 5
Toxicity: Details unknown; used as
fungicide.
Description:

and oxides of sodium.
Section 2
SODIUM URANATE
SODIUM TRIMETHOXYBOROHYDRIDE
Formula: Na 2 W0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 293. 91
M. P. 698C
Density 4. 179
Toxicity:
See Tungsten Compounds.
Synonym: Sodium m-uranate.

Description: Gray, yellow or red
plates or rhombic prisms or
powder.
Formula: Na 2 U0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 348. 06
Toxicity: See Uranium.
SODIUM URANYL ACETATE

Tetragonal, yellow
Description: Microcrystalline,
fine white powder and white to
grayish lumps.
Description:
crystals.
Formula: NaBH(OCH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 470.20
Density 2. 56
)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 127. 9
M. P. 230 C (decomp. and
evolves methyl borate)
Density 1. 24
and Hydrides.
Reacts with
moisture to liberate hydrogen.
See also Hydrides (Section 6).
Hydrides.
Hydrides.
SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE
Description:
Formula: NaU0 2 (C 2 H 3
2) 3
SODIUM URANYL CARBONATE

Yellow crystals.
Formula: 2Na 2 C0 3 U0 2 C0 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
542. 09
SODIUM
m VANADATE
-
Colorless, monoclinic,
prismatic crystals or pale green,
crystalline powder.
Description:
Formula: NaVQ 3
4H 2 Q
Crystals.
Formula: Na 5P 3 O 10
SODIUM
o- VANADATE
1132
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 194.
M. P. 630C
SODIUM
o -VANADATE
Description:
prisms.
Formula: Na 3 V0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 183.94
M. P. 850 - 866C
SODIUM ZINC URANYL ACETATE

Description:
crystals.
Tablets or monoclinic
Formula:
NaZn(U0 2

Inges-
3;
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Hydrofluoric acid is
product of hydrolysis. Very dangerous to eyes. Extremely toxic
by skin absorption; it penetrates
the skin rapidly but does not injure it. Death may occur after
15 minutes of exposure. It acts
the same as tabun, but faster and
in lower concentrations. See
tion
3;
Fluorides.
)3
(C 2 H 3
2 )9
9H z O

to heat or flame.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 1592. 13
SOLDERS

ide,
Description: Ductile, relatively low

melting alloys.
Formula: Pb + Sn (from 5% Pb
81. 5% Pb)
to
Constant:
Density 7. 5 - 10. 2 (depending
on composition)
M. P. 232 - 185C
Toxicity: Fumes may be toxic on
repeated inhalation.
SOLVENTS, N.O.S.
See Lead.
See specific
solvent.
when heated
of phosphorus and fluorides;
acids to produce toxic and corrosive fumes; can react with
Section 2

Section
Section 11.

I.
liquid, red label.
SOMAN
Synonym: Fluoromethylpinacolyloxyphosphine oxide.
evolves an odorless vapor.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 182.2
B. P. 167C
Freezing P. -70C
Density 1.02-6 @ 20 C
Vap. Press. 0.207
Vap. D. 6. 33
mm
SOOT
Description:
dark brown to black
powdery material.
Composition: Carbon. Can contain
toxic and irritant impurities.
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Local: Irritant 3; Inhalation
Chronic Systemic:
Formula:
(CH 3 ) 3 CCH(CH 3 )OP(CH3)(0)(F)
Toxic Rating Code:
MAC: ACGIH
Toxicology: Soot is an obstructive
and irritating dust, which may be
carcinogenic. It has caused skin
cancer. This latter property

be due to some coal tar
product which adheres to the soot
rather than the soot itself. The
may
@20C
= None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SPENT OXIDE
1133
commercial product
in the
form
has caused cancer of

nasal sinuses and lunges.
Section 2
of dust
SORBIC ACID
Synonym:
2,
Description:
Formula:
4-Hexadienoic acid.
Colorless needles.
CH 3 CHCHCHCHCOOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112. 12
Melting P. 134. 5 C
Vap. Press. < 0. 01
@20C
Vap. D. 3. 87
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
To Fight Fire: Water.
mm
SOYBEAN OIL
Synonyms: Soya bean
bean oil.
oil;
Chinese
Pale yellow to
brownish-yellow liquid.
Composition: Glycerides of
Description:
fatty
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 234. 38
in H 2
B. P. 325C @754
180 - 181 C @20
in air.
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
mm
mm
Constants:
M. P. 22.2C
Flash P. 540 F (C. C. )
Density 0. 925
to heat or flame.
Section 2
SPARTEINE AND COMPOUNDS

Colorless
oil.
SPEARMINT OIL
Synonyms: Oil of crisp mint; curled
mint.
Description:
Colorless, yellow or
greenish-yellow liquid.
Composition: 50% Carvone, 1limonene, pinene.
Constant:
Density 0.917 - 0. 934 @25 /25C

Acute Local: Allergen 1; Ingestion
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
SPECIAL FIREWORKS. See Explosives, Low.

acids.
Description:
Formula: C 15H 2 6N 2
Section 11.
I.C.C. Classification: Explosive B:

special fireworks label.
Coast Guard Classification: Explosive B; special fireworks
label.
SPENT ACID.
See Mixed Acid.

Section 11.
SPENT OXIDE
Synonym: Gashouse tankage.
Composition:
Iron sponge +
5 -
10%
SPENT SULFURIC ACID
1134
of nitrogen.
tain toxic materials.
can con-
tion


Shipping Regulations Section
SPENT SULFURIC ACID
11.
See
Sulfuric Acid.
Corrosive
liquid;
white label.
Cor-

rosive liquid;
white label.
SPERMACETI
Description: A
wax.
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic: U
F're Hazard: Slight; when heated,
SPERM OIL
Constant:
Flash P.
4Z8F
Density 0. 875 - 0. 884 @25/Z5 C

low.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame.
when exposed

OIL.
See Lubricating Oil.
SPIRITS OF NITER (SWEET)

Synonym: Ethyl nitrite spirit.
Description: Pale, straw-colored
liquid; fragrant, pungent odor;
burning taste.
Composition:
-
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
Inhalation

Coast Guard Classification: Inflammable solid,
5%
I.
4.
Inges-
1;
1;
6).
SPINDLE

Alcohol solution
3. 5 -

vapors are exposed to heat or
flame.
materials.
Section 2
SPIRITS OF NITROGLYCERIN
Synonym: Spirit glyceryl trinitrate.
Composition: 1.0 - 1.1% glycerol
trinitrate in alcoholic solution.
Constant:
Density 0. 814 - 0. 820 @25C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 1
Ethyl Alcohol (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: See Nitroglycerine
and Ethyl Alcohol. If the alcohol
evaporates, the residue is nitroglycerine.
dried out, shock will explode it;
fumes; on contact with oxidizing
materials the mixture can react
vigorously.
Section 2
I.
C 2 H 5 N0 2
Toxic Rating Code:
C. C.
Classification:
Flammable
Constant:
Density Not over
1;
liquid;
red
label.
@25C
0.
8Z3
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
STEARIC ACID
1135
Formula: SnCl 4
SPRENGEL EXPLOSIVES
This type of explosive is a mixture of nitrobenzene and fuming
nitric acid. It is a powerful and
cheap explosive and would have manyuses except that it is limited bypractical disadvantages. The components have to be mixed in glass
shortly before the explosive is used.
This requires preparation and
equipment not always available at the
site of the explosion.
This material
can be destroyed by throwing it into
large quantitites of water, or possibly by burning in small quantities
at a time. See Explosives, High.
SQUILL, RED
Synonym: Sea onion.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 260. 53
M. P. -33C
B. P. 114. 1C
Density 2.232
Toxicity: Corrosive. See Hydrochloric Acid.
reaction. Upon contact with
moisture considerable heat is
generated.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; hydrochloric acid is liberated on contact with moisture or heat.
Section 2
STANNIC CHROMATE
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
crystalline powder.
Formula: Sn(Cr0 4
)2

M. P. Decomposes
STANNIC BROMIDE
Tin bromide; tin
tetrabromide.
STARCH DUST
mass.
Formula: SnBr 4
Formula: (C 6 H 10 O 5 n
Synonyms:
ules.
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 438. 36
M. P. 31 C
B. P. 202 C @34
Density Liquid: 3.340@35C
Toxicity: Toxic. See Bro-
halation
Slight,
1;
Allergen 1
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to flame; can react with
oxidizing materials (Section -6).
exposed to flame.
by chemical
Upon contact with

moisture some heat is generated.
Da'ngerous;
In-
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
reaction.
Disaster Control:
1;
mm
mides.
Fire Hazard:
White powder or gran-
Description:
See
Bromides.
Section 2

Section 2
STEARIC ACID
STANNIC CHLORIDE
Synonym: Octadecanoic acid.

Synonyms:
Tin chloride; tin tetrachloride.

caustic liquid or crystals.

solid.
Formula:
CH 3 .(CH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
of Toxicology,
16
COOH
284. 47
see Section
STEARYL ALCOHOL
1136
M. P.
B. P.
69. 3C
383C
MAC: ACGIH
Density 0. 847
Vap. D. 9. 80

Toxicity:
Chronic Systemic:
Slight.

to heat or flame.
Section
STEARYL ALCOHOL
Synonym:
Description:
-Octadecanol.
Colorless solid or
flakes.
Formula:
C 18 H 37OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 270. 5
M. P. 58C
B. P. 202 C @10
Density 0. 8124 @ 59 /4C
mm
tion
6).

tetrachloride.
Section
STEEL WOOL
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
500 parts
(accepted);
per million in air.
6).

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 1.1 - 6%
acrid fumes and may explode; can
rate): Section 2
Shipping Regulations Section 11.
STOVE POLISH, LIQUID

Constant:

Toxicity:
Variable.

exposed to heat or flame (Section
6).

exposure to heat or flame;
rate): Section 2
red label.
liquid,
3
STRAW
STIBINE.
See Antimony Hydride.

STODDARD SOLVENT
halation
Synonym: Safety solvent.

Constants:
B. P. 300 - 400F
Flash P. 100 - 110F
Density 1.
Inhalation 1
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
1;
In-

Allergen 1; Inhalation 1

Spontaneous Heating: Yes, espically
when damp.
Explosion Hazard:
the
form
of dust,
Moderate, in
when exposed
to flame.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
STRONTIUM ARSENITE
1137

Artificial isotope Sr 90
Section 11.

~
8 X 10 7 microcurie per
STRAW
water:
milliliter.
Sr 90 exists in equilibrium with
oil.
Constant:
Flash P.
Toxicity:
315
361 F
its
Unknown

Handbook No.
42).
Moderate, in the
form of dust, when exposed
to flame. See also Powdered
Metals (Section 6).
form of dust, by chemical reaction.
Reacts with water to evolve hydro-
Pale yellow, soft
gen.
Disaster Control:
Density 2. 6
Highly dangerous
in
form
it
will react with
to
of radioactive isotopes;
water or steam
produce heat and hydrogen; on

can react vigorously.
it
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic:
See Sr 89
Fire Hazard:
Constants:
At. Wt. 87. 63
B. P. 1150C
Freezing P. 752 C
STRONTIUM ACID
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
mev.

2 X 10~ 8 microcurie per milliliter;
"
in water: 2X 10 5 microcurie
per milliliter. Hazard Rating,
Sr 89 and Sr 90 are hazardous
because of the marked boneseeking properties of strontium
isotopes. They will replace
calcium in the normal bone

structure and act as a source of
internal radiation to the bloodforming organs. These isotopes
are among the most hazardous
handled in laboratory or plant
operations. Extreme precaution
must be taken to prevent ex-
them.
o -ARSENATE
Rhombic needles.
Formula: SrHAsQ 4
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Sr 89 half-life: 53

days; emits beta particles of 1 5
to
The permis-
equilibrium mixture.
Formula: Sr
posure
Y 90
for discussion of hazard.

Hazard Rating, Class III
STRONTIUM
tion 2;
daughter,
sible levels are given for the

Description:
metal.
half-
life:

Hazardous article.
OIL
Synonym: Lubricating
28 years; emits beta particles of 0. 54 mev. The permissible levels are: In body: 1
microcurie; in air: 2 X 10~ 10
H zO
245. 56
-H z O @125C
Density 3. 606 @15C
M. P.
Toxicity:
See Arsenic
Highly toxic.
Compounds.
STRONTIUM ARSENITE
Synonym: Strontium o-arsenite.
Formula: Sr 3 (As0 3 ) 2 4H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 580. 77
Toxicity: Highly Toxic. See Arsenic Compounds.
<
STRONTIUM BROMATE
I.
1138
Section 11
Poison B;
Poison label.
STRONTIUM CHROMATE
STRONTIUM BROMATE
Description: Monoclinic, colorlessyellowish, hygroscopic crystals.
Formula: Sr(Br0 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
H zO
Highly toxic. See

Fluorides.
Toxicity:
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Monoclinic, yellow
SrCr0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 203. 64
Density 3. 895 @15C
For other properties see
361.48
-H z O @120C
Decomposes @240C
Chromium
Compounds.
For other properties see Bromates.
STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS
STRONTIUM BROMIDE
Description:
needles.
Formula: SrBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 247.46
M. P. 643 C
B. P.
materials. As with other compounds, the toxicity is generally a

function of the anion.
Decomposes
Density 4.216
The strontium ion has a

low order of toxicity. It is chemically and biologically similar to
calcium. The oxides and hydroxides are moderately caustic
Toxicity:
White, hygroscopic
@24C
STRONTIUM CYANIDE
STRONTIUM CHLORATE
Description: White, rhombic, deliquescent crystals.
4H 2
White crystalline
powder.
Formula: Sr(C10 3 2
Formula: Sr(CN) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254. 54
M. P. 120 C decomposes
Density 3. 152
For other properties see Chlorates.
I. C. C.
Decomposes
Highly toxic. For other
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

Oxidizing material; vellow
STRONTIUM CHLORATE, WET

See Chlorates.
I.
C. C.
Section 11
Oxidizing
yellow label.
Classification:
material;

label.
properties,
see Cyanides.
STRONTIUM FLUORIDE
Description: Cubic, colorless
crystals or white powder.
Formula: SrF 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Density
Toxicity:
ides.
125. 63
1190C
4. 24
Highly toxic, see Fluor-

STRONTIUM FLUOSILICATE
Description:
Monoclinic crys-
tals.
STRONTIUM CHLORIDE FLUORIDE

Description:
211. 73
M. P.
M. P.
label.
Formula: SrCl 2
SrF 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 284. 17
M. P. 962 C
Density 4. 18
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Formula: SrSiF 6
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 265. 72
M. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 99 @17. 5C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
STRONTIUM PEROXIDE
1139
STRONTIUM HYDROSULFIDE
STRONTIUM NITRITE
Formula: Sr(HS) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 153. 78
Description:
M. P. Decomposes
@>100C
Decomposes @240C
Density 2.408 @0/0C
For other properties, see Nitrites.
STRONTIUM HYDROXIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity:
M. P.
B. P.
121. 65
375C

colorless, crystalline powder
in water.
Formula: SrC 2
625
See Strontium Compounds.
3.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
STRONTIUM IODATE
Description: Triclinic crystals.
Formula: Sr(I0 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 437.47
Density 5.045 @15C
For other properties see Iodates.
STRONTIUM IODIDE
Colorless plates.
Description:
Formula: Srl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 341.47
M. P. 402 C
B.
P.
Decomposes
Density
197. 66
-H 2
STRONTIUM OXALATE
Formula: Sr(OH) 2
Density
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
White, deliquescent
Description:
crystals.
M. P.
Hexagonal crystals.
Formula: Sr(NO z 2 H z O
549
4.
@25C

Description:
crystals.
Cubic, light gray
H zO
193. 67
-H z O @150C
Highly toxic. For other properties,

see Oxalates.
STRONTIUM PERCHLORATE
Colorless crystals.
Description:
Formula: Sr(C10 4 ) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 286. 54
STRONTIUM PERMANGANATE
Cubic, purple crystals.
Description:
Formula: Sr(Mn0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
3H 2
379. 54
Decomposes @175C
Density
STRONTIUM MONOSULFIDE
2.
75
See Manganese Compounds,

Fire Hazard: Moderate; a strong
Toxicity:
oxidizer.
Formula: SrS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 119. 70
Density 3. 70 @15C
For other properties see Sulfides.
Disaster Control:
Moderate; keep
away from flammable materials.

Section
STRONTIUM PEROXIDE
White powder.
Formula: Sr0 2
Description:
STRONTIUM NITRATE
Description:
White powder.
Formula: Sr(N0 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 211. 65
M. P. 570 C
Density 2. 986
I. C. C.
material; yellow label

Oxidizing material.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
119. 63
Decomposes
Density
4. 56
For other properties see Peroxides,

Inorganic.
I.
Section 11
Oxidizing

label.
<
STRONTIUM POTASSIUM CHLORATE

STRONTIUM POTASSIUM
STRYCHNINE
CHLORATE
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: Sr(C10 3 ) 2
2KC10 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 499. 67
For other properties see Chlorates.
STRONTIUM SELENATE
Rhombic crystals.
Formula: SrSe0 4
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 230. 59
Density 4. 23
Disaster Control: See Selenium Compounds.
STRONTIUM SULFIDE.
See
Strontium Mono sulfide.
STRONTIUM SULFITE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: SrSO s
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 167. 70
M. P. Decomp.
For other properties see Sulfites.
STRONTIUM TETRASULFIDE
Reddish crystals.
Formula: SrS 4 6H z O
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
(and
Compounds)
Hard, white, crystalline alkaloid; very bitter taste.

Formula: C 21 H22N 2 02
Description:
Synonym: Potassium- strontium

chlorate.
Description:
1140
324.0
M. P. 25C
For other properties see Sulfides.
STROPHANTHIN
Synonym: K- strophanthin.
White or yellowish
powder; very bitter taste.
Formula: ^HÔjz 8H z O
"Description:
B. P.
270C
Density 1. 3 59 @18C
3;
In-
halation 3
Chronic Local:
Allergen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: A very poisonous alkaloid.
If it is taken by mouth, the
time of action depends upon the
condition of the stomach, that is,
whether empty or full, and the
nature of the food present. If
taken by subcutaneous injection,
the place of administration of the
injection will affect the time of
action. The first symptoms are
a feeling of uneasiness with a
heightened reflex of irritability,
followed by muscular twitching
in some parts of the body. With
larger doses, this is followed by
a sense of impending suffocation.
Convulsive movements begin
which have the effect of mechanically causing the patient to cry
out or to shriek; then follow the
characteristic spasms which set
These are
in with great violence.
at first clonic and then tonic.
There are successive attacks of
spasms. With each successive
attack, the symptoms become
more violent, eventually resulting in death.
Treatment and Antidotes: Call a
physician at once. The stomach

should be washed out with potas-
sium permanganate solution which
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
728. 62
color of port
give chloral hydrate per
rectum to control convulsions.
is diluted to the
wine;
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 334.40
M. P. 268C
None
= Slight
The use
of
apomorphine has been
recommended and
the use of
phenobarbital on animals has
proved successful. Barbiturates
do not act readily. One gram of
Merck's carbo medicinolis will
bind 580 milligrams of strychnine.
When
this is available the stomach

should be washed out with it
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
STYRENE OXIDE
1141

Vap. D. 3. 6
immediately. Sodium amytal has

been used effectively as has
sodium pentobarbital, particularly in animal experiments.

tion 2;
fumes.
halation 2
Chronic Local:

rate): Section 2
Salts thereof, solid I.C.C. Classification: Poison B;
2;
tion 9).
Hexagonal, yellow
Formula: C 6 H(OH) 2 (N0 2 ) 3

M. P. 175. 5C
B. P. Sublimes
Density 1.829
Toxicity: See Resorcinol and Nitro
Aromatic Hydro-
carbons.
For other properties see Nitrates.
STYRENE DIBROMIDE
Synonym:
Irritant 2
and throat. Styrene causes drying and defatting of the skin leading to cracks and infections (Sec-
Synonym: 2,4,6 -Trinitroresorcinol,
of
In-
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: High concentrations
cause lassitude and narcosis.
Concentrations of around 500 ppm
are irritating to the eyes, nose
STYPHNIC ACID
Compounds
2;
poison label.
MCA warning label.
Description:
crystals.
Inhalation 2
Q'-/3-Dibromoethyl ben-
zene.
Br2C 2 H 3 C 6H5
Mol. Wt. 264.0
Toxicity: Details unknown; an insecticide; probably quite toxic.
toxic fumes of bromides.
Formula:
Constant:

polymerize exothermically and
ignite.

6).

exposed to flame.
away from flammable materials,

and keep containers closed.
rate): Section 2
MCA
warning label.
STYRENE OXIDE
Synonym: Phenyl ethylene oxide.
STYRENE (Monomer)
Description:
Synonyms: Vinylbenzene; phenylethylene; cinnamene.
Formula: C 6 H 5 CHOCH 2
Colorless or yellowish, oily liquid; aromatic odor.
Description:
Formula: C 6 H 5CHCH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 14
B. P. 145. 2C
Freezing P. -30. 6C
Density 0. 9074 @ 20 /4C
Autoign Temp. 914F
Colorless liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 1
B. P. 194. 2C
Density 1. 0469 @ 25 /4C
Autoign Temp. 175 F (O. C. )
Vap. D. 4. 14
Inhalation 2
SUBLAMIN
1142

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
acrid fumes; it can react with
Section 2
SUBLAMIN
Synonym: Mercury ethylenediaminesulfate.

powder; contains approximately
43% mercury.
2(CH 2

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Organic.
Section 2
I. C. C.
Coast Guard Classification: Oxidizing material (wet or dry);
yellow label.
SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE
Synonyms: Butanedioic anhydride;
Formula:
HgS0 4
SUCCINIC ACID PEROXIDE
NH 2
)2
succinic acid anhydride.

2H z O
Constant:
Formula: (CH 2 CO) 2
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Mol. Wt. 452. 87

Compounds, Organic.
SUCCINIC ACID
Synonyms: Ethylenesuccinic acid;
ethylene dicarboxylic acid;
butane dioic acid.
Formula:
COOH(CH 2 2 COOH
)
SUCCINIC ACID ANHYDRIDE.
3
7
See
Succinic Anhydride.
=
None
261 C
Inhalation 2
Section
= Slight

3
7
SUCCINONITRILE
Synonyms:
Butanedinitrile; ethylene
cyanide.
waxy material.
Formula:
6).
Toxic Rating Code:
P.
tion 2;
B. P. 235C (decomp.)
Density 1. 564 @ 1 5 /4C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
B.
Density 1. 104
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 09
M. P. 185C

100. 07
119. 6C
M. P.
CNCH 2 CH 2 CN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 80. 09
M. P. 58. 1C
B. P. 267C
Flash P. 270 F (ASTM D92-46)
Density 1. 022 @25C
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
1143
SULFANILIC ACID

Vap. D. 2. 76
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Cyan-

<
SULFAMIC ACID
ides.

to heat or flame.
Synonym: Amidosulfonic acid.

cyanides; it can react with oxidizing materials.
Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 97. 09
SUCCINYL PEROXIDE
(HOOCCH 2 CH 2CO) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula: H 2 NS0 3 H
B. P.
Decomposes
Density 2. 03 @12C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

234. 2
Organic.
SUCROSE OCTAACETATE
Formula:
White, crystalline
solid.
sulfur.
M. P. 127C decomp.
Description:
Description:
Description: Odorless, white,

crystalline powder.
Formula:
C 12 H 1403(OOCCH 3
Synonym: Sulfuryl amide.

Description: Rhombic plates.
Formula: S0 2 (NH 2 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 96. 11
M. P. 91. 5C
Crystals.
)8
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 678. 58
M. P. 72. 3C
B. P. 260C @ 0. 1
Density 1.28 @ 20/20 o C
Toxicity: Probably low.
SULFAMIDE
B. P.
Toxicity:
mm
Decomposes @250C
Unknown

SULFAGUANIDINE
Needle like crystals.
Formula: C 7 H 10 N 4O 2 S H 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 232. 3
M. P. 190 - 193C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
SULFANILIC ACID
Synonym: o-Aminobenzene
sul-
fonic acid.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
NH 2 C 6 H 4 S0 3 H
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 191. 2
M. P. 288C (decomp.
Toxicity:
H zO
)
Unknown

contact with acids it emits highly
and sulfur.
SULFATES
1144
SULFATES
Inhalation 2
Toxicity: Variable. In general the

toxic qualities of substances containing the sulfate radical is that
of the material (anion) with which
the sulfate (cation) is combined.
See specific compound.
SULFIDES
Toxicity: Variable. The alkaline
sulfides (potassium, calcium,
ammonium and sodium) are

similar in action to alkalies.
They cause softening and irritation of the skin. If taken by
mouth they are corrosive and
irritant through the liberation of
hydrogen sulfide and free alkali.
Hydrogen sulfide is especially
toxic and should be specially referred to (see Hydrogen Sulfide).
Sulfides of the heavy metals
are generally insoluble and hence
have little toxic action except
through the liberation of hydrogen
sulfide.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to flame or by spontaneous

chemical reaction. Many sul-
room
fides ignite easily in air at
temperature. Others require a

higher temperature or the
presence of an oxidizer. Upon
contact with moisture or acids,
hydrogen sulfide is evolved.
Many powerful oxidizers on contact with sulfides ignite violently.
See also Hydrogen Sulfide (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Many sulfides
react violently and explosively on
contact with powerful oxidizers.
Hydrogen sulfide evolved can

form explosive mixtures with
air. See also Hydrogen Sulfide.
emit highly toxic fumes of oxides
of sulfur; they react with water,
and flammable vapors of hydrogen sulfide.
rate): Section 2
SULFITES
Toxic Rating Code:
2;
None
= Slight

Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
2;
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion 1;
Inhalation 1
Toxicology: Fairly large doses of
sulfites can be tolerated since
they are rapidly oxidized to sulfates, although if swallowed they
may cause irritation of the
stomach by liberating sulfurous
acid. In experimental animals,
large doses of sodium sulfite
have been shown to cause re-
tarded growth, nerve irritation,

atrophy of bone marrow, depression and paralysis.

emit highly toxic fumes of sulfur
dioxide; they will react with
a toxic and corrosive material.
1
-SULFOCYANO-2, 4-DINITRO-
BENZENE
Description:
Formula:
Powder.
CNSC 6 H 3 (N0 2
)2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 225. 2
Cyanides.
Section
SULFONATES
Toxicity:
Unknown

oxides of sulfur.
SULFON ETHYL METHANE

Description:
Formula:
Lustrous scales.
C 8 H 18
4S 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 242.4
M. P. 74 - 76C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 1
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
2;
Unknown
SULFUR CHLORIDE
1145
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation

1;

Hazardous
SULFUR BROMIDE
Synonym: Sulfur monobromide.
(Section 6).
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; when
materials.
Section 2
SULFUR
Synonyms: Brimstone; flowers
sulfur;
of
SULFUR CHLORIDE
Synonym: Sulfur monochloride.
oily,
liquid;
to yellowish-red
penetrating
odor.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 135. 03
M. P. -80C
B. P. 138. 0C
Density 1 6885 @ 1 5. 5/l 5. 5C
Vap. Press. 10
@27. 5C
Vap. D. 4. 66
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 1 part per
.
mm
6).
Moderate, in the
to
flame.
heated it burns and emits highly
toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur;
fuming
Formula: S 2 C1 2

To Fight Fire: Water or special
mixtures of dry chemical (Sec-
when exposed
Amber
Description:
per milliliter; in water: 5 X 10"" 3

No. 42).
of dust,
Inges-

Section 2
The permissible
0. 17 mev.
levels are: In body: 100 microcuries; in air: 10" 6 microcurie
form
mm

sulfur and bromides; will react
Explosion Hazard:
Description: Red liquid.

Formula: S 2 Br 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 223. 96
M. P. -40C
B. P. 54C @0.2
Density 2. 635
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
to heat or flame.
sulfur flour.

crystals or yellow powder.
Formula: S 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 256.48
M. P. 112. 8C
B. P. 444. 6 C
Density 2.07; liquid 1.803
Vap. Press. lmm@l83.8C
Toxicity: Very low. See Nuisance
Dusts.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope S 35 half-life: 87
tion
article.
SULFUR DICHLORIDE
1146
cubic meter of air.

Toxicology: It is a fuming, corrosive
liquid with a penetrating odor
which is very irritating to the eyes
mucous membranes.
decomposes on contact with
water to form hydrogen chloride,
lungs, and
It
thiosulfuric acid, and sulfur.
These decomposition products are

highly irritant. Its toxic effects
are irritation of the upper respiratory tract, although the results of intoxication are usually
transitory in nature. However,
if hydrolysis is not complete in
the upper respiratory tract, injury to the bronchioles and alveoli
can result. The literature notes
that concentrations of 2 to 9 ppm
have been found in rubber factories and that these concentrations were observed to be mildly
irritating. A concentration of 150
ppm has been stated to be fatal to
mice after an exposure of only 1
minute.
to heat or flame.
Spontaneous Heating: ls[o
6).

heat and toxic and corrosive
materials.
rate): Section 2
I.

liquid;
white label.
Cor-
MCA
warning label.
SULFUR DICHLORIDE
Description: Reddish-brown liquid;
pungent odor.
Formula: SC1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
fume s
rate): Section 2
Corrosive
MCA
warning label.
SULFUR DIOXIDE
Synonym: Sulfurous acid anhydride.
Description: Colorless gas or liquid;
pungent odor.
Formula: SO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 64.06
M. P. -75. 5C
B. P. -10. 0C
Density Liq.
1.434@0C
Vap. D. 2. 264 @ C
Vap. Press. 2538
@ 21 1 C
Acute Local: Irritant 3; Inges:
mm
tion
3;
Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: U
halation
2;
In-
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
Toxicology: This gas is dangerous to

the eyes, as it causes irritation
and inflammation of the conjuncIt has a suffocating odor
tiva.
and is a corrosive and poisonous
material. In moist air or fogs,
it combines with water to form
sulfurous acid, but is only very
slowly oxidized to sulfuric acid
(Section 4). Concentrations of
6 to 12 ppm cause immediate
103.
while
-78C
Toxic Rating Code:
59C
B. P.
Density 1 621 @ 1 5 /l 5 C
Vap. D. 3. 55
Toxicity: Corrosive. See Sulfur
Chloride.
heat and toxic and corrosive
None
= Slight
2 =
0. 3 to
Moderate
ppm can
3 =
High
be
Unknown
SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE
1147
detected by the average individual
possibly by taste rather than by
3 ppm has
the sense of smell.
an easily noticeable odor and 20
SULFUR FLUORIDE
ppm is the least amount which is

irritating to the eyes.
10,000
ppm is an irritant to moist areas
of the skin within a few minutes
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 12
M. P. -105. 5C
B. P. -99C
1.5@-100C
Density Liq.
Toxicity: Toxic. See Fluorides
and Hydrofluoric Acid.
of
Synonym: Sulfur monofluoride.

Description:
exposure.
chiefly affects the upper

respiratory tract and the bronchi.
It may cause edema of the lungs
It
or glottis, and can produce respiratory paralysis. Concentrations of less than 1 ppm are
believed to be injurious to plant
foliage.
This material is so irritating

that it provides its own warning
400 to
of toxic concentrations.
SULFUR HEPTOXIDE
500 ppm is immediately dangerous to life and 50 to 100 ppm is

considered to be the maximum
permissible concentration for exposures of 30 to 60 minutes.
Excessive exposure to high enough
concentrations of this material can
be fatal. Its toxicity is comparable to that of hydrogen chloride.
However, less than fatal concentrations can be borne for fair
periods of time with no apparent
permanent damage. It is used as
a fumigant, insecticide and fungicide.

who have shown toxic symptoms
when exposed to this material
should immediately be removed to
fresh air. If the eyes are involved, they should be irrigated
with copious quantities of warm
water. If the symptoms persist,
call a physician.
f
um e s

rate): Section 2
Nonflammable gas; green label.
label.
Colorless gas.
Formula: S 2 F 2
Synonym: Per sulfur heptoxide.

Description: Viscous liquid or
possibly needle-like crystals.
Formula: S 2 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 176. 1
M. P. 0C
B. P. Sublimes @10C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
chemical reaction. When heated,
or in contact with water or alcohol, it liberates oxygen.
(Section
6).

sulfur; can react with reducing
materials.
Section 2
SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE
Description:
Colorless gas.
Formula: SF$
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
146. 06
-56C
B. P. -63. 8C (sublimes)
Density Solid: 1.67@-20C
SULFURIC ACID
1148
mm
Vap. Press. 760

@ -64C
Vap. D. 6. 16
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH (tentative); 1000
parts per million in air; 6000
milligrams per cubic meter of
MAC: ACGIH
This material
is
chem-
considered to be physiologically
inert as well. However, as it is
ordinarily obtainable, it can contain variable quantities of the
lower sulfur fluorides. Some of
these are toxic, very reactive
is
leading to chronic bronchitis.

Sensitivity to sulfuric acid or
mists or vapors varies with individuals. Normally 0. 125 to
0. 50 ppm may be mildly annoying
and 1.5 to 2.5 ppm can be
10 to 20
definitely unpleasant.
chemically, and corrosive in

nature. These materials can
hydrolyze on contact with water
hydrogen fluoride, which
highly toxic and very corrosive.

In high concentrations and when
pure it may act as a simple
asphyxiant.
is
when heated
to decomposition,
fluorides and oxides of sulfur.
ppm

label.
SULFURIC ACID
of vitriol;
Description:
dipping
Formula: H 2 S0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 98. 08
M. P. 10.49C
B. P. 330C
Density 1. 834
Vap. Press. 1
@ 145. 8 C
mm
tion
3;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
In-
2;
halation 2
Chronic Systemic:
Toxic Rating Code:
U
None
= Slight
unbearable.
Workers
sensitivity to its irritant action.

Inhalation of concentrated vapor
or mists from hot acid or oleum
can cause rapid loss of consciousness with serious damage to lung
tissue. In concentrated form it
acts as a powerful caustic to the
skin destroying the epidermis and
penetrating some distance into
the skin and subcutaneous tissues,
in which it causes necrosis. This
causes great pain and if much of
the skin is involved, it is accompanied by shock, collapse and
symptoms similar to those seen
it
acid.
is
exposed to low concentrations

of the vapor gradually lose their
I.
Synonyms: Oil
parts
caused by contact with it. However, repeated contact with dilute

solutions can cause a dermatitis,
and repeated or prolonged inhalation of a mist of sulfuric
acid can cause an inflammation
of the upper respiratory tract
ically inert in the pure state and
to yield
0. 3
results in rapid destruction of

tissue, causing severe burns.
No systemic effects due to continual ingestion of small amounts
of this material have been noted.
There are systemic effects
secondary to tissue damage
air.
Toxicology:
(accepted);
per million in air; 1 milligram

Toxicology: Contact with the body
in severe burns. The fumes or

mists of this material cause
coughing and irritation of the
mucous membranes of the eyes
Severe exposure may cause a
chemical pneumonitis; erosion
of the teeth due to exposure to
strong acid fumes has been
recognized in industry.
Treatment and Antidotes: Speed in
removing this material from contact with the body is of primary
importance. Start first aid at
once. In all cases of contact in
any form, delay can result in
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SULFUR MONOOXYTETRACHLORIDE
1149
serious injuries and all persons
injured should be referred to a
physician. However, immediately
give prolonged applications of
running water to wash the material off the body. Remove contaminated clothing. Subject patient
to a deluge type of shower if this
Do not attempt to
is available.
neutralize the acid in contact with
the skin until all areas of contact
have been thoroughly irrigated
with running water. Then applications of mild alkaline solutions
may be in order. Shock symptoms
will often be noted in cases of
severe or extensive burns. In
such a case, put patient on his
back, keep him warm but not hot
until physician arrives. Do
not apply oils or ointments to
burned area without instructions
from a physician. If eyes are
involved, they should immediately
be irrigated with copious quantities of warm water for at least
15 minutes.
If the material has been taken
internally, it causes burns of the
mucous membrane of the throat,
esophagus, and stomach. Do not
attempt to induce vomiting in
patients who have swallowed
strong solutions of sulfuric acid.
Do not give anything to an unconscious patient by mouth. If
conscious, encourage him

to wash out his mouth with
copious amounts of water, then
have him drink milk if it is
available mixed with whites of
eggs. If this is not available,
have him drink as much water as
possible. Get medical help.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction; a powerful oxidizer; can ignite upon contact
with combustibles.
steam to produce heat; can react
with oxidizing or reducing
materials.
rate): Section 2
he
is
I.
Section 11.

liquid;
MCA
white label.
warning label.
SULFURIC ACID, AROMATIC

Synonym: Elixir of vitriol.
Description: Clear, reddish-brown
liquid; peculiar aromatic odor;
pleasant acid taste when diluted.
Corrosive. See Sulfuric
Acid.
Ethyl Alcohol and Sulfuric Acid.
Toxicity:

the form of vapor (ethyl alcohol)
Sulfuric Acid and Ethyl Alcohol.
SULFURIC ACID, FUMING

Synonym: Oleum.
Description:
Solution of sulfuric
anhydride with 100% sulfuric

acid; a heavy, oily liquid.
Formula:
H 2 S0 4
S0 3
Constant:
Density
1. 92 - 1. 94
Corrosive. See Sulfuric
Acid and Sulfur Trioxide.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by chemical reaction; a very powerful
oxidizer; much more hazardous
Toxicity:
than sulfuric acid (Section
6).

chemical reaction.
Sulfuric Acid and Sulfur Trioxide.
Section 2
SULFUR MONOCHLORIDE.
See
Sulfur Chloride.
SULFUR MONOOXYTETRACHLORIDE
Description:
Dark red
liquid.
SULFUROUS ACID
1150
Formula: S 2 OCl 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 221. 96
B. P. 60 - 61 C
Density 1. 656 @0C
sulfur and hydrochloric acid;
fumes.
Section
SULFUROUS ACID
Description:
SULFUR SESQUIOXIDE
Description:
Formula:
S2
Blue-green crystals.
3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112. 13
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity:
@ 70
95C
Unknown

materials.
SULFUR TETRACHLORIDE
Colorless liquid;
suffocating sulfur odor (in solution only).
Formula:

H 2 S0 3
Description: Yellow-brown liquid

or gas at ordinary temperatures.
Formula: SC1 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 82. 08
Density About 1. 03
highly toxic fumes of sulfur

dioxide.
rate): Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 173. 89
M. P. -30C
B. P. -15C (decomp. )
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
acid and oxides of sulfur; will
rate): Section 2
SULFUR PENTAFLUORIDE
SULFUR TETRAFLUORIDE
tion
3;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Inhalation
Inges-
3;
2;
Chronic Systemic: U
Synonym:
Disulfur decafluoride
Description:
Formula: S 2 F 10
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108. 06
B. P. -40C
M. P. -124C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254. 12
B. P. 29C
Freezing P. -92C
Density 2. 08 @0/4C
Toxicity:
ides.
Highly toxic;
see Fluor-
MAC: ACGIH
(proposed); 0.025
parts per million in air.
heated
to
decomposition,
it
emits
highly toxic fumes; on contact

with water, steam or acids it
hydrolyzes to evolve highly toxic
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Gas.
Formula: SF 4
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
SULFURYL CHLORIDE
1151
rate): Section 2
SULFUR TRIOXIDE
Description:
(Alpha)
liquid.

produce heat and toxic and corrosive fumes of sulfuric acid.
rate): Section 2
Formula: S0 3
SULFUR TRIOXIDE, STABILIZED
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 80. 07
M. P. 16. 83 C
B. P. 44. 8C
Density 2.75; 1.925
See Sulfur Trioxide.

I.
liquid;
@13C
white label.
Cor-
(liquid)
mm @ 10. 5 C
Vap. Press. 100

Vap. D. 2. 76
tion 3;
Inhalation
Description:
3;
Inges-
2;
In-
halation 2
Chronic Systemic: U
and corrosive fumes of sulfuric
acid.
rate): Section 2
(Beta)
Description: Silky, fibrous, needle

like crystals.
Formula: (S0 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 160. 1
M. P. 62.2C
B. P. 44. 6C (sublimes @ 50 C)
Density 1. 97 (as liquid)
Vap. D. 5. 52
Acute Systemic: U
White crystals.
Formula: S 2
3 C1 4
Mol. Wt. 254.0
Toxicity: Details unknown. This
material readily decomposes into
toxic compounds and should be
considered highly toxic.
sulfur and chlorides; will react
Constants:
Acute Systemic: U
SULFUR TRIOXIDE
SULFUR TRIOXYTETRACHLORIDE
2;
Inhalation 2
Chronic Systemic: U
fumes of oxides of sulfur; will
SULFURYL CHLORIDE
Synonyms: Chlorosulfuric
acid;
sulfonyl chloride; sulfuric
chloride; sulfuric oxychloride.

pungent odor.
Formula: S0 2 C1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 135.
M. P. -54. 1C
B. P. 69. 1C
Density 1. 6674
Vap. D. 4. 65
Toxicity: Corrosive. See Sulfuric
Acid and Hydrochloric Acids
which are formed uponhydrolysis.

rate): Section 2
SULFURYL CHLORIDE FLUORIDE

MCA

rate): Section 2
Section 11.

rosive liquid;
1152
Cor-
white label.
SULFURYL FLUORIDE
Formula: SO z F 2
warning label
Mol.
Constants:
SULFURYL CHLORIDE FLUORIDE

Description:
Colorless gas.
M. P.
B. P.
"Wt.
102.07
-120C
-52C
Density
Formula: SO z ClF
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 52
M. P. -124. 7C
B. P. 7. 1C
Toxicity: Toxic. See Sulfuric
Acid and Fluorides.
highly toxic fumes of chlorides,
fluorides and oxides of sulfur;
fumes.
Toxic Rating Code:
Colorless gas.
Description:
None
= Slight
3. 72 g/l
Toxicity: Toxic. See Fluorides
and Sulfuric Acid.
when heated
emits highly toxic fumes of fluorides and oxides of sulfur; will
rate): Section 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TABUN
Synonym: Cyanodimethylami.noethoxy phosphine oxide.
Description: A colorless to brownish liquid.
Formula:
CH 3 CH 2 OPO(CN)[N(CH 3 )2]
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
162.
flame.
Decomposes @238C
Freezing P. -49. 4C
Flash P. 172F
Density 1.073 @25C
Vap. Press. 0.07@25C
Vap. D. 5.63
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: A nerve gas. Vapor
does not penetrate skin; liquid
does so rapidly. The primary
physiological action is on the
sympathetic nerve system, causing a vasoparesis. Vapors when
inhaled can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, which can be
followed by muscular twitchings
and convulsions.
can
rate): Section 2
TAGAYASAN
A wood.
Acute Systemic: U

Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Slight, in the form
flame (Section 6).

TALC
Synonyms: Talcum, French chalk;
steatite.
Description: White to grayish-white

fine, odorless powder.
Formula: Powdered native hydrous
magnesium
silicate.

Acute Systemic: U
Can produce
pulmonary fibrosis
Caution:
form
(talc
of
pneu-
moconiosis).
Section 2
TALL OIL
Synonyms: Liquid rosin;
tallol.
Flammable
liquid,
Description:
dark brown, acrid odor.

Composition: Rosin acids, oleic and
linoleic acids.
Constant:
Density
Toxicity:
0.
95
1.0
Unknown
when exposed
can react with
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame;
TALLOW
Description:
Description:
Constants:
M. P. 88
A
-
solid fat.
100F
TALLOW
OIL
1154
Flash P. 509 F (C. C. )

Density 0. 895
Toxicity: Low.
(Section 6).
TALLOW OIL
Synonym: Oleo oil.
Constants: M. P. 42. 8C
Flash P. 492 F (C. C. )
Density 0. 914
Autoign Temp. 980 F
Toxicity:
Unknown.

(Section
Hazardous
article.
TANNIC ACID
Synonyms:
Tannin, gallotannic acid.

Description: Yellowish- white, brown,
bulky powder or flakes.
Formula: C76H52O46
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1701. 2
M. P. 200C
tion 1
Inhalation 2
;

6).
Section 11, 73.29.
Section
Chronic Systemic: U
to heat or flame.
To Fight Fire: Water

TANKAGE FERTILIZER
Toxicity: Details unknown; may
contain ammonia, sulfides and
other irritants.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame. Presence
of or absence of moisture can contribute to spontaneous heating.
Avoid storage before cooling or
extremes of moisture content;
Spontaneous Heating: Variable.


Coast Guard Classification: Hazardous (8% or more moisture);
inflammable solid (8% or less
moisture), yellow label.
I.
TANSY OIL
Synonym: Oil
of tansy.
Description: Yellowish liquid; strong

odor.
Constant:
Density 0. 925 - 0. 955 @
15/15C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
3;
Chronic Systemic: U
acrid fumes.
TANKAGE, ROUGH AMMONIATE.
TANTALUM
See Tankage Fertilizer.

Description: Cubic, gray-black,

metallic crystals or powder.
11.

I.
C. C.
TANKS,
EMPTY
C. C.
Constants:
At. Wt. 180. 88
M. P. 3027C
B. P. Approx. 4100 C
Density Metal: 16. 6; Powder:
Section 11.
See
Formula: Ta
14. 5
Classification:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TAR, LIQUID
1155
Some industrial skin
Toxicology:
injuries from tantalum have been
reported. However, systemic industrial poisoning is apparently
not known. So far experimental
work has indicated that tantalum
does not produce any unfavorable
effects upon the body. Tantalum
metal embedded in the abdominal

wall and in bones of dogs caused
no physiological disturbances,
and so far the use of tantalum in
human surgery has received
favorable comment.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Ta 182 half-life:
120 days; emits beta particles
of 0. 5 mev and many gamma rays
between 0. 05 -1.2 mev. The
gamma radiation of 1 1 - 1.2 mev
is strong in this isotope, making
it an excellent source for radiography.
with oxidizing agents. See also
Powdered Metals.
,
B. P.
229.
mm
TAR ACIDS
(COAL).
and Cresol.
TANTALUM BROMIDE
Yellow crystals.
TaBr 5
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 580.46
M. P. 240C
B. P.
320C
Density
4.
67
See Bromides.
Toxicity:
See Phenol
TAR, DEHYDRATED
Description: Dark brown, thick,
viscid liquid.
Acute Systemic: U
toxic fumes.
TAR DUST
halation
Description:
^X
Density 4. 74
Vap. Press. 1 00
@ 1 30 C
2;
In-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution:
Irritating to the eyes.


TANTALUM CHLORIDE
TAR, LIQUID
Description:

Acute Systemic: U
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated it emits
toxic fumes.
Light yellow, crystal-
line powder.
Formula: TaCl 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 358. 17
M. P. 221 C
B. P. 242 C
Density 3. 68 @27C
TANTALUM FLUORIDE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless crystal.
TaF 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 275. 88
M. P. 96. 8C
I.
TARTARIC ACID
1156

liquid, red label.
TEAR GAS MATERIAL, LIQUID

OR SOLID, N. O. S.
TARTARIC ACID
Synonym: Racemic
Description:
halation

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
acid.
White crystals.
Formula: HOOC(CHOH) 2 COOH

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150.09
M. P. 168-170C
Density 1. 76
tion
Inhalation

rate): Section 2
Poison C;
tear gas label.
it
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
to heat or flame.
No
To Fight Fire: Water (Section
6).

TAR,
In-
3;
TECHNETIUM
WATER GAS
Description: Hexagonal crystal

structure.
Formula:
Tc

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
acrid fumes.
Constant:
At. Wt. 99
Toxicity: Unknown
Radiation Hazard (Section 5):
Artificial isotope Tc 96 half-life:
4. 3 days; emits many gamma
rays between 0. 31 - 1.1 mev.
TEAK
o -TELLURIC
ACID
Description:
Needles.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Formula: H 6 Te0 6
flame (Section 6).

flame. See also Dust.
TELLURIUM
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
X 10" 6 microcurie per milliliter;

microcurie
in water: 3 X 10~ 2
per milliliter.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
4H zO
301. 72
-4H z O @100C

Compounds.
Section 7
Description: Dark gray crystalline

or amorphous powder or small
cakes.
Formula:
Constants:
At. Wt.
2 =
Te
127. 61
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TELLURIUM
1157
Density
6.
somnolence, loss
25
of appetite,
salivation, nausea, vomiting, a
garlic -like odor of the breath,
and constipation.
M. P. 452 C
1390C
B. P.
mm
@520C
Vap. Press. 1

0.

or acid fumes, they emit highly
toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
milli-
of air.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Te 127 half-life:

0. 7 mev and gamma rays of
0.089 mev. The permissible
levels are: In body: 4 micro,
in air: 10 7 microcurie
per milliliter; in water: 3 X 10~ z
microcurie per milliliter. Hazard
Artificial isotope Te 129 half-
curies;
life:
34 days;
of 0. 11
DI IODIDE
mev.
emits gamma rays

The permissible
TELLURIUM DIBROMIDE
Description:
Needles.
TeBr 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
287.44
M. P. 210C
B. P. 339C
levels are: In body: 1. 3 micro"

curies; in air: 4X 10 8 microcurie per milliliter; in water:
10~ 2 micorcurie per milliliter.
Highly toxic. See

Bromides.
Compounds and Bromides.
Toxicity:

No. 42).
with oxidizing agents. See also
Powdered Metals.
TELLURIUM DICHLORIDE
Description:
unstable.
Crystals or amorphous,
TeCl 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198. 52
M. P. 209 5C
B. P.
327C
Density
7. 05
Highly toxic.
TELLURIUM COMPOUNDS
Toxicity:

Acute Local: U
Tellurium Compounds.
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
2;
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion 3;
Inhalation 3
Toxicology: All tellurium compounds
are probably toxic, especially
those that are soluble. Tellurium
compounds can be absorbed
into
body through the skin, by

ingestion, or by inhalation of the
the
finely divided particles or of
vapors, and they are excreted in

the exhaled breath, sweat, urine
and feces. The most pronounced
physiological effects from the inhalation of this material are a
dry mouth and metallic taste,
inhibition of sweat, languor,
See
chlorides.
Section
TELLURIUM
DI IODIDE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: Tel 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 381.45
M. P. Sublimes
See

Iodides.

TELLURIUM HEXAFLUORIDE
1158

iodides and tellurium.
it
Formula:
M. P.
Colorless gas.
TeF 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
-35. 5C
Density 3. 025 @ -35. 5C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluorides and Tellurium Compounds;
fluorides; will react with water
corrosive fumes.
rate): Section 2
B. P.
TELLURIUM NITRIDE
Description: Solid.
See Tellu-
rium Compounds.
will explode it; when heated or
fumes of tellurium and may explode; will react with water or
TELLURIUM SULFIDE
Formula:
Amorphous powder.
TeS 2
"TENAMINE-1"
Description: Lemon
See Sulfides
Composition: 48 % N-n-butyl
p-aminophenol in isopropyl
alcohol.
Constants:
Density 0.89 - 0.91
Flash P. 61 F
Freezing P. -33C
Toxicity:
Amorphous, deep red
solid.
Formula:
TeS0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 207.67
M. P. Soft. 30 C
B. P. Decomposes
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Tellurium Compounds and Sulfites.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
@25/25C
Unknown

Section 2
"TENAMINE
60"
Description:
Liquid.
Composition: 20% toluene and 80%
disalicylal propylene diimine.
Constants:
Freezing P. -18. 3C
Density 1.07@ 25/25C
Unknown

carbon dioxide, dry chemical
or carbon tetrachloride (Section
TELLURIUM SULFITE
yellow, mobile
liquid.
Toxicity:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 191. 73
Description:
White crystals.
241. 61
-36C
Description:
Description:
Formula: TeF 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 203. 61
M. P. Sublimes
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Fluorides and Tellurium Compounds.
TELLURIUM HEXAFLUORIDE
Description:
TELLURIUM TETRAFLUORIDE
6).

away from open flame or heat;
it emits toxic fumes when heated;
Section 2
2 =
Moderate
3 =
Section
High
Unknown
TESTOSTERONE
1159
TERBIUM
Details unknown.
Diphenyls.
Toxicity:
Description:
rare earth.

to heat or flame.
Formula: Tb
Constant:
At. Wt. 159.20
Toxicity: Unknown
Moderate, in the
when exposed to
heat or flame or by chemical
reaction with oxidizers. See also

Powdered Metals.
Synonym: Benzene- 1, 4 diphenyl.
Fire Hazard:
form
of dust
Formula:
Description:
needles.
Formula: Tb(N0 3 ) 3
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
See
Fire Hazard: An oxidizing agent.

See Nitrates.
See Turpentine Oil.

Diphenyls.
to heat or flame.
To Fight Fire: Water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6).
TERPINOLENE
Synonym:
Formula:
Colorless needles.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
230.
B. P.
86-87C
363 C
Flash P. 375 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 164
Vap. P. 7.95
Diphenyls.
0.
855
100 F (C.C.
Unknown.
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetraToxicity:
See

o-TERPHENYL
2 -Diphenyl
136. 23
185C
Density
Flash P.

to heat or flame.
1,
4(8)-p-methadiene.
Colorless liquid.
Formula: CjqH^
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
Synonym:
1,
Description:
(C 6 H 5 ) 2 C 6H 4
Toxicity:
m-TERPHENYL
Description:
(O. C.
1.
Synonyms: m- Phenyl biphenyl;

benzene - 1 3-diphenyl.
,
230.3
236
7. 95
Density
Vap. D.
Nitrates.
TERPENES.
Liquid.
(C^^C^
M. P. 213C
B.P. 405C
Flash P. 405F
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 453. 32
M. P. 89.3C
P-TERPHENYL
Description:
TERBIUM NITRATE
benzene.

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous. Keep away from open
flame; it can react with oxidizing
materials.
rate): Section 2
TESTOSTERONE
A liquid.
Formula: C 6 H 4 (C 6 H 5 2
Synonym: A 4 -Androsten- 1 7(a)-ol-3-
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Description:
Description:
B.
P.
Vap. D.
one.
230.
325 F (O. C.
14
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
7.95
M. P.
1.
Crystals.
Formula: C 19 H 28
332C
Flash P.
Density
See
288.4
155C
TETRAAMYLBENZ ENE
1160

Acute Local: U
ously with oxidizing materials.

rate): Section 2
TETRABORIC ACID
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion 3;
Skin Absorp-
Inhalation 3;
tion 3
Caution: Workers engaged in the
manufacture and packaging have

shown effects from this hormone.
Enlargement of the breasts in
male workers has been observed.
Section 2
rate):
TETRAAMYLBENZENE
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 358. 6
B. P.
320 C
Flash P. 295F
Density 0. 89
Slight,
to heat or flame;
White powder.
H2 B4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 157. 30
TETRABROMOETHANE.
See
Acetylene Tetrabromide.
TETRABUTYL TfflODISUCCINATE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
[CH 2 (COOC 4H9 )CH-
(COOC 4H 9 )] 2 S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 490. 64
M. P. -45C
B. P. 246 C @5
Flash P. 430 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 0543 @20/20 C
@200C
Vap. Press. 0. 24
Vap. D. 16.9
mm
Unknown.
Toxicity:
See
when exposed
can react
Formula:
mm
Liquid.
Formula: C6H 2 (C 5H 11 ) 4
Benzene.
Fire Hazard:
Description:
it


to heat or flame.
6).

heated to decomposition it burns
oxides of sulfur; it can react on
contact with oxidizing materials.
TETRABORANE
Synonym:
Borobutane.
Gas; disagreeable odor.
Description:
Formula: B 4H 10
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Formula
-120C
B. P.
580
mm
B. P.
@6C

Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by chemical reaction.

gas container, releasing the contents; when heated to decomposition it burns and emits highly
toxic fumes; it can react vigor-
Toxic Rating Code:
Colorless liquid.
(C 4H 9 0) 4 Ti
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 340
M. P.
<-40C
53.4
18C
Vap. Press.
TETRA-n- BUTYL TITANATE

Description:
= None
= Slight
206C @10
mm
Density 0.9951 @25C

Vap. D. 11.7
Esters.
6).
2 =
Moderate
3 =
Section
High
Unknown
TETRACHLORODIFLUOROETHANE
1161
TETRABUTYL UREA
Density 1. 734
Vap. Press. <
Vap. D. 7.4
Liquid.
Description:
(C 4H 9 ) 2 NCON(C 4 H 9 ) 2
Formula:
mm @25C
Toxicity:
TETRACHLORO-p-BENZOQUINONE
Formula: C^C^C^
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 175.0
See also
Quinones.
TETRACENE
Synonym: Naphthacene.
Description: Orange crystals.
Formula: C 18 H 12
TE TRAC HLORODIAMMINE
PLATINUM (IV)
Unknown.
Toxicity:
Probably toxic. See

Chlorinated Benzenes.
to heat or flame.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 284. 5
M. P. < -60C
B. P. 300 - 315C
Flash P. 200 F
Density 0. 876
Vap. D. 9. 83
Toxicity: Unknown
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 228.
M. P. 341 C
Density 1. 35
0.

shocked.
will explode it; when heated it
burns and emits acrid fumes;
can react on contact with oxidizing
,
materials.
Section
TETRACETYLENE DICARBONIC
Description: Rhombic or hexagonal

plates or needles; orange -yellow.
Formula: [Pt(NH 3 ) 2 Cl 4 ]
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 371. 12
Platinum Compounds.
ACID
Description:
TETRACHLORODIFLUOROETHANE
Solid.
Unknown.
Toxicity:
Description:

chemical reaction.
shock or heat will explode it.
1, 2,
4, 5-
TETRACHLOROBENZENE
Synonym:
Formula:
Benzene tetrachloride.
C^C^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 215.
M. P. 47. 5C
B. P. 245C
Flash P. 311 F
(C. C.
Liquid.
Formula: C 2 F 2 C1 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
203. 8
8C
Density 1.6447 @25C
Vap. D. 7.03
Acute Local:
Chronic Local: U
fumes of fluorides and chlorides.
B. P.
92.
TETRACHLORODINITROETHANE
Section 2
TETRACHLORODINITROETHANE
Crystals.
(CC1 2 N0 2 ) 2
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
257. 87
perB. P. Decomp. @130C
oxide of nitrogen
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
rate): Section 2
1,1,2,
2-TETRACHLOROETHANE.
See Acetylene Tetrachloride.
TETRACHLOROMETHYL ETHER
Fuming
Description:
odor.
Formula: 0(CHC1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
liquid, pungent
)2
183. 87
145C
tion
Inhalation
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
fumes.
rate):
Section 2

Section
TETRACHLORONAPHTHALENE
Synonym:
1, 2, 3,
4-Tetrachloro4-tetrahydronaphthalene.
1
Description:
2, 3,
Crystals.
Toxic Rating Code:
1162
Formula: C 10H 8 Cl4

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 269. 99
M. P. 182C
Acute Systemic: U
heated, it emits highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
2, 3, 4,
6-TETRACHLOROPHENOL
Description: Light brown mass;

strong odor.
Formula: Cl 4 C 6 HOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 231.9
M. P. 69-70C
B. P. 288 C (with some decomp.)
Vap. Press. 1
@ 100. C
Acute Systemic: U
Inhalation 3
heated, it emits highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
mm
MCA
2,4,
warning label.
5,
6-TETRACHLOROPHENOL
Formula:
= Slight
solid; phenol
C^CÔH

M. P. 50 C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
3;
Inhalation 3
Disaster Control:
heated
None
Brown
Description:
odor
2 =
it
Dangerous; when
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TETRADECANE
1163
TETRACHLOROTETRAFLUOROPROPANE

rate): Section 2
MCA
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 253.9
Toxicity: Unknown
and chlorides.
warning label.
TETRACHLOROQUINONE
Description:
Solid.
Formula: C^C^C^
M. P. 290C
Quinones.
TETRACINE
Synonym: Guanylnitrosoaminoguanyltetrazene.
Toxicity:
Crystals.
Formula: C 6 (OH) 2 Cl 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 247. 9
Toxicity: Probably high. A seed
disinfectant. See Resorcinol.
the azide.
Disaster Control: Highly dangerous]

Shock will explode it; when
TETRACHLOROSILANE
Description: Colorless fuming liquid.
Formula: SiCl 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 169. 89
M. P. -70C
B. P. 57. 6C
Density 1. 50 @ 25/Z5 C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
can shatter the container, releasing the contents; when heated
it emits highly toxic fumes; will
react with water or steam to pro-

rate): Section 2
Unknown

is a high explosive which evolves
much flame. It is used in
priming compositions and sometimes in combinations with lead
azide to lower the flash point of
TETRACHLORORESORCINOL
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 3 C1 4F 4

nitrogen and explodes.
TETRADECANE
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2
12
CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198. 38
M. P. 5. 5C
B. P.
252. 5C
212 F
Density 0. 765
Vap. D. 6. 83
Flash P.
Toxicity:
Unknown

6).

flame.
Explosive Range:
0.
5%
(L. E. L)
TETRADECANOL
1164

dangerous; when heated to

fumes.
TETRADECANOL
Description:
Synonym:
Formula:
Tetradecyl alcohol.
Description: Opaque leaflets.
TETRAETHOXY PROPANE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
M. P. -90C
B. P. 219. 9C
Density 0.9197 @20/20C
214. 38
62C
B. P. 264. 1C
Density 0. 83 55 @ 20 /20 C;
37.
Vap. D. 7. 58
Toxicity: Unknown
liquid:
0.
8236@38/4C

Vap. D. 7. 39
Alcohols.
1-TETRADECENE
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exexposed to heat or flame; can react

Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.

B. P. 165. 5C
Density 0. 933 @25 /ZS C
Vap. Press. Imm@l6. C
Silanes.
-12C
Toxicity:
mm
127C @ 15
Density 0. 7737 @20/4C
Vap. D.
Toxicity:
6.
milligram
Unknown
See Tetraethyl
(proposed);
0. 2
per cubic meter of
air.
HYDROXIDE
Crystals.
(HOCH 2 CH 2 4 NOH
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 211. 18
M. P. 123 C
Vap. D. 7.28
Toxicity: Unknown
Toxic Rating Code:
High.
MAC: ACGIH
78
TETRAETHANOL AMMONIUM
Formula:
Pyrophosphate.
Fire Hazard: Moderate. Can react

Description:
Section
TETRAETHYL DITHIONOPYROPHOSPHATE
196.36
B. P.
Liquid.
C 8 H 20 O 4 Si
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 CH(CH 2 )iiCH3
Formula:
TETRAETHOXYSILANE
Description:
Synonym: a-cr-Tetradecylene.
Description:
Mol. Wt. 220.3
Constants:
C 14 H 29 OH
Formula:
Liquid.
(C 2 H 5 2 ) 2 CH 2 H 2 CH(OC 2 H 5 ) 2
None
= Slight

Section 2
TETRAETHYLENE GLYCOL
Description:
Colorless to pale
Formula: HO(C 2 H 40) 3 C 2 H 4 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 194. 22
B. P. 327. 3C
Freezing P. -6C
Density 1. 1248 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. Press. 1
@ 153. 9 C
mm
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TETRAETHYL PYROPHOSPHATE
1165

TETRAETHYLENE GLYCOL
METHYL ETHER
DI-
Synonym: Dime thoxytetr a ethylene

glycol.
Description:
odor.
Formula
Clear liquid; mild
CH 3 (OCH2CH 2 4OCH3
)
TETRAETHYLENE PENTAMINE
Viscous, hydroscopic
liquid.
Formula:
NH 2 (CH 2 CH2NH)3CH2CH 2 NH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 189. 30
B. P. 333C
Density 0. 9980 @ 20 /20 C
Amines.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
when exposed
flame.
to heat or
MCA
Formula:
Light yellow liquid.
Ti(OC 8 H 17 ) 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 564
M. P. < -25C
B. P. 194C @0.25
Density 1.0711 (a25C
Vap. D. 19. 5
mm
See
Titanium Compounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 222. 3
B. P. 275. 3C
Freezing P. <-29.7C
Density 1. 013 @20/20 'C
Vap. D. 7. 68
Description:
TETRA-2-ETHYL HEXYL TITANATE

Description:

TETRAETHYL LEAD.
See Lead
Tetraethyl.
Water-white to amber,
hygroscopic liquid.
Description:
Formula:
(C 2 H 5 ) 4 P 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 290.20
Density 1. 20
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology; The action is similar
Briefly, the
to that of parathion.
action results in an irreversible
inhibition of the cholinesterase
molecules and the consequent
accumulation of large amounts of
acetycholine.
MAC: ACGIH (tentative); 0.05
milligram per cubic meter of air.
rate): Section 2
warning label.
MCA warning label.

I.

I.
TETRAETHYL PYROPHOSPHATE,
COMPRESSED GAS MIXTURE
1166
Section 11.
label.
Poison A;
6-TETRAHYDROBENZALDEHYDE
poison gas label.

1, 2, 3,
Description:
TETRAETHYL o- SILICATE.
See
Ethyl Silicate.
TETRAETHYL THIURAM DISULFIDE

See Bis(diethylthiocarbamyl) disulfide.
TETRAETHYL THIURAM SULFIDE

Description:
Crystals.
Formula: [(C 2 H 5 2 NCS] 2 S

)
Mol. Wt. 264

B. P. 225 - 240 C @3
Density 1. 12 @20/20C
Constants:
mm
Acute Local: U
halation 2
Chronic Local:
TETRAHYDRODIMETHYLFURANE
2;
In-
2;
Inhalation 2
TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE,
IN-
HIBITED
Synonym:
Perfluoroethylene.
Formula: CF 2 CF 2
M. P.
B.
P.
Mol. Wt.
-142. 5C
-78. 4C
100.02

emits highly toxic fumes of fluorides.
Toxicity:
and
Can
act as an asphyxiant
other toxic proper-
may have
ties.
See also Compressed Gases.
Toxic Rating Code:
Liquid.
Formula:
C^H 12
Constant:
Toxicity:
Unknown
100.2
Mol. Wt.
Moderate, when exflame; can react

Fire Hazard:
Ingestion

Section 2
Constants:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 110. 15
M. P. -110C
B. P. 164. 5C
Density 0. 9733 @20 /ZQ C
Vap. D. 3. 80
when heated, it emits acrid fumes,
Description:
Chronic Systemic:
Liquid.
CH 2 CHCH(CH 2 2 C HCHO
Formula:
None
= Slight
posed
tion
to heat or
6).
Sectior
TETRAHYDROFURAN
Synonym: Cyclotetramethylene
oxide.

liquid; ether-like odor.
Formula:
OCH CH 2 CH2CH 2
2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
'
"
72.10 B. P. 65.4C
Flash P. 1F (T.C.C. )
Density 0. 888 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 2. 5
3;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative); 75 parts
Fire Hazard: Dangerous (Section 6).
To Fight Fire: Foam, dry chemical,
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TETRAHYDRONAPHTHOL
1167
carbon dioxide, or carbon

chemical reaction.
Explosive Range: 2. 3 - 11.8%. In
common with other ethers, unstabilized tetrahydrofuran forms
thermally explosive peroxides on
exposure to air.
It must always
be tested for peroxides prior to
distillation.
Peroxides can be
removed by treatment with strong
ferrous sulfate solution made
slightly acidic with
sulfate.
sodium
bi-

heated, it emits toxic fumes;

rate): Section 2
Flash P. 392 F
Density 0. 93
Vap. D. 12.65
Alcohols and Oleic Acid.
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxxide, dry chemical or carbon

Section
6-TETRAHYDRO-o- METHYLBENZOIC ACID
1,2,5,
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C 8H 13
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 141.2
a mite
repellent.
Disaster Control:
when heated,
Slightly dangerous;
emits acrid fumes.

it
TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE
TETRAHYDROFURFURYL
ALCOHOL
Description:
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula:
liquid.
C 4H 7 OCH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 13
M. P. < -80C
B. P. 178C @743
Flash P. 167 F (O. C. )
Density 1 0495 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 5
Alcohols.
mm

flame.
Explosive Range:
1.5 - 9. 7%
(between 72. 5 - 122C)
TETRAHYDROFURFURYL OLEATE
Description:
liquid.
Formula: C 2 3H 42
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 366. 6
B. P. 240 C @5
132.20
M. P. -30C
B. P. 207. 2C
Density 0. 981
Vap. D. 4. 55
Naphthalene.
TETRAHYDRONAPHTHOL
Synonym:
a-Naphthol- 1
2, 3,
4-
tetrahydr ide
Formula: C 6 H 4 C 4 H 7 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148. 2
B. P. 140C @17
Density 1. 090
Toxicity:
mm
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C 10H 12
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
posed
mm
Moderate, when exor flame; can react
to heat
TETRAHYDROPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
6).
Section
1168

TE TRAHYDROPYRAN- 2 - METHANOL
T ETRAHYDROPHTHALIC
ANHYDRIDE
Description:
Formula:
White powder.
Description:
Formula: C 8 H 8
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 152. 14
M. P. 101. 9C
B. P. 195C @50
mm

Density 1 375 @25 /20 C
.
Vap. D. 5. 25
Toxicity: Unknown.

to heat or flame.
when heated, it emits acrid fumes;
produce heat; can react with oxidizing materials.
TETRAHYDROPYRAN
Synonyms: Pentamethylene oxide.
liquid,
Formula:
ether -like odor.
(CH 2 sO
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
88C
2;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
chemical reaction. It can form
explosive peroxides if stored in
uninhibited condition.
Unknown
tion 6).
None
TETRA ISOPROPYL TITANATE

Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: (C 3 H 70) 4 Ti
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 284
M. P. 20 C
B. P. 232C
Density 0.955 @25C
Vap. D. 9. 8
Esters.
with oxidizing materials (Sec6).
Section
5-TETRAMETHYLAL
CYCLOPENTANONE TETRANI-
2, 2, 5,
TRATE. See
Nitrates.
TETRAMETHYL ETHYLENEDIAMINE
Formula: (CH 3 2 NH 2 CCNH 2 (CH 2 2
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 116.2
See also
Amines.

materials.
rate): Section 2
Toxic Rating Code:
Toxicity:

Flash P. -4F
Density 0. 8814 @ 20 /AC
116.16
Freezing P. -70C
B. P. 187C
Density 1. 0272 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 02
tion
86. 13
Liquid.
OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CHCH 2 OH
= Slight
Section
TETRAMETHYLSUCCINONITRILE
Synonym: TSN
Description: Crystallizes in plates;
almost no odor.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TETRAMMINE PLATINUM
1169
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
Inhalation 2
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; when
sulfur.
TETRAMMINE CADMIUM
PERRHENATE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
[Cd(NH 3 4 ](Re0 4
)
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 681. 16
also Cadmium Compounds.

(Section
6).
TETRAMMINECOPPER
SULFATE
symptoms may reappear, and
Description:
eventually the death of the

may ensue. This indicates that TSN is slowly detoxified by the body. The fatal
dose is thought to be about 2 5
mg/kg of body weight. See also
animal
II
Rhombic, blue crys-
tals.
Formula: [Cu(NH 3 ) 4 ]S0 4
H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 245. 75
Density 1. 81
Cyanides.
Cyanides.
rate): Section 2
TETRAMMINE PLATINUM
(II)
CHLORIDE
Description:
crystals.
Formula: [Pt(NH 3 ) 4 ]Cl 2
H 2Q
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 352. 29
M. P. 250C; -H 2 O@100C
Density 2. 737
DI-
SULFIDE. See Bis (dimethyl

thiocarbamyl) disulfide.
TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM MONOSULFIDE
Synonyms: Bis -dim ethyl thiocarbamyl
TETRAMMINE PLATINUM
CHLOROPLATINATE
(II)
Synonym: Mangus' salt.

Description: Green or red crystals.
Formula: [Pt(NH 3 ) 4 ]PtCl 4
sulfide.
Yellow powder.
[(CH 3 2 NCS] 2 S
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
208. 39
Ingestion
2;

Section 2
the control of convulsions.

However, the barbiturates which
have a short or medium period of
action will relieve the condition
only for a time. Afterwards, the
Acute Local: U
Acute Systemic:
Ingestion

poor antidote for intoxication.

Barbiturates proved adequate for
Formula:
CHLOROPLATINATE
Inhalation 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136.0
M. P. 169C (sublimes)
Toxicity: In the preparation of
sponge rubber, an azo compound
is used, which decomposes to
form tetramethylsuccinonitrile
or TSN. Animal experiments indicate that it is toxic. Rats exposed to a concentration of 90 ppm
exhibit their first convulsion
after 1.5 to 2 hours and were
dead in 3 hours or less. Rats
exposed to concentrations of 5. 5
ppm exhibited their first convulsion in 27 to 31 hours and were
dead in from 31 to 46 hours.
Treatment and Antidotes: It has been
pointed out that this nit rile is
different from other nitriles in
that thiosulfate proved to be a
TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM
(II)
2;
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 600. 42
M. P. Decomposes
Density < 4. 1
TETRANAPHTHENE
1170
TETRANAPHTHENE
Description:

Crystals.
Formula: C6H3C4H7C2H4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 158.2
TETRANITROCARBAZ OLE
Formula: (N0 2 ) 4 (C 6 H 2 ) 2 NH
1;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
TETRANAPHTHENOYL TRIETHYLENE TETRAMINE

Constants:
Flash P. 325F
Density
Toxicity:
1.
01
Unknown

Section 7
TETRANITROANILINE
Synonym: TNA
Solid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 273. 12
M. P. 170C
B. P. Explodes @ 237 C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Aniline.

Tetranitroaniline is a powerful
and sensitive high explosive,
similar to tetryl. It deteriorates
in the presence of moisture. It
is used as a booster for high
explosive shells and in primer
and detonating compositions.
Nitrates.
Toxic Rating Code:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 347. 6
toxic; an insecticide.
Explosion Hazard: See Nitrates and
Explosives, High.
TETRANITRODIGLYCERIN

to heat or flame;
can react with
Description:
Crystals.
Description:
None
= Slight
Toxicity: See Nitroglycerin.

Tetranitrodiglycerin resembles
nitroglycerin, but is less sensitive.

It is a component of lowfreezing dynamites due to its
own low-freezing point.

materials.
TETRANITROMETHANE
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
C(N0 2
)4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 196. 04
M. P. 13C
B. P. 125. 7C
Density 1.650 @13C
Inhalation 3
3;

Chronic Local: U
MAC: ACGIH
per
(tentative);
million in air.
Toxicology:
2 =
part
This material irritates
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TETRAPHOSPHORUS HEPTASULFIDE
1171
the eyes and respiratory passages
and does serious damage to the
liver. It occurs as an impurity
in crude TNT, and is thought to
be mainly responsible for the irritating properties of that material.
It can cause pulmonary
edema, mild methemoglobinemea,
and fatty degeneration of the liver

and kidneys. From animal experiments it has been found that
concentrations as low as 0. 1 ppm
have proved rapidly fatal, and
that concentrations of 3.3 to 25. 2
ppm produced very rapid and
marked irritation of mucous

membranes of the eyes, mouth,
can form very powerful explosives when mixed with other
nitro high explosives which are
somewhat oxygen-deficient. Its

primary use is in blasting explosives and in detonating compositions.

rate): Section 2
TETRANITRONAPHTHALENE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
C 10H 4 (NO 2 )4
Constants: M. P. 200 C (approx.)

Mol. Wt. 308.2 B. P. Explodes
Unknown.
bursting charges. See also

TETRAPHENYL ARSONIUM
BROMIDE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
(C 6 H 5 ) 4 AsBr
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 499. 3
M. P. 282 C
See
Arsenic Compounds.
Arsenic Compounds.
See
Nitrates.

Tetranitronaphthalene is a much
used high explosive equal to but
somewhat less sensitive to impact
than TNT. It is used for
TETRAPHENYL ARSONIUM
CHLORIDE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
(C 6 H 5 ) 4AsCl
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 454. 8
M. P. 259C
See
Arsenic Compounds.
Arsenic Compounds.
See
7
TETRAPHOSPHORUS HEPTASULFIDE
Description: Light yellow crystals.
Formula: P4S7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 348. 39
M. P. 310C
B. P. 523C
Density 2. 19 @17C
Sulfides.
Toxicity:
See
See
Sulfides.

sulfur and phosphorus; will react
of Toxicology,
see Section
TETRAPHOSPHORUS TRISELENIDE
materials.
Section 2
TETRAPHOSPHORUS
TRI-
SELENIDE
Description: Orange-red crystals.
Formula: P4Se 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 360. 80
M. P. 242 C
B. P. 360 - 400C
Density 1. 31
Compounds and Phosphorus.
1172
TETRAPYRIDINECOPPER H
FLUOSILICATE
Description: Rhombic, purplish
blue crystals.
Formula: [Cu(C5H 5N) 4 ]SiF 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 521. 99
Density 2. 108
Copper Compounds.
Disaster Control:
See Fluosilicates.
TETRAPYRIDINENICKEL
FLUOSILICATE
(II)
Yellow crystals.
Formula: P 4 S 3
Description: Rhombic, blue-green

crystals.
Formula: [Ni(C5H 5 N) 4 ]SiF 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 517. 14
Density 2. 307
Toxicity: See Silicofluorides and
Nickel Compounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
TETRASILANE
TETRAPHOSPHORUS
TRI-
SULFIDE
Description:
M. P.
B. P.
220. 12
172. 5C
407. 5C
Density
2.
03
See Sulfides.
exposed to heat, flame, or
Toxicity:
friction.
To Fight Fire: Water (Section
6).
Explosion Hazard:
See
Moderate.
Sulfides.

phosphorus and sulfur; will react
with water, steam or acids to produce toxic and flammable vapors;
Section 2
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula:
H 10
Si 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122.32
M. P. -93. 5C
B. P. 109C
Density 0.825 @0C
also Silanes.
Fire Hazard: Severe. Details
unknown.
chemical reaction with oxygen;
can detonate in air.
TETRASODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE
Synonym: TSPP
Description:
White powder.
Formula: Na 4P 2
TETRAPYRIDINECADMIUM FLUOSILICATE
White crystals.
(Cd(C 5H 5N) 4 ]SiF 6
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 570. 86
Density 2. 282
For other properties, see Cadmium
Compounds and Fluosilicates.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 266
M. P. 880C
Density 2. 534
tion
2;
Inges-
2;
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
THALLIC OXIDE
1173
Clironic Systemic: Ingestion 1;
Inhalation 1
Section 2
3
7
TETRAZENE
sidered to be the standard booster

charge for high explosive shells.
Synonym: Guanylnitrosaminoguanyl
tetrazene.
Description: Solid.
Toxicity:
Unknown
TETRYL
Synonyms: Tetralite; trinitrophenylmethylnitramine.
Yellow, monoclinic
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
(N0 2 )3C 6 H 2 N(N0 2 )CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 287. 15
M. P. 130 C
Density 1. 57 @19C

(Section 6).
Section 2
2;


I.
2;
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: The chief effect produced by exposure to tetryl is
the development of dermatitis.
Conjunctivitis may be caused by
rubbing the eyes with contaminated hands or through exposure
Iridocyclitis
to air -borne dust.
and keratitis have developed as a
sequel to the conjunctivitis. Some
authorities consider that tetryl
may be a cause of tracheitis and
asthma. Sensitization which
frequently occurs as a result of
exposure to tetryl may play a
part in all these conditions.
Tetryl workers may develop a
gastrointestinal symptoms,
though these complaints are more
common among T. N. T. workers.
MAC: ACGIH
occur frequently.
Nitrates.
Section 2
Shipping Regulations: See Explosives, High.
TEXTILE WASTE, WET
Inhalation 2
Anemia has been reported

It is a powerful explosive
quite sensitive to percussion
and more sensitive to shock and
friction than TNT. It can be compressed into pellets for use as a
booster explosive. It is used in
reinforced detonators and is con-
flame.
to
See
Nitrates.
THALLIC NITRATE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: T1(N0 3 ) 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 390.41
and Nitrates.
nitrogen and thallium.
THALLIC OXIDE
Description: Hexagonal, black
crystals; amorphous prisms.
Formula: T1 2 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 456. 78
M. P. 717 5C
B. P. -20 @875C
Density amorphous: 9.65@21C;
hexagonal: 10. 19 @22C
THALLIC SULFIDE
1174
See Thallium Compounds.

reaction. Evolves oxygen @875C
Toxicity:
(Section
6).

pounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M.
P.
263.43
110C
Density 3. 68
other properties, see Thallium
Com- For
Compounds.
THALLIUM AZIDE
THALLIC SULFIDE
Description:
Black, amorphous
Description:
powder.
Formula: T1 2 S 3
Constant:
504.98
Mol. Wt.
For other properties, see Sulfides

and Thallium Compounds.
THALLIUM
Bluish-white, soft
and malleable metal.
Formula: Tl
Constants:
At. Wt. 204. 39
M. P. 302C
B. P. 1457 10C
Density 11. 85
Vap. Press. 1
@825C
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Tl 204 half-life:
2. 7 years;
of 0. 78 mev.
Natural isotope
Tl 208 (Thorium C 11 ), half-life:
3. 1 minutes;
emits beta par-
Description:
mm
,
ticles of
1.
79
mev and many
gamma
rays between 0. 23-2.6

mev. Tl 2 "8 is a member of the
thorium series. Since its halflife is very short, Tl 208 is only
of interest from its position in
the series as a daughter of
thoron.
form
of dust,
when exposed
to
heat or flame. See also Powdered

Metals (Section 6).
Thallium
Salts, solid:
poison label.
Poison B;
THALLIUM ACETATE
Synonym: Thallous acetate.
Formula:
Silk-white crystals.
T1C 2 H 3
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Yellow crystals.
T1N 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 246. 41
M. P. 334C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Azides

Thallium Compounds.
See
THALLIUM BROMATE
Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula: TlBr0 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 332. 31
See
Thallium Compounds and Bromates.
Bromates.
Thallium Compounds and Bromates
THALLIUM BROMIDE
Synonym: Thallous bromide.
Yellowish- white
powder.
Formula: TIBr
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 284.31
B. P. 815C
Density 7. 557
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Thal-
lium Compounds and Bromides.

Thallium Compounds and Bromides,
THALLIUM CARBONATE

Thallium Salts, solid:
Description:
Formula:
= Slight

crystals.
Formula: T1 2 C0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 468. 79
M. P. 273C
Density 7.11
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
THALLIUM DITiIIONATE
1175
For other properties, see Thallium

Compounds.
THALLIUM CHLORATE
Synonym: Thallous chlorate.
Description:
Formula:
Solid.
T1C10 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 287.85
Density 5.047 @90C
For other properties, see Chlorates
THALLIUM CHLORIDE
Synonym:
Thallous chloride.
Description: Colorless or white
powder.
Formula: T1C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 239.85
M. P. 430 C
B. P. 720C
Density 7. 00
Compounds.
THALLIUM CHLOROPLATINATE
Description:
Pale orange crystals.
Formula: Tl 2 PtCl 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 816.75
Density 5. 76 @17C
Compounds.
acetate per kilogram of weight,

but adults and adolescents have
not. Acute poisoning results in
swelling of the feet and legs,
arthralgia, vomiting, insomnia,
hyperesthesia and paresthesia of

the hands and feet, mental confusion, polyneuritis with severe
pains in the legs and loins, partial
paralysis of the legs with reaction of degeneration, angina
like pains, nephritis, wasting
and weakness, and lymphocytosis
and eosinophilia. About the 18th
day, complete loss of the hair of
the body and head occurs. Fatal
poisoning has been known to
occur.
Industrial poisoning is reported
to have caused discoloration of
the hair, which later falls out,
joint pains, loss of appetite
fatigue, severe pain in the calves
of the legs, albuminuria,
eosinophilia and lymphocytosis,

and optic neuritis followed by
atrophy. Cases of industrial
poisoning are rare, however.
heated, they emit highly toxic
fumes.
Section 2

3
7
THALLIUM CHROMATE
Tl 2 Cr0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 524. 8
For other properties, see Chromium
Formula:
Compounds and Thallium Compounds.
THALLIUM CYANIDE
Synonym: Thallous cyanide.
Description:
Tablets.
Formula: TICn
M. P. Decomposes
For other properties, see Cyanides.
THALLIUM COMPOUNDS
THALLIUM DICHROMATE

Synonym: Thallous dichromate.

3;
Inhalation 2
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion 3;
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: Acute poisoning usually
follows the ingestion of toxic
quantities of a thallium -bearing
depilatory, or accidental or
suicidal ingestion of rat poison.
Children have been known to

tolerate 8 mgm of thallium

Formula: Tl 2 Cr 2 7
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 624. 80
For other properties, see Chromium
Compounds and Thallium Compounds.
THALLIUM DITHIONATE
Synonym:
Thallous dithionate.
Description: Monoclinic crystals.
Formula: T1 2 S 2 6
THALLIUM ETHOXIDE
1176
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 568. 91
M. P. Decomposes
Density 5. 57
Compounds.
THALLIUM ETHOXIDE
Description:
Formula:
B.
@ 80 C
522
Highly toxic.
3.
See
Thallium Compounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 221.40
Thallium monoiodide.
Description: Cubic red crystals;

yellow powder.
Formula: Til
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 331. 31
M. P. 446 C
B. P. 824C
Density 7. 09
Compounds and
rials.

rate): Section 2
Triclinic, yellow crys-
Tl 4 Fe(CN) 6
2H z O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 1065. 55
Density 4. 641
Formula:
Compounds and Ferrocyanides.
THALLIUM FLUOGALLATE
Tl 2 (GaF 5H 2 0)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 591. 52
Density 6. 44
For other properties, see Fluogal-
Formula:
lates and Thallium
Compounds.
THALLIUM FLUOSILICATE
Description: Hexagonal plates.
Formula: Tl 2 SiF 6 2H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 586. 87
For other properties, see Fluosilicates and Thallium Compounds.
Disaster Control: See Fluosilicates
Toxic Rating Code:
Synonym: Thallous fluoride.
None
= Slight
Cubic, colorless
Description:
crystals.
TIF
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
tals.
Iodides.
THALLIUM MONOFLUORIDE
Formula:
THALLIUM FERROCYANIDE
Description:
Pale yellow needles.
Formula: TIOH
Synonym:
-3C
P. Decomposes
Toxicity:
Description:
THALLIUM IODIDE
997. 80
M. P.
Density
Synonym: Thallous hydroxide.
Compounds.
Colorless liquid.
[T10C 2 H 5 ] 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
THALLIUM HYDROXIDE
223.39
300C

THALLIUM MONOXIDE
Synonyms: Thallium oxide; thallous
oxide
Description: Black, deliquescent
crystals.
Formula: Tl z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 424. 78
M. P. 300C
B. P. 1080 C @ 600 mm; -0 2
1865C

Compounds.
THALLIUM NITRATE
Synonym: Thallous
nitrate.
Cubic crystals.
Description:
Formula: T1N0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
266.40
M. P. 206C
B. P. 430C
Compounds and Nitrates.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
THALLIUM SELENIDE
1177
THALLIUM OLEATE
THALLIUM PICRATE
Synonym: Thallous oleate.
Description:
White, crystalline
Description:
clusters.
T1C 18 H 33
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
485. 83
M. P. 131 -2C
Compounds.
Red or yellow crystals.

Formula: T1C 6 H 2 N3 7
M. P. Explodes @273 - 275C
Density Red: 3.164@17C;
Yellow: 2.993 @17C
Thallium Compounds and Picrates.
Fire Hazard:
Dangerous.
See
Nitrates.
THALLIUM OXALATE
Synonym:
Thallous oxalate.
Description: Monoclinic prisms.
Formula: T1 2 C 2 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 496. 80
Density 6. 31
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Oxalates and Thallium Compounds.
Compounds.
Explosion Hazard: Explodes at 275 C.

Thallium Compounds and Nitrates.
THALLIUM PYROVANADATE
Description: Solid.
Formula: T1 4 V 2 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 1031.46
M. P. 454C
Density
THALLIUM PERCHLORATE
Synonym:
Thallous per chlorate.

THALLIUM SELENATE
501 C
89
4.

Compounds and Perchlorates.
THALLIUM PEROXIDE,
See
Thallic Oxide.
THALLIUM PHENOXIDE
Synonym:
Thallous phenoxide.
Formula: T10C 6H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 297.49
M. P. 233 C
and Phenol.
Compounds.
THALLIUM
o -PHOSPHATE
Synonym: Thallous o-phosphate

Colorless needles.
Description:
Formula: T1 3 P0 4
Constants:
Density
303.85
Decomposes
Density
@19C
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
21
Compounds.
Formula: T1C10 4
M. P.
8.
Highly toxic. See

Thallium Compounds.
Toxicity:
Mol. Wt.
6.
708.15
89
Highly toxic. See

Thallium Compounds.
Compounds and Phosphates.
Toxicity:
Synonym: Thallous selenate.

Description: Rhombic needles.
Formula: Tl 2Se0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 551. 74
M. P. > 400 C
Density 6. 875
See
Selenium Compounds and
Thallium Compounds.
Compounds and Selenium Compounds.
THALLIUM SELENIDE
Synonym:
Thallous selenide.
Description: Gray leaf.
Formula: Tl 2Se
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 487. 74
M. P. 340 C
Selenium Compounds and

Thallium Compounds.
reaction. See also Hydrogen
Selenide (Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, by chemical reaction. See also Hydrogen

Selenide,
THALLIUM SESQUICHLORIDE
1178

Thallium Compounds and Seleni-
um Compounds.
Section
Thallium monosulfide;
thallous sulfide.
Description: Blue -black powder.
Formula: T1 2S
THALLIUM SESQUICHLORIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 440. 84
M. P. 443 C
B. P. Decomposes
Density 8.
Description: Hexagonal yellow

crystals or yellow powder.
Formula: T1 2 C1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 515. 15
M. P. 400 - 500 C
B. P.
THALLIUM SULFIDE
Synonyms:
Compounds and
Sulfides.
Decomposes
Density
THALLIUM SULFITE
5. 9
Synonym: Thallous
Highly toxic. See

Thallium Compounds.
Compounds and Chlorides.
Toxicity:
THALLIUM SILVER NITRATE

Synonym:
Thallous silver nitrate.

Description: White crystalline
powder.
Formula: T1N0 3
Compounds and
Sulfites.
THALLIUM m-TELLURATE
AgN0 3
Synonym: Thallous m-tellurate.

Description: Heavy white precipi-
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
436.29
75C
M. P.
sulfite.
Formula: Tl 2 SO s
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 488. 85
Density 6.427
tate.
Tl 2 Te0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 600. 39
M. P. Red heat
Density 6. 760 @17. 6C
Formula:
Highly toxic. See

Thallium Compounds.
Toxicity:
See
Nitrates.
Compounds and Tellurium Com-
THALLIUM STEARATE
pounds.
Synonym:
Thallous stearate.
THALLIUM THIOCYANATE
Formula: T1C 18 H 35
Synonym:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Thallous thiocyanate.
Description: Tetragonal, colorless
crystals.
487. 85
Formula: T1SCN
119C

Thallium Compounds.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 262.47
THALLIUM SULFATE
Compounds.
Synonym:
Thallous sulfate.
Formula: T1 2 S0 4
M. P.
B. P.
632C
6.
77

Compounds.
I.
C. C.
poison label.
Compounds.
THALLOUS HYDROGEN SULFATE

Synonym: Thallium hydrogen
Description:

MCA warning label.
Toxic Rating Code:
Brown needles.
Formula: T1I3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 585. 15
Decomposes
Density
THALLIUM TRI IODIDE

Description:
None
Formula:
T1HS0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 301.46

120 C decomposes
M. P.
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
sulfate.
Crystals.
3 =
High
Unknown
THEOPHYLLINE
1179

Compounds and Sulfuric Acid.
THEOBROMOSE
Synonym:
Theobromine lithium.
2 N 4 Li
Description:
THEBAINE
Formula: C 7 H 7
Synonym: Paramorphine.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 186. 10
Description: White to slightly

yellowish, lustrous leaflets or
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 311. 37
M. P. 193C
Density 1. 305
ToxiciHazard Rating:
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
highly toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
THEOBROMINE
Synonym:
3,
Description:
6-Dimethylxanthine.
White powder; bitter
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
180. 17
M. P.
337C
Sublimes @Z60C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
Inhalation 1
Disaster Control:
THEOPHORIN
Synonym:
Theobromine- sodium
formate.
Description:
Formula:
C 7 H 7 N4
White powder.
Na
HCOONa
Ingestion
3-Dimethylxanthine.
1
Description: Monoclinic, odorless
needles; bitter taste.
1;
Dangerous; when
Formula:
C 7 H 8 N4
Constants
Mol. Wt.
180. 17
M. P. 269. 72C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
THEOBROMINE SODIUM ACETATE.

See Theobromine.
SALI-
See Theobromine.
Inhalation 1
Disaster Control:
1;
Chronic Systemic:
CYLATE.
H2
fumes.
Synonym:

toxic fumes.
Section 2
THEOBROMINE SODIUM
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 288. 13
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
THEOPHYLLINE
1;
Chronic Systemic:
pounds.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition,
it emits lithium oxide fumes.

rate): Section 2
taste.
See also
Theobromine and Lithium Com-
prisms
Ingestion
1;
Dangerous; when

toxic fumes.
<
THERMIT"
1180
"THERMIT"
Formula: Fe 2
+ Al
Toxicity: See Aluminum

and Iron Compounds.
Compounds
their own oxygen. They may attain a temperature of about

(Section 6).
2500 C

THIALDINE
Synonym:
5, 6-Dihydro-2, 3, 6-trimethyl-1, 3, 5-dithiazine.

Formula:
SCH(CH 3 )SCH(CH 3 )NHCHCH 3

M. P.
B. P.
44.
163. 29
4C
Decomposes

Density 1. 191
Vap. D. 5. 63
Toxicity:
See
Sulfides.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame. The reaction of Fe 2 3 + Al is typical of
a series of oxide-metal reactions.
They are very dangerous in that
once started they are very difficult to stop, as they supply
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

Section 2
THIOACETIC ACID
Synonyms: Ethanethiolic acid,
methanecarbothiolic acid,
thiacetic acid.

pungent, disagreeable odor.
CH 3 COSH
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 76. 11
M. P. Below -17C
B. P. 93 C
Density 1. 074 @ 10 /4C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
2,
(4, 6-DICHLOROPHENOL). See Bithionol.
2--THIOBIS
Unknown

6).
THIOCARBAMO SULFONAMIDES
probably toxic. A fungicide.
Toxicity:

toxic fumes.
oxides of sulfur.
T HIENYL -a - PYRROLIDINE
Synonyms: N, N'-diphenyl thiourea;

1, 3-diphenyl-2-thiourea.
Description: White to faint gray
Constants:
Section
THIOCARBANILIDE
powder.
Formula: C 6 H 5 NHC(S)NHC 6 H 5
M. P.
Mol. Wt.
154C
THIOACETAMIDE
B. P.
Decomposes
Description:
Density 1.32
Formula:
Colorless leaflets.
CH 3 CSNH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Section 7
Toxicity:
228.3
@25C
Unknown

75. 20
109C

sulfur.
2;
In-
Section
halation 2
Acute Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
= None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
THIOCYANOGEN
1181
THIOCARBONYL CHLORIDE
THIOCYANATES
Synonyms: Thiophosgene.
Toxicity: Variable. Thiocyanates

are not normally dissociated
into cyanide; they have a low
Description:
Reddish, oily liquid;
irritating odor.
Formula:
CSC1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 115
B. P. 74C
Density 1. 5085
Vap. D. 4
3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic:
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
Ingestion
3;
Chronic Systemic: U
fumes; on contact with acids,
water or steam it evolves toxic
Section 2

THIOCARBONYL TETRACHLORIDE
Description:
Yellow crystals.
Formula: CSC1 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 185. 90
B. P. 149 C (slight decomp. )
Density 1. 712 @13C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
toxic fumes of chlorides and
rate): Section 2
acute toxicity. Prolonged

absorption may produce various
skin eruptions, running nose, and
ocasionally dizziness, cramps,
nausea, vomiting and mild or
severe disturbances of the nervous
system.
cyanides.
THIOCYANIC ACID
Synonym: Isocyanic acid.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless gas.
HSCN
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. 5C
B. P.
Toxicity:
59.09
Decomposes
Moderate. See Thiocyanates.

P - THIOC YANOC HLOROBENZ ENE
Formula:
C1C 6 H 4SCN
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 169. 6
fumigant. See Chlorobenzene.
cyanides and chlorides.
THIOCYANOGEN
Liquid or yellow solid.
(SCN) 2
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 116. 17
M. P. -2 to -3 C (decomp. )
highly toxic.
oxides of sulfur and cyanides.
<
THIOCYANOPROPYL PHENYL ETHER

M. P. Alpha
THIOCYANOPROPYL PHENYL
ETHER
= 28. 65C; Beta =

10C
Density 1. 1095 @ 30 C
22.

also Ethers.
highly toxic fumes.
1182
nides.

THIOGLYCOLIC ACID
Synonyms: Mercaptoacetic acid;
2-mercaptoethanoic acid.
THIODIETHYLENE GLYCOL
Description:
Synonym:
Formula:
Thiodiglycol.
Description: Syrupy, colorless
Formula: (CH 2 CH 2 OH) 2 S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 2
M. P. -11.2C
B. P. 282 C
Flash P. 320 F (O. C. )
Density 1.1847 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 21
Glycols.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame.
when exposed


materials.
Liquid.
HSCH 2 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 92. 11
M. P. -16. 5C
B. P. 104 - 106C @11
Density 1 3253 @20 /4C
mm
tion 3;
Inhalation

For other properties, see Hydrogen
Sulfide, which is readily evolved
by this compound.
rate):
Section 2

Section
THIOMALIC ACID
THIODIGLYCOLIC ACID
Description: A white powder.
Formula: HOOCCH 2 SCH 2 COOH
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150.
M. P. 150C
M. P.
Off white powder.
Formula:
HC0 2 CH 2 C(SH)HC0 2 H
150
128C
Details unknown; probably

moderately toxic.
Disaster Control: Moderately danToxicity:
gerous; when heated to decomposition or on contact with acid or

Toxicity:
Unknown
THIONYL BROMIDE
THIODIPHENYLAMINE.
Description: Yellow
Formula: SOBr 2
See
Phenothiazine.
j3
|3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
-THIODIPROPIONITRILE
Description:
White crystals.
M. P.
Formula: S(CH 2 CH 2 CN) 2

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
None
207. 90
to -50C
-52C
mm
mm @ 31.
B. P. 138C (5)773
Density 2. 68 @18C
Vap. Press. 10
140.20
Toxic Rating Code:
liquid.
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
THIONYL FLUORIDE
1183

3;
Inges-
Inhalation 3
Ingestion 3;
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
acids to produce toxic and cortion
3;
Acute Systemic:
rosive fumes.
rate): Section 2
TfflONYL CHLORIDE
MCA
warning label.
THIONYL CHLORIDE FLUORIDE
Colorless to yellow to
Gas.
Description:
Formula: SOC1F
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 52
M. P. -139. 5C
B. P.
Synonym: Sulfurous oxychloride.

Description:

rate): Section 2
I. C.C.
12.
2C

red liquid.
halation
Formula: SOCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 119.0
M. P. -105C
B. P. 78. 8 @746
Density 1 640 @ 1 5. 5 /l 5. 5 C
Toxicity: This material has a
pungent odor similar to that of
mm
sulfur dioxide, and fumes upon

exposure to air. In the presence
of moisture it decomposes into
hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxBoth these decomposition
ide.
products are very toxic and constitute serious toxic hazards.
The material itself is more toxic
than sulfur dioxide.
In experi-

Chronic Local: Irritant 2; Inhalation

can shatter the gas container, releasing the contents; when heated,
emits highly toxic fumes; will
react with water or steam to pro-
it

rate): Section 2
THIONYL FLUORIDE
ments with animals, it was found

that an exposure of 20 minutes
Description:
to a concentration of 17.5 ppm

was fatal to cats. It is classified as a corrosive liquid and
can cause burns of the skin,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86.07
B. P. -30C
Density 2.93
mucous membranes
comes in contact
body. See also Hydrogen
eyes, and
wherever
it
with the
Chloride and Sulfur Dioxide.
exposed should follow the treatment outlined under hydrogen
chloride and sulfur dioxide.
Disaster Control:
Corrosive. See
Hydrochloric Acid and Sulfur
Dioxide.
In-
3;
Colorless gas.
Formula: SOF 2
M. P.
-110C

halation
In-
3;

can shatter the container releasing
,
the contents;
when heated,
emits highly toxic fames;
it
will
TfflOPHENE
1184

fumes.
oxides of sulfur and phosphorus.

Section 2
Description:
rate):
TfflOPHENE
Synonym:
Thiofuran.
Description: Clear and colorless
liquid.
Formula:
SCHCHCHC H
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
84. 13
1C
Flash P. > 30 F
Density 1. 0583 @25/4C
Vap. D. 2. 9
Toxicity: Details unknown. ConB. P.
84.
sidered to be more toxic than

benzene.
rate): Section 2
TfflOPHOSGENE. See Thiocarbonyl

Chloride.
Section 11.

TfflOPHOSPHORAMIDE
Description: Amorphous, yellowwhite powder.
Formula: PS(NH 2 ) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 111. 12
M. P. Decomposes
Density 1. 7 @13C
Toxicity:
@200C
Unknown

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
THIOPHOSPHORYL BROMIDE
Formula: PSBr 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 302. 8
M. P. 38C
Density 2.85 @17C
toxic. See also Bromides.
highly toxic fumes of bromides,
oxides of sulfur and phosphorus;
fumes.
Section
THIOPHOSPHORYL CHLORIDE
Synonym: Phosphorus sulfochloride.
liquid, pungent odor.
Formula: PSC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
169.45
125C
Freezing P. 35C
Flash P. None
B. P.
Vap. D. 5.86
3;
Inhalation 3
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
fumes.
rate):
Section


Shipping Regulations: Section 1 1.
Corrosive
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
1185
4-THIOXANE
1,
TfflOPHOSPHORYL DIBROMIDE
CHLORIDE
Description:
Pale green, fuming

oxides of sulfur.
it
<
liquid.
Formula: PSBr 2 Cl
THIOSULFATES
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity: Up to 12 grams of sodium

thiosulfate can be taken daily by
258. 34
M. P. -60 C
B. P. 98C @60
Density Liquid: 2.48 @0C

Highly corrosive and
toxic. See Thiophosphoryl
Toxicity:
Chloride.
TfflOPHOSPHORYL FLUORIDE
Description:
Formula:
mouth with no ill

catharsis. Most
mm
Gas.
PSF 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 05
M. P. 3. 8C @7. 6 atm.
B. P. Decomposes
Inhalation 3
rate): Section 2
sulfate s have low

emit highly toxic fumes of oxides
of sulfur.
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
C 10H 12 N 4OS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 236. 3
M. P. 207C
an insecticide.
114. 15
Unknown
Toxicity:


THIOUREA
Synonym: Thiocarbamide.
Description: White powder or
crystals.
NH 2 CSNH 2
Formula:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
M. P.
B.
180
76.
182C
Decomposes
Density 1.405
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 1
Chronic Local:
1;
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion
1;
Inhalation 1
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; when
"THIOSEMICARBAZONE"
Formula:
Section
THIOSULFURIC ACID
Formula: H 2 S 2 3
Synonym: p-Acetylaminobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone.

Description: Pale yellow crystals.
effect except
of the thiotoxicity.
sulfur.

THIOVANIC ACID. See
Thioglycolic
Acid.
THIOVANOL.
See Mononthioglycerol.
toxic;
1,
4-THIOXANE
Description:
mobile
Water, white, refractive
liquid;
p-TfflOXENE
1186
Formula: 0(CH 2 CH 2 2 S
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 1
B. P. 148. 7C
Freezing P. 17C
Density 1. 117 @20C
moderately toxic.
materials.
P-THIOXENE
Synonyms: 2, 4-Thioxene; 2,4-dimethyl thiophene.
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(CHg^C^S
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112.2
B. P. 138C
Acute Local: U
Acute Systemic: Inhalation 2;
Skin Absorption 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
materials.
Section 2
THORIUM
Description:
Cubic
;ray crystals.
Formula: Th
Constants: At. Wt.
M. P. 1845C
B. P.
232. 12

isotope Th 228 (Radiothorium), halflife:
1. 9 years;
emits alpha
rays of 0. 08 mev. Th 228 is a
member
of the thorium series.

The following members of the
series
to equilibrium with
either an internal or an external

hazard. Thorium 228 is a source
of thoron and the precautions
given under thoron (Rn220 ) should
be followed.
Natural isotope Th 232 half10
life:
1. 39 X 10
years; emits
alpha particles of 3. 98 mev.
Th 232 is the parent of the thorium
series. While no permissible
level is given in NBS Handbook
No. 42, the activity level given
for uranium might be considered
a temporary working standard.
While there are differences in
metabolism and relative half-lives
of members of the system, there
are no data available for determining a better figure. Th 232 is
a source of thoron and precautions
recommended under thoron
(Rn220 ) should be followed.
Natural isotope Th 234 (UXj),
half -life: 24. 1 days; emits beta
particles of 0. 11 mev (20%) and
The permissible
of 0. 093 mev.
levels are: In body: 120 micro,
-7
microcuries; in air: 6 X 10
curie per milliliter; in water:
3
microcuries per milliliter.
Th234 is the direct daughter of

U 238 in the uranium series. Th 234
and its daughter, Pa 234 are the
radiation from
source of
,
j3
uranium which has been separated

from radium and other daughters.
flame or by chemical reaction with
oxidizers. See Powdered Metals
(Section 6).
rate): Section 2
Flam1. C.C. Classification:

> 3000C
Density 11.2
Toxic Rating Code:
come
Th228 very rapidly and may present
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TIGLIC ACID
1187
THORIUM COMPOUNDS
For radiation hazard, see Thorium.
THORIUM PICRATE
Th(C 6 H 2 N 3
Formula:

7 )4
of dust,
10H 2 O
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 1324. 68
Toxicity: See Picrates.
Radiation Hazard: See Thorium
Dangerous.
Fire Hazard:
tion
See
THYME
See
brown
sharp
Density 0. 894 - 0. 930 @25/25C

inert gas.
tion
Formula: Tn or Rn 220
Acute Systemic: U
Constant:
At. Wt. 220
Toxicity: See Radiation Hazard
Inhalation
under Thorium.
isotope Rn 220 (Thoron), half-life:
54. 5 seconds; emits alpha
particles of 6. 28 mev. Rn 220 is
member
THYMOL
thorium series.
level is given in
No. 42, but a
of the
Synonym:
NBS Handbook
Description:
crystals.
level of 10~ 2 microcurie per

milliliter has been recommended.
While thoron is very shortall
formed rapidly from

thorium compounds. It and
its
daughters
may
is
Colorless, translucent
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150. 2
M. P. 51 C
B. P. 233C
Density 0. 972
Vap. Press. 1
@ 64. 3 C
present an
inhalation hazard. Good ventilation of all areas where thorium

or its daughters are handled or
stored
Thyme camphor.
Formula: CjqHÔ
is
it
1;

No permissible
lived,
Corlorles to reddishpleasant odor;
liquid;
taste.
Constant:
THORON
OIL
Description:
Nitrates.
See Nitrates.
An
6).

Nitrates.
Description:
in water: 2. 5
curie per milliliter.
Fire Hazard:
Crystalline powder.
Description:
microcurie per milliX 10~ 2 micro-
X 10
liter;
mm
recommed.

rate): Section 2
Inhalation 2
THULIUM
Description:
element.
Formula:
rare earth metallic
Tm
Constant:
At
Wt. 169.40
Toxicity: Unknown
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Tm 170 half -life:
0. 97 mev (90%) and 0. 89 mev
(10%) and gamma rays of 0. 08
.

toxic fumes.
TIGLIC ACID
Synonym: Crotonalic acid.
Description: Thick, syrupy liquid
or colorless crystals.
Formula:
CH 3 CHC(CH 3 )C0 2 H
TIME FUZES
1188
fumes on exposure to air

due to evolution of hydrohalogen
acid fumes on hydrolysis.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 11
M. P. 65C
ting
B. P. 198. 5C
Density 0. 9641
TIN FLUORIDE
Synonym: Stannous fluoride;
tin
bifluoride.
Description:
White, lustrous, crystal
powder.
Formula: SnF 2
line
tion 2

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 156. 70
TIN MONOPHOSPHIDE
Synonyms:
TIME FUZES.
See Explosives,
High.
sive C.

Explosive C.
Tin phosphide; stannic

phosphide.
Description: Silver-white crystals.
Formula
SnP
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 149. 68
Density 6. 56
For other properties, see Phosphides.
TIN (ALPHA)
Description:
metal.
Cubic gray crystalline
Synonyms: Stannous oxide; stannic
Formula: Sn
oxide (cassiterite).
Description: Tetragonal black
Constants:
At. Wt. 118. 70
M. P. 231. 9C; stabilizes
powder.
Formula: SnO,
below 18C
B. P. 2260C
Density 5. 75
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Sn 113 half-life: 112
days; emits gamma rays of 0.09
mev. The permissible levels
are: In body: 80 microcuries;
in air: 6 X 10~ 7 microcurie per
milliliter; in water: 0.2 microcurie per milliliter.
dust, when exposed to heat or
by spontaneous chemical reaction.
See also Powdered Metals (Sec,
tion
TIN OXIDE
6).
TIN COMPOUNDS
Variable. Neither tin
nor any of its compounds is
generally regarded as being industrially toxic. Both stannic
bromide and stannic chloride
(tin tetrachloride) produce irrita-
SnO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134. 70
M. P. Decomposes @700 - 950C
Density 6.446 @0C
TIN TETRACHLORIDE
Synonym: Stannic chloride.
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: SnCl 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 260. 53
M. P. -33C
B. P. 114. 1C
Density 2. 232
Acid.
Toxicity:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
TIN TETRACHLORIDE, ANHYDROUS

I.
liquid;
2 =
Section 11.
Moderate
Corrosive
white label.
3 =
High
Unknown
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS
1189
Cor-

rosive liquid;
Highly toxic. See

Phenol.
to heat or flame.
heated, it emits toxic fumes; can
Toxicity:
white label.
TIN TETRAHYDRIDE
Synonym: Stannane
Description:
Gas.
Formula: SnH 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B.
122. 73
-150C
-52. C (decomp.
See Hydrides.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to flame. See also
Hydrides (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exposed to flame. See also Hydrides.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated, it emits toxic
fumes and may explode; can react with oxidizing materials.
Section 2
Toxicity:
TIN
Tetramethylstannane.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula: Sn(CH 3 ) 4
B. P.
178. 84
@0C
phides.
TITANIUM
800 C for
250 C
in air;
Compounds.

Fire Hazard:
tion
6).
Section 11.
TETRAPHENYL
1800C
Above 3000 C
for powder.
Toxicity: See Titanium
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS
Section 2
Formula: (CH 5 ) 4Sn
M. P. 226C
B. P. 424C
Flash P. 450 F (C. C. )
Density 1.490
to
For other properties, see Phos-
massive metal

exposed to flame.
Explosive Range: 1 90% (L. E. L.
heated, it emits acrid furnes
and may explode; can react with
TIN
Sn 4 P 3
Density 4. 10
Density 4. 5 @ 20 C
Autoign. Temp. 700
314 @0/4C
1.
211. 64
M. P. Decomposes < 415C
B. P.
78C
Density
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Constants
Mol. Wt.
Crystals.
Description:
Formula: SnP 3
Description: Dark gray, amorphous

powder or white, lustrous metal.
Formula: Ti
Constants:
At. Wt. 47. 90
TETRAMETHYL
Synonym:
TIN TRIPHOSPHIDE

halation
1;
In-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxicology: This material is considered to be physiologically
inert.
There are no reported
cases in the literature where
titanium as such has caused intoxication. The dusts of titanium
or titanium compounds such as
TITANIUM DIBROMIDE
1190
titanium oxide may be placed in

Titanium
the nuisance category.
tetrachloride, however, is an
irritating and corrosive material,
because, when exposed to mois-
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 49. 9
Density 3. 76
Toxicity: See Hydrides and Titanium
ture, it hydrolyzes to hydrogen

chloride. See Hydrochloric Acid,

Burns brilliantly
to heat or flame.
in air. See Hydrides.
form of dust, by chemical reaction.
TITANIUM DIBROMIDE
Description:
Formula:
Black powder.
TiBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 207. 73
Compounds.
TITANIUM ISOPROPYLATE.
TITANIUM METAL POWDER. WET
WITH NOT LESS THAN 20%

WATER.
TITANIUM DICHLORIDE
Description: Light brown to black,
deliquescent solid.
Formula: TiCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 81
M. P. Sublimes in H 2
Toxicity: See Titanium Compounds
chemical reaction with oxygen
or air (Section 6).
Acid.

Inflammable solid; yellow
TITANIUM MONOSULFIDE
TITANIUM NITRIDE
Brassy crystals.
TiN
Description:
Formula:
Description:
Toxicity:
Blue crystals.
Formula: TiO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 79. 90
M. P. 1640 C (decomp. )
Density 4. 26
Toxicity: See Titanium Compounds.
(tentative);
15 milli-
label.
Description: Reddish solid.

Formula: TiS
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 79. 97
Synonym: Rutile.
TITANIUM DIOXIDE
Section 11.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 62.
M. P. 2950 C
Density 5.43
MAC: ACGIH
See
Isopropyl Titanate.
Unknown
TITANIUM OXALATE
10H 2 O
Formula: Ti 2 (C 2 4 ) 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 540. 02
of air.
TITANIUM PHOSPHIDE
TITANIUM DISULFIDE
Description;
Description: Yellow scales.

Formula: TiS 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 112. 03
For further properties, see Sulfides
Formula: TiP
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Density
Gray, metallic solid.
78. 88
3.
95
@25C
For other properties, see Phosphides.
TITANIUM HYDRIDE
Description: Metallic, dark gray
powder or crystals.
Formula:
TiH 2
Toxic Rating Code:
TITANIUM SESQUISULFIDE
Description:
Grayish-black crystals.
Formula: Ti 2 S 3
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TOLUENE
1191
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 192.00
For other properties, see Sulfides,
TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE
Description:
liquid;
Formula:
B. P.
in
moist
air.
TiCl 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Colorless, light yellow
fumes
189.73
-30 C
136. 4C
Ti 2 (S0 4 ) 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 383.98
Toxicity: See Titanium Compounds.
Formula:
TOBACCO
Description: Dried leaves.
Acute Systemic (infusions):
Density 1. 722 @ 25 /Z5 C

Titanium Compounds.
Acid.
Corrosive

TITANIUM TETRAFLUORIDE
TOLUENE
Description:
Formula:
White powder.
TiF 4
Ingestion 2; Inhalation 2;
Skin Absorption 2
gen 1
Remarks: See Nicotine (2).
rate):
Section
2
7
Synonyms: Methylbenzene; phenyl

methane; toluol.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123. 90
B. P. 284C
Density 2. 798 @20. 5 C
Description: Colorless liquid; benzol-like odor.
TITANIUM TRICHLORIDE
Density 0. 866 @ 20 /4C

Vap. D. 3. 14
Toxicology: Toluene is derived from
coal tar, and commercial grades
usually contain small amounts of
benzene as an impurity. Acute
Formula:
CH 5CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
92. 13
-95C to -94. 5C
B. P.
110. 4C
Flash P. 40F (C.C.
M. P.
Description:
Dark violet-colored
in solution.
Formula:
TiCl 3
Acid.
TITANIUM TRIFLUORIDE
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Purple-red or violet
TiF 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 104. 90
poisoning, resulting from exposures to high concentrations of

the vapors, are rare with toluene.
Inhalation of 200 ppm of toluene
for 8 hours
TITANOUS SULFATE
Description:
Crystalline, green,
may cause impairment
coordination and reaction time;

with higher concentrations
of
2,
4-TOLUENEDIAMINE
1192
(up to 800 ppm) these effects are

increased and are observed in a
shorter time. In the few cases of
acute toluene poisoning reported,

the effect has been that of a narcotic, the workman passing
through a stage of intoxication inRecovery followto one of coma.
ing removal from exposure has
been the rule. An occasional report of chronic poisoning describes an anemia and leucopenia,
with biopsy showing a bone marrow hypoplasia. These effects,
however, are less common in
people working with toluene, and
they are not as severe.
Exposure to concentrations up
to 200 ppm produces few symptoms. At 200 to 500 ppm, headache, nausea, loss of appetite, a
bad taste, lassitude, impairment

of coordination and reaction time
are reported, but are not usually
accompanied by any laboratory
or physical findings of significance. With higher concentra-
above complaints are

increased, and in addition, anemia, leucopenia and enlarged
liver may be found in rare cases.
tions, the

6).

exposed to flame.
Section 2
Description:
Formula:

warning label.
MCA
2,
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
None
This material has a
Toxicology:
marked
upon the
liver and can cause fatty degeneration of that organ. It is also
toxic action
thought to be an irritant. When

solutions of it come in contact
with the skin, it can cause irritation and blisters, particularly to
individuals who are sensitive to it.
toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
5
2,
-TOLUENE DIAMINE
Synonyms:
2, 5-Toluenediamine;
5-diaminotoluene.
Description: Colorless, crystalline
2,
tablets.
Formula:
CH 3 C 6 H3(NH 2 )2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
122. 17
64C
274C
B. P.
Acute Local: U
M. P.
2;
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion
2;
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: This material has a

toxic action upon the liver and can
cause fatty degeneration of that
organ. Its total effect upon the
body seems to take place 3 different ways. It is toxic to the central nervous system. It produces
jaundice by action on the liver
and spleen, and it produces anemia

by destruction of the red blood
4-TOLUENEDIAMINE
=
2;
Inhalation 2
In this action it is quite

similar to aniline, although by no
cells.
Synonym: Tolylenediamine.
Toxic Rating Code:
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 17
M. P. 99 C
B. P.
280C
Acute Local: U
rate):
I.
Prisms.
CH 3 C 6H 3 (NH 2
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
o-TOLUIDINE
1193
means identical with it. Its high

boiling point and the fact that the
material is solid at room temperature makes it somewhat less
hazardous than aniline, particularly at ordinary working temperatures. The literature contains a
reference to a permanent injury
to an eye due to the use of this
material as an eyelash dye. It is
considered to be an irritant dye
material. It can cause irritation
and blisters on the fingers of
individuals whose skins are sensitive to
it.

toxic fumes.
rate):
Section 2

TOLUENE SUBSTITUTE
Description: Con-poses largely of
octanes.
Constants: B. P. 100C
Flash P. 30F
Density 0. 743
Toxicity: See Octane.

materials.

sulfur.
m-TOLUIDINE
Synonym: m-Methylaniline.
Formula:
CH 3 C 6H4NH 2

M. P. -31. 5C
B. P. 203. 3C
Density 0. 989 @ 20 /4C
Vap. Press. 1
@41 C
Vap. D. 3. 90
Toxicity: See o-Toluidine.
tetrachloride.
rate): Section 2
mm
MCA
warning label.
o-TOLUIDINE
Synonym: o-Methylaniline.
Formula:
CH-jC^NHz
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
-16. 3C
M. P.
Section
Section
107.2
B. P. 199. 7C
Density 1. 004 @ 20 /4C
)
o-
TOLUENE SULFONIC ACID
Synonym: Methyl benzene sulfonic

acid.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
CH 3 C 6 H4 S0 3 H
Constant: Mol. Wt. 172. Z

also Sulfonic Acid.
it
emits

sulfur.
Section
P-TOLUENE SULFONYLAMIDE
Toxicity: Details unknown; fungicide

@44C
Vap. Press. 1
Vap. D. 3. 69
Acute Local: Irritant 2; Allergen
Ingestion 2
1;
MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 5 parts per
cubic meter of air.
Toxicology: This material can produce severe systemic disturbances
The main portal of entry into the
mm
p-TOLUIDINE
body
is the
1194
respiratory tract,
particularly in cases of industrial
exposure. The symptoms produced by intoxication due to this

compound are headache, weakness, difficulty in breathing, airhunger, psychic disturbances, and
marked irritation of the kidneys
and bladder. The literature does
not yield any good data for comparing the toxicities of the ortho,
meta and para isomers. Their
behavior is generally comparable
to that of aniline, and while the
most frequent type of exposure is
inhalation, a certain amount of
exposure occurs by skin contact.
It has been determined experimentally that a concentration of
approximately 100 ppm is the
maximum endurable for an hour
without serious consequences, and
that from 6 to 23 ppm is endurable
for several hours without serious
disturbance. See Aniline.

materials.
rate): Section 2
MCA

tetrachloride.

fumes; can react vigorously on
contact with oxidizing materials.
rate): Section 2
MCA warning label.
o- TOLUOL SULFOACID
Formula: C 14H 14 3 S
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
262. 32
Flash P. 363 F
Toxicity: Unknown.
materials.
o-TOLYL BIGUANIDE HYDROCHLORIDE

Description:
Colorless crystals.
Formula:
CH 3 C 6 H 4NHC(NH)NHC(NH)NH 2
warning label.
Mol. Wt. 227.

M. P. 227 C
Density 1.264 @30C
Constants:
P-
TOLUIDINE
Synonym: p-Methy laniline.

Description:
Formula:
Colorless leaflets.
CH 3 C 6 H 4NH 2

M. P. 44. 5C
B. P.
200. 4C
Flash P. 188 F (C. C. )
Density 1. 046 @20 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 90
Toxicity: See o-Toluidine.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Toxicity:
HC1
Unknown.

highly toxic fumes.
P-TOLYL DIETHANOLAMINE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: (HOC 2 H 4 ) 2 NC 6 H 4 CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
2 =
195.25
63.2C
Moderate
3 = High
Unknown
"TOXAPHENE"
1195
Flash P.
Vap. D.
385 F (O. C.

Section
73
Details unknown.
6.
Toxicity:
also Amines.
TOLYL MERCURY SALICYLATE


Organic.
Compounds, Organic.
Toxicity:
o-TOLYL PROPANOLAMINE
Description:
Liquid.
TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE
Formula:
Synonym: Toluene diisocyanate.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165. 2
B. P. 170 - 180C @20
Vap. D. 5. 7
Liquid or crystals.
Description:
Formula: C 6 H 3 CH 3 (NCO) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174. 2
B. P.
120 C @10
Freezing P. 19.5 - 21.5C
Density 1. 22 @25C
Vap. D. 6. 01
Toxicity: See Isocyanates.
mm
2,
4-
TOLYLENE DIISOCYANATE
Clear faintly yellow
Description:
liquid.
Formula:
See
H 3 CC 6 H 3 (NCO) 2
CH 3 C 6 H 4 NHCH 2 CHOHCH 3
mm
See also
Amines.
P - TOLUENE
o-TOLYL
Formula: C 14 H 14
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
SULFONATE
3S
262. 31

Toxicity: Unknown.
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174. 16
B. P. 118 - 120 C at 10
Freezing P. 20 C
Density 1.22 @20/4C
local irritant; can act as a mild
mm
sensitizing agent.

when

highly toxic fumes.
"TOXAPHENE"
o-TOLYL ETHANOLAMINE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 413. 84
M. P. 65 - 90C
Chronic Local: U
Caution: The Food and Drug Admin-
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 3 C 6 H 4 NHCH 2 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
151. 2
-25C
297. 1C
Flash P.
Density
290F
(O. C.
0723 @20/20C
1.
Toxicity:
also Amines.

Synonym: Chlorinated camphene.

Description: Yellow, waxy solid.
Formula: C 10H 10 C1 8
istration (1955) proposes a tolerance of 7 ppm for residues on

fruits and vegetables.
Toxicology: Toxic and in some instances lethal amounts of
TOY CAPS
1196
toxaphene can enter the bodythrough the mouth, lungs, and

skin. Systemic absorption of the
insecticide is increased by the
presence of digestible oils and
liquid preparations of the insecticide penetrate the skin more
readily than do dusts and wettable
powders.
Toxaphene resembles chlordane and to some extent camphor
in its physiological action. It
causes diffuse stimulation of the
brain and spinal cord resulting in
generalized convulsions of a tonic
or clonic character. Death usually results from respiratory failure. Detoxification appears to
occur in the liver.

rate): Section 2
TOY CAPS.

I.
Inhalation

Inhalation
1;

TRANSFORMER OIL
Synonym: Transil oil.
Constants:
Flash P. 295F (O.C.
Density 0. 9
Toxicity: Unknown

to heat or flame.
6).

when heated it emits acrid fumes;
"TRANSOTE."
See Creosote.
TREMETOL
Acute Local: U
3;
Inhalation 3
Chronic Systemic: U
Found in Rich-wheat or
Snake -root. Can occur in milk
of cows that have eaten either of
Caution:
TRACERS.

I.
these.
TRIALLYL CYANURATE
Description:
Colorless liquid or
solid.
TRACERS FUZES.
Formula: C 12 H 1503N3
TRAGACANTH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 249.26
B. P. 120C @5
Freezing P. 27. 3 C
Flash P. > 176F (T.O.C.)
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
See Explosive,
High.
Explosive C.
Gum tragacanth.
Description: Powder is white;
pieces are white to pale yellow,
translucent and horny.
Synonym:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
mm
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
_..-
TRIBROMOETHANOL
1197
exposed
to heat or
flame (Sec-
tion 6).

cyanides.
Section 2
TRIAMYLAMINE
Description: A clear,
water-white
or pale yellow liquid; amine

odor.
Formula: (C 5 H n ) 3 N
B. P. 232 C
mm
@26C
Vap. Press. 7
Flash P. 190 F (O. C. )
Density 0.79 - 0. 80 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 7. 83
Amines.
toxic fumes.
TRIAMYL BENZENE
Formula: (C 5H n ) 3 C 6 H 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 288. 50
B. P. 300 C
Flash P. 270 F (O. C. )
Density 0. 87
Benzene.
Fire Hazard:
when exposed
can react with
Slight,
to heat or flame;

clear liquid;
n-amyl alcohol.
Formula:
odor of
B(C5H n O) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Alcohol.
when exposed
can react with
Slight,
to heat or flame;

TRI-2-BIPHENYLYL PHOSPHATE
Formula: (C 6H 5 C 6H4
)3
P0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 554. 6
M. P. 113 - 115C
phosphorus.
TRIBORON SILICIDE
Rhombic, black
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
B 3 Si

Density 2. 52
Boron Compounds.
Fire Hazard:
Moderate, by chem-
ical reaction. Reacts with

moisture to liberate hydrogen.
the form of dust by chemical

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; will react with water
hydrogen.
TRIBROMOETHANOL
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: CBr 3 CH 2 OH
B. P.
Toxicity:
Mol. Wt.
282.8
79 - 82 C
92 - 93C @10
Details unknown.
mm
See
Bromides and Alcohols.

272.23
Description: White, granular solid.
M. P.
Tri-N-amyl borate.
Description:
Amyl
Fire Hazard:
Constants:
TRIAMYL BORATE
Synonym:
mm
B. P. 110 - 114C @2
Flash P. 265 F
Density 0.852 @27C
Vap. D. 9.4
TRIBROMOGERMANE
decomposition
it
1198
emits toxic
fumes of bromides.
Toxicity:
TRIBROMOGERMANE
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
GeHBr 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 313. 36
M. P. -24. 0C
B. P. Decomposes
pounds.
TRI- N-BROMOMELAMINE
White powder.
Formula: Br 3 C 3 H 3 N 6
Description:
toxic.
Slight, by chemical reaction or on contact with
allyl alcohol at room temperature.
Explosion Hazard:
acid fumes, it emits toxic fumes
of bromides.
1-TRIBROMO-2-METHYL-2-
PROPANOL
Description:
Formula:
Fine white crystals.
TRIBUTYLAMINE
Description: A colorless
Formula: (C4H 9 3 N
toxic.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it can emit highly toxic
of
bromides.
Section
TRIBUTOXY ETHYL PHOSPHATE

with butyl-like odor.
(C 4 H 9 OC 2 H 40) 3 PO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 398
M. P. -70C
B. P. 200 - 230C @4
Flash P. 435 F
Density 1. 02 @20 /20C
Vap. Press. 0. 03
@ 1 50 C
Vap. D. 13.8
Formula:
mm
mm
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
liquid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 185. 35
M. P. -70C
B. P. 213C
Density 0. 78 - 0. 79
Vap. D. 6. 38
See
Amines.
to heat or flame.

Constants: Mol. Wt.

Mol. Wt. 310. 8
M. P. 176 - 177C
fumes

CBr 3 C(CH 3 2 OH
when exposed
See
Bromides and Germanium Com-
1,1,
Slight,
flame.
to heat or
Synonym: Germanium bromoform.

Description:
Details unknown.
Fire Hazard:
TRI-n-
BUTYL BORATE
Description:
Colorless, mobile liquid.
Odor like n-butyl alcohol.

Formula: B(OC 4 H 9 3
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 230. 16
B. P. 230C
Freezing P. < -70 C
Flash P. 200 F (C.O.C.
Density 0. 847 @28C
Vap. D. 7.95
See Boron Compounds

and n-Butanol.
Toxicity:
6).
acid fumes, it can emit toxic
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TRIBUTYRIN
1199
No

ide,
TRI- sec -BUTYL
BORATE
Description: Colorless liquid, odor

of sec-butanol.
Formula: [CH 3 CH 2 C(CH3)OH] 3 B

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 230. 16
B. P. 184 - 192C
Density 0. 829 @24C
sec-Butanol.
heated
to
decomposition
it
emits

phosphorus and on contact with
oxidizing materials, it can react
vigorously.
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHINE OXIDE

Crystals.
Description:
Formula: (C 4H 9
)3
PO
TRIBUTYL CITRATE
A liquid.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 218. 3
Toxicity: Details unknown; possibly
quite high; has been known to
damage the eyes of experimental
animals.
Formula:
(CH 2 COOC 4H 9
phosphorus.
Description:
)2
COHCOOC 4H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 360.44
M. P. -20C
232C
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHITE
Toxicity: Has been known to damage
the eyes of experimental animals.
See Phosphorous Acid and Butanol.
B. P.
Density
1.
042
@ 25 /25C

Vap. D. 12.41
Citric Acid.

TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
Description:
Colorless, odorless
liquid.
Formula:
(C 4 H 9 ) 3 P0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 266. 32
M. P. < -80C
B. P. 292C
Density 0. 982 @20C
Vap. D. 9.20
Phosphoric Acid.
to heat or flame.
heated
to
decomposition
it
emits
phosphorus.
Section
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
Description: Colorless liquid, mild
characertistic odor.
Formula: (C 4 H 9 0) 3 PS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 282. 3
B. P. 142 - 145C @4. 5
Density 0. 987 @20 /4C
mm
moderate.
highly toxic fumes of phosphorous
and oxides of sulfur; can react vig
orously with oxidizing materials.
TRIBUTYRIN
Synonym: Glyceryl tributyrate.
TRICHLORACETIC ACID
1200
Formula: C 15H 2 606

Constants:
M. P.
Mol. Wt.
Ingestion
-75C
312 - 315C
Density 1. 0356 @ 20 /20 C
B. P.
Toxicity:
Unknown
TRICHLORACETIC ACID
CCl 3 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 163.40
B. P. 197. 5C
Freezing P. 57. 5 C
Flash P. None
Density 1 6298 @ 61 /4C
Acute Local: Irritant 3; Inges.
tion
3;
Inhalation

Section 2
TRICHLOROACETONITRILE
Synonym: Chlorocyanohydrin.
Description: Crystals; odor of HCN.
Formula: Cl 3 CH(OH)CN
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 174.4
M. P. 61 C
B. P. 220 C
TRICHLOROACETYL CHLORIDE
Synonym: Superpalite.
Liquid.
Formula: CCl 3 COCl

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 181. 86
B. P. 118C
Density 1. 629 @16C
Toxic Rating Code:
TRICHLOROACETYL CHLOROETHYLAMIDE
quito repellent.
moswhen

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Description:
Inhalation 3
military poison.
Section 2
Caution:

Formula:
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
302.4
1,2,
3-TRICHLOROBENZENE
Description:
White crystals.
Formula: C6H 3 C1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
181. 5
M. P.
52.6C
B. P.
221 C

Density 1. 69 @25/25C
Vap. D. 6. 26
Acute Local: U
2;
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: Causes loss of

hair of experimental animals.
Inhalation 2

to heat or flame.

Section 2
3;
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TRICHLOROBUTANE
1201
1
2,
4-TRICHLOROBENZENE
Synonym: uns-Trichlorobenzene.
Description:
Formula:
Colorless
liqui'd.
CH 3 C1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 181. 5
M. P. 17C
B. P. 213C
Flash P. 230F(C.C.)
Density 1. 454 @25 /25C

Vap. Press. 1
@38. 4C
Vap. D. 6.26
Acute Local: U
l-TRICHLORO-2,
mm
Ingestion
Slight,
to heat or flame.
2-BIS( P -BROMO-
Synonym: Bromine analog

Description:
of D. D. T.
Crystals
Formula: (BrC 6 H4 2 CHCCl 3

)
2;
Inhalation 2
Fire Hazard:
emits
PHENYL) ETHANE
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
it

Section 2
when exposed
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 443.4
Toxicity: Details unknown; a pesticide. See D.D. T.


l-TRICHLORO-2, 2-BIS(p-FLUORO-
it
when
emits

Section 2
1.3,
5-TRICHLOROBENZENE
Synonym: sym-Trichlorobenzene.
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
C 6H 3 C1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
bromides.
Section
PHENYL) ETHANE
Synonym: Fluorine analog
Description:
Formula:
of D. D. T.
Crystals.
(FCfcH^CHCCL,
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 321. 6
highly toxic. A pesticide. See
also D.D. T.
and fluorides.
Section 7
181. 5
M. P. 63.4C
B. P. 208. 5C
mm
Vap. Press. 10
@ 78. 0C
Vap. D. 6.26
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: Causes loss of

hair of experimental animals.
Inhalation 2

dioxide, or dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6).
l-TRICHLORO-2,
2- BIS (p-METHOXY-
PHENYL) ETHANE
Synonym: Methoxy analog
of D. D. T.
DMDT.
Description:
Formula
Crystals.
(CH 3 OC 6 H 4 2 CHCCl 3
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 345. 6
Toxicity: Details unknown; a pesticide. See also D. D. T.
TRICHLOROBUTANE
Formula: C1 3 C 4H 7
a, a,
/3-TRICHLOROBUTYRAMIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Toxicity: Details unknown; a pesticide. See also Chlorobenzene and
154. 5
B. P. 168C
Flash P. 195F

heated to decompositon it emits
a, a,
j3
-TRICHLOROBUTYRAMIDE
Description:
Formula:
1202
Crystals.

vigorously with reducing materials,
a -TRICHLOROETHANE
Synonyms: 1,1, 1 -Trichloroethane;
methyl chloroform.
Formula:
a pesti-
stomach insecticide.
Section
tion
1;
Inhalation 2

PHENYLETHANE
2;
Inhalation 2
an
insecticide.
Disaster Control:
Dangerous; when
heated to decompositon it emits
74.
TRICHLOROC HLOROPHENYL
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 320. 1
CH 3 CC1 3
133.42
1C
Flash P. None
Density 1 3492 @ 20 /4 C
cide;
Nitrates.

Disaster Control: Dangerous; wiien
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
CH 3 CHClCCl 2 CONH 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 190. 5
Nitrobenzene.
l-TRICHLORO-2-( P -CHLORO-
it
emits

Section 2
PHENYL )- 2 -PHENYLETHANE
Formula: (C1C 6 H 5 )(C 6 H 5 )CHCCC1 3

Constant:
Mol. Wt. 333. 1
TRICHLOROETHANE
Synonyms:
a pesti-
1,1, 2 -Trichloroethane;
vinyl trichloride.
Description: Liquid, pleasant odor.
Formula:
cide.

1,2,4- TRIC HLORO- 3,5- DINITRO-
BENZENE
Formula: C1 3 C 6 H(N0 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
/3
)2
tion
1;
Inhalation 1
Inhalation 2
Acute Systemic:
271. 5
Toxic Rating Code:
CH 2 C1CHC1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 133. 4
B. P. 114C
Freezing P. -35C
Density 1. 4416 @20 /4C
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TRICHLOROMETHANE SULFENYL CHLORIDE
1203

Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
2;
Inhalation 2
Toxicology: Trichloroethane has

narcotic properties and acts as a
local irritant to the eyes, nose
and lungs. It may also be injurious to the liver and kidneys.
A fumigant.
per million of a:'r; 545 milligrams
highly toxic fumes of cnlorides.
Section 2
TRICHLOROETHANOL
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: CCl 3 CH 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
8C
B. P. 150C @765
Density 1.54@25/4C
@20C
Vap. Press. 1
Vap. D. 5. 16
Toxicity: Details unknown; moder-
mm

Section 2
warning label.
TRICHLOROFLUOROGERMANE
Description:
mm
ately toxic;
200 parts

to heat or flame. High concentrations of trichloroethylene vapor
in high-temperature air can be
made to burn mildly if plied with
a strong flame. Though such a
condition is difficult to produce,
flames or arcs should not be
used in closed equipment which
contains any solvent residue or
vapor.
MCA
149. 5
17.
(accepted);
Colorless liquid.
GeCl 3 F
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 197. 97
M. P. -49. 8C
anesthetic.

seated to decomposition it emits
Section 7
37.5C
See Fluorides and Germanium Compounds.
B. P.
Toxicity:
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
TRICHLOROGERMANE
Synonyms: Ethinyl trichloride;
Synonym: Germanium chloroform.
etiiylene trichloride.
Description: Stable, colorless,

heavy, mobile liquid, chloroformlike odor.
Formula: CHC1CC1 2
M. P. -73C
B. P. 86. 9C
Freezing P. -86. 8C
Density 1 45560 @ 25 /4C
Vap. Press. 40
@ 1 1 9 C
Vap. D. 4. 53
Flash P. None
Inhalation 1
Colorless liquid.
GeHCl 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 179. 98
M. P. -71. 0C
B. P.
75.
Density
Toxicity:
1.
2C
93
@0C
See Hydrochloric Acid
and Germanium Compounds.

mm
Description:
of chlorides;
will react with

TRICHLOROMETHANE SULFENYL
2
CHLORIDE. See Perchloromethyl

Mercaptan.
TRICHLORMETHYLCHLOROFORMATE
1204
TRICHLOROMETHYLCHLOROFORMATE.
N- TRICHLOROMETHYL THIO-
Synonym: Diphosgene.
Toxicity:
cide.
Description:
TETRAHYDROPHTHALIMIDE
Colorless liquid.
Formula: ClCOOCCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 197. 85
M. P. -57C
B. P. 127. 5C
Density 1. 653 @ 14/4C
Vap. D. 6.9
3;
Inhalation
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
when heated
to decomposition it
emits highly toxic fumes; will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes.
Section 2
TRICHLOROMETHYL ETHER
A liquid of pungent
Description:
odor.
Formula:
3;
Inhalation

TRICHLORONAPHTHALENE
Description: A white solid.
Formula:
CiqH. 5 C1 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 231. 51
MAC: ACGIH
milli-
of air.

Section 2
See
TRICHLORONITROPROPANOL
Description:
Inges-
when heated
emits highly toxic fumes; will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes.
Section 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 208.4
M. P. 40 C
= Slight
mm
B. P. 120C @5
Density 1. 605 @45/4C

Toxicity: See Alcohols and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.
nitrogen and chlorides.
TRICHLORONITROSOMETHANE
Description: Dark-blue liquid; unpleasant odor.
Formula:
None
Crystalline solid.
Formula: CC1 3 CH0HCH 2 N0 2
(accepted);
Nitrotrichloromethane
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Toxic Rating Code:
a fungi-
TRICHLORONITROMETHANE.
CHCl 2 OCH 2 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 149.41
B. P. 130 - 132C
tion
Details unknown;
2 =
CCl 3NO
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENYL ACETATE
1205
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148. 39
B. P. 5C @70
Density 1. 5 @20C
mm
tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inges-
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: A lachrymator type
military poison.
Section 2
2.3,
5-TRICHLOROPHENOL

Formula: Cl 3 C 6 H 2 OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 197. 5
M. P. 62C
B. P. 253C
Toxic Hazard Rating: See Chlorinated Phenols.
Disa.ster Control: Dangerous; when
Section 2
MCA
2.4,

Section 2
MCA warning label
warning label
5-TRICHLOROPHENOL
Colorless needles or
gray flakes.
Formula: C 6 H 2 Cl 3 OH
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 197. 5
B. P. 252C
Freezing P. 57. C
Density 1. 678 @ 25 /4C
Toxicity: A seed disinfectant and
fungicide. See Chlorinated
Phenols.
2, 4,
6-TRICHLOROPHENOL
Description: Colorless needles or

yellow solid; strong phenolic odor.
Formula: Cl 3 C 6 H 2 OH
M. P. 68 C
B. P. 244. 5C
Freezing P. 62 C
Density 1 490 @ 75 /4C
Toxicity: A seed disinfectant and
fungicide. See Chlorinated
Phenols.
.

Section 2
MCA warning label
2, 4, 5
TRICHLOROPHENOXY ACETIC
ACID
Synonym:
2,4, 5- T.
Description:
Crystals;
light tan
solid.
Cl 3 C 6 H 2 OCH 2 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 255. 5
Formula:
M. P. 151 - 153C
herbicide. See 2,4,D.
it
when
emits

Section 7

2,4,
5-TRICHLOROPHENYL
ACETATE
Formula: Cl 3 C 6H 2 OOCCH 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 239.5
Toxicity: Details unknown; a fungicide.
TRI-o-CHLOROPHENYL BORATE
1206
TRI-o-CHLOROPHENYL BORATE

Description: White solid; odor of

o-chlorophenol.
Formula: (C1C 6 H 4 0) 3 B
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 399. 15
M. P. 47 - 49 C
B. P. 264 - 270C @14
Toxicity: See o-Chlorophenol and
Explosive Range:
air
mm
Boron Compounds.
3. 2 to 12.
6%
(in
@150C).

Section 2

TRICHLOROPHENYL MONOCHLORO- TRICHLOROSILANE

Synonym: Silicochloroform.
ACETATE
Formula: Cl 3 C 6 H 2 OOCCH 2 Cl
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 274.0
Toxicity: See Monochloroacetic Acid
and Trichlorophenol.
1,2,
3-TRICHLOROPROPANE
Synonyms: Glycerol trichlorohydrin;

allyl trichloride trichlorohydrin.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
tion
B. P. 31. 8C
Flash P. < 20 F (O. C. )
Density 1. 35 @0C
Vap. Press. 400
@ 14. 5C
Vap. D. 4. 7
mm

Ingestion
2;
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
reaction. Spontaneously flam-
mable in air.
can shatter the container, releasing the contents; when heated

lipoid solvent. Cumulative toxicity. See also Chlor-
inated Hydrocarbons.

In-
2;
Inhalation 2
mm
20
135.44
-134C
Acute Systemic:
Vap. Press. 10
@46C
Vap. D. 5.
tion:
Formula: SiHCl 3
halation 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 147.44
M. P. -14. 7C
B. P. 156. 17C
Autoign. Temp. 579 F (commercial)
Colorless, very
volatile liquid.
CH 2 C1CHC1CH 2 C1
Formula:
Caution:
Description:
toxic fumes of chlorides; will react with water or steam to produce heat, toxic and corrosive
materials, it can react vigorously,
rate):
Section 2

Section 11.
I.
2 5.

Toxic Rating Code:
= None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE
1207
TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE
See Trifluorotrichloroethane.
TRI- COPPER
Description:
ANTIMONIDE
Cu 3 Sb
M. P. 687 C
Density 8. 51
Toxicity: See Antimony and Copper
Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with moisture to

evolve antimony hydride. See
also Stibine.
Slight, by chemical reaction with powerful oxidizers. See also Stibine.
Explosion Hazard:

antimony; it will react with water
flammable vapors.
TRI- COPPER ARSENIDE

Synonym: Domeykite.
Formula: Cu 3As
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 265. 53
M. P. 830 C
Density 8.
Fire Hazard: See Arsenides.
Explosion Hazard: See Arsenides.
Disaster Control: See Arsenides.
liquid.
Formula: CjqîCCCh^s
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 322
B. P. 168 - 170C @2.
Flash P. 284F
Density 0. 80
Toxicity:
BORATE
Description: Straw-yellow, viscous

(CH 3 C 6 H 4OH) 3 B
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 335. 2
B. P. 179 - 210C @0. 1
Density 1.053 @27. 6 C
Vap. D. 11. 6
Toxicity: See Cresol and Boric Acid.
to heat or flame.
mm
rials.
Section
TRI-o-CRESYL BORATE
Description: Straw-yellow liquid;
odor of o-cresol.
Formula: (CH 3 C 6 H4 OH) 3 B

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 335.2
B. P. 189 - 195C @2
Density 1. 079 @22C
Vap. D. 11.4
Toxicity: See o-Cresol and Boron
mm
Compounds.
to heat or flame.
6).
11-TRICOSENE
TRI-m, P -CRESYL
Formula:
Gray crystals.
Formula:
Description:

Section
mm
Unknown.

TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE
Synonyms:
Description:
o-Tolyl phosphate.
Colorless liquid.
Formula: (CH 3 C 6 H 4 ) 3 P0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
368. 36
M. P.
-25 to -30C
B. P. 410C (slight decomp.
)
TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE
Density
1.
1208
17

Vap. D. 12. 7
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Most of the cases of
tri-o-cresyl phosphate poisoning
have followed its ingestion. In
1930, some 15,000 persons were
affected in the United States, and
The responof these, 10 died.
sible material was found to be an
alcoholic drink known as Jamaica
ginger, or "jake. " This beverage
had been adulterated with about
2% of tri-o-cresyl phosphate. The
affected persons developed a
polyneuritis, which progressed,
in many cases, with degeneration
of the peripheral motor nerves,
the anterior horn cells and the
pyramidal tracts. Sensory

changes were absent. Since 1930
there have been several other outbreaks of poisoning following ingestion of the material. Recently
3 cases of polyneuritis occurring
in England in connection with the
manufacture of the tri-o-cresyl
phosphate have been reported.
Absorption was probably through
the respiratory tract, though
there may have been some absorption through the skin. All three
men made a good recovery.
From ingestion experiments
with cockerels, it appears that
tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate is
more toxic than the meta form,
and much more so than tri-pcresyl phosphate or triphenyl
phosphate.
Irrespective of whether absorption has been by ingestion or by
inhalation or skin absorption, the
history is usually one of early,
transient gastro-intestinal upset,
with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
and abdominal pain. These clear
up, and are followed in 1 to 3
weeks by soreness of the lower

leg muscles, "numbness" of the
toes and fingers, and a few days
later by weakness of the toes
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
and bilateral foot-drop. After

another week or so, weakness of
the fingers and bilateral wristdrop follow. There are no sensory changes. Recovery is slow,
and the degree of residual paralysis depends upon the extent of
damage to the nervous system.
Many cases recover completely.
to heat or flame.
Section 2
TRICYCLOHEXYLBORATE
Description: Large needle-like
white crystals. Nearly odorless.
Formula:
CH 2 (CH 2 4 C HO] 3 B
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 308.3
M. P. 59 - 61 C
B. P. 330C

to heat or flame.
TRI- (2 - C YCLOHEXYLC YC LOHEXYL)
BORATE
Description: "White solid; odor of
2-cyclohexylcyclohexanol.
Formula:
(C 12 H 2 iO) 3 B
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 554. 7
M. P. 172 - 175C
B. P. 230 - 250C @0. 3
mm

TRI-(DIISOBUTYL CARBINYL)
BORATE
Description: White crystals; odor
of diisobutyl carbinol.
Formula:
2 =
C 27H 57
Moderate
3 =
B
High
Unknown
TRIETHYL AMINE
1209
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
TRIETHANOLAMINE BORATE
M. P. 99
100C
198 - 209C @22
B. P.
Toxicity:
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
440. 55
-
mm

when heated it emits toxic fumes.
TRI-n-DODECYL BORATE
566. 8
M. P.
when exposed
can react with
Slight,
to heat or flame;
1,3,
liquid.
149. 19
2C
360C
Density 1. 1258 @20 /Z0 C
Vap. Press. 10
@205C
B. P.
mm
1;
Inhalation
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 174. 2
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
21.
tion
3-TRIETHOXYPROPENE-l
(C 2 H 0)HCCHCH(C 2 H 5 0) 2
Formula:
(CH 2 OHCH 2 3 N
TRIETHYL ALUMINUM,
See
Aluminum Tri ethyl.
Vap. D. 5. 14
1;
TRIETHYL AMINE
Inges-
Description:
Colorless liquid.
(C 2 H 5 ) 3 N
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Formula:
to heat or flame.
B. P. 89. 5C
Flash P. 20F (O.C.
Density 0. 7229 @ 25 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 48
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 101. 19
M. P. -114. 8C
)
6).

toxic
fumes
of
Amines.
oxides of nitrogen;

materials.

Amine.
TRIETHANOLAMINE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Fire Hazard:
Vap. D. 19. 6
Pale yellow
Section
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254. 14
Density 1.05
Vap. D. 8. 78
Toxicity: See Esters and Triethanol
479C
Density 0. 845 @26. 8C
Formula:
Yellow liquid.
Formula: Ti[(OCH 2 CH 2 )NCH 2 CH 2 OH]
B. P.
Description:
amine
Description:
[CH 3 (CH 2 ) 10 CH 2 O] 3 B
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
235. 5 - 238. 5C
See Triethanolamine.
Disaster Control: See Triethanol-
TRIETHANOLAMINE TTTANATE
Light, straw-yellow,
oily liquid.
Formula:
157
M. P.
Toxicity:
See Diisobutylcarbinol and
Boron Compounds.
Description:
White odorless solid.

To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon diox
Explosion Hazard:
6).
Unknown
TRIETHYL ARSENIC
1210

keep away from heat or open
materials.
.
rate):
Section
Section
TRIETHYL ARSENIC
Synonym: Arsenic
triethyl.

exposed to heat. Explodes @302F,
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes and
explodes; can react with oxidizing
materials.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula: As(C 2 H 5 ) 3
TRIETHYL BORATE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Description:
162.
mm
B. P. 140C @736
Density 1. 152
Vap. D. 5. 59
See Arsenic

arsenic; can react vigorously
Section
TRIETHYLBENZ ENE
Description:
Formula:
C6H 3 (CH 2 CH 3
Benzene.
Bismuth
B. P.
296.18
mm
(can
Density
1.
82
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 276.3
B. P. 294. 0C
Flash P. 303 F (C. O. C. )
Density 1. 136 @25C
Toxicity: Probably low. See Citric
Acid.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
when exposed
flame (Section
to heat or
6).
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL
Synonyms:
Formula:
explode)
Toxicity:
TRIETHYL CITRATE
C 3 H 50(COOC 2 H 5
Formula:
-Ethylene dioxydiglycol bis(hydroxyethyl)
2, 2
Colorless liquid.
Description:
triethyl.
107C @79
ethanol;
ether.
TRIETHYLBISMUTHINE
Constants: Mol. Wt.
ide,

)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 162. 3
M. P. < -70C
B. P. 218 - 219C
Flash P. 181 F
Density 0.870 @25/25C
Vap. D. 5. 6
Synonym:
(CH 3 CH 2 0) 3 B
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146.0
B. P. 118 - 120G
Density 0. 860 @24C
Ethyl Alcohol.
Formula:
Compounds.
rate): Section 2
Colorless liquid, odor
of ethyl alcohol.
(CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150. 17
B. P. 291. 2C
Freezing P. -4. 3 C
Density 1 122 @ 25 /Zb C
.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIPELARGONATE
1211
Autoign. Temp.
Vap. Press. 1
Vap. D. 5. 17
Details unknown.
Glycols.
700 F
mm
Toxicity:
@114C
Toxicity: A fungicide.
Glycols.
See also

6).
See

TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL
DI-2-
ETHYLHEXOATE

Description: Colorless liquid with

mild odor.
flame.
Formula:
Section 2
Crystals.
OCH 2 CH 2 C0 2 C 6H 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 358. 3
B. P. 210 - 223C
Freezing P. 46C
Glycols.
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOLDICHLOSee Triglycol Dichloride.
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL
DI- 2- ETHYLBUTYRATE
C 5H 11 OCOCH 2 (CH 2 OCH 2

CH 2 COOC5H n
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M.
P.
B. P.
)2
346.45
-65C
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 402. 56
M. P. -58C
B. P. 218C @5
Flash P. 405F
Density 0.9679 @20/20C
Hg @ 200 C
Vap. Press. 1. 9
Vap. D. 13. 9
Glycols.
mm
Formula: C 6 H 5 C0 2 CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 -
RIDE.
)2
mm
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL DIBENZOATE

Description:
C 7H 15OCOCH 2 (CH 2OCH 2

CH 2 COOC 7 H 15
mm
197C @5
Density 0. 9946 @20 /20 C
Vap. D. 11.95
)


ide,
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL
METHYL ETHER
Liquid, water white

and mild ethereal odor.
Formula: CH 3 (OCH 2 CH 2 3 OCH3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
178. 22
216C
Freezing P. -46 C
B. P.
Density 0. 982 @ 20 /20 C

Vap. D. 6. 14
Section
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL
PELARGONATE
Synonym:
DI-
(TG-9).
DI-
TRIETHYLENE TETRAMINE
1212
Description: Clear liquid; mild

Formula:
(CH 2 OCH2 ) 2 (CH 2 OCOC 8H 17 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
@5 mm
@ 20 /20 C
251 C
0.
to
964
15.

Glycols.
See

Section 7
TRIETHYLENE TETRAMINE
Description: Moderately viscous,
yellowish liquid.
Formula:
H 2 NCH 2 (CH 2 NHCH 2 2 CH 2 NH 2

)
Constants:
146.24
Mol. Wt.
278C
Flash P. 290F
B. P.
(O. C. )
Density: 0. 982
MCA warning label
TRIETHYL-o- FORMATE
Synonyms: Orthoformic ester;
triethoxy methane.
Formula:
dizing materials.
Section 2
TRI(2- ETHYL HEXYL) BORATE

Colorless, mobile
Description:
liquid.
Formula:
Odor of 2 -ethyl hexanol.

[C 4 H 9 (C 2 H5)CHCH 2 0] 3 B

B. P. 350 - 354C
Flash P. 350 F (C. O. C. )
Density 0.857@23.6C
Vap. D. 13. 8
Boric Acid and Alcohols.
PHOSPHATE
TRI- 2 -ETHYL- HEXYL
Amines.
Description:
odor.
Clear liquid, pungent
(C 2 H 50) 3 CH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 148. 20
B. P. 145. 9C
Flash P. 86 F
Density 0. 895 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. Press. 10
@40. 5C
Vap. D. 5. 11
Toxicity: See Formic Acid and
Ethyl Alcohol.
mm
Toxic Rating Code:
None
6).

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous when exposed to heat or
open flame; can react with oxi-
438
Freezing P. -4
Flash P. 420 F
Density
Vap. D.

= Slight
Description:
Formula:
Light-colored liquid.
(C 2 H 5 C 6 H 12 ) 3 P0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 434. 6
M. P. -74C
B. P. 216C @5
Flash P. 405F
Density 0. 9262 @ 20 /20 C
Hg @ 1 50 C
Vap. Press. 0. 23
Toxicity: See Phosphoric Acid.
mm
mm
phosphorus.
Section
TRIETHYL PHOSPHATE
Liquid.
(C 2 H 5 ) 3 P04
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 182.2
M. P. -56. 5C
B. P. 209 - 218C
Flash P. 240 F
Density 1.067- 1. 072
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
@20 /Z0C
Unknown
TRI-(l-ETHYNYLCYCLOHEXYL) BORATE
1213
mm
Vap. Press. 1
@ 39. 6C
Vap. D. 6. 28
Toxicity: See Ethyl Alcohol and
Phosphoric Acid.
to heat or flame.
TRIETHYL PHOSPHINE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(C 2 H 5 ) 3 P
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118.2
B. P. 128C

phosphorus and sulfur; can react
Section
TRIETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
Description: Colorless liquid; strong
(C 2 H 50) 3 PS
B. P. 93. 5 - 94 C @ 10
Density 1 074 @ 20 /4C
Formula:
mm
moderate.
high.

phosphorus and phosphine.
TRIETHYL STIBINE
Synonym: Antimony
Description:
(C 2 H 5 ) 3 Sb
Constants: Mol. Wt.
M. P. < - 29C
Formula
TRIETHYL PHOSPHINE OXIDE
B. P.
Density
Formula:
(C 2 H 5 ) 3 PO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134.2
M. P. 52. 9C
B. P. 242. 9C
high.
it
emits
highly toxic fumes of phosphorus
triethyl.
Liquid.
159.
1.
208.9
5C
324
@16C

Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by chemical reaction with oxidizers.
Spontaneously flammable liquid.
can shatter the container; when
highly toxic fumes of antimony
and on contact with oxidizing materials, it can react vigorously.
Toxicity:
compounds.
Section
TRIETHYL PHOSPHINE SULFIDE

Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
(C 2 H 5 ) 3 PS
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 150.2
M. P. 94C
B. P. Ignites.
high.

TRI-(l-ETHYNYLCYCLOHEXYL)
BORATE
Description: Pale-yellow liquid;
odor of 1-ethynyl cyclohexanol.
B. P. 150 - 170C @0. 5
Flash P. 190 F (C. O. C. )
Density 1. 006 @27C
and Alcohols.
mm
TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID
1214

TRIFLUOROACETIC ACID
Description: Colorless liquid; strong
pungent odor.
Formula:
CF 3 COOH
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 114
M. P. -15.25C
B. P. 71. 1C @734
Density 1. 535 @ C
mm
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic:
TRIFLUOROPENTACHLOROPROPANE
TRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE
Description:
Synonym: Monochlorotrifluoro-
Formula: C 3 F 3 C1 5
ethylene.
Description:
Constants:
Colorless gas.
Formula: C 2 F 3 C1
M. P. -157. 5C
B. P. -27. 9C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: An asphyxiant
Fire Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat or flame (Section 6).
and chlorides.
label.
TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZ ENE
See Benzotrifluoride.
TRIFLUORONITROSOMETHANE
Description:
Formula:
Bright blue gas.
CF 3 NO
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
99.02
-150C
B. P. -80C
halation
3;
B. P.
Liquid.
Mol. Wt. 270.3

155C
Flash P. 228 F
See Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic.
Toxicity:
6).

TRIFLUOROTRICHLOROETHANE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless gas.
CC1 3 CF 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 187. 39
M. P. 13.2C
B. P. 45. 8C
Density 1. 5702
Auotign. Temp. 1256 F
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: Very slight; when exposed to heat or flame (Section 6).
heated to decomposition it may
emit highly toxic fumes of fluorides and chlorides.
M. P.
military poison.
emits highly toxic fumes of fluorides and oxides of nitrogen.
Section 2
Caution:
In-
Acute Systemic:
Toxic Rating Code:
U
=
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
0,0,0-TRIISOOCTYL PHOSPHOROTfflOATE
1215
TRIGERMANE

Section 7
Synonym: Germanium hydride.

Description:
Colorless liquid.
TRIHEXYLENE GLYCOL
BIBORATE
Formula: Ge 3 H 8
Constants:
Mol. W-t. 225.86
M. P. -105. 6C
B. P. 110. 5C
Density 2. 2
of
See also
Hydrides.
See also Hydrides.
TRIGLYCOL DICHLORIDE
Formula: C1(C 2 H 40) 2 C 2 H 4 C1
B. P. 240 C
Freezing P. -31. 5C
Flash P. 250 F (O. C. )
Density 1.197
Vap. Press.
See also

Section
Compounds

7
Description: Gray crystals.

Formula: Fe 3 P
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198. 53
M. P. 1100C
Density 6. 74

TRIISOBUTYL BORATE
Description: Colorless liquid; odor

of n-hexanol.
[CH 3 (CH 2 ) 50] 3 B
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 314.3
B. P. 140 - 146 C @2
Flash P. 300 F
Density 0.847 @28C
Vap. D. 10. 8
Toxicity: See n-Hexyl Alcohol and
mm
Boron Compounds.
odor

of isobutyl alcohol.
Formula: [CH 3 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 0] 3 B

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
TRI-n-HEXYL BORATE
Formula:
Vap. D. 12.
Toxicity: See Boron
and Glycols.
mm
TRI-IRON PHOSPHIDE

to heat or flame.
B. P. 143 - 149C @2
Flash P. 345F
Density 0.982 @21C

0.03mm@20C

Glycols.
Colorless liquid; odor

hexylene glycol.
Formula: C 18 H 3 60$B 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 370. 1
Description:
B. P.
230. 16
212C

Density 0. 843 @23C
Toxicity: See
Isobutanol.
Boron Compounds and

0,0,0-TRIISOOCTYL PHOSPHOROTfflOATE
Description:
Colorless liquid;
TRI ISOPROPANOLAMINE
1216
Moderate, when ex-
mild characteristic odor.

Formula: (C 8 H 17 0) 3 PS
Fire Hazard:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 450. 7
B. P. 160 - 170C (5)0.2
posed
mm
slight.

flame (Section 6).
Fire Hazard:
ide,
to heat or flame.

to heat or
rials.
Section
TRI ISOPROPANOLAMINE
Description: Crystalline, pure
white solid.
Formula:
N(C 3 H 6OH) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 191.27
M. P. 45 C
B. P. 305C
Flash P. 580 F (O. C. )
Density 1 0200 @ 20 /20 C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
to heat or flame.
.
TRIISOPROPYL BORATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
(C 9 H 2 i0 3 )B
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 188. 08
M. P. -59C
B. P. 141.0 - 142. 4C
Flash P. 82 F (T. C. C. )
Density 0.8138 @25C
Toxicity: Moderate. See Isopropanol

away from flame and heat; can
material.
Section
TRIMANGANESE DIPHOSPHIDE
Description:
Formula:
Dark gray crystals.
Mn 3 P 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
226.75
1095C
Density
Toxicity:
5.
12
@18C
See Phosphides and
TRIISOPROPYL BENZENE
Description:
Formula: C 6 H 3 [CH(CH 3 ) 2 ]3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 204. 3
M. P. -15C
B. P. 236 - 237C
Flash P. 205F
Density 0. 854 @25/25 C
Vap. D. 7.0
Benzene.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
TRIMETHYL ADIPIC ACID

Powder.
Formula: CgHjfcC^
Description:
= Slight
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
188.2
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Disaster Control: Slightly
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TRIMETHYL BORATE
1217
dangerous; when heated it emits

acrid fumes.
Toxicity:
hols.

to heat or flame.
TRIMETHYLAMINE
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
)3
2.
Density 0. 662 @-5C

ToxLc Hazard Rating:
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
TRIMETHYL ARSENIC
Synonym: Arsenic trim ethyl.
Description:
warning label
Section 11.

I.
TRI(METHYL AMYL) BORATE

Synonym:
Tri(methyl isobutylcarborate.
binyl)
)2
TRIMETHYLBISMUTHINE
Description:
SOLUTION. See Trimethylamine.
(CH 3

arsenic; can react vigorously
CHCH 2 CHOCH 3 3 B
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 314. 3
B. P. 257C
Density 0. 819 @29C
Vap. D. 10.8
Liquid.
Formula: Bi(CH 3
TRIMETHYLAMINE, AQUEOUS
See Arsenic
Compounds.
Synonym: Bismuth trimethyl.
red gas label.
Formula:
)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120.
B. P. 70C
Density 1. 124
Vap. D. 4. 14
dizing materials.
Section 2
Anhydrous
Coast Guard Classification: Anhydrous: Inflammable gas;
Colorless liquid.
Formula: As(CH 3
posed to flame (Section 6).

exposed to spark or flame.
Explosive Limits: 2.
- 11.60%.
toxic fumes; can react with oxi-
MCA
6).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes; on
59. 11
87 C
Freezing P. -117.
B. P.
Colorless gas.
(CH 3
See Boric Acid and Alco-
)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 254. 10
B. P. 110C
Density 2. 300 @18C

bismuth; can react with oxidizing
materials.
Section 2
TRIMETHYL BORATE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
3,3,5-TRIMETHYL CYCLOHEXANOL-1
(CH 3 0) 3 B
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 103.92
B. P. 65C
Density 0. 92 @20C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systyemic: U
Formula:
See also
Boron Compounds
3,3,5-TRIMETHYL CYCLOHEXANOL-1
Trimethyl cyclohexanol.
Description:
Formula:
Amber pellets.
(C 12 H 15 N) 3 (approx.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 519.93 (approx. )
M. P. Softens @75C
Density 1. 08
moderate.
Description:
warning label.
TRIMETHYL CYCLOHEXANONE
Formula:
Formula:
Formula:
142.23
dizing materials.
Description:
TRIMETHYL DEHYDROQUINOLINE POLYMER
TRIMETHYLENE BROMIDE
Freezing P. 37. C
B. P. 198C
Density 0. 878 @ 40 /20 C
Vap. D. 4. 91
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
carbon tetrachloride (Section 6),
toxic fumes; can react with oxi
MCA
6),
Liquid.
C 9 H lg O
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

Description:
6).
Explosion Hazard: See Methanol.

Disaster Control: Dangerous. Upon
exposure to heat, it emits toxic
Synonym:
1218
Colorless liquid.
C 3 HBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 201. 9
B. P. 166. 5C
Freezing P. -33 C
Density 1. 977 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. D. 7.
Toxicity:
Unknown

TRIMETHYLENE CHLOROBROMIDE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C 3 HClBr
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 157. 5
B. P. 143 - 145C
Flash P. None
Density 1. 594 @ 25/25 C
Vap* D. 5.5
Toxicity:
Unknown

highly toxic fumes of halogens.
Liquid.
TRIMETHYLENE GLYCOL
CgHÔ
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 140. 2
Toxic Rating Code:
DINITRATE
1
None
See

Nitrates.
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
1219
3, 3,

TRIMETHYLENE TRINITRAMINE
Cyclonite; hexogen.
Description: Solid.
Nitrates.
is one of the most powerful high
explosives in use today; has
more shattering power than TNT.
It is used, mixed with TNT, as a
bursting charge for aerial bombs,
mines and torpedoes, and it can
also be used as a booster because
it is easily initiated by mercury
fulminate.
Explosives, High.
4- TRIMETHYLHEXANE
keep away from heat or open

flame; can react vigorously with
Section 2
Synonyms:
TRIMETHYL
o-
FORMATE
Formula: HC(OCH 3
)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106. 12
Vap. D. 3. 67
slight.

Fire Hazard:

2,2,5-
TRIMETHYLHEXANE
A clear liquid.
Description:
2, 3, 3
-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C 9 H 20
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
128. 25
137. 7C
Flash P. 79 F
Density 0. 734 @ 25/4C
Vap. D. 4. 43
Toxicity: Unknown

6).

Section 2
2, 3,
4-
Section
TRIMETHYLHEXANE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C 9 H 20
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
128. 25
139C
Flash P. 80.8F
Density 0. 737 @ 25/4C
@25C
Vap. Press. 9. 1
Vap. D. 4.43
B. P.
mm
Formula: C 9 H 2 $
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 134. 3
B. P. 125C
Freezing P. -106C
Flash P. 55 F
Density 0. 707 @ 20 /4C
Vap, D. 4. 7

away from heat or open flame.
It can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
Toxicity:
Unknown

6).

Unknown
Section 2
3,3,
Section
4-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C 9 H 20
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
128.25
3, 5,
5-TRIMETHYLHEXANOL
1220
B. P. 140. 5C
Flash P. 79 F
Vap. D. 4. 43
Toxicity: Unknown

6).

Section 2
3, 5,
Section
5-TRIMETHYLHEXANOL
Description:
2,6,8-TRIMETHYL NONANONE-4
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 184.2
M. P. -75C
B. P. 211 - 219C

Density 0. 81 65 @ 20 /20 C
Vap. D. 6. 37
Ketones.
Toxicity:
TRIMETHYL NONYL ALCOHOL
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula:
CH 3 C(CH3)2CH 2 CHCH3CH 2 CH 2 OH
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144.2
M. P. -70C
Constants:
Mol. Wt.

TRI- (METHYLISOBUTYL
CARBINYL) BORATE
)
186. 33
225. 2C
Freezing P. -60 C
Vap. Press. <0. 01mm@20C
)
Density 0. 8193 @ 20 /20 C

Vap. D. 6.43
TRIMETHYLOLETHANE
Colorless liquid.
Formula:
[CH 3 CH(CH 3
Synonyms:
CH 2 CHO(CH 3 3 B
)]
2, 2-dimethylol propanol-1
crystalline powder.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 314. 31
B. P. 257 - 262C
Density 0. 823 @24. 8C
Alcohols.
Formula:

Description:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Liquid.
CH 3 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(OH)-
CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 3

B. P.
B. P. 195C
Density 0. 824 @ 25 /4 C
Vap. D. 5.
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 12 H 24
= Slight
CH 3 C(CH 2 OH) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 120. 15
M. P. About 200 C
Toxicity:
Unknown
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
when exposed
Section
2,2,4-TRIMETHYL-l,3-PENTANEDIOL
White, crystalline
solid.
Formula: C 8 H 18
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
1221
2, 4,
6-TRIMETHYL-l,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 146.2
M. P. 49 to 51 C
B. P. 109 to 111C @4
sect repellent.
2, 3, 6-

Section 2
mm
TRIMETHYL PHOSPfflNE
an in-
Description:

Formula:
Formula:
clear liquid.
CaH^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 112.2
B. P. 101. 3C
Freezing P. -94C
Flash P. < 20 F
Density 0. 719 @ 1 5. 5 /l5. 5C
Vap. D. 3. 9
Toxicity:
Colorless liquid.
(CH^^
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 76.1
B. P. 42 C
Density < 1
high. See also Phosphine.
reaction. See also Phosphine.
Explosion Hazard: Slight, when exposed to flame
phosphorus oxides; can react
2,4,4-TRIMETHYL PENTENE-l
Description:
TETRAHYDROBENZ ALDEHYDE
Unknown

rials.
Section
TRIMETHYL STIBINE
6).

Keep away from heat or open
Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
(CH 3 3Sb
)
Section 2

B. P. 80.6C
Density 1.52,3 @15C
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by chemical reaction. A spontaneously
4-TRIMETHYLPENTENE-2

Formula: CgH^
flame.
flammable
2, 4,
Constants:
B. P.
Mol. Wt.
104. 5C
112.2

Section 2
2, 4,
6-TRIMETHYL-l
2, 3 S
6-TETRA-
HYDROBENZALDEHYDE
Unknown

To Fight Fires: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon
6).
Compounds.

Density 0. 724 @ 1 5. 5 /l 5. 5 C
Vap. D. 3. 9
Toxicity:
liquid (Section
Description:
6).

Keep away from heat or open flame
materials.
Liquid.
CH(CH 3 )CHC(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CHCHO
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 152.23
M. P. -41. 9C
B. P. 204. 5C

Density 0. 9195 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 5. 25
TRINICKEL DIPHOSPfflDE
1222

Aldehydes.
Toxicity:

Description: Dark green-black

crystals.
Formula: Ni 3 P 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 238.03
Density 5. 99
Toxicity: See Phosphides and
Nickel Compounds.
TRINITROACETONITRILE
Formula:
Solid.
C 2N4
Synonym:
Methyl picrate.
Crystals.
Description:
Formula:
CH 3 OC 6H2(N0 2 )3

M. P. 68.4C
Density 1 408 @20 /4C
Acute Local: Irritant 2; Aller.
gen 1
Acute Systemic:
TRINICKEL DIPHOSPfflDE
Description:
TRINITROANISOL
Mol. Wt. 176.05

exposed to heat.
highly toxic fumes of cyanides
and explodes; can react vigorously
Constant:
Ingestion
3;
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
Allergen 1
shocked or exposed to heat. Trinitroanisol resembles picric acid
in its high explosive properties but
does not attack metals provided it
is protected from moisture.
It
has a lower melting point than
picric acid which is an advantage
in shell loading.
It is used as a
booster charge.
nitrogen and explodes; can react

rate): Section 2
TRINITROANILINE
Synonym: Picramide.
TRINITROBENZALDEHYDE
Description:
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
M. P.
B. P.
Crystals.
C 6 H4 N 4
Formula:
Mol. Wt.
228.
188C
Explodes
Density
1. 762
See Nitrates and Aniline.
Toxicity:

very sensitive high explosive.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Liquid.
C 6 H 2 CHO(N0 2

M. P. 119C
Toxicity: See Aldehydes and Nitrates.
Section
1,3,5- TRINITROBENZENE
Formula:
2 =
C 6 H 3 (N0 2
Moderate
3 =
)3
High
Unknown
TRINITROPHENYLNITRAMINE ETHYL NITRATE
1223
B. P.
213.11
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. 122C
Density 1. 688 @20 /4C

Acute Local: U
halation 3
Chronic Local:
2,4,
In-
3;
Ingestion
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 243. 13
M. P. 106C
3;
Toxicity: See Nitro Compounds of
Inhalation 3

shocked or exposed to heat. Trinitrobenzene is considered a
powerful high explosive and has
It
shattering power than
is less sensitive to
than TNT.
However,
used much because it
Armoatic Hydrocarbons.
Trinitrocresol is not as powerful
TNT.
impact
it is
not
is difficult
produce.
rate): Section 2
to
TRINITROBENZENE,
5-
16 OZ.)
Tr initr obenzene
See 1,3,

mable
solid.
TRINITROCHLORBENZ ENE
Solid.
Formula: C 6 H 2 C1(N0 3 ) 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 295.6
Toxicity: See Nitro
Compounds

to
toxic
fumes
of
oxides of nitrogen
and explodes; can react vigorously

2,4,
4'
-TRENITRODIPHENYL AMINE
Description:
Crystals.
Formula: C 6H 3 (N0 2 )2NHC 6H4 N02
2;
Chronic Systemic: U
Description:
a high explosive as TNT or

picric acid. It has been used as
a bursting charge and in combination with other high explosives.
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 304. 2
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
WET (NOT
TO EXCEED
6-TRINITR0-m-CRES0L
Synonym: Cresolite.
Formula: (N0 2 3 C 6 H(CH 3 )OH
Chronic Systemic:
more
Decomposes
Section

of
highly toxic fumes of phosgene and
oxides of nitrogen and explodes;
TRINITROPHENOL.
See Picric Acid.
TRINITROPHENYLMETHYLNITRAMINE. See
Tetryl.
TRINITROPHENYLNITRAMINE
ETHYL NITRATE
Synonym:
Toxicity:
Petryl.
Unknown
TRINITROPHLOROGLUCIN
1224

shocked or exposed to heat. Explodes when heated; is soluble in
nitroglycerin. Its high explosive
sensitivity to impact and friction
are about the same as that of
tetryl, but its shattering power is
much greater. It is used as a
basecharge in detonators.
Disaster Control: Extremely dan-
shock will explode it;

to decomposition it
gerous;
when heated

of nitrogen and explodes; can
materials.
TRINITROPHLOROGLUCIN
Synonym: Trinitrophloroglucinol.
Formula: C 6 (N0 2 3 (OH) 3
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 261. 1
See
Nitrates.

will explode it; when heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic
fumes of oxides of nitrogen and explodes; can react vigorously with
oxidizing or reducing materials.
TRINITRORESORCINOL. See
Styphnic Acid.
TRINITROTOLUENE
Synonyms: TNT;
sym -trinitrotoluol
triton.
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
(N0 2 )3C 6 H 2 CH3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 227. 13
M. P. 80. 7C
B. P. 240 C Explodes
Flash P. Explodes
Density 1. 654
Aller-
gen 2
Acute Systemic:

gen 2
Chronic Systemic:
Toxic Rating Code:
Ingestion
=
None
3;
= Slight

(accepted); 0. 5 milligram s per cubic meter of air.
MAC: ACGIH
Explosion Hazard: Moderate; will

detonate under strong shock. See
Explosive, High. It detonates at
around 240 C but can be distilled
safely under reduced pressure.
It is a comparatively insensitive
explosive. In small quantities it
will burn quietly if not confined.
However, sudden heating of any
quantity will cause it to detonate;
the accumulation of heat when
large quantities are burning will
cause detonation. In other respects it is one of the most stable
of all high explosives and there
are but few restrictions to its
It is for this reason,
the military standpoint,
that TNT is quantitatively the most
used. It requires a fall of 130
centimeters for a 2 kilogram
weight to detonate it. It is one of
the most powerful high explosives. It can be detonated by the
handling.
from
usual detonators and blasting

caps (at least a No. 6). For full
efficiency, the use of a high
velocity initiator, such as tetryl
is required.
TNT is one of those
explosives containing an oxygen
deficiency. In other words, the
addition of products which are
oxygen rich can enhance its explosive power. Also mono- and
dinitrotoluene may be added for
reduction of the temperature of
the explosion and to make the explosion flashless. Various materials are added to TNT to make
what is known as permissible explosives. TNT may be regarded
as the equivalent of 40 percent
dynamite and can be used under
water. It is also used in the
manufacture of detonator fuse
known as Cordeau Detonant. For
the military, TNT finds use in all
types of bursting charges, including armor-piercing types,
although it is somewhat too sensitive to be ideal for this purpose,
and has since been replaced to a
great extent by ammonium pic rate.
It is a relatively expensive explosive and does not compete
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TRIOCTYL PHOSPHATE
1225
seriously with dynamite for general commercial use.
with reducing material.
rate): Section 2
WET
TRINITROTOLUENE,
(NOT
TO EXCEED
16 OZ.). See
Trinitrotoluene
C. C. Classification: Flammable solid.
I.
Inflammable
solid;
yellow
label.
2, 4,
6-TRINITROXYLENE
Synonym:
TNX.
Rhombic
Description:
Formula:
crystals.
(N0 2 )3C 6 H(CH 3 )2

Density 0.837 @24. 5C
Vap. D. 13. 8
Toxicity: See Boric Acid and
2-Octanol.

Section
TRI-n-OCTYLBORATE
Description:
Colorless liquid; odor
of octyl alcohol.
[CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 0] 3 B
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 398. 5
B. P.
192 - 194C @2
Density 0. 846 @23C
Vap. D. 13. 7
Toxicity: See Octyl Alcohol and
Formula:
mm
Slight,
to heat or flame;
241. 16
181. 5C
Unknown
dry chemical or carbon tetra

ide,
when used
TRIOCTYL PHOSPHATE
alone. However,
the addition of picric acid or
other nitro-type of high explosive
serves to lower its melting point
Description:
and to reinforce its explosive

power. Is also used in mixtures
M. P.
with ammonium nitrate; in detonating compositions, and mixed

with other high explosives, as a
bursting charge.
when exposed
can react with

shocked or exposed to heat. This
high explosive is not very powerful
Boron Compounds.
Density 1.604@19C
Toxicity:
[CH 3 (CH 2 5C(CH3)HO]3B
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 398.47
340 - 349 C
B. P.
Fire Hazard:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Formula:
Section
TRI-2 - OCTYLBORATE
of 2-octanol.
Formula:
Liquid.
[C^CH^HsJCHzQ^PiO
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
434. 63
-74C
mm
B. P
216C @5
Density 0. 9262 @20 /20 C
)
Vap. D. 14. 95
See
Esters.
to heat or flame.
To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetra
phosphorus; can react with
TRIOL
TRIOL
230
1226
230
Clear, colorless liquid
Description:
Formula: HOCH 2 CH 2OCH 2 (CH 3 )(CH 2 OH)CCH 2 (CH3)CHCH 2 OH

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 206.28
B. P.
196 C at 5
Freezing P. < -5C
Density 1. 081 @20/20 C
at 20 C
Vap. Press. < 0. 01
mm
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown

TRIOLEYL BORATE
Pale yellow liquid;
odor of oleyl alcohol.
Description:
Formula:
[CH 3 (CH 2
)7
CHCH(CH 2 7 CH 2 0] 3 B
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 813.20
B. P.
300 -330C @0.
mm

Density 0. 860 @23. 6C
)
Oleyl Alcohol.

reacts with oxidizing materials;

TRIOXIME
Unknown
Toxicity:

exposed to heat.
TRIPENTAERYTHRITOL
Description: White to ivory, odorless powder.
C 15H 32 O 10
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 372.4
M. P. Approx. 240 C
Density 1. 30

TRIPHENYLARSENIC
White crystals.
Description:
Formula: As (0^5)3
a-Trioxymethylene.
odor of ether -alcohol.
Formula: (CH z O) 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
60 C
Density
1.
2225
>360C
B. P.
Toxicity:
@48C
(in
CO z
Highly toxic.
See Arsenic
Compounds.
90. 08
62 C
114. 5C
sublimes
TRIPHENYLBISMUTHINE

Vap. D. 3. 1
Toxicity: Details unknown. Can
evolve formaldehyde when heated
strongly or in contact with strong
acids. See also Formaldehyde.
Fire Hazard:
306.2
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Synonym:
B. P.
6).

to flame.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; can explode when heated;
Synonym: Arsenic triphenyl.

7
TRIOXANE
M. P.
chloride (Section
Moderate
fire
hazard
Synonym: Bismuth triphenyl.

M. P. 78C
B. P. 242 C @14
Density 1.585
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Phenol
'
mm
and Bismuth Compounds.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 = High
Unknown
TRIPHENYL PHOSPfflNE OXIDE
1227

TRIPHENYL BORATE
Description: White to pink solid;
odor of phenol.
Formula: (C 6 H sO) 3 B
Constants:
Mol. Wt. Z90. 12
M. P. 65 - 85C
B. P. 360 - 370 C
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See Phenol

Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame. Hydrolyzes to phenol.
heated it emits highly toxic fumes:
reacts with water or steam to
form toxic fumes of phenol; in
contact with oxidizing material,
TRIPHENYL- 3, 4-DICHLOROPHENYL PHOSPHONIUM CHLORIDE

Formula: (C 6 H 5 3 (C 6 H 3 C1 2 )PC1
)
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 443. 7
repellent.
Disaster Control:
moth
Dangerous; when

hignly toxic fumes of chlorides
TRIPHENYLMETHANE DYES
Synonym:
Toxicity:
cides.
Rosaniline dyes.
Details unknown;
fungi-
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when xieated t.iey emit

toxic fumes.
TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE
crystalline solid.
Formula:
PO(OC 6H 5
)3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
326. 28
M. P.
48.
B. P.
245 C
5C
(8)11
mm
Flash P. 428F (C.C.

Acute Local: U
)
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
to heat or flame.
6).

phosphorus.
TRIPHENYL PHOSPHINE
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
(C 6 H 5 ) 3 P
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
262.
M. P. 79C
B. P. > 360C
Density
1.
194
Probably highly toxic.

See Phosphine.
Explosion Hazard: Slight, in tne
Toxicity:
flame.
Disaster Control: Dangerous; w len
highly toxic fumes of phosphine
and oxides of phosphorus; can
materials.
TRIPHENYL PHOSPHINE OXIDE

White crystals.
(C 6 H 5 ) 3 PO
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 278. 3
M. P. 156C
B. P. > 360C
Density 1.2124 @22. 6 C
Toxicity: Probably hignly toxic.
See Phosphine.
TRIPHENYL STIBINE
1228

Disaster Control: Dangerous; wnen
phosphorus.
TRIPROPYLENE GLYCOL
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
353.
267 C
Flash P. 285F
Density 1. 023 @ 25 /25C
Vap. Press. 1
@96.0C
Vap. D. 6. 63
mm
(C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sb
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
192. 3

B. P.
TRIPHENYL STIBINE
Colorless liquid.
HOC 3 H 6 OC 3 H 6 OC 3 H 6OH
M. P.
54C
antimony; can react vigorously


TRIPROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL

ETHER
Description:
Colorless liquid.
Formula:
CH3 OC 3 H 6OC 3 H 6OC 3H 6 OH
TRIPROPYLAMINE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: N(C 3 H 7
)3
Mol. Wt. 143.3

M. P. -93. 5C
B. P. 156C
Flash P. 105F
Density 0. 75
Fire Hazard: Moderate, waen exposed to heat or flame.
Constants:
6).
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when ueated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes; can
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 206. 3
B. P. 243 C
Flash P. 250F
Density 0. 967 @ 25 /25 C
Vap. D. 7. 1
TRIPROPYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER

Description:
Formula:
TRI-n- PROPYL
BORATE

of n-propanol.
Formula: (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 0) 3 B
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 188. 08
B. P. 176 - 179C
155F (C.O.C.)
Flash P.
Density
Toxicity:
856 @24C
See n-Propanol and Boron
0.
Compounds.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Liquid.
CH 3 OC 3 H 6OC 3 H 6OC 3 H 6OH
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
206.

B. P.
243 C
Flash P. 250F
Density 0.967 @25/25C
Vap. D. 7. 12
Glycols.

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TRISILANE
1229
TRI-n- PROPYL
heated
6
PHOSPHATE
Description:
Liquid.
(C 3 H 7 0) 3 PO
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 224
B. P. 97C @4
Density 1 002 @ 25/4C
Vap. D. 7. 72
Toxicity: Unknown
mm
TRIS (|3-CHLOROETHYL) PHOS-
PHATE
(C1CH 2 CH 2 )3P04
emits
TRIS(HYDROXYMETHYL) AMINO-
METHANE
Crystals.
Description:
(CH 2 OH) 3 CNH 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 121. 14
M. P. 171 - 172C
B. P. 219 C @10
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown

METHANE
Description:
mm
Density 1. 425 @ 20 /20 C

Vap. Press. 0. 5
@ 145 C
mm
Toxicity:
it
TRIS(HYDROXYMETHYL) NITRO-
Mol. Wt. 285.5

Flash P. 421 F (C.O.C. )
Boiling Range: 210 - 220 C
Constants:
20
decomposition
Clear liquid.
Description:
Formula:
to

oxides of phosphorus; can react
vigorously with oxidizing materials; it can isomerize vigorously.
Unknown
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 151. 12
M. P. 165 - 170C
B. P. Decomposes
Toxicity:

Crystalline.
(CH 2 OH) 3 CN0 2
Formula:
Unknown

phosphorus.
TRISILANE
Section
TRIS-CHLOROETHYL PHOSPHITE
Liquid; water white.
Description:
(C1CH 2 CH 2 0) 3 P
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 269. 51
B. P. 125 - 135C @7
F. P. > 280F (O.C. )
Density 1 3348 @ 35/4C
Vap. Press. < 1
@20C
Vap. D. 9. 32
Formula:
mm
mm
Toxicity:
Unknown

Synonym: Trisilicon octahydride.

Description:
Liquid.
Formula:
H8
Si 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 92.2
M. P. -117. 4C
B. P. 52. 9C
Density 0. 743 @ C
Vap. Press. 95. 5
@ C
mm
Silanes.
Fire Hazard:
Dangerous, by chem-
ical reaction.
Decomposes
in
water (Section 6).

Detonates spontaneously in air.
can shatter the gas container, releasing the contents; when heated to
TRISILICYLAMINE
decomposition
it
1230
emits toxic
fumes and can explode; will

react with water or steam to produce hydrogen and toxic fumes;
Section
TRISILICYLAMINE
Synonym: Nitrilotrisilane.
Formula: (SiH 3 ) 3 N
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 107. 26
M. P. -105. 6C
B. P.
52C
Density 0.895@-106C
Amines and Silanes.

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
3,
Description: Light tan to buff powder or crystals.

Formula: C 10 H 5 (SO 3 Na)3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 434.4
Toxicity:
Caution: A strong, caustic material.

phosphorus.
Section 2

TRISTATE SPECIAL NO.
See
1.
Explosives High.
TRISTEARYL BORATE
Description: White solid; odor of
stearyl alcohol.
Formula: [CH 3 (CH 2 ) l6 CH 2 0] 3 B
M. P.
6-NAPHTHALENE
TRISULFONATE
TRISODIUM- 1
Inges-
2;
49. 8
54C
mm
B. P. 300 - 331 C (8)0. 3

Stearyl Alcohol.

Unknown

sulfur.
Section
TRITETRADECYLBORATE
Synonym:
Tri(7-ethyl-2-methyl-4
undecyl) borate.
Description: Light straw-yellow,
viscous liquid. Slight odor.
TRISODIUM NITROPHOSPHATE
Formula: [CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CH(C 2 H 5

(CH 2 ) 2 CHO CH 2 CH(CH 3 2 ] 3 B

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Trisodium Phosphate.
nitrogen and phosphorus.
TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE
Synonym: Sodium
o -phosphate.
Colorless crystals.
Description:
Formula: Na 3 P0 4
12H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 380. 21
M. P. 73.3 - 76. 7C (decomp.
-12H 2
Density
1.
None
650. 94
mm
225C @0. 6
B. P.
Density 0. 846 @26C

Vap. D. 22. 5
);
@100C
62 @20C
Toxic Rating Code:
TRI(TETRAHYDRO FURFURYL)
BORATE
Description:
1
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
Yellow, mobile liquid;

3 =
High
Unknown
TROPINE
1231
Flash P.
[C 4 H 7
Formula:
CH 2 0] 3 B
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 314. 2
B. P. 321 C
Density 1. 103 @26.2C
Vap. D. 10. 8
Toxicity: See Boric Acid and Alcohols.

Synonym: Hydrogen- 3.
Description: A colorless, radioactive gas.
T2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 6. 05
Toxicity: See Hydrogen (Radiation
Hazard). For further information, refer to Atomic Energy
Commission.
TRITOPINE
Synonym: Laudanidine.
Description:
White, crystalline
alkaloid.
Formula:
C 2 oH 25N0 4
Constants
Mol. Wt.
Fire Hazard:
Acute Local: U
Acute Systemic:
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local:
Dangerous, when ex-
to heat or flame.

ide,

Disaster Control: Dangerous; flammable liquid; can react vigorously
TROPACAINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Description:
Crystalline salt.
Description:
Ingestion
3;
See
Explosives, High.
"TROLUOIL"
Water-white liquid.
-
HC1
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 281. 78
M. P. 271 C
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 3
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: An alkaloid poison.
Section 2
White, crystalline
solid.
TROJAN COAL POWDERS.
90
Synonym: N-methyltropoline.
Chronic Systemic: U
toxic fumes.
rate): Section 2
Description:
Constants:
See
TROPINE
343.41
M. P. 166C
B. P.
Toxicity:
posed
0.
TRITIUM
Formula:
25 F
741 (5)15. 5C
Details unknown.
Petroleum Solvents.
Density
96C
Formula: C 8 H 15 NO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 141. 21
M. P. 63 C
B. P. 233C
Density 1. 039 @76/4.C
Acute Local: U
halation 3
Chronic Local: U
Inhalation 2
Disaster Control:
In-
2;
Dangerous; when
highly toxic fumes.
Section 2
TROPINE PLATINUM HYDROCHLORIDE

Constants: M. P. 31 C
Flash P. 552 F (C. C. )
Density 0. 94
Autoign. Temp. 855F
Toxicity: Details unknown. May act
as a weak allergen.
heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials. Avoid contact of
leakage with combustibles. Keep
cool and well ventilated.
TROPINE PLATINUM HYDROCHLORIDE

Orange-red, mono-
Description:
clinic tablets.
Formula:
(CgH^NO
1232
HCl) 2 PtCl 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 692.41
M. P. 198 - Z00C
Toxicity: See Tropine and Platinum
Compounds.
(Section
6).


Section 7
TUNGSTEN
TRYPARSAMIDE
Synonym:
Synonym: Sodium phenylglycinamine-
Description:
crystals.
p-arsonate.
Formula:
powder.
Formula: (NH 2 COCH 2 NHC 6 H 4AsOO-
HONa) 2
Constant:
Toxicity:
H2
Compounds.
Section
TUMERIC
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
to heat or flame.
TUNG NUT MEALS

Toxicity:
A weak
Fire Hazard:
of dust
allergen.
when exposed
to heat or
flame; process material and cool
thoroughly before storage so as
not to over-dry; can react with
TUNG OIL
Synonym: China wood
Description:
oil.
Thick, yellowish
liquid.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
See Arsenic
Compounds.
Cubic, gray-black

M. P. 3370C B. P. 5900C
Density 19. 3
Toxicity: See Tungsten Compounds.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): An
185
artificial isotope
half-life:
0. 43 mev.
Mol. Wt. 314. 12

Highly toxic. See Arsenic
Disaster Control:
Wolfram.
= Slight
TUNGSTEN CARBONYL
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
Colorless, rhombic
W(CO) 6
Mol. Wt. 351.98

Sublimes 50 C
B. P. 175C
Density 2. 65
Constants:
M. P.
Vap. D. 12.
Toxicity: See Carbonyls and Tungsten Compounds.

TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: Tungsten compounds are
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
TURKEY RED
1233
considered somewhat more toxic

than those of molybdenum. However, industrially, this element
does not constitute an important
health hazard. Exposure is related chiefly to the dust arising
from the crushing and milling of
the two chief ores of tungsten,
namely, scheelite and wolframite.
There is very little published with
reference to its toxicity. The
feeding of 2, 5, and 10% of diet
as tungsten metal over a period
of 70 days has been shown to be
without marked effect upon the
growth of rats, as measured in
terms of gain in weight. Ammonium paratungstate has been
found to be much less toxic to
rats upon ingestion than either
tungstic oxide or sodium tung-

TUNGSTEN OXYCYLORIDE
Synonym: Tungsten oxytetrachloride.
Description Red needles.
Formula:
B. P. 227. 5C
Description:
Formula:
Dark-gray crystals.
WS 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 248. 05
Density 7. 5 @10C
Toxicity: See Sulfides and Tungsten
Compounds.
TUNGSTEN HEXAFLUORIDE
Description: Light-yellow liquid or
colorless gas.
Formula:
WF 6
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 297. 92
M. P. 2. 5C
B. P. 19. 5C
Density Gas: 12. 9 g/l; Liquid:
3. 44
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Tungsten
Compounds.
2;
Inges-
Inhalation 2
tion 2;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
TUNGSTEN PHOSPHIDE
Dark-gray prisms.
Description:
Formula:
perimental animals.
TUNGSTEN DISULFIDE
WOCl 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 341. 75
M. P. 211C
state.
Recent studies have
failed to indicate any serious
toxic effect following the inhalation or ingestion of various tungsten compounds, although heavy
exposure to the dust or the ingestion of large amounts of the
soluble compounds produces a
certain rate of mortality in ex-
Section 2
OIL
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 398. 82
Density 5. 21
Toxicity: See Phosphides and Tungsten Compounds.
TUNGSTEN TRISULFIDE
Description:
Chocolate-brown pow-
der.
Formula:
WS 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 280. 12
Toxicity: See Sulfides and Tungsten
Compounds.
TURKEY RED OIL

Synonym: Sulfonated castor oil.
Description: A reddish, viscid
Constants:
TURPENTINE (GUM)
Density 0. 95
Autoign. Temp.
Toxicity:
1234
form
833 F
Unknown

to heat or flame.
TURPENTINE (GUM)
Gum thus.
Synonym:
Description:
Yellowish, opaque,
TURPENTINE OIL
Synonym: Spirit of turpentine
Formula: Principally C^H^
Constants:
Mol Wt. 136
B. P. 154 - 170C
Density 0. 854 - 0. 868 @25/25C
Vap. D. 4. 84
gen 1
Acute Systemic:
Ingestion 3;
gen 2
Chronic Systemic:
Ingestion 1;
Fire Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to heat or flame. Avoid
impregnation of leakage with
combustibles. Keep cool and
ventilated.
None
to
Com-
bustible liquid.
See
Turpentine Oil.
vapor when exposed
sticky masses.
Toxicity: A mild allergen.
Toxic Rating Code:
of
flame.
Explosive Range:
0. 8 % (L. E. L. )
Section 2
= Slight
TURPENTINE SUBSTITUTES
Synonym:
White
spirit.
Description: Colorless liquids.

Constant:
Flash P. 80 - 150F
Toxicity: Variable
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; when exposed to heat or
open flame; can react with oxidizing materials.

liquid, red label.
TYPE- CLEANING COMPOUNDS,

LIQUID
Variable; may contain
benzene, carbon tetrachloride
or other toxic materials.
Toxicity:
TYPEWRITING RIBBONS
Acute Systemic:
Chronic Systemic: U
TYRAMINE.
2 =
Moderate
See Ergot.
3 =
High
Unknown
ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION
Acute Systemic: Over exposure
may result in systemic effects.
Chronic Systemic:
Radiation Hazard: Excessive ultraviolet radiation can cause acute
inflammation of the eyes as well
as burns of the skin. There is
some evidence that exposure to
ultraviolet radiation over a period
of many years may cause cancer
of the skin (Section 5).
Synonyms: Hendecanal.
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 (CH 2 9 CHO
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 170.29
M. P. -4C
B. P. 117C @18
Density 0. 830 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 5. 94
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
mm
UNDECYLENIC ACID
Description:
Bright, clear, mobile
liquid.
Formula:
184.27
mm
160C @10
B. P.
Density 0. 910 @ 25 /25 C
Unknown
Toxicity:

URANIUM
Description: Cubic, silver-white or
black crystals.
UNDECANAL
Description:
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. 24. 5C
H 2 CCH(CH 2 8 COOH
)
Formula: U
Constants:
At. Wt.
238.07
M. P. Approx.
B. P.
1133C
Ignites
Density
18. 7
Toxicity: Highly toxic. See discussion under Radiation Hazard below.

milligram per cubic meter of air
(for soluble compounds); 0. 25
milligram per cubic meter of air
(for insoluble compounds).
isotope U 234 (U n ). half-life: 2. 6 X
10 5 years; emits alpha particles
of 4. 76 mev.
U 234 exists in
equilibrium with U 238 in natural
uranium compounds.
While it is
present only to the extent of about
0. 0055% by weight, it shows the
same alpha activity as the series
parent. U 234 is not found except in
the equilibrium state and should
be considered with U 238 in determining hazard.
Natural isotope U 235 (Actinouranium), half-life: 8. 8 X 10 8
years; emits alpha particles of
4. 39 mev (80%) and 4. 56 mev (20%)
and gamma rays of 0. 16 mev.
U 235 is the parent of the actinium
series. It is present to the extent
URANIUM
1236
of 0. 71% in natural uranium.

It
will not be found separate from
U 238 and U 234 except in special
instances, such as in the separation required in the preparation
of atomic weapons. It should be
considered in connection with
U 238 and U 234 in determining
formation refer
to
Atomic Energy
Commission.
rate): Sections 5 and 2.
hazard.
Natural isotope U 238 half -life:
4. 5 X 10 9 years; emits alpha
particles of 4. 18 mev. The permissible levels for U 238 + U 234 +
U 235 in natural ratio are: Solu-
URANIUM AMMONIUM FLUORIDE

Synonym: Ammonium uranium
compounds: In body: 0. 2
microcurie; in air: 1. 7 X 10" 11
milliliter. Insoluble compounds:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 419. 2
Toxicity: See Uranium and Fluorides
Disaster Control: See Uranium and
Fluorides.
ble
In body:
0.
air:
1. 7
009 microcurie;
10
-11
in
microcurie per
fluoride.
Description: Greenish-yellow
crystalline powder.
Formula:
U0 2 F 2
3NH 4 F
milliliter.
U 238
is the
parent of the uranium
series (see Section 5). It occurs

in natural uranium to the extent
of 99. 3%.
The permissible levels for
soluble compounds and the level
for insoluble compounds in air
are based on chemical toxicity,
while the permissible body level
for insoluble compounds is based
on radiotoxicity.
The high chemical toxicity of
uranium and its salts is largely shown in kidney damage, and
acute necrotic arterial lesions.
The rapid passage of soluble uranium compounds through the body
tends to allow relatively large
amounts to be taken in. The
highly toxic effect of insoluble
compounds is largely due to lung
irradiation by inhaled particles.
This material is transferred from
the lung of animals quite slowly.
The final deposition of uranium in
the bone structure could be considered in terms of an equivalent
activity of radium, that is, 0. 1
microcurie would be the permis-
of a solid
to heat or
form
of dust
flame.
Disaster Control:
Toxic Rating Code:
None
URANIUM BARIUM OXIDE

Synonym:
Barium diuranate.
Description:
Yellow or orange
powder.
Formula: BaU 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 725. 50
Toxicity: See Uranium and
Barium
Compounds.
Radiation Hazard:
See Uranium.
URANIUM BORIDE
Synonym: Uranium diboride.
Hexagonal crystals.
Formula: UB 2
Description:
2 =
to
For further
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 419.2
M. P. Decomposes
Disaster Control: See Uranium and
Fluorides.
= Slight
Moderate, in the
when exposed
in-
Dangerous, in the form

or dust when exposed
flame (Section 6).
Explosion Hazard:
Description:
Formula: (NH 4 ) 3 U0 2 F 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 248. 9
M. P. 2365C
Density 12. 70
with moisture or acids to evolve
boron hydride. See also Boron
sible level.
Fire Hazard:
URANIUM AMMONIUM PENTAFLUORIDE
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
URANIUM OXYAMMONIUM CHLORIDE
1237
pale yellow, deliquescent crystals.
Hydrides.
Explosion Hazard: Moderate; can
react with moisture or acids to
evolve boron hydrides. See also
Boron Hydrides.
with oxidizing materials; and on
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 352.07
M. P. 69. 2C @2 atm.
B. P. 56. 2 C @ 764. 6
mm
Uranium.
URANIUM CARBIDE
Description:
Formula
Brown-black crystals.
Formula: U 3 N 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 770.24
Density 10. 09
URANIUM OXYACETATE
Synonym: Uranyl acetate.
Rhombic, yellow
Description:
crystals.
Uranium.
Rhombic or cubic,
B. P.
2. 893 @15C
See Uranium.
Toxicity:
270.07
2176C
URANIUM OXYAMMONIUM CARBONATE
10. 9
Synonym: Uranyl ammonium car-

bonate.
Description:
crystals.
URANIUM DISULFIDE
Tetragonal, gray-black
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 302.20
M. P. > 1100C
B. P. Oxidizes
Toxicity: See Uranium and Sulfides.
Radiation Hazard; See Uranium.
Disaster Control: See Sulfides and
Uranium.
Section 7
URANIUM HEXAFLUORIDE
Description:
Monoclinic, colorless-
Monoclinic, yellow
Formula: 2(NH 4 ) 2 C0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Formula: US 2
Decomposes 275C
Density
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Description:
crystals.
2H 2
2 )2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 424. 19
M. P. -2H z O @110C
brown-black crystals.
Formula: UO z
Density
U0 2 (C 2 H 3
Formula:
Section
URANIUM DIOXIDE
M. P.
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 262. 09
M. P. 2260 C
B. P. 4100C
Density 11.28 @18C
Disaster Control: See Carbides and
Section
URANIUM NITRIDE
Gray crystals.
UC 2
Description:
UF 6
Formula:
U0 2 C0 3
2H z O
558.29
Density
2. 773
See Uranium.
Radiation Hazard: See Uranium
Toxicity:
URANIUM OXYAMMONIUM
CHLORIDE
Synonym: Uranyl ammonium chloride.
Description: Greenish-yellow,
Formula: UO z Cl 2 2NH 4 C1 2H 2
<
URANIUM OXYBENZOATE
1238
URANIUM OXYBENZOATE

Synonym: Uranyl benzoate.

Formula: U0 2 (C 7 H 5 2 2
URANIUM OXYIODIDE
Mol. Wt. 512.29

Constant:
URANIUM OXYBROMIDE
Synonym: Uranyl bromide.
Description: Green-yellow, hygroscopic needles.
Formula:
UO z Br 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 429.90
Synonym: Uranyl chloride.
Formula:
URANIUM OXYMONOHYDROGEN
PHOSPHATE
Synonym: Uranyl monohydrogen
Formula:
toxic fumes.
Section
URANIUM OXYFORMATE
URANIUM OXYNITRATE
Synonym: Uranyl nitrate.
Description: Rhombic, yellow,
Formula:
U0 2 (CH0 2
)2
6H 2
502. 18
60.2C; decomp. 100C
2. 807 @13C
See Uranium.
Toxicity:
H 2Q
U0 2 (N0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Density
Synonym: Uranyl formate.

Density
4H 2
Mol. Wt. 438.12

M. P.
M. P.
U0 2 HP0 4
Constant:
U0 2 C1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 340. 98
M. P. < red heat
Disaster Control: When heated to
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
U0 2 I2
Constants:
Mol. Wt, 523. 91
M. P. Decomposes in air.
plates.
Formula:
Formula
Red, deliquescent
phosphate.
Description: Tetragonal, yellow
URANIUM OXYCHLORIDE
Description:
crystals.
Synonym: Uranyl iodide.

Description:
crystals.

378. 12
-H z O @110C
3. 695 @19C

URANIUM OXYOXALATE
Synonym: Uranyl oxalate,
Yellow crystals.
3H 2
Formula: U0 2 C 2 4
Description:
URANIUM OXYIODATE
Synonym: Uranyl iodate.

Constants:
M. P.
crystals.
Formula:
Constants:
U0 2 (I0 3
Mol. Wt.
-H 2
412. 14
@110C

Mol. Wt.
619.91
URANIUM OXYPERCHLORATE
Density
Synonym: Uranyl perchlorate.
5. 2

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
U0 2 (C10 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
2 =
Moderate
)2
6H 2
545. 07
3 =
High
Unknown
URANIUM SESQUISULFIDE
1239
90C; decomp. @110C
See Uranium.
M. P.
Toxicity:
URANIUM OXYSULFATE
Synonym: Uranyl sulfate.
Formula: U0 2 S0 4 3H 2G
Density 3.28 @l6. 5C
Formula:
U0 4
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 3 38. 10
Inorganic.
Description:
See Uranium
Radiation Hazard:
URANIUM PHOSPHATE
Synonyms: Mono -uranyl o-phosphate;
uranyl phosphate.
Description: Tetragonal, yellow
plates.
Formula:
U0 2 HP0 4
4H z O
Mol. Wt. 438.16

Constant:
URANIUM OXYSULFIDE
Synonym:
Uranyl sulfide.
Description: Brown-black, tetragonal crystals.
Formula:
Constants:
M. P.
Toxicity:
UO z S
Mol. Wt.
302. 14
Decomposes 40 - 50 C
See Uranium.
URANIUM OXYSULFITE
Synonym: Uranyl sulfite.
Pale-green crystals.
Formula: U0 2 S0 3 4H 2
URANIUM POTASSIUM NITRATE

Synonyms: Potassium uranium
nitrate; uranyl potassium nitrate.
Description:
Yellow, crystalline
powder.
Formula: (KN0 3 ) 2
U0 2 (N0 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 394. 086
Description:
Mol. Wt. 422. 20

Constant:
URANIUM PENTACHLORIDE
Description: Dark green-gray needles; red by trans, light, deliques
cent.
URANIUM POTASSIUM SULFATE

Synonym: Potassium uranyl
Description:
crystals.
Formula:
sulfate.
Monoclinic, yellow
K 2 S0 4
U0 2 S0 4
2H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 576.41
M. P. -2H 2 @120C
Density 3. 363 @19. 1 C
Formula: UC1 5
Mol. Wt. 415.36
Constants:
See Uranium
heated to decompositoin it emits
Toxicity:
URANIUM PEROXIDE
Description: Pale yellow, hygroscopic crystals.
URANIUM SESQUISULFIDE
Gray-black needles.
Formula: U 2 S 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 572. 34
M. P. Ignites
URANIUM SODIUM OXYACETATE
1240
URANIUM SODIUM OXYACETATE
Formula: UI4
Synonym: Sodium uranyl acetate.

Formula: NaU0 2 (C2H 3 2 )3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 745.75
M. P. 500 C
Density 5. 6 @15C
Density
2.
56
See Uranium.
Toxicity:
URANIUM STRONTIUM OXIDE
URANIUM TRIBROMIDE
Synonym: Strontium diuranate.

Yellow powder.
Formula: SrU 2 7
Description:
Description: Dark brown, hygroscopic needles.

Formula: UBr 3
URANIUM TETRABROMIDE
Description:
Brown, deliquescent
leaflets.
Formula: UBr 4
B. P. Volatilizes
URANIUM TETRACHLORIDE
Description: Cubic, dark green-gray
Formula: UC1 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 379. 90
M. P. Sublimes
B. P. 618C
URANIUM TETRAFLUORIDE
Description:
powder.
Formula:
URANIUM TRICHLORIDE
Description: Dark red, hygroscopic needles.
Formula: UC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 344.44
Density 5.44@25/4C
URANIUM TRIOXIDE
Synonym: Uranyl oxide.
Yellow-red powder.
Formula: UO s
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 286. 07
M. P. Decomposes
Density 7.29
Green, amorphous
URANOUS SULFATE
UF 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 477. 82
B. P. Volatilizes
Toxicity: See Uranium
Rhombic green.
Formula: U(S0 4 2 4H 2
Description:
314. 07
M. P.
Toxicity:
Approx. 1000 C
See Uranium and Fluorides,
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 502. 27
M. P. -4H 2 @300C
UREA
URANIUM TETRAIODIDE
Description:
Synonym: Carbamide.
Black needles.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Description:
1
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
White crystals or powder,

3 =
High
Unknown
URIC ACID
1241
Formula:
Constants:
M. P.
B. P.
Density
(NH 2 2 CO

Mol. Wt.
132.
60.1
7C
Decomposes
UREA PEROXIDE
1.335
Toxicity: No importance as an
industrial hazard.
Disaster Control: Slightly dangerous when heated.
UREA NITRATE, WET NOT

EXCEEDING 16 OZ. WITH NOT
LESS THAN 10% WATER
Formula: CO(NH 2 HN0 3 (varying
2
with moisture content)

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
I.C.C. Classification: See
Section 11, 73. 192
flammable
In-
Synonym: Urea hydrogen peroxide.

White crystals.
Formula: CO(NH 2 ) 2 H 2 2
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 94. 08
M. P. 75 - 85C (decomp. )
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Fire Hazard: See Peroxides, Organic
Organic.
URIC ACID
Synonyms:
Description:
Formula:
168. 11
M. P. Decomposes
Density
25 LBS.
CO(NH) 2 COC 2 CO(NH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
to
hydrogen
cyanide.
solid.
UREA NITRATE, WET, WITH NOT

LESS THAN 10% WATER IN
EXCESS OF 16 OZ., BUT NOT
EXCEEDING
Lithic acid; uric oxide.

White crystals.
See Urea
Nitrate, Wet.
Flammable
Toxicity:
855 - 1. 893
can evolve hydrogen
1.
It
cyanide when heated. See also

Cyanides.
gamma-VALEROLACTONE
Description:
B. P. 3000 C
Density 5.866 @15C
Colorless, mobile
liquid.
Formula:
(C 5H 8
2)
ficial isotope
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
100.06
M. P. -31 C
B. P. 205 - 206. 5C
Flash P. 205 F
Density 1. 0518 @25/25C
Vap. D. 3. 45
low.

half -life:
16
days; emits gamma rays between

0. 99 - 1.3 mev and positron particles of 0. 8 mev. The permissible levels are: In body: 20 mi-
crocuries; in air: 10' microcurie

per milliliter; in water: 0. 5
flame (Section 6).
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS
Toxicity:
Variable.
compounds act
Vanadium
chiefly as irritants
to the conjunctivae and respiratory tract. Prolonged exposures
VALYL
Synonyms: Diethyl valer amide;
may
valeryl diethylamide.
burning taste.
There
Formula:
C 4H 9 CON(C 2 H 5
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 157. 25
B. P. 210C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Caution: May have a depressant
action.

when heated, it will burn and emit
toxic
V 48
fumes (Section
6).

VANADIUM
Description:
metal
Formula:
Constants:
M. P.
Light-gray crystalline
V
At. Wt.
50.95
1720 20C
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
lead to pulmonary involvement.

is still
some controversy
as to the effects of industrial exposure on other systems of the

body. Responses are acute, never
chronic.
The first report of vanadium
poisoning in humans described

rather widespread systemic
effects, consisting of polycythemia,
followed by red blood cell destruction and anemia, loss of
appetite, pallor and emaciation,
albuminuria and hematuria,
gastrointestinal disorders,
nervous complaints and cough,
sometimes severe enough to
cause hemoptysis. More recent
reports describe symptoms which,
for the most part, are restricted
to the conjunctivae and respiratory system, no evidence being
found of disturbances of the
gastrointestinal tract, kidneys,
blood or central nervous system.
Though certain workers believe
that it is only the pentoxide which
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
VANADIUM OXYBROMIDE
1243
is harmful, other investigators
have found that patronite dust
(chiefly vanadium sulfide) is quite

toxic to animals, causing acute


pulmonary edema.
Symptoms and signs of poisoning are pallor, greenish-black

discoloration of the tongue,
paroxysmal cough, conjunctivitis,
dyspnea and pain in the chest,
bronchitis, rales and ronchi,
broncho-spasm, tremor of the
fingers and arms, radiographic
reticulation. See also specific
compounds.
MAC: ACGIH (tentative); V 2 O s Dust

= 0. 5; V 2 O s Fume = 0. 1 milligrams per cubic meter in air.
Section
VANADIUM DIBORIDE
Formula:
Green, deliquescent
Description:
crystals.
6H 2 Q
Formula: VI 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 539. 81
and Iodides.
VANADIUM MONOSULFIDE
Synonym: Vanadium
sulfide.
Black plates.
Description:
Formula: VS
Section 2
Personal Hygiene:
Description:
VANADIUM IODIDE
Hexagonal crystals.
VB 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 72. 59
Density 5. 10
with moisture or acids, hydrides
can be formed. See also Boron
Hydrides.
Explosion Hazard: Slight; on contact with moisture or acids, hydrides can be formed. See also
Boron Hydrides.
flammable vapors; can react
with oxidizing materials; and
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
83. 02
M. P. Decomposes
Density
Toxicity:
4. 20
See Sulfides and Vanadium
Compounds.
VANADIUM MONOXIDE
Synonym:
Vanadium
oxide.
Light-gray crystals.
Description:
Formula: VO
Constants
Mol. Wt.
66. 95
M. P. Ignites
Density
Toxicity:
5. 758 @14C

heated (Section 6).
VANADIUM OXYBROMIDE
Description:
Violet crystals.
Formula: VOBr
VANADIUM DICHLORIDE
Synonym: Vanadous chloride.
Description: Hexagonal, green
plates; deliquescent.
Formula:
VC1 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
121. 86
Density 3.23 @18C

See Hydrochloric Acid and
Toxicity:
Vanadium Compounds.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
146. 87
Density
Toxicity:
4.
00
@18C
See Vanadium Compounds
and Bromides.

of Toxicology,
see Section
VANADIUM OXYCHLORIDE
1244
VANADIUM OXYCHLORIDE
B. P.
Yellow-brown powder.
Description:
130C @100
Density
933
2.
mm
@ 14.
5C
Formula: VOC1
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102.41
B. P. 127C
Density 3. 64 @20C
and Bromides.
VANADIUM OXYTRICHLORIDE
Description:
liquid.
Formula: VOCl 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
173. 32
VANADIUM OXYDIBROMIDE
M. P. -77 2C
Brown, deliquescent
powder.
Formula: VOBr 2
Density
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 226. 78
and Bromides.
B. P.
1.
Synonyms
Hypovanadic hydro-
chloride; vanadylchloride.
Description: Dark green, syrupy
mass.
Formula:
VOCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 137. 86
Density 2. 88 @13C
VANADIUM OXYDIFLUORIDE
Description:
Formula:

Section 7
VANADIUM OXYTRIFLUORIDE
Description: Yellow-white, hygroscopic crystals.
VOF 3
Yellow
Formula:
2. 177 @19C
See Fluorides and
VANADIUM PENTASULFIDE
Black-green powder.
Formula: V 2 S 5
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
262. 2
M. P. Decomposes
liquid.
145. 95
111. 2C
Description:
VOBr 3
Toxic Rating Code:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Vanadium Compounds.
See Fluorides.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 306. 70
M. P. Decomposes
Crystals.
VF 5
Formula:

VANADIUM OXYTRIBROMIDE
Red
VANADIUM PENTAFLUORIDE
Description:
Toxicity:
Vanadium Compounds.
Description:
Compounds.
Density
solid.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 104. 95
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 396 @19C
Disaster Control:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123.95
M. P. 300C
B. P. 480 C
Density 2.459 @19C
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Vanadium
B. P.
VOF 2
829
Toxicity:
Formula:
VANADIUM OXYDICHLORIDE
7C
126.
Density 3.00
See Sulfides and Vanadium
Toxicity:
Compounds.
@ 180 C
None
Fire Hazard:
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
See Sulfides.
3 =
High
Unknown
VANADIUM TRIBROMIDE
1245

Constants:
Mol. Wt.
VANADIUM PENTOXIDE
Density 1.816 @30C

Toxicity: See Hydrochloric Acid
and Vanadium Compounds.
M. P.
B. P.
Yellow
powder.
Formula: V 2 5
Description:
to
red crystal-
line
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 181. 90
M. P. 690 C
Density 3. 357 @18C
192. 78
-28 2C
148. 5C

will react "with water or steam to

fumes.
VANADIUM SESQUIOXIDE
VANADIUM TETRAFLUORIDE
Synonym: Vanadium trioxide.

Formula: V 2 3
Description: Brown-yellow crystals.

Formula: VF 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Density
Toxicity:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 127.
Density 2.975 @23C
149. 9
1970C
4.
87
@18C
Vanadium Compounds.
contact with acid or acid fumes it
emits highly toxic fumes of fluorides; will react with water or
VANADIUM SESQUISULFIDE
Synonym: Vanadium tri sulfide.
Green-black plates or
powder.
Formula: V 2 S 3
Description:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 198. 1
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 7 @21 C
Toxicity: See Sulfides and Vanadium
VANADIUM TETRAOXIDE
Synonym: Vanadium dioxide.
Black crystals.
Formula: V 2 4
Compounds.
Description:

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 165.90
M. P. 1967C
Density 4. 339
VANADIUM SULFIDE
Description:
Black plates.
Formula: V 2 S 2
VANADIUM TRIBROMIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Description: Green-black, deliquescent crystals.
166.02
VBr 3
M. P. Decomposes
Formula:
Density
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 290. 8
M. P. Decomposes
and Bromides.
Toxicity:
20
See Sulfides and
4.
Vanadium
Compounds.
Section
VANADIUM TETRACHLORIDE
Reddish-brown
VC1 4
Description:
Formula:
liquid.
bromides.
Section
VANADIUM TRICHLORIDE
1246
VANADIUM TRICHLORIDE
Description:
Formula:
Constant:
Pink crystals.
VC1 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 157. 32
M. P. Decomposes
Density 3. 00 @18C
VANADIUM TRIFLUORIDE
Description:
Formula:
Rhombic green
crystals,
VF 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 108.0
M. P. > 800C
B. P. Sublimes
Density 3.363 @19C

Toxicity: Variable as an allergen.
materials.
Section 2
liquid,
red label.
VARNISH MAKERS' NAPHTHA.
Vanadium Compounds.
See Naphtha.

VARNISH SHELLAC
Constant:
VANADIUM TRIOXIDE
See Vana>
dium Sesquioxide.
VANADYL SULFATE
component.
dry chemical, or carbon tetra-
Synonyms: Vanadic sulfate;

vanadium sulfate.
Description:
Flash P. 40 - 70 F
Toxicity: Details unknown; a variable allergen. See also specific
Blue crystals.
Formula: VOS0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 163. 01
VANILLA
Description: Cured, full-grown
unripe fruit of Vanilla planifolia.
2-3% Vanillin; 4%
10% sugar, etc.
Composition:
resin;

Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
chloride (Section
6).

materials.
Section 2
VARNOLINE
Synonym: Safety solvent.
Constant:
109 F (C.C. )
Details unknown.
Flash P.
Toxicity:
See
Kerosene.

VARNISH
Description: Usually contains
resins and solvents.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
oil,

= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
VINYL BENZENE
1247
VEGETABLE
HYDROGENATED
OIL,
Constants:

Density Less than 1
)
to heat or flame.
dioxide, dry
(Section
6).
Colorless, mobile
polymerizes to solid on
exposure to light.
Formula: CH 3 COOCHCH 2
M. P. -100. 2C
B. P. 73C
Flash P. -20F (C. O. C.
Vap. Press. 100
at 21 5 C
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
mm
VERATRIDINE
VERATRINE
Synonym: Cevadine.
Description: White-to-gray powder.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 586. 7
M. P. 145 -155C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: Action is similar to that
of digitalis.
Section 2

VERATRINE SULFATE.
See
Veratrine.
VIGORITE NO.
L.F.
See Ex-
plosives, High.
VINEGAR
Description:
Composition:
liquid,
Section
Description: Yellow-white powder.

Formula: C3 6 H 51 NO n
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 673.8
M. P. 180C
Toxicity: Details unknown; an insecticide. See also Veratrine.
rate):
VINYL ACETATE
Description:
Clear to yellow liquid.

Approximately 6%
solution of acetic acid.

Toxicity: See Acetic Acid.
Disaster Control: See Acetic Acid.
6).

and emits acrid fumes; can react
rate):
Section 2

I.
Section 11
liquid; red label.

Inflammable liquid; red label.
VINYL ALCOHOL
Synonyms: Ethenol; vinol.
Description: An unstable liquid.
Isolated only in form of its esters
or the polymer, polyvinyl alcohol.
Formula:
CH 2 CHOH

Alcohols.

exposed to heat or open flame; can
materials.
rate): Section 2
VINYL BENZENE.
Section
See Styrene.
VINYL BROMIDE
1248
VINYL BROMIDE
ethene.
Description:
A gas.
CH 2 CHBr
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 107.0
M. P. -138C
B. P.
15.
6C
Density 1. 51
Chronic Local: U
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to flame or heat.
6).

bromine compounds; can react

rate): Section 2
VINYL BUTYL
Description:
,T
CELLOSOLVE M
Liquid.
Formula: CH 2 CHOCH 2 CH 2 OC 4H 9
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144.21
M. P. -71 C
B. P. 88C @50
Density 0. 8654 @20/20C
Vap. D. 4. 98
Vap. D.
Toxic Rating Code:
(O. C.
@ 20 /20 C
=
193.2
Acute Systemic: U
Allergen 1
Chronic Systemic: U
Section 2
7
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 2 CHOCH 2 CH 2 Cl
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106. 55
M, P. -70. 3C
B. P.
108. 9C
Flash P. 80 F
Density 1.0498
(O. C.
See
Ethers.
See Ethers.
CH 2 CHOC 4H 9
7803
3.45
NCHCH 2
Vap. D. 3. 67
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 100. 16
M. P. -112. 7C
B. P.
94. 1C
15F
)2
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
VINYL 2-CHLORETHYL ETHER
Liquid.
0.
Liquid.
Formula: (C 6 H 4
Description:
VINYL BUTYL ETHER
Flash P.
Density
Description:
rate):

Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous when exposed to heat or
materials.
Formula:
VINYL CARBAZOLE

mm
Description:

Ethers.
See Ethers.
when exposed to heat or flame;
rate): Section 2
Toxicity:
Synonyms: Bromoethylene; bromo-
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
VINYL ETHER
1249


Section 2

MCA
warning label.
VINYL CHLORIDE
VINYL CYANIDE.
Synonyms: Chloroethylene; chloroethene.

Description:
4- VINYL
CYCLOHEXENE-1
Colorless liquid or gas

(when inhibited); faintly sweet
Description:
odor.
Formula:
Formula:
CH 2 CHC1
15/4C
mm
@25C
Toxicity:

Inhalation 2
Chronic Local:
Unknown

2;
Chronic Systemic:
Liquid.
C 8 H 12

B. P. 128C
Freezing P. -109C
Density 0. 832 @20 /4C
Autoign. Temp. 517F
Vap. D. 3.76

B. P. -13.4C
Flash P. -108F (C.O.C.)
Density Liquid: 0. 9195 @
Vap. Press. 2660

Vap. D. 2. 15
See Acrylonitrile.
Ingestion
Inhalation 1
Caution: May cause local irritation
or frostbite due to rapid evaporation from skin or tissues.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or flame. Large
fires of this material are practically inextinguishable.
(Section 6).
MAC: ACGIH
rials.

Section 2
VINYL ETHER
Synonyms: Di vinyl ether; divinyl
oxide.
Description:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
B. P.
obtained from the supplier.

Section 2
Colorless liquid.
(CH 2 CH) 2
Formula:
Explosion Hazard: Severe in the

heat or flame.
Explosive Range: 4 - 22%.
Disaster Control: Very dangerous;
emits highly toxic fumes of phosgene; can react vigorously with
oxidizing materials. Before
storing or handling this material
instructions for its use should be
6).

exposed to heat or open flame;
1;
70.1
39C

Density 0. 774 @ 20 /Z0 C
Vap. D. 2.41
Ethers.
Underwriters Laboratory Classification: Approximately 100.
(Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: Severe in the

VINYL ETHYL ETHER
1250
heat or flame.
Disaster Control: Highly dangerous
when exposed to heat or open

See Ethers.
Section 2
Synonym:
rate):
Section
VINYL FORMATE.
See Acrylic Acid.
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
1
Description:
-Dichloroethylene.
Colorless, volatile
liquid.
VINYL ETHYL ETHER

Colorless liquid.
Description:
CH 2 CHOC 2 H
Formula:
Constants:
B. P.
B.
6C
Flash P.
-50F
Freezing P. -115C
Density 0. 754
428mm@20C
Vap. Press.
Acute Local: U
Inhalation 2
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
See Ethers.
Disaster Control: Severe; when
heated or exposed to flame;
rate): Section 2
Formula:
Constants:
M. P.
31.
97.0
6C
Freezing P. -122C
Flash P. 14F (O. C
Density 1. 218 @20/4C
e
Autoign. Temp. Decomposes

Vinyl Chloride.
Toxicity:
Explosion Hazard:
Moderate
in the
gas when exposed to

a eat or flame.
Explosive Range: 7 - 16%.
emits highly toxic fumes; can
materials.
rate): Section 2
form
I.
of
Inhibited:

Coast Guard Classification: Inhibited: Inflammable liquid;
red label.
VINYL 2-ETHYLHEXYL ETHER

Description:
P.
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 7Z.104
35.
CH 2 CC1
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 2 CHOC 2 H 5 C 6H 12
Mol. Wt.
VINYL ISOBUTYL ETHER
156.3
Description:
-100C
Formula:
B. P. 177. 5C
Flash P. 116F (C.C.
Density 0. 810

Vap. D. 5. 4
Ethers.
See

Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Liquid.
CH 2 CHOC 4H 9

M. P. -132. 3C
B. P.
83. 3C
Density 0. 77
Vap. D. 3. 45
Ethers.
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
VINYL PYRIDINE
1251
See Ethers,
away from heat or open flame.
It can react vigorously with oxi-
rate): Section 2
Colorless, easily
liquefied gas or colorless liquid.
Description:
CH 2 CHOCH 3
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 58.
B. P. 6. 0C
Flash P. Low
Density 0. 7500
VINYL ISOPROPYL ETHER

Formula:
VINYL METHYL ETHER
dizing materials.
rate): Section 2
Description:
Section

Ethers.
tetrachloride or water spray.
See also Ethers.
See Ethers.
when heated, it burns and emits
acrid fumes; can react vigorously
Toxicity:
Liquid.
CH 2 CHOC 3 H 7
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 86.2
Flash P. -26 F (C. C. )
Ethers.
See Ethers.
Keep away from heat or open
rate): Section 2
I.
Inhibited:
label.
In-
Flammable gas; red gas

hibited:
Inflammable gas;
red gas label.
VINYL 2-METHOXYETHYL ETHER

Description:
Formula:
Liquid.
CH 2 CHOCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3
(O. C.
exposed
to
Liquid.
CH 2 CHOC 9 H 19
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
170.3
161 F
Density 0. 81
B. P.
Vap. D. 3. 53
Ethers.
Fire Hazard:
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 102. 13
M. P. -82. 8C
B. P. 108. 8C
Flash P. 65F
Density 0. 8967
VINYL NONYL ETHER
Ethers.
Fire Hazard:
See
Dangerous, when
heat or flame;
can

See Ethers.
away from heat and flame.
posed
to heat or flame;
with oxidizing materials. See

also Ethers.
See Ethers.
VINYL PYRIDINE
Description:
Liquid.
Formula: C 7 H 7 N
Constants:
B. P.
Toxicity:
Mol. Wt. 105. 1

160C
Pyridine.
See
n- VINYL- 2- PYRROLIDONE
Caution:
An
1252
irritant to the skin,
eyes and respiratory tract.

highly toxic fumes of cyanide;
Section 2
n - VINYL- 2 Description:
PYRROLIDONE
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C 6 H 9 NO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 111. 1
B. P. 148C @100
VINYL TOLUENE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless liquid.
CH 2 CHC 6H4 CH 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 118. 2
B. P. 170 - 171 C
Freezing P. -82. 5C
Flash P. 140 F
Density
Monomer:
0.
@25 /25C
89
Vap. D. 4. 08
Unknown

See
Toluene.
VINYL TRICHLOROSILANE
Description:
Formula:
Fuming
liquid.
CH 2 CHSiCl 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
162. 5

VINYL RESINS
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
VINYL STEARATE
tion
3;
Inhalation
Inges-
3;
Acute Systemic* U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
produce toxic and corrsive fumes.
Section 2
White, waxy solid.
Formula: H 2 CCHC0 2 (CH 2 ) l6 CH3

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 310. 5
M. P. 28 - 30C
B. P. 180C @2
Density 0.881 @20/20C
Esters and Alcohols.
mm
Toxic Rating Code:

Polymer: 1.027 @25/25C

Description:
Slight,
to heat or flame;
mm
Freezing P. 13. 5C
Density 1. 04 @25C
Autoign. Temp. 213F
Toxicity:
when exposed
can react with
Fire Hazard:
None
= Slight


VINYL TRIMETHYLNONYL ETHER

Description:
2 =
Moderate
Liquid.
3 =
High
Unknown
VULCAN COAL POWDERS
1253
Formula:
CH 2 CHOCHCH 2 CH(CH 3 2
CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(CH 3
)
)2

M. P. -90 C
B. P. 223. 5C
Flash P. 200 F (O. C. )
Density 0.8075 @20/ 2 0C
Vap. D. 7. 33
Ethers.

exposed to heat or flame; it

dioxide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6).
VULCAN COAL POWDERS.

Explosives, High.
See
WALL PLASTER
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Antidote:
In spite of its slight
adverse effects, plaster may be

used in an emergency to neutralize
a strong acid or poison taken
internally (Section l).
Section 2
WARFARIN
Synonym: (3- (alpha-acetonylbenzene)
-4-hydroxycoumarin.
tasteless crystals.
Constant:
M. P.
161C
Warfarin has two actions
inhibition of prothrombin formation and capillary damage.
There
is evidence that these two actions
are produced by the two moieties
of the molecule.
Thus, 4-hydroxycoumarin inhibits the formation of
prothrombin and reduces the
clotting power of the blood, while
there is some evidence benzalacetone produces capillary damage
and leads to bleeding upon the
very slightest trauma. Significantly enough, vitamin K has an
Toxicology:
antidotal action against both

actions of warfarin up to a certain
bait
recommended,
same man
the
would have to eat 14 kg or 30

pounds of the rat bait.
However, with repeated daily
doses, the effective toxicity of
compound is greatly increased.
For example, five daily doses of
mg/kg each (a total of 5. mg/
1.
the
kg) is sufficient to kill all rats
which eat
it.
There
is
consider-
able species difference in sus-
For example, chickens

be raised to maturity on an
adequate growing mash containing
an effective rodenticidal concentration of warfarin.
The possibility of human poisoning by warfarin must be kept
in mind, although the safety
factors make it appear unlikely
that poisoning will occur except
with suicidal intent or as a result
of gross carelessness and ignorance,
ceptibility.
may
point.
The action of warfarin is

similar to that of the common
drug Dicoumarol, except that
capillary damage (the so-called
"toxic factor") is greatly increased.
Dangerous Acute and Chronic Dose
in Man: Information on the
toxicity of warfarin to man is
available. Serious illness was
Toxic Rating Code:
induced by ingesting 1. 7 mg of
warfarin per kg per day for 6
consecutive days with suicidal
This would correspond
intent.
to eating almost 1 pound of
warfarin bait (0. 025 percent
warfarin) each day for 6 days.
All signs and symptoms were
caused by hemorrhage and, following multiple small transfusions
and massive doses of vitamin K,
recovery was complete.
Data from animal experiments
suggest that a single dose would
be harmless. The rat is specifically susceptible to warfarin, yet
mortalities are highly irregular
and may be low following single
doses of 50, 100, or even 150 mg/
kg.
To obtain a dose of 50 mg/kg
the average 150-pound man would
have to eat 0. 7 kg or 1. 5 pounds
of the warfarin concentrate
available on the market, although
the amount of active ingredient
would be only 3. 5 g. To obtain
the same dose with the strongest
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
WELDING FUMES
1255
Symptoms
Poisoning in
in an
attempted suicide using warfarin
were back pain and abdominal
pain. The onset occurred the
first day after the sixth daily dose.
A day after onset vomiting and
attacks of nose bleeding occurred.
On the second day of illness, when
admitted to the hospital, the
patient was observed to have a
generalized petechial rash. The
prothrombin time was greatly
prolonged. The coagulation time
was definitely increased by the
Lee -White method and slightly
increased by the capillary tube
method. Bleeding time was normal. Urine was normal in appearance but contained many red cells
on microscopic examination.
Treatment: After blood has been
taken for prothrombin and other
Signs and
Man:
The
initial
of
symptoms
differential diagnostic tests, a
blood transfusion should be given

at once if there is reasonable
assurance that warfarin poisoning
has occurred, irrespective of
whether or not signs and symptoms
are present. Vitamin K in a dose
of 65 mg (gr. 1) repeated three
times on the first day of treatment
is suggested irrespective of
symptoms. Smaller doses should
be continued until the prothrombin
time has reached normal. In a
more seriously ill patient, small
transfusions of carefully matched
whole blood should be given daily
until the patient has returned to
normal. Should it ever be necessary to treat a patient in shock
from blood loss resulting from
warfarin poisoning, frequent
small transfusions and a complete
consideration of the blood chemistry would be in order. Any large
hematomata should be the subject
of surgical consultation, but any
surgical action should be taken
only after the clotting power of the
blood is restored to normal.
MCA
warning label.
WASTE PAPER, WET

Fire Hazard:

chemical reaction; can react with
WASTE TEXTILE, WET

chemical reaction; can react

WASTE WOOL, WET

can react with oxidizing materials (Section 6).

WATER
GAS. See Carbon Monoxide

and Hydrogen (hazardous components).
WATER TREATING COMPOUND,

LIQUID.
See Acids, N. O. S. or
Alkalis, N.O.S.
WELDING FUMES
2; In-
halation 2
Acute Systemic:
halation
Irritant
Chronic Systemic:
MAC: ACGIH
In
per million in air.

Toxicology: When welding
Moderate, when
6),
is
done on
WET NITROCELLULOSE
1256
a surface coated with cadmium,

toxic fumes of cadmium can be
evolved. When zinc -coated surfaces are welded, toxic quantities
of zinc oxide may be liberated.
When painted surfaces are welded,

lead or other pigment fumes maybe liberated. And when fluoride
fluxes are used in welding, very
toxic fluoride fumes are evolved.
When oily surfaces are welded,
offensive and toxic fumes can be
liberated, and when the welding
torch is improperly ignited,
carbon monoxide which
is
very
may
be evolved. Also,
oxides of nitrogen may be formed.
It is therefore considered hazardous to inhale excessive amounts
of welding fumes.
It is also
possible to inhale sufficient quantities of iron oxide from welding
to cause siderosis which is not,
however, considered a serious
toxic
condition.
Safety goggles are required
to protect against spatter.
Light -filtering goggles are required to shield the eyes against
arc.
rate):

I.
WET NITROCELLULOSE, COLLOIDED, GRANULAR OR FLAKE

- 20% WATER. See Nitrocellulose.
Section 11.

I.
WET NITROGUANIDINE
20%
WATER.
See Nitroguanidine.

I.
WET NITROSTARCH
20% WATER.
See Nitrostarch.
Section 2

(COLLODION COTTON) 20% WATER.
See Nitrocellulose (Collodion

Cotton).

(COLLO-
DION COTTON) 30% ALCOHOL

(OR SOLVENT).
See Nitrocel-
lulose (Collodion Cotton).


I.
WET NITROCELLULOSE, COLLOIDED, GRANULAR OR FLAKE

- 20% ALCOHOL (OR SOLVENT)
See Nitrocellulose.
Toxic Rating Code:
None
30%
ALCOHOL
See Nitrostarch.
(OR SOLVENT).
WET NITROCELLULOSE
WET NITROCELLULOSE
WET NITROSTARCH -
= Slight

I.
WHALE
OIL
Constants: Density 0. 925

very low.
Fire Hazard:
Slight,
to heat or flame.
Probably
when exposed

WHEAT
OIL

Acute Systemic:
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
WOOL AND WOOL WASTES
1257
Chronic Systemic:
WHISKY
Description: Light to deep-amber
liquid; characteristic odor and
taste.
Approx. 50% ethyl
Composition:
alcohol (by vol. ) + acetic acid

and ethyl acetate.
Constants:
Density 0.935 - 0.923 @25C
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Section
See Methyl
OIL.
WITCH HAZEL
Synonyms: Hamamelis; tobacco
wood.
tion
Section 2
6).
Salicylate.
6).
SPIRIT.
Flash P. 129 F
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Constant:
WINTERGREEN

WHITE
liquids.
(Section

WHITE LEAD.
Description: Light golden to amber

color, aromatic, alcoholic

rials.
(Section
WINES (SHERRY AND PORT)
See Lead Compounds.
See Turpentine
Substitute.
1;

Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
WOOD GAS. See Carbon

WOOD TAR ACID
WINES, HIGH
Light golden to amber
color, aromatic, alcoholic
Description:
Inges-
Monoxide.
Toxicity: Details unknown; a fungicide, herbicide and insecticide.
liquids.
Constant:
Flash P. 60 - 80 F
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Section 2

when heated it emits smoke.
WOOD TAR
OIL

cide and insecticide.
a fungi-

Section

1;

Inhalation
(Wet, see Rags, Wet) Inflam-
Acute Systemic:
halation
1258
mable
WORMWOOD
Chronic Systemic:
Spontaneous Heating: Yes, particularly
when wet.


Coast Guard Classification (See
Cotton Waste): Hazardous;
Toxic Rating Code:
solid;
= None
yellow label.
In-
1;
= Slight
OIL

Chronic Local: U
Caution: This is the essence of
absinthe, prolonged use of
which can lead to mental deterioration.

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
4
XANTHOGEN DISULFIDE
Sulfides.
Section 7
compressed gas container with explosive force, releasing contents.

X-RAY FILM (NITROCELLULOSE

BASE)
See Nitrates.
Toxicity:
XENON
Description:
Colorless, inert gas.
Formula: Xe
Constants:
At. Wt. 131. 30
M. P. -112C
B. P. -107. 1C
Density 5. 851 grams per liter;
liquid: 3.06 @-109C
Acute Local:
Chronic Local:
Chronic Systemic:
Caution: A simple asphyxiant. For
a discussion of toxic effects see
Argon.
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Xe 133 half-life: 5. 3
0. 33 mev and gamma rays of 0. 08
4X 10~ 6 microcurie per milliliter;
in water: 4X 10~ 3 microcurie
,
per milliliter.
Xe 133 is an isotope produced by
neutron irradiation in aircooled
nuclear reactors.
Artificial isotope
Xe 135
X-RAY FILM SCRAP (NITROCELLULOSE BASE)

Toxicity:
See Nitrates.

Section 11.
X-RAY FILM SCRAP (NITROCELLULOSE BASE) OTHER
THAN SAMPLES.
See
X-Ray
Film (Nitrocellulose Base).

Flammable solid; yellow label
(not accepted).
half-
hours; emits beta

rays of 0. 25 mev. The permissible levels are: In body: 100
-3
water: 1X10
microcurie per
milliliter. Xe 135 is an isotope
produced by neutron irradiation
in aircooled nuclear reactors.
life:

I.
9. 2
X-RAY FILM, SCRAP (NITROCELLULOSE BASE), SAMPLES OF


I. C. C.
X-RAY FILM. SLOW BURNING
1260
X-RAY FILM, SLOW BURNING
Fire Hazard: Moderate when exposed to heat or flame (Section 6).

heated to decomposition they emit
No
Section 11.

I.
red label.
warning label
liquid,
MCA
o -XYLENE
Synonym: o- Xylol.
Colorless liquid.
Description:
Formula: C 6H4 (CH 3 ) 2
restriction.
Mol. Wt. 106.2

4 C
Freezing P. -25. 5C
Constants:
X-RAYS
B. P.
Description: Highly penetrating

electromagnetic radiation pro-
144.
duced by electrical means.

Radiation Hazard: See Gamma Rays
and Section 5

Vap. D. 3. 66
Toxicity: See m-Xylene.
m-XYLENE
MAC: ACGIH
Synonym
Description:
Formula:
)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 106.2
M. P. -47.9C
B. P. 139C
Flash P. 77 F
Density 0. 864 @ 20 /4C
Vap. D. 3. 66
Skin Absorption 1
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted);
40
tion:
45.
6).

heat or flame.
1;
200 parts

rate): Section 2

I.
bustible liquid;
liquid,
MCA
inflammable
red label.
warning label
P-XYLENE
6).

Synonym: p- Xylol.
heat or flame.
Explosive Range: 1. 1 - 7.0%.
away from open flame.
Formula: C 6 H 4 (CH 3
Section 2

Section
None
= Slight
Toxic Rating Code:

Xylol
Colorless liquid.
C 6 H 4 (CH 3
Mol. Wt. 106.2

B. P. 138. 3C
Freezing P. 13.2C
Density 0.8611 @20/4C
Vap. D. 3. 66
Constants:
Toxicity:
2 =
See m-Xylene.
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
XYLIDENE
1261
MAC: ACGIH

rate): Section 2

I.
liquid, red label.

warning label.
MCA
XYLENE HEXAFLUORIDE
Synonym: Bis(trifluoromethyl)
Clear, water-white
liquid.
Formula: C 6 H 4 (CF 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 214. 11
M. P. -40 to -50C
B. P. 115C
Density 1. 395 @
5. 5 C
Xylene and Fluorides.
20%
XYLENES (MIXED m-
and p-

Constants:
B. P. 138. 5C
Density 0. 864 @ 20 /4C
Toxicity:
Unknown
presence
To
Moderate, in the
heat or flame; can

Fight Fire: Foam, carbon diox-
ide,
of

XYLENE SUBSTITUTES
Description:
Unknown
Liquid.
6).

away from heat and flame; can
3,5-XYLENOL
3, 5-Dimethyl phenol;
-hydroxy- 3, 5-dimethyl benzene;
5-hydroxy-l, 3 -dimethyl benzene.
Synonyms:
1
Formula: (CH 3 2 C 6 H 3 OH
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 122. 16
M. P. 68C
B. P. 219. 5C
Density 1. 0362
Toxicity: See Xylene.
to heat or flame.
Section 2
XYLIDENE
Synonym: Aminodimethylbenzene.
Description: Usually liquid (except
for o-4-xylidene).
Formula:
ISOMERS)
Fire Hazard:
Toxicity:

6).
Explosion Hazard: Moder-ate in the

heat or flame.
benzene.
Description:
Constants:
Flash P. 45 F
Density 0. 760
(CH 3 2 C 6 H 3 NH2
)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 121.2
B. P. 213 - 226C
Density 0. 97 - 0. 99
Vap. D. 4. 17
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Toxicology: This material, which so
closely resembles aniline in its
toxic effects, is actually twice
as toxic as aniline, based on the
determination of the LD50 for
XYLIDENE
1262
mice by inhalation. It can

cause injury to the blood and the
liver. It does not necessarily
give any alarm or warning, such
as cyanosis, headache, and dizziness which characterizes aniline
poisoning. Thus it may be considered a more insidious poison
than aniline, and severe and possibly fatal intoxication may come
about through skin absorption.
From animal experimentation it

has been further found that the
minimum lethal dose for rabbits
is 0. 28 g/kg of body weight,
and that the lethal dose intravenously is 240 mg/kg of body
weight for rabbits. The signs of
intoxication in animals are loss of
weight, dyspnea, prostration,
albuminuria, and occasional
terminal convulsions. This compound penetrates the intact skin
of rabbits in sufficient quantity
to cause cyanosis and death.
There are no local effects upon

the skin. The application of 3. 3
grams or more
material
per kilogram of body weight on
the intact skin of a rabbit for an
hour or more always caused fatal
results.
A 2%
XYLOLS.
solution of this
None
= Slight
6).
See Xylenes
o,m,p.
m-XYLYL BROMIDE
Description:
Formula:
B. P.
Colorless liquid.
CsH 9 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
185.
213C
Density 1. 371 @23C

tion
of this
material caused no harm to 3

rabbits in the course of 50 periods
of cutaneous contact.
exposure, contact the medical
department immediately. When
it splashes or spills upon the
person, the area of contact should
be washed with copious quantities
of warm water aided by soap.
Remove all contaminated clothing
and if possible wash the area affected under a deluge-type of
shower. Protective clothing
should be washed before reuse.
This material must not be used
without adequate ventilation as
well as personal protective
equipment. See also Aniline.
Personnel engaged working with
it should do so under the direct
supervision of a medical department.
Fire Hazard: Moderate when exposed to heat or flame.
Toxic Rating Code:

rate): Section 2
MCA warning label
3;
Inhalation
Inges-
3;
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
and bromine compounds; can react

Section 2
Classification: Poison C;
I. C.C.
tear gas label.
o-XYLYL BROMIDE
Synonym: o- Methyl benzyl bromide.
Description:
Formula:
Crystals.
C 8 H 9 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 185.
M. P. 21 C
B. P. 217C
Density 1. 381
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
p-XYLYL CHLORIDE
1263
Toxicity: See m-Xylyl Bromide.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U

and bromine compounds.

Section 2
p-XYLYL BROMIDE
Description:
White crystals.
Formula: C 8 H 9 Br
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
185.
o-XYLYL CHLORIDE
Synonym:
M. P. 36C
B. P. 220C @740
mm
Colorless liquid.
Formula: C 8 H 9 C1
1. 324
See m-Xylyl Bromide.
Disaster Control: See m-Xylyl
Density
Toxicity:
Bromide.
o-Methyl benzyl chloride.
Description:
Section
m-XYLYL CHLORIDE
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 140. 6
B. P. 195 - 199C
Toxicity: See m-Xylyl Chloride.
Chloride.
P-XYLYL CHLORIDE
Colorless liquid.
CH 3 C 6H 4 CH 2 C1
Fuming
Description:
Description:
Formula:
Formula: C 8 H 9 C1
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
B. P.
140. 61
196C
Density 1. 064
tion
3;
Inhalation
3;
Inges-
liquid,
odor.

B. P. 200 - 202C
Toxicity: See m-Xylyl Chloride.
Fire Hazard: See m-Xylyl Chloride
Chloride.
Y
YELLOW PRUSSIATE OF
SODA.
See Sodium Ferrocyanide.
YEW
A wood.
Acute Systemic: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Description:
tion
6).
Explosion Hazard:
form
of dust
Slight, in the
to
when exposed
flame.

Constants:
Mol. Wt. 3 54.44
M. P. 235C
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
poison. Cases of poisoning have
occurred from its use as an
aphrodisiac. Upon local application, it produces anesthesia.
However, absorption of it can
give rise to toxic symptoms,
such as salivation, increased
respiration, and repeated defecation. With reference to the
circulatory system, there may
be a fall in blood pressure and
sometimes myocardial damage,
YOfflMBENE
Synonym: Isomer
Description:
of
yohimbine.
Light-sensitive crys-
tals.
Formula: C 2 iH 26 N 2 03
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 354.2
M. P. 278C (decomp.)
Acute Local: U
Chronic Local: U
Chronic Systemic: U
Caution: An alkaloid poison. See
Yohimbine.
Disaster Control:
Moderately dan-
when heated to decompoemits toxic fumes.

it
Section 2
Section
YOHIMBINE
Synonyms:
Corynine; aphrodine;
quebrachine.
Description: Colorless needles
from water and alcohol.
Formula: C 21 H 2 6N 2 03
Toxic Rating Code:
sition it emits toxic fumes.

None
= Slight
YOHIMBINE HYDROCHLORIDE
See Yohimbine.
YITTERBIUM
Formula:
gerous;
sition
involving particularly the conduction system of the heart, with

a resultant decrease in the efficiency of the heart.
Yb
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Toxicity:
173. 04
1800C
Unknown
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Yb 175 half-life: 4.2

days; emits beta particles between
0. 13 - 0. 48 mev and gamma rays
of 0. 35 mev.
,
Fire Hazard:
of dust
when exposed
flame (Section
2 =
Moderate
to
heat or
6).
3 =
High
Unknown
YTTRIUM SULFIDE
1265
YTTERBIUM SELENATE
crystals.
Hexagonal plates.
Description:
Formula: Yb 2 (Se0 4
)3
8H zO
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 919. 1
Density 3. 30
Toxicity: See Selenium.
Disaster Control: See Selenium.
Formula:
Y(Br0 3
)3
9H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 634. 8
M. P. 74C
-6H 2
@100C
See Bromates.
Toxicity:
YTTERBIUM SELENITE
Formula: Yb 2 (Se0 3 ) 3
YTTRIUM BROMIDE
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 727.
Description:
YTTRIUM
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 88. 9
M. P. 1490 - 1250C
B. P.
2500C
5.
51
Unknown
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Y 90 half-life: 63
Toxicity:

2. 2 mev.
are: In body: 1 microcurie; in
air: 2 X 10' * microcurie per
milliliter; in water: 8 X 10~ 7
Y 90 exists in equilibrium with
its parent, Sr 90
The hazard
given for the equilibrium mixture.
Hazard Rating, Class
See Sr 90
III (National Bureau of Standards
Handbook No. 42).
hours;
Artificial isotope
1. 5
Y 91
half -life:
59 days;
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 328. 7
YTTRIUM FLUORIDE
Density
YBr 3
Hexagonal, gray-black
Description:
metal.
Formula:
Formula:
mev.
Gelatinous material.
YF 3
y2 H 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 154. 9
Disaster Control: See Florides.
YTTRIUM NITRATE
Reddish-white prisms.
Y(NO) 3
4H z O
Description:
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 347.
Density 2. 682
YTTRIUM OXIDE
Synonym:
Yttria.
Description
Formula: Y 2
White powder.
3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 225. 8
Density 4. 84
In body: 15 microcuries;
~
in air: 4 X 10 8 microcurie per
milliliter; in water: 0. 2 microcurie per milliliter. Hazard
YTTRIUM SULFIDE
Rating, Class III (National
Description:
are:
Bureau
of
Standards Handbook
No. 42).

flame (Section 6).
Fire Hazard:
YTTRIUM BROMATE
Description:
Hexagonal, prismatic
Toxicity:
Unknown
Yellow-gray powder.
Formula: Y 2 S 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 274. 04
z
ZINC
Description: Hexagonal, bluishwhite metal.
Formula:
Density
Zn
Constants:
At. Wt. 65. 38
M. P. 419. 4C
B. P. 907C
Density 7. 14
@487C
Vap. Press. 1
Radiation Hazard (Section 5): Artificial isotope Zn 65 half-life: 250
days; emits gamma rays of 1. 1
mev and positron particles of
mm
,
0.
32
mev.
The permissible
levels are: In body: 430 microcuries; in air: 2 X 10~ 6 microcurie per milliliter; in water:
2
6 X 10~ microcurie per milliliter.
Artificial isotope Zn 72 half49 hours; emits gamma
,
life:
rays and electron particles of
0. 3
mev.
Moderate
when exposed
Fire Hazard:
of dust
in the

See also Powdered Metals,
ZINC ACETATE
Description:
Formula:
Zn(C 2 H 3
13
@25C
ZINC
AMMONIUM NITRITE
Description:
Formula:
Solid.
ZnNH 4 (N0 2

Toxicity: See Nitrites and Zinc
Compounds.
powerful oxidizing agent.
Oxidizing
form
to heat or
flame.
flame.
2.
See Zinc Compounds.

Disaster Control: Unknown
Toxicity:
ZINC ARSENATE
Description:
der.
White, odorless pow-
Composition: Variable; approximately 5ZnO, 2As 2 5 4H z O

,

Poison B;
poison label.
2 )2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 183.47
M. P. 242 C
B. P. Sublimes in vacuum
Density 1. 84
ZINC o- ARSENATE
Formula:
Zn 3 (As0 4
8H 2
powder.
Formula: Zn(NH 2 ) 2

Density 3. 309 @15C
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
ZINC AMIDE
Description:
Amorphous, white
Compounds.
97.43
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
Section
High
Unknown
ZINC CHLORIDE
1267
ZINC ARSENIDE
Formula:
Formula:
Cubic crystals.
Description:
Zn 3As 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 345. 96
See Arsenic
Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Moderate; it can
evolve arsine upon contact with
moisture or acids. See also
Arsine.
can evolve arsine upon contact
with moisture or acid. See also
Arsine.
arsenic.
Section 2
ZINC ARSENITE.
See Zinc
6H 2
Compounds.
ZINC BROMIDE
Description: Rhombic, colorless,
Formula:
ZnBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
225.2
M. P.
394C
B. P. 650C
Density 4.219 @4C
See Bromides and Zinc
Compounds.
Toxicity:
ZINC CARBONATE
ZMA;
Description:
Formula:
zinc arsenite.
White powder.
Zn(As0 2
White crystalline
powder.
Formula: ZnC0 3
Description:
m -ARSENITE
Synonyms:
m-
Arsenite.
ZINC
Zn(Br0 3
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 429. 3
M. P. 100C
B. P. -6H 2 @200C
Density 2. 566
Toxicity: See Bromates and Zinc
M. P.
Mol. Wt. 279.2

Toxicity: Highly toxic. A wood preservative, insecticide. See
Constant:
Arsenic Compounds.
poison label.
warning label.
I.
MCA
Density
Toxicity:
-C0 2 @300C
4. 42 to 4. 45
See Zinc Compounds.
ZINC CHLORATE
Description: Colorless, very
Formula:
Zn(C10 3
Constants
Mol. Wt.
)2
4H 2
304. 36
B. P. Decomposes
Density 2.15
Toxicity: See Chlorates and Zinc
Compounds.
ZINC BORATE
powder or triclinic crystals.
Formula:
3ZnO
2B 2 G 3

M. P. 980C
Density (amor. ) 3. 64;
(crystal) 4. 22
Toxicity: A fungicide.
See Boron

Oxidizing
and Zinc Compounds.
ZINC
BROMATE
Description:
White, deliquescent
powder.
ZINC CHLORIDE
Synonym: Butter
of zinc.
Description: Cubic, white, deliquescent crystals.

CHROMATED
ZINC CHLORIDE,
from lung damage caused by
Formula: ZnCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 136. 30
M. P. 262 C
B. P. 732 C
Density 2.91 @25C
Vap. Press. 1
@428C
Toxicity: See Zinc Compounds and
Chlorides.
mm
MCA
warning label
CHROMATED
ZINC CHLORIDE,
Description: Solid.
Fire Hazard: Slight, as an oxidizing
agent, reacts with reducing
agents.
ZINC 5-CHLORO-2-MERCAPTO-
BENZOTHIAZOLE
Details unknown; a fungiSee Zinc Compounds.
Toxicity:
cide.
ZINC
CHROMATE
Lemon-yellow prisms.
Formula: ZnCr0 4
Description:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 181.4
Fire Hazard:
Moderate, by chem-
ical reaction.
agent (Section
An
oxidizing
6).
ZINC COMPOUNDS
Toxicity:
Vairable, generally of
low toxicity:
Toxicology: Zinc is not inherently a
toxic element. However, when
heated, it evolves a fume of zinc
oxide which, when inhaled fresh,
can cause a disease known as
"brass founders' ague, " or "brass
chills. " It is possible for people
to
1268
become immune
to it.
How-
ever, this immunity can be

broken by cessation of exposure
of only a few days.
Zinc oxide
dust which is not freshly formed
There is
is virtually innocuous.
no cumulative effect to the inhalation of zinc fumes. Fatalities, however, have resulted
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
the
inhalation of high concentrations
of zinc chloride fumes. Soluble
salts of zinc have a harsh metal-
small doses can cause

nausea and vomiting, while larger
doses cause violent vomiting and
purging. So far as can be determined, the continued administration of zinc salts in small doses
has no effect in man except those
of disordered digestion and constipation. Exposure to zinc
chloride fumes can cause damage
lic taste;
to the
mucous membrane
of the
nasopharnyx and respiratory

tract and give rise to a pale gray
cyanosis.
It has been stated that zinc
oxide dust can block the ducts of
the sebaceous glands and give
rise to a papular, pustular
eczema in men engaged in packing
this compound into barrels. Sensitivity to zinc oxide in man is
extremely rare. Zinc chloride,
because of its caustic action,
can cause ulceration of the fingers,
hands and forearms of those who
use it as a flux in soldering. This
condition has even been observed
in men who handle railway ties
which have been impregnated with
this material. It is the opinion
of some who work with it that it
is carcinogenic.
exposed to zinc chloride fumes
should immediately wash the area
of contact with copious quantities
and soap. Remove

contaminated clothing at once
and if the area of contact is large,
subject patient to a deluge-type
of shower as quickly as possible.
If the eyes are involved in exposure to zinc chloride fumes,
they should be irrigated for at
least 15 minutes with warm water.
of
all
warm water
Section 2

ZINC CYANIDE
Description: Rhombic
crystals.
Formula:
2 =
colorless
Zn(CN) 2
Moderate
3 = High
Unknown
ZINC DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE
1269
Toxicity: Highly toxic, See Cyanides and Zinc Compounds.
I.C.C. Classification: See Section 11, 73. 370

ZINC DIBUTYLDITfflOCARBAMATE
White powder.
Zn[SC(S)N(C 4 H 9 2 ] 2
M. P. 104 - 108C
Density 1. 24 @20/20 C
Description:
Formula:
oxides of sulfur.
Section
crystals.
3H z O
Moderate, by chemical reaction. It can react with

reducing materials. A powerful
Fire Hazard:

ZINC DIETHYL
Synonym:
Zinc ethyl.
Constants:
M. P.
Zn(C 2 H 5
ATE
White powder.
Formula: Zn[SC(S)N(C 2 H 5 ) 2 ] 2
Description:
Constants: Mol. Wt, 361.9

Density 1. 47 @20/Z0 C
irritating to the eyes, nose and
throat. Several hours after the
material may have gotten into
the eyes, it causes an unbearable
pain. A seed disinfectant, fungicide, rubber accelerator.
sulfur and cyanides.
Mobile liquid.
Zn(CH 3
Formula:
Constants: Mol. Wt.

M. P. -40C
123.5
-28C
118C
Density 1. 2065 @20 /4C
B. P.

Fire Hazard: Dangerous, by spontaneous chemical reaction. Spontaneously flammable in air.
hazard; can react vigorously with
95.5
46C
Density
Toxicity:
1. 386 @ 10. 5 /4C

See Zinc Compounds.
Fire Hazard:
Dangerous, by chem-


and emits toxic fumes of zinc
Storage and Handling;
)2
Mol. Wt.
ZINC DIETHYLDITfflOCARBAM-
B. P.

Formula:
accepted).
Description:
Orange-yellow powder;
reddish-brown, hygroscopic
7
Flam-
red label (not
liquid;
ZINC DIMETHYL
Description:
ZnCr 2
mable
ZINC DICHROMATE
Formula:
Section
ZINC DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAM-
ATE
Ziram.
White powder.
Formula: Zn[SC(S)N(CH 3 ) 2 ] 2
Synonyms:
Description:

M. P. 248 - 250C
Density 1. 65 @20 o /20C
Toxicology: Zinc dimethyldithiocar-
bamate
is very irritating to the

eyes, nose and throat. Several
hours after this material gets
into the eyes, the pain becomes
of Toxicology,
see Section
ZINC DIMETHYLDITfflOCARBAMATE
unbearable. A seed disinfectant
and fungicide.
1270
M. P. 872C
B. P. 1497C
Density 4. 84 @15C
Vap. Press. 1
@970C
Toxicity: See Fluorides and Zinc
mm
Compounds.
ZINC DIMETHYLDITfflOCARBAM-
ATE - CYC LOHEXYLAMINE
ZINC FLUOSILICATE
COMPLEX
Description:

Toxicity: A fungicide. See Zinc
prisms.
Formula:
Compounds and Cyclohexylamine.

sulfur and cyanides; can react
ZnSiF^
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt, 315. 5
Density 2. 104
FORMALDEHYDE
SULFOXYLATE
ZINC
Description: Rhombic prisms.

Formula: Zn(HSO z CH 2 0) 2
ZINC DITfflOCARBAMATE
ZINC ETHYL.
See Zinc Diethyl.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
255. 6
M. P. Decomposes
Toxicity:
See Zinc Compounds and
Formaldehyde.
sulfur.
Section
ZINC FERROCYANIDE
Formula:
ZINC
White powder.
Description:
Zn 2 Fe(CN)6
Mol. Wt. 342. 72

Ferrocyanides
Disaster Control: See FerroConstant:
cyanides.
Section
ZINC FLUOGALLATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
[Zn(H 2 0) 6 ](GaF 5 5H 2 0)
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
Density
ZINC FLUORIDE
Toxic Rating Code:
zinc compounds.
Section
103.38
=
None
White crystals.
ZnGa 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 268. 8
M. P. Below 800 C
Density 6. 15(theor.)
Gallium Compounds.
White powder.
Formula: ZnF 2
Mol. Wt.

B. P. Decomposes
Density 2. 36
Formic Acid.
Disaster Control: Moderately dangerous; may emit toxic fumes of
Formula:
See Fluogallates.
Constants:
White crystals.
Zn(CH0 2
Description:
33
Toxicity:
Description:
Formula:
ZINC GALLATE
356. 2
-5H z O @110C
2.
FORMATE
Description:
= Slight
2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ZINC NITRATE
1271
decomposition
fumes
of zinc
it
may
ZINC LAURATE
emit toxic
compounds.
Section
Formula: Zn(C 12 H 23
White powder.
Formula:
Zn(OH) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 99.4

125C (decomp.
M. P.
Density
053
3.
ZINC MERCAPTOBENZO-
THIAZOLE
ZINC HYPOPHOSPHITE
cyrstalline powder.
Zn(H 2 PO z
Formula:
)2
H zO
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 213. 4
Fire Hazard: See Hypophosphites.
2)2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 464.
M. P. 128C
ZINC HYDROXIDE
Description:
White powder.
Description:
Toxicity: Details unknown; a fungicide. See Zinc Compounds.

oxides of sulfur.
ZINC
Section
MERCURY CHROMATE

and Mercury Compounds.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction as an oxidizer
Toxicity:
Disaster Control:
See Hypophos-
phites.
Section
(Section
ZINC IODATE
Description:
White crystalline
powder.
6).
See Mercury
Disaster Control:
Formula: Zn(l0 3 ) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 415.2
M. P. Decomposes
Density 4. 98
Toxicity: See lodates and Zinc
Compounds.
Fire Hazard: See lodates.
Explosion Hazard: See lodates.
Disaster Control: See lodates.
Section
ZINC NAPHTHENATE
Description:
Formula:
solid.
Zn(C 6 H 5 COO) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 319. 7
Toxicity: A fungicide and mildew
preventive. See Zinc Compounds.
Fire Hazard:
to heat or
Slight,
when exposed
flame (Section
6).
Section
ZINC IODIDE
ZINC NITRATE
Description: Cubic, colorless or

white, deliquescent powder.
Description: A: Needles; B. Tetra

gonal, colorless crystals.
Formula: A: Zn(N0 3 ) 2
3H 2 0;
Formula:
Znl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 319. 22
M. P. 446C
B.P.
624C
Density
Toxicity:
4. 666 @14. 2C
See Iodides and Zinc
Compounds.
B:
Zn(N0 3
6H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. A: 243.33; B: 297.49
Density B: 2.065 @14C
M. P. A: 45. 5C; B: 36.4C
B. P. B: -6H 2
@105 - 131C
Toxicity: See Nitrates and Zinc
Compounds.
ZINC OXALATE
1272

Oxidizing
ZINC OXALATE
ZnC 2
Formula:
2K z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 189.43
M. P. Sublimes 100 C
Density 2.562@24. 5C
Toxicity: See Oxalates and Zinc
Compounds.
ZINC OXIDE
Synonyms:
Zincite; Chinese white;

zinc white; flowers of zinc.
Description: White or yellowish
81. 38
Toxicity:
seed disinfectant.
See
Zinc Compounds.
MAC: ACGIH
(accepted); 15 million particles per cubic foot.
ZINC OXYSULFATE
Description:
Formula:
White powder.
ZnO
ZnS0 4
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 242. 8
ZINC
Systemic toxicity
Toxicity:
is
similar to zinc oxide. See Peroxides and Zinc Compounds.

reaction with reducing materials.
Finely divided powder is slightly
soluble in water, decomposes
rapidly at 150C. It is not dangerous unless mixed with highly
combustible materials (Section 6),
47
5.
Yellow-white powder.
Formula: Zn0 2 (theoretical)
NH 3 H 2
M. P. Above 1800 C
Density
ZINC PEROXIDE
Description:

exposed to heat.
Explosive Range: @212C for peroxide prepared from ZnS0 4
powder.
Formula: ZnO
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
label.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 97. 38
Density 1. 571 (theoretical)
White powder.
Description:

PERMANGANATE
4ZnO
H zO
3H 2
explodes at 190C.
Disaster Control: Very dangerous;
it will
it explodes when heated;
reducing material, it can react
vigorously.
Oxidizing
ZINC PHOSPHIDE
Violet-brown or black,
Formula: Zn(Mn0 4 ) 2
6H z O
Description: Cubic, dark gray

crystals or powder.
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 258. 10
M. P. > 420C
B. P. 1100C
Density 4. 55 @13C
Toxicity: See Phosphides and Zinc
Description:
M.
P.
Density
Toxicity:
411. 34
-5H z O @100C
2.
47
See Manganese
Com-
pounds.
Fire Hazard: Moderate, by chemical reaction with reducing agents,
A powerful oxidizing agent (Section
6).

Oxidizing
Toxic Rating Code:
None
= Slight
Formula:
Zn 3 P 2
Compounds.
MCA
2 =
warning label.
Moderate
3 = High
Unknown
ZINC SULFITE
1273
ZINC PICRATE
Description:
ZINC SILICOFLUORIDE.
Yellow, crystalline
powder.
Formula: Zn(C 6 H 2 N 3
8H zO
7 )2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 665. 7
M. P. Explodes
Toxicity: See Picrates and Zinc
Compounds.
Fire Hazard:
Dangerous.
See
Nitrates.
Explosion Hazard: Severe. See

Explosives, High and Nitrates.
Nitrates.
Section
ZINC RICINOLEATE
Description:
655
92 C
Density 1. 10 @25/25C
when heated it emits toxic fumes.
ZINC SELENATE
Formula:
White powder.
Description:
Zn(C 18 H 35
Formula:
2) 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 632. 30
M. P. 130C
Flash P. 530 F (O. C. )
to heat or flame.
ZINC SULFATE
Synonym: Zinkosite.
Description: Rhombic, colorless
crystals.
M. P.
Description:
ZINC STEARATE
Fine, white powder.
ZnC0 2 (CH 2 7 CH =
CHCH 2 CHOH(CH 2 5 (CH3 )2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
See Zinc
Fluosilicate.
Formula: ZnS0 4
Constants:
Mol.Wt.
161.44
@ 740 C
74 @ 1 5 C
Sulfuric Acid.
M. P.
Decomposes
Density
3.
Triclinic crystals.
ZnSe0 4
5H z O
ZINC SULFIDE, (ALPHA)
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 298.42
M. P. Decomposes > 50 C
Density 2. 591
Synonym: Wurtzite.
crystals.
Formula: ZnS
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
M. P.
B. P.
97.45
1850C @150 atm.
Sublimes @ 1185 C
Density
ZINC SELENIDE
Description:
Formula:
Cubic crystals.
ZnSe
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 144. 34
Density 5.42 @15C
Toxicity: See Selenium
pounds.
4. 087
See Sulfides.
Toxicity:
Com-
Fire Hazard: Moderate, on contact

with moisture or acids it can
evolve selenium hydride. See
Hydrides.
Explosion Hazard: Moderate; it can
evolve a hydride. See Hydrides.
ZINC SULFITE
Description:
White, crystalline
powder.
Formula: ZnSO,
2H,Q
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 181.48
Toxicity: See Sulfites and Zinc
Compounds.
ZINC TELLURATE
1274
ZINC TELLURATE
Description:
grayish, crystalline scales or
Heavy, granular, white
precipitate.
Zn 3 Te0 6
Formula:
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 419. 75
Compounds.
Section
gray powder.
Formula: Zr
Constants:
At. Wt. 91.22
M. P. 1900C
B. P. Above 2900 C
Density 6. 5
Toxicity: See Zirconium Compounds.
MAC: ACGIH
(tentative);
ZINC TELLURIDE
Description:
Radiation Hazard:
Formula: ZnTe
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 192.99
M. P. 1238. 5C
Density 6. 34 @ 1 5 C
Fire Hazard: Moderate; upon contact with moisture or acids it
evolves tellurium hydride.
easily evolve tne hydride of
tellurium. See Hydrides.
Compounds
Section
Formula:
Artificial isotope
65 days, emits
Zr 95
half-life:
mev.
Zr 95 may be contaminated with
Hazard
its daughter, Nb 95
.
Rating, Class III (National

No. 42).
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, in the form
-with oxidizers.
To Fight Fire: Special mixtures,
dry chemical, salt or dry sand
(Section
6).
Explosion Hazard: Dangerous in the

form of dust by chemical re-
ZINC TfflOCYANATE
Description:
milli-
of air.
White powder.
action with air, oxidizing agents.
Zn(SCN) 2
Constant:
Mol. Wt. 181. 55
Toxicity: See Tiiiocyanates and Zinc
Compounds.
Explosive Range: 0. 16 g/l.

ZIRCONIUM AMMONIUM FLUORIDE

Description: A: Rhombic, white
crystals; B: Colorless, cubic
cyrstals.
Formula: A: (NH 4 ) 2 ZrF 6
;
ZINC- 2,
4,
5-TRICHLOROPHENATE
Description:
Formula:
Colorless crystals.
Zn(OC 6 H 2 Cl 3
Constant:
Mol. Wt.
458. 3
Toxicity: A fungicide and seed
protectant. See Trichlorophenol.
when
decomposition or on
heated
to
B:
(NH 4 3 ZrF 7
Constants
Mol. Wt. A: 243.0; B: 278.34
Density 1. 154
ZIRCONIUM CARBIDE
Formula:
M. P.
B. P.
ZIRCONIUM
Density
Hard, lustrous,
Toxic Rating Code:
None
Hard gray, metallic
Description:
crystals.
ZrC
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
chlorides
Description:
Toxicity:
= Slight
2 =
103. 23
3540C
5100C
6.
73
See Acetylene and
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHIDE
1275
Zirconium Compounds,
B. P.

Toxicity:
Zirconium
is not
ZIRCONIUM HYDRIDE
an im-
Formula:
portant poison, and so far as is

known, the inherent toxicity of
zirconium compounds is low.
Deaths in rabbits have been caused
by it through intravenous injection of relatively large doses
of tne order of 150 mg/kg of
body weight. Most of the zir-
conium compounds
in
5. 49
See Zirconium Compounds.
Description: Metallic dark-gray to

black powder.
ZIRCONIUM COMPOUNDS
Toxicity:
4300C
Density
common
are insoluble and considered
use
to
ZrH 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 93.23
Density 5. 6
Autoign. Temp. 270 C in air
Toxicity: See Hydrides and Zirconium
Compounds.
be inert.
ZIRCONIUM, METALLIC DRY.
ZIRCONIUM DIBROMIDE
Description:
Formula:
Black powder.
ZrBr 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 251. 05
Fire Hazard: Dangerous by spontaneous chemical reaction. Ignites spontaneously in air (Sec-
rials.
Section
ZIRCONIUM BICHLORIDE
Description:
Black crystals.
ZrCl 2
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
solid;
yellow label;
(Metallic solutions or mixtures thereof, liquid) inflam-
mable
liquid;
red label.
Description:
Formula:
White crystals.
Zr(N0 3
'
5H z O
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 429. 33
M. P. Decomposition @ 100 C
162. 13

Toxicity:
ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE
Synonym: Baddelyite.
Description: Colorless, yellow or
brown, monoclinic crystals.
Formula:
flammable
ZIRCONIUM NITRATE
tion 6).

fumes of bromides; can react
Formula:
See Zirconium.
ZrO z
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 123. 22
M. P. 2700C
ZIRCONIUM NITRIDE
Description: Brassy colored powder
Refractory.
Formula:
ZrN

M. P. 2930 - 2980C
Density 7. 09
low.
ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHIDE
Description:
Formula:
Gray crystals.
ZrP 2

Density 4.77 @25/4C
ZIRCONIUM PICRAMATE
1276

ZIRCONIUM PICRAMATE, WET

WITH 20% OF WATER
Nitrates.
Oxidizing

label.
Formula:
Zr(Se0 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt.
Hexagonal, transparent
4H z O
White, lustrous crys-
tals.
Formula:
ZrCl 4
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 233. 05
B. P. 331 C
Density 2. 80
hydrochloric acid.
ZIRCONIUM,
WET OR SLUDGE.
See Zirconium.
ZIRCONYL BROMIDE
Description:
crystals.
449. 20
-3H 2 O@100C; -4H z O

@130C
M. P.

Compounds.
Section
Formula:
Brilliant, deliquescent
ZrOBr 2
xH2
Constant:
M. P. -H 2 @120C
Toxicity: See Hydrogen Bromide.
ZIRCONIUM SULFIDE
ZIRCONYL SULFIDE
Description:
Description:
Formula:
Steel-gray crystals.
ZrS 2
Formula:
Constants:
Mol. Wt. 155. 35
Density 3. 87
Toxic Rating Code:
Section 11.

I.
ZIRCONIUM SELENATE
Description:
crystals.
ZIRCONIUM TETRACHLORIDE
Description:
None
= Slight
Yellow powder.
ZrOS

Density 4. 87
Fire Hazard: See Sulfides. Ignites
in air.

2 =
Moderate
3 =
High
Unknown
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York.
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November, 1951.
Rept. No. 8, Army Chemical Corp.
"
"Boric Acid: Physiological Effects ," W. H. Wiley, U.

Agriculture, Bureau Chem. Cir. No. 15, 1904.
S.
Dept. of
"Literature Survey on Toxicity of Boric Acid and Sodium Tetraborate, "

Anne M. Kunkel, Chem. Corp. Army Chem. Center, Md. Report No.
,
2.
"Experimental Studies on the Ingestion of Lead Compounds, R. A. Kehoe,

J. Cholak, D. M. Hubbard, R. Bambach, R. R. McNary, R. V. Story,
Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 22, No. 9, 1940.
"
"Exposure to Lead,
February, 1947.
R. A. Kehoe, Occupational Medicine, Vol.
"
Ill,
"The Plasma-Cell Partition of Blood Lead, " K. Bambach, R. A. Kehoe,

M. A. Logan, Journal of Pharmacology and Exper. Therapeutics,
Vol. 76, No. 4,
1942.
"Warning Labels (A Guide for the Preparation of Warning Labels for

Hazardous Chemicals), " Manual L-l, 4th Rev. Manufacturing Chemists'
,
Ass'n.
1956.
"Isolation of Acetyl Peroxide,

ment: Bulletin No. 28.
"Acrolein,
"
"
"Niacet" Bulletin, 1950.
"Isobutyl Alcohol,
"The Chemistry
Tennessee Eastman Co.
"
of Acrylonitrile, "
"Alkyl Phosphites,
"
Hydrides,
" J.
"
T.
Baker Chemical Co.
Onyx Oil and Chemistry Co.
"Tergitol,
"
Va.
,
Phillipsburg, N.
J.
Prentiss.
DS-1 Becco Acetyl Peroxide 25%
Sol.
Industrial Div.
in
Jersey City, N.
J.
Dimethyl Phthalate.
Technical Information Sheet, Carbide and Carbon Chem. Co.
"Chemistry and Uses
New
American Cyanamij. Co.
V-C Chemicals, Richmond,
"
"Warfarin Concentrate,
"BTC,
Becco-Research and Development Depart-
Report No. S- 13149, Shell Development Co.
"Acetonitrile,
"Ammonium
"
York.
of Insecticides, "
DeOng, Reinhold Pub. Corp.
1280
10
Koppers Technical Bulletin No. C-9-53 9.49.
BZ
Heyden Chemical Corp. November, 1949.

Technical Bulletin No. 0-80, Monsanto Chem. Co. February, 1952.
Chem. Development Corp. Danvers, Mass.
Technical Bulletin
1-3,
"Ethyl Lindane,
D.
S.
D-Chem.
Ethyl Corp.
"
21, National Safety Council, Chicago,
"Methods and Materials for Handling Liquid Bromine,
111.
"
Dow Chem.
Corp.
Catalogs 902, 930, 931, Arapahoe Chemicals Inc.
TDS, New Series No.
Commercial Solvents Corp.

Bulletin No. M-12, American Monomer Corp.
"n-Butyl Alcohol, " Carbide and Carbon Chem. Co. May,
9,
New Products
New Products
Bulletin N-27-1, Celanese Corp.
Data Sheet No.
Novadel-Agene Corp.
36,
"Gamma-Butyrolactone,
"DDT
Spray,
1952.
Bulletin N-26-1, Celanese Corp.
"
Lucidol Div.
General Aniline and Film Corp.
"
Esso Technigram, March, 1951.
"Toxicity Tests with D. H.
"Dehydroabutyl amine,
"Diamino Diphenyls,
"
Activator,
S.
Hercules Powder Co.
Hercules Powder Co.
"
Monsanto Chemical Co.
"
Sheets 101-105, Chem. Div.
May, 1951.
Metal and Thermit Corp.
Technical Data Sheet S-7, Westvaco Chem. Div.
"o-Dichlorobenzene,
"FP Acid No.
New Products
Technical D.
2, "
Monsanto Chem. Co.
"
Ozark Mahoning Co.
Bulletin No.
S.
January, 1952.
duPont de Nemours & Co.
I.
Market Dev. Dept. 253 MD-1, Commercial Solvents Corp.
"Dimethyl Formamide,
New Products
New Products
E.
18,
"
Rohm
and Haas Co.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Bulletin No. 23, E.
I.
Bulletin No. 26, E.
I.
Journal American Pharm. Ass'n.

"2,
4-Dinitrobenzene Sulfenyl Chloride and Related Substances,

Versatile Chem. Inc.
"Dipropylene Glycol,
"Sequestrene,
"
"
Celanese Chem. Corp.
Alrose Chem. Co.
"Divinyl Benzene,
"
Dow Chemical
Co.
"Hydrogen Peroxide: duPont Albone,
Anderson Labs,
"
Inc.
"Hydrogen Peroxide,
"
E.
I.
Research Chemicals.
"
Schumb, Satterfield and Wentworth,
Reinhold Pub. Corp.
New
York.
"Sodium: Its Manufacture, Properties, and Uses,

Reinhold Pub. Corp. New York.
,
"
Marshall
Sittig,
1281
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D. Van Nostrand and Co. Inc.
New York.
"
10
Haynes,
"Materials Handbook,
"Chemicals
and Co.
"
7th Ed.
Brady, McGraw-Hill Book Co.
of Commerce, " Znd

Inc.
New York.
Ed.
Snell and Snell, D.
New
York.
Van Nostrand
Material Trade Names, " Zimmerman and Lavine,

Industrial Research Service, Dover, N. H.
"Handbook
of
"Safety in the Chemical Laboratory, " Manufacturing Chemists' Ass'n,

D. Van Nostrand and Co.
Inc.
New York.
,
"Safety in Lacquer Plants,
"
Charles L. Jones, Hercules Powder Co.
"The Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium Compounds,

and Hodge, McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York.
"
Voegtlin
"Decontamination, " TM 3-2Z0 T039C-10B-1, Departments

and the Air Force.
of the
Army
"Warehouse Operations Handbook, " General Services Administration,

Federal Supply Service, April, 1953.
Technical Bulletins, Metal Hydrides, Inc.
"Pesticide Handbook, 6th Ed.
New York, 1954.
D. E. H. Frear, D. Van Nostrand and Co.,Inc
"Agricultural Chemistry Principles and Applications

D. E. H. Frear, D. Van Nostrand and Co.
Inc.
,
"Agricultural Control Chemicals,
American Chemical
"Toxic Solvents,
"
Advances
and II), "

York.
(I
New
Chemistry Series,
in
Soc-
Edward Arnold and Co.

Hygiene, " F. H. Goldman and
Ethel Browning M. D.
"
"Chemical Methods in Industrial

M. B. Jacobs, Interscience Publishers,
"Chlorine Manual,
"Toxocology
"
The Chlorine
of Acrylonitrile, "
Inc.
Institute, Inc.
New
New
York.
York.
"
Pacific Coast Borax Co.
"Explosives or Other Dangerous Articles on Board Vessels,

Coast Guard, Treasury Department.
"
London.
"The Truth about Boric Acid and Borated Talcs,
"The Versenes,
"
United States
Bersworth Chemical Co.
"Organic Chlorine Compounds,

New York.
Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Co.
"
"Amines, Physical and Chemical Properties,
"Diamond Chlorowax Handbook,
"
Sharpies Chemicals Co.
Diamond Alkali Co.

"Organic Acids, Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Co. New York.
"Cellosolve and Carbitol Solvents, " Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Co.
"
"
New
York.
"Alcohols,
"
Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Co.
"Industrial Solvents,
"
Znd Ed.
New York.
Mellan, Reinhold Pub. Corp.
Third Conference on Chemical Works Safety: Ass'n

Manufacturers, 166, Piccadilly, London,- W. 1.
of British
Chemical
"Toxicity of Molybdenum, " L. T. Fairhall, R. C. Dunn, N. E. Sharpless,

E. A. Pritchard, Industrial Hygiene Research Lab. National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Md.
4
Section 11
Interstate
Commerce Commission
(Bureau of Explosives)
June
18,
1957
1284
Foreword
This section
is
included for several reasons. In the
first
place
it is
a convenient source of reference
on packaging and shipping of dangerous materials. In this respect it must be remembered that not all dangerous materials have shipping regulations covering them, only the better known
for information
ones.
In the second place, reference to the packaging and shipping regulations for a material often
its safe handling in the laboratory as well as in the factory.
gives a clue to
Finally, it is hoped that placing the Regulations in this

shipper's responsibility for the materials he ships.
book
will
awaken an awareness
of the
is so arranged that each material which is covered by a shipping regulation is so

by simply referring to 72.5 of the Shipping Regulations one can find the paragraphs in
$ 73, 74, and 75 which apply. These paragraphs are included in full. They are taken from Tariff
No. 10, which is the latest complete compilation of the Bureau of Explosives' Shipping Regulations.
When it is necessary to check Shipping Container Specifications reference must be made to copies
of Agent H. A. Campbell's Tariff No. 10 and Supplements,
Issued by: H. A. Campbell, Agent
30 Vesey Street
Section 10
noted, and
New
York
7,
N. Y.
SECTION
11
Commerce Commission
Interstate
Bureau
of Explosives Tariff No. 10
Effective June 18, 1957
PUBLIC
LAW
CONGRESS
772, 80th
AN ACT To
revise, codify,
(62 Stat. 738)
and enact
CHAPTER
39.
EXPLOSIVES
1,
1948)
United States Code.
AND COMBUSTIBLES
violation of this section, shall be fined not more than

$10,000 or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.
Sec.
831.
832.
833.
834.
835.
(Approved June 25, 1948, Effective September
into positive law, Title 18 of the
Definitions.
Transportation of dynamite, powder and fuses.

Transportation of nitroglycerin.
Marking packages containing explosives.
Regulations by Interstate Commerce Commission.
834.
MARKING PACKAGES CONTAINING

EXPLOSIVES
delivers to any common carrier

in interstate or foreign commerce by land or
water, or carries upon any car or vehicle operated by any
common carrier engaged in interstate or foreign commerce
by land any explosive, or other dangerous article, specified
in section 832 of this title, under any false or deceptive
marking, description, invoice, shipping order, or other
declaration or without informing the agent of such carrier
in writing of the true character thereof, at or before the
Whoever knowingly
engaged
831.
DEFINITIONS
As used
in this chapter
"Detonating fuzes" means fuzes used in naval or military service to detonate the high-explosive bursting charges
of projectiles, mines, bombs, or torpedoes;
"Fuzes" means devices used in igniting the bursting
charges of projectiles;
"Primers" means devices used in igniting the propelling

powder charges of ammunition;
"Fuses" means the slow-burning fuses used commerto convey fire to an explosive combustible mass
slowly or without danger to the person lighting same;
"Fusees" means the fusees ordinarily used on steamboats and railroads as night signals.
cially
832.
TRANSPORTATION OF DYNAMITE,
transports,
carries,
or
conveys
within the limits of the jurisdiction of the United States,

any high explosive, such as and including dynamite, blasting caps, detonating fuzes, black powder, gunpowder, or
other like explosive, on any car or vehicle of any description operated in the transportation of passengers by a common carrier engaged in interstate or foreign commerce,
which car or vehicle is carrying passengers for hire, shall
be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more
than one year, or both; and, if the death or bodily injury
of any person results from a violation of this section, shall
than ten years, or both.
However, under
this
section,
it
shall
be lawful
to
transport on any such car or vehicle, smokeless powder,

primers, fuses, not including detonating fuzes, fireworks,
or other similar explosives, and properly packed and
marked samples of explosives for laboratory examination,
not exceeding a net weight of one-half pound each, and
not exceeding twenty samples at one time in a single
car or vehicle; but such explosives shall not be carried
in that part of a car or vehicle which is being used for
the transportation of passengers for hire. Also, it shall
be lawful to transport on any such car or vehicle smallarms ammunition in any quantity, and such fusees, torpedoes, rockets, or other signal devices as may be essential to promote safety in operation. This section shall not
prevent the transportation of military or naval forces with
their accompanying munitions of war on passenger-equipment cars or vehicles.
833.
TRANSPORTATION OF NITROGLYCERIN
Whoever knowingly
transports,
carries,
or
more than ten
POWDER AND FUSES
Whoever knowingly
time such delivery or carriage is made, or without plainly

marking on the outside of every package containing
explosives or other dangerous articles the contents thereof,
shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not
more than one year, or both; and, if the death or bodily
injury of any person results from a violation of this section,
shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not
conveys
within the jurisdiction of the United States, liquid nitroglycerin, fulminate in bulk in dry condition, or other like
explosive, on any car or vehicle of any description operated
in the transportation of passengers or property by land
or water by a common carrier engaged in interstate or
foreign commerce, shall be fined not more than $1,000
or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and, if
the death or bodily injury of any person results from a
835.
years, or both.
REGULATIONS BY INTERSTATE
COMMERCE COMMISSION
The Interstate Commerce Commission shall formulate

regulations for the safe transportation within the limits
of the jurisdiction of the United States of explosives and
other dangerous articles, including flammable liquids,
flammable solids, oxidizing materials, corrosive liquids,
compressed gases, and poisonous substances, which shall
be binding upon
all
common
carriers
engaged
in interstate
commerce which transport

dangerous articles by land, and upon
or foreign
explosives or other
all shippers making
shipments of explosives or other dangerous articles via
any common carrier engaged in interstate or foreign commerce by land or water.
The commission, of its own motion, or upon application

made by any interested party, may make changes or modifications in such regulations, made desirable by new information or altered conditions.
Such regulations shall be in accord with the bestknown practicable means for securing safety in transit,
covering the packing, marking, loading, handling while
in transit, and the precautions necessary to determine
whether the material when offered is in proper condition
to transport.
Such regulations, as well as all changes or modifications thereof, shall, unless a shorter time is authorized by
the commission, take effect ninety days after their formulation and publication by said commission and shall be
in effect until reversed, set aside, or modified.
In the execution of sections 831-835 of this title the
Interstate Commerce Commission may utilize the services
of the Bureau for the Safe Transportation of Explosives
and Other Dangerous Articles, and may avail itself of the
advice and assistance of any department, commission, or
board of the Government, but no official or employee
of the United States shall receive any additional compensation for such service except as now permitted by law.
Whoever knowingly violates any such regulation shall

than one year, or both; and, if the death or bodily injury
of any person results from such violation, shall be fined
not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than ten
years, or both.
SECTION
1286
11
PART 71 GENERAL INFORMATION AND REGULATIONS
Sec.
Plan of the regulations in Parts 71-78.

Act of Congress.
71.1
71.2
71.3
Changes in the regulations, shippers by rail, highway, and water, and carriers by rail and highway.
Changes in tank car specifications.
71.4
71.5
71.6
71.7
71.8
71.9
71.10
Vessels stores.
Flammable or combustible liquids in bulk on board
71.11
71.12
Transportation by carriers by water.

Export shipments by domestic carriers by
71.13
Emergency
Procedure covering tank car construction.
Approved changes;
notice.
Public hearings.
Definitions.
vessels.
motor
rail
and
vehicles.
regulations.
71.1 Plans of the regulations in Parts 71-78. (a) Regulations in Parts 71-78 cover preparation of explosives and
other dangerous articles for transportation by common
carriers by rail freight, rail express, rail baggage, highway
water, construction of containers, packing, weight,

marking, labeling when required, billing, and shipper's
certificate of compliance with these regulations; also cars,
or
loading, storage, billing, placarding,
by
carriers
by
and movement thereof
rail.
(b)
of the Commission.
Act of Congress, (a) Section 834, Title 18 of the

71.2
United States Code, approved June 25, 1948 (Pub. Law
whoever knowingly delivers to any common carrier engaged in interstate or
foreign commerce by land or water, or carries upon any
car or vehicle operated by any common carrier engaged
in interstate or foreign commerce by land, any explosive
or other dangerous article specified in section 832, under
any false or deceptive marking, description, invoice, shipping order or declaration, or without informing the agent
of such carrier, in writing, of the true character thereof,
or does not plainly mark on the outside of every package
containing explosives or other dangerous articles the
contents thereof, shall be fined or imprisoned, or both,
as provided in this act.
772, 80th Cong.), provides that
71.3
Changes
Procedure covering tank car construction, (a)

71.5
Complete detailed prints of new or improved types of
tank-car tanks and detailed prints or samples of new or
improved types of equipment therefor should be submitted to the Secretary, Mechanical Division, Association
of American Railroads, for thorough investigation and
laboratory tests of samples by its committee on tank cars.
(b) When in the opinion of the committee such tanks
or equipment therefor are in full compliance with effective specifications of the Commission and no increase
in hazard is involved, their use should be permitted.
(c) When in the opinion of the committee such tanks
or equipment therefor are in full compliance with effective specifications of the Commission and a possible
increase in hazard is involved, service trials should be
agreed upon among interested parties before more ex-
tended use
Regulations for equipment and operation of motor

vehicles on the highways are published in separate issue
,
roads, for thorough investigation and consideration by its

committee on tank cars, that committee to report its
recommendations, together with objections offered to its
proposals, with explanations and reasons for desired
approval thereof, through said secretary to the Commission, and such reports may be submitted to the Bureau
of Explosives, as circumstances appear to warrant, for
comments and suggestions before appropriate action by
the Commission.
in
the regulations, shippers by
rail,
highway, and water, and carriers by rail and highway, (a)

Section 835 of the act of June 25, 1948, authorizes the
Commission to formulate regulations for the safe transportation of explosives and other dangerous articles and
either upon its own motion, or upon application by any
interested party, to make changes or modifications in such
regulations, made desirable by new information or altered
conditions. It further provides that in the execution of
sections 831-835 of the act the Commission may utilize
the services of the Bureau for the Safe Transportation of
Explosives and other Dangerous Articles (hereinafter
called Bureau of Explosives). The Bureau of Explosives
will make inspections and conduct investigations and will
confer with manufacturers and shippers with a view to
determining what regulations will within reasonable limits afford the highest degree of safety in preparing and
packing explosives and other dangerous articles for transportation by carriers by rail, highway, or water. The
Commission will give due weight to the expert opinions
thus obtained. Reports of these investigations will be
made to the Commission with recommendations.
Specifications for shipping containers, methods of
packing for shipment, and other regulations will be con(b)
sidered and prescribed from time to time by orders effective as conditions may appear to warrant.
Changes in tank car specifications, (a) Propos 71.4

als of changes in or additions to specifications for tanks
to be mounted on or to form part of a car and to be
classified as tank cars should be submitted to the Secretary, Mechanical Division, Association of American Rail-
is
permitted.
When
in the opinion of the committee such tanks

or equipment therefor do not comply with effective specifications of the Commission and service trials are desirable, approval by the Commission of the conditions
of such trials must be obtained.
(d)
(e) Prompt reports of the tank car committee on these

made to the Commission through said
mechanical division secretary and should include objections to proposed modifications of the specifications and
advice of any extensions of pending investigations found
necessary.
The committee's expert opinions thus obtained will be given due weight by the Commission in
determining upon, appropriate final action to be taken.
The merits of controversies arising under the foregoing
procedure will be considered and changes in or addi-
matters should be
tions
to
the
specifications,
or
authorizations
of
service
will be made by the Commission as conditions

appear to warrant.
trials,
Approved changes; notice,

(a) The act of
1948, requires that notice of 90 days after
formulation and publication should be given of the effective date of new or modified regulations, unless a
shorter time is authorized by the Commission. The authority to establish amended regulations upon less than 90
days' notice will be exercised only in instances where
special and peculiar circumstances or conditions fully
71.6
June 25,
justify
it.
Public hearings con(a)

Public hearings,
71.7
cerning regulations contained in Parts 71-78 will be held
by the Commission at sufficiently frequent intervals. At
these hearings evidence may be introduced in favor of
proposed changes or additions and protest against the
adoption thereof will also be heard. Final action also
may be taken by the Commission without hearing, following 20 days' notice by the Commission of proposed
changes or additions, or without such notice, as conditions appear to warrant.
Definitions,
(a) The word "must" or "shall"
71.8
used in Parts 71-78 in mandatory regulations. The
word "should" indicates recommendatory provisions.
is
(b) In section 832 of the act of June 25, 1948: It is

provided, That whoever knowingly transports certain explosives on any car or vehicle of any description operated
in the transportation of passengers by a common carrier
engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, which car
or vehicle is carrying passengers for hire, shall be fined
or imprisoned or both. It is further provided, That under
limited conditions, certain explosives may be transported
1287
in a single car or vehicle but such explosives shall not
be carried in that part of a car or vehicle which is being
used for the transportation of passengers for hire. As
used in Parts 71-78 the term "car or vehicle of any
description operated in the transportation of passengers
* * * for hire" means any railroad car of a passenger
train, or highway vehicle, with passengers for hire in
the same such railroad car or highway vehicle.
(c) Whenever use of a container type is prescribed in
the packing regulations but without specification number,
the authorized type of container, either specification or
nonspecification, may be used for the shipment.
lettering. The terms used in the

lettering system employed in Parts 71-78,
in references made from one requirement
to another, are as follows:
Numbering and
(d)
numbering and
and adhered to
Section:
(1)
(a)
major subdivision of a part, as 73.193.
A subdivision of a section, as paragraph

of this section, or 73.193 (a).
(2).
Paragraph:
(3) Subparagraph: A subdivision of a paragraph, as

paragraph (a) (1) of this section, or 73.193 (a) (1).
(e) Tank motor vehicle. The term "tank motor vehicle"
means any motor vehicle designed or used for the transportation of liquids or gases covered by Parts 71-78 in
any cargo tank.
(f)
Cargo tank. The term "cargo tank" means:
Permanently attached tank. Any tank designed to

be permanently attached to any motor vehicle and in
which is to be transported any flammable liquid, corrosive liquid, or compressed gas, hereby designated
(1)
"cargo tank."
A fuel tank is not

(2) Fuel tank not a cargo tank.
a cargo tank, but one used to transport flammable liquid
or compressed gas solely for the purpose of supplying
fuel for the propulsion of a vehicle.
(g) The term "portable tank" means any tank designed
primarily to be temporarily attached to a motor vehicle,
other vehicle, railroad car other than tank car, or vessel,
and equipped with skids, mountings or accessories to
facilitate handling of the tank by mechanical means. The
term "portable tank" shall not be construed to include any
cargo tank, any tank car tank, or any tank of the ICC 106A

vehicles, (a) Explosives and other dangerous articles authorized to be exported from the United
States when packed, marked, labeled, and described,
in accordance with rules and regulations in force at destination ports, must not be offered to any common carrier by
rail or' motor vehicle for domestic transportation unless
in full accordance with the regulations in Parts 71-78.
rail
71.12
and motor
(b) Except for the requirements of 77.817 and

77.823, the provisions of Parts 71-78 do not apply to
such transportation by motor vehicle or water as may
be necessary to effect transfer of export shipments from
place of shipment to other places within the same port
area or delivery to a water carrier within the same port
area (including continguous harbors). Further transportation of such export shipments by connecting water carrier
shall be subject to the regulations prescribed by the Commandant of the Coast Guard.
(a)
Until further
Emergency regulations.
71.13
order of the Commission, shipments of explosives may be
made upon request of the Departments of the Army,
Navy, and Air Force of the United States Government
complying with the following:
(1) Shippers' and carriers' regulations; handling detonating agents and explosives and explosive ammunition
in same car or vehicle. Detonating fuzes, primer-detonator assemblies or other detonating elements containing
explosive components, if of a safe type, may be shipped
either assembled in bombs, depth charges, mines, projectiles, or torpedoes (torpedo warheads) or in properly
packed containers in the same car or vehicle with bombs,
depth charges, mines, projectiles, boosters or torpedoes
(torpedo warheads) when separated from the explosive
bombs, depth charges, mines, projectiles, boosters, or
torpedoes (torpedo warheads) by not less than 3 feet.
The intervening space of 3 feet must be filled with dry
sand or dry earth in bags or in a crib so constructed or
lined as to prevent sifting of the sand or earth. The crib
must be secured against movement.
When bomb
fuzes are packed with bomb fin assemboxed in wooden or metal containers,
the sand or earth filled space between bombs and the
fuzes may be omitted provided adequate blocking and
bracing is supplied to prevent the bombs from crushing
and injuring the detonating fuzes due to ordinary shocks
incident to transportation.
(2)
blies, either crated or
type.
(a)
71.11
Transportation by carriers by water.
the transportation of a shipment involves movecarrier by water, the applicable provisions of
Parts 71-78 must be observed by the shipper.
When
ment by
71.9
Vessels stores,
(a)
Vessels stores are regulated
by the regulations prescribed by the Commandant of the

Coast Guard (46 CFR Part 147) and are not included in
Parts 71-78.
(3) Shipments of explosive bombs, unfuzed explosive

and jet thrust units when not packed in wooden boxes, and large metal containers or incendiary bombs
weighing 500 pounds or more, each, may be loaded in
stock cars or in gondola cars (flat bottom) when adequately
braced. Wooden boxed bombs or jet thrust units which,
due to size, cannot be loaded in closed cars may be loaded
in open top cars but must be protected against accidental
projectiles,
71.10
Flammable
or combustible liquids in bulk

on board vessels, (a) Nothing in Parts 71-78 shall be
construed as affecting the transportation of flammable
or combustible liquids in bulk on board vessels which
transportation is governed by the rules and regulations
promulgated under R. S. 4417a; 47 U. S. C. 391a (46
CFR Part 146).
ignition.
OF EXPLOSIVES AND OTHER DANGEROUS

ARTICLES CONTAINING THE SHIPPING NAME OR DESCRIPTION
OF ALL ARTICLES SUBJECT TO PARTS 71-78
PART 72-COMMODITY
LIST
Sec.
72.1
72.2
72.3
72.4
72.5
Proper shipping name.

Articles not described.
Labels required and prohibited articles.

Explanation of signs and abbreviations.
List of explosives and other dangerous articles.
Proper shipping
72.1
ping name which must be
shipping containers appears
The abbreviations N. O. I.
name, (a) The proper shipused and shown on outside

in
Roman
type (not
italics).
and N.O.I.B.N. may be used

in lieu of the abbreviation n.o.s. where it appears in the
list of explosives and other dangerous articles.
Articles not described,

(a)
For an article
72.2
not described by name shown in 72.5 of this part, when
such article is classified as dangerous by 73.115, 73.150,
73.151, 73.240, 73.300, 73.326, 73.343, 73.381, or 73.391,
the article must be prepared and offered for shipment
in compliance with the regulations for the group within
which it is properly classified.
Labels required and prohibited articles,

(a)
72.3
Section 72.5 of this part also shows the kind of label
when required on shipments of explosives and other
dangerous articles and the articles which are prohibited
for transportation.
SECTION
72.4
An
1288
11
(a)
Explanation of signs and abbreviations,
that articles may or may not be
liquids, flammable solids, oxidizing
asterisk indicates
classed as flammable
materials, compressed
by Parts 71-78. If so
gases, poisons, or corrosive liquids

classed, such articles are subject to
the regulations prescribed for articles within these definitions.
Flammable
Flammable
Oxy. M. Oxidizing
Cor. L. Corrosive
Nonf. G. Nonflammable compressed
G. Flammable compressed
A.
A. Poison gas
Poisonous
Class
or
C.
C. Tear
D.
D. Radioactive
Expl. A. Class A
F. L.
liquid.
F. S.
solid.
Expl. B.
Expl. C.
Class B
Class C
Not accepted
not to be offered or accepted for
Means prohibited by law.

Indicates that articles may be transported as rail baggage.
#" Required for rail express shipments only.
Required for rail express and water shipments only.
Forbidden
N. O.
S.
N. O.
I.
N. O.
liquid.
Means
transportation.
-##
material.
explosives.
explosives.
Means otherwise
Means not otherwise indexed.
N. Means not otherwise indexed
not"
I.
B.
Note
1:
specified.
by name.
gas.
gas.
F.
Pois.
Pois. B.
Pois.
Pois.
or liquid, class
liquid
solid,
gas, class
materials, class
explosives.
B.
Where
the
word
"INFLAMMABLE"
is
now
painted, stencilled, or otherwise permanently marked on

tank cars, cargo tank motor vehicles, portable tanks or
other containers, it may be so continued until such tanks
or other containers are repainted, restencilled, or both,
and at such times shall be replaced with the word "FLAMMABLE" unless otherwise ordered by the Commission.
1289
72.5
72.6
List of explosives
and other dangerous articles,
For explanation of signs and abbreviations see
(a)
72.4 of this part.
AND OTHER DANGEROUS ARTICLES
LIST OF EXPLOSIVES
Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
quantity in
1 outside
container by
rail
F. L
F. L
Pois.
Acetaldehyde (ethyl aldehyde)

Acetone
Acetone eyanhydrin
Acetone oils
Acetyl Iwnzoyl peroxide, solid
F.
Not accepted
Oxv. M
Acetyl benzoyl peroxide, solution

Acetyl chloride
Acetyl pe r oxirk\ solid
Acetyl peroxide, solution
Acetylene
Acid carboys, empty
Not accepted
See 73.29
Cor. L
73.118,73.119.
73.345, 73.346.
do.
Poison
73.118,73.119.
Red
No
73.244, 73.247
Yellow.
White.
73.153 (b), 73.222.

73.302,73.309....
Yellow
Red Gas.
300 pounds.
73.244, 73.245.
White.
5 pints.
No
Red..
10 gallons.
Do.
55 gallons.
exemption, 73.222.
10 gallon*.
Not accepted.
quart.
1
gnllon.
Not accepted.
Oxv.
Acids, liquids, n. o. s
Red
Cor.
F.
express
73.118, 73.119.
quart.
(c)
*Acid picric. See Picric acid.

*Acid sludge. Sec kludge acid.
Acrolein, inhibited
Acrylonitrile
Aeroplane flares.
compressed
F.
F.
quart.
10 gallons.
...do.
Nonf. G.
F. L....
Pois. B..
73.302, 73.307.
73.118, 73.125.
73.345, 73.340.
Green.
Poison
55 gallons.
73.376.
Poison
200 pounds.
Red
300 pounds.
.
10 gallons.
s.
Aldrin
Aldrin, cast solid
Aldrin mixtures, liquid, with 60 percent or less
aldrin
Aldrin mixtures, liquid, with more than 60 percent
aldrin
Aldrin mixtures, dry, with more than 65 percent
aldrin
Aldrin mixtures, dry, with 65 percent or less
aldrin
Aliphatic mercaptan mixtures
Alkaline caustic liquids, n. o. s
Alkaline corrosive battery fluid
Alkaline corrosive battery fluid with storage battery
Alkaline corrosive liquids, n. o. s
See Alcohol, allyl, liquid.
Allyl alcohol.
Allyl bromide
Allyl chlorocarbonate.
Allyl chloroformate
Allyl trichlorosilane
Pois.
See
73.376 (b)
See 73.361 (b)

Pois.
73.361.
Poison
55 gallons.
Pois.
73.376.
Poison.
200 pounds.
See
73.376 (b)
No
exemption, 73.141.
73.244,73.249
73.244,73.249
Red...
White.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
...do.
55 gallons.
Cor. L.
Cor. L..
No exemption, 73.258.
73.244,73.249
White.
400 pounds.
F. L.
73.118,73.119.
Red.
10 gallons.
White.
White.
5 pints.
10 gallons.
73.153,73.182
Yellow.
Red....
Red....
Not accepted.
Not accepted.
73.364,73.365
Poison
Yellow
do..
Yellow.
Yellow.
Yellow.
Yellow.
200 pounds.
100 pounds.
Do.
100 pounds.
100 pounds.
100 pounds.
100 pounds.
F.
Cor.
Cor.
L
.
..
do.
10 gallons.
See Allyl chloroformate.

Cor.
Cor.
Aluminum
Aluminum
L
L
dross
liquid (or paint). See *Paint, enamel,
lacquer, stain, shellac, varnish, etc.
Aluminum nitrate
Aluminum triethyl
See 73.173.
Aluminum trimethyl
F. L....
Amatol.
exemption, 73.122.
73.118, 73.119
See Special fireworks.
Air,
Alcohol or alcohol, n. o. s
Alcohol, allyl, liquid
See Alcohol or alcohol, n. o. 8.
Alcohol, butyl.
Alcohol, denatured. See Alcohol or alcohol, n. o. s
See Alcohol or alcohol, n. o. 8.
Alcohol, ethyl.
Alcohol, propyl. See Alcohol or alcohol, n. o. 8.
Alcohol, tertiary. See Alcohol or alcohol, n. o. s.
See Alcohol or alcoAlcohol, wood (methanol).
hol, n. o.
L.
L.
Oxv. M.
F.L....
No exemption,
No exemption,
73.288.
73.280.
100 pounds.
Sep High explosives.
Ammonia, anhydrous. See Anhydrous ammonia.
Ammonium arsenate, solid

Ammonium bichromate
Ammonium nitrnte
Ammonium nitrate (organic coating)
Ammonium nitrate phosphate
Ammonium nitrate carbonate mixtures
Ammonium nitrate mixed fertilizer
Ammonium nitrate fertilizer, containing
cent or more ammonium nitrate with no
Pois.
organic
coating
explosives.
exceed 16 ounces).
chemical (containing class A poisons,
See Chemical ammunition.

Ammunition, chemical (containing class B poisons,
liquids, or gases). See Chemical ammunition.
Ammunition, chemical (containing class C poisonn,
liquids, or solids). See Chemical ammunition
See
72.4.
73.153,73.182
73.153,73.182
73.153,73.182
73.153,73.182
73.153,73.182
90 per-
Ammonium perchlorate
Ammonium permanganate
Ammonium picrate. See High
Ammonium picrate, wet (not to
liquids, or goses^.
73.153, 73.154, 73.235.
Ammunition,
B.
F.S...
Oxy.
Oxy. M.
Oxy. M.
Oxy. M.
Oxy. M.
Oxy.
Oxy.
Oxv.
M.
M
M
See 73.192.
73.153, 73.182.
73.153, 73.154.
73.153, 73.154.
.do.
do.
do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
SECTION
11
1290
ito
LIST OF EXPLOSIVES
AND OTHER DANGEROUS ARTICLESContinued

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
quantity in
1 outside
container by
rail
Ammunition, chemical,
Ammunition material
explosive
Ammunition non-explosive
Ammunition for cannon with empty projectiles.
Ammunition for cannon with explosive projectiles.
Ammunition for cannon with gas projectiles
Ammunition for cannon with illuminating pro.
jectiles
Ammunition
for
cannon with incendiary pro-
for
cannon with inert-loaded pro-
ject iles
Ammunition
jectiles
Ammunition
Ammunition
Ammunition
cannon with smoke projectiles.

cannon with solid projectiles.
cannon without projectiles
Ammunition, rocket. See Rocket ammunition.
Ammunition, small-arms. See Small-arms ammufor
for
for
See
See
See
express
73.59.
73.55
73.55
Expl. B
Expl. A.
Expl. A...
No
No
No
exemption, 73.89
exemption, 73.54
exemption, 73.54
Expl. A.
No
exemption, 73.54.
Expl. A.
No
exemption, 73.54
Do.
Expl. B
Expl. A.
Expl. B
Expl. B
No
No
No
No
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Expl. A.
No
exemption, 73.58.
Expl. A.
No
Not accepted.
Do.
Do.
Do.
73.89
73.54
73.89
73.89.
nition.
Ammunition
for
small-arms with explosive bul-
lets
Ammunition
jectiles
*
Not accepted.
for small-arms with explosive pro-
Amyl
Amyl
acetate
chloride
F.
Am yl
mercaptan
F. L.....
Amyl
Amyl
nitrite
F.
F.
trichlorosilane
exemption, 73.58
73.118, 73.119
73.118,73.119
No exemption, 73.141
73.118, 73.119
L....
L....
L....
Cor. L.
Nonf. G.
.
Anhydrous ammonia
Anhydrous hydrazine. See Hydrazine, anhydrous.
Anhydrous hydrofluoric acid. See Hydrofluoric
73.302. 73.308, 73.314, 73.315
Do.
Red
10 pa lions.
...do.
Do.
Red...
10 gallons.
...do.
Do.
Do.
White.
Green.
300 pounds.
acid, anhydrous.
Aniline oil drums, empty

Aniline oil, liquid.
Anisoyl chloride.
Anti-freeze compounds, liquid
Anti-freeze preparations, proprietary, liquid
Antimony pentachloride
Antimony pentachloride, solution
Antimony pentafluoride
Apparatus.
See Refrigerating madiines, comp.
gas or flammable liquid.
Argon
Argon, prc-suri'ed liquid
Arsenate of lead. See Lead arsenate.
Arsenic
Arsenic
Arsenic
Arsenic
Arsenic
Arsenic
acid, liquid
acid, solid
bromide, solid
chloride (arsenous), liquid
iodide, solid
peritoxide, solid
A rsenic solid
Arsenic sulfide ( powder), solid
Arsenic trichloride, liquid
Arsenic trioxide. solid (arsenic, white, solid, arsenous acid, solid)
Arsenic, white, solid
Arsenical compounds or mixtures, n.

Arsenical compounds or mixtures, n.
Arsenical dip, liqu.d (sheep dip)
Arsenica! dust
Arsenical flue dust
o. &., liquid
o. s., solid..
Arsenous acid, solid

Arsenous and mercuric iodide solution, liquid
See *Road asphalt, or tar,
See 73.347
Pois.
Cor.
F.
F.
(d),
No
B
L
exemption, 73.347.
73.279
73.139
73.119
73.247
73.242,73.245
73.244,
73.118,
73.118,
73.244,
L
L
L
L
L
Cor.
Cor.
Cor.
Nonf. G.
Nonf. G.
73.302, 73.307, 73.314.

Pois. B.
Poia. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
73.345,
73.304,
73.364.
73.345,
73.3G4,
73.3H4,
73.3H4,
B..
B..
B..
B..
B..
B..
B..
B.
B.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Poia.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
73.348..
73.366...
73.365..,
73.346...
73.3f.5...
73.365..
73 366..
Poison
White.
Red
55 gallons.
White.
White.
5 pints.
...do.
25 pounds.
Green.
(Jreen.
300 pounds.
300 pounds.
Poison
...do.
...do.
55 gallons.
200 pounds.
Do.
do.
...do.
55 gallons.
200 pounds.
Do.
Do.
Do.
55 gallons
..
.do.
quart.
200 pounds.
Do.
73.366, 73.368.
73.3H6
73 346
73.367
73.346
73.368
73.3ti4. 73.368..
73.364, 73.365
73.345, 73.346
Do.
...do.
73.3'i4, 73.365,.
73.345, 73.34.1..
73.364,
73.3U4,
73.345,
73.364,
73.345,
73.364,
quart.
10 gallons
1
,
do
55 gallons.
do.
200 pounds.
do
55
do.
200 pounds
g;i
lions.
do
Do
do.
do.
Do.
55 gallons.
*Axph>iU, cut-hack.
liquid.
Automobiles,
motorcycles, tractors or other selfpropelled vehicles

motorcycles, tractors or other
selfpropelled vehicles, engines or other mechanical
apparatus, with charged electric storage Imtteries
wet
See 73.120,
73.303.....
Automobiles,
Rags, nitrate of soda,

Barium chlorate
empty and unwashed.
Barium chlorate, wet

Barium cyanide, solid
Barium nitrate
See
72.4.
See
72.4.
See
S
Oxy.
Oxy.
F.
73.250.
.
M
M
Pois. B.
Oxy. M
No
exemption, 73.155(a).
73.153, 73.163
73.153, 73.163 (a) (6)....
73.370
73.153, 73.182
Yellow.
...do..
...do..
Poison
Yellow.
25 pounds.
100 pounds.
200 pounds.
100 pounds.
1291
72.5
LIST
OF EXPLOSIVES AND OTHER DANGEROUS ARTICLESContinued

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
Oxv.
Oxy.
Oxy.
Barium perchlorate
Barium permanganate
Barium peroxide (binoxide, dioxide)
See Drums, empty.
Barrels, empty.
73.153, 73.154.
73.153, 73,154.
73.153, 73.156.
Yellow.
73.244(c) (31), 73.260.
White.
600 pounds.
73.250,73.260
White.
No
100 pounds.
Do.
Do.
...do..
...do..
Cor.
with automobiles.
or other mechanical apCor. L.
Batteries, electric storage, wet, with containers

of corrosive battery fluid
Battery charger with electrolyte (acid), or alkaline corrosive liquid
Battery fluid. See Electrolyte (add) or Alkaline
corrosive battery fluid.
Benzene (benzol)
.
Blasting caps
1,000 or less
Blasting caps more than 1,000
Blasting caps with safety fuse
1,000 or less
Blasting caps, electric. See Electric blasting caps
gelatin.
High
explosives.
See
Blasting
See Black powder.
Blasting powder.
Boiler compound, liquid
Bombs, explosive. See Explosive bomb.
Bombs, explosive, with gas, smoke, or incendiary
material.
See Explosive bomb.
Bombs, explosive, incendiary. See. Explosive bombs.
Bombs, fireworks. See Special fireworks.
Bombs, gas, smoke or incendiary, non-explosive.
See Chemical ammunition.
Bombs, incendiary or smoke without bursting
charges
See Special fireworks
Bombs, sand-loaded or empty
(explosive)
Boosters
liquid
solid
No
exemption, 73.258.
..do.
2 gallons.
Cor.
No
exemption, 73.259.
do.
3 quarts.
L
L
L
73.118,73.119
73.118,73.119
73.118, 73.119
Red...
..do..
..do..
73.244, 73.247..
No exemption, 73.157, 73.158
White.
Yellow.
25 pounds.
Cor. I
73.244,73.247
White.
Cor. L..
Pois. B.
No
No
exemption, 73.288.
exemption, 73.378.
White.
Poison
5 pints.
Expl. A...
Expl. C...
No
No
exemption, 73.60.
exemption, 73.106.
Not accepted.
Expl. C...
Expl. A....
Expl. C...
No
No
No
exemption, 73.103.
exemption, 73.66.
exemption, 73.103.
See
Cor. L.
73.244, 73.249.
F.
F.
Cor.
Oxy.
See
Pois.
Pois.
empty
*Box toe gum
F.
See
Pois.
Pois.
(or paint).
See *Paint,
lacquer, stain, shellac, varnish, etc.
Brucine, solid (dimethoxy strychnine)
Cor.
Cor.
Cor.
Cor.
Do.
Do.
quart.
quart.
25 pounds.
150 pounds.
73.86.
Not accepted.
See
73.86.
White.
10 gallons.
No
Poison
....do.
White.
Green.
55 gallons.
200 pounds.
Not accepted.
exemption, 73.69.
73.345, 73.346
73.364, 73.365
No
exemption, 73.251
73.302, 73.30o
73.118, 73.119.
quart.
300 pounds.
Red.
10 gallons.
Poison Gas
Tear Gas.
Not accepted.
20 pounds.
White
....do....
....do
....do
100 pounds.
100 pounds.
73.28.
A
C
L
L
L
L
No
No
No
No
No
No
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
73.329 (a).
73.382
73.252.
73.284.
73.283
73.281
.
quart.
5 pints.
enamel,
Pois. B..
F. S....
F. S....
Burnt cotton (not repicked)

Burnt fiber
Bursters (explosive) :
Butadiene, inhibited
Butane. See Liquefied petroleum gas.
*Butyl acetate
*Butyl alcohol. See Alcohol or alcohol, n.
10 gallons.
73.55.
B
B
L
Bromacetone, liquid
a-Bromotoluene
*Bronze liquid
Nonf. G....
See 73.29.
Boxes, reused
Brombenzyl cyanide, liquid

Bromine
Bromine pentafluoride.
Bromine trifluoride
Expl. A....
Cor.
Bottles, acid or other corrosive liquids,
limit.
Cor.
F.
Benzine
Benzol (bf nzene)
Benzoyl chloride
,
Benzoyl peroxide
Benzyl bromide. See a-Bromotoluene.
Benzyl chloride
Benzyl chlorocarbonate. See Benzyl chloroformate.
Benzyl chloroformate
Beryllium metal powder
Black blasting powder. See Black powder.
Black pellet powder. See Black powder.
Black powder
Black powder igniters with empty cartridge bags.
Black rifle powder. See Black powder.
Bordeaux arsenates,
Bordeaux arsenites,
Boron trichloride
Boron trifluoride
1 outside
container by
rail express
Not regulated
Batteries, dry
Batteries, electric storage, wet
Batteries, electric storage, wet,
auto parts, engines

paratus
M
M,
M
quantity in
Expl. A.
F. G....
73.364,73.365
Poison
Yellow
....do.
200 pounds.
Not accepted.
Do.
Not accepted.
73.302, 73.306, 73.314.
Red Gas.
300 pounds.
F. L.
73.118, 73.119.
Red.
10 gallons.
Butyl mercaptan
Butyl trichlorosilane
Butyraldehyde
F. L...
Cor. L.
F. L...
No
No
Red...
White.
Red...
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
Cacodylic acid, solid (dimethylarsenic)
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Poison
Poison
....do.
200 pounds.
200 pounds.
Calcium arsenate, solid

Calcium arsenite, solid
*
See
72.4.
o. s.
exemption, 73.141.
exemption, 73.280.
73.118, 73.119
73.364, 73.365.
73.364, 73.367.
73.364. 73.305.
Do.
Do.
SECTION
1292
11
72.5
LIST
OP EXPLOSIVES AND OTHER DANGEROUS ARTICLESContinued

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
quantity in
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
chlorate
chlorite
cyanide. See Cyanide of calcium.

hypochlorite compounds, dry, contain
ing more than 39 percent available chlorine.
Calcium, metallic
.
Calcium, metallic, crystalline
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
nitrate
permanganate
phosphide
resinate
resinate, fused
Carbolic acid
(phenol), solid.
Carbolic acid (phenol), liquid, (liquid tar acid containing over 50 percent benzo-phenol)
Carbolic acid (phenol), solid
Carbon, activated. See *Charcoal, activated.
Yellow.
73.153, 73.154
No
monoxide
remover, liquid
Carbonyl chloride. See Phosgene.
Carboys, acid, empty
Carboys, empty. See Acid carboys, empty.
Cartridge bags, empty, with black powder igniters.
Cartridge cases, empty, primed
Case oil. See Gasoline, *Naphtha.
Casing head gasoline. See Gasoline.
Casks, empty. See Drums, empty.
Caustic potash, liquid
Caustic soda, liquid
100 pounds.
Do.
.do.
100 pounds.
Do.
25 pounds.
100 pounds.
Do.
Do.
25 pounds.
125 pounds.
Do.
150 pounds.
.do.
Expl. C.
Oxy. M.
73.153 (b), 73.221.
Yellow.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
73.345, 73.349.
73.364, 73.369.
Poison
....do.
55 gallons.
250 pounds.
73.302, 73.308, 73.314, 73.315.
73.302, 73.308
Red....
Green
Oxy. M.
Oxy. M.
Oxy. M.
F.S....
F.
F.
See
73.29
....do.
....do.
....do.
73.231
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
73.161.
73.166.
73.166.
73.107.
73.302,73.306
73.302, 73.308
73.118,73.119
quart.
Not accepted.
....do.
....do..
Red Gas.
Red
300 pounds.
Do.
Do.
150 pounds.
10 gallons.
(c)
Expl. C.
Expl. C.
No
No
Cor. L.
Cor. L.
73.244, 73.249.
73.244, 73.249.
73.118, 73.119.
F. L...
tile,
exemption,
73.153,73.182
73.153,73.156
73.153, 73.154
No exemption,
No exemption,
No exemption,
No exemption,
Nonf. G.
Nonf. G.
Nonf. G.
nitrous oxide mixture

oxygen mixture
*Cement, leather
Cement, linoleum,
73.217
F. S....
F. S..
F.
bisulfide (disulfide)
dioxide, liquefied
dioxide
dioxide
Oxy. M.
F.
,
Caps, blasting. See Blasting caps.

Caps, toy. See Toy caps.
Caprylyl peroxide solution
Carbolic acid, fused solid. See
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Yellow.
F. S....
Cannon primers
Carbon
73.153,73.103
peroxide
0Carbon
Oxy. M.
Oxy. M.
1 outside
container by
rail express
exemption, 73.106.
exemption, 73.107.
150 pounds.
Do.
White.
10 gallons.
Do.
do.
Red...
12 gallons.
Red
15 gallons.
15 gallons.
wallboard, or container,
liquid
Cement, liquid, n. o. s
Cement, pyroxylin
Cement, roofing, liquid
Cement, rubber
Cesium 137
F. L....
F. L....
F. L....
F. L....
F. L....
Pois. D.
73.118, 73.132.
73.118, 73.119.
73.118, 73.132.
F. S.
F. S.
F. S.
73.162.
73.162.
73.162.
F. S.
F. S.
F. S.
73.162.
73.162.
73.162.
Yellow
do...
Yellow #.
Do.
100 pounds.
200 pounds.
S
Not accepted
Not accepted
No
Yellow.
Not accepted.
Expl. A..
No
do
do
do
do
73.118,73.119.
73.118. 73.132.
73.392, 73.393.
12 gallons.
15 gallons.
Poison
Radioactive
300 curies.
See 73.391(c).
materials
Red
Charcoal, activated
Charcoal briquettes
Charcoal, shell
Charcoal, wood, ground, crushed, granulated or
pulverized
Charcoal, wood, lump
Charcoal screenings, made from "pinon", wood
Charcoal, wood screenings other than "Pinon
,
wood screenings
Charcoal screenings, wet
F.
Charcoal, wet
Charged
Yellow #
200 pounds.
Yellow #.
exemption, 73.162.
Do!
Do.
Do.
well jet perforating guns (total explosive contents in guns exceeding 15 pounds per
motor
oil
vehicle)
exemption, 73.53
73.80
Not accepted.
73.110
Not accepted.
(u),
Charged
oil well jet perforating guns (total explosive contents in guns not exceeding 15 pounds
per motor vehicle)
Chemicals, n. o. s. See *Drugs, chemicals, medicines or cosmetics, n. o. s.
Chemical ammunition (containing class
poisons,
liquids, or gases)
poisons,
liquids, or gases)
poisons,
liquids, or solids)
Chemical ammunition, explosive
Chemical kits
Chloracetophenone, gas, liquid, or solid
Expl.
No exemption, 73.53
(u),
Pois. A.
No
Poison gas.
Not accepted.
73.345,73.350
Poison
55 gallons.
No
exemption, 73.383.
Tear Gas.
20 pounds.
exemption, 73.382.
exemption, 73.253.
73.153,73.229
Tear Gas.
White.
20 pounds.
Yellow...
100 pounds.
exemption, 73.330.
Pois. B.
Chloracetyl chloride
Chlorate and borate mixtures
See
72.4
See
Pois.
See 73.59
See 73.286.
Pois.
Cor.
Oxv. M.
72.4.
# See
72.4
No
No
quart.
1293
i 72.6
LIST OF EXPLOSIVES

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
quantity in
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
Chlorate and magnesium chloride mixture

Chlorates, n. o. s
Chlorates, n. o. s., wet
Chlorate explosives, dry.
1 outside
container by
rail express
Oxy. M.
Oxy. M.
Oxy. M.
73.153, 73.229
73.153, 73.163
73.153, 73.163 (a) (6).
Yellow
...do.
...do.
100 pounds.
Do.
200 pounds.
Oxy. M.
Oxy. M.
73.153, 73.163.
73.153, 73.163.
Yellow
100 pounds.
See High explosives.
Chlorate of potash
Chlorate of soda
phosphorus. Lee Phosphorus
...do..
Do.
Chlorate powders.
Chloride
of
chloride.
Chloride of 6ulfur.
tri-
See Sulfur chloride.
Nonf. G..
Cor. L....
Oxy. M...
Pois. B.
Cor. L
Cor. L
0Chlorine
Chlorine trifluoride
Chlorobenzoyl peroxide (para)
Chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride
Chlorosulfonic acid
Chlorosulfonic acid-sulfur trioxide mixture
Pois. B. .
Pois. B...
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
73.244, 73.254
73.244, 73.254
No exemption,
No exemption,
Pois. B.
Pois. A.
No
No
Oxy. M.
73.153, 73.164
73.244, 73.245, 73.287.
Chlorpicrin, liquid
Chlorpicrin, absorbed
Chlorpicrin mixtures (containing no compressed
gas or poisonous liquid, class A)
Chlorpicrin and methyl chloride mixtures
Chromic acid
Chromic acid solution
,
73.302, 73.308, 73.314, 73.315.
No
No
No
Cor. L..
73.285
73.157, 73.158
73.362
73.357
73.357
exemption. 73.357
exemption, 73.329
(b).
Green.
White.,
Yellow
Poison
White..
White..
Poison
Poison
Poison
Poison Gas.
Yellow
White
150 pounds.
100 pounds.
25 pounds.
1 quart
1 quart
Do.
24 pounds.
75 pounds.
.
75 pounds.
.
Not accepted.
100 pounds.
1
gallon.
gallon.
Chromic anhydride. See Chromic acid.

Chromium trioxide. See Chromic acid.
Cor. L..
Chroinyl chloride
Cigar and cigarette lighter fluid
Cigarette loads
Cleaning fluid or liquid
Cloud gas cylinders. See Chemical ammunition.
Coal briquettes, hot
Coal gas. See Hydrocarbon gas, non-liquefied.
Coal, ground bituminous, sea coal, coal facings, etc.
Coal tar distillate
Coal tar light oil
Coal tar naphtha
Coal tar oil
Coating solution
Cobalt 60
.
F.
Expl. C.
F.
No exemption, 73.244, 73.247.

73.118, 73.119
White.
Red...
73.118,73.119
Red.
10 eallons.
150 pounds.
10 gallons.
Not accepted
Not accepted.
See 73.165.
F. L
F. L
F. L
F. L
F. L
Pois.
73.118,73.119.
73.118, 73.119.
73.118,73.119.
73.118, 73.119.
73.118, 73.132.
73.392, 73.393.
Red.
10 gallons.
Do.
Do.
Do.
.do.
...do
...do
Red
15 gallons.
Poison
Radioactive
300 curies.
See 73.391(c).
materials
Red
F. S
Pois.
Cobalt resinate, precipitated

Cocculus, solid
(jish berry)
See
Wet
F. L.
See
Common
Columbian spirits (wood

Combination fuzes
Combination primers
See High explosives
Common
fireworks
cleaning, liquid
cleaning, liquid (containing hydrochloric (muriatic) acid)
Compounds, cleaning, liquid
Compounds, cleaning, liquid (Containing hydrofluoric acid)
Compounds, enamel
Compounds, iron or
removing
Compounds, lacquer,
steel
F.
Expl.
Expl.
Compounds,
Compounds,
rust
preventing
Red.
10 gallons.
73.118,73.119.
Red.
10 gallons.
73.118,73.119
Red.
10 gallons.
150 pounds.
Not accepted.
See 72.4.
C
C
Do.
See
73.65(h).
Expl. C
Cor. L
Noexemption,73.100(r),73.108
73.244, 73.245
White.
Cor. L.
F. L....
73.244, 73.263.
73.118, 73.119.
White.
Red...
10 pints.
10 gallons.
Cor. L..
F. L....
73.244, 73.256.
73.118, 73.128.
White.
Red...
55 gallons.
Cor. L.
73.244, 73.245.
White.
F. L...,
73.118, 73.128.
Red...
55 gallons.
Cor. L...
F. L
F. L
Pois. B.
73.244,73.245
73.118,73.129
73.118,73.119
73.345, 73.346
Red
Red
Oxy. M..
73.153, 73.154, 73.229
F.L
73.118,73.119
73.244, 73.245
73.118,73.119
Red
73.302, 73.306, 73.307, 73.308

73.302, 73.306, 73.307
Green.
Red Gas.
200 pounds.
quart.
10 pints.
paint, or varnish, etc., re

moving, reducing or thinning, liquid
Compounds, lacquer, paint, or varnish removing,
liquid
Compounds, polishing, liquid
Compounds, tree or weed killing, liquid
Compoui.ds, tree or weed killing, liquid
Compounds, tree or weed killing, solid
Compounds, type-cleaning, liquid
Compounds, vulcanizing, liquid
Compounds, vulcanizing, liquid
Compressed gases, n. o. s
Compressed gases, n. o. s
Containers, empty. See Acid carboys, empty;
bottles empty, drums empty, cylinders empty. .
Containers, reused
72.4.
73.118, 73.119.
125 pounds.
200 pounds.
fireworks.
alcohol)
Commercial shaped charges.
See
Yellow
Poison
nitrocellulose.
spirits (alcohol)
fire.
F.
Collodion
Collodion cotton, wet.
Colored
exemption, 73.166.
73.364,73.365
Not accepted
Coke, hot
Cologne
No
Cor. L...
F.L
Nonf. G.
F.
See
See
73.29.
73.28.
White.
gallon.
1 gallon.
55 gallons.
10 gallons.
Poison
Yellow.
.
55 gallons.
100 pounds.
10 gallons.
quart.
White...
Red
10 gallons.
300 pounds.
Do.
SECTION
1294
11
72.5
LIST

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
(see sec.)
quantity in
Label required
if not exempt
1 outside
container by
rail express
Copper acetoarsenite,
solid (emerald green, imperial

green. Kings gram, moss green, meadow green
mitis green, parrot green, Vienna green)
Copper arsenite, solid (Scheele's green, cupric green
copper or thoar senile, Swedish green)
Pois. B.
Pois.
Expl.
Corrosive battery fluid. See Electrolyte acid or

alkaline battery fluid.
Corrosive liquid, n. o. s
Cotton, burnt. See Burnt cotton.
Cottcn waste, oily with more than 5 percent of
Cor. L.
F. S
animal or vegetable oil
F. L
Crotonaldehyde
Nonf. G.
*Crude nitrogen fertilizer solution
F. L
Crude oil, petroleum
Oxy. M..
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cor. L...
Cupriethylene-diamine solution
Cyanide of calcium or cyanide of calcium mix-
Pois.
tures, solid
Cyanides of copper, zinc, lead,
See 73.370.
and silver
Pois. B
Cyanides or cyanide mixtures, dry
Pois. B
Cyanide of potassium, liquid
Pois. B
Cyanide of potassium, solid
Pois. B
Cyanide of sodium, liquid
Pois. B
Cyanide of sodium, solid
Cyanogen chloride containing less than 0.9 percent
Pois. A.
water
Cyanogen gas
Cyclopentane
Cyclopentane, methyl
Cyclopropane
Pois. A.
F. L....
Cor. L..
Cor. L..
F. L....
F. L....
F. G....
Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine,
desensitized.
See
High Explosives.
Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, wet with not less
than 10 percent of water. See High explosives,
Cylinders, empty
See 73.29.
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexenyl trichlorosilane
Cyclohexyltrichtorosilane
Expl. C....
Delay electric igniters
Depth bombs. See Explosive bomb.
Expl. A.
Detonating fuzes, class A explosives
Detonating fuzes, class A explosives, radioactive Expl. A.
Expl. C.
Detonating fuzes, class C explosives
Expl. A.
Detonating primers
Dichlorethylene
F.
0Dichlorodifluoromethane
50%
Nonf. G.
200 pounds
No
exemption, 73.104.
300 pounds.
73.244, 73.245.
White.
73.118, 73.119
73.302, 73.306, 73.314.
73.118, 73.119
Yellow
Red....
Green.
Red....
Yellow.
White.
73.153 (b), 73.224

73.244, 73.249
73.370
(c)
and
(d)
73.364, 73.370.
73.345, 73.352.
73.370
73.370
No
No
quart.
Not accepted.
10 gallons.
300 pounds.
10 gallons.
1 quart.
1
gallon.
Poison
200 pounds.
Poison
200 pounds.
...do.
55 gallons.
200 pounds.
55 gallons.
200 pounds.
.do.
.do.
.do.
73.345, 73.352.
Poison Gas
...do
Not accepted.
73.118, 73.119
Red
No
No
White
White
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
exemption, 73.328.
exemption, 73.328.
exemption, 73.280.
exemption, 73.280.
73.118,73.119
73.118,73.119
73.302, 73.308
Do.
Red
Do.
Do.
.do.
Red Gas.
300 pounds.
No
exemption, 73.106.
150 pounds.
No
No
No
No
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
Not accepted.
Not accepted.
73.69.
73.69.
73.113.
73.68.
73.302, 73.306, 73.314, 73.315
Nonf. G.
73.302, 73.306,
Nonf. G.
50 pounds.
Not accepted.
300 pounds.
73.302,73.308,73.314
73.302, 73.308, 73.314
Red Gas.
300 pounds.
Do.
M
M
F.
F.
G
G
L
...do...
White...
Red Gas.
gallon.
73.302, 73.308, 73.314, 73.315
L
L
73.118,73.119
73.302,73.306,73.314
73.118,73.119
Red
5 pints.
1 quart.
10 gallons.
73.364, 73.371
73.345, 73.346
73.364, 73.365
Poison...
...do...
...do...
200 pounds.
55 gallons.
200 pounds.
Dinitrobenzol, solid
Dinitrobenzol, liquid
Dinitrochlorbenzol, solid (dinilrochlorobemene)
Pois. B.
Pois.
Pois. B
F.L
72.4.
1 quart.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
See 73.51(d).
F.L
See
300 pounds.
300 pounds.
25 pounds.
Cor. L........
Green
Green.
Dimethyl sulfate
Dimethyl sulfide
300 pounds.
Green..
Yellow.
Yellow.
White.
Red....
Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical
Green
73.302, 73.308, 73.314.

73.153, 73.154
73.153 (b), 73.224....,
73.118, 73.119
F.
F.
F.
F.
Dimetiiyidichlorosilane
Dimethyl ether
300 pounds.
73.302, 73.306, 73.314....
73.302, 73.314, 73.315.
Cor.
Dimethylamine, anhydrous
Dimethylamine, aqueous solution
300 pounds.
Green
F.
,
Green.
10 gallons.
73.302, 73.306, 73.314....
Diethylamine
Difluoroethane
L'ifluoromonochloroethane
Difluorophosphoric acid, anhydrous
300 pounds.
Nonf. G.
Cor.
Diethylene glycol dinitrate
73.3U
Red...
Green.
Nonf. G.
Nonf.
Oxy.
Oxy.
solution
73.118, 73.119
73.302, 73.306, 73.314, 73.315
Nonf. G.
Diethyl dichlorosilane
See 72.4.
200 pounds.
Poison
See Initiating explosive.
0Dichlorodifluoromethane-dichlorotetrafiuoroethane mixture
0Dichlorodifluoromethane-monochlorodifluoromet hane mixture
0Dichlorodifluoromethane-trichloromonofluoromethane-monochlorodifiuoromcthane mixture.
0Diehlorodifluoromethane-trichlorotrifluoroethane mixture
Dichlorodifluoromethane-monofluorotrichloromethane mixture
Dichiorodifluoromethane and difluoroethane mix
ture (constant boiling mixture)
Dicumyl peroxide
Dicumyl peroxide.
Poison
See 73.370.
Copper cyanide
Cordeau detonant fuse
Diazodinilrophenol.
73.364, 73.307.
73.364, 73.365.
Red
Red
Red Gas.
Red
White...
300 pounds.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
300 pounds.
1295
72.6
LIST
OF EXPLOSIVES AND OTHER DANGEROUS ARTICLES Continued

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
Dodecyltrichlorosilane
Dressing, leather
Driers, paint, varnish, enamel, etc.
Pois
Non G
F T,
Tor L
F. L
exemption, 73.280.
exemption, 73.382.
exemption, 73.382.
73.302, 73.306, 73.314.
73.118,73.119
73.118,73.119
White....
10 gallons.
Tear Gas.
20 pounds.
...do....
Do.
Green.
Red...
White.
Red...
300 pounds.
Red...
Yellow.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
Do.
10 gallons.
See *Paint
driers, liquid.
Drill cartridges
See
chemicals, medicines or cosmetics, n. o. s.

chemicals, medicines or cosmetics, n. o.
73.55
F IF S
.
73.118,73.119.
73.153, 73.154.
73.153, 73.154.
73.244, 73.245.
Oxy. M..
Cor.
Pois B..........
o.
100 pounds.
...do..
White.
quart.
s".
(liquid)
Drugs, chemicals, medicines or cosmetics, n.
73.345, 73.346.
Poison
55 gallons.
73.364, 73.365.
...do.
200 pounds.
s.
Pois.
(solid)
Drums, empty
Dummy
C
C
Distillate
Drugs,
Drugs,
Drugs,
Drugs,
Drugs,
No
No
No
Tor L
Diphenyl dichlorosilane
Diphenylaminechlorarsine, gas, liquid or solid.
Diphenylchlorarsine, solid
Diphosgene. Sec Phosgene.
Dispersant gas, n. o. s
quantity in
1 outside
container by
rail express
See 73.29.
See 73.55.
cartridges
Dusts, by-product, poisonous. See Arsenical dust.

Dynamite. See High explosives.
Electric blasting caps

more than 1,000
Electric blasting caps
1,000 or less
Electric squibs
See Batteries,
Electric storage batteries, wet.
electric storage, wet.
Electrolyte (acid), battery fluid
Electrolyte (acid) or alkaline corrosive battery
fluid packed with storage batteries
Electrolyte (acid) or alkaline corrosive battery
lluid
packed with battery charger, radio
current supply device or parts thereof, or electronic equipment
Empty cartridge bags with black powder igniters
Empty cartridge cases, primed
Enamel. See *Paint, enamel, lacquer, stain,
shellac, varnish, etc.
Engines, internal combustion.
Eradicators, paint or grease, liquid
Ethane
Ether
Ether, ethyl (sulfuric). Sec Ether.
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol. See Alcohol or alcohol,
Ethyl aldehyde. See Acetaldehyde.
Expl. A.....
Expl. C
Expl. C
No
No
No
Cor. L.
73.244,73.257........
White.
5 gallons.
Cor. L.
No
exemption, 73.258.
...do.
2 gallons.
Cor. L..
Expl. C.
Expl. C.
No
No
No
exemption, 73.259.
exemption, 73.106.
exemption, 73.107.
Not accepted.
exemption, 73.66.
exemption, 73.103.
exemption, 73.106.
See 73.86.
150 pounds.
6 quarts.
150 pounds.
.do.
Do.
See 73.120.
F. L.
F. G..
F. L
73.118, 73.119.
73.302, 73.308.
Red.....
Red Gas.
300 pound?
73.118,73.119.
Red
10 gallons.
F. L.
73.118,73.119.
Red.
10 gallons.
F.L..
No
Red.
300 pounds
10 gallons.
n. o. s.
Ethyl chloride
exemption, 73.123.
in
cylinders, 15
pounds
in
other containers.
Ethyl chlorocarbonate.
Ethyl chloroformate
See Ethyl chloroformate
No
No
No
Cor. L..
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
73.302,73.308
73.118,73.119
No exemption,
No exemption,
Pois. A.
F. L....
F. G....
F. L....
F. L....
F. L....
Ethyldichloroarsine
Ethyl dichlorosilane
0Ethylene
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene imine, inhibited
Ethylene oxide
73.288.
73.328.
73.135.
73.139.
73.124.
White
Poison Gas.
Red
Red Gas...
Red
Red
...do
5 pints.
Not accepted.
10 gallons.
300 pounds.
10 gallons.
5 pints.
300 pounds
in
cylinders, 15
pounds
in
other conF. L .....

F. L.......
Ethyl formate
Ethyl mercaptan
Ethyl methyl ether
Ethyl methyl ketone.
Ethyl nitrate (nitric ether)
Ethyl nitrite (nitrous ether)
Ethyl phenyl dichlorosilane.
Ethyl trichlorosilane
Explosive auto alarms
Explosive bomb
Explosive cable cutters
.
Explosives, class
Explosives, class
See
72.4
F. L
F. L
F. I
F L
Cor.
F.
A
B
See
Expl. C....
Expl. A.
Expl. C...
See 73.53.
See 73.88.
72.4.
Red...
73.118, 73.119
No
exemption,
73.118, 73.119
73.118, 73.119
73.118, 73.119
73.118. 73.119
No exemption,
No exemption,
No exemption,
No exemption,
No exemption.
73.141.
Red..
Red..
...do.
.do.
.do.
73.280.
73.135.
73.111.
73.56.
73.102.
White.
Red...
tainers.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
150 pounds.
Not accepted.
150 pounds.
SECTION
1296
11
72.6
LIST OF EXPLOSIVES

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
quantity in
1 outside
container by
rail
Explosives, class
See
73.100.
Expl. A or B.
Explosive compositions
No exemption,
73.53, 73.61 to
73.93
A
A
C
C
Exp!.
Expl.
Expl.
Expl.
Explosive mine
Explosive projectile
Explosive release device
Explosive rivets
Explosive samples for laboratory examination
Explosive torpedo
Extracts, liquid, flavoring
express
No
No
No
No
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
No
exemption, 73.56.
73.56
73.56
73.102
73.100 (q).
10 pounds.
accepted.
Not
Do.
150 pounds.
150 pounds.
..
See 73.86..
Expl. A
F. L..:
Not accepted.
73.118, 73.119
Red.
10 gallons.
73.364,73.365
73.364,73.365
Poison
...do.
...do.
Green.
200 pounds.
73.364, 73.365
73.302, 73.306, 73.314.
No
No
Yellow.
...do..
Not accepted.
White.
1 gallon.
Green.
300 pounds.
200 pounds.
Fabrics or fibers with animal or vegetable oil. See

Fibers or fabrics with animal or vegetable oil.
See Waste wool, wet.
Felt waste, wet.
Pois. B..
Pois. B..
Pois. B..
Ferric arsenate, solid

Ferric arsenite, 6olid
Ferrous arsenate (iron arsenate), solid
ammoniating solution containing

ammonia.
free
Fertilizer
Nonf. G.
See Garbage, tankage.
Fertilizer, tankage.
Fiber, burnt
Fibers or fabrics, with animal or vegetable oil.
Film, motion-picture and toy pieces of. See Motionpicture film, toy and motion-picture film scrap.
See Common fireworks or Special
Firecrackers.
fireworks.
See Common fireworks or
Firecracker salutes.
Special fireworks.
Fire extinguisher actuating cartridges
Fire extinguisher charges
Fire extinguisher charges containing not to ex
ceed 50 grains of propellant explosives per unit
See
Fire extinguishers
Nonf.
Expl.
Expl.
73.88
common
exemption, 73.169.
exemption, 73.170.
73.114.
73.261
Cor L
Note
Fireworks,
Do.'
300 pounds.
Do.
150 pounds.
(f)
1.
73.310
No exemption,
73.100
(r),
73.108.
Fireworks, exhibition display pieces.

fireworks.
Fireworks, special
See Special
Expl. B.
No exemption, 73.88
(d), 73.91
Special Fire-
works
Fish meal. See Fish scrap or fish meal.
Fish scrap or fish meal containing less than 6
percent or more than 12 percent moisture
F.S..
(c) (16)
200 pounds.
##.
Yellow
Not accepted.
73.171.
Flame retardant compound,

Flammable liquids, n. o. s
Flammable solids, n. o. s
Cor.
liquid
73.244,73.291
73.118,73.119
73.153,73.154
F. L..
F.S..
White.
10 gallons.
Red..
Do.
25 pounds.
Yellow
Common
fireworks.
Flares.
See
Flares, aeroplane.
Flash cartridges. See Special fireworks and Low
explosives.
fireworks or Special
Flash crackers. See
Common
fireworks.
See Special fireworks and
Flash powder.
Low
explosives.
Flash sheets.
See Special fireworks and
Low
ex-
plosives.
Flue dust, poisonous

Fluorine
Pois.
F.
73.364, 73.368
73.302, 73.311
Red Gas
Fluosulf onic acid

Formic acid
Formic acid, solution
Fulminite of mercury, dry
Cor.
Cor.
Cor.
L
L
No
White...
exemption, 73.274.
73.244, 73.245, 73.289.

73.244, 73 245, 73.289.
Forbidden explosive.
Fulminate of mercury, wet. See Initiating explosive.

*Fumigants
See
do.
White.
200 pounds.
6 pounds.
10 pints.
5 gallons.
5 gallons.
Forbidden
plosive.
73.152 (a)
Note
polish.
See Polishes, metal, stove,
furniture, and wood, liquid.
Furniture or wood stains, liquid. See *Paint,
enamel, lacquer, stain, shellac, varnish, etc.
Fuse igniters
Fuse, instantaneous. See Instantaneous fuse.
Fuse lighters
Fuse, safety. See Safety fuse.
Sec Railway or highway fusees.
Fusees.
Poison.
1.
Furniture
Fuz ps, combination

'
See
72.4.
Expl. C.
No
exemption, 73.106.
150 pounds.
Expl. C.
No
exemption, 73.106.
150 pounds.
No
exemption. 73.105
150 pounds.
Expl.
## See
72.4.
1297
8 72.5
LIST OF EXPLOSIVES

Maximum
Fuzes,
Fuzes,
Fuzes,
Fuzes,
Fuses,
Fuzes,
explosives
detonating, class
detonating, class A explosives, radioactive.
detonating, class C explosives
percussion
time
tracer
Garbage tankage containing
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
less
than 8 percent of
Expl.
Expl.
Expl.
Expl.
Expl.
No exemption, 73.69
No exemption, 73.69
No exemption, 73.153 (c)
A..
A..
C..
C.
C.
ExpL C.
F. S....
1 outside
container by
rail express
Not accepted.
Not accepted.
150 pounds.
150 pounds.
Do!
(49),
Not accepted.
Yellow.
73.209.
moisture.
Gas cylinders, empty
Gas drips, hydrocarbon
Gas identification sets
See
73.29....
F. L...
Pois. A. and
F.
C.
Gasoline
Gelatine dynamite.
quantity in
Label required
if not exempt
73.118,73.119
73.118,73.119
Red
10 gallons.
Poison Gas
See
Red
10 gallons.
73.392, 73.393.
Poison
Radioactive
See 73.391
73.331.
Gold 198
D.
Pois.
(c).
materials.
Red
See Taint, enamel, lacquer, stain,
*Gold paint.
Expl. C.
Grenades, empty, primed

Grenades, hand. See Hand grenades.
Grenades, hand or rifle, explosive, with gas, smoke
See Hand or Rifle
or incendiary material.
grenades.
ryU.
with
hand
or
gas, smoke or incendiGrenades,
ary material but without bursting charges
exemption, 73.107.
150 pounds.
See 73.88(d)
73 330, 73.360
Grenades, police. See Police grenades, poison gas,

class A.
Grenades, rifle. See Rifle grenades.
Grenades, tear gas. See Tear gas grenades.
Guanidine nitrate
Guanyl nitrosamino guanylidene hydrazine.
No
Oxy.
73.153, 73.182.
Yellow.
100 pounds.
No
No
No
No
No
Yellow.
Yellow.
Yellow.
75 pounds.
150 pounds.
See
Initiating explosive.
Guanyl nitrosamino guanyl
tetraxene.
See Initi-
ating explosive.
Guided missiles with war heads. See Explosive projectiles.
Guided missiles without war heads. See Propellant

explosive, class B.
Guncotton. See High explosives.
Hafnium metal powder or sponge, dry

Hafnium metal powder, wet or sludge
Hair, wet
F. 8
F. S
F. S.
Hand
Hand
Expl. A
Expl. C.
grenades
signal devices
Heaters for refrigerator cars, liquid fuel type
F. L....
Helium
Helium
Nonf.
oxygen mixture
Nonf.G
Heptane.
F. L....
Cor. L..
Hexadecyltrichlorosilane
Hexaethyl
mixture
Hexaethyl
Hexaethyl
Hexaethyl
Not accepted.
Do.
(y),
200 pounds.
Green.
300 pounds.
..do.
Red...
White.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
tetraphosphate and compressed gae
tetraphosphate, liquid
tetraphosphate mixture, dry
tetraphosphate mixture, liquid
Hexafluorophosphoric acid
Hexametbylene diamine solution
Hexane
Hexyl trichlorosilane
High explosives
High explosives, liquid
Highway
exemption, 73.215
exemption, 73.214
exemption, 73.172
exemption, 73.56
exemption, 73.100
73.108
73.146
73.302,73.307,73.314
73.302, 73.307
73.118,73.119
fusees
High wines. See Alcohol or alcohol, n. o. 8.

Hydrazine, anhydrous
Hydrazine solution containing 50 percent or
of water
Hydriodic acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrobromic acid, anhydrous.
See
Pois. A.
Pois. P...
Pois. B..
Pois. B..
No exemption,
No exemption,
73.359.
Poison gas..,
Poison
Poison
Poison
Cor. L.
Cor. L..
F. L...
Cor. L..
Expl. A
Expl. A.
Expl. C.
No
exemption, 73.275
White
73.244, 73.249.73.292
..do
73.334.
73.358
73.377
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
73.108
Not accepted.
1
quart.
200 pounds.
1
quart.
gallon.
10 gallons.
Red
73118,73.119
No
No
No
No
73.280
73.61 to 73.87.
73.62
73.100 (y),
Cor. L..
No
Cor. L.
Cor. L..
Cor. L..
73.244,73.245
73.244,73.262
F. G....
F. G....
Cor. L.
73.302,73.306,73.314.
73.302,73.307
73.244,73.263
exemption, 73.276.
Do.
Do.
White
See
73.86.
Not accepted.
200 pounds.
White.
5 pints.
lero
Do.
.do.,
do.,
.do..
gallon.
Do.
Hydrogen
bromide.
Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon
gas, liquefied
gas, nonliquefied
Hydrochloric {muriatic) acid
Hydrochloric acid, anhydrous.
chloride .
See 72.4.
See
Hydrogen
Red Gas.
300 pounds.
..do...
White.
10 pints.
SECTION
1298
11
72.5
LIST OF EXPLOSIVES

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Article
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
Hydrochloric acid mixtures
Cor. L.....
Hydrocyanic acid, liquefied

Hydrocyanic acid (prussic), liquid
Hydrocyanic acid (prussic), unstabiliaed
Hydrocyanic acid solutions
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Hydrochloric acid solution, inhibited
Cor.
Cor.
Cor.
H ydrofluoric
73.244,73.263.
White
10 pints.
Poison Gas.
...do
Not accepted
roison
25 pounds.
White.
White.
10 pints.
10 pints.
1 10 pounds.
Do.
Do.
Not accepted
acid
Hydrofluoric acid, anhydrous

Hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids, mixtures. See
Mixtures of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids.
L
L
Hydrofluosilicic acid
Cor. L..
HvdroRen
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen, liquefied
Hydrogen peroxide (hydrogen
F.
Nonf.
Nonf G
Not accepted.
.
dioxide) solution in
water containing over 8 percent hydrogen peroxide
by weight
Hydrogen
A
A
quantity in
1 outside
container by
rail express
Cor. L.
F.
sulfide
Hypochlorite solutions containing more than 7

percent available chlorine by weight
Igniter cord
Igniters
Igniters, jet thrust. (j[c7/r>), class A explosives
*.
Igniters, jet thrust (jato), class B explosives
Illuminating projectiles fuzed or not fuzed, with exSee Special fireworks.
pelling charges
G..
Cor. L.
73.244,73.263
73.244,73.264 (a)
(b).
73.244.73.265
...do.
White...
Red Gas.
Green...
73.302, 73.307, 73.314.

73.302, 73.306
73.302, 73.306, 73.308.
...do...
10 pints.
300 pounds.
300 pounds.
Do.
Not accepted.
73.244,73.266
73.302, 73.308, 73314.
White...
Red Gas.
300 pounds.
No exemption,
73.277.
White.
4 gallons.
73.100
73.106
73.79
73.92
None
Not accepted.
None.
200 pounds.
Expl.
Expl.
Expl.
Expl.
C.
C.
A.
B.
No
No
No
No
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
exemption,
Expl.
No
exemption, 73.70 to 73.78
gallon.
150 pounds.
150 pounds.
(s).
liquids,
n. o. $. See Flammable
liquids, n. o. s.
$.
See Flammable solids,
solids,
n.
o.
Inflammable
Inflammable
n. o. s.
Initiating explosive
Not accepted.
inch
No exemption, 73.70
Diazodinitrophenol
Fulminate of mercury
Guanyl nitrosamino guanylidene hydrazine
Lead azide, dextrinated type only
Lead mononitrorcsorcinate
Lead styphnate (lead irinitroresoreinate)
Nitro mannite
Nitrosoguanidine
Pentaerythrite tetranitrale
Tetrazene (guanyl nitrosamino guanyl tetrazene)
F. L
Pois. B..
Pois. B.
Ink.
"Insecticide, dry
Insecticide, liquid
Insecticide, liquefied gas
Insecticide, liquid (vermin exterminator).
Instantaneous fuse
Iodine monochloride
Iridium 192
73.118, 73.144.
73.364, 73.365.
Red...
Poison
...do.
Nonf. G.
73.345,73.346.
73.302.73.306, 73.308.
Green.
F. L....,
73.118. 73.119.
Red...
Expl. C.
Cor. L...
Pois. D..
No
No
White
exemption. 73.100 (m).

exemption, 73.293
Poison
Radioactive
73.392, 73.393.
materials
10 gallons.
200 pounds.
55 gallons.
300 pounds.
10 gallons.
150 pounds.
1
quart.
300 curies.
See 73.391(c).
Red
Iron mass, spent
;-.
Iron sponge not properly oxidized.
Iron sponge, spent
See Liquefied petroleum gas.
Isobutane.
g
Isobutylene.
See Liquefied petroleum gas.
Isooctane
Isooctene
No exemption.
No exemption,
No exemption,
F. S.
F. S.
F. S.
F. L...
F. L...
F. L.
F. L...
F. L...
F. L....
F. L....
Cor. L..
73.174.
73.174.
73.174.
F.S....
73.118,73.119
73.118,73.119
73.118,73.119
73.118,73.119
73.118,73.119
73.118,73.119.
Jet thrust igniters. See Igniters, jet thrust.

Jet thrust unit (jato) class A explosives
Jet thrust unit (jato) class B explosives.
Expl. A.
Expl. B.
No
No
Kegs, reused.
See 73.28.
Isopentane
Isoprene
Isopropanol
Isopropyl
Isopropyl
Isopropyl
Isopropyl
acetate
mercaptan
percarbonate, stabilised .
percarbonate, unstabiliaed
.
See 72.4.
See
72.4.
exemption, 73.79
exemption, 73.92. ....
V ellow
Not
accepted.
...do
...do
Do.
Do.
Red..
10 gallons.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
Do.
Do.
Red...
Red...
White.
Yellow
Do
Do.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
Not accepted.
Not accepted.
Not accepted.
Do.
1299
72.8
LIST OF EXPLOSIVES

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
quantity in
1 outside
container by
rail
Lacquer.
See
*Paint,
enamel,
lacquer,
express
stain

liquid.
See *Paint, enamel, lacquer
stain, shellac, varnish, etc.
Lacquer base or lacquer chips, dry. . ;
Lacquer base or lacquer chips, plastic (wd with
alcohol or solvent)
;
:
Lacquer base,
F. S.
73.153, 73.175.
Yellow.
100 pounds.
F. L.
73.118, 73.127
Red...
25 pounds.
73.153 (b), 73.157, 73.158.

73.364,73.367
73.364,73.365
Yellow.
Poison
...do..
25 pounds.
200 pounds.
Do.
73.153, 73.182,
Yellow.
100 pounds.
73.118,73.119
73.118,73.119
Red..
10 gallons.
...do.
Poison Gas.
Not
Lacquer removing, reducing and thinning com

pounds. See *Compounds, lacquer, paint, or
varnish removing, reducing, or thinning, liquid,
Oxy.
Lauroyl peroxide
Lead arsenate, solid

Lead arsenite, solid
Lead
aside.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Ses Initiating explosive.
Lead cyanide
Lend mononitroresorcinate.
See
See
Initiating
73.370.
ex-
plosive.
Lead nitrate
Lead slyphnate
Oxy.
(lead trinitroresorcinate).
See
M.
Initi-
ating explosive.
Leather bleach
Leather dressing
Lewisite
F. L....
F. L....
Pois.
0Liquefied carbon dioxide.
A.
Do.
accepted.
See Carbon dioxide,
liquefied.
Liquefied hydrocarbon gas

Liquefied nonflammable gases charged with nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or air
0Liquefied petroleum gas
Liquids other than those classified as flammable, ear
rosive, or poisonous charged with nitrogen
dioxide or air. See Compressed gases, n. o. 8.
Lithium
Lithium
Lithium
Lithium
Lithium
aluminum hydride
aluminum hydride,
F.G.
73.302, 73.306, 73.314.
Red Gas.
300 pounds.
Nonf. G.
73.302,73.308
Green..
Red Gas.
30 pounds.
300 pounds.
No
Yellow
25 pounds.
No
F.
G....
73.302, 73.312, 73.314, 73.315
F. S.
F. L
ethereal
amide, powdered.
F. S.
F. S.
hydride
hypochlorite compounds, dry, containOxy. M..
ing more than 39 percent available chlorine.
F S
Lithium metal
Lithium metal, in cartridges
See 73.206.
Lithium peroxide ....
Oxy.
. .
Lithium
F. S.
silicon
London
Low
Low
Pois. B......
purple, solid
explosives
blasting explosives.
Expl.
See
Low
See
arsenate, solid
dross
Magnesium,
metallic,
nitrate
Magnesium
Magnesium
Magnesium
Magnesium
See 73.173..
F.S
powdered.
Oxy.
Oxy.
Oxy.
perchlorate
peroxide, solid
clippings,
M
M
M
Yellow.
...do..
100 pounds.
25 pounds.
73.153(a), 73.154.....
73.364,73.365
Yellow.
...do..
100 pounds.
25 pounds.
200 pounds.
Poison,
Not accepted.
73.364, 73.367.
Poison
200 pounds.
73.153, 73.154.
Yellow.
...do..
...do..
...do..
100 pounds.
73.153,73.182.
73.153, 73.154.
73.153,73.154.
Do!
100 pounds.
73.176
(g)
See 73.176
(g)
No
F.S
100 pounds.
50 pounds.
73.153,73.220
F.S...
See
articles
exemption, 73.176.
Yellow.
50 pounds.
Poison
...do.
...do.
...do.
200 pounds.
s.
Mercuric-ammonium
chloride, solid
benzoate, solid
bromide, solid
cyanide, solid
iodide, solid
iodide solution
oleate, solid
Mercuric
Mercuric
Mercuric
Mercuric
Mercuric
Mercuric
Mercuric oxide (red), solid
Mercuric oxide (yellow), solid
Mercuric oxy cyanide, solid ..... ;
Mercuric-potassium cyanide, solid
Mercuric-potassium iodide, solid.
72.4.
73.217
quart.
F. S....
Matches, book, card, or strike-on-box

Matches, strike-anywhere
Medicines, n. o. s. See *Drugs, chemicals, medi-
See
100 pounds.
25 pounds.
shavings,
Matches, block. See Strike-anywhere matches ....

Matches, book, card, or strike-on-box, with other
cines, or cosmetics, n. o.
Mercuric acetate
Yellow.
...do.
73.130
73.313.
Pois.
scrap, (borings,
sheets, or turnings)
Red...
explosives.
Machines or apparatus
Magnesium
Magnesium
A ....
exemption, 73.206.
exemption, 73.137.
73.153,73.168
See
72.4.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
B.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
Pois B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
73.364,73.365
73.364,73.365
73.364,73.365
73.364,73.365
73.370...
73.364,73.365
73.345,73.346
73.364,73.365
73.364,73.365
73.364, 73.365
73.364,73.365
73.364, 73.365, 73.370.
73.364.73.365
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Do!
Do.
Do.
Do.
55 gallons
200 pound*.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
SECTION
1300
11
72.6
LIST OF EXPLOSIVES

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Ai tide
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Mercuric salicylate, solid

Mercuric subsulfate, solid
Mercuric sulfate, solid
Mercuricyanamid, solid
Mercuric sulfo cyanate, solid.
Mercurol {mercury nucleate), solid
Mercurous bromide, solid
.
Mercurous gluconate, solid

Mercurous iodide, solid
Mercurous nitrate, solid
Mercurous oxide, black, solid
Mercurous sulfate, solid
Mercury acetate, solid
Mercury bichloride, solid
Mercury bisulfate, solid
Mercury compounds, n. o. s, (solid)
Mereury cyanide, solid
Mercury fulminate. See Initiating explosive.
.
Metal kegs, reused

Metal polish. See Polishes, metal, stove, furni
ture and wood, liquid.
See
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.364,
73.370.
Poison
73.365.
73.365.
73.365.
73.365.
73.365.
73.365.
73.365.
73.365.
73.365.
73.365.
73.365.
73.365.
73.365.
73.372.
73.365.
73.365.
quantity in
1 outside
container by
rail express
200 pounds.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
Da
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
73.28.
Metallic sodium or potassium.

See Sodium oi
potassium, metallic.
Methanol (methyl alcohol). See Alcohol, wood.
Methane
Methyl acetate
Methyl acetone
.
Red Gas
Red
F. G,
F. L.
F. L.
73.118,73.119.
73.118, 73.119.
Pois. B.
Pois. B
73.353
73.302, 73.306.
300 pounds.
10 gallons.
Do.
do
Methyl bromide and ethylene dibromide mixture

liquid
Methyl bromide,
0Methyl
liquid (bromomethane)
chloride
F.
G...
Methyl chloroformate
Cor. L.
Methylohloromethyl ether, anhydrous
F. L...
Pois. A.
F. L....
F. L....
F. L. ...
Methyldichlorarsine
Methyl uiehlorosilane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl formate
Methyl hydrate. See Alcohol or alcohol,
Methylhydrazine
Methyl iso-propenyl ketone, inhibited
Methyl mercaptan
Methyl methacrylate monomer
Methyl parathion, liquid
Methyl parathion mixture, dry.
Methyl parathion mixture, liquid.
n. o.
73.302, 73.308, 73.314, 73.31.
No exemption,
No exemption,
No exemption,
No exempt ion,
Poison
Poison ....
Red Gas...
White
Red
73.288
73.143
73.328
73.136
Poison Gas.
Red
Red
Red
73.118, 73.119
73.118,73.119
55 gallons.
55 gallons.
300 pounds
5 pints.
Not accepted.
Not accepted.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
s.
No
L
L
F.
F.
F.
G.
F.
Methyltrichlorosilane
Methyl vinyl ketone, inhibited
73.118,73.119
73.377
73.359
73.147
B
B
B
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
F. L
F. L
Red
Red
Red Gas.
Red
exemption, 73.145.
73.118, 73.119
73.302, 73.308, 73.314.
Poison
Poison.
Poison
5 pints.
10 gallons.
300 pounds.
10 gallons.
1 quart.
200 pounds.
Red
Red
quart.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
Mine
rescue equipment
See 73.302 (a)
(2) and 76 703(d)
Mines, empty
See 73.55..
Mines, explosive. See Explosive mine.
Mixed acid. See Nitrating (mixed) acid.
Mixtures of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids.
Cor. L.
Mixtures or solutions of liquefied nonflammable
.
Cor. L...
F. G.
F. L
F. L
stain, liquid
cellulose)
old
and
wornout
White.
10 pints.
No
exemption, 73.384.
Tear Gas.
5 gallons.
Not accepted.
5 72.4.
72.4.
White.
73.302.73.308,73.314,73.315
Green
300 pounds.
73.302, 73.308
73.302,73.306, 73.314
73.302, 73.308
73.302,73.308, 73.314, 73.31
73.118,73.119
73.118, 73.128
Green.
Green
300 pounds.
300 pounds.
Do.
...do.
White.
Red Gas.
300 pounds.
Red
10 gallons.
quart.
gallon.
...do...
55 gallons.
No
exemption, 73.177.
Yellow..
200 pounds.
F. S.
No
exemption. 73.178.
...do...
(sloio-
See 73.181
See
73.244, 73.294
S.
(1).
See
Nonf. G.
Nonf. G.
Nonf. G.
0Motion-picture film, nitrocellulose base, including

mixed shipments with nonflammable film
F.
Motion-picture film, old and wornout (nitrofilm,
Nonf.
Monomethylamine, anhydrous
Monomethylamine, aqueous solution
Motion-picture
bvrning)
Pois.
Cor.
Monochlorotetrafluoroethane
Monoohlorotrifluoromethane
Monofluorophosphoric acid, anhydrous
exemption, 73.290
Not accepted
Monochloracetone (unstabilized)
Monochloroacetic acid, liquid
Monochlorodifluoromethane
Monochloroethylene. See Vinyl chloride.
Monochloropentafluoroethane
Mortar
No
and
liquids other than those classified as

flammable, corrosive, or poisonous charged with
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or air.
See Compressed
gases, n. o. s.
Monochloracetone, stabilized
gases
(a)
Do.
1301
|72.6
LIST OF EXPLOSIVES

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
Label required
if not exempt
(see eec.)
0Motion-picture
See
toy
outfits,
quantity
in
outside
container by
rail express
1
$ 73.181 (a)
(4).
0Motion-picture
film
(processed, positive or nega'.....
tive, nitrocellulose)
0Motion-picture Glm (processed,

tive,
No
exemption, 73.177.
Yellow.
200 pounds.
No
exemption, 73.196.
Yellow.
25 pounds.
F S
No
exemption, 73.195.
...do..
Not accepted.
No
exemption, 73.179.
Yellow.
200 pounds.
Yellow
250 pounds.
F.
positive or nega-
See
slovo-burning)
73.181 (a)
(1).
Motion-picture film scrap
(nitrocellulose),
samples
F.
of
Motion-picture film scrap (nitrocellulose),

than samples
Motion-picture film scrap (slow-burning)
other
See S73J81
(a)
(2).
0Motion-picture
F.
0Motion-picture
See 73.181
CDSee 73.181
film, toy (nitrocellulose).

Motion-picture film, toy (slow-burning)
film,
toy pieces
(nitrocellulose)
(a)
(a)
(3;.
Motion-picture
film,
unexposed
(nitrocellulose
F.
73.180.
base).
Motion-picture
film,
unexposed (slow-burning)
Se-
See 73.120...
Motorcycles
Motor fuel antiknock compound
Motor
73.181 (a)
Pois.
No
F.L
fuel, n. o. s
exemption, 73.354.
73.118, 73.119
Poison
55 gallons.
Red...
10 gallons.
Motors, internal combustion
See 73.120...
Muriatic acid.
Mustard gas
Pois. A..
No
Poison Gas.
Not accepted.
F. L..
F. L..
73.118, 73.119.
73.118, 73.119.
Red...
10 gallons.
F, L..
73.118, 73.119.
Red.
10 gallons.
73.118,73.119.
73.302, 73.307.
Red..
Green.
300 pounds.
F.L.
No
Red.
Not accepted.
F. S....
Pois. B.
No
Yellow.
Poison
...do..
100 pounds.
200 pounds.
55 gallons.
See Hydrochloric acid
Naphtha
Naphtha distillate
Naphtha, petroleum.
Naphtha, solvent
Natural gasoline.
Negative cotton.
See Gasoline.
F.L
Neon gas
Nonf. G
See 73.51
sti>
explosives or explosive devices
73.86,
divided,
activated
(8).
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Nicotine, liquid
Nitates, n. o. s
Nitrating (mixed) acid
Nitric acid
Nitric oxide
Nitrite of soda.
See Sodium nitrite.
Nitrobenzol, liquid (oil of mirbane)
Nitro carbo nitrate
Nitrocellulose, colloided, granular, or flake, wet with
alcohol or solvent.
See Wet nitrocellulose colloided, granular or flake
20 percent alcohol or
solvent.
Nitrocellulose, colloided, granular, or flake, wet with
SO percent water. See Wet nitrocellulose, colloided, granular or flake
20 percent water.
Oxy.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
M
M
Cor. L.
Cor. L.
Pois. A.
Pois. B.
Oxy.
72.4.
tt See 72.4.
exemption, 73.126.
or
Nicotine salicylate
Nieotine sulfate, liquid
Nicotine sulfate, solid
Nicotine tartrate
Nitrate of aluminum. See Aluminum nitrate.
Nitrate of ammonia. See Ammoninum nitrate.
Nitrate of ammonia explosives. See High explosives.
Nitrate of ammonia fertilizer. See Ammonium
nitrate fertilizer, containing 90 percent or more
ammonium nitrate with no organic coating.
Nitrate of barium. See Barium nitrate.
Nitrate of lead. See Lead nitrate.
Nitrate of potash. See Potassium nitrate.
Nitrate of soda. See Sodium nitrate.
Nitrate of soda and potash
Oxy.
Nitrate of soda bags, empty, unwashed. See Bags,
nitrate of soda, empty and unwashed.
Nitrate of strontia. See Strontium nitrate.
See
10 gallons.
(q)
and
74.602 (a)
Nickel carbonyl
'Nickel catalyst, finely
spent
Nickel cyanide, solid
Nicotine hydrochloride
Do.
...do..
See 'Petroleum naphtha.
Neohexane
exemption, 73.328.
See 1 72.4
exemption, 73.233.
73.370
73.345, 73.346
73.345,73.346
73.364, 73.365
73.345, 73.346
73.364, 73.365
.do.
73.364, 73.365.
...do.
...do.
200 pounds.
55 gallons.
200 pounds.
Do.
73.153", 73.182.
Yellow.
100 pounds.
73.153,73.182
Yellow
100 pounds.
White
do
2H
Poison Gas.
5 pints.
Not accepted.
73.345, 73.346.
73.153, 73.182.
Poison
Yellow,
55 gallons.
100 pounds.
Poison
...do.
Pints-
SECTION
11
1302
72.5
LIST OF EXPLOSIVES

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
(see sec.)
See
Nitrocellulose (collodion cotton), wet with water.
Wet nitrocellulose 20 percent water.
Nitrocellulose (collodion cotton), wet with alcohol or
Kolfent.
See Wet nitrocellulose 30 percent
alcohol or solvent.
Nitrocellulose, dry.
Nitrochlorbenzene, ortho, liquid
Nitrochlorbenzene, meta or para, solid
quantity in
Label required
if not exempt
1 outside
container by
rail express
B
B
Pois.
Pois.
Nonf.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen dioxide, liquid
Nitrogen fertilizer solution
Nitrogen peroxide (tetroxide)
Nitrogen, pressurized liquid
Pois.
Nonf.
A
Nonf. G
Pois.
See 73.51
Nitroglycerin, liquid
Nitroglycerin liquid,
desensitized.
plosive, liquid.
spirits
Nitroglycerin,
73.345,73.346
73.364, 73.374
Poison
...do
73.302, 73.307, 73.314.

73.302, 73.300,73.314.
No exemption, 73.308..
Green
No
55 gallons.
200 pounds.
300 pounds.
Poison Gas
Not accepted.
Green ...
Green
300 pounds.
Not accepted
300 pounds.
White.
5 pints.
...do.
Do.
Poison Gas.
(d).
See High Ex-
See Spirits of nitro-
of.
glycerin.
Nitrohydrochloric acid
Nitrohydrochloric acid, diluted
Nitro mannite. See Initiating explosive.
N itroguanidine, dry. See High explosives.
Nitroguanidirw, wet with water.
See Wet nitrogunnidine 20 percent water.
Nitrosoyuanidine.
Nitrostarch, dry.
See Wet
Nitrostarch, wet with alcohol or solvent.
nitrostarch 30 percent alcohol or solvent.
Nitrostarch, wet with water.
See Wet nitrostarch
20 percent water.
Nitroeylchloride
Nitrourea.
0Nitrous oxide
Cor. L.
Cor. L.
exemption, 73.278.
.do
N itroxylol
Nonf.
73.302, 73.308, 73.314.
Green.
300 pounds.
Nonf.
73.302, 73.308, 73.315.
Green.
73.345,73.346
1'oison
300 pounds.
55 gallons.
73.302, 73.307
Pois.
N antiquefied gases.
See Compressed gases, n.
o.
s.
Nonlique6ed hydrocarbon gas.
F.
Cor.
No
exemption, 73.280.
Red Gas.
White.
300 pounds.
Nonyl
Cor.
Cor.
L
L
No
No
exemption, 73.280.
exemption, 73.280.
White.
White.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
trichlorosilane
Octadecyltrichlorosilane
Octyl trichlorosilane
Oil, described as oil, oil, n. o. s.,
petroleum oil, n. o. s.
petroleum
oil,
10 gallons.
or
F.
73.118.73.119
Red.
Do.
Ou
See Sulfuric acid.

of vitriol.
Oil well cartridges
Oleum. See Sulfuric acid.
Oxide, spent. See Spent oxide.
Expl. C........
Oxidizing material, n. o. s
Oxidizing materials with other articles
fumiganis.
Oxy.
See 73.152
Note
0Oxygen
Nonf.
Nonf.
Oxygen, pressurized liquid

Paint driers, liquid
Paint, enamel, lacquer, stain, shellac, varnish,
aluminum, bronze, gold, wood
filler,
liquid,
G
G
No
150 pounds.
exemption, 73.112.
73.153, 73.154.
Yellow.
25 pounds.
73.302, 73.307, 73.314.

Green.
Green.
300 pounds.
300 pounds.
(a)
1.
F.
73.118,73.128.
Red.
55 gallons.
F.
73.118, 73.128.
Red.
55 gallons.
F.S....
No
exemption, 73.185
Yellow....
Not
Pois. B
Pois. A
Pois. B
Pois. B
Pois.
Pois. B
F. L...
F. L...
73.364,73.373
73.377
73.359
73.364, 73.367
73.118,73.119
Poison ....
Poison Gas
Poison
Poison ....
Poison ....
Poison
200 pounds.
Red
Red
Not accepted.
and
lacquer base liquid

Paint, lacquer and varnish removing, reducing or
thinning compounds. See Compounds, lac
quer, paint, or varnish, reducing or thinning
liquid, etc.
Paper cap ammunition for toy

caps.
Paper caps. See
Paper stock, wet
Toy
pistols.
See
Toy
caps.
accepted.
Paper waste, wet. Sec Waste paper, wet.

Para chlorobenzoyl peroxide. See Chlorobenzoyl
peroxide, (para).
Paranitraniline (paranitroaniline), solid
Parathion and compressed gas mixture

Parathion, liquid
Parathion, mixture, dry
Parathion mixture, liquid
Paris green, solid
Pentaborane
Pentane
See
72.4.
See
72.4.
Not accepted.
1
quart.
200 pounds.
1
quart.
200 pounds.
10 gallons.
1303
5 72.6
LIST
Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
Label required
if not exempt
quantity in
1 outside
container by
rail express
(see sec.)
Pentane, methyl
Pentarrythrite tetranitrate. See Initiating explosive.
Pentolite, dry.
Peracetic acid
Perchlorate of ammonia. See Ammonium perchlorate.
Potassium perpotash. See
Perchlorate
of
chlorate.
Perchlorates, n. o. s
Perchloric acid in excess of 72 -percent
Perchloric acid not in excess of 72 percent
Perchloro-methyl-mercaptan
Percussion caps
F. L....
73.118, 73.119.
Red....
10 gallons.
Oxy. M.
73.223
Yellow.
5 pints.
Oxy. M..
See 73.:
73.153, 73.154.
Yellow.
100 pounds.
Cor. L...
73.244, 73.269
White.
Pois. B..
73.345,73.360
Poison.
7 pounds.
10 pounds.
150 pounds.
Yellow.
...do..
...do..
100 pounds.
10 gallons.
C.
C.
Expl.
Expl.
Percussion fuzes
Permanganate
Permanganate
of potash
of soda
Permanganates, n. o. s
Peroxide of sodium. See Sodium peroxide.
Oxy. M..
Oxy. M..
Oxy. M..
73.153, 73.154, 73.194.
Peroxides, organic, liquids, n. o. 8

Peroxides, organic, liquids, n. o. s
Petroleum, crude. See Crude oil.
F. L....
No exemption,
Oxy. M.
73.153,73.221
Red....
Yellow.
F. L..
F. L..
73.118, 73.119.
Red...
F. L.
73.118,73.119.
Red.
10 gallons.
Pois. A.,
Pois. B.
Cor. L..
Pois. A.
F. S
No exemption. 73.191
No exemption. 73.271
Poison Gas.
Poison
Not accepted.
'Petroleum distillate
Petroleum ether
Petroleum gas, liquefied.
73.153,73.154
73.153,73.154
73.119 (m)
73.118,73.119.
Da
quart.
Do.
Do.
.do.
See Liquefied petroleum
gas.
'Petroleum naphtha
Phenol. See Carbolic acid.
Phenylcarbylamine chloride
Phenyldichlorarsine, liquid
Phenyl trichlorosilane
Phosgene (diphosgene)
Phosphoric anhydride
Phosphorus, amorphous, red
Phosphorus oxychloride
Phosphorus pentachloride
Phosphorus sesquisulfide.
Phosphorus tribromide
Phosphorus trichloride
Phosphorus, white or yellow, dry
F.S....,
Cor. L..
F. S....
F.S
Cor. L..
Cor. L..
F.S
Phosphorus, white or yellow,
in
No
F.S.
water
White
1 quart.
5 pounds.
100 pounds.
II pounds.
11
1
pounds.
quart.
Do.
and
Not accepted.
Yellow.
(e)
exemption, 73.190 (b) and
(c)
F.S.
Photographic film scrap, X-ray film scrap
Photographic flash powder. See Special fireworks
or low explosives.
Picrates, dry.
Picrale of ammonia.
Picric acid, dry.
See 73.192.
Picric acid, wet, not exceeding 16 ounces
Picric acid, wet, with not less than 10 percent water,
over 25 pounds.
Picric acid, wet, with not less than 10 percent
water, in excess of 16 ounces but not exceeding 25
F.S.
pounds
10 gallons.
Not accepted.
Yellow
Yellow
White
...do
(d)
30 gallons.
White
Poison Gas.
Yellow
...do
No
exemption, 73.195.
No
exemption, 73.193.
25 pounds.
See 73.196.
.do.
.do.
Yellow.
25 pounds.
Common
fireworks.
Pinwheels.
See
'Plastic solvent, n. o. s
Poisonous liquid or gas, n. o. s
Poisonous liquids, n. o. 8
Poisonous liquids, n. o. s
Poisonous
Poisonous
F. L
Pois.
solids, n. o. s.
solids, n. o. 8
Police grenades, poison gas, class A

..
'Polishes, metal, stove, furniture and wood, liquid
"Polymerizable materials
Potash, caustic, solution. See Caustic potash, liquid.
Potassium arsenate, solid
Potassium arsenite, solid
Potassium bromate
Potassium chlorate {potash
.
chlorate).
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
Pois.
F.
A
B
C
R
C
A
See
73.118,73.119
73.345, 73.346
73.364,73.365
73.118,73.129...
.
Red....
Poison Gas
Poison
Tear Gas
Poison
Tear Gas
10 gallons.
Not accepted.
55 gallons.
75 pounds.
200 pounds.
75 pounds.
Poison Gas
Not accepted.
Red...
55 gallons.
73.21 (bj
B.
73.364, 73.365.
73.364, 73.365.
73.153, 73.154.
Poison.
..do..
200 pounds.
Oxy. M.
Yellow.
100 pounds.
F.S.
F.S.
No
No
Yellow
...do
25 pounds.
1 pound.
Pois.
Pois.
See Chlorate
of potash.
Potassium cyanide. See Cyanide of potassium.

Potassium hydroxide solution. See Caustic potash,
liquid.
Potassium, metallic
Potassium, metallic liquid alloy
See
f 72.4.
exemption, 73.206.
exemption, 73.202.
SECTION
1304
11
|72.5
LIST OF EXPLOSIVES

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
Potassium nitrate
Potassium nitrate mixed
(fused)
nitrite
Potassium nitrite
Potassium perchlorate
Potassium permanganate.
Oxy.
M.
73.163, 73.182.
Oxy.
Oxy.
Oxy.
M
M
M
73.163,73.183....
73.153,73.164....
73.153,73.219....
with sodium
Yellow.
quantity in
1 outside
container by
rail express
100 pounds.
Do
do
do
do
100 pounds.
See Permanganate of
potash.
Potassium peroxide
Potassium sulfide
Potato spray (arsenical), liquid.
M.
73.153,73.207
Yellow.
100 pounds.
...do..
300 pounds.
Red#.
See 73.86.
10 pounds.
See Insecticide,
liquid.
Primers. See Cannon, combination, or small-arm

primers.
Primert, detonating. See Detonating primers.
Projectiles, explosive.
See Explosive projectile.
nonexplosive.
Chemical
Projectiles,
gas,
See
Ammunition, class A, B, or C.
Projectiles, gas, smoke, or incendiary, with burster
See
or booster with or without detonating fuse.
Explosive projectile.
Projectiles, illuminating, incendiary or smoke with
expelling charge but without bursting charge. See
Special fireworks.
empty, or solid
See 73 55
Propane. See Liquefied petroleum gas.
Expl. A.
Propcllant explosives, class A explosives
Propellant explosives, class B explosives
Expl. B.
Propellant explosives in water (smokeless powder
Expl. B.
for cannon or small arms)
Propellant explosives in water unstable, con-
Projectiles, sand-loaded,
demned
or deteriorated
cannon or small arms)
Pyridine
Pyrof oric fuel ....._

sulf uryl chloride
Pyroxylin
Pyroxylin
Pyroxylin
'Pyroxylin
Pyroxylin
cement.
73.64 (d)
73.93
No exemption,
73.93.
Not accepted.
(smokeless powder for
Propylene oxide
Propyl mercaptan
Propyl trichlorosilane
Propylene. See Liquefied petroleum gas
Prussic acid. See Hydrocyanic acid.
Pyro
No exemption,
No exemption,
Expl. B.
No
F.L...
73.118, 73.119
F. L....
Cor. L.
No
No
exemption, 73.141.
exemption, 73.280.
Red...
Red...
White.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
10 gallons.
F. L..
F. L...
Cor. L.
73.118,73.119
73.244, 73.247
Red..
Red...
White.
Not accepted.
F.S..
F. EL
F. L.
F. L.
No exemption, 73.195, 73.196.
Yellow...
Yellow
See 5 73.196.
350 pounds.
Red
10 gallons.
Not accepted.
exemption, 73.93.
10 gallons.
i
quart.
See Cement, pyroxylin.
plastic scrap
.,
plastics, rods, sheets, rolls, tubes
solution
solvent, n. o. s
73.197
73.118,73.119
73.118,73.119
Radio battery chargers ...

Radio current supply devices
See 5 73.259.
See 73.259.
Radioactive materials, n.
Pois.
o. s.
73.392, 73.393, 73.394.
Rags, oily
F. S.
No
Rags, wet
F. S....
Expl. C.
Expl. B.
No
exemption, 73.153
...do
(c) (38)
Poison Radio- See 73.391

active mate(b) and (c).
rials
(Blue
or Red.)
Yellow
Not accepted.
73.199.
Railway fusees.
Railway torpedoes.
.
exemption, 73.200
Do.
200 pounds.
do.
Noexemption, 73. 100(y), 73. 108
No
exemption, 73.91
Special
Fire-
works##.
Reducing
compounds,
paint,
varnish,
200 pounds.
lacquer,
See "Compounds, lacquer, paint, or varnish, etc., removing, reducing or thinning, liquid.
Refrigerant gas, n. o. s
Refrigerating machines
etc.
See
73.130,
73.313.
Removing compounds, paint, varnish, lacquer,

See "Compounds, lacquer, paint, or varetc.
nish, etc., removing, reducing or thinning, liquid.
Resin solution
Resinate of cobalt, precipitated. See Cobalt resi-
nate, precipitated.
Rifle grenades
Rifle powder.
73.118, 73.119.
Expl. A.
No
F. L.
73.118,73.131
No exemption. 73.57.
Red.
5 72.4.
# See 5 72.4.
Expl. B.
Expl. A
See
72.4.
55 gallons.
Not accepted.
exemption, 73.66.
See Black powder.
Road asphalt or tar, liquid

Rocket ammunition with empty projectiles ....
Rocket ammunition with explosive projectiles.
i See
F. L.
Red.
10 gallons.
Not accepted.
Do.
1305
72.6
OF EXPLOSIVES AND OTHER DANGEROUS ARTlCLB&-ontmued.
LIST
Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
(see sec.)
Rocket
Rocket
Rocket
Rocket
Rocket
Rocket
Rocket
ammunition
ammunition
ammunition
ammunition
ammunition
ammunition
ammunition
Roman
candles.
with illuminating projectiles.

with gas projectiles
with incendiary projectiles.
with inert-loaded projectiles
with smoke projectiles
with solid projectiles
without projectiles
Rocket fireworks. See Common fireworks.
Rocket heads. See Explosive projectiles.
See
Common
Expl.
Expl.
Expl.
Expl.
Expl.
Expl.
Expl.
A
A
A
B
A
B
B
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
exemption,
exemption,
exemption.
exemption.
exemption.
exemption,
exemption,
No
exemption, 73.153
quantity in
Label required
if not exempt
1 outside
container by
rail express
Not
73.57.
73.57.
accepted.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
73.57
73.90.
73.57.
73.90
73.90
fireworks.
Rough ammoniate tankages
F.
(c) (50),
Do
Yellow.
73.210.
Rubber cement. See *Cement, rubber.

'Rubber scrap or rubber buffings
'Rubber shoddy, regenerated rubber,
*
or
re
claimed rupber.
'Rum, denatured
See
New
distress signals.
Common
Smoke
signals
Cor. L
Expl. C
Expl. C
Expl. C
Expl. C
Sodium amide
Sodium aside
Sodium bromate
Sodium arsenate, solid
Sodium arsenite (solution), liquid
Sodium cacodylate, solid (sodium dimethyl arsenate)
Sodium chlorate (soda chlorate)
Sodium chlorite
Sodium chlorite solution (not exceeding 40 percent
.
chlorite)
See 72.4.
exemption. 73.106.
150 pounds.
Red.
55 gallons.
No
exemption, 73.100 (y),

73.108
200 pounds.
73.244, 73.247
White.
73.153,73.182
No exemption,
No exemption,
No exemption,
No exemption,
No exemption,
73.108
Yellow.
White.
100 pounds.
Expl. C.
No
Expl. C.
No
Cor. L.
F. S...
PoisB.
Oxy.
Pots.
Pois.
Pois.
Oxy.
Oxy.
B.
B.
B.
M
M
Cor. L.
Sodium cyanide. See Cyanide of sodium.

Sodium hydride
F.S....
Sodium hydrosulfite
F. S....
Sodium hydroxide solution. Set Caustic soda,
liquid.
No
73.248
73.101
73.101 ...
73.107
73.100 (y),
gallon
quart.
150 pounds.
Tear gas.
Do!
200 pounds.
See Chemical ammunition, class
Smokeless powder for cannon or small arms. See

Propellant explosives or High explosives.
Smoke projectiles with bursting charges.
See
Explosive projectile.
Smoke projeciiles with expelling charge but without
bursting charge. See Special fireworks.
Soda amatol. See High explosives.
Soda, caustic solution. See Caustic soda, liquid.
Sodium aluminate, liquid
sodium
See 73.370.
Oxy.
candles
C.
pots
10 gallons.
Sludge acid
Small-arms ammunition
Small-arms ammunition, tear gas cartridges.
Small-arms primers
generators.
Red
73.118, 73.128.
Expl. C.
Bor
73.118,73.119.
fireworks or Spec-
Cor.
Smoke
Do.
See 73. 120...

See 73.65(h).
Silicon chloride (tetrachloride)

Silver cyanide
Silver nitrate
Smoke
10 pounds.
-..do.,
See | 73.86.
See 73.86.
See 73.86.
Signal flares
Smoke
Yellow,
73.100 (o)
F.L.
See
73.153,73.201
73.153,73.201
fire-
explosives
Samples of explosives and explosive articles
Scheele's green.
See Copper arsenite.
Self-propelled vehicles
Shaped charges, commercial. See High explosives .
'Shellac. See * Paint, enamel, lacquer, stain, shellac,
Ship
Expl.
Samples of explosives
varnish, etc.
Shellac, liquid
Shells, fireworks.
cial fireworks.
S
S
F.L.
Safety fuse
Safety squibs
Saltpeter.
See Potassium nitrate.
See Sodium nitrate.
Saltpeter, Chile.
Salutes.
See Common fireworks and Special
works.
Samples,
F.
F.

73.108
73.108
200 pounds.
200 pounds.
White.
Yellow.
Poison
Yellow.
Poison.
...do.
...do.
Yellow.
...do.
25 pounds.
200 pounds.
100 pounds.
200 pounds.
55 gallons.
200 pounds.
100 pounds.
73.244, 73.263.
White.
4 gallons.
No
Yellow.
...do.
25 pounds.
73.244,73.249
exemption, 73.206
73.364,73.375....
73.153,73.154
73.364, 73.365, 73.368
73.345,73.346
73.364,73.365
73.153,73.163
No
exemption, 73.198.
73.153.73.204
10 gallons.
100 pounds.
SECTION
|
11
1306
72.5
LIST OF EXPLOSIVES

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
Sodium, metallic
Sodium, metallic, dispersion in organic solvent.
Sodium, metallic liquid alloy
(
Sodium methylate, dry

Sodium methylate, alcohol mixture
Sodium nitrate
Sodium nitrite
Sodium nitrite mixed (fused) with
S...
S....
L....
Oxy.
M
M
peroxide
Oxy.
Oxy.
Oxv.
M
M
M
picramate wet with 20 per cent of water.

potassium alloj's
F.S....
in
1 outside
container by
rail express
No
No
No
exemption, 73.206.
exemption, 73.230
exemption, 73.202.
73.153,73.154.......
73.118, 73.119
73.153, 73.182
Yellow.
...do..
Yellow.
Yellow.
Red....
Yellow.
25 pounds.
10 pounds.
1 pound.
100 pounds
73.153, 73.154, 73.234.
...do..
Do.
10 gallons.
100 pounds
potassium
permanganate
sulfide
73.153,73.183
73.153,73.154
73.153,73.207
73.118,73.119
F.S...
F. S.. .
F. L. ..
.
Solvents, n. o. s
^Sparklers.
See Common fireworks.
Special fireworks
Spent
Spent
Spent
Spent
Spent
S....
S....
Ox v.*
nitrate
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
quantity
Expl.
No exemption,
Do.
...do..
Yellow
...do
100 pounds
Do.
Yellow.
do..
25 pounds.
25 pounds.
300 pounds.
Red..
15 Gallons.
..do..
.
73.88 (d), 73.91
Special
works
Fire-
200 pounds.
iron mass.
See Iron mass, spent.
iron sponge.
See Iron sponge, spent.
mixed acid
F.S.
Sportimj powder.
No
No
No
Cor. L.
oxide
sulfuric acid
Spirits of nitroglycerin
..
exemption, 73.248
exemption, 73.174
exemption, 73.248
Cor. L.
F. L...
73.133
Expl. B.
Nu
White.
Yellow
Not accepted
White
Red
6 quarts
..
quart.
quart.
See Black powder or Propellant
explosives, ohss
explosives.
Spreader cartridges. See Special fireworks.
Squibs, electric or safety. See Electric squibs or
Safety squibs.
See 'Paint, enamel, lacquer, stain, shellac,
Stain.
varnish, etc.
Starter cartridges, jet engine, class B explosives.
Storage batteries, wet.
See Batteries, electric
storage, wet.
Stores, ship or vessels
Stove polish. See 'Polishes, metal, stove, furni-
See
200 pounds.
exemption, 73.92.
| 71.
ture and wood, liquid.
Strike-anywhere matches. See Matches, strikeanywhere.

Strike-on-box matches. See Matches, strike-on-box
Strontium arsenite, solid
Strontium chlorate
Strontium chlorate, wet
Strontium nitrate
Strontium peroxide
Strychnine and salts thereof, solid
Styphnate of lead. See Initiating explosive.
Succinic acid peroxide
Sulfide of sodium.
See Sodium sulfide.
Sulfide of potassium.
See Potassium sulfide.
Sulfur chloride (mono and di)
0Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur trioxide, stabilized
Sulfuric acid (oil of vitriol)
Sulfuric acid, fuming (oleum) (Nordhausen).
Sulfuric acid.
Sulfuryl chloride
Supplementary charges (explosive)
Pois. B.
Oxy. M.
Oxv.
Oxy. M.
Oxy. M.
Poison
Yellow,
do..
Poison.
200 pounds.
100 pounds.
200 pounds.
100 pounds.
100 pounds.
200 pounds.
Pois.
B.
73.364,73.365
73.153,73.163
73.153,73.163 (a) (6)
73.153,73.182
73.153 (a), 73.154....
73.364,73.365
Oxy.
73.153 (b), 73.157, 73.158.
Yellow.
25 pounds.
Cor. L..
No
Nonf. G.
Nonf. G.
Cor. L..
Cor. L.
73.302, 73.308, 73.314, 73.315.

73.302, 73.308.
White.
Green.
300 pounds.
Yellow
Yellow
exemption, 73.247
gallon.
...do.
73.244,73.273
73.244,73.272
White.
...do.
10 pints.
Cor. L..
Expl. A.
73.244, 73.247
White.
No
exemption, 73.69.
fertilizers
F.S.
No
exemption, 73.153
Tankages, rough ammoniate
F.S.
No
Tankage.
Tankage
gallon.
Set
1
quart.
Not accepted
See Garbage tankage.

(c) (49)
Yellow
(c) (50)
...do..
Not accepted
73.209.
exemption, 73.153
Do.
73.210.
Tank
car, containing residual
phosphorus and filleo
xoith water
ears, gas (must not contain gases that combini
chemically)
See
73.232
Tank
Tank
truck,
empty
Tanks, empty
Tar, liquid
Tear gas candles
Tear gas cartridges. See Small-arms ammunition
tear gas cartridges.
Tear gas grenades
Tear gas material, liquid or solid, n. o. s
See
72.4.
M See
72.4.
See 73.301 (a)

See 73.29....
See 73.29....
F. L
Pois.
73.118,73.131
Red
Gm.
75 pounds.
Pois.
Pois.
C.
C.
No
No
Tear Gas.
..do.
75 pounds.
exemption, 73.385
exemption, 73.382.
Tear
gallons.
"So"
1307
72.6
LIST
OP EXPLOSIVES AND OTHER DANGEROUS ARTICLESContinued

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
quantity in
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
Tertiary butylisopropyl benzene hydroperoxide.

Oxy.
dithio
pyrophosphate and coi
Tetraethyl
pressed gas mixture
Pois. A.
Tetraetbyi dithio pyrophosphate, liquid
Pois. B.
Tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate mixture, dry
Pois. B.
Tetraetbyi dithio pyrophosphate mixture, liquid
Pois. B.
Tetraethyl lead, liquid.
Pois. B.
Tetraetbyi pyrophosphate and compressed gas
mixture
Pois. A.
Tetraetbyi pyrophosphate, hquid
Pois. B..
Tetraetbyi pyrophosphate mixture, dry.
Pois. B.
Tetraetbyi pyrophosphate mixture, liquid
Pois. B.
Tetrufluoroethylene, inhibited
F. G....
'
Tetranitromethane
Oxy.
M.
1 outside
container by
rail express
73.153 (b), 73.224.
Yeliow.
No exemption,
No exemption,
Poison Gas.
Poison
Not accepted.
73.377.
73.359
Poison.....
Poison
Poison
200 pounds.
No
No
exemption, 73.334.
exemption, 73.358.
73.377
73.359
73.302, 73.308
Poison Gas.
Poison
Poison
Poison
Red Gas...
Yellow
Not accepted.
73.364,73.365
73.364, 73.365
Yellow
Poison
No
No
No
White.
Poison
White.,
73.334.
73.358.
quart.
quart.
quart.
55 gallons.
quart.
200 pounds.
quart.
300 pounds.
25 pounds.
...do..
200 pounds.
Do.
(guanyl nitrosamino guanyl tetrazene).

Tetrazene
Sre'lligh explosives.
Textile waste, wet
Tetryl.
Thallium salts, solid

Thallium sulfate, solid
Thinning compounds, paint, varnish, lacquer, etc.
See *Paint, enamel, lacquer, stain, shellac, var-
F. S....
Pois. B.
Pois. B.
Not accepted.
nish, etc.
Thiocarboni/l-cldoride.
See Tbiophosgene.
Thionyl chloride
Thiophosgene (Thiocarbonyl-chloride)
Thiophosphoryl chloride
Cor. L....
Pois. B. .
Cor. L....
F. S
Expl. C...
Cor. L....
Thorium metal, powdered

Time fuzes
Tin tetrachloride, anhydrous
Titanium metal powder, dry
Titanium metal powder, wet, with not
F.
less
exemption, 73.247.
exemption, 73.356.
exemption, 73.271.
Yellow.
73.226
No
exemption, 73.105.
73.244, 73.247
White.
Yellow
gallon.
gallon.
quart.
25 pounds.
150 pounds.
1
quart.
75 pounds.
than 20
percent water
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluol (toluene)
Sec Common fireworks.
Torches.
Torpedoes, cap. See Special fireworks.
No
F.S....
Cor. L.
F. L...
Yellow
White.
Red...
exemption, 73.208.
73.244, 73.247
73.118, 73.119
Torpedoes, empty
Torpedoes, explosives. See Explosive torpedoes.
railway
Torpedoes,
or
track.
See
Railway
torpedoes.
Toy propellant devices
Toy smoke devices
Toy torpedoes. See Special fireworks.
See 73.55.
Expl. C.
Expl. C.
No
No
Toy
Expl. C
Expl. C
Expl. C
See 73.120.
No exemption,73.100(p),73.109
caps
Tracers
Tracer fuzes
Tractors
Trailer or truck body with refrigerating or heating
equipment on flat cars
Trichlorosilane
See 73.120
73.303
F.
matches
Expl.
Trifluorochloroethylene
F.G
Trimethylamine, anhydrous
Trimethylamine, aqueous solution
F.
F.
F.
Trick
ceeding 25 pounds
acid, wet, with not less than 10 percent water, over 25 pounds.
See High explosives
rinitroresorcinol.
rinitrotoluene.
Trinitrotoluene, wet (not to exceed 16 ounces)
150 pounds.
Do.
Do.
(c)
No
No
exemption, 73.136
exemption, 73.111.
73.302, 73.308, 73.314
...
Red.
10 gallons.
150 pounds.
300 pounds.
Do.
73.302, 73.308, 73.314, 73.315.
73.118,73.119
Red.....
Red
No
F.S..
10 gallons
10 gallons
16 ounces.
73.212..
F.S.
T initrobenzoic
Do.
150 pounds.
150 pounds.
exemption, 73.111.
exemption, 73.111.
Red Gas.
Red Gas.
Trimethylchlorosilane
L
Trinitrobenzene.
Trinitrobenzene, wet (not to exceed 16 ounces)
F. S
Trinitrobenzoic acid, dry. See High explosives.
Triniirobenzoic acid, wet, not exceeding 16 ounces.
See 73.192.
Trinitrobenzoic acid, wet with not less than 10
percent water, in excess of 16 ounces but not ex-
150 pounds.
10 gallons.
Yellow.
25 pounds.
73.212
73.118, 73.119.
Red.
16 ounces.
10 gallons.
No
exemption, 73.145.
Red.
5 pints.
No
exemption. 73.193
Yellow
25 pounds.
exemption, 73.193.
T
T
Turpentine substitutes
F. L..
Uns-dimethylhydrazine
F. L.
Urea nitrate wet with not less than 10 percent of
water, over 26 pounds.
Urea nitrate wet with not less than 10 per cent of
water, in excess of 16 ounces but not exceeding 25
pounds
F.S
See
72.4.
SECTION
1308
11
72.6
LIST OF EXPLOSIVES
AND OTHER DANGEROUS ARTICLESConcluded

Maximum
Exemptions and
Packing
Classed as
Article
quantity in
Label required
if not exempt
(see sec.)
nitrate, dry.
nitrate, wet with not less than 10 percent of
water, not exceeding 16 ounces
1 outside
container by
rail express
Urea
Urea
See 73.192.
Oxy.
73.153 (b), 73.227.
Very signal cartridges
Expl. C.
No
Vinyl acetate, inhibited

Vinyl chloride, inhibited
Vinylidene chloride, inhibited.
Vinyl methyl ether, inhibited.
Vinyl trichlorosilane
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
Urea peroxide
See
Varnish.
'Paint,
enamel,
lacquer,
16 ounces.
Yellow.
25 pounds.
stain,
Varnish driers. See 'Paint driers, liquid.

Varnish remover or reducer. See 'Compounds,
lacquer, paint, or varnish removing, reducing, or
thinning, liquid.
Varnish thinning compounds. See Compounds,

lacquer, paint, or varnish removing, reducing, or
thinning, liquid.
War
G.
73.302, 73.308, 73.314.
L.
73.118,73.119
G.
73.302, 73.308, 73.314.
L.
No
F. S...,
F. S....
No
No
No
F.S....
Cor. L.
liquid
hair.
See Hair wet.
nitrocellulose, colloided, granular or flake
percent alcohol or solvent
Wet
exemption, 73.100
73.108
73.118,73.119
exemption, 73.135
(y),
200 pounds.
.
Red
Red Gas.
Red
Red Gas.
Red
10 gallons.
300 pounds.
10 gallons.
20 pounds.
10 gallons.
See Explosive projectiles.
heads.
Waste paper, wet

Waste textile, wet
Waste wool, wet
Water treatment compound,
Wet
Wet
L.
nitrocellulose, colloided, granular or flake
20
20
percent water
Wet nitrocellulose30 percent alcohol or solvent
Wet nitrocellulose 20 percent water
Wet nitroguanidine 20 percent water
Wet nitrostarch 20 percent water
Wet nitrostarch 30 percent alcohol or solvent.
Wet paper stock. See Paper stock, wet.
Wet rags. See Rags, wet.
Wet textile waste. See Waste textile, wet.
Wet waste paper. See Waste paper, wet.
Wet waste wool. See Waste wool, wet.
'Wood filler. See Paint, enamel, lacquer, stain,
exemption, 73.186.
exemption, 73.211.
exemption, 73.213.
73.244,73.249
Yellow.
...do..
Not
Yellow
White..
Not accepted.
accepted.
Do.
10 gallons.
F. L.
73.118, 73.127.
Red.
25 pounds.
F.S..
73.153, 73.184.
F. L.,
73.118,73.127.
F.S..
F.S..
100 pounds.
25 pounds.
100 pounds.
F. S..
F. L..
73.153,
73.153,
73.153,
73.118,
Yellow.
Red...
Yellow.
...do..
F S
No
73.184.
73.184.
73.184.
73.127.
...do.
Do!
Red...
25 pounds.
exemption, 73.177.
Yellow.
200 pounds.
No
exemption, 73.196.
Yellow.
25 pounds.
No
exemption, 73.195.

polish.
See 'Polishes, metal, 6tove, furniture and wood, liquid.
'Wood stain, liquid. See *Paint, enamel, lacquer,
stain, shellac, varnish, etc.
'Wood
Wool
waste, wet.
See Waste wool, wet.
X-ray
X-ray
film (nitrocellulose base)

film (slow-burning)
X-ray
X-ray
film scrap (nitrocellulose base), samples of

film scrap (nitrocellulose base), other than
73.181* (a)
(1)
See
L
X-ray
film scrap (slow-burning)
X-ray
film,
unexposed
(nitrocellulose base).
Xylyl bromide
ammonium
nitrite
arsenate
arsenite, solid
.do.
Not accepted.
73.181' (a)
(2)
See
F.
Poia.
Oxy.
Pois.
Pois.
B
B
73.180
73.118,73.119
73.364,73.365
73.364,73.365
73.153,73.163
Yellow ##.
250 pounds.
Red
10 gallons.
Tear Gas.
75 pounds.
Yellow.
Poison
100 pounds.
200 bounds.
.do.
chlorate
Oxy.
Yellow.
100 pounds.
cyanide
See 73.370.
ethyl
F.L.
No exemption,
73.134.
Red....
Not accepted.
Oxy. M.
Oxy. M.
73.153,73.154
73.153,73.154
Yellow.
...do..
100 pounds.
100 pounds.
75 pounds.
No exemption,
No exemption,
No exemption,
Red....
Yellow.
nitrate.
See Nitrates, n.
o. 8.
permanganate
peroxide
Zirconium metal powder or sponge, dry

Zirconium, metallic, solutions or mixtures thereof,
liquid
Zirconium metal powder, wet or sludge

Zirconium picramate, wet with tO percent of water.
'
F.L
Xylol (xylene)
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
F. S
F S
samples
See
72.4.
#See72.4.
F.
F. L....
F. S.....
Oxy. M.
73.140.
73.214.
73.216.
.do.
...do..
5 pounds.
150 pounds.
25 pounds.
1309
PART 73 REGULATIONS APPLYING TO SHIPPERS

Sec.
Sec.
Purpose of the regulations in Parts 71-78.

Classification; dangerous articles.
73.93
Motor
Water
73.100
73.101
73.102
73.10
73.11
Inefficient containers.
carrier regulations.
carrier regulations.
Shipments by rail express.
Shipments as baggage by rail.
United States Government shipments.
73.21
73.22
73.23
73.24
73.25
73.26
73.27
73.28
73.29
73.30
73.31
73.32
73.33
73.34
73.57
73.58
73.59
73.60
73.61
73.62
73.63
73.64
73.65
73.66
73.67
73.68
73.69
73.70
73.71
73.72
73.73
73.74
73.75
73.76
73.77
73.78
73.79
73.80
73.86
73.87
73.88
73.89
73.91
73.92
Cordeau detonant
Design of containers.
Specification containers in outside containers.
Quantity limitations.
Rail express limitations.
Reused containers.
Empty containers.
tanks.
Qualification, maintenance, and use of cargo
tanks.
Qualifications, maintenance, and use of cylinders.
Explosives; Definitions and Preparation
An
explosive.
Forbidden explosives.
Acceptable explosives.
Class
explosives; definitions.
Ammunition for cannon.
Ammunition, nonexplosive.
Ammunition, projectiles, grenades, bombs, mines,
and torpedoes
Rocket ammunition.
Ammunition
for small arms.

Chemical ammunition, explosive.
Black powder and low explosives.
High explosives.
High explosives, liquid.
High explosives with liquid explosive ingredient.
High explosives with no liquid explosive ingredient and propellant explosives, class A.
High explosives with no liquid explosive ingredient nor any chlorate.
Blasting caps and electric blasting caps.
Blasting caps with safety fuse.
Detonating primers.
Detonating fuzes, class A with or without radioactive components, detonating fuze parts containing an explosive, boosters, bursters, or supplementary charges.
Diazodinitrophenol or lead mononitroresorcinate.
Fulminate of mercury.
Lead
Lead
azide.
styphnate.
Nitro mannite.
Nitrosoguanidine.
Pentaerythrite tetranitrate.
Tetrazene.
Jet thrust units (jato), class A, or igniters, jet
thrust (jato), class A.
Charged oil well jet perforating guns.
Samples of explosives and explosive articles.
Explosives in mixed packing.
Class B explosives; definitions.
Ammunition
for
cannon with empty
and
Cartridge bags, empty, with black powder igniters; igniters, safety squibs, electric squibs, delay
73.106
Primers,
Special fireworks.
Jet thrust units (jato), class B, igniters, jet thrust
(jato), class B, or starter cartridges, jet engine,
class B.
lighters or fuse igniters.
percussion caps,
and empty grenades,
primed.
Common
fireworks, signal flares, hand signal devices, railway or highway fusees, smoke signals,
smoke candles, smoke pots', and various signal
cartridges.
Toy caps.
73.109
73.110
Charged
oil well jet perforating guns, total explosive contents in guns not exceeding 15 pounds
per motor vehicle.
Cigarette loads, explosive auto alarms, toy propellant devices, toy smoke devices, and trick
matches.
Oil well cartridges.
Detonating fuzes, class C.
Fire extinguisher actuating cartridges.
73.112
73.113
73.114
Subpart
Flammable Liquids; Definition
and
Preparation
73.115
73.116
Flammable
73.117
73.118
73.119
73.120
Closing and cushioning.
73.121
73.122
73.123
73.124
73.125
73.126
73.127
73.128
73.129
73.130
73.131
73.132
73.133
73.134
73.135
73.136
73.137
73.138
73.139
73.140
liquids;
definition.
Outage.
Exemptions for flammable
liquids.
Flammable
liquids not specifically provided for.

Automobiles, motorcycles, tractors, or other selfpropelled vehicles.
Carbon bisulfide (disulfide).
Acrolein, inhibited.
Ethyl chloride.
Ethylene oxide.
Alcohol.
Nickel carbonyl.
Nitrocellulose or collodion cotton, fibrous, or
nitrostarch, wet; colloided nitrocellulose, granular or flake, and lacquer base or lacquer chips,
wet.
Paints and related materials.
Polishes, metal, stove, furniture and wood, liquid.
Refrigerating machines.
Road asphalt, or tar, liquid.
Container cement, linoleum cement, pyroxylin
cement, rubber cement, tile cement, and wallboard cement and coating solution.
Spirits of nitroglycerin.
Aluminum triethyl, aluminum trimethyl, pyroforic
fuel, or zinc ethyl.
Dimethyl dichlorosilane, ethyl trichlorosilane,
methyl trichlorosilane, trimethyl chlorosilane, and
vinyl trichlorosilane.
Methyl dichlorosilane and trichlorosilane.
Lithium aluminum hydride, ethereal.
Pentaborane.
Ethylene imine, inhibited.
Zirconium, metallic, solutions, or mixtures thereof, liquid.
73.141
Amyl mercaptan, butyl mercaptan,

tan, isopropyl
ethyl mercapmercaptan, propyl mercaptan, and
mercaptan mixtures.
Methylchloromethyl ether, anhydrous.
aliphatic
73.143
73.144
73.145
73.146
Inks.
Methylhydrazine and uns-dimethylhydrazine.

Heaters for refrigerator cars, liquid fuel type.
Flammable Solids and Oxidizing

Materials; Definition and Preparation
Subpart
projectiles,
Rocket ammunition with empty projectiles, inertloaded or solid projectiles, or without projectiles.
and fuse
electric igniters,
73.107
73.111
Loading and placarding of cars by shippers and

unloading of cars by consignees.
Qualification, maintenance, and use of tank cars.
Qualification, maintenance, and use of portable
fuse.
Percussion, tracer, combination, time fuzes
73.108
inert-loaded projectiles, solid projectiles, or without projectiles or shell.
73.90
Blasting caps not exceeding 1,000 caps.
Preparation
Prohibited packing.
Specification containers prescribed.
Closures for containers.
Subpart
73.50
73.51
73.52
73.53
73.54
73.55
73.56
Small-arms ammunition.
Explosive cable cutters or explosive release de-
tracers.
of Articles for Transportation

Carriers by Rail Freight, Rail Express,
Highway, or Water
by
Class
vices.
Violations and accidents to be reported.
rockets,
73.103
73.104
73.105
Canadian shipments.
Import and export shipments.
Subpart
explosives for cannon, small arms,

guided missiles, or other devices.
explosives; definitions.
Propellant
73.1
73.2
73.3
73.4
73.5
73.6
73.7
73.8
73.9
73.147
73.150
73.151
73.152
73.153
Methyl vinyl ketone, inhibited.
Flammable
solid;
definition.
Oxidizing material; definition.

Packing.
Exemptions
materials.
for
flammable
solids
and oxidizing
SECTION
1310
11
Sec.
Sec.
and oxidizing
not
73.154
Flammable
73.155
73.156
73.157
Bags, nitrate of soda, empty and unwashed.

Barium peroxide and calcium peroxide.
Benzoyl peroxide, chlorobenzoyl peroxide (para),
lauroyl peroxide, or succinic acid peroxide, wet.
Benzoyl peroxide, dry, lauroyl peroxide, dry,
chlorobenzoyl peroxide (para), dry, or succinic
acid peroxide, dry.
specifically
73.158
solids
provided
materials
for.
73.159
73.160
73.161
73.162
73.163
Burnt cotton.
73.164
73.165
73.166
Chromic acid.
Coal, ground bituminous, sea
73.175
73.176
73.177
73.178
73.179
73.180
73.181
73.182
73.183
chlorite.
Charcoal.
Chlorate of soda, chlorate of potash, and other
coal, coal facings.
Cobalt resinate, precipitated, calcium resinate and

calcium resinate fused.
Cotton waste, oily.
Lithium amide, powdered.
Fiber, burnt.
Fibers or fabrics impregnated, saturated or coated.
Fish scrap or fish meal.
Hair, wet.
Aluminum dross or magnesium dross.
Iron sponge, spent oxide, spent iron mass, or
spent iron sponge.
Lacquer base, or lacquer chips, dry.
Matches.
Motion-picture film and X-ray film.
Motion-picture film, old and worn out (not scrap).
Motion-picture film, toy.
Motion-picture film, and X-ray film, unexposed.
Motion-picture film; exemptions.
Nitrates.
Potassium
Potassium perchlorate.
73.221
73.222
Liquid peroxides other than acetyl peroxide solution, acetyl benzoyl peroxide solution, cumene
hydroperoxide, dicumyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and tertiary butylisopropyl
benzene hydroperoxide.
Acetyl peroxide and acetyl benzoyl peroxide solu-
73.223
73.224
Cumene
nitrate
mixed,
(fused)
with
sodium
73.225
73.226
73.227
73.228
73.229
73.184
Nitrocellulose or collodion cotton, wet, nitrocellulose, colloided, granular, or flake, wet, or

nitrostarch, wet, or nitroguanidine, wet.
73.185
73.186
73.187
73.188
73.189
73.190
73.191
73.192
Paper stock, wet.

Paper waste, wet.
Peroxide of sodium.
Phosphoric anhydride.
Phosphorus, amorphous, red.
Phosphorus, white or yellow.
Phosphorus pentachloride.
73.196
Picrate of ammonia (ammonium picrate), picric

acid, trinitrobenzoic acid, and urea nitrate, wet.
Picric acid, trinitrobenzoic acid, or urea nitrate,
Potassium permanganate.
Pyroxylin plastic scrap, photographic film scrap,
X-ray film scrap, motion-picture film scrap, or
pieces of exposed or unexposed film.
Pyroxylin plastic scrap, photographic film scrap,
X-ray film scrap, motion-picture film scrap, or
pieces of exposed or unexposed film, shipments
by
73.197
73.198
73.199
73.200
73.201
73.202
73.203
73.204
73.205
73.206
rail express.
Pyroxylin plastics, in sheets,

Sodium hydride.
Rags, oily.
Rags, wet.
Rubber
rolls, rods,
or tubes.
scrap, rubber buffings, reclaimed rubber
or regenerated rubber.
Sodium and potassium, metallic liquid alloy.
Sodium hydrosulfite.
Sodium picramate, wet.
Sodium or potassium,
sodium potassium
lithium
73.208
73.209
73.210
73.211
73.212
73.213
73.214
metallic,
sodium amide,
lithium metal, lithium

and lithium aluminum
Sulfide of sodium or sulfide of potassium, fused

or concentrated, when ground.
Titanium metal powder, wet or dry.
Tankages, garbage, and tankage

Tankages, rough ammoniate.
fertilizers.
Textile waste, wet.
Trinitrobenzene and trinitrotoluene, wet.

Wool waste, wet.
Zirconium metal powder or hafnium metal powder,
hydroperoxide, dicumyl
peroxide,
and
Thorium metal, powdered.

Urea peroxide.
Zinc ammonium nitrite.
Chlorate and borate mixtures or chlorate and
mixtures.
Sodium, metallic, dispersion in organic solvent.

Calcium, metallic, crystalline.
Tank cars containing residual phosphorus.

Nickel catalyst, finely divided, activated, or spent.
Sodium
nitrite.
Ammonium
bichromate
Acids
and Other Corrosive Liquids;

and Preparation
Definition
73.240
73.241
73.242
73.243
73.244
73.245
73.246
73.247
Acids and other corrosive liquids; definition.

Outage.
Bottles containing acid or other corrosive liquids.
Exemptions for acids and other corrosive liquids.
Acids or other corrosive liquids not specifically
provided for.
Antimony
pentafluoride.
Acetyl chloride, antimony pentachloride, benzoyl

chloride, benzyl chloride, chromyl chloride, pyro
73.248
sulfuryl chloride, silicon chloride, sulfur chloride,

(mono and di), sulfuryl chloride, thionyl chloride,
tin tetrachloride (anhydrous), and titanium tetrachloride.
Acid sludge, sludge acid, spent sulfuric acid, or
73.249
spent mixed acid.

Alkaline corrosive liquids, n.
73.250
s., and alkaline battery fluids, and

sodium aluminate, liquid.
Automobiles or other self-propelled vehicles, en-
o.
s.,
alkalline caustic
gines or other mechanical apparatus.
73.251
73.252
73.253
73.254
Boron
73.255
73.256
73.257
73.258
Dimethyl
trichloride.
Bromine.
Chloracetyl chloride.
Chlorosulfonic acid and mixtures of chlorosulfonic
acid-sulfur trioxide.
73.259
73.260
73.261
73.262
73.263
sulfate.
Compounds,
cleaning, liquid.
Electrolyte (acid) or corrosive battery fluid.
Electrolyte, acid, or alkaline corrosive battery
fluid, packed with storage batteries.
Electrolyte, acid, or alkaline corrosive battery
fluid, packed with battery charger or radio current
supply device, or electronic equipment.
Electric storage batteries, wet.
Fire-extinguisher charges.
Hydrobromic
acid.
Hydrochloric (muriatic) acid, hydrochloric (muriatic) acid mixtures, hydrochloric (muriatic) acid
sodium chlorite solution, and

compounds, liquid, containing hydro-
solution, inhibited,
alloys,
hydride
Peracetic acid.
cleaning
hydride.
73.207
shavings,
tertiary butylisopropyl benzene hydroperoxide.

Subpart
Tetranitromethane.
silicon,
clippings,
liquids, n. o.
wet.
73.194
73.195
(borings,
sheets, or turnings).
magnesium chloride
73.230
73.231
73.232
73.233
73.234
73.235
nitrite.
73.193
Magnesium scrap
tion.
Calcium chlorite and 'sodium

Calcium phosphide.
chlorates.
73.167
73.168
73.169
73.170
73.171
73.172
73.173
73.174
73.219
73.220
wet or sludge.
73.215
Zirconium or hafnium metal powder or sponge,
73.216
73.217
Zirconium picramate, wet.

Calcium hypochlorite compounds, dry, and
ium hypochlorite compounds, dry.
73.218
Isopropyl percarbonate, unstabilized.
chloric (muriatic) acid.
73.264
73.265
73.266
73.267
Hydrofluosilicic
acid.
Hydrogen peroxide solution in water.

Mixed acid (nitric and sulfuric acid)
(nitrating
acid).
73.268
73.269
73.270
73.271
73.272
73.273
73.274
73.275
dry.
lith-
Hydrofluoric acid.
73.276
73.277
73.278
73.279
Nitric acid.
Perchloric acid.
Phosphorus tribromide.
Phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus
trichloride,
and thiophosphoryl chloride.

Sulfuric acid.
Sulfur trioxide, stabilized.
Fluosulfonic acid.
Difluorophosphoric acid, anhydrous, monofluorophosphoric acid, anhydrous, hexafluorophosphoric

acid, and mixtures thereof.
Anhydrous hydrazine and hydrazine solution.
Hypochlorite solutions.
Nitrohydrochloric acid.
Anisoyl chloride.
1311
Sec.
Sec.
73.280
73.281
73.282
73.283
73.284
73.285
73.286
73.287
73.288
73.289
73.290
73.291
73.292
73.293
73.294
Allyl trichlorosilane, amyl trichlorosilane, butyl

trichlorosilane, cyclohexenyl trichlorosilane, cyclohexyl tricholorsilane, diethyl dichlorosilane, diphenyl dichlorosilane, dodecyl trichlorosilane, ethyl phenyl dichlorosilane, hexadecyl trichlorosilane,
hexyl trichlorosilane, nonyl trichlorosilane, octadecyl trichlorosilane, octyl trichlorosilane, phenyl
trichlorosilane, and propyl trichlorosilane.
73.356
73.357
73.358
73.359
73.360
73.361
Bromine trifluoride.
Chlorine trifluoride.
solution.
Allyl chloroformate, benzyl chloroformate, ethyl
chloroformate, and methyl chloroformate.

Formic acid and formic acid solutions.
Mixtures of hydrofluoric and sulphuric acid.
Flame retardant compound, liquid.
Compressed Gases;
73.369
73.370
Definition and
73.300
73.301
73.302
General requirements.
Exemptions for compressed gases.
73.303
Truck bodies or
gases; definition.
on
automobiles,
motorcycles, tractors, or other self-propelled vetrailers
73.362
73.363
73.364
73.365
73.366
73.367
73.368
Preparation
Compressed
flat cars,
hicles.
73.304
73.305
73.306
73.307
Filling limits.
73.308
73.309
73.310
73.311
73.312
73.313
Compressed gases
Fire extinguishers and

Fluorine.
73.314
73.315
Compressed gases in tank cars.

Compressed gases in cargo tanks and portable
73.371
73.372
73.373
73.374
73.375
73.376
Liquefied gases, except acetylene in solution.

Nonliquefied gases, except gas in solution
poisonous gas.
or
Acetylene gas.
Poisonous
Classes
accumu-
Extremely
Gas
and Preparation
Articles; Definition
of poisonous articles.
dangerous
poisons
class
APoison
label; definition.
73.327
73.328
Packing.
Poisonous gases and liquids not specifically pro-
73.329
vided for.
Bromacetone;
chlorpicrin
and
methyl
chloride
mixtures.
73.330
73.331
73.332
73.333
73.334
73.335
73.336
73.337
73.343
73.344
73.345
73.346
73.347
73.348
73.349
73.350
73.351
73.352
73.353
73.354
Chemical ammunition.
Gas identification sets.
Hydrocyanic acid, liquid
and hydro-
cyanic acid liquefied.

Phosgene or diphosgene.
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate, parathion, tetraethyl
dithio pyrophosphate, and tetraethyl pyrophosphate mixtures with compressed gas.
Police grenades.
Nitrogen dioxide, liquid (nitrogen peroxide, tetroxide).
Nitric oxide.
Less dangerous poisons
Poison
label;
class
definition.
(solid).
arsenate of lead,
s.,
Dinitrobenzol.
Mercury bichloride.
Paranitraniline.
Nitrochlorbenzene, meta or para.
Sodium
azide.
Aldrin mixtures, dry, with more than 65 percent
73.383
73.384
73.385
devices.
73.391
73.392
73.393
73.394
73.395
73.396
Radioactive materials
class
poison; definition.
Exemptions for radioactive materials.

Packing and shielding.
Radioactive materials labels.
Cleaning cars and vehicles.

Radioactive
materials
handling.
Subpart H- -Marking and Labeling Explosives and

Other Dangerous Articles
73.400
73.401
73.402
73.404
73.405
73.406
73.407
Explosives.
Dangerous
articles.
Labeling dangerous
articles.
Labels.
Flammable
Flammable
Acids,
liquids label.
solids and oxidizing materials label.
corrosive liquids, and alkaline caustic li-
quids labels.
73.408
73.409
73.410
73.411
Compressed gas
labels.
Poisonous articles and tear gas labels.

Special fireworks label.
Explosives samples for
laboratory
examination
label.
73.412
73.413
73.414
Propellant explosives label for express shipment.

Empty container label
Radioactive materials labels.
73.425
"Order-notify," "C.O.D." and "Stop-off" shipments.

Cars containing lading which has been fumigated
or treated with flammable liquids, flammable
gases, poisonous liquids or solids, or poisonous
for.
Hydrocyanic acid solution.
Liquid sodium or potassium cyanide.
Methyl bromide or mixtures of methyl bromide
and ethylene dibromide, liquid.
Motor fuel antiknock compound or tetraethyl
Subpart
Aniline oil.
Arsenic acid.
Carbolic acid (phenol) liquid.
Phenyldichlorarsine
o.
Arsenical dust, arsenical flue dust, and other poisonous noncombustible by-product dusts.
Carbolic acid (phenol), not liquid.
Cyanides, or cyanide mixtures, except cyanide of
calcium and mixtures thereof.
liquid or solid
Packing for class B poisons, liquid.

Exemptions for poisonous liquids, class B.
Poisonous liquids not specifically provided
lead.
73.355
(prussic acid)
n.
Beryllium metal powder.

Tear gas or irritating substances class C Tear
Gas label; definition.
Tear gas or irritating substances, class C, not
specifically provided for.
Monochloracetone, stabilized.
Tear gas grenades, tear gas candles, or similar
parts thereof.
tank containers.
Subpart
Arsenical compounds,
I
for.
73.378
73.381
lators.
73.325
73.326
Packing for class B poisons, solid.

Exemptions for poisonous solids, class B.
Poisonous solids not specifically provided
Arsenic (arsenic trioxide) or arsenic acid
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixtures, methyl parathion mixtures, parathion mixtures, tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate mixtures, and tetraethyl pyrophosphate mixtures, dry.
73.382
hydraulic
cent aldrin.
Chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride.
73.377
in cylinders.
Liquefied petroleum gas.

Refrigerating machines and
tetraethyl
aldrin.
Compressed gas mixtures.
component
mixtures,
tures.
solution.
Monochloroacetic acid, liquid.
parathion
calcium arsenate, Paris green, and arsenical mix-
Iodine monochloride.
Subpart
mixtures,
pyrophosphate mixtures, and tetraethyl

pyrophosphate mixtures, liquid.
Perchloro-methyl-mercaptan.
Aldrin mixtures, liquid, with more than 60 perdithio
Isopropyl percarbonate, stabilized.
Hexamethylene diamine
Chlorpicrin and chlorpicrin mixtures containing
thion
Alpha-Bromotoluene (benzyl bromide).
Chemical kits.
Chromic acid
Thiophosgene.
no compressed gas or poisonous liquid, class A.

Hexyl tetraphosphate, methyl parathion, parathion, tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate, and tetraethyl pyrophosphate, liquid.
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixtures, methyl para-
73.426
Shipping Instructions
gases.
73.427
73.428
73.429
73.430
73.431
73.432
Shipping order and bill of lading description.

Label or placard notation.
Receipts;
rail
express shipments.
Certificate.
Switching
Tank
ticket.
car shipments.
SECTION
1312
11
AUTHORITY: 73.1 to 73.432 issued under sec. 204,

Stat. 546, as amended, sec. 835, 62 Stat. 739;49 U.S.C.
304, 18 U.S.C, Sup., 835.
49
The regulations in Parts

every common, contract, and
71-78
are applicable to
private carrier of property
subject to the regulatory provisions of section 835 PublicLaw 772, 80th Congress (62 Stat. 738), and/or Part II of
the Interstate Commerce Act.
Private
carriers
by public highway subject
to
Parts
71-78 are prohibited from transporting any explosive or

other dangerous article unless the article is properly described by name in papers required by Parts 71-78, to
accompany every shipment of such article; and that every
such article must be packed and marked and in proper
condition for transportation according to the regulations
in Parts 71-78.
NOTE
Because of the present emergency and

1:
until further order of the Commission, the following regulations shall apply to transportation of flammable liquids
by private carriers of property in interstate or foreign
commerce:
All regulations heretofore applying to common or
contract carriers by motor vehicle shall apply to such
private carriers, except:
Cargo tanks of tank motor vehicles constructed previous to June 15, 1943, may be continued in service if
maintained in safe operating condition and sufficiently
frequent inspections are maintained to determine compliance with
all
requirements as specified in this note.
Any
defect or deficiency, due to accident or otherwise,

that is likely to cause serious hazard must be corrected
before any such tank is continued in or returned to service;
see however, 77.856.
Requirements applying to tests of tanks, and provisions

markers thereon except that indicating the flammable
nature of the cargo, are waived.
for
shall be those provided for by

that filling of tanks to outage markers
already incorporated in tanks, having due regard for safety
in the transportation of the flammable liquids, need not
Outages for shipment

part, except
this
be changed.
Section 77.815, labels, and 77.819, certification of
packages, of these regulations, need not be complied with
by such private carriers, except as to packages transferred
from one carrier
to another.
Purpose of the regulations in Parts 71-78. (a)

the uniform enforcement of law and to minimize the dangers to life and property incident to the
transportation of explosives and other dangerous articles
by common carriers engaged in interstate or foreign
commerce, the regulations in Parts 71-78 are prescribed
73.1
To promote
define these articles for transportation purposes, to

state the precautions that must be observed by the shipper in preparing them for shipment by rail freight, rail
express, rail baggage, highway, or by carrier by water.
It is the duty of each such shipper to make the prescribed regulations effective and to thoroughly instruct
employees in relation thereto.
to
(b) Explosives and other dangerous articles may be

ottered to carriers for transportation provided the articles
are in proper condition for transportation, are as defined,
and are packed, marked, labeled, described, certified,
and otherwise as provided for in Parts 71-78 for acceptable articles for transportation by rail freight, rail express,
rail baggage, highway, or water. Articles must be loaded
and stayed according to regulations in Parts 71-78 applying to carriers by rail. Methods of manufacture, packing,
and storage, insofar as they affect safety in transportation,
must be open to inspection by a duly authorized representative of the initial carrier or of the Bureau of Explosives. Shipments that do not comply with the regulations
in Parts 71-78 must not be offered for transportation.
Classification; dangerous articles,

(a) Danger 73.2
ous articles other than explosives having more than one
characteristic,
as defined by the regulations in
hazardous
Parts 71-78, must be classified according to the greatest
hazard present, except those articles which are also poisons, class A, or class D, which must be classified according to both dangerous characteristics as defined herein.
Motor carrier regulations, (a) The packing

73.3
required for shipments to be offered for transportation by
motor
carrier
is
as specified in this part.
Water carrier regulations,

73.4
required for shipments to be offered to
by water
is
(a)
The packing
common
carriers
as specified in this part.
Shipments by rail express, (a) The packing

73.5
required for shipments to be forwarded by rail express
will be, unless otherwise indicated, as prescribed for shipments by rail freight, provided the quantity limitations in
one outside container, as shown in 72.5, are observed.
Shipments as baggage by rail, (a) For ship 73.6
ments of explosives and other dangerous articles acceptable as baggage by rail carriers see Part 76, Regulations
Applying to Rail Carriers in Baggage Service.
United States Government shipments, (a) Ship 73.7
ments of explosives or other dangerous articles offered by
or consigned to the Departments of the Army, Navy, and
Air Force of the United States Government, must be
packed, including limitations of weight, in accordance
with the regulations in this part or in containers of equal
or greater strength and efficiency as required by their
regulations.
(b) Shipments of radioactive materials, made by the
Atomic Energy Commission, or under its direction or
which are escorted by personnel specially
designated by the Atomic Energy Commission, are exempt
from the regulations in Parts 71-78.
supervision,
Canadian shipments, (a) Explosives and oth 73.8

er dangerous articles, as defined in Parts 71-78 which are
packed, marked, labeled, and loaded, in conformity with
the regulations of the Board of Transport Commissioners
for Canada, may be transported from point of entry in
the United States to their destination in the United
States or through the United States en route to a point
in Canada.
NOTE
1: Because of the present emergency and until

further order of the Commission, compressed gas cylinders
40 inches in length and 8 inches in diameter, charged
with not more than 40 pounds of carbon dioxide or
when charged with nitrogen not in excess of 2,000 pounds
per square inch, and shipped by or to the Canadian Department of National Defense in accordance with Board
of Transport Commissioners for Canada Order No. 76253
dated March 10, 1951, may be shipped to destinations in
the United States or through the United States to points
in
Canada.
Specification containers made and maintained in

compliance with corresponding specifications preby the Board of Transport Commissioners for
Canada in its Regulations for the Transportation of Explosives and Other Dangerous Articles by Freight, and
Specifications for Shipping Containers, and marked in
accordance therewith, BTC, CRC, etc., may be used for
shipment of explosives and other dangerous articles of(b)
full
scribed
fered for transportation by carriers

express, highway, or water.
by
rail
freight,
rail
Import and export shipments, (a) Import ship 73.9

ments of explosives and other dangerous articles offered
in the United States in original packages for transportation by carriers by rail freight, rail express, motor vehicle,
or water must comply with all requirements of the regulations in Parts 71-78. Except for shipments from Canada
conforming with 73 8, the importer must furnish with
the order to the foreign shipper, and also to the forwarding
agent at the port of entry, full and complete information
as to the packing, marking, labeling, and other requirements, as prescribed in Parts 71-78, and the forwarding
agent must file with the initial carrier in the United States
'
a properly certified shipping order or other shipping papers

as prescribed in this part. Except for the requirements of
77.817 and 77.823, the provisions of Parts 71-78 do
not opply to such transportation by motor vehicle or water
as may be necessary to effect transfer of import shipments
from place of discharge to other places within the same
port area or delivery to a water carrier within the same
port area (including continguous harbors). Further transportation of such import shipments by connecting water
carrier shall be subject to the regulations prescribed by
the Commandant of the Coast Guard.
1313
(b)
articles
Shipments
of explosives
offered for transportation
and other dangerous

by common carrier by
water from the United States, its insular possessions, or

dependencies, destined to such insular possessions or
territory, dependencies, or to a foreign country, must be
packed, marked, labeled and described in accordance
with the rules and regulations in force at destination
ports or as prescribed in Parts 71-78.
Violations and accidents to be reported,

(a)
73.11
Consignees must report promptly to the Bureau of Explosives all instances of improper staying and broken,
(c) Outside shipping containers for export shipments

offered for transportation by carriers subject to Parts 71-78
may have specification markings prescribed for containers
plainly and legibly shown on labels or tags securely fastened thereto in lieu of marking requirements as prescribed for containers by Part 78.
SUBPART
APREPARATION
Prohibited packing, (a) The offering of pack 73.21

ages of dangerous articles in outside packages containing
the same compartment interior packages the mixture
of contents of which would be liable to cause a dangerous evolution of heat or gas or produce corrosive
materials is prohibited for transportation by common
carriers by rail freight, rail express, highway, or water,
except as specified in 73.152(a), 73.242(a), (b), and
73.301 (a).
(b) The offering for transportation of any package or
container of any liquid, solid, or gaseous material which
under conditions incident to transportation may polymerize
(combine or react with itself) or decompose so as to cause
dangerous evolution of heat or gas is prohibited. Such
materials may be offered for transportation when properly
stabilized or inhibited. Refrigeration may be used as a
means of stabilization only when approved by the Bureau
of Explosives.
The
offering for transportation of any package or

container of any material which will cause a dangerous
evolution of heat or gas under conditions normally incident to transportation is forbidden.
73.22
Specification containers prescribed, (a) Shipping containers, unless otherwise provided in this part
(see 73.9 (c) ) used hereafter in shipping explosives or
other dangerous articles, must have been made, assembled

widi all paits or fittings in their proper place, and marked
in compliance with specifications prescribed in Part 78
or with specifications of the Commission in effect at date
of manufacture of container.
of the present emergency and until
of the Commission, containers approved
for emergency or experimental shipments may be authorized in the discretion of, and upon special permit to be
issued by the Director of Acting Director, Bureau of
Safety and Service, Washington, D. C.
Because
(1)
further
order
Containers that do not comply with the specificamust not be marked to indicate such compliance.
(b)
tions
leaking,
or
dangerous
defective
articles in
(c) Containers not specified in this part, made before

the effective date of the regulations in Parts 71-78 and
authorized for' use under the regulations effective October
1, 1930, which may be continued in use, are as follows:
full particulars
covering
3AA
8B
3C
3D
8E
4A
4B
4BA
4C
6B
3, 25,
26
may
also
be used
Boxed carboy, glass or earthenware.

Boxed carboy, lead.
Carboy in keg, glass or earthenware.
3.25,20
28
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
33
3
26
26,38
26,38
7
20A
Da
other
all
such cases.
Metal barrels and drums manufactured previous

31, 1912, of not to exceed 55 gallons nominal
and made of metal not lighter than 16 gauge,
may be continued in service after each metal barrel or
drum has been subjected to and has passed hydrostatic
interior pressure test of not less than 30 pounds per square
inch for at least five minutes, without bulging either head
beyond the chime and without leakage of liquid contents,
and after each such metal barrel or drum passing the
test has been plainly and permanently marked:
March
Mfd. before 3-31-12
ICC-5
Tested
(Date)
and with the date of the retest, by stamping into the

metal or by means of a plate securely attached to the
container.
(e)
Spec. 5G metal drums manufactured prior to
May 12, 1954, may be continued in service until further
order of the Commission.
(f) Where
the regulations require spec. 37A or 37B
metal drums, spec. 37D, 37E, 37F, 37G, and 37H metal
drums manufactured prior to August 30, 1955, may be
continued in use for commodities and gross weights for
which they were previously authorized until further order
of the Commission.
Closures for containers, (a) Containers must

73.23
be closed lor shipment as prescribed in the specifications
for the container unless otherwise authorized for the
particular article being shipped. Gasketed closures must
be fitted with gaskets of efficient material which will not
be deteriorated bv the contents of the container.
Design of containers.
(a)
In addition to
73.24
standing the tests prescribed, the design and construction
of inside and outside containers must be such as to prevent the occurrence in individual packages of defects that
permit leakage of their contents under ordinary conditions
(b) Articles for which detailed specifications for packing are not given in this part must be securely packed in
containers strong enough to stand, without rupture or
leakage of contents, all shocks ordinarily incident to
These specification containers
numbers
1
1
or
capacity,
handling during
explosives
(d)
to
these
regulations
1A
IB
ic
8A
of
(b) The Bureau of Explosives, upon receipt of reports

from consignees, should promptly report to the shipper
When
all for
specification
containers
shipments received by them.
OF ARTICLES FOR TRANSPORTATION BY CARRIERS BY RAIL FREIGHT,

EXPRESS, HIGHWAY, OR WATER
in
(c)
Inefficient containers, (a) The results of ex 73.10

perience gained by examination of broken or leaking
containers must be recorded by the Bureau of Explosives
to the end that further use of any particular kind of
container shown by experience to be inefficient, may be
prohibited by the Commission.
73.25
transit.
Specification containers in outside containers.
Outside specification shipping containers containing

no acids or corrosive liquids may be shipped when tightly
packed in strong outside fiberboard boxes or drums,
wooden boxes, barrels or crates, metal barrels or drums,
(a)
or other enclosures. The outside shipping container must

be marked with the prescribed name of contents and labeled as required. Packages required by the regulations
in this part to be marked "This Side Up" or "This End
Up" must be packed in the outside package with their
filling holes up, and the outside package must be marked
"THIS SIDE UP" or "THIS END UP." The outside container must also be marked "INSIDE PACKAGES COM-
PLY WITH PRESCRIBED SPECIFICATIONS"
unless
the the specification markings on the inside packages are
visible through openings in the outside package.
SECTION
1314
11
(b) Outside specification shipping containers containing

acids or other corrosive liquids, except nitric acid, perchloric acid, or hydrogen peroxide solution containing
over 52 percent hydrogen peroxide by weight, may be

shipped when tightly packed in strong outside fiberboard
or wooden boxes, or in wooden crates, provided such
outside container shall not contain any other article
except under the following conditions:
(1) As provided in 73.242, 73.257, 73.258, 73.259,
73.260, 73.261, and 73.286.
(d) Containers previously used for the shipment of

any explosive or other dangerous article must have the
old markings, including name of contents, addresses, and
labels, if any, thoroughly removed or obliterated before
being used for the shipment of other articles.
Boxes previously used for high explosives conliquid explosive ingredient not contained in
metal container must not be again used for
shipments of any character.
(e)
taining a
an inside
in
(1) Boxes that have been contaminated by liquid explosive compositions must not again be used for shipments
of any character.
within the outside containers.
(f) Kegs
previously used for any chlorate must not
be again used for shipments of any character.
(3) The outside container shall be marked with the

prescribed names of contents and labeled as required and
(g) Metal kegs previously used for black powder not

contained in an interior package must not be again used
Electrolyte acid or alkaline corrosive battery fluid
(2)
packages prescribed in 73.257 and 73.258 may be

included in outside shipping containers with dry charged
storage batteries when packed to prevent movement
shall
be marked "THIS SIDE
The
outside
container
must
UP"
also
or "THIS END UP."

be marked "INSIDE
PACKAGES COMPLY WITH PRESCRIBED SPECIFICATIONS"
unless the specification markings on the inside packages are visible through openings in the outside
package.
(a)
When quantity
73.26
limitations are specified in Parts 71-78 by United States
liquid measure or by avoirdupois weight it is authorized
that quantities measured by the metric system may be
substituted, up to not exceeding 1 gallon for liquids and
10 pounds for solids, on the basis of 1 liter per quart
specified and 500 grams per pound specified.
(b) When quantity limitations do not appear in the
requirements, the permitted gross weight or
capacity authorized for a container to be offered for
transportation by carrier by rail freight, rail express, high
way, or water is shown in the container specification.
(See also 73.27 of this part.)
packing
73.27
Rail
express limitations.
(a)
Dangerous
other than explosives, except such as are not
accepted for transportation, and except where special
packing is prescribed in this part for rail express shipments,
must, when offered for shipment by rail express, be
packed, marked and labeled in compliance with this part.
for
shipment of any explosive.
NOTE

order of the Commission, metal kegs, pre-
1:
further
viously used
tained in an
kegs are in
until
for the shipment of black powder not coninterior package, may be used provided the
good physical condition and are not liable
to permit escape of contents during transportation. Empty
kegs previously used for shipments of black powder must
be entirely free of black powder on the inside and outside
before being offered for transportation.
(h) Single-trip
containers made under specifications
prescribed in Part 78 from which contents have once
been removed following use for shipment of any article,
must not be again used as shipping containers for explosives, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizing ma-
terials,
fined
corrosive liquids, or poisons, class
in
part: Provided, That during

and until further order of the
this
emergency
or C, as dethe present
Commission,
single-trip containers may be reused if retested and approved for service by the Bureau of Explosives. Applications for permission for reuse should be made to the
Bureau of Explosives, 30 Vesey Street,
York 7, N. Y.
New
articles
The maximum quantity
(b)
of any explosive or other

article that may be offered for transportation
express in one outside container must not exceed
dangerous
by
rail
that as
shown
in 72.5.
When
several dangerous articles are placed in one

outside package without violating the regulations, the
combined quantity of any one group must not exceed
the lowest limit prescribed for any one of the articles
of that group that is included.
(c)
Reused containers, (a) Containers used more

73.28
than once (refilled and reshipped after having been previously emptied) must be in such condition, including
closing devices and cushioning materials, that they will
protect their contents during transit as efficiently as new
containers. Repairs must be made in an efficient manner
and parts that are weak, broken, or otherwise deteriorated
must be replaced (see paragraph 28 (e), (f), (g), and (h) of
this section, for containers that cannot be reused).
73.29
Empty
containers,
(a)
Empty
cylinders, bar-
rels, kegs, drums, or other containers except carboys (see

paragraph (c) of this section) previously used for the
shipment of any explosive or other dangerous article, as
defined in this part, if authorized for reuse must have all
openings including removable heads, filling and vent
holes, tightly closed before being offered for transportation.
Small quantities of the material with which containers were loaded may remain in "empty" containers
and when the vapors remaining therein are unstable, it is
permissible to add sufficient inert gas to render the vapors
stable.
(b) They may be loaded in open or stock cars when
desired. Cars should not be placarded but lighted openflame lanterns or other open-flame lights should be kept
away.
(c) Carboys previously used for the shipment of corrosive liquids when offered to carriers for transportation
as "empty" carboys, must have been thoroughly (completely) drained. Whenever practicable they should not
be loaded with valuable or perishable freight.
(d)
for the
Empty
bottles other than carboys previously used

shipment of acids or other corrosive liquids must
be securely stoppered.
Retest of carboy packages must have been made
for shippers, or their authorized agents, as required by applicable provisions of the specifications in
Part 78 before carboys which are to be offered for transportation are filled.
(1)
by or
NOTE 1: Tests not required by shipper who fills

and ships or who reships filled carboys for one shipment
only carboy packages which have been properly tested
by another shipper or a duly authorized agency.
Markings applied as prescribed by the specificamust be maintained in a legible condition.
(b)
tions
(c) If, on account of painting or any other reason, the

markings as prescribed for any container cannot be kept
plain and legible, a metal plate, brazed or soldered, or
otherwise securely fastened to the container, with a reproduction of the prescribed markings plainly stamped
thereon, will be permitted.
(e) All containers and accessories which have been

used for shipments of radioactive materials when shipped
as empty must be sufficiently free of radioactive contamination so as to conform to the conditions of paragraph
(a) (1), (2), and (3) of 73.392 of this part.
(f)
Containers shipped as "empty" must have the
old labels prescribed by this part removed, obliterated,
destroyed, or completely covered by a square white label
as described in 73.413 of this part, measuring not less
than six inches on each side, and bearing thereon the
word "EMPTY" in letters not less than one-inch high.
This does not apply to carload or truckload shipments to
be unloaded by consignee.
Loading and placarding of cars by shippers

73.30
and unloading of cars by consignees, (a) When shipments
of explosives or other dangerous articles are loaded into
1315
cars by shippers, or unloaded from cars by the consignee
or his duly authorized agent, the applicable provisions of
Part 74 must be complied with. See 74.538 for loading
and storage chart.
73.31
cars,
(a)
Qualification, maintenance, and use of tank

Tanks mounted on or forming part of a car
built in compliance with the American Railway Association's specifications for tank cars prior to July 1, 1927;
or built in compliance with the Commission's specifications
for tanks of tank cars in force prior to the effective date
and
of Parts 71-78, including tanks already constructed or

under construction on the effective date hereof in compliance with trial specifications for fusion-welded tanks
of tank cars are authorized for service, until further order
of the Commission, as follows:
Where
these regulations
specification containers may also be used
subject to the provisions of the following notes:
These
call for specifications
numbers
" and 103-W-

103A- andl03A-W-....
103B' and 103B-W<- "....
103<-
103C-W..
103D-W, 103E-W, 103A-N-W
104- ' " and 104-W-
105A100 and 105A100-W.
105A100-AL-W
105A300-W
105A40O-W
105A500-W
105A600-W
106A500 and 106A500-X
.
ARA-II'- ii- HI*, s. ii and IVARA-II'- ii and IIP-

ARA-II- ii and III 4 " rubber lined
103C
(See Note 10)
ARA-IV*' ii
104A' and 104A-W
section, before being returned to service.

(e)
tank car other than of the
ICC-106A
or
110A
and 107A type that bears evidence of damage to the

metal by fire must be withdrawn from transportation
service: Provided, however, That where the damage to
the tank is local only or confined to a section not exceeding 25 percent of the tank surface, the damaged material
may be replaced.
(1)
Tanks of ICC-106A, 110A, and 107A type exposed
to the action of fire must not again be placed in service

until they have been inspected inside and outside, to
determine that no reduction in wall thickness has resulted,
and properly heat-treated and retested. These operations

must be carried out, supervised, and reported, as prescribed by these specifications for original heat-treatment
and test.
104A-AL-W'
ARA-V- ICC-105 s and 105A300 5
multi-unit tank prior to October
106A800 and 106A800-X
(d) For repairs to ICC-106A or 110A type of tank

or equipment (see 78.275, 78.276, and 78.293) therefor
requiring welding, the owner of the tank, or party authorized by the owner, must secure approval from the Association of American Railroads' committee on tank cars
of such repairs, and the welding and stress-relieving must
be the same as authorized for manufacture of tank. Tank
must be retested as prescribed in paragraph (g) of this
105A400
105A500
105A600
ICC-27 tanks mounted on a car and
Division, Association of American Railroads, see Appendix R, Association of American Railroads Code for Repairs to Tank Car Hanks.
classified as
1,
19306
None
(f)
After alterations of tank cars or equipment there-
from original design, a
certificate of compliance with

the specifications, similar to that required in specifications
103-W,
103AL-W,
105A100,
105A100-W, 105A100
103,
for
106A800NCI
107A'* ,e
AL-W, 105A300-W, 105A300AL-W, 106A500, 107A, and

Tank must be tested to a pressure
square inch and safety valves must be
'
pounds per
to open at a
of 60
set
pressure of 25 pounds per square inch. Tank cars having

head block anchorage must not be used for the transportation of flammable liquids.
Tanks and
their appurtenances
designed or subsequently
transportation of acids.
inally
must have been

reconstructed
for
orig-
the
110A500-W, respectively, must be furnished to the car

owner, to the Bureau of Explosives, and to the Secretary,
Mechanical Division, Association of American Railroads.
(g)
:i
'
misplacement.
3.
Each tank must be
retested by completely filling

the tank and manway nozzle, or expansion dome, with
water or other liquid of similar viscosity having a temperature which must not exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit
during retest and applying a pressure as specified. The
specified pressure must be held for the minimum period
(1)
Safety valves on these cars must be set to open at

pressure not exceeding 225 pounds per square inch.
Tank cars equipped with safety vents must have the
vent closure so chained or otherwise fastened as to prevent
Tanks, interior heater systems and safety valves

at intervals of time as specified in Retest
must be retested
Tables 1, 2 and
These cars must not be used for shipments of smokein water unless equipped with positive closure
type bottom outlet valves.
" Cylinders made under specification B. E. 27 mounted
on or forming part of a car, and classified as multi-unit
tank cars prior to October 1, 1930, may be continued in
service until further order of the Commission, provided
they have been properly retested and are fitted with
valves, valve protection devices, and safety devices, of
approved type.
7
Tanks must be restenciled to proper 105A100,
105A100-W or 105A100-AL-W classifications within 2
years from August 31, 1956.
Tanks authorized under I.C.C. Special Orders of November 5, 1937 and November 14, 1939 may be continued
in service as provided by Order and revision thereof.
"
Cars built prior to August 31, 1956 equipped with
safety valves having a pressure setting of 35 p.s.i may be
used. Cars equipped with 25 p.s.i. safety valves may be
continued in service but these valves may not be reset
to 35 p.s.i. without changing spring to a design suitable
prescribed without leakage or evidence of distress. Calking of welded joints to stop leaks developed during retests is prohibited.
Tanks in service 10 years or over
must be internally inspected and interior heater systems
inspected for defects which would make leakage or failure
probable during transit.
for the increased pressure setting.
fication requirement.
"'
powder
less
Existing tanks built of materials and equipped with

complying with these specifications must be restenciled to indicate proper classification.
Anchor
used, must not be rebe retested by applying

an air pressure of 100 pounds per square inch through
openings in the tank shell and must show no leakage.
(2)
moved during
rivet
retest.
housings,
They
if
shall
(3) The tank lagging and jacket need not be removed

unless leakage is indicated by a drop in pressure. When
lagging is not removed, the prescribed test pressure must
be held for the minimum number of minutes shown in
Tables 1 and 3 for tests under this condition.
Interior heater systems shall be retested with

(4)
hydrostatic pressure and shall be tight at 200 pounds per
square inch.
(5)
Retests of exterior heater systems
not a speci-
is
'"
fittings
11
Cars built prior to August 31, 1956 equipped with
safety vents having frangible rupture discs of 30 p.s.i. may
be used. Cars equipped with 30 p.s.i. safety vents may
be continued in service but these safety vents may be
resent to 45 p.s.i. by changing the frangible disc to one
of that rating.
(b) Any riveted tank car after repairs requiring extensive riveting or calking must be retested as prescribed in
(g) of this section, before the tank is returned
paragraph
to
service.
(c)
For detailed procedure
(6) Retest of safety valves: Each valve must be retested by air, or inert gas and must open at the prescribed pressure within tolerances specified or below maxipressure permitted and must be vapor tight at or
mum
above prescribed
(8)
to
be followed in making
repairs or alterations to tanks of all tank car classifications, together with methods of filing application for
securing approval from the Secretary of the Mechanical
limits.
See Tables
1,
2 and
3.
Tanks must be retested before being re(7) Repairs:

turned to service after any repairs requiring welding, riveting or calking of rivets. Rubber lined tanks must be
retested before lining is renewed. Interior heater systems
must be retested after repairs or renewals of any part
of heater systems.
Retests
of
all
tanks
and safety valves must be
certified by party making tests to owners of tank cars

and to the Bureau of Explosives. Certifications must
show initials and numbers of cars, pressure to which
test is
tested, date of test, place of test, and by
whom
made.
SECTION
1316
11
TABLE 1-RETEST PERIODS AND PRESSURES
Safety
valve
Interior heater systems retest
Safety
valve
See
Foot
Note
Up
to
10 year*
10-22
Orer
Over
re test
years
10 years
22 years
years
Up
to
10 years
10-22
Over
Over
years
10 years
22 years
Safety
valve
d
t
psi.e
a
t
b,a
b,a
ICC103E-W
ICC-103A-N-W
ICC-103AL-W
ICC-103A-AL-W
ICC-104-W
ICC-105A100-AL-W
ICC-105A300-AL-W
ICC-105A100-W
ICC-105A300-W
ICC-105A400-W
ICC-105A50O-W
ICC-105A600-W
ICC-108A-100AL-W
ICC-109A300-W
e.d
a
a
b,a
b,a
5
5
600
600
10
60
60
60
100
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
100
300
100
300
400
500
None
None
None
None
e,d
e,d
a,d
e,d
ICC-103D-W
d
t
60
60
60
600
100
300
400
None
None
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
ICC-103-W
ICC-103A-W
ICC-103B-W
ICC-103B100-W
ICC-103C-W
None
a,d
Retest
holding
tight
60
60
10
ICC-103
ICC-103A
ICC-103B
ICC-103C
ICC-104
ICC-105
ICC-105A100
ICC-105A300
ICC-105A400
ICC-105A500
ICC-105A600
vapor
6
6
6
5
10
None
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
180
240
300
360
28
35
35
35
75
225
75
225
300
375
450
75
must be retested every two

valves
chlorine
Tanks and
Special requirements carbon dioxideValves must be retested pressure required new construction.
pressure plus or minus 3
All other valves must be open
Safety valves indicated with are
pressure not exceeding
approved may be used
tank and dome when
which the tank
tanks
d A commodity
not over 10
period.
period
same
tank
Safety valve
renewed or before being returned
any
requirTanks must be retested before rubber
safety
service
in
for
years.
for
at
set at specified
at
psi.
that specified.
for
years.
retest
ice
for filling
is
lining
retesting
in serv-
retest
as
is
to service after
is
repairs
ing welding, riveting or calking of rivets.
TABLE 2-RETEST PERIODS AND PRESSURES
Tank
Tank
retest
Claasin cation
years a, b
ICC-106A600
ICC-106A500X
ICC-106A800
Safety
valves
years
Holding time
minimum
CO.
2
2
30
30
ICC106A800X
ICC-106A800NCI
ICC-107A ,,,
ICC-110A500-W
2
2
2f
30
30
30
30
6fl
lOmin.
test
Hydrostatic
displacement
test psi.
Air teat
for leaks
Safety
valve
psi-
pai
600
600
800
800
800
d
100
100
100
100
100
375
376
600
000
600
375
None
500 hydrostatic
Safety valve
vapor tight
psi
300
300
480
480
480
300
Tank must be condemned when

Reports giving data showing
it leaks or permanent expansion exceeds 10% of the total expansion.

results of these retests must be rendered by the party making the test to the owner of
the tank and to the Bureau of Explosives, and each tank passing the test must be marked with the date (month and
year) plainly and permanently stamped into the metal of one head or chime. For example, 1-54 for January, 1954.
Dates of previous tests must not be obliterated. (On ICC-107A' * **tanks date should be stamped into metal of
marked end.)
Safety vents of the frangible disc and fusible plug types must be inspected after each loaded trip of tank as follows;
remove at least one vent for visual inspection and if it shows signs of deterioration, all the vents must be removed
and inspected and those which do not meet the requirements must be renewed. See Note f for ICC-107A****tanks.
Each tank must be tested to a pressure at least equal to the marked test pressure of the tank.
Safety valve must open at a pressure not exceeding the marked test pressure of the tank and must be vapor tight
at 80 percent of the marked test pressure of the tank,
ICC-107A****tanks used for transportation of flammable gases must have safety devices of valve type retested once
in every two years as prescribed. When safety devices of frangible disc type are used, one from each car must
be tested as prescribed,
Tank must be condemned when it leaks or shows evidence of distress during hydrostatic test.
,
d
e
f
Periodic retests of metal tanks, safety valves and

heater systems, except cars in chlorine service
tanks to specifications ICC-106A500, 106A500X,
(9)
interior
and
106A800X,
106A800NCI,
107A****
106A800,
110A500-W, may be made at any time during the
endar year the
or
cal-
retest falls due.
Tank cars and appurtenances may be used for

transportation of any commodity for which they
authorized, as indicated on the certificate of construction. When a car is to be used for the transportation
of a commodity other than those approved on the certi(h)
the
are
it must be approved for such loading

by the A.A.R. Tank Car Committee. Changes in fittings
or commodity stenciling required to transfer a car from
one service to another as authorized on the certificates of
construction may be made only by the owner or owner's
authorized agent; except, that where no change in fittings or other appurtenances is necessary, ICC-103, 103-W,
103AL-W, 103A, 103A-W, 103A-AL-W, 103A-N-W, 103B,
103B-W, 103C, 103C-W, 103D-W, and 103E-W tank
cars may be transferred from one commodity service to
ficate of construction,
another
when
commodity by
authorized for the transportation of such

this part.
1317
TABLE 3-<AAR CLASSIFICATIONS) RETEST PERIODS AND PRESSURES
Test time
Tank
Safety
valve
Interior heater systems retest
rebate
Safety
valve
Up
10-22
years
to
10 years
Classification
Over
Over
re test
10 years
22 years
years
ARA-II
10
ARA-II Acid...
ARA-II R.L.C ..
ARA-III
ARA-III Acid
ARA-III R.L.C
ARA-V
10
AAR-201A35
AAR-203
AAR-201A35-W
AAR-203-W
AAR-205A300-W
AAR-201A70-W
00
io
10
10
10
10
10
10-22
years
Over
Over
test
22 years
psi.
psi.b
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
100
300
35
60
35
60
300
70
25
20
10
10
20
25
20
10
10
20
20
25
35
225
15
35
15
35
225
35
20
28
180
12
28
10
20
20
10
1
1
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
10
10
10
5
10
io
10
10
10
10
10
when
10 years
None
None
10
10
10
to
10
None
ARA-IV
ARA-IVA
Up
10 years
vapor
Safety
valve
None
None
NoDe
Tank
Retest
holding
time
min.
10
10
10
10
io
tight
psi.
min.
12
28
180
28
is
not
removed
min.
20
30
10
10
10
10
20
20
30
10
Unlined acid tanks.
*** Rubber lined tanks.
chlorine
valves
Tanks and
b Safety valve indicated with are
pressure not exceeding
Tanks must be retested before rubber
safety
service
in
must be retested every two years.

minus 3 psi. All other valves must be open
set at specified pressure plus or

that specified.
lining
is
renewed or before being returned
to service after
at a
any repairs requir-
ing welding, riveting or calking of rivets.
NOTE
for
1: For qualification of cylinders and tank cars

compressed gases see 73.34, 73.301 (g), and 73.314.
(i) A tank car that leaks, or that has any defect which
would make leakage during transit probable, or that
has not been properly tested and marked, must not be
used for the transportation of dangerous
articles.
Before tank cars are loaded, the shipper must examine the tanks and their appurtenances to see that the
(j)
safety
valves
and outlet
(if
valves, the safety vents, the excess flow

any), the closures of all openings, and the pro-
tective covers of all appurtenances are in proper condiTanks with bottom discharge outlets must have
their outlet caps off, or outlet cap plugs open, during
entire time tanks are being loaded. After loading, tanks
which show any dropping of liquid contents at the seams
or rivets, or with bottom outlet valves which permit
more than a dropping of the liquid with the outlet caps
off, must not be offered for transportation until proper
repairs have been made.
(k) Tank cars equipped with interior heater coils must
be loaded with heater coil inlet and outlet caps off during
entire time tanks are being loaded and show no leakage
tion.
with these caps
off.
All closures of openings in tank cars and of their

protective housings must be properly secured in place
by the use of a bar, wrench, or other suitable tool. A
wrench having a handle at least 36 inches long must
be used to apply the outlet valve cap. Manhole covers
and outlet valve caps must be made tight against leakage
of vapor and liquid, by use of gaskets of suitable materials,
before cars are tendered to carrier for transportation.
Luting materials must not be used in outlet cap or on
threads of bottom outlet.
(1)
Qualification, maintenance, and use of port(a) Except as otherwise provided in this secevery portable tank container used for the transportation of dangerous articles shall fulfill the require 73.32
able tanks,
tion,
ments of the specification and regulations tor the transportation of the particular commodity. A manufacturer's
data report of the portable tank container shall be procured and retained in the files of the owner during the
time that such portable tank container is used for such
service.
(1) When a portable tank container is used as a cargo
tank container, it shall comply with all the requirements
prescribed for cargo tank containers. (See 73 33 of this
part.)
(2)
Portable tank containers for transportation as cargo
on vessels in commerce subject to the jurisdiction of the

United States Coast Guard shall not exceed a loaded
weight of 8,000 pounds. Nothing contained in this section shall be so construed as to pertain to transportation
on car floats or car ferries.
Any
portable tank container constructed prior to

complying with the requirements of either
the A.S.M.E. Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1946
Edition, or the A.P.I.A.S.M.E. Code for Unfired Pressure
Vessels, 1943 Edition, may be used for the transportation
of liquefied compressed gas, provided it fulfills all the
requirements of this part and specifications for the particular gas or gases to be transported therein and shall
be marked "ICC Specification 5 IX" on the plate required
by the specification, except as modified by any or all of
the following:
(b)
May
15, 1950,
Tanks desianed and constructed in accordance with

U-201 of the A.S.M.E. Code may be
used Tanks designed and constructed in accordance with
Pars. U-68 or U-69 may be re-rated at a working pressure
25 percent in excess of the design working pressure for
which the tank was originally constructed. If advantage
(1)
Pars. U-68, U-69, or
is taken of the increased rating, the re-rated pressure shall

be marked on the plate as follows:
Re-rated working pressure
NOTE
psig.
For purposes of setting safety relief valves,

pressure control valves and establishing retest pressure,
purposes
of establishing maximum and minimum
for
and
design working pressures, the re-rated working pressure
shall be considered as the equivalent of the design working
1:
pressure as defined in the specification.

(2) Loading and unloading accessories, valves, piping,
fittings, safety and gauging devices, do not have to com-
ply with the requirements for the particular location on

the tank.
(3)
Tanks having capacities of between 750 pounds and
1,000 pounds of water shall be considered as portable

tank containers for the purposes of this part. In lieu
of using safety relief valves on such containers they may
be equipped with fusible plugs only when the container
Size, number, and location, as well
is filled by weight.
as character and physical properties of fusible plugs shall
be approved by the Bureau of Explosives. These containers shall be marked "ICC Specification 51S."
(4) Specification requirements as to stress-relieving and
radiographing are waived.
(c) Any portable tank container of ICC Specification
50* fulfilling the requirements of that specification may be
continued in service for transportation of a liquefied petroleum gas if it is retested every five years in accordance
with the requirements of paragraph (e) (3), (4), and (5)
or this section: Provided, That it is in and can be maintained in safe operating condition for the transportation
of that gas. In this case the container may retain its
original
markings.
Fusion welded portable tanks manufactured prior

to July 19, 1948, in complete compliance with specifications included in ICC Authority No. 3666 dated Decern(d)
SECTION
1318
11
ber 28, 1939 (235
L'
I. C. C. 595),
are authorized for the
transportation of commercial butane: Provided, That they
are in and can be maintained in safe operating condition
for the transportation of that gas and are retested every
five years in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (e) (3), (4), and (5) of this section. Certificate of
manufacture for each tank and record of each required
five year retest is filed with the Bureau of Explosives, and
in addition to the markings prescribed bv the aforemen-
tioned authority each tank is permanently marked "ICC50X." (See Appendix A to Subpart C of Part 78.)
The
(k)
repair of tanks is authorized, provided such

are made under requirements prescribed in the
for the original design and construction.
repairs
"Code"
In addition to any other provisions of the speci(1)

no tank shall be repaired, or remodeled, as to
cause leakage or cracks or likelihood of leakage or cracks,
by areas of stress concentration due to shrinkage of cooling metal in welding operations, sharp fillets, reversal
fication,
of stresses, or otherwise.
No
(2)
field
welding
shall
be done except
to
non-
pressure parts.
' Use
of existing portable tanks authorized, but
construction not authorized.
new
(e) Portable tank containers used for the transportation

of dangerous articles shall be retested in accordance with
the following and shall not be kept in or returned to
transportation service unless they shall have successfully
withstood the following prescribed tests, as appropriate
in each instance:
Every
portable tank container manufactured in

accordance with ICC Specification 60 shall be tested at
the end of the first 4 year period after the original test
and each 2 years thereafter up to 12 years of service
and annually thereafter. Except that retests are not required on such tanks equipped with rubber lining but
retests must be made before such tanks are relined.
Retest of Specification 60 tanks to be as required in
(1)
78.255-12 of Specification 60 for
new
tank.
(2) Every portable tank container which is constructed

accordance with ICC Specification 51, or qualified for
transporting compressed gases as prescribed in these
regulations shall be tested at least once in every five
years in accordance with paragraph (e) (3), (4), and (5)
in
of this section.
(3) The tank less any fittings shall be subjected to a
hydrostatic pressure of one and one half times the design
working pressure (maximum permitted working pressure
or re-rated pressure) of the tank.
While under test pressure the tank shall be in(4)

spected for leakage, corroded areas, bad dents or other
conditions which indicate weakness that might render
the tank unsafe for transportation service and shall be
rejected if evidence of any such unsafe condition is discovered.
(5) The tank lagging, if any, and its jacket need not
be removed from lagged tanks unless it is found to be
impossible to reach test pressure and maintain a condition of pressure equilibrium after test pressure is reached
during tank retesting.

(f)
Every tank not complying in all respects with
prescribed specifications, but otherwise allowable under
this part, shall successfully ^withstand the identical tests
at test periods required for "specification tanks" by paragraph (e) (3), (4), and (5) of this section.
Tanks constructed in accordance with paragraph U-68 or U-69 of
the A.S.M.E. Code, and which have not been re-rated,
must be retested at hydrostatic pressure of twice the
design working pressure.
(g) Without regard to any other retest requirement,

any tank that shows evidence at any time of bad dents,
corroded areas, leakage or other conditions that indicate

weakness which might render the tank unsafe for transportation service, shall be retested as prescribed by the
requirements of paragraph (e) (3), (4), and (5) of this
section.
Any tank which has been in an accident and

(h)
which has been damaged to an extent likely to cause
it to be in unsafe condition or to an extent where such
a condition is suspected, shall be tested ar prescribed by
the requirements of paragraph (e) (3), (4), and (5) of
this section.
Any tank which has been out of transportation

(i)
service for a period of one year or more shall not be
returned to or placed in such service until it shall have
successfully fulfilled the testing requirements prescribed
in paragraph (e) (3), (4), (5) of this section.
Commission may require the testing under
(j) The
prescribed conditions of any tank when probable cause
appears for suspecting that such tank is in unsafe operating condition.
The bursting
strength of any piping and fittings

than four times the design working
pressure of the tank, and not less than four times that
pressure to which, in any instance, it may be subjected in
service, by the action of a pump or other device (not including safety relief valves) the action of which may
be to subject certain portions of the tank piping to pressures greater than the design working pressure of the
( 1 )
shall
be not
less
tank.
(1) Welded pipe joints shall be used wherever possible.
Joints in copper tubing where permitted shall be of the
brazed type or of any equally strong metal union type.
Melting point of brazing material must be not less than
1,000 F. Such joints shall in any event be of such a
character as not to decrease the strength of the tubing,
as by the cutting of threads.
(2)
als
be extra heavy. Non-malleable metbe employed in the construction of valves
Fittings shall
shall not
or fittings.
(3) Suitable provision shall be made in every case
allow for expansion, contraction, jarring and vibration
of all pipe. Slip joints shall not be used for this purpose.
to
(4)
Piping and fittings shall be grouped in the smallest

space and shall be protected from damage
by the specification.
practicable
as required
(5) All piping, valves and fittings on every tank shall

be leakage tested with gas or air after installation and
proved tight at not less than the design working pressure
of the tank on which they are used. In the event of
all such piping, valves, or fittings so replaced
shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of
this section before the tank is returned to transportation
service. The requirements of this section shall apply with
equal force to all hose used on such tanks, except that
such hose may be so tested either before or after installation on the tank.
replacement,
(m) All materials of construction used in portable tank

containers and their appurtenances shall not be subject to
destructive attack by the contents of the tank.
(1) All parts of tanks and appurtenances for anhydrous ammonia shall be steel. No copper, silver, zinc,
nor their alloys shall be permitted. Brazed joints shall
not be permitted.
(n) Each outlet of portable tanks used for the transportation of liquefied compressed gases, except carbon
dioxide, shall be provided with a suitable automatic
excess-flow valve. These valves shall be located inside
the tank or at a point outside the tank where the line
enters or leaves the tank. The valve seat shall be located
inside the tank or shall be located within a welded flange
or its companion flange, or within a nozzle, or within a
coupling. The installation shall be made in such a manner
as reasonably to assure that any undue strain which
causes failure requiring functioning of the valve shall
cause failure in such a manner that it will not impair
the operation of the valve.
Exception. Safety device connections and liquid level

gauging devices which are so constructed that the outward
flow of tank contents shall not exceed that passed by a
No. 54 drill size opening are not required to be equipped
with excess-flow valves.
Excess-flow valves shall close automatically at the

of gas or liquid as specified by the vavle
manufacturer. The connections or lines on each side of
the excess-flow valve, including valves, fittings, etc.,
shall have a greater capacity than the rated flow of the
excess-flow valve.
(1)
rated
flows
(2) Excess-flow valves may be designed with a by-pass,

not to exceed a No. 60 drill size opening, to allow equal-
ization of pressures.
1319
(3) Filling and discharge lines shall be provided with
manually operated shut-off valves located as close to the
tank as is practicable. The use of so-called "Stop-Check"
valves to satisfy with one valve the requirements of this
subparagrgraph and of paragraph (n) of this section, is
forbidden.
Each tank for carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide

be lagged with a suitable insulation material of such
thickness that the overall thermal conductance is not
more than 0.08 Btu per square foot per degree F. differential in temperature per hour. The conductance shall
be determined at 60 F. In no event shall less than 4
inches of thickness of insulation be used.
Insulation
material used on tanks for nitrous oxide shall be non(0)
shall
combustible.
(p) A refrigerating and/ or heating coil or coils may
be installed in tanks for carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.
Such coils must be tested externally to at least the same
pressure as the test pressure of the tank. The coils must
also be tested internally to at least twice the working
pressure of the heating or refrigerating system to be
used but in no case less than the test pressure of the
tank. Such coils shall be securely anchored. The refrigerant or heating medium to be circulated through the
coil or coils must be such as to cause no adverse chemical
reaction with the tank or tank contents in case of leakage.

Qualification, maintenance, and use of car 73.33
(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section,
every cargo tank used for the transportation of dangerous
articles shall fulfill the requirements of the specification
go tanks,
and regulations for the transportation of the particular

commodity.
A manufacturer's data report of the cargo
tank shall be procured and retained in the files of the
motor carrier during the time that such cargo tank is
transportation of any compressed gas for which specification

330 tanks are authorized if it is retested every
five years in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs (k) (2), (3), and (4) of this section: Provided, That
it is in and can be maintained in safe operating condition for the transportation of that gas, and shall be
320" on the plate required
marked "ICC Specification
by specification
330.
MC
MC
MC
(d) Any cargo tank of ICC Specification 7.6-S-1.2,

constructed or put into service on and after June 15,
1940, and prior to February 1, 1942, fulfilling the requirements of that specification may be continued in
service for the transportation of a liquefied petroleum
gas if it is retested every five years in accordance with
the requirements of paragraph (k) (2), (3), and (4) of
this section: Provided, That it is in and can be maintained
in safe operating condition for the transportation of that
1
and shall be marked "ICC Specification MC-7.6-S-1.2"

on the plate required by Specification MC330.
gas,
(e) Any cargo tank constructed prior to June 15, 1940,

accordance with either the A. S. M. E. or A. P. I.A. S M. E. Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels effective
at the time of fabrication, and previously authorized under
ICC Specification MC320, 1 may be continued in service
for the transportation of a liquefied petroleum gas if
retested annually in accordance with paragraph (k) (2), (3),
and (4) of this section: Provided, That it is in and can be
maintained in safe operating condition for the transportation of that gas and shall be marked "ICC Specification MC320Y" on the plate required by Specification
in
MC330.
1
Use of existing cargo tanks authorized, but

struction not authorized.
new
con-
used for such service.

(1) Cargo tank containers for transportation as cargo
vessels in commerce subject to the jurisdiction of the
United States Coast Guard shall not exceed a loaded
weight of 8,000 pounds. Nothing contained in this section
shall be so construed as to pertain to transportation on
car floats or car ferries.
on
(2) Cargo tanks to be used for the transportation of

corrosive or flammable liquids shall be of the types prescribed by the regulations and maintained or retested in
accord with the requirements appearing in such speci-
Any cargo tank
constructed prior to
May
15, 1950,
complying with the requirements of either the A.S.M.E.

Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, 1946 Edition, or the
A. P.I.-A. S. M. E. Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels,
1943 Edition, for the transportation of liquefied compressed gases, may be used in that service, if it is retested
every five years in accordance with the requirements
of paragraph (k) (2), (3), and (4) of this section: Provided,
It fulfills all the requirements of the regulations and
specifications for cargo tanks for the transportation of the
particular gas or gases to be transported therein, except
in regard to the provisions of paragraph (b) (1) or (2) of
this section, and shall be marked "ICC
Specification
MC330X" on the plate required by Specification MC330.
designed and constructed in accordance

(1) Tanks
with pars. U-68 or U-69 of the A. S. M. E. Code for
the transportation of liquefied compressed gases may be
used and may be re-rated at a working pressure 25 percent in excess of the design working pressure for which
the tank was originally constructed. If advantage is taken
of the increased rating, the re-rated pressure shall be
marked on the plate as follows:
Re-rated working pressure
psig.
NOTE 1: For purposes of setting safety relief valves

and pressure control valves, and for purposes of establishing maximum and minimum design working pressures,
the re-rated working pressure shall be considered as the
equivalent of the design working pressure as defined in
the specification.
(2) Loading
fittings,
safety
required under this section and ICC Specification MC330

the transportation of that gas, although they need
not be mounted all in one place as required therein but
must be adequately protected against the hazards of
collision, overturn, or both, and, in addition, must be
marked "ICC Specification MC320Z" on the plate required by Specification MC330.
for
fications.
(b)
(f) Any cargo tank constructed other than prescribed

paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of this section, and pre1
viously authorized under ICC Specification MC320, may
remain in service for the transportation of a liquefied
petroleum gas only: Provided, That it is retested annually
in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (k)
(2), (3), and (4) of this section: Provided, That it is in and
safe operating condition for the
can be maintained
transportation of that gas: Further provided, That it
must be equipped with all the safety devices and fittings
in
and unloading accessories,

and gauging devices, do
valves, piping,
not have to
comply with the requirements for the particular location
on the tank.
MC
(g) Cargo tanks of the specifications shown in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, made prior to December
31, 1953, authorized for use under regulations of the
Commission effective March 1, 1935, those effective June
15, 1940, or February 1, 1942, may be continued in use
as previously authorized until further order of the Commission. Tanks now under construction under specification
310 may be so marked.
MC
(1)
these regulations
7.2-S-l
7.2
7.3-S-1.2
7.3-S-1.3
7.3-S-1.4
7.3-S-1.5
7.5-S-1.2
MC302
MC303
MC310
MC311
MC330
(h)
Any
made under the

following specifications
may also be used:
Containers
call
numbers:
MC 200
MC 201
MC300
MC 301
MC 310 and 7.5-S-1.2

MC 320
novel cargo
tank
which has been
or
may
be authorized for the transportation of a particular dangerous article may be continued in or placed in service
only under the terms specifically prescribed by the Commission.
Notwithstanding any of the provisions of paragraphs

of this section, any cargo tank constructed prior
15, 1950, which can qualify under and fulfill all
of the requirements of any of the specifications and regu(i)
(a) to (h)
to
(c) Any cargo tank of ICC Specification

320 constructed or put in service on and after February 1, 1942,
and prior to May 15, 1950, fulfilling the requirements of
that specification may be continued in service for the
Where
for specification
May
lations for cargo tanks prescribed for the transportation of

a particular dangerous article may be put into service
and marked under the terms of such specification.
SECTION
1320
11
Commission may, upon written request for

(j) The
such authorization by a motor carrier, authorize the use
of limited numbers, and for limited times, of new cargo
tanks which fail to meet the requirements of the specification for cargo tanks contained in Part 78.
In the
event of such request for authorization, the carrier shall
furnish those details concerning the design and construction of the tank motor vehicle and the cargo tank as
seem necessary for the determination of its ability to
transport safely the proposed commodity.
Cargo tanks used for transportation of liquefied
compressed gases shall be retested in accordance with
the following and shall not be kept in or returned to
transportation service unless they shall have successfully
(1)
(1)
as
appropriate
Every cargo tank which
is constructed in accordthe requirements of ICC Specifica330 shall be tested at least once in every five
ance with or
tion
tests,
MC
fulfilling
years in accordance with paragraphs (k) (2), (3), and (4)

of this section, except that tanks and safety valves of
cargo tanks used for the transportation of chlorine must
be retested at intervals of two years or less.
(2) The tank less any fittings shall be subjected to a
hydrostatic pressure of one and one-half times the design
working pressure (maximum permitted working pressure
or re-rated pressure) of the tank.
The tank shall be inspected for corroded areas,

dents, or other conditions, including leakage under
which indicate weakness that might render
the tank unsafe for transportation service, and shall be
rejected if evidence of any such unsafe condition is
discovered.
(3)
are
for
repair of tanks
is
authorized, provided such

prescribed in the
and construction.
made under requirements

its
original design
(1) In addition to any other provisions of the specificano tank shall be repaired, or remodeled, as to cause
leakage or cracks or likelihood of leakage or cracks, by
areas of stress concentration due to shrinkage of cooling
metal in welding operations, sharp fillets, reversal of
tion,
or otherwise.
stresses,
(k)
withstood the following prescribed

in each instance:
The
repairs
"Code"
(2)
No
welding shall be done except
field
to
non-
pressure parts.
(m) Qn tanks used for compressed gases (except chlorine for which provisions are made at sub-paragraphs
(m) (9) to (m) (11) of this section), the bursting strength
of any piping and fittings shall be not less than four
times the design working pressure of the tank, and not
less than four times that pressure to which, in any instance, it may be subjected in service, by the action
of a pump or other device (not including safety relief
valves) the action of which may be to subject certain portions of the tank piping to pressures greater than the
design working pressure of the tank.
(1) Welded pipe joints shall be used wherever posJoints in copper tubing shall be of the brazed type
where permitted or of any equally strong metal union
Melting point of brazing material must be not
type.
Such joints shall in any event be of
less than 1000 F.
sible.
bad
such a character as not to decrease the strength of the
test pressure,
tubing, as
by the cutting of threads.
Fittings shall be extra heavy. Non-malleable metals shall not be employed in the construction of valves or
(2)
fittings.
(4) The tank lagging, if any, and its jacket need not
be removed from lagged tanks unless it is found to be
impossible to reach test pressure and maintain a condi-
tion of pressure equilibrium after test pressure

during tank retesting.
Every tank not complying
is
reached
with the
prescribed specifications, but otherwise allowable under
withstand
identical
tests
this part, shall successfully
the
at test periods required for "specification tanks" by paragraph (k) (2), (3), and (4) of this section. Nonspecification
tanks (paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section) shall be
tested at least once in every calendar year as required
in paragraph (k) (2), (3), and (4) of this section. Tanks
constructed in accordance with Pars. U-68 or U-69 of
the A. S. M. E. Code, and which have not been re-rated,
must be retested at a hydrostatic pressure of twice the
design working pressure.
(5)
in all respects
(6) Every cargo tank which shall have been authorized

by the Commission to transport dangerous articles under
the provisions of paragraph (j) of this section shall be
tested under requirements specifically set forth in the
terms of such authorization.

(7) Without regard to any other retest requirement,
any tank that shows evidence at any time of bad dents,
corroded areas, leakage, or other conditions that indicate
weakness which might render the tank unsafe for transportation service, shall be retested as prescribed by
paragraph (k) (2), (3), and (4) of this section.
Any tank which has been in an accident and

which has been damaged to an extent likely to cause
(8)
to be in unsafe condition or to an extent where such

a condition is suspected, shall be tested as prescribed by
paragraph (k) (2), (3), and (4) of this section.
it
case
(3) Suitable provision shall be made in every
allow for expansion, contraction, jarring, and vibration
of all pipe. Slip joints shall not be used for this purpose.
to
smallest
(4) Piping and fittings shall be grouped in the
practicable space and shall be protected from damage as
specification.
the
by
required
wherever used, shall be designed for a

pressure not less than four times the design
working pressure of the tank with which it is used, and
not less than four times that pressure to which, in any
instance, it may be subjected in service by the action of
a pump or other device, the action of which may be to
subject the hose to pressures greater than the design
working pressure of the tank. Any coupling used on
hose to make connections shall be designed for a working
pressure, not less than 20 percent in excess of the design
working pressure of the hose, and shall be so designed
that there will be no leakage when connected.
(5)
All hose,
bursting
and fittings on every tank

be proved free from leaks at not
less than the design working pressure for the tank. This
condition will be considered to have been met when
such piping, valves, and fittings have been tested for
leakage with gas or air after installation and proved tight
at not less than the design working pressure marked on
the cargo tank with which they are used. In the event
(6)
All
piping,
motor vehicle
of replacement, all such piping, valves, or fittings so replaced shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of this section before the tank is returned to transportation service. The requirements of this section shall
apply with equal force to all hose used on such tanks,
except that such hose may be so tested either before or
after installation
(9) Any tank which has been out of transportation

service for a period of one year or more shall not be
returned to or placed in such service until it shall have
successfully fulfilled the testing requirements prescribed
by paragraph (k) (2), (3), and (4) of this section.
(10) The Commission may require the testing under

prescribed conditions of any tank when probable cause
appears for suspecting that such tank is in unsafe condition.
(11) Every cargo tank authorized for the transportation of flammable liquids and/or corrosive liquids under
specifications MC300 to MC304 inclusive, MC310, or
MC311 must be retested as provided in the applicable
specification, except that retests not required on tanks
equipped with rubber lining but retests must be made
before such tanks are relined.
valves,
shall
on the tank.
(7) Liquid pumps or gas compressors, wherever used,

must be of suitable design, adequately protected against
breakage by collisions, and kept in good condition. They
may be driven by motor vehicle power take-off or other
mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic means. Unless they
are of the centrifugal type, they shall be equipped
with suitable pressure actuated by-pass valves permitting
flow from discharge to suction or to the tank. Liquid
pumps shall not be used on tanks for the shipment of
sulphur dioxide.
(8) Each tank used for the shipment of carbon dioxide
or nitrous oxide shall be provided with a suitable pressure
gauge. A shut-off valve must be installed between the
pressure gauge and the tank. This gauge need be used
only during the filling operation.
1321
(9) On cargo tank motor vehicles for the transportation
of chlorine, no piping, hose, or other means of loading
or unloading shall be attached to the angle valves required
by 73.33 (o) (4) except at the time of loading or unloading, nor shall any hose, piping, or tubing used for loading
or unloading be mounted on or carried on the vehicle
nor shall such devices be considered as part of the cargo
tank motor vehicle. On cargo tank motor vehicles for
the transportation of chlorine, except at the time of loading or unloading, pipe connections of the angle valves
must be closed with screw plugs, chained or otherwise
fastened to prevent misplacement.

(10) Angle valves on chlorine cargo taniT "motor vehicles shall be tested at not less than 225 psig, using dry
air or inert gas, before installation of such valves on the
cargo tank, and such tests shall be made before each
The valves and gasketed joints shall be inspected for leaks, at a pressure of not less than 50 psig,
after loading and prior to shipment, and such inspections
shall be made for each loading.
Leaks which are detected shall be corrected before the cargo tank motor
vehicle is shipped.
loading.
Liquid chlorine pumps shall not be installed on

motor vehicles used for the shipment of
(11)
cargo
tank
shall be determined at 60 F. In no event shall less than

4 inches of thickness of insulation be used. Insulation
material used on tanks for nitrous oxide shall be noncombustible. Insulation material used on tanks for chlorine shall be corkboard.
(q) A refrigerating and/or heating coil or coils may
be installed in tanks for carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.
Such coils must be tested externally to at least the same
pressure as the test pressure of the tank. The coils must
also be tested internally to at least twice the working
pressure of the heating or refrigerating system to be used
but in no case less than the test pressure of the tank.
Such coils shall be securely anchored. The refrigerant or
heating medium to be circulated through the coil or
coils must be such as to cause no adverse chemical reaction
with the tank or tank contents in case of leakage.

desired, the unit furnishing refrigeration
If
may be mounted
on the motor vehicle.

73.34
inders,
(a)
Qualification, maintenance, and use of cylCylinders in domestic use previous to the date
upon which specifications therefor were first made effective

may be used if the cylinders have been properly tested
and otherwise comply with the requirements of paragraphs
(b) to (k) of this section.
chlorine.
Clyinders of foreign manufacture, received from

foreign countries for charging with compressed gas, may
be charged and shipped for export only.
(b)
All materials of construction used in cargo tanks

appurtenances shall not be subject to destructive
attack by the contents of the tank.
(n)
and
their
Provided, They are retested in accordance with

This retest may be omitted
(j) of this section.
only if the cylinder can be definitely identified as having
been retested under this provision within the prescribed
(1)
(1)
All parts of tanks
ammonia
alloys
and appurtenances
shall be steel. No
shall be permitted.
for anhydrous
copper, silver, zinc, nor their
Brazed joints shall not be
permitted.
(0)
retest period.
Each
outlet of cargo tanks used

liquefied compressed gases,
for
the
trans-
portation of
except carbon
dioxide, shall be provided with an approved suitable automatic excess-flow valve or in lieu thereof may be fitted
with an approved automatic quick-closing internal valve.
These valves shall be located inside the tank or at a
point outside the tank where the line enters or leaves
the tank. The valve seat shall be located inside the tank
or shall be located within a welded flange or its companion flange, or within a nozzle, or within a coupling.
The installation shall be made in such a manner as reasonably to assure that any undue strain which causes
failure requiring functioning of the valve shall cause
failure in such a manner that it will not impair the
operation of the valve.
Exception.
Safety device connections and liquid level
gauging devices which are so constructed that the outward

flow of tank contents shall not exceed that passed by a
No. 54 drill size opening are not required to be equipped
with excess-flow valves.
(1) Excess-flow valves shall close automatically at the
rated flows of gas or liquid as specified by the valve
manufacturer. The connections or lines on each side of
the excess-flow valve, including valves, fittings, etc.,
shall have a greater capacity than the rated flow of the
excess-flow valve.
(2) Excess-flow valves may be designed with a byexceed a No. 60 drill size opening, to allow
equalization of pressures.
pass, not to
(3) Filling and discharge lines shall be provided with

a shut-off valve located as close to the tank as is practicable, except where an automatic quick-closing internal
valve or an automatic shut-off valve is used, in which
case a manually operated shut-off valve shall be located
anywhere in the line ahead of the hose connection.
NOTE
The use
of so-called
"STOP-CHECK"
or
excess flow valves to satisfy with one valve the requirements of this rule and of paragraph (o) of this section
is forbidden.
(4)
1:
Angle valves and excess-flow valves on chlorine
tank motor vehicles shall conform to the standards of
The Chlorine Institute, Inc. Angle valve to conform with

Dwg. 6-B-347, dated January 24, 1950; excess-flow valve
to conform with Dwg. S-20099-M, dated January 30, 1948.
An
paragraph
excess-flow valve shall be installed under each angle
valve.
(p) Each tank for chlorine, carbon dioxide and nitrous
oxide shall be lagged with a suitable insulation material
of such thickness that the over-all thermal conductance
is not more than 0.08 Btu per square foot per degree F.
differential in temperature per hour.
The conductance
Provided further, That the maximum filling denfor each cylinder shall be in
accordance with all packing requirements of this part for
involved
and the test pressure estabthe compressed gas
(2)
and service pressure
sity
lished
by the
retest of the cylinder.
Records giving data showing the results of the

made on all cylinders must be preserved for inspec-
(3)
tests
tion for at least 5 years.

(4) Bill of lading or other shipping paper shall, when
possible, identify the cylinder and shall carry the following certification: "These cylinders have been retested and
refilled in accordance with the I. C. C. requirements for
export."
(c) Cylinders previously used in any service in accordance with this part may be transferred to a service
requiring less strength and for which they are suitable,
to the Bureau of Explosives and receipt

change the marking on the cylinders.
upon application
of advice to
Cylinders made prior to October 1, 1930, for

steel manufacturer's certificates are not available
but for which physical and chemical tests on samples
taken from one out of each 200 cylinders are in proper
form, each cylinder having been satisfactorily tested
in water-jacket apparatus to 2 times the service pressure
(see 73.301 (g) of this part), properly reported as other1
wise in full compliance with spec. 7 effective at date
(d)
which
manufacture, and lawfully marked ICC-7-150

authorized for use under the provisions of this part.
of
When containers with a marked pressure

prescribed, other containers made under the
but with a higher marked pressure
authorized.
For example, containers marked
(e)
are
specification,
are
4B500 may be used where ICC-4B300
is
1
,
are
limit
same
limit
ICC-
specified.
(f) Safety relief devices.

Each cylinder charged with
compressed gas, unless excepted in this paragraph, must
be equipped with one or more safety relief devices approved, as to type, location, and quantity, by the Bureau
of Explosives and must be capable of preventing explosion
of the normally charged cylinder when it is placed in a
fire.
(Cylinders shall not be shipped with leaking safety
relief devices.
Safety relief devices must be tested for
leaks before the charged cylinder is shipped from the
cylinder filling plant; it is expressly forbidden to repair

leaking fuse plug devices, where leak is through the fusible
metal or between the fusible metal and the opening in
the plug body, except by removal of the device and replacement of the fusible metal.) Exceptions are as follows:
Except as provided in Notes 1, 2 and 3, safety redevices are not required on cylinders 12" or less in
length, exclusive of neck, and 4%" or less in outside
diameter.
(1)
lief
SECTION
NOTE
9,
40,
1322
11
Safety relief devices are required on spec.
1:
and 41 cylinders.
NOTE
2: Safety relief devices are required on cylinders charged with a liquefied gas for which this part
requires a service pressure of 1800 pounds per square inch
or higher.
3: Safety relief devices are required on cylinders charged with nonliquefied gases to a pressure of 1800
pounds per square inch or higher at 70 F.
NOTE
(2) Safety relief devices are not required on cylinders

charged with nonliquefied gas under pressure of 300
pounds per square inch or less at 70F.
(3)
Safety relief devices are prohibited on cylinders

poisonous gas or liquid as defined in
charged with
73.326 (a).
(4)
Safety relief devices are prohibited on cylinders
charged with
(5)
on cylinders
ammonia.
(6) Safety relief devices are not required on drums
containing liquefied petroleum gas as provided for in
73.312 (a).
Marking on cylinders must not be changed except
as follows:
By application of additional marks not affecting

(1)
the test pressure or filling pressure; these must not obliterate previously applied marks.
(2) By application of test pressure or filling pressure
marks, or alteration of such marks, to indicate a reduced
test and filling pressure; authorized only for cylinders
that have not failed in the quinquennial test.
(3) By change of serial numbers or ownership marks
or both; before remarking, report must be filed with the
Bureau of Explosives, in sufficient detail and arranged
consecutively according to registered ownership symbol
and serial or lot numbers, so that specification marking,
previous serial number, registered ownership symbol, and
original test date can be determined for each cylinder.
(4) By change in marks which indicate compliance
specifications and charging and testing pressures
(such as ICC-3, ICC-3A-1800) to indicate a higher test
and filling pressure; authorized only upon written instructions from the Bureau of Explosives.
with
restrictions imposed by 73.304 of this

(5) When
part will result in condemnation of cylinders previously
in authorized use, the Bureau of Explosives shall, upon
application, approve change in marks for pressures not
greater than as follows: ICC-7-70 for change to ICG-7-116;
ICC-26-150 for change to ICC-26-300; ICC-26-300 for

change to ICC-26-450; ICC-26-600 for change to ICC26-900; ICC-26-1000 for change to ICC-26-1200.
(6) When the space originally provided for dates of
subsequent retests becomes filled, the stamping of addi-
authorized.
is
permitted.
Cylinders exposed to the action of fire. Cylinders

which have been in a fire must not again be placed in
service until they have been properly heat treated and
retested as prescribed in paragraph (i) of this section:
Provided, That cylinders made of plain carbon steel with
not over 0.25 percent carbon need not be heat treated,
and may be used after passing the pressure test preAcetylene cylinders, except those authorized
scribed.
in specification ICC-8, to be made of 4130X steel and
those made to comply with specification 8AL, need not
be treated or tested, provided porous filling is found
to be unchanged and intact. The inner cylinders made
under specification 4L may be used after again passing
(h)
the original hydrostatic
cylinders.
(1)
(k)
In hydrostatic retesting of a cylinder the pressure
read to within 1 percent of the test pressure. Any internal

pressure applied previous to the test pressure shall not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure. If, due to failure
of the test apparatus, the test pressure cannot be maintained, the test may be repeated at a pressure increased
by 10 percent or 100 pounds per square inch, whichever
is the lower value.
(2)
when
A cylinder must be condemned when it leaks, or

internal or external corrosion, denting, bulging, or
evidence of rough usage exists to the extent that the cylinder is likely to be weakened appreciably or when the
permanent expansion exceeds 10 percent of the total
expansion.
cylinder
nent expansion
(i)
condemned
may be
for excessive permare-heat-treated.

(See paragraph
ICC-4 series cylinders, condemned

other than excessive permanent expansion may be re-
of this
for
section).
paired or rebuilt as prescribed in paragraphs (m),
and
(n),
(o),
of this section.
(p),
Records giving data showing the results of the

all cylinders must be kept, and each cylinder passing the test must be marked with the date
(month and year) plainly and permanently stamped into
the metal of the cylinder. For example, 4-50 for April
1950. Dates of previous tests must not be obliterated.
(3)
Marking on cylinders must be kept plain. All prescribed markings on cylinders must be maintained in a
readable condition, or a copy of said markings reproduced
by stamping on brass plates permanently secured to the
(7)
cylinders
of
must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and as much

longer as may be necessary to secure complete expansion
of the cylinder. The gauge indicating the total expansion
of the cylinder must be such that the total expansion can
be read with an accuracy of 1 percent, except that a
reading to 0.1 cubic centimeter shall be acceptable. The
gauge indicating the pressure must be capable of being
tional test dates into the external surface of footrings of

is
Each
cylinder,
of this
section, must be subjected, at least once in five years, to
a test by interior hydrostatic pressure in a water jacket,
or other apparatus of suitable form, for the determination
of the expansion of the cylinder. The test apparatus must
be approved as to type and operation by the Bureau of
Explosives. This periodic retest must include a visual
internal and external examination, except that the internal
inspection may be omitted for cylinders of the type and
in the service described under paragraph (k) (11) of this
section: Provided, That without regard to date of previous
test, cylinders of ICC-4 type that show bad dents or
other evidence of rough usage, or that are corroded locally
to such extent as to indicate possible weakness, or that
have lost as much as 5 percent of their official tare weight,
must be retested before being again charged and shipped.
After any retest, the actual tare weight for those cylinders
passing the test may be recorded as their new official
tare weight.
retest
except as specifically exempted in paragraph
Safety' relief devices are not required
cylinders
Quinquennial
(j)
fluorine.
charged with methyl mercaptan; mono, di, or trimethylamine, anhydrous; with not over 10 pounds of nitrosyl
chloride; or with less than 165 pounds of anhydrous
(g)
heat treatment and hydrostatic test by the specification

covering the manufacture of the type of cylinder in
question. The retest pressure shall be as prescribed for
the quinquennial retesting of cylinder: Provided, That
increased retest pressure is authorized under testing procedure approved in writing by the Bureau of Explosives.
In the case of cylinders of outside diameter exceeding
4 inches, a permanent expansion of not less than 3 percent
or more than 10 percent of the total expansion must be
shown in the retest: Provided, That if the cylinders can
be segregated into lots having practically the same chemical composition, the allowable permanent expansion in
the retest may be from zero to 10 percent of the total
expansion, if one cylinder out of each such lot of 100
cylinders or less is subjected to and passes the requirements of the flattening and physical tests as specified by
the specification for the manufacture of the type of
cylinder in question.
test.
Reheat treatment and retest of cylinders. The re(i)

heat treatment of cylinders must be followed by hydrostatic retest and these operations must be carried out,
supervised, and reported, as prescribed for the original
tests
made on
(k)
The
must be
tests
in
prescribed by paragraph (j) of this section

with the following table and
accordance
exceptions thereto.
Minimum
under which cylinders

were made
Specification
73.312
73.312
3,000 pounds.
5/3 times the service pressure.
} 73.301 (g).)
2 times the service pressure.
73.301 (g).)
Quinquennial test not required.
300 pounds.
(a) (4)
ICC-7 when not used under authority

5
retest pressure (pounds per
square inch)
ICC-3
ICC-3A; ICC-3AA; ICC-3D; ICC-4 A;
ICC-26 marked for filling at over 450
pounds
ICC-3B; ICC-3BN; ICC-4AA480; ICC4B; ICC-4BA; ICC-4D; ICC-4DA;
ICC-26 marked for tilling at 450
pounds and below
ICC-3C; ICC-3E; ICC-4C; ICC-4L;
ICC-8; ICC-8AL
ICC-7 when used as authorised in
(a)
of
Quinquennial test not required.
(4)
ICC-4
ICC-9
ICC-25; ICC-38
ICC-33
700
400
500
800
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
(Sea
1323
Exceptions. (1) All cylinders not exceeding 2 inches
outside diameter and length less than 2 feet are exempted
from
retest.
(2) All cylinders marked with a test pressure

retested at that pressure.
must be
(3) High-pressure cylinders (designed for pressures in

excess of 300 pounds at 70F.) made before March 31,
1912, and not marked with a test pressure or with an
allowable filling pressure, must be retested at 3,000 pounds
per square inch.

1
Low-pressure cylinders of the
C. C. 7 type (de(4)
signed for nonliquefied gas at not over 300 pounds at
70F.) made before March 31, 1912, must be tested once
at two times the filling pressure for which they were
designed. Further tests not required.
I.
which shall be kept as a permanent record. The points

be recorded and checked on these data sheets are:
Date of inspection (month and year); ICC specification
number; cylinder identification (registered symbol and
serial number, date of manufacture, and ownership symbol
(if
needed for adequate identification) ); type cylinder
protective coating (painted, galvanized, etc., and statement as to need of refinishing or recoating); conditions
checked (leakage, corrosion, gouges, dents or digs in
shell or heads, broken or damaged footring or protective
to
ring, or fire damage); disposition of cylinders (returned

cylinder manufacturer for repairs, or
service,
to
to
scrapped); a cylinder which passes the inspection prescribed shall have the date recorded in the manner presently prescribed for the recording of the retest date, except that an "E" is to follow the date (month and year)
requalification
by the external inspection
indicating
method.
(5) Acetylene cylinders of the I. C. C. 8 type made
before March 31, 1912, must be tested once at 500 pounds.
Further tests not required.
(7) Cylinders made after January 1, 1920, in compliance with specification I.C.C. 4 may be retested decennially instead of quinquennially if the test is made at
a pressure of not less than 700 pounds per square inch.
(8) Chlorine and sulfur dioxide cylinders made before

April 20, 1915, must be retested at 500 pounds per square
inch.
Cylinders of not over 10 pounds water capacity

for a service pressure (see 73.301 (g) of
this part) of not over 300 pounds per square inch may be
tested by application of required test pressure without
the use of special apparatus and without determination of
total or permanent expansion.
(9)
and authorized
(10)
ICC-9 cylinders must be tested
with the requirements of
78.63-13
(a)
in
accordance
and 78.63-17
(a)(2).
(11) Cylinders made in compliance with specifications
ICC-4B, ICC-4BA, and ICC-26-300 1 used exclusively for
anhydrous dimethylamine, anhydrous monomethylamine,
anhydrous trimethylamine, methyl chloride, or liquefied
petroleum gas, or dichlorodifluoromethane, difluoroethane,
,
difluoromonochloroethane,
monochlorodifluoro methane,
monochlorotetrafluoroethane, monochlorotrifluoroethylene
or mixtures thereof or mixtures of one or more with trichloromonofluoromethane, commercially free from corroding components, and protected externally by suitable
corrosion resisting coatings (such as galvanizing, painting,
etc.) may be retested decennially (see Note 2) instead of
quinquennially, or, such cylinders may be subjected to an
internal hydrostatic pressure equal to at least 2 times the
marked service pressure without determination of expansions (see Note 1), but this type of test must be repeated
quinquennially after expiration of the first ten-year period
(see Note 2). When subjected to this latter test cylinders
must be carefully examined under the test pressure and
removed from service if leaks or other harmful defects
All tests must be supplemented by a very careful
exist.
examination of the cylinder at each filling, and the cylinder
must be rejected if evidence is found of bad dents, corroded areas, a leak or other conditions that indicate possible weakness which would render the cylinder unfit
for service.
NOTE
1: Cylinders tested by the modified hydrostatic

be marked after each retest with the date
otherwise
required but followed by the symbol S;
of test as
for example, 8-46S indicating retest by the modified method in August 1946.
method
shall
(13) Cylinders made in compliance with specification

used exclusively for anhydrous ammonia,
commercially free from corroding components, and pro-
ICC-3A480
tected externally by suitable corrosion resisting coatings

(such as painting, etc.) may be retested decennially instead of quinquennially. All tests must be supplemented
by a very careful examination of the cylinder at each
filling, and the cylinder must be rejected if evidence is
found of bad dents, corroded areas, a leak or other conditions that indicate possible weakness which would render the cylinder unfit for service.
(1) Repair of specifications ICC-3A, 3AA, 3B, or 3C
cylinders by welding or brazing authorized, but only for
the removal and replacement of neckrings and footrings
attached to cylinders originally manufactured to conform
Removal and replacement must be done

(a).
by a regular manufacturer of this type of cylinder. After
removal and before replacement of such parts, cylinders
must be inspected, and defective ones rejected. Cylinders,
neckrings, footrings, and method of replacement must
conform to 78.36-9 (a). Replacement must be followed
by reheat treating, testing, inspection, and supervised and
reported as prescribed by the specification covering their
Inspector's reports must conform
original manufacture.
to 78.36-22 (a) and substitute the word repaired in
place of manufactured. Show original markings and the
new additional markings added, and statement: "Cylinders were carefully inspected for defects after removal
of neckrings and footrings and after replacement, which
"
replacement was made by process of
to 78.36-9
Welding-brazing
(m) Repairs on ICC-4 series, and ICC-8, welded or

brazed cylinders are authorized to be made by welding
or brazing. Such repairs must be made by a manufacturer
of this type of ICC cylinder and by a process similar to
that used in its manufacture and under the following
specific requirements:
(1) Cylinders with injurious defects in welded joints
in or on pressure parts must be repaired by completely
removing the defect prior to rewelding.
(2)
in or
Cylinders with injurious defects in brazed joints
on pressure parts must be repaired by rebrazing.
(3) Cylinders during welding must be free of materin contact with the welded joint that may impair
the serviceability of the metal in or adjacent to the weld.
ials
(Precautions must be taken to prevent acetylene cylinder

steels from picking up carbon during repair.)
(4)
Neckrings, footrings, or other nonpressure attach-
ments authorized by the specification may be replaced or
NOTE 2: Due to the present emergency and until

further order of the Commission, the decennial retest
period may be extended to a twelve-year period, and
the quinquennial retest period may be extended to a
seven-year period after expiration of the first twelve-year
repaired.
period.
repair, cylinders must be reheat-treated,

(6) After
tested, inspected and reported when and as prescribed by
the specification covering their original manufacture when
made
compliance with specifications

ICC-4B, ICC-4BA, ICC-26-240 1 or ICC-26-300 1 used
exclusively for liquefied petroleum gas which is commercially free from corroding components, may, in
lieu of the periodic hydrostatic retest, be given a complete
external visual inspection at the time such periodic retest
becomes due. When this inspection is used in lieu of
hydrostatic retesting, subsequent inspections are required
5 years after the first such inspection and periodically at
(12) Cylinders
in
5-year intervals hereafter.

Inspections shall be made
only by competent persons and the results shall be recorded on a suitable data sheet, the completed copies of
(5) After removal, and before replacement of attachments, cylinders must be inspected and defective ones
rejected, repaired or rebuilt.
welding or brazing seams in a pressure part of a cylinder;

or when welding or brazing on pressure parts of cylinders of plain carbon steels with carbon over 0.25 percent
or manganese over 1.00 percent or of alloy steels.
NOTE
1:
Heat-treatment
is
not required after welding
or brazing weldable low carbon parts to attachments of

similar material which has been previously welded or
brazed to the top or bottom of cylinders and properly
heat-treated, provided such subsequent welding or brazing
does not produce a temperature in excess of 400 F. in
SECTION
1324
11
any part of the top or bottom material. The physical

flattening tests may be omitted when the cylinders
not reheat-treated.
and
are
(1) The replacement of a pressure part such as wall,

heads, or bottoms of cylinders or the replacement of the
filling material, shall be considered as rebuilding.
porous
Repair of cylinders must be followed by a proof

leakage test at prescribed test pressure and
visual examination for weld quality when welding or
brazing on pressure parts of cylinders of plain carbon
steel with carbon 0.25 percent or less and manganese
1.00 percent or less.
(7)
pressure
(2) Rebuilt cylinders shall be considered as new cyland shall conform to all the requirements of the
specifications applying, including verification of material,
examination, inspection, etc., and the rendering of the
proper reports to the purchaser, cylinder rebuilder, and
the Bureau of Explosives.
inders
(n) Repair of nonpressure attachments by welding or

brazing without affecting a pressure part of the cylinder
must be followed by visual examination for weld quality.
Information in sufficient detail regarding previous

identification symbols must be filed
(3)
numbers and
serial
Walls, heads or bottoms of cylinders with injurious

defects or leaks in base metal shall not be repaired, but
may be replaced as provided for in paragraph (p) of this
(o)
with the Bureau of Explosives.
when
Rebuilding of ICC-4 series, and ICC-8, welded

or brazed cylinders is authorized. Such rebuilding must
be done by a manufacturer of this type of ICC cylinder
and by a process similar to that used in its original manufacture and under the following specific requirements:
(p)
SUBPART B
EXPLOSIVES;
evidence of rough usage exists to
is likely to be weakened appreciably. Condemned

cylinders, ICC-4 series, and ICC-8, may be repaired and
rebuilt as prescribed in paragraphs (m), (n), (o), and (p),
of this section.
cylinder
DEFINITIONS AND PREPARATION
73.50 An explosive, (a) For the purpose of Parts 7178 an explosive is defined as any chemical compound,
mixture, or device, the primary or common purpose of
which is to function by explosion, i. e., with substantially
instantaneous release of gas and heat, unless such compound, mixture, or device is otherwise specifically classi-
with an average weight of explosive composition in each

torpedo exceeding four grains.
(0) Toy torpedoes containing a cap composed of a
mixture of red phosphorus and potassium chlorate exceeding an average of one-half (0.5) grain per cap.
fied in Parts 71-78.
compositions that ignite spontaneously

or undergo marked decomposition when subjected for
consecutive
hours
to a temperature of 75C. (167F.),
48
(c)
Fireworks containing copper sulfate and a chlorate.
(p)
73.51 Forbidden explosives, (a) The offering of the

following explosives for transportation by common carriers by rail freight, rail express, highway, or water is
forbidden.
(b)
A cylinder must be condemned when it leaks, or

internal or external corrosion, denting, bulging, or
the extent that the
(q)
section.
New
explosives (except samples for laboratory ex 73.86) ), until approved for transportation
the Bureau of Explosives.
(q)
amination (see
by
Loaded
(r)
firearms.
Explosive
Explosives
containing
an
ammonium
salt
and a
73.52 Acceptable explosives, (a) For the purpose of

Parts 71-78, acceptable explosives are divided into three
classes as defined in this section, viz. (see 72.5 for restrictions for shipments by rail express).
chlorate.
Class A explosives; detonating or otherwise of maxhazard.
(1)
nitroglycerin, di ethylene glycol dinitrate

(d) Liquid
or other liquid explosives not authorized by 73.53 (e) and
(h) of this part. (For shipment by carrier by motor vehicle
other than common carriers, see 77.822 (b) ).
imum
(2)
Class
explosives; flammable hazard.
(3)
Class
explosives;
(e) Explosives condemned by the Bureau of Explosives

(except properly packed samples for laboratory examinations). Appeal may be made to the Commission from such
Leaking or damaged packages of explosives.
hazard.
CLASS A EXPLOSIVES; DEFINITIONS
condemnations.
(f)
minimum
Definition of class A explosives, (a) Type
Solid explosives which can be caused to deflagrate by

contact with sparks or flame such as produced by safety
fuse or an electric squib, but cannot be detonated (See
Note 1) by means of a No. 8 test blasting cap (See Note 2).
Example: Black powder and low explosives.
73.53
1.
Condemned
or leaking dynamite must not be re(g)

packed and offered for shipment unless the repacking is
a competent person in the presence of, or with
the written consent of, an inspector, or with the written
authority of the chief inspector of the Bureau of Ex-
done by
(b)
plosives.
Type
2.
Solid explosives
which contain a liquid
and which, when unconfined (See Note 3),

can be detonated by means of a No. 8 test blasting cap
(See Note 2); or which can be exploded in at least 50
percent of the trials in the Bureau of Explosives' Impact
Apparatus (See Note 4) under a drop of 4 inches or more,
but cannot be exploded in more than 50 percent of the
trials under a drop of less than 4 inches. Example: High
explosives, commercial dynamite containing a liquid exingredient,
Firecrackers, flash crackers or salutes, the explosive content of which exceeds 12 grains each in weight,
or pest control bombs, the explosive content of which
exceeds 18 grains each in weight.
(h)
(i) Fireworks that

ator or blasting cap.
(j)
Fireworks
combine an explosive and a deton-
containing
an
ammonium
salt
and a
chlorate.
plosive ingredient.
(m) Fireworks, properly condemned by the Bureau

of Explosives, except properly repacked samples for lab-
(c) Type 3.
Solid explosives which contain no liquid
explosive ingredient and which can be detonated, when
unconfined (See Note 3), by means of a No. 8 test blasting
cap (See Note 2); or which can be exploded in at least
50 percent of the trials in the Bureau of Explosives'* Impact Apparatus (See Note 4) under a drop of 4 inches
or more, but cannot be exploded in more than 50 percent
of the trials under a drop of less than 4 inches. Example:
High explosives, commercial dynamite containing no liquid
explosive ingredient, trinitrotoluene, amatol, tetryl, picric
oratory examinations.
acid, urea nitrate, pentolite,
(k)
Fireworks containing yellow or white phosphorus.
or fireworks compositions that ignite

(1) Fireworks
spontaneously or undergo marked decomposition when
subjected for 48 consecutive hours to a temperature of
75C. (167F.).
(n)
Toy
the
maximum
outside dimension
inch, or toy torpedoes containing a
torpedoes,
of which exceeds T
mixture of potassium chlorate, black antimony and sulfur
Type
and commercial
boosters.
Solid explosives which can be caused to

detonate when unconfined (See Note 3), by contact with
sparks or flame such as produced by safety fuse or an
(d)
4.
1325
electric squib; or which can be exploded in the Bureau
of Explosives' Impact Apparatus (See Note 4) in more
than 50 percent of the trials under a drop of less than
4 inches. Example: Initiating and priming explosives,
lead azide, fulminate of mercury, etc., and high explosives.
(e)
Type 5. Desensitized liquid explosives are explosives which may be detonated separately or when absorbed in sterile absorbent cotton, by a No. 8 test blasting
cap (See Note 2); but which cannot be exploded in the
Bureau of Explosives' Impact Apparatus (See Note 4) by
a v ch-op of less than 10 inches. The desensitizer must not
be significantly more volatile than nitroglycerin and the
desensitized explosive must not freeze at temperatures
above minus 10F. Example: High explosives, desensitized
nitroglycerin.
Type
Liquid explosives that can be exploded

6.
Bureau of Explosives' Impact Apparatus (See Note
under a drop of less than 10 inches. Example: Nitro(f)
in the
4)
(j)
Ammunition for cannon with projectiles. Ammunicannon with explosive projectiles, gas projectiles,
tion for
smoke
projectiles, incendiary projectiles, illuminating proor shell is fixed ammunition assembled in a unit
consisting of the cartridge case containing the propelling
charge and primer, and the projectiles, or shell, fuzed
or unfuzed.
Detonating fuzes, tracer fuzes, explosive
or ignition devices, or fuze parts with explosives contained
therein must not be assembled in ammunition or included
in the same outside package unless shipped by, for, or
to the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force
of the United States Government or unless of a type
approved by the Bureau of Explosives.
jectiles,
Explosive projectiles.
(k)
Explosive projectiles are
shells, projectiles, guided missiles with war heads, war
heads, or rocket heads, loaded with explosives or bursting
charges, with or without other materials, for use in cannons, guns, tubes, mortars or other firing or launching
devices.
glycerin. (See 73.51 (d) of this part.)
Grenades, hand or rifle, are small metal

or other containers designed to be thrown by hand or
projected from a rifle. They are filled with an explosive
or a liquid, gas or solid material such as a toxic or tear
gas or an incendiary or smoke producing material and a
bursting charge.
When shipped without explosives or
bursting charges, see 73.330, 73.350, and 73.383 of
(1)
Type
Blasting caps (See Note 5) are small

of an alloy of either copper or aluplastic, closed at one end and
loaded with a charge of initiating or priming explosives,
class A Type 4, either with or without other suitable
explosives. The total weight of explosives per unit shall
not exceed 150 grains. Blasting caps (See Note 5) which
have been provided with a means for firing by an electric
current, and sealed, are known as electric blasting caps.
(g)
7.
tubes, usually
or of
made
minum,
molded
(1) Detonating primers are devices for commercial use

which contain a detonator and an additional charge of
Grenades.
this part.
(m) Explosive bombs. Explosive bombs are metal or

other containers filled with explosives. They are used
in warfare and include aeroplane bombs and depth
bombs.
explosives, all assembled in a suitable envelope.
(n)
Explosive mines.
Explosive mines are metal con-
tainers filled with a high explosive.
Detonating fuzes, class A, are used in the military

service to detonate the high explosive bursting charges of
projectiles, mines, bombs, torpedoes, and grenades.
In
addition to a powerful detonator, they may contain several ounces of a high explosive, such as tetryl or dry nitrocellulose, all assembled in a heavy steel envelope. They
(2)
may
also
contain
a small
that are so
amount of radioactive commade and packed that they
ponent. Those
will not cause functioning of other fuzes, explosives, or
explosive devices in the same or adjacent containers are
classed as class
Type
explosives.
Any
solid or liquid compound, mixture

or device which is not specifically included in any of the
above types, and which under special conditions may be
so designated and approved by the Bureau of Explosives.
Example: Shaped charges, commercial.
(h)
8.
(1) A shaped charge, commercial, consists of a plastic,

paper, or other suitable container comprising a charge
of not to exceed 8 ounces of a high explosive containing
no liquid explosive ingredient and with a hollowed out
portion (cavity) lined with a rigid material. This device
shall not contain a detonator.
NOTE
1: The detonation test is performed by placing

the sample in an open-end fiber tube which is set on
the end of a lead block approximately 1/2 inches in diameter and 4 inches high which, in turn, is placed on a
solid base. A steel plate may be placed between the fiber
tube and the lead block.
as
(o) Explosive
torpedoes.
Explosive torpedoes, such
are used in warfare, are metal devices containing a
a quantity of high explosives.
means of propulsion and
Rocket ammunition is fixed

(p) Rocket ammunition.
ammunition which is fired from a tube, launcher, rails,
trough, or other device as dinstinguished from cannon
ammunition which is fired from a cannon, gun, or mortar.
It consists of an igniter and propelling charge, commonly
described as a motor and explosive projectile, gas projectile, smoke projectile, incendiary projectile, or illuminating projectile, fuzed or unfuzed.
(q) Ammunition for small arms with explosive bullets
or explosive projectiles. Ammunition for small arms with
explosive bullets or ammunition for small arms with explosive projectiles is fixed ammunition to be used in
machine guns or similar fire arms and consists of a metallic cartridge case, the primer and the propelling charge,
with explosive bullet or explosive projectile with or without detonating fuze, the component parts necessary for
one firing being all in one assembly. Detonating fuzes,
tracer fuzes, explosive or ignition devices or fuze parts
with explosives contained therein must not be assembled
in ammunition or included in the same outside package
unless shipped by, for, or to the Departments of the
Army, Navy, and Air Force of the United States Government or unless of a type approved by the Bureau of
Explosives.
(r)
NOTE 2: A No. 8 test blasting cap is one containing

two grams of a mixture of 80 percent mercury fulminate
and 20 percent potassium chlorate, or a cap of equivalent
strength.
NOTE 3: "Unconfined" as used in this section does

not exclude the use of a paper or soft fiber tube wrapping to facilitate tests.
NOTE 4: The Bureau of Explosives Impact Apparatus
a testing device designed so that a guided 8-pound
weight may be dropped from predetermined heights so
as to impact specific quantities of liquid or solid materials
under fixed conditions. Detailed prints may be obtained
from the Bureau of Explosives, 30 Vesey Street, New
is
York
7,
New
NOTE
York.
Blasting caps, blasting caps with safety fuse,

or electric blasting caps in quantities of 1,000 or less are
5:
classified as class
(i)
is
is
Ammunition
explosives.
for cannon.
Ammunition
for
cannon
fixed, semi-fixed or separate loading ammunition which

fired from a cannon, mortar, gun, howitzer or recoilless
rifle.
in warfare
is
all
Chemical ammunition used
kinds of explosive chemical projectiles,
bombs, grenades, etc., loaded with toxic, tear, or

other gas, smoke or incendiary agent, also such miscellaneous apparatus as cloud-gas cylinders, smoke generators, etc., that may be utilized to project chemicals.
shells,
bursters
and supplementary charges.
(s) Boosters,
Boosters and supplementary charges consist of a casing
containing a high explosive and are used to increase
the intensity of explosion of the detonator of a detonating
fuze.
Bursters consist of a casing containing a high
explosive and are used to rupture a projectile or bomb
to
permit release of
its
contents.
Jet thrust units (jato), explosive, (class A), or igniters jet thrust (jato), explosive, (class A), (a) Jet thrust units
(jato), explosive, (class A), are metal cylinders containing
a mixture of chemicals capable of burning rapidly and
producing considerable pressure. Under certain conditions
the chemical fuel with which the unit is loaded my explode. Jet thrust units are designed to be ignited by an
electric igniter.
They are used to assist aeroplanes to
take off, to propel large missiles and to drive moving
targets for practice firing.
(t)
SECTION
1326
11
(1) Igniters, jet thrust (jato), explosive, (class A), are

devices consisting of an electrically operated or remotely
controlled igniting element and a fast-burning composition
assembled in a unit for use in igniting the propelling
charge of jet thrust units. Under certain conditions the
burning composition may explode.
(u) Charged oil well jet perforating guns. Charged oil

well jet perforating guns are steel tubes or metallic strips
into which are inserted shaped charges connected in
series by primacord. Shaped charges must be of a type
described in subparagraph (h) (1) of this section, except
that each shaped charge installed in the steel tube or
metallic strip shall contain not over 35 grams of high
explosive.
Charged oil well jet perforating guns must
not be transported with blasting caps, electric blasting
caps, or other firing devices affixed to or installed in the
guns.
Force of the United States Government when securely

bk>cked and braced in accordance with methods approved
by the Bureau of Explosives.
projectiles, smoke projectiles, incendiary proilluminating projectiles, gas bombs, smoke bombs,
incendiary bombs, gas grenades, smoke grenades, and
incendiary grenades, containing a bursting charge must
be packed and properly secured in strong wooden boxes.
Detonating fuzes, bouchons or ignition elements must
not be assembled in these articles unless shipped by, for,
or to the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force
of the United States Government or unless of a type
approved by the Bureau of Explosives. (See 73.190,
73.330, 73.350, and 73.383 for nonexplosive chemical or
(d)
poisonous ammunition.)
(e)
Propellant explosives, class A, are solid

chemicals or solid chemical mixtures which are designed
to function by rapid combustion of successive layers,
generally with little or no smoke.
The combustion
is
controlled by composition, size, and form of grain.
Propellant explosives, class A, include some types of
smokeless powder and some types of solid propellant explosives for jet thrust units, rockets, or other devices.
Any propellant explosive is class A which detonates in
any one out of five trials when tested in the packages
in which it is offered for transportation.
In conducting
the test, one propellant container shall be surrounded by
inert loaded containers of the same weight, including one
inert container placed on top of the propellant container.
The propellant shall be ignited by means of a commercial
electric squib placed within 4 inches of the bottom of the
container. The presence of a crater and absence of flame
shall be considered as evidences of detonation.
9.
Ammunition
for cannon, (a) Ammunition for

gas projectiles, smoke
projectiles, incendiary projectiles, illuminating projectiles
or shell must be well packed and properly secured in
strong wooden or metal containers.
73.54
cannon with explosive
Each outside package must be plainly marked
(b)
GAS PROJECTILES"
(see
73.409
(a)
(1)
of this part
"AMMUNITION FOR CANNON

WITH SMOKE PROJECTILES," "AMMUNITION FOR
CANNON WITH INCENDIARY PROJECTILES," or
"AMMUNITION FOR CANNON WITH ILLUMINATrequired
for
label),
ING PROJECTILES,"
as the case
may
be.
Ammunition
(c)
transportation by
75.675.
for cannon must not be offered for

rail express, except as provided in 73.86
and
Ammunition, nonexplosive. (a) Nonexplosive

devices containing no explosives, or other
73.55
dangerous
drill
is
such as cartridge cases, dummy or

empty, sand-loaded or solid projectiles
article,
cartridges;
PLOSIVE BOMB," "HAND GRENADES," or "RIFLE

GRENADES," as the case may be, except that each
device need not be so marked when palletized and the
palletized units are plainly marked and shipped as carload
or truckload shipments.
Ammunition
for cannon with gas projectiles, and

grenades or other containers loaded
or liquid, class A, and an explosive
gas
with a poisonous
charge, either boxed or unboxed (see paragraph (c) of this
section), must bear the white "Poison Gas" label.
(g)
bombs,
projectiles,
(h) For regulations for shipping ammunition containing

chemicals but no explosives or bursting charges, see chemical ammunition, 73.330, 73.350, and 73.383 of this
part.
Articles described in paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d) and

of this section must not be offered for transportation
rail express, except as provided in 73.86 and 75.675.
(i)
(g)
by
Rocket ammunition, (a) Rocket ammunition

73.57
with explosive projectiles, gas projectiles, smoke projectiles,
incendiary projectiles, or illuminating projectiles must be
well packed and properly secured in strong wooden or
metal containers.
(b)
Each outside package must be
empty torpedoes, and is exempt from

Rotating bands should be protected against
deformation by method of packing or loading.
solid projectiles, or
Ammunition, projectiles, grenades, bombs,

73.56
mines and torpedoes, (a) Detonating fuzes, tracer fuzes,
explosive or ignition devices, bouchons, or fuze parts with
explosives contained therein, must not be assembled in
explosive projectiles, grenades, explosive bombs, explosive
mines, or explosive torpedoes, or included in the same
outside package with them unless shipped by, for, or to
the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force of the
United States Government or unless of a type approved

(b) Explosive projectiles, explosive torpedoes, explosive
mines, explosive bombs, or explosive grenades except as
provided in paragraph (c) of this section, must be packed

and properly secured in strong wooden or metal boxes.
(c)
Explosive projectiles, explosive torpedoes, explosive
mines or explosive bombs, exceeding 90 pounds in weight,

and explosive projectiles of not less than 4/2 inches in
diameter, may be shipped, without being boxed only by,
for, or to the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air-
plainly
marked
"ROCKET AMMUNITION WITH EXPLOSIVE PRO"ROCKET AMMUNITION WITH GAS
JECTILES,"
PROJECTILES"
(see
73.402
(a)
(6)
of
this
part
for
"ROCKET AMMUNITION WITH

SMOKE PROJECTILES," "ROCKET AMMUNITION
WITH INCENDIARY PROJECTILES," or "ROCKET
AMMUNITION WITH ILLUMINATING PROJECrequired
label),
as the case
may
be.
Rocket ammunition must not be offered for transportation by rail express, except as provided in 73.86
and 75.675.
(c)
with or without tracers (containing not in excess of 1

ounce of tracer composition), empty mines, empty bombs,
Parts 71-78.
box containing more than

bomb must not exceed
(f) Each exterior package or projectile, bomb, or mine

must be plainly marked "EXPLOSIVE PROJECTILE,"
"EXPLOSIVE TORPEDO," "EXPLOSIVE MINE," "EX-
TILES,"
ammunition
gross weight of a
250 pounds.
projectiles,
"AMMUNITION FOR CANNON WITH EXPLOSIVE

PROJECTILES," "AMMUNITION FOR CANNON WITH
The
projectile, mine, grenade, or
one
Type
(v)
Gas
jectiles,
73.58
Ammunition
for small arms,
(a)
Ammunition
arms with explosive bullets and ammunition for

small arms with explosive projectiles must be well packed
and properly secured in strong wooden or metal containers.
The gross weight of the outside package must
not exceed 150 pounds.
for small
(b)
plainly
marked
"AMMUNITION FOR SMALL ARMS WITH EXPLOSIVE BULLETS" or "AMMUNITION FOR SMALL
ARMS WITH EXPLOSIVE PROJECTILES," as the case
may
be.
Ammunition for small arms with explosive bullets

ammunition for small arms with explosive projectiles
must not be offered for transportation by rail express,
except as provided in 73.86 and 75.675.
(c)
or
(a) When
73.59 Chemical ammunition, explosive,
chemical elements of ammunition are shipped assembled
with their detonating fuzes or bursting charges, they
must be shipped in conformity with the regulations prescribed for explosive articles, class A, see 73.56. For
shipment of these articles not containing ignition elements,
bursting charges, detonating fuzes, or other explosive
components, see 73.330, 73.350, and 73.383.
For
1327
shipment of these articles assembled with their ignition
elements or expelling charges but without any detonating
or bursting charge see 73.88 (d).
Chemical ammunition, explosive must not be ofrail express, except as provided
(b)
fered for transportation by

in 73.86 and 75.675.
ridges not over 12 inches long authorized only for compressed pellets (cylindrical block) % inch or more in diameter.
Boxes must be lined as prescribed for cylindrical
fiber cartridges. Gross weight not to exceed 65 pounds.
Low
(d)
explosives (not black powder) may in addition
to the containers specified in paragraph (a) of this section,
in containers complying with the following
specifications:
be shipped
Black powder and low explosives, (a) Black
73.60
powder and low explosives must be packed in containers
complying with the following

(1)
Spec. 10B.
Wooden
specifications:
barrels or kegs.
Not over 200
pounds gross weight.

(2)
Spec. 13.
Net weight not
Metal kegs, not less than 7 inches long.

than 6& pounds nor more than 150
less
pounds.
(3) Bundles of metal kegs, spec. 13, firmly tied together with rope and wrapped in strong burlap, canvas,
or similar material, securely sewed and roped, authorized.
Net weight of powder must not exceed 100 pounds.
(4) Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A. Wooden boxes with inside
containers which must be spec. 13, metal kegs, or fiber
or metal containers not over Di pounds capacity each,
or cotton bags of at least 4 ounce cotton duck not over
25 pounds capacity each. The gross weight of spec. 14
boxes not to exceed 140 pounds and the gross weight of
spec. ISA or 16A boxes not to exceed 200 pounds.

cylindrical fiber cartridges not over 5 inches diameter nor
over 18 inches long with fiber at least 0.05 inch thick
paraffined on outer surface with joints securely glued or
cemented, or strong paraffined paper cartridges not over
12 inches long authorized only for compressed pellets
(cylindrical block) % inch or more in diameter.
Boxes
must be completely lined with strong paraffined paper or
other suitable waterproofed material without joints or
other openings at the bottom or sides. Authorized gross
weight not to exceed 75 pounds.

(6) Spec. 12H, 23F, or 23H.
Fiberboard boxes with
inside cylindrical fiber cartridges not over 5 inches diameter nor over 18 inches long with fiber at least 0.05 inch
thick paraffined on outer surface with jonits securely
glued or cemented, or strong paraffined paper cartridges
not over 12 inches long authorized only for compressed

(cylindrical block) Js inch or more in diameter.
pellets
Boxes must be completely lined with strong paraffined

paper or other suitable waterproofed material without
joints or other openings at the bottom or sides. Authorized
gross weight not to exceed 65 pounds.
(b) Black powder (not low explosives) in addition to
containers specified in paragraph (a) of this section, must
be shipped in containers complying with the following
specifications:
containers which must be cloth or paper bags of capacity
not exceeding 25 pounds net weight, provided the completed shipping package shall be capable of standing a
drop of 4 feet without rupture of inner or outer containers.
The completed package must not exceed 50
pounds, net weight, of black powder.
Spec. 12H, 23F, or 23H. Fiberboard boxes with

inside containers which must be cloth or paper bags of
capacity not exceeding 25 pounds, net weight, or inside
fiber or metal containers having not over 1 pound capacity
each, provided the completed shipping package shall be
capable of withstanding a drop of 4 feet without rupture
of inner or outer containers.
The tubes of the box
may be eliminated and a single tube as specified in spec.
(2)
23F may be substituted. The completed package shall

not contain more than 50 pounds, net weight, of black
powder.
17E. Metal drums (single-trip), not over

(3) Spec.
5 gallons capacity each, without opening except bunghole
not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter. Authorized for carload or truckload shipments only.
Black pellet powder primed with an electric squib

secured inside the coaxial hole of the pellet powder with
loose ends of the wires of the squib effectively short-
Wooden boxes with inside

(1) Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A.
containers which must be strong paper bags of capacity
not exceeding 25 pounds. Gross weight of spec. 14 box
must not exceed 140 pounds. Gross weight of spec. 15A
or 16A box must not exceed 200 pounds.
Spec. 12H, 23F, or 23H. Fiberboard boxes with
containers which must be strong paper bags of
capacity not exceeding 25 pounds. Gross weight 'must
not exceed 65 pounds.
(2)
inside
(3) Spec 15A. Wooden boxes, lined, spec. 2L. Authorized only for low explosives in the form of hard nonplastic
rods or cylinders not less than %-inch diameter.
(e)
stamped,
or
stenciled
plainly marked,
or
"BLACK POWDER"
EXPLOSIVES," and may
also
"LOW
show "BLASTING," "RI-
"BLACK BLASTING POWDER," "BLACK

RIFLE POWDER," "LOW BLASTING EXPLOSIVE"
or "BLACK PELLET POWDER," as the case may be.
FLE,"
etc., as
(1) Inside containers of over 1% pounds capacity each

in boxes, must be packed with filling holes up, and the
boxes must be marked on top "THIS SIDE UP."
(2) Additional marks, trade names, etc., may appear

desired, but such additional marking must not be more
conspicuous than nor obscure the marking prescribed
if
herein.
powder and low explosives must not be

(f) Black
offered for transportation by rail express, except as provided in 73.86 and 75.675.
High explosives, (a) High explosives (dyna 73.61
mite), except gelatin dynamite, when offered for transportation by rail freight or highway must not contain
in excess of 60 percent of liquid explosive ingredient and
when offered for transportation by carrier by water must
not contain in excess of 75 percent of liquid explosive
ingredient. Maximum limit of liquid explosive ingredient
specified for transportation by carrier by water applies
only for such explosives as consist principally of wood
pulp or other satisfactory absorbent and liquid explosive,
which are comparable with good commercial dynamite
under tests as to leakage of liquid ingredient and sensitiveness to the shocks of transportation, and for shipments
that are otherwise in compliance with the regulations in
Parts 71-78 for the transportation of high explosives.
(b) High explosives consisting of a liquid mixed with
an absorbent material must have the absorbent (wood
pulp or similar material) in sufficient quantity and of
satisfactory quality, properly dried at the time of mixing;

nitrate of soda must be dried at the time of mixing
to less than 1 percent of moisture; and the ingredient
must be uniformly mixed so that the liquid will remain
thoroughly
ditions
absorbed under the most unfavorable con-
incident to
transportation.
High explosives containing nitroglycerin or other

liquid explosive ingredients must have uniformly mixed
with an absorbent material a satisfactory antacid, which
must be in quantity sufficient to have the acid neutralizing
power of an amount of magnesium carbonate equal to
(c)
per cent of the nitroglycerin or other liquid explosive
ingredient.
(d) Cartridges shall consist of a column of explosives
completely inclosed in shell made of strong paper or
polyethylene or a combination of paper and polyethylene,
so treated that it will not absorb the liquid ingredient
of the explosive.
(e) Bags shall be made of strong
efficient material so treated or of such
paper or equally
nature that
it
will
not absorb the liquid ingredient of the explosive.
(c)
circuited may be shipped in containers

the following specifications:
complying with
(1) Spec. 14, 15 A, or 16A. Wooden boxes with inside

cartridges which must be strong paraffined paper cart-
(f) All. boxes in which high explosives are packed must

be lined with strong paraffined paper or other suitable
material, except as provided in paragraph (j) of this
section, 73.64 (a) (5), and 73.65 (a) (5) of this part.
Lining must be without joints or other openings or with
cemented joints at the bottom, ends, or sides of boxes,
and for explosives with liquid ingredients must be im-
SECTION
1328
11
pervious to such ingredient and also to water. Covers

of boxes must be protected from contact with explosives
by lining paper or other suitable material. (See spec. 2L,
for authorized lining material.)
(g) Before cartridges or bags of explosives are packed
boxes, lined in accordance with paragraph (f) of this
section, dry fine wood pulp or sawdust at least % inch
in depth must be spread over the bottom of boxes to
be used for all gelatin explosives. Dry fine wood pulp
or sawdust must also be used in similar manner for
packing all non-gelatinous types of explosives containing
30 percent or more liquid explosive ingredient.
in
(h) All cartridges exceeding 4 inches in length except

gelatin dynamite, or high explosives containing more than
10 percent of a liquid explosive ingredient, must be
placed horizontally in boxes. Bags must be packed with
their filling holes up.
(i)
Movement of cartridges and bags of high explosives
within the boxes shall be prevented by sufficiently tight
packing.
High explosives (dynamite), except gelatin dynapacked in bags or in cartridges in excess of 2 inches
in diameter and containing not more than 30 percent
liquid explosive ingredients may be packed in outside
containers without sawdust and without lining paper
provided either each inside or outside container is siftproof and is so treated as to prevent penetration by the
commodity with which the container is filled for shipping.
High explosives packed in boxes consisting ot one

tube closed at the ends are exempt from the requirements
of 73.61 (d), (f), and (g) of this part. Gross weight of
boxes not to exceed 65 pounds.
part.
(c)
as prescribed in 73.61 (a) to (i), inclusive, of this part,

except as otherwise specified, and in containers complying
with the following specifications:
(1)
(1)
Spec. 15L.
Wooden
SIVESDANGEROUS"
inch in height.
The
boxes which must be plainly
end "HIGH EXPLOnot less than 7/16

must be marked "THIS
side or
in
Wooden
boxes.
Metal inside contain-
ers shall contain not more than 10 quarts liquid explosives each. Boxes must be plainly marked on top and
on one side or end
OUS" in letters not less than 7/16 inch in height. The
"HIGH EXPLOSIVES
(3)
Spec.
(b)
High
MC-200. Motor vehicle container.

explosives,
transportation
73.86 and
DANGER-
must be marked "THIS SIDE UP."
tops of boxes
by
rail
liquid,
express,
must not be offered

except
as
provided
for
in
75.675.
High explosive with liquid explosive ingreHigh explosives (dynamite) containing not more
than 30 percent liquid explosive ingredients must be pre73.63
dient,
Wooden
boxes, or spec.
(2)
Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A.
Wooden
boxes, or spec.
12H, 23F, or 23H, fiberboard boxes, with inside containers which n.ust be paraffined two-ply paper bags not
exceeding 12% pounds capacity, securely closed by folding
the tops and securing the fold by tape, with not more
than two such bags inserted into another two-ply paper
bag which must be securely closed and dipped in paraffin after closing, or with not more than two inside containers which must be securely closed polyethylene bags
not less than 0.004 inches in thickness of not more than
12% pounds capacity each packed in a securely closed polyethylene or paper bag and packed in polyethylene lined
outside fiberboard boxes. Gross weight of wooden boxes
not to exceed 75 pounds and gross weight of fiberboard
boxes not to exceed 65 pounds.
(d)
gelatin)
Spec. 15M.
15A, or 16A.
letters
cops of boxes
SIDE UP."
(2)
14,
diameter or 8 inches in length, or cartridges not exceeding

5 inches in diameter or 10 inches in length, provided each
such cartridge is enclosed alone, or with other cartridges
in another strong paper shell and the resulting cartridge
dipped in melted paraffin or equivalent material. The
length of such completed cartridge shall not exceed 30
inches. Gross weight of wooden boxes not to exceed 75
pounds and gross weight of fiberboard boxes not to exceed
65 pounds.
(j)
marked on top and on one
Spec.
12H, 23F, or 23H, fiberboard boxes with inside containers which must be cartridges not exceeding 4 inches in
mite,
High explosives, liquid, (a) Liquid explosives

73.62
as defined in 73.53 (e) must be packed in specification
containers as follows:
High explosives (dynamite) containing more than
30 percent liquid explosive ingredients must be prepared
(a)
pared
as prescribed in 73.61 of this part, except as

otherwise specified, and packed in containers complying
Fiberboard boxes. Not more than one

(1) Spec. 23G.
cartridge in each box. High explosives packed in boxes
consisting of more than one tube joined circumferentially
are exempt from the requirements of 73.61 (f) and
(g)
of this part. High explosives packed in boxes consisting
of one tube closed at the ends are exempt from the requirements of 73.61 (d), (f), and (g) of this part. Gross
weight of boxes not to exceed 65 pounds.
Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A. Wooden boxes, or spec.
12H, 23F, or 23H, fiberboard boxes, with inside containers
which must be cartridges not exceeding 12 inches in
diameter or 50 pounds in weight with length not to exceed 36 inches, or bags not exceeding 50 pounds each
securely closed so as to prevent leakage therefrom. Gross
weight of wooden boxes not to exceed 75 pounds and
gross weight of fiberboard boxes not to exceed 65 pounds.
(2)
(b) High explosives (dynamite) containing 10 percent

or less of a liquid explosive ingredient in cartridges or
bags as prescribed in 73.61 (d) and (e) may be packed
in wooden boxes, spec. 14, 15A, or 16A, gross weight
not to exceed 140 pounds, or fiberboard boxes, spec. 12H,
23F, or 23H, gross weight not to exceed 65 pounds.
(1) High explosives (dynamite) containing 10 percent
or less of a liquid explosive ingredient may be packed in
fiberboard boxes, spec. 23G. Not more than one cartridge
in each box. High explosives packed in boxes consisting
of more than one tube joined circumferentially are exempt from the requirements of 73.61 (f) and (g) of this
(i)
High explosives (gelatin dynamite and blasting

must be prepared as prescribed in 73.61 (a) to
inclusive of this part, except as otherwise specified,

in containers complying with the following specifica-
and
tions:
Not more than

Fiberboard boxes.
(1) Spec. 23G.
one cartridge in each box. High explosives packed in
boxes consisting of more than one tube joined circumferentially are exempt from the requirements of 73.61
(f)
and (g) or when packed in boxes consisting of one
tube closed at the ends are exempt from the requirements
of 73.61 (d) to (g), inclusive. Gross weight of boxes
not to exceed 65 pounds.
Wooden boxes, or spec

(2) Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A.
12H, 23F, or 23H, fiberboard boxes, with inside containwhich must be cartridges not exceeding 12 inches in
diameter or 50 pounds in weight with length not to exceed 36 inches, or bags not exceeding 12% pounds each.
Bags if not completely sealed against leakage by method
of closure must be packed with filling holes up. Gross
weight of wooden boxes not to exceed 75 pounds and
gross weight of fiberboard boxes not to exceed 65 pounds.
ers
(3)
(gelatin dynamite or blasting gelain a package consisting of not more
High explosives
may be shipped
than 6 cartridges of
32 inches in length
with heavy paper in
tin)
such explosives, each not exceeding

or 5 inches in diameter, cartridged
such manner as to have the approxi-
mate strength of a spec. 23G container, which cartridges

shall in turn be placed in a 10-ply paper tube not exceeding 11 feet in length. The outer paper tube must be
equipped with a metal cone or equally efficient device
on one end which shall serve to close that end of the
tube and to the metal cone shall be affixed a wire threaded
through fiber tubes
of the 6 cartridges
running through the
ter, two wires may
running through the center of each

or as alternative to the single wire
cartridges in the outer tube at a cenbe applied, one on each side of the
cartridges and between the outside of the cartridges and

the inside of the outer tube. In either event, cartridges
and the outer tube shall be securely closed so as to prevent
spilling of any loose explosive under any conditions normally incident to transportation and cartridges shall be
so loaded and stayed within the car or motor vehicle as
to prevent damage to individual containers.
The total
gross weight of each completed package shall not exceed
125 pounds. Shipments are authorized in carload or truckload lots only without transfer of packages other than
such transfers as may be necessary in the event of mechanical failure of the car or vehicle in which originally
loaded.
1329
High explosives
(e)
gelatin dynamites of 80
(straight
per cent strength and over and blasting gelatin) must be

packed in cartridges or in bulk in outside boxes. When
packed in bulk in boxes double lining paper throughout
must be used. Containers must comply with the following specifications:
Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A.
(1)
Wooden
boxes.
Spec. 12H, 23F, 23G, or 23H. Fiberboard boxes.

Spec. 23G must be packed in an outer container consisting of at least 7-ply heavy Kraft paper (see 73.25 for
additional required marking.)
(2)
(3) Gross weight of wooden boxes not to exceed 75

pounds. Gross weight of fiberboard boxes not to exceed
65 pounds.
(f)
Boxes containing high explosives must be plainly
side or end, except those
made
compliance with spec. 23G which must be marked

on the side or end, and kegs, drums, or barrels containing
high explosives must be marked on both ends, "HIGH
EXPLOSIVES
DANGEROUS" in letters not less than
7/16 inch in height. The tops of boxes, except those
made in compliance with spec. 23G, must be marked
"THIS SIDE UP."
in
High explosives with no liquid explosive in 73.65

gredient nor any chlorate, (a) High explosives containing
no liquid explosive ingredient nor any chlorate if their
sensitiveness to percussion is not greater than that measured by the blow delivered by an 8-pound weight dropping from a distance of 7 inches on a compressed pellet
of the explosive three-hundredths of an inch thick and
two-tenths of an inch in diameter, confined rigidly between hard steel surfaces as in the standard Impact Testing Apparatus of the Bureau of Explosives, must be packed
in cartridges, or in bags or metal containers in outside
boxes. They must be packed in cartridges when their
sensitiveness is greater than the limit prescribed in this
section.
Such explosives when dry may be packed in
strong sift-proof cloth or paper bags or metal containers
of capacity not exceeding 25 pounds. These explosives
must be packed in outside containers complying with
(g) High explosives with liquid explosive ingredient

must not be offered for transportation by rail express,
73.64
High explosives with no liquid explosive ingredient and propellant explosives, class A. (a) High explosives containing no liquid explosive ingredients if their
sensitiveness to percussion is not greater than that measured by the blow delivered by an 8-pound weight dropping from a distanct of 7 inches on a compressed pellet
of the explosive three-hundredths of an inch thick and
two-tenths of an inch in diameter, confined rigidly between
hard steel surfaces as in the standard Impact Testing Apparatus of the Bureau of Explosives, must be packed in
cartridges or in bags in outside boxes. They must be
(1)
cartridges when their sensitiveness is greater

than the limit prescribed herein. Such explosives when
dry may be packed in strong sift-proof cloth or paper
bags of capacity not exceeding "25 pounds. These explosives must be packed in outside containers complying
in
Wooden
(1)
Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A.
(2)
Spec. 12H, 23F, or 23H.
(3)
Spec.
Wooden
Spec. 12H, 23F, or 23H. Fiberboard boxes.
(3)
Spec. 10B.
barrels or kegs.
When such explosives contain over 5 percent moisboxes must be lined with strong paraffined paper or
other authorized material, spec. 2L.
(5)
ture,
When
such explosives are in combination cartridges,

of explosives with core of dynamite,
they may be shipped when packed in outside boxes with
65 pounds as the maximum gross weight. The column of
explosives must be completely inclosed in waterproofed
cloth or strong waterproofed paper and must not exceed
6 inches in diameter, 20 inches in length, or gross weight
of 25 pounds.
(6)
column
Fiberboard boxes. Such explosives

boxes consisting of more than one tube
joined circumferentially are exempt from requirements
of 73.61 (f) and (g) of this part or when packed in boxes
consisting of one tube closed at the ends are exempt from
requirements of 73.61 (d) to (g) inclusive, of this part.
The gross weight of boxes not to exceed 65 pounds.
(7)
Spec.
when packed
b)
23G.
in
made
in compliance with spec. 23G which must be marked on

the side or end, and kegs, drums, or barrels containing
EXPLOSIVES
DANGEROUS" in letters not less than
7/16 inch in height.
High explosives with no
liquid explosive ingredient

must not be offered for transportation by rail express, except as provided in 73.86 and 75.675.
(c)
(d) Propellant explosives, class A, must be packed in

containers as prescribed in 73.93. Each outside con-
Wooden
barrels or kegs.
Gross weight of wooden boxes not to exceed 140

65 pounds.
(4)
(5) When such explosives contain over 5 per cent

moisture, boxes must be lined with strong paraffined paper
or other authorized material, spec. 2L.
(6)
When
such explosives are in combination cartridges,

of explosives with core of dynamite,
be shipped when packed in outside boxes with
consisting of
they
may
column
as the maximum gross weight. The column of

explosives must be completely inclosed in waterproofed
cloth or strong waterproofed paper and must not exceed
6 inches in diameter, 20 inches in length, or gross weight
of 25 pounds.
65 pounds
Spec.
when packed
(4) Gross weight of wooden boxes not to exceed 140

65 pounds.
consisting of
1:
(2)
(7)
10B.
boxes.
Wooden
boxes, having inside metal containers which are tightly and securely closed, may be
equipped with hand holes in each end which must be not
more than one inch by four inches and centered laterally
not nearer than 1% inches from top edge of end of box.
boxes.
Fiberboard boxes.
Wooden
Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A.
NOTE
packed
"PROPELLANT EXPLO-
must be plainly marked

SIVES, CLASS A."
tainer
23G.
Fiberboard
Such explosives
more than one tube
boxes.
in boxes consisting of
joined circumferentially are exempt from requirements of

73.61 (f) and (g) of this part or when packed in boxes
consisting of one tube closed at the ends are exempt from
requirements of 73.61 (d) to (g) inclusive, of this part.
The gross weight of boxes not to exceed 65 pounds.
(b) Amatol consisting of 80 percent ammonium nitrate
and 20 percent trinitrotoluene, ammonium picrate, nitro-
guanidine, nitrourea, urea nitrate, picric acid, tetryl, trinitroresorcinol, trinitrotoluene, pentolite, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (desensitized), and soda amatol, in dry condition, in addition to containers prescribed in paragraphs
(a) (1) to (5) of this section, may be shipped in containers
complying with the following specifications:
(1) Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A. Wooden boxes with strong
paper or cloth bags of capacity not exceeding 50 pounds,
packed with filling holes up.
to
(2) Spec. 21A or 21B.

exceed 200 pounds.
Fiber drums.
Net weight not
(c) Trinitrotoluene and pentolite, in dry condition, in

addition to containers prescribed in paragraphs (a) (1) to
(5) and (b) (1) and (2) of this section, may be shipped in
specification containers as follows:
(1) Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A. Wooden boxes with strong

paper or cloth bags of capacity not exceeding 100 pounds,
packed with filling holes up.
(2) Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A.
siftproof liners, spec. 2L.
Wooden
boxes with strong
(d) The following materials may be shipped dry, in

quantity not exceeding 4 ounces in one outside package
for medicinal purposes or as reagents, by carriers by rail
freight, rail express, highway, or water, as drugs, medicines, or chemicals, without other restrictions, when in
securely closed bottles or jars properly cushioned to prevent breakage:
SECTION
(1)
1330
11
Ammonium
picrate
9)
Trinitroanisole
minimum
strength (Mullen or Cady

Individual charges of explosives shall
be packed in inside securely closed, waterproof plastic
containers, or in securely closed waterproof fiberboard
containers having metal ends. Gross weight not to exceed
65 pounds. Inside individual containers shall be separated by means of double-faced corrugated fiberboard partitions of material not less than 175-pound Mullen or
78.205-15) having
of 200 pounds.
test)
(2)
Dipicrylamine
(10) Trinitrobenzene
(3)
Dipicryl sulfide
(11) Trinitrobenzoic acid
Dinitrophenylhydrazine
(12) Trinitro-m-cresol
(5)
Nitroguanidine
(13) Trinitronaphthalene
(6)
Picramide
(14) Trinitroresorcinol
(4)
Cady
(i)
(7)
(8)
(15) Trinitrotoluene
Picric acid
Picryl chloride
(16)
Urea
nitrate
(e) Ammonium picrate, picric acid, urea nitrate, trinicyclotritrinitrotoluene,

trinitroresorcinol,
trobenzene,
methylene-trinitramine, and trinitrobenzoic acid when wet
pounds
water
to
each
pounds
of
90
with not less than 10
of dry material must be shipped in containers complying
(1)
Spec. 10B.
Wooden
barrels or kegs.
Not over 50
(2)
(See 73.192 for shipments of wet ammonium picpicric acid, wet trinitrobenzoic acid, and wet
wet
rate,
urea nitrate not in excess of 16 ounces and 73.193 for

shipments of wet picric acid, wet trinitrobenzoic acid, and
wet urea nitrate not in excess of 25 pounds.) (See 73.212
for shipments of wet trinitrobenzene and wet trinitrotoluene not in excess of 16 ounces.)
(3)
21B
Spec.
5B metal
barrels or
drums or Spec. 21A or
drums. Authorized only for cyelotrimethylenewet with not less than 10 pounds of water to
each 90 pounds of dry material in inside containers which
must be bags made of at least 10-ounce cotton duck,
rubber, or rubberized cloth and securely closed. The dry
weight of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine in one container
must not exceed 300 pounds. These bags containing the
cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine must then be placed in a
rubber bag, rubberized cloth bag or bag made of suitable
fiber
trinitramine
water-tight material which must be securely closed and

then placed in the drum. If shipment of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine is to take place at a time freezing weather
is to be anticipated, it must be wet with a mixture of
denatured ethyl alcohol or other suitable anti-freeze and
water of such proportions that freezing will not occur
in transit.
made
EXPLOSIVES
DANGEROUS"
in letters not less than

in height. The tops of boxes, except those referred to in paragraph (a) (1) to (a) (7) of this section,
7/16 inch
must be marked "THIS SIDE UP."

(k) High explosives with no liquid explosive ingredient nor any chlorate must not be offered for transpor-
by
rail express,
except as provided in
73.86 and
75.675.
73.66 Blasting caps and electric blasting caps, (a)

Blasting caps, blasting caps with safety fuse or electric
blasting caps in quantity of 1,000 or less are classiffied
as class C explosives. See 73.103 of this part.
(b) The outside of all blasting caps and electric blasting caps must be free from fulminate or other explosive
compositions.
(c) Blasting caps containing not to exceed 50 grains
of explosive composition each must be placed in strong
interior containers, in which they must fit snugly. When
caps are loaded vertically in interior metal containers,
they must be covered by suitable elastic material placed
over the caps. Not more than 100 such blasting caps may
be packed in a single container. All inside containers
must then be packed snugly in cartons or wrappings made
of paper or pasteboard.
(d)
Not more than 5,000 blasting
caps, not exceeding
50 grains of explosive composition each, packed in inner

containers as prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section,
must be packed in outside, containers complying with the
following specifications:
(1) Spec. 13A.

gross weight.
(g)
23G which must be marked

on the side or end, and kegs, drums, or barrels containing
compliance with spec.
Amatol when
cast in a solid block or column, in

addition to containers prescribed in paragraph (a) (1) to
(5) of this section, may be shipped in specification containers as follows:
(f)

in
tation
gallons nominal capacity.
test.
Metal drums not exceeding 90 pounds
Nitrocellulose
complying with specs.

ages which must be:
must be packed
14, 15A, or
in wooden boxes
16A, with inside pack-
Inside packages containing not more than 1 pound

each of dry, uncompressed nitrocellulose, wrapped in
strong paraffined paper or suitable sparkproof material.
Completed outside package not to contain more than 10
(1)
pounds dry
nitrocellulose.
Inside package containing compressed sticks or

blocks of dry nitrocellulose wrapped in strong paraffined
paper. Gross weight not to exceed 75 pounds.
(2)
(h) Shaped charges, commercial, having exposed lined

conical cavities must have such cavities effectively filled;
those having conical cavities that are covered shall be
paired together with the cavities facing each other and
with one or more pairs in a fiber tube, or so arranged that
the conical cavities of the shaped charges at the ends
of the column face toward the center of the tube. The
shaped charges in the fiber tubes must fit snugly with
no excess space and the fiber tubes containing the shaped
charges must be packed snugly with no excess space in
the outside containers. Shaped charges, commercial, must
be packed in specification containers as follows:
(1) Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A.
Wooden
boxes. Gross weight
(1) Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A. Wooden boxes (see 73.67

(a) (1), Note 1) or spec. 12H, 23F, or 23H, fiberboard
boxes, with inside containers which must be cartons or
wrappings with inside containers as prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section, which must be separated from the
outside box by at least one inch of tightly packed sawdust, excelsior, or equivalent cushioning material. Gross

(e) More than 5,000 blasting caps, not exceeding 50
grains of explosive composition each, packed in inner
containers as prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section,
must be packed in outside containers complying with the
(1) Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A. Wooden boxes (see & 73.67
wrappings with inner containers as prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section, packed in an inside box made
of sound lumber, a hermetically sealed metal box of metal
not less than 30 gauge United States standard, or a sealed
package made of 6 ply Sisalkraft Asphalt Laminated
sheeting, or its equivalent; Asphalt Laminated sheeting
shall consist of 2 plies of strong fibers, 2 plies of pliable
asphalt, and 2 plies of protective cover. The minimum
tensile strength shall be 20 pounds per inch width in
each direction. The laminated sheet shall have a minimum
water resistance of 24 hours and a maximum water permeability of 4 grams per square meter per 24 hours. The
inside wooden box, metal box, or sealed package must
be separated at all points from the outside box by at
least one inch of tightly packed sawdust, excelsior, or
equivalent cushioning material. Gross weight not to ex-
ceed 150 pounds.
Spec. 12H, 23F, or 23H. Fiberboard boxes. Gross

to
(3) Spec. 12B. Fiberboard boxes which must be manufactured of at least 275-pound strength (Mullen or Cady
test) double-wall corrugated fiberboard and shall be provided with double-faced corrugated lining board (see
(f) Blasting caps containing in excess of 50 grains of

explosive composition each must be packed in containers
(2)
than 20,000 blasting caps containing not

(2) More
exceed 50 grains of explosive composition each, must
not be placed in one outside package.
1331
Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A. Wooden boxes (see 73.67
(Note 1, of this part) with inside containers which
interior containers, in which they must
When caps are loaded vertically in interior
fit snugly.
metal containers, they must be covered by suitable elastic
material placed over the caps. Not more than 10 such
blasting caps may be packed in a single inside container.
All inside containers must then be packed snugly in cartons or wrappings made of paper or pasteboard. The
cartons or wrappings must be separated from outside box
by at least 1 inch of tightly packed sawdust, excelsior, or
equivalent cushioning material. Not more than 500 caps
containing in excess of 50 grains of explosive composition
each may be placed in one outside package. Gross weight
(1)
(a)
(1)
must have strong
Electric blasting caps must be packed in containcomplying with the following specifications:
(g)
ers
(1) Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A. Wooden boxes (see 73.67

boxes, with inside containers which must be pasteboard
cartons containing not more than 100 caps each, or pasteboard tube inclosing each cap with wires or with the
wires wrapped around the tube. Gross weight of wooden
boxes containing pasteboard cartons must not exceed 150
pounds, except for export shipment. Gross weight of
wooden boxes containing pasteboard tube must not ex-
ceed 75 pounds.
(h)
wires wrapped around the tube or spool. Gross weight

of wooden boxes containing pasteboard cartons must not
exceed 150 pounds, except for export shipment. Gross
weight of wooden boxes containing pasteboard or plastic
tube inclosing each primer with wires, or pasteboard,
wooden, metal, or plastic tubes or spools with the wires
wrapped around the tube or spool must not exceed 75
pounds.
Each outside container must be
plainly
HANDLE
HANDLE CAREFULLY,"
NOTE 1: The number
as the case
of caps
marked
CAREFULBLASTING CAPS
may
be.
must be shown
in the
75.675.
NOTE 1: Radiation on the surface of any detonating

fuze, class A, having a radioactive component shall not
exceed 100 milliroentgens per hour and the radiation at
the surface of the outside shipping
Blasting caps with safety fuse, (a) Ten or

73.67
less of the interior containers of not more than 100 blasting caps each, containing not to exceed 50 grains of
explosive composition each, packed as prescribed in 73.66
(c) of this part, in the same outside container with safety
fuse must be shipped in containers complying with the
(1) Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A. Wooden boxes (see Note 1
of this paragraph) or spec. 12H, 23F or 23H, fiberboard
wrappings with inner containers as prescribed in 73.66
(c), placed in the center of a coil of fuse and secured and
cushioned therein to prevent movement therefrom. Gross
NOTE
1: Closing of outside boxes by nailing tops in

place with uncoated nails, at not over 3-inch centers into
ends, and at not over 6-inch centers into sides, is authorized. Sizes of these nails must be not less than the following:
3-penny into ends and sides not over % inch thick.
4-penny into ends and
sides over
% but not over &
inch thick.
into ends and sides over Yi but not over %
inch thick.
6-penny into ends and sides over % but not over
13/16 inch thick.
7-penny into ends and sides over 13/16 inch thick.
5-penny
outside
container must be plainly marked
BLASTING CAPS WITH SAFETY FUSEHANDLE CAREFULLY."
"(number)
1:
container shall not
(b) The gross weight of one outside package containing

detonating fuzes, class A, must not exceed 190 pounds.
Boosters, bursters and supplementary charges, without
detonators, when shipped separately, must not exceed
a gross weight of 300 pounds.
(c)
Blasting caps and electric blasting caps must not

be offered for transportation by rail express, except as
provided in 73.86 and 75.675.
(i)
NOTE
marked
Detonating fuzes, class A, with or without

73.69
radioactive components, detonating fuze parts containing
an explosive, boosters, bursters, or supplementary charges.
(a) Detonating fuzes, class A with or without radioactive
components, detonating fuze parts containing an explosive,
boosters, bursters, or supplementary charges, when shipped
not assembled in projectiles, bombs, etc., must be packed
and well secured in strong tight wooden or metal boxes.
marking.
Each
plainly
Detonating primers must not be offered for transportation by rail express, except as provided in 73.86 and
(c)
exceed 200 milliroentgens per hour.
"(number) BLASTING CAPS

LY," or "(number) ELECTRIC
(b)
(b)
"DETONATING PRIMERS HANDLE CAREFULLY."
The number
of caps
must be shown
in the
marking.
plainly
marked
"DETONATING FUZES, CLASS A. EXPLOSIVESHANDLE CAREFULLY DO NOT STORE OR LOAD

WITH ANY HIGH EXPLOSIVES," or "DETONATING
FUZES, CLASS A EXPLOSIVES, RADIOACTIVE
HANDLE CAREFULLY DO NOT STORE OR LOAD
WITH ANY HIGH EXPLOSIVES," or "BOOSTERS (EXPLOSIVE) HANDLE CAREFULLY," or "BURSTERS
(EXPLOSIVE)-HANDLE CAREFULLY," or "SUPPLE-
MENTARY CHARGES (EXPLOSIVE) HANDLE CAREFULLY,"
as the case
may
be.
Detonating fuzes, class A, boosters, bursters or

supplementary charges must not be offered for transportation by rail express, except as provided in 73.86 and
(d)
75.675.
Diazodinitrophenol or lead mononitroresoroffering of diazodinitrophenol or lead mononitroresorcinate in a dry condition for transportation by
common carriers by rail freight, rail express, highway, or
water is forbidden, except as a component of manufactured articles such as percussion caps, detonators, blasting
caps, and exploders, the transportation of which is author
73.70
cinate.
(a)
The
ized in this part.
Diazodinitrophenol
mononitroresorcinate
than 40 percent by
weight of water in specification containers 5 or 5B metal
barrels or drums or 10B wooden barrels or kegs, with
inside containers which must be bags made of at least
10-ounce cotton duck, rubber, or rubberized cloth, which
must be securely closed. The dry weight of diazodinitrophenol in one container must not exceed 220 pounds and
the dry weight of lead mononitroresorcinate in one container must not exceed 100 pounds. The bags containing diazodinitrophenol or lead mononitroresorcinate must
be placed in a rubber bag, rubberized cloth bag, or bag
made of suitable watertight material and then placed in
the barrel, keg, or drum. Any empty space in the outside
bag must be filled with water and this bag securely
(b)
or
must be packed wet with not
lead
less
closed.
Blasting caps with safety fuse must not be offered
(c)
for transportation
by
rail
express, except as provided in
73 86 and 75.675.
Detonating primers, (a) Detonating primers
must be packed in containers complying with the follow
73.68
ing specifications:
Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A. Wooden boxes (see 73.67

(a) (1), Note 1) or spec. 12H, 23F or 23H, fiberboard boxes,
with inside containers which must be pasteboard cartons
containing not more than 50 primers each, or pasteboard
or plastic tube inclosing each primer with wires, or pasteboard, wooden, metal, or plastic tubes or spools with
(1)
(c)
lowed
Sufficient outage in outside container must be alto prevent rupturing of container in freezing wea-
ther, or a
be used to
(d)
mixture of denatured alcohol and water

prevent freezing in transit.
Each
barrel,
may
box, drum, or keg must be plainly
EXPLOSIVE DANGEROUSDO NOT STORE OR LOAD WITH ANY HIGH EX-
marked
"INITIATING
PLOSIVE."
Diazodinitrophenol or lead mononitroresorcinate,
(e)
wet, must not be offered for transportation by rail express,
SECTION
11
1332
Fulminate of mercury, (a) The offering of

73.71
fulminate of mercury in a dry condition for transportation by common carriers by rail freight, rail express, highway, or water is forbidden, except as a component of
manufactured articles such as percussion caps, detonators,
blasting caps, and exploders, the transportation of which
is authorized in this part.
Fulminate of mercury must be packed wet with
(b)
not less than 25 percent by weight of water in specification containers 5 or 5B metal barrels or drums, 17H
metal drums (single-trip), or 10B wooden barrels or kegs,
with inside container which must be a bag made of
4-ounce duck. Inside the bag and over the fulminate
there must be placed a cap of the same fabric, of the
same diameter as the bag. The bag must be securely tied
and placed in a strong grain bag. This grain bag must
also be securely tied. The dry weight of fulminate in one
container must not exceed 150 pounds. The bag and
contents must be packed in the center of the wooden
barrel or keg, metal barrel or drum, and must be entirely
surrounded by not less than 3 inches of a well-packed
sawdust saturated with water. The wooden barrel or keg,
or metal barrel or drum, must be lined with a heavy,
close-fitting, jute bag closed by secure sewing to prevent
The barrel, keg, or drum must be
escape of sawdust.
inspected carefully and all leaks -stopped.
shipment of fulminate is to take place at a time

that freezing weather is to be anticipated, a mixture of
denatured ethyl alcohol and water of such proportions
that freezing will not occur in transit must be used.
If
(c)
(d) Each barrel, keg or drum must be plainly marked

"INITIATING EXPLOSIVE DANGEROUSDO NOT
STORE OR LOAD WITH ANY HIGH EXPLOSIVE."
Fulminate of mercury, wet, must not be offered

for transportation by rail express, except as provided in
(e)
73.86 and
73.72
75.675.

surrounded by not less than 3 inches of well-packed sawdust saturated with water. The wooden barrel or keg,
or metal barrel or drum, must be lined with a heavy,
close-fitting, jute bag closed by secure sewing to prevent
escape of sawdust. The barrel, keg, or drum must be
inspected carefully and all leaks stopped.
(c) If shipment of lead azide is to take place at a
time that freezing weather is to be anticipated, a mixture
of denatured ethyl alcohol and water of such proportions
that freezing will not occur in transit must be used.
(d) Each barrel, keg, or drum must be plainly marked

"INITIATING EXPLOSIVE DANGEROUS DO NOT
Lead
by rail
(e)
tion
azide, wet, must not be offered for transportaexpress, except as provided in 73.86 and
75.675.
Lead styphnate. (a) The offering of lead

73.74
styphnate (lead trinitroresorcinate) in a dry condition for
transportation by common carriers by rail freight, rail
express, highway, or water is forbidden, except as a component of manufactured articles such as percussion caps,
detonators, blasting caps, and exploders, the transportation of which is authorized in this part.
The
offering of guanyl nitrosamino guanylidene hydrazine in a dry condition for transportation by common carriers by rail freight, rail express, highway, or water is
forbidden, except as a component of manufactured articles
such as percussion caps, detonators, blasting caps, and
exploders, the transportation of which is authorized in
(a)
(b) Lead azide, dextrinated type, or otherwise prepared to effectively control grain size, must be packed wet
with not less than 20 percent by weight of water in specification containers 5 or 5B metal barrels or drums, 17H
with inside container which must be a bag made of
4-ounce duck. Inside the bag and over the lead azide there
must be placed a cap of the same fabric, of the same
diameter as the bag. The bag must be securely tied and
placed in a strong grain bag. This grain bag must also
be securely tied. The dry weight of lead azide in one
this part.
(b) Guanyl nitrosamino guanylidene hydrazine must be
packed wet with not less than 30 percent by weight of
water in specification containers 5 or 5B metal barrels or
drums, 17H metal drums (single-trip), or 10B wooden
barrels or kegs, with inside container which must be a bag
made of 4-ounce duck. Inside the bag and over the guanyl nitrosamino guanylidene hydrazine there must be placed
a cap of the same fabric, of the same diameter as the
bag. The bag must be securely tied and placed in a strong
grain bag. This grain bag must also be securely tied. The
dry weight of guanyl nitrosamino guanylidene hydrazine
in one container must not exceed 75 pounds. The bag
and contents must be packed in the center of the wooden
surrounded by not less than 3 inches of well-packed saw-
dust saturated with water. The wooden barrel or keg, or

metal barrel or drum, must be lined with a heavy, closefitting, jute bag closed by secure sewing to prevent escape
of sawdust. The barrel, keg, or drum must be inspected
carefully and all leaks stopped.
shipment of guanyl nitrosamino guanylidene hydrazine is to take place at a time that freezing weather
is to be anticipated, a mixture of denatured ethyl alcohol
and water of such proportions that freezing will not occur in transit must be used.
(c)
If
(d; Each barrel, keg, or drum must be plainly marked

(e) Guanyl nitrosamino
guanylidene hydrazine, wet,
must not be offered for transportation by rail express, except as provided in 73.86 and 75.675.
(b) Lead styphnate (lead trinitroresorcinate) must be

packed wet with not less than 20 percent by weight of
water in specification containers 5 or 5B metal barrels or
drums, 17H metal drums (single-trip), or 10B wooden barrels or kegs, with inside container which must be a bag
made of rubber cloth. The lead styphnate within this bag
should be divided into a number of smaller packages.
There must be a cap of the same fabric and of the same
diameter as the bag over the lead styphnate and inside
the bag. The dry weight of lead styphnate in one outer
surrounded by not less than 3 inches of well-packed saw-
dust saturated with water. The wooden barrel or keg, or

carefully and all leaks stopped.
(c) If shipment of lead styphnate is to take place at a
time freezing weather is to be anticipated, it must be
wet with a mixture of denatured ethyl alcohol and water
of such proportions that freezing will not occur in transit.

(e) Lead styphnate (lead trinitroresorcinate), wet, must
not be offered for transportation by rail express, except
as provided in 73.86 and 75.675.
73.75 Nitro mannite. (a) The offering of nitro mannite in a dry condition for transportation by common carriers by rail freight, rail express, highway, or water, is
forbidden, except as a component of manufactured articles
such as percussion caps, detonators, blasting caps, and
exploders, the transportation of which is authorized in this
part.
Lead azide. (a) The offering of lead azide

73.73
in a dry condition for transportation by common carriers
by rail freight, rail express, highway, or water is forbidden,
except as a component of manufactured articles such as
percussion caps, detonators, blasting caps, and exploders,
the transportation of which is authorized in this part.
(b) Nitro mannite must be packed wet with not less

than 40 percent by weight of water in specification containers 5 or 5B metal barrels or drums, or 10B wooden barrels or kegs, with inside containers which must be bags
made of at least 10-ounce cotton duck, rubber or rubberized cloth, which must be securely closed. The dry weight
1333
of nitro mannite in one container must not exceed 100
pounds. These bags containing the nitro mannite must
then be placed in a rubber bag, rubberized cloth bag or
bag made of suitable watertight material and then placed
in the barrel, keg, or drum. Any empty space* in the outside bag must be filled with water and this bag securely
closed.
(c)
lowed
ther, or a
mixture of denatured ethyl alcohol and water

to prevent freezing in transit.
may be used

Nitro
(e)
transportation
73.86 and
mannite,
by
rail
wet,
must
express,
not be offered for

75.675.
Tetrazene (guanyl nitrosamino guanyl tetrazene)
(b)
must be packed wet with not less than 30 percent by

weight of water in specification containers 5 or 5B metal
barrels or drums, 17H metal drums (single-trip), or 10B
wooden barrels or kegs, with inside container which must
be a bag made of 4-ounce duck. Inside the bag and over
the tetrazene there must be placed a cap of the same
fabric of the same diameter as the bag. The bag must be
securely tied and placed in a strong bag. This grain bag
must also be securely tied. The dry weight of the tetrazene in one container must not exceed 75 pounds. The bag
and contents must be packed in the center of the wooden
surrounded by not less than 3 inches of well-packed sawdust saturated with water. The wooden barrel or keg, or
carefully
Nitrosoguanidine. (a) The offering of nitro 73.76

soguanidine in a dry condition for transportation by com-
mon
by rail freight, rail express, highway, or

forbidden, except as a component of manufactured articles such as percussion caps, deonators, blasting
caps, and exploders, the transportation of which is outhorized in this part.
carriers
water
is
(b) Nitrosoguanidine must be packed wet with not less

than 10 percent by weight of water in specification containers 5 or 5B metal barrels or drums, 17H metal drums
(single-trip), or 10B wooden barrels or kegs, with inside
container which must be a bag made of strong cloth,
which must in turn be placed in the wooden barrel, or keg,
or metal barrel or drum. The dry weight of nitrosoguanidine in one container must not exceed 75 pounds.
(c) Each barrel, keg, or drum must be plainly marked
(d) Nitrosoguanidine, wet, must not be offered for

transportation by rail express, except as provided in 73.86
and 75.675.
Pentaerythrite tetranitrate. (a) The offering

73.77
of pentaerythrite tetranitrate in a dry condition for transportation by common carriers by rail freight, rail express,
highway or water is forbidden, except as a component of
manufactured articles such as percussion caps, detonators,
blasting caps, and exploders, the transportation of which
is authorized in this part.
Pentaerythrite tetranitrate must be packed wet

less than 40 percent by weight of water in specification containers 5 or 5B metal barrels or drums, 17H
with inside containers which must be bags made of at
least 10-ounce cotton duck, rubber, or rubberized cloth,
which must be securely closed. The dry weight of pentaerythrite tetranitrate in one container must not exceed
300 pounds. These bags containing the pentaerythrite
tetranitrate must then be placed in a rubber bag, rubberized cloth bag, or bag made of suitable watertight
material and then placed in the barrel, keg, or drum.
Any empty space in the outside bag must be filled with
water and this bag securely closed.
(b)
with not
and
all
leaks stopped.
the shipment of tetrazene is to take place at a

time that freezing weather is to be anticipated, it must
be wet with a mixture of denatured ethyl alcohol and
water of such proportions that freezing will not occur
If
(c)
in
transit.

Tetrazene (guanyl nitrosamino guanyl tetrazene),

(e)
wet, must not be offered for transportation by rail express,
or
Jet thrust units (jato), explosive, class
73.79
igniters jet thrust (jato), explosive, class A. (a) Jet thrust
shipped
with
igniters
units (jato), explosive, must not be
assembled therein unless shipped by for, or to the De-
partments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force of the

United States Government. Jet thrust units (jato) or
igniters jet thrust (jato) must be packed in outside containers complying with the following specifications:
Spec. 14, 15A, 15E, or
boxes, fiberboard lined.
(1)
16A wooden boxes or
wooden
(b) Jet thrust units (jato), class A, or igniters jet thrust

class A, packed in any other manner must be in
containers of a type approved by the Bureau of Explosives.
(jato),
(c)
plainly
marked "JET
"IGNIT-
THRUST UNITS, CLASS A EXPLOSIVES" or

ERS, JET THRUST, CLASS A EXPLOSIVES."
(d) Jet thrust units, class A, or igniters, jet

A, must not be offered for transportation
express, except as provided in 73.86 or 75.675.
class
thrust,
by
rail
Charged oil well jet perforating guns, (a)

73.80
Charged oil well jet perforating guns, when transported
by motor vehicles operated by private carriers engaged in
oil well operations in which the total weight of the excontents of shaped charges assembled to guns
being transported does not exceed 15 pounds per such
vehicle are classed as class C explosives. See 73.110.
plosive
(b) Charged oil well jet perforating guns of the steel

tube type must be packed without blasting caps, electric
caps, or other firing devices affixed to or installed in the guns and transported in fully-enclosed specially-constructed bodies of motor vehicles operated by
blasting
(c)
lowed
or a mixture of denatured ethyl alcohol or other

suitable anti-freeze and water may be used to prevent
freezing in transit.
ther,

(e)
Pentaerythrite tetranitrate, wet, must not be offered

by rail express, except as provided in
75.675.
for transportation
73.86 and
Tetrazene.
(a)
The offering of tetrazene
73.78
(guanyl nitrosamino guanyl tetrazene) in a dry condition
for transportation by common carriers by rail freight,
rail express, highway, or water is forbidden, except as a
component of manufactured articles such as percussion
caps, detonators, blasting caps, and exploders, the transportation of which is authorized in this part.
private carriers engaged in oil well operations. Shaped

charges assembled in the steel tubes and connected in
series by primacord must be of the same type described in
73.53 (h) (1), except that each shaped charge shall contain not over 35 grams of high explosive and each shaped
charge if not completely enclosed in glass must be fully

protected by a metal or other equally efficient cover
after installation in the gun.
Charged oil well jet perforating guns of the metallic

type must be packed without blasting caps, electric
blasting caps, or other firing devices affixed to or installed in the guns in steel tubes or pipes having wall
thickness at least % inch and of sufficient length and
diameter to completely enclose each gun and transported
in fully-enclosed specially-constructed bodies of motor
vehicles operated by private carriers engaged in oil well
Shaped charges assembled in the metallic
operations.
(c)
strip
strips
and connected
in
series
by primacord must be of
SECTION
1334
11
the type described in 73.53 (h) (1), except that each

shaped charge shall contain not over 35 grams of high
explosive and each shaped charge if not completely enclosed in glass must be fully protected by a metal or
Not more than 100 blasting caps may be shipped

(3)
one outside package for laboratory examination, and
must
be packed and cushioned as provided in parathey
graph (d) (2) of this section.
in
other equally efficient cover after installation in the gun.
Not more than 20 half-pound samples of explosives

may be packed in one outside
package or transported in a single car or vehicle at one
(4)
(d) The charged oil well

in paragraphs (b) and (c) of
perforating guns described

and the bodies of
motor vehicles transporting such guns must be so designed and constructed that accidental damage to guns
or shaped charges will be avoided. The assembled gun
or guns packed as required by paragraphs (b) or
(c) of this section must be secured in the body of the
motor vehicle in a fixed position so as to prevent movement relative to each other or in the body of the motor
jet
this section
vehicle.
(e) Blasting caps, electric blasting caps, or other firing
devices transported on any motor vehicle operated by
private carriers engaged in oil well operations transporting charged oil well jet perforating guns shall be segregated; each kind from every other kind, and from jet
perforating guns, tools or other supplies. Blasting caps,
electric blasting caps, or other firing devices shall be
carried in a container having individual pockets for each
such device or by at least equally safe means. No greater
number of blasting caps, electric blasting caps, or other
firing devices shall be transported on the same motor
vehicle transporting oil well jet perforating guns than is
necessary for use on any particular trip.
(f) Charged oil well jet perforating guns must not be
offered for transportation by carriers by rail freight, rail
express, rail baggage, water, or by common or contract
carriers by public highway.
for laboratory examination
time.
(5) The net weight of the explosive contents must be
plainly marked by the shipper on the otuside of each box
offered for transportation.
Label. Each outside package containing samples

(6)
explosives for laboratory examination must have securely and conspicuously attached to it a square red label
as described in 73.411 of this part.
of
Explosives in mixed packing, (a) Unless spe73.87

authorized by Parts 71-78, explosives must not be
in the same outside package with each other or
with other articles. Explosives, except blasting caps and
other initiating explosives, in separate interior containers,
may be shipped when packed in the same outside package
of gross weight not exceeding 50 pounds, provided the
weight of any interior package of explosives does not
exceed 8 ounces, and provided the interior packages are
so cushioned and protected as to insure their transportation without rupture or leakage of contents. The package
must be marked and described with the name of the most
dangerous explosive included such as "HIGH EXPLOcifically
packed
SIVE," or
"BLACK POWDER."
CLASS B EXPLOSIVES; DEFINITION

Samples of explosives and explosive articles.
(a) New explosives, including fireworks and explosive devices, other than Army, Navy or Air Corps explosive or
chemical ammunition of a security classification, must be
examined and approved by the Bureau of Explosives as
73.86
safe for transportation before being offered for shipment,

except that a sample of such explosives, fireworks and explosive devices, not to exceed 5 pounds net weight, may
be offered for transportation by carriers by rail freight,

highway, or water for this examination. Samples of exploexcept liquid nitroglycerin, other than new explosives
laboratory examination not exceeding 5 pounds net
may be offered for transportation by carriers by
rail freight, highway, or water.
For the purpose of Parts
71-78 a new explosive, including fireworks and explosive
devices, is the product of a new factory or an explosive
or explosive device of an essentially new composition or
character made by any factory.
Definition of class B explosives, (a) ExploB, are defined as those explosives which in
general function by rapid combustion rather than detonation and include some explosive devices such as special
fireworks, flash powders, some pyrotechnic signal devices
and solid propellant explosives which include some smokeless powders.
These explosives are further specifically
described in paragraphs (b) to (f) of this section.
sives,
73.88
class
sives,
for
weight
(b) Before being offered for shipment, explosive articles

in the experimental state must be made safe by removal
of ignition elements or otherwise.
(b)
Ammunition
for
cannon with empty
projectiles, in-
ertloaded projectiles, solid projectiles or without projectiles, or shell, and catapult charges exceeding 2 inches in
diameter, is fixed ammunition assembled in a unit consisting of the cartridge case containing the propelling charge
and primer with empty, inert-loaded, or solid projectiles,
or without projectiles, which is fired from a cannon, mortar, gun, howitzer or recoilless rifle.
Rocket ammunition is fixed ammunition which is

from a tube, launcher, rails, trough, or other device
as distinguished from cannon ammunition which is fired
from a cannon, gun, or mortar. It consists of an igniter
and propelling charge, commonly described as a motor
and empty projectile, inert-loaded projectile or solid
(c)
fired
Shipments of samples of explosives, fireworks and

explosive devices must be packed, marked, and described
as required by this part for the explosive contained therein.
(c)
(d) Samples of explosives and explosive articles for

transportation by rail freight, rail express, or highway.
Samples of explosives (except liquid nitroglycerin), including fireworks and explosive devices for examination in a
laboratory only and not intended for use or demonstration, may be offered for transportation by rail freight,
rail express, or highway provided they fulfill the following
requirements:
Samples of explosives including fireworks and ex(1)

plosive devices for laboratory examination must be packed
well-secured
metal cans or glass bottles, or in strong
in
waterproof paper or cardboard packages; each sample
must consist of not more than one-half pound of explosive,
and the interior package must be placed in sawdust or
similar cushioning material, at least 2 inches thick, in a
wooden box, spec. 14 or 15A.
(2) Whenever these samples of explosives for laboratory examination are contained in a metal envelope or
receptacle, this receptacle must be properly cushioned
with sawdust or similar cushioning material in a strong
wooden box, and this interior box must be packed in a
wooden box, spec. 14 or 15A, with at least 2 inches of
cushioning material separating the boxes.
projectile, or
without projectile.
Special fireworks are manufactured articles designed primarily for the purpose of producing visible or
audible pyrotechnic effects by combustion or explosion.
(See 73.100 (r) for common fireworks.) Examples are
toy torpedoes, railway torpedoes, some firecrackers and
salutes, exhibition display pieces, aeroplane flares, illuminating projectiles, incendiary projectiles or incendiary
bombs and smoke projectiles or smoke bombs fuzed or
unfuzed and containing expelling charges but without
bursting charges, hand or rifle grenades with ignition
elements but not containing bursting charges, flash powders in inner units not exceeding 2 ounces each, flash
sheets in interior packages, flash powder or spreader
cartridges containing not over 72 grains of flash powder
each (see 73.60 for shipments made as low explosives)
and flash cartridges consisting of a paper cartridge shell,
small-arms primer, and flash composition, not exceeding
180 grains all essembled in one piece. Fireworks must
be in a finished state, exclusive of mere ornamentation,
as supplied to the retail trade and must be so constructed
and packed that loose pyrotechnic composition will not
be present in packages in transportation.
(d)
1335
(e) Jet thrust units (jato), class B, are metal cylinders
containing a mixture of chemicals capable of burning
rapidly and producing considerable pressure. Jet thrust
units are designed to be ignited by an electric igniter.
They are used to assist aeroplanes to take off, to propel
large missiles, and to drive moving targets for practice
Special fireworks, (a) Special fireworks, ex 73.91

cept as otherwise authorized, must be securely packed
in containers complying with the following specifications:
Spec. 11B.
(1)
Strong, tight, sparkproof
wooden
bar-
rels.
firing.
Igniters, jet thrust (jato), class B, are devices consisting of an electrically operated or remotely controlled
(1)
igniting element and a fast-burning composition assembled in a unit for use in igniting the propelling charge of
jet thrust units.
(2) Starter cartridges, jet engine, consist of plastic
and/or rubber cases, each containing a pressed cylindrical
block of propellant explosive and having in the top of
the case a small plastic compartment that encloses an
electric squib, small amounts of black powder, and smoke-
powder, which constitute an igniter. The starter

is used to activate a mechanical starter for jet
less
cartridge
engines.
Propellant explosives, class B. Propellant explochemicals or solid chemical mixtures which function by rapid combustion of successive
layers, generally with little or no smoke. The combustion is controlled by composition, size, and form of grain.
Any propellant explosive is class B which fails to detonate in five trials when tested (See Note 2) in the packages
in which it is offered for shipment. Propellant explosives,
class B, include smokeless powder for small arms, smokeless powder for cannon, smokeless powder or solid propellant explosives for rockets, jet thrust units, or other
devices. Black powder is not included in this classification and is defined specifically in 73.53 (a).
(f)
sives, class B, are solid
NOTE 1: Fire-extinguisher charges containing not to

exceed 50 grains of propellant explosives per unit are
exempt from the regulations
NOTE
(2) Spec. 15A, 15B, 16A, or 19A.

Wooden
boxes.
Gross
(3) Spec. 12B. Fiberboard boxes. Gross weight not to

exceed 65 pounds except as provided in paragraph (a) (5)
of this section. Not permitted for illuminating projectiles
and aeroplane flares.
can be exploded en masse, by

(4) Fireworks that
dropping the completed shipping container from a height
of six feet or by the impact of a rifle bullet, if found safe
for transportation, may be shipped in accordance with the
regulations in this part applying to high explosives.
(5) Ship distress signals when packed in tight inside
metal containers of not less than 24 gauge sheet iron or
other metal of equal strength, securely closed by positive
means (not friction) and of such design and so arranged
as to completely fill the outside container, may be packed
in spec. 12B fiberboard boxes. Gross weight not to exceed
95 pounds when boxes are made in accordance with
78.205-29.
Flash or spreader cartridges not exceeding 72 grains

powder each must be packed in containers com-
(b)
of flash
plying with the following specifications:

Spec. 15A, 15B, 16A, or 19A.
(1)
Wooden
boxes, or
12B fiberboard boxes, with inside containers which

must be cartons or tin cans containing not over 6 cartridges and not to exceed 150 cartons or cans to an outer
spec.
box.
in Parts 71-78.
In conducting the test, one propellant conbe surrounded by inert loaded containers of
the same weight, including one inert container placed on
top of the propellant container. The propellant shall be
ignited by means of a commercial electric squib placed
within 4 inches of the bottom of the container. The
presence of a crater and absence of flame shall be con2:
tainer shall
Flash cartridges consisting of a paper cartridge

small arms primer, and flash composition, not exceeding 180 grains each, all assembled in one piece ready
for firing must be packed in containers complying with
(c)
shell,
Wooden boxes, or
inside containers which
must be cartons containing not to exceed 12 cartridges each
and not more than 12 such cartons in one outside box.
Spec. 15A, 15B, 16A, or 19A.
(1)
sidered as evidences of detonation.
spec.
Ammunition for cannon with empty

73.89
jectiles, inert-loaded projectiles, solid projectiles, or
cartridges, in quantity not exceeding 5

(2) Flash
pounds, when in small interior wooden boxes, may be
packed with nonexplosive, nonflammable, or noncorrosive
prowithout projectiles or shell, (a) Ammunition for cannon with

empty projectiles, inert-loaded projectiles, solid projectiles,
or without projectiles or shell, must be well packed and
properly secured in strong wooden or metal containers.
(b)
plainly
marked
"AMMUNITION FOB CANNON WITH EMPTY PBO"AMMUNITION FOR CANNON WITH

INERT-LOADED PROJECTILES," "AMMUNITION
FOR CANNON WITH SOLID PROJECTILES," or "AMMUNITION FOR CANNON WITHOUT PROJEC-
JECTILES,"
TILES,"
as the case
Ammunition
(c)
may
for
be.
cannon with empty
projectiles,
inert-loaded projectiles, solid projectiles, or without projectiles or shell, must not be offered for transportation by
rail express, except as provided in 73.86 and 75.675.
73.90
Rocket ammunition with empty
plainly
marked
"ROCKET AMMUNITION WITH EMPTY PROJECTILES," "ROCKET AMMUNITION WITH INERTLOADED PROJECTILES," "ROCKET AMMUNITION
WITH SOLID PROJECTILES," or "ROCKET AMMUNITION
may
WITHOUT
PROJECTILES,"
as
articles.
(d) Flash sheets must be packed in containers complying with the following specifications:
(1)
spec.
Spec. 15A, 15B, 16A or 19A. Wooden boxes, or

12B fiberboard boxes, with inside containers which
must be an inner package or envelope containing not

more than 6 flash sheets and not more than one dozen
inner envelopes or packages inclosed in each inner pasteboard box or carton. Gross weight of wooden box not to
exceed 150 pounds. Gross weight of fiberboard box not to
exceed 65 pounds.
(2) Flash sheets, in quantity not exceeding 5 pounds,
in small interior wooden boxes, may be packed
with nonexplosive, nonflammable, or noncorrosive articles.
when
projectiles,
inert-loaded or solid projectiles or without projectiles, (a)

Rocket ammunition with empty projectiles, inert-loaded
or solid projectiles or without projectiles must be well
packed and properly secured in strong wooden or metal
containers.
(b)
12B fiberboard boxes, with
the
case
be.
(c) Articles as defined in 73.88 (c) of this part must

not be offered for transportation by rail express, except
as provided in 73.86 and 75.675.
(e)
tainers
Photographic flash powder must be packed in concomplying with the following specifications:
Spec. 15A, 15B, 16A, or 19A. Wooden boxes, or

fiberbc arcl boxes, with inside containers which
must be any inside container sufficiently strong to retain
contents not exceeding 2 ounces each. If bottles are
used, each bottle must be packed in a securely closed
fiber mailing tube having metal ends. Not more than 4
dozen 2-ounce bottles may be packed in an outer wooden
box. When packed in units not exceeding 1 ounce each
without bottles in similar fiber mailing tubes and outer
wooden boxes, the gross weight of one outside box must
not exceed 150 pounds. Gross weight of fiberboard box
(1)
spec.
12B
SECTION
1336
11
(2) Photographic flash powder, in quantity not exceeding 5 pounds, when in small interior wooden boxes,
may be packed with nonexplosive, nonflammable, or non-
Spec.
(2)
wooden
boxes.
Authorized only for
Fiberboard boxes. Authorized for igthrust (jato), class B, or starter cartridges, jet
which must be packed in tightly
only,
engine,
closed inside fiberboard boxes, at least 200-pound test
(Mullen or Cady), or metal containers. Starter cartridges,
jet engine, must have igniter wires short-cirtuited when
packed for shipment.
Spec. 23F.
(3)
jet
niters,
corrosive articles.
15B,
igniters, jet thrust (jato), class B.
class B,
Railway torpedoes (track torpedoes) must be packed

(f)
in containers
(1)
Spec. 15A, 15B, 16A. 19A, or 19B.
Net weight not

(2)
to
Spec. 12H, 23F, or 23H.
weight not
to
Wooden
boxes.
exceed 125 pounds.

Fiberboard boxes. Gross
exceed 65 pounds.
12B. Fiberboard boxes, with inside con(3) Spec.

which must be cartons containing not to exceed
one-half gross track torpedoes each. Gross weight of
outside fiberboard box not to exceed 65 pounds.
Jet thrust units (jato), class B, may be packed in

(4)
the same outside shipping container with separately packaged igniters, jet thrust, when the containers are approved
tainers
B or igniters, jet thrust,

B, packed in any other manner must be in
containers of a type approved by the Bureau of Explosives.
(b) Jet thrust units G'ato), class
class
(jato)
Fiberboard boxes without inside confor not more than 50 track torpedoes
provided the smallest dimension of the box is not less
than 6 inches.
(4)
tainers
Spec. 12B.
may be used
(c)
torpedoes are authorized per fiberboard box. Gross weight

Gross
fiberboard box must not exceed 35 pounds.
weight of wooden box must not exceed 65 pounds.
of
(2) Toy torpedoes of any kind must not be packed

with other fireworks.
(3) Toy torpedoes containing a cap must be packed in
sawdust, in inside paper or cardboard cartons. The size
of the carton must be not less than 4 cubic inches for
each grain of explosive.
(4) Toy torpedoes containing a mixture of potassium

chlorate, black antimony and sulfur, must be packed in
an inner container, containing not more than one-fourth
gross. The capacity of this inner container must be not
less than 105 cubic inches, and it must be divided into
12 equal compartments. All vacant space inside the container must then be filled with sawdust or fine shavings.
(5) The gross weight of a container of toy torpedoes
must not exceed 65 pounds.
(h) Except as otherwise specified in this section the

gross weight of one outside container of special fireworks
WAY TORPEDOES-HANDLE CAREFULLY KEEP

FIRE AWAY."
(1)
tation
Outside containers of toy torpedoes must in addi-
Jet thrust units must not be offered for transporrail express, except as provided in 73.86 and
by
75.675.
Propellant explosives for cannon, small arms,

73.93
rockets, guided missiles, or other devices, (a) Propellant
explosives for cannon, small arms, rockets, guided missiles, or other devices, when offered for transportation by
carriers by rail freight, highway, or water must be packed
in containers complying with the following specifications
(see paragraph (f) (1) and (f) (2) of this section and 75.675
for shipments by rail express):
(1) Spec. 10B. Wooden barrels or kegs.
Gross weight
(2) Spec. 13. Metal kegs at least 8 inches long. Gross

(3) Bundles of metal kegs, spec. 13, firmly tied together with rope and wrapped in strong burlap, canvas,
or similar material, securely sewed and roped, are authorized. Net weight of propellant explosives must not
exceed 100 pounds.
(4) Tight metal cases in tight wooden boxes free from
loose knots and cracks or tight metal containers. Gross
Spec. 14 or 15A. Wooden boxes, metal-lined, spec.

Gross weight not to exceed 200 pounds.
(5)
2F.
(i)
Marking. Each outside container of special fireworks must be plainly marked in letters not less than
7/16 inch in height "SPECIAL FIREWORKS HANDLE
CAREFULLY KEEP FIRE AWAY," except that each
outside container of railway torpedoes must be plainly
marked in letters not less than 7/16 inch in height. "RAIL-
marked "JET
"IGNIT-
EXPLOSIVES."
(d)
Spec. 15A, 15B, 16A, or 19A wooden boxes, or

12B fiberboard boxes which must be constructed
to comply with 78.205-30. Not more than 20 one-quarter gross cartons totalling not more than 5 gross of toy
(1)
spec.
plainly
THRUST, CLASS B EXPLOSIVES," or

"STARTER CARTRIDGES, JET ENGINE, CLASS B
JET
ERS,
(g) Toy torpedoes must be securely packed as prescribed in this section in containers complying with the
THRUST UNITS, CLASS B EXPLOSIVES,"
Spec. 14 or 15A wooden boxes, or spec. 23F or

fiberboard boxes, with inside containers which must
be cloth or paper bags, of capacity not exceeding 25
pounds, net weight, each capable of withstanding, when
filled to shipping content, at least two drops on end
from a height of 4 feet, without breakage or sifting of
contents.
Outside container not to exceed more than
50 pounds, net weight.
(6)
23H
when
Spec. 14, 15A, 15B, or 15C wooden boxes, or spec.

or 23H, fiberboard boxes, with inside containers
which must be spec. 13, metal kegs. Gross weight not
to exceed 200 pounds in wooden boxes or 65 pounds in
fiberboard boxes.
part.
23F
be marked
tion
(7)
"TOY TORPEDOES."
23F
Each outside container of special fireworks

(j) Label.
offered for transportation by carriers by rail express
or water must have securely and conspicuously attached
to it a square red label as described in 73.410 of this
thrust
class
73.92
Jet thrust units (jato), class B, igniters, jet

class B, or starter cartridges, jet engine,
Jet thrust units (jato), class B, must not be
with igniters assembled therein unless shipped
(8) Spec. 14, 15A, 15B or 15C wooden boxes, or spec.

or 23H, fiberboard boxes, with inside containers which
must be fiber or metal containers of not more than Vk
pounds capacity each. Gross weight not to exceed 200
pounds in wooden boxes or 65 pounds in fiberboard boxes.
(jato),
B.
shipped
(a)
by, for, or to the Departments of the Army, Navy, and

Air Force of the United States Government. Jet thrust
units (jato), class B, igniters, jet thrust (jato), class B,
or starter cartridges, jet engine, class B, must be packed
in outside containers complying with the following specifications:
(9) Spec. 14, 15A, 15B or 15C wooden boxes, or spec.

or 23H, fiberboard boxes, with inside containers
which must be not to exceed four metal containers, spec.
2A, of not more than 25 pounds each. Gross weight in
23F
fiberboard boxes not to exceed 65 pounds.

(10) Spec. 21A or 21B. Fiber drums. Drums having
wooden heads must be provided with a strong sift-proof
Use of these containers will be permitted because

of the present emergency and until further order of the
liner.
Spec. 14, 15A, or 15E, or 16 A,

wooden boxes, fiberboard lined.
(1)
wooden boxes
or
Commission.
1337
(11) Spec. 14, 15A, or 16A. Wooden boxes, not lined,
authorized only for grains not less than 1-inch in diameter
or 3 inches in length, provided such grains are tightly
packed and are coated with a protective material. Gross
(12) Propellant explosives packed in any manner other
than as specifically provided for in this paragraph must
be in containers approved by the Bureau of Explosives.
powder
Propellant explosives (smokeless
(b)
for can-
non or small-arms) in water when offered for transportaby carriers by rail freight, highway, or water must
be packed in containers complying with the following
tion
(d)
of
Cordeau detonant fuse
pentaerythrite
tetranitrate
is
or
a fuse containing a core

cyclotrimethylene-trini-
tramine not exceeding 400 grains per linear foot, overspun with tapes, yarns and plastics or waterproofing compounds. Wire countering is permissible.
(e) Percussion fuzes, combination fuzes, and time fuzes
are devices designed to ignite powder charges of ammunition or to initiate an intermediate charge (booster) in
projectiles, bombs, etc. When such fuzes are assembled
with booster charges they are properly described as "detonating fuzes," (see 73.53 (g) (2) ).
specifications:
(1)
Spec. 5, 5A, 5B, 6B, or 6C. Metal barrels or drums.
(2)
Spec.
10A
or 10B.
Spec. 15A.
(3)
Wooden
Wooden
tion to
barrels or kegs.
boxes, metal-lined, spec. 2F.
Igniters composed of black powder

in shipments of propellant explosives.
(c)
may be
included
Propellant explosives (unstable, condemned, or desmokeless powder for cannon or small arms)
in water in containers complying with the following specifications:
(d)
teriorated
must be packed submerged
(1)
Spec. 5, 5A, 5B, 6B, or 6C.
(2)
Spec.
Metal barrels or drums.
10A or 10B. Wooden
(3)
Spec. 15A.
(4)
Spec. 103 or
Wooden
(f) Tracer fuzes and tracers are devices which are attached to projectiles and contain a slow-burning composi-
barrels or kegs.
boxes, metal-lined, spec. 2F.
show the
flight of projectiles at night.
(g) Cartridge bags, empty, with black powder igniters

consist of empty bags having attached thereto an igniter
composed of black powder. (See 73.93 (b), (c), and (d)
when shipped with propellant explosives.)
(h) Igniters consist of fiberboard, plastic, paper or

metal tubes containing a small quantity of igniting com-
pound which
is
ignited
by the action of a primer, pull
wire or scratch composition.

(i) Delay electric igniters consist of small metal tubes
containing a wire bridge in contact with a small quantity
of ignition compound. The ignition compound is in contact with or in close proximity to a short piece of safety
fuse.
103W.
Tank
cars.
Propellant explosives (unstable, condemned, or deteriorated smokeless powder for cannon or small arms)
must not be offered for transportation by rail express.
(5)
(e)
plainly
marked
"PROPELLANT EXPLOSIVES, CLASS B" or "PROPELLANT EXPLOSIVES, CLASS B IN WATER," as the

case may be. There may be added such additional marking as "Smokeless Powder for Cannon" or "Smokeless
Powder for Small Arms," as the case may be.
Propellant explosives when offered for transportarail express must be packed as follows (also aufor transportation by carriers by rail freight,
highway, or water):
(j) Electric squibs consist of small tubes or block containing a small quantity of ignition compound in contact
wire a wire bridge.
(k) Fuse lighters and fuse igniters are small cylindrical

hollow pasteboard or metal tubes containing an igniting
composition in one end, the other end being open to
permit it to be placed on safety fuse.
Safety squibs are small paper tubes containing a

(1)
small quantity of black powder. One end of each tube
is usually twisted and tipped with sulfur.
(f)
tion
by
thorized
(1) In tightly closed metal cans or fiber containers,

not exceeding 1 pound each, or in inside metal cans or
fiber containers containing not more than one grain of
propellant, not exceeding 5 pounds each, packed in
outside wooden boxes, spec. 15A, 15B, or 15C, or outside fiberboard boxes, spec. 12B, 23F, or 23H. Not more
than 10 pounds of propellant powder may be shipped in
one outside container. Each outside container must be
plainly
(2)
"PROPELLANT EXPLOSIVES."
marked
Label.
Each outside container
of propellant
ex-
when offered for transportation by rail express,

must have securely and conspicuously attached to it a
plosives,
square red label as described in
73.412.
CLASS C EXPLOSIVES; DEFINITION
explosives, (a) ExDefinitions of class

73.100
plosives, class C, are defined as certain types of manufactured articles which contain class A, or class B explosives, or both, as components but in restricted quanThese explosives
tities, and certain types of fireworks.
are further specifically described in this section.
(b)
Small-arms ammunition, designed to be fired from
a pistol, revolver, rifle, or shotgun held by the hand or

by the shoulder, or machine guns of caliber less than .75,
or blank remover cartridges fired from catapults and canopies, is fixed ammunition consisting of a metallic or
paper cartridge case, a primer and a propelling charge,
with or without bullet, shot, tear gas material, tracer
components, or incendiary compositions or mixtures, but
not including bullets loaded with high explosives.
Explosive cable cutters are used for cutting cables,

etc. They consist of a metal device containing a knifeedged component which is propelled by a small charge
(c)
of an explosive
compound.
cotton yarn impregnated with

than packing in strong
wooden boxes or barrels plainly marked "INSTANTANEOUS FUSE" are prescribed in this part.
(m) Instantaneous fuse
meal powder. No
is
restrictions other
(n) Primers are devices used to ignite the powder

charges of ammunition or the black powder bursting
charges of projectiles. For small-arms ammunition the
primers are "small-arm primers" or "percussion caps."
(o)
Safety fuse, consisting of a core of black
powder
overspun with yarns, tapes, and/or waterproofing compounds must be packed in outside fiberboard boxes, wooden boxes, wooden barrels, bales, or metal containers, and
must be described for shipping purposes as "SAFETY
FUSE." No other restrictions apply in this part.
(p) Toy paper caps, consisting of paper cap ammunition for toy pistols, in sheets, strips, rolls, or individual
caps, must not contain more than an average of twentyfive hundredths of a grain of explosive composition per
cap and must be packed in inside packages constructed of
cardboard not less than 0.013 inch in thickness, metal not
less than 0.008 inch in thickness, or noncombustible plastic not less than 0.015 inch in thickness, which shall provide a complete enclosure and the minimum dimensions
of each side or end of such package shall be not less
than % inch in height. Unless greater weight of composition is approved by the Bureau of Explosives, the number
of caps in these inside packages shall be limited so that
not more than 10 grains of explosive composition shall
be packed into one cubic inch of space and not exceeding
17.5 grains of the explosive composition of toy caps
shall be packed in any inside container. These inner containers must be packed in outside containers as specified in
73.109.
(q) Explosive rivets, each containing not more than

375 milligrams of explosive composition, are exempt from
specification packaging and labeling requirements when
packed in pasteboard or other inside boxes in securely
closed strong
wooden
boxes,
fiberboard boxes or metal
SECTION
1338
11
Each outside container must be marked "EX-
containers.
PLOSIVE RIVETS." No
other restrictions apply in this
part.
Common
fireworks are fireworks devices suitable

(r)
for use by the public and designed primarily to produce
visible effects by combustion. Some small devices designed
to produce audible effects are also included in this class.
The types, sizes, and amount of pyrotechnic of these devices are limited as enumerated in this paragraph. No
component, of any device listed in this paragraph, which
to produce an audible effect shall contain
is designed
pyrotechnic composition in excess of 2 grains in weight.
(Propelling or expelling charges consisting of a mixture of
sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter are not considered as de-
signed to produce audible effects.) Any new device, not

enumerated in this paragraph, must be approved by the
Bureau of Explosives before being offered for transportation as Common Fireworks. Common fireworks must be
in a finished state exclusive of mere ornamentation as
supplied to the retail trade and must be so constructed
and packed that loose pyrotechnic composition will not
be present in packages in transportation. Fireworks, except articles defined in paragraphs (s) through (y), inclusive, of this section, other than common fireworks as
defined in this paragraph, and those forbidden for transportation in 73.51, are classed as Special Fireworks (see
73.88 (d) ).
Roman
candles, not exceeding ten balls spaced

uniformly in the tube, total pyrotechnic composition not
to exceed twenty grams each in weight. The inside tube
diameter shall not exceed % inch.
(1)
(2) Sky rockets with sticks, total pyrotechnic composition not to exceed twenty grams each in weight. The
inside tube diameter shall not exceed Vn inch. The rocket
sticks must be securely fastened to the tubes.
(3) Helicopter type rockets, total pyrotechnic composition not to exceed twenty grams each in weight. The
inside tube diameter shall not exceed )k inch.
Cylindrical fountains, total pyrotechnic composition

not exceed seventy-five grams each in weight. The inside
tube diameter shall not exceed %, inch.
(4)
Explosive auto alarms are tubular devices con(t)

taining a small amount of explosive composition and igniting compound which is ignited by an electric spark.
These devices must be so designed that they will neither
burst nor cause external flame on functioning.
(u) Toy propellant devices and toy smoke devices
paper or composition tubes or containers
containing a small charge of slow burning propellant
powder or smoke producing powder. These devices must
be so designed that they will neither burst nor produce
external flame on functioning and ignition elements, if
attached, must be of a design approved by the Bureau
of Explosives.
consist of small
(v) Oil well cartridges are tubular devices consisting

a thin fiber, metal, or composition shell containing
not more than 200 grains of propellant powder and having
no ignition device or element.
of
(w) Fire extinguisher actuating cartridges consist of a

small metal or fiber housing containing a small amount
of initiating explosive and a propellant and are used to
actuate the valves on remotely controlled fire extinguishers.
(x) Cigarette loads and trick matches must be of a
type approved by the Bureau of Explosives and are de-
scribed as follows:
(1) Cigarette loads consist of wooden pegs to which
are affixed a small amount of explosive composition.
(2) Trick matches consist of book matches, strike anywhere matches, or strike-on-box matches which have small
amounts of explosive or pyrotechnic composition affixed
to the match stem just below the match head.
to
Cone
exceed
fifty
grams each
in weight.
Wheels, total pyrotechnic composition not to exceed

sixty grams for each driver unit or two hundred and forty
grams for each complete wheel. The inside tube diameter
of driverunits shall not exceed % inch.
Illuminating torches and colored fire in any form,
except items included in subparagraph (12), total pyrotechnic composition not to exceed one hundred grams each in
weight.
(7)
Dipped
sticks,
the
pyrotechnic
composition
of
which contains any chlorate or perchlorate shall not exceed 5 grams. Sparklers, the comnosition of which does
not exceed 100 grams each and which contain no magnesium or magnesium and a chlorate or perchlorate, are
not subject to the regulations in Parts 71-78 and 197.
Mines and
shells of
which the mortar
pyrotechnic composition not to

grams each in weight.
part,
pots,
and smoke
signals
Explosive release devices consist of a rod or link

with means for mechanical attachment to other
apparatus or equipment and containing a small electrically
initiated explosive charge which will break the rod or
(z)
upon functioning.
73.101 Small-arms ammunition, (a) Small-arms ammunition must be packed in pasteboard or other inside
boxes packed in securely closed strong wooden boxes,
fiberboard boxes, or metal containers.
(b) Small-arms ammunition in pasteboard or other

inside boxes, in addition to containers prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section, may be shipped when packed
in the same outside container with nonexplosive and nonflammable articles; or with small-arms primers or percussion caps in quantity not to exceed 5 pounds. The
weight of the small-arms ammunition packed with other
articles must not exceed 55 pounds in outside fiberboard
box, or 75 pounds in outside wooden box. The outside
package must be a securely closed strong wooden or
fiberboard container.
(c)
(9)
smoke
fountains, total pyrotechnic composition not
(6)
(8)
candles,
fitted
link
(5)
Smoke
(y)
containing not more than 200 grams of pyrotechnic composition each, hand signal devices, very signal cartridges,
and highway or railway fusees are devices designed to
produce visible effects for signal purposes.
total
an integral
exceed forty
is
and salutes with casings, the extrenal

dimensions of which do not exceed one and one-half
(10) Firecrackers
inches in length or one-quarter inch in diameter, total

pyrotechnic composition not to exceed two grains each
in weight.
(11) Novelties consisting of two or more devices enumerated in this paragraph when approved by the Bureau
of Explosives.
(s) Igniter cord consists of textile yarns and/or a wire

uniformly covered with a combustible chemical mixture,
with or without additional textile or wire counterings,
waterproofing or finishing coatings which, when ignited,
burns externally at various rates according to design.
Igniter cord must be packed in strong, tight, outside
fiberboard boxes or drums, wooden boxes or metal con-
tainers plainly
marked "IGNITER CORD."
plainly
"SMALL-ARMS AMMUNITION."
marked
(d) Outside containers of cartridges with tear gas material must in addition to marking prescribed herein be
marked "TEAR GAS CARTRIDGES" and must be la-
beled with
"TEAR GAS"
label.
(See 73.409
(a)
(3)
of
this part for label.)

(e) No restrictions, other than proper description, packing and marking for small-arms ammunition and additional
marking and labeling for tear gas cartridges are prescribed in this part for the transportation of small-arms
ammunition and tear gas cartridges.
Explosive cable cutters or explosive release

Explosive cable cutters or explosive release
devices must be packed in strong wooden or metal boxes.
73.102
devices,
(b)
(a)
plainly
marked
"EXPLOSIVE CABLE CUTTERS" or "EXPLOSIVE RELEASE DEVICES" and "HANDLE CAREFULLY

KEEP FIRE AWAY."
1339
73.103 Blasting caps not exceeding 1,000 caps.
Blasting caps, blasting caps with safety fuse and
electric blasting caps in quantities not exceeding 1,000
caps must be packed and marked as prescribed in 73.66
and 73.67 of this part.
Each outside container must be plainly marked

name and also "HANDLE CARE-
(g)
(a)
with proper descriptive
FULLY."
(h) No restriction other than proper shipping name,
packing and marking are prescribed in this part for the
must not be offered for transportation

except as provided in 73.86 of this part.
transportation of percussion caps, cannon primers, smallarms primers, combination primers, empty cartridge cases
primed, or empty grenades primed.
Cordeau detonant fuse, (a) Cordeau deton 73.104

ant fuse must not be packed in the same package with
detonators or with any high explosive.
73.108 Common fireworks, signal flares, hand signal

devices, railway or highway fusees, smoke signals, smoke
candles, smoke pots, and very signal cartridges, (a) Common fireworks, signal flares, hand signal devices, railway
Or highway fusees, smoke signals, smoke candles, smoke
pots, and very signal cartridges, unless otherwise specifically provided for, must be securely packed in containers
Blasting caps
(b)
by
rail express,
(b) Cordeau detonant fuse must be packed in wooden

boxes or fiberboard boxes.
(c)
plainly
marked
"CORDEAU DETONANT FUSE HANDLE CAREFULLY."
(1)
Spec. 11B.
Strong, tight, sparkproof
wooden
bar-
rels.
Percussion, tracer, combination, time fuzes

and tracers, (a) Percussion, tracer, combination, time fuzes
and tracers must be packed in strong, tight outside wooden
boxes or spec. 23F fiberboard boxes, with special provision for securing individual packages of fuzes or tracers
against movement in the box.
73.105
(2) Spec. 15A, 15B, 16A, or 19A. Wooden boxes. Gross

weight not to exceed 100 pounds, except gross weight of
500 pounds is authorized for very signal cartridges only.
to
gross weight of one outside wooden box must

not exceed 150 pounds, and the gross weight of one outside fiberboard box must not exceed 65 pounds.
(c) Each outside container must be plainly marked
with proper descriptive name and also "HANDLE CARE-
FULLY."
No
than proper description, packing, and marking are prescribed in this part for the transportation of percussion, tracer, time, or combination fuzes,
(d)
73.106
completely covered with strong matting and do not weigh

more than 100 pounds, gross.
Primers, percussion caps, and empty gren 73.107

ades, primed, (a) Primers (cannon, combination and smallarms), percussion caps, and empty grenades, primed,
must be packed in strong, tight, outside wooden boxes,
with special provision for securing individual packages
against movement in the box.
Empty
Fireworks, such as sparklers or fusees, with match

or head, or similar igniting point or surface, must
tip, head, or similar igniting point
or surface entirely covered and securely protected against
accidental contact or friction.
(5)
tip
Cartridge bags, empty, with black powder
bags, empty, with black powder igniters, igniters, safety

squibs, electric squibs, delay electric igniters, and fuse
lighters or fuse igniters must be packed in strong fiberboard or wooden boxes or wooden or metal barrels or
drums properly described and properly marked with the
name of the article packed therein.
(b)
Firecrackers, Chinese, in addition to containers

(4)
specified in paragraph (a) (1), (2), and (3) of this section,
alse be transported in the package in which they
are imported, provided these packages consist of wooden
boxes, or fiberboard boxes, spec. 12B, in good condition,
may
have each individual
igniters; igniters, safety squibs, electric squibs, delay electric igniters, and fuse lighters or fuse igniters, (a) Cartridge
cartridge
in strong, tight, outside
cases,
wooden
primed, must be packed

or fiberboard boxes.
primers containing anvils must be

packed in cellular inside packages, with partitions separating the layers and columns of the primers, so that the
explosion of a portion of the primers in the completed
shipping package will not cause the explosion of all the
primers. They must be packed as prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section or in fiberboard boxes, spec. 12B,
and equipped with corrugated fiberboard liners having
Mullen or Cady test equal to or exceeding that of the box.
Not more than 5,000 primers shall be packed in each fiber(c)
Gross weight not
restrictions other
or tracers.
Fiberboard boxes.
(3) Spec. 12B.
exceed 65 pounds.
The
(b)
Small-arms
board box.
(d) Percussion caps must be packed in metal or other
inside boxes containing not more than 500 caps; the construction of the cap or packing and the kind and quantity
of explosives in each must be such that the explosion of
a part of the caps in the completed shipping package will
not cause the explosion of all the caps.
(e) Small-arms primers and/or percussion caps may be
packed with non-explosive and/or nonflammable articles,
or with small-arms ammunition as provided in 73.101 (b)
of this part, the weight of the small-arms primers or percussion caps must not exceed 5 pounds in any such outside
container.
(f) The gross weight of one outside package must not
exceed 150 pounds.
(b)
packed
Railway fusees, flares or highway signals must be

in containers complying with the following speci-
fications:
(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, 19A, or 19B. Wooden
boxes. Gross weight not to exceed 150 pounds for spec.
19B boxes; 200 pounds for others. When spec. 15C boxes
are used, devices must be packed in air-tight inside metal
containers.
Fiberboard boxes, provided that ends

(2) Spec. 12B.
of boxes are reinforced to prevent penetration of spikes
through the outside container when the completed packprepared for shipment, is subjected to two drops
from a height of 4 feet on a solid surface and so as
to strike diagonally with the spikes in a downward position. Gross weight not to exceed 65 pounds, except that
gross weight not to exceed 75 pounds is authorized in
boxes made in accordance with 78.205-24 (a).
age,
Mailing tubes, provided the penetration

(3) Spec. 29.
of the spikes of fusees (flares or highway signals), through
the outside container is prevented by one of the methods
speciafied for fiberboard boxes, spec. 12B, in paragraph
Gross weight not to exceed 5
(b) (2) of this section.
pounds.
Fusees, flares, pyrotechnic, or highway signals
(4)
without spikes, or torches, pyrotechnic, when offered for
shipment may be packed in containers prescribed in this
paragraph, omitting the protection required for these
articles when equipped with spikes.
(5) Fusees, flares, or highway signals may be packed
with nonexplosive or nonflammable articles provided the
outside packages are marked as prescribed in this section.
Except as otherwise specified herein the gross

(c)
weight of one outside package containing common fireworks must not exceed 100 pounds.
(d)
letters

not
less
than
7/16 inch
in
plainly
height
marked
in
"COMMON
FIREWORKS," "SIGNAL FLARES," "HAND SIGNAL

DEVICES," "RAILWAY FUSEES," "HIGHWAY FUSEES," "SMOKE SIGNALS," "SMOKE CANDLES,"
"SMOKE POTS," or "VERY SIGNAL CARTRIDGES,"
SECTION
as the case
may
1340
11
be,
and with the additional words "HAN-
DLE CAREFULLY KEEP FIRE AWAY."
to
73.109 Toy caps, (a) Toy caps must be packed in concomplying with the following specifications:
tainers
Wooden
15A, 15B, 16A, or 19A.

Spec.
(1)
12B. Fiberboard boxes.

to exceed 65 pounds.
(2)
Spec.
(3)
Toy
caps,
in
Fiberboard boxes.
(2) Spec. 12B.
exceed 65 pounds.

(3)
with the proper descriptive name and "HANDLE CARE-
FULLY."
boxes.
Gross weight not
addition to containers
specified
in
sub-paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of this section, may be

transported in the package in which they are imported,
provided the package consists of a wooden box, metallined, in good condition, and weighing not over 100
pounds gross. Inside packages must be as defined in
73.100 (p).
73.112 Oil well cartridges,
Toy caps may be packed with nonexplosive
nonflammable
are
marked
(c)
articles provided
as prescribed herein.
Toy paper caps
the
outside
or
containers
of any kind must not be packed
with fireworks.
(d)
plainly
marked
"TOY CAPS HANDLE CAREFULLY."

Charged oil well jet perforating guns, total
73.110
explosive content in guns not exceeding 15 pounds per
motor vehicle, (a) Charged oil well jet perforating guns
transported by motor vehicles operated by private carriers
engaged in oil well operations in which the total weight
of the explosive contents of shaped charges assembled
to guns being transported does not exceed 15 pounds per
such vehicle must be packed as prescribed in 73.80 (b),
(c),
(d)
and
15A, 15B, 16A, or 19A.

(1) Spec.
(2) Spec. 12B.
exceed 65 pounds.
Fiberboard boxes.
Wooden
boxes.
Gross weight not

name "OIL WELL CARTRIDGE" and "HAN-
with the
DLE CAREFULLY."
Detonating fuzes, class C. (a) Detonating
73.113
fuzes, class C, are used in the military service to detonate
high explosives bursting charges of projectiles, mines,
bombs, torpedoes and grenades. They contain a detonator and a quantity of a high explosive. Detonating fuzes,
class C, must be made and packed so that they will not
cause functioning of other fuzes, explosives or explosive
devices if one of the fuzes detonates in a shipping container or in adjacent containers.
(b) Detonating fuzes, class C, must be packed and
well secured in strong tight outside wooden or metal
boxes. The gross weight of the outside wooden or metal
box containing detonating fuzes, class C must not exceed
oil
(c)
73.114 Fire extinguisher actuating cartridges, (a)

extinguisher actuating cartridges must be packed
wooden or fiberboard boxes.
(a) Cigarette loads, explosive auto alarms, toy propellant

devices, toy smoke devices, and trick matches must be
in containers complying with the following speci-
HANDLE CAREFULLY."
Fire
(b) Each outside container must be plainly marked

"FIRE EXTINGUISHER ACTUATING CARTRIDGES
fications:
(c)
15A, 15B, 16A, or 19A.

Spec.
SUBPART
Wooden
CFLAMMABLE
boxes.
marked
HANDLE CAREFULLY."
in strong
packed
plainly
"DETONATING FUZES, CLASS C EXPLOSIVES-
73.111 Cigarette loads, explosive auto alarms, toy

propellant devices, toy smoke devices, and trick matches.
(1)
Oil well cartridges
190 pounds.
(e).
Charged
well jet perforating guns must not be

offered for transportation by carriers by rail freight, rail
express, rail baggage, water, or by common or contract
carriers by public highway.
(b)
(a)
must be so packed that the explosive composition does

not exceed 20 grains per cubic inch of space in the outside shipping container and must be in specification
(3)
(b)
Gross weight not
When
shipped as components with fire extinguishmore than 2 cartridges for each extin-
er and with not

guisher, they are
LIQUIDS; DEFINITION
exempt from Parts 71-78.
AND PREPARATION
Flammable liquids; definition, (a) A flam 73.115

mable liquid for the purpose of Parts 71-78 is any liquid
which gives off flammable vapors (as determined by flash
point from Tagliabue's open-cup tester, as used for test
of burning oils) at or below a temperature of 80F.
time required in the second
(b) Flammable liquids are described as viscous flammable liquids (see 73.119 (j)
when viscosity is determined by one of the following methods:
Outage, (a) Outage for containers offered for

73.116
transportation by carriers by rail freight, rail express,
highway, or water, except as otherwise specifically provided in this part, must be as prescribed in paragraphs
(b) to (h) of this section.
The viscosity of the liquids must be determined

(1)
a Stormer viscosimeter with an actuating weight of
400 grams and with the liquid maintained at a temperature of 28 C. The cylinder of the viscosimeter must be
immersed in the liquid.
test for the steel ball to

the vertical distance between the two lines upon
the glass tube is not less than 4 seconds the material is
classed as "viscous."
fall
in
(2) For transparent liquids the sample may be tested

a vertical glass tube, 1 inch inside diameter by approximately 13 inches long, having two marks 19 inches
apart engraved thereon, the lower mark being 2 inches
in
above the bottom of the tube; the liquid to be tested

shall be poured into the tube until its surface rises onehalf inch above the upper mark and must be maintained
at a temperature of 28 C. during the test; a polished
steel ball one-fourth inch in diameter shall be supported
one-half inch above the surface of the liquid at the center of the tube and dropped therein.
(3) When the speed of the cylinder in the first test
does not exceed 10 revolutions per 13 seconds, or the
(b) Containers must not be entirely filled.

Sufficient
interior space must be left vacant to prevent leakage or
distortion of containers due to the expansion of the contents from increase of temperature during transit. This
outage must be calculated to the total capacity of the

container.
(c)
In packages containing alcohol, cologne spirits,
high wines, or other distilled spirits of 150 proof or over,
the vacant interior space must be the maximum permitted by the United States Internal Revenue regulations.
(d) Flammable liquids must not be loaded into domes

If the dome of the tank car does not provide sufficient outage, then vacant space must be left in
the shell to make up the required outage.
of tank cars.
(e) Flammable liquids having vapor pressure of 16

pounds per square inch absolute at 100F. or less must
1341
(f) Flammable liquids having a vapor pressure exceeding 16 pounds per square inch absolute at 100F. for
which minimum outage is not otherwise specifically provided herein, when loaded in uninsulated tank cars, must
be so loaded that the minimum outage will be the greatest
(h) No cargo tank or compartment thereof used for

the transportation of any flammable lquid shall be liquid
full. The vacant space (outage) in a cargo tank or comfiartment thereof used in the transportation of flammable
iquids shall be not less than 1 percent; sufficient space
(outage) shall be left vacant in every case to prevent
leakage from or distortion of such tank or compartment
by expansion of the contents due to rise in temperature
of the following values:
in
be so loaded in tank cars that the outage

less than 2 percent.
(2)
Dome capacity.
Two percent of
(3)
Outage
(g)
Outage chart
(1)
as
total capacity of tank
shown
for
in
paragraph
flammable
Loading
shall
be not
and dome.
of this section.
(g)
transit.
liquids:
Closing and cushioning,

73.117
must be tightly and securely closed.
must be cushioned as prescribed, or
All containers
Inside containers
any case when
necessary to prevent breakage or leakage.
(a)
in
Cocfficvcn-t
Outage,
Utrjperatur.
of expansion.
.OO04O
73.118
Exemptions
for
flammable
liquids, (a)
Flam-
liquids, except those enumerated in paragraph (c)

of this section, in inside metal containers not over 1 quart
capacity each, packed in strong outside containers, except as otherwise provided, are exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements, except that marking name of contents on outside container is required for shipments via carrier by water.
Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are
exempt also from Part 77, except section 77.817, and
Part 197.
mable
TS**
fc.O%<
.00045
.00050
.00055
.00060
.00065
es'p
.00070
E.5X-
Flammable
liquids, except those enumerated in

of this section, in inside containers having
a capacity not over 1 pint or 16 ounces by weight each,
packed in strong outside containers, are exempt from
specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements, except that marking name of contents on outside
container is required for shipments via carrier by water.
exempt also from Part 77, except section 77.817, and
Part 197.
(b)
70>
"^.
paragraph
'
"Tooqts-
(c)
3.0%
-
.ooo&o
60*P
(c)
.00065
The following
articles
in
exempt from any of the provisions
(b)
any quantity are not

of paragraphs (a) and
of this section:
.00030
4.5%-
.oooss
.00100
(1)
Acrolein.
(2)
Carbon
bisulfide
(disulfide).
(3)
(4)
Example: Suppose the temperature of the liquid at

time of loading is 70 F. and its coefficient of expansion
is 0.00080; lay a ruler on the chart running from 70 to
0.00080 as shown by the dotted line and the required
outage is 2.4 percent where the ruler crosses the outage
(5)
(6) Flammable liquids which are also corrosive liquids

or oxidizing materials under this part.
(7)
(8)
(9)
scale.
Ethyl chloride.
Ethyl trichlorosilane.
Ethylene oxide.
Lithium aluminum hydride
(ethereal).
Nickel carbonyl.
Pentaborane.
(10) Spirits of nitroglycerin in excess of
The following coefficients of expansion per degree

Fahrenheit of the principal flammable liquids shall be
used in determining outages:
one percent by
weight.
(11)
(12)
Trichlorosilane.
Zinc ethyl.
(13 Ethylene imine, inhibited.
0.00085
Acetone
Amyl
00068
00071
00070
00098
00079
00062
00072
00063
acetate
Benzol (benzene)
Carbon
bisulfide
Ether
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl (grain) alcohol
Methyl (wood) alcohol
Toluol (toluene)
Gasoline or naphtha:
50-55 A. P. I1
00055
55.1-60 A. P. I. 1
00060
60.1-65 A. P. I. 1
00065
1
65.1-70 A. P. I.
00070
70.1-75 A. P. I. 1
00075
75.1-80 A. P. I. 1
00080
1
80.1-85 A. P. I.
00085
85.1-90 A. P. I. 1
00090
A.
P. I. (American Petroleum Institute), according to
the following formula:
A.P.I.
Mi^
specific gravity
131.5
(14) Zirconium, metallic, solutions, or mixtures thereof,

liquid.
(15) Amyl
(16) Butyl
mercaptan.
mercaptan.
(17) Ethyl mercaptan.
(18) Aliphatic
(19) Isopropyl
mercaptan mixtures.
mercaptan.
Propyl mercaptan.
Vinyl trichlorosilane.
(23) Methylchloromethyl ether,
(24) Methylhydrazine.
(25) Uns-dimethylhydrazine.
(20)
(21)
anhydrous.
(26) Acrolein, inhibited.

(27) Aluminum triethyl.
(28) Aluminum trimethyl.
(29) Dimethyldichlorosilane.
(30) Ethyldichlorosilane.
(31) Methyltrichlorosilane.
(32) Methyl vinyl ketone, inhibited.
(33) Peroxides, organic, liquids, n.o.s.
(34) Trimethylchlorosilane.
(35) Methyl dichlorosilane.
(36) Pyroforic fuel.
SECTION
1342
11
Flammable liquids not specifically provided

Flammable liquids with flash point 20 F. or below.
Flammable liquids with flash point 20 F. or below and
73.119
for.
(a)
having vapor pressure (Reid test) not over 16 pounds

per square inch, absolute, at 100F., other than those for
which special requirements are prescribed in this part,
must be prepared for shipment in specification containers
of a design and constructed of materials that will not
react dangerously with or be decomposed by the chemical
packed therein, as follows (see paragraphs (c) to (i) of
this section for high pressure liquids, paragraphs (j) to (1)
of this section for viscous liquids, and paragraphs (m) of
this section for flammable liquids which are also oxidizing
materials or corrosive liquids):
Spec. 1A, 1C, or ID. Carboys, glass, boxed or in

barrels or kegs, capacity not over 5 gallons, except capacity not over 6.5 gallons authorized for Spec. ID. Must
be closed, and when reused must be reconditioned and
tested, as provided in the specification.
(1)
Metal barrels or
(2) Spec. 5, 5A, 5B, 5C, or 5M.
drums, with openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter.
Spec. 17E.
Metal drums (single-trip), not over
(3)
5 gallons capacity, without opening except bunghole not
exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter. (See also paragraph (a)
(16) Spec. 17E. Metal drums (single-trip), not over 55

gallons capacity, not less than full 19 gauge body and
head sheets for not over 30-gallon drums, and not less
than full 18 gauge body and head sheets for not over
55-gallon drums, with openings not exceeding 2.3 inches
in diameter. When transported by rail or highway, au-
thorized only for carload and truckload shipments.

1:
until further order of the Commission, 1. c. 1. and 1. t. 1.
shipments will be permitted.
NOTE
MC
MC
301,
Spec.
300,
304. Tank motor vehicles.
(17)
MC
MC
302,
MC
303, or
NOTE 1: Compartmented tank motor vehicles having

campartments not equipped with emergency valves or
baffles are authorized provided compartments used for
dangerous articles are so equipped when required by the
specification and provided each compartment not so
equipped is plainly marked near the manhole "This compartment not to be used for flammable liquids."
Metal barrels or drums for gasoline
(19) Spec. 5L.
shipments offered by or consigned to the Departments
Navy,
and Air Force of the United States
of the Army,
Government
(16) this section.)
or Allies. Use of this container will be permitted because of the present emergency and until further order of the Commission.
Spec. 17C. Metal drums (single-trip), with open(4)

ings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter.
tainers
(5)
Wooden
Spec. 10A.
barrels or kegs.
Spec. 11A or 11B. Wooden barrels or kegs with

containers which must be glass or earthenware,
over
not
1 gallon each; metal pails, kits, or cans, not over
2 gallons each.
Fiberboard boxes with inside contain(7) Spec. 12B.
ers which must be glass or eartherware, not over 1 quart
each; metal cans, not over 1 gallon each.
(6)
inside
Wooden
(8) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, 19A, or 19B.
boxes with inside containers which must be metal pails,
kits, or cans, not over 10 gallons each or inside glass or
earthenware containers not over 1 gallon each, except
that glass or earthenware containers up to 3 gallons each
are authorized when only one inside container is packed
in each outside container.
Fiber drums and
earthenware,
or metal container of not over 1 gallon capacity in each
drum. Inside container must be so cushioned at top,
sides, and bottom, as to prevent breakage or leakage
(9)
Spec. 21A, 21B, 22A, or 22B.
plywood drums with a
single inside
glass,
in transit.
(10)
Spec.
Fiberboard boxes with inside con(20) Spec. 12D.

which must be glass or earthenware not over one
gallon each; authorized for not more than 75 pounds
gross weight; not to contain more than 4 such inside containers if their capacity is greater than 5 pints each. Use
of this container will be permitted because of the present
emergency and until further order of the Commission.
(21) Gasoline samples in boxes of metal not lighter
than 20 gauge, United States standard, having hinged
cover securely closed, and containing not more than 5
inside rectangular metal cans with screw cap closure,
each having a capacity not to exceed % gallon, may be
shipped when consigned to state laboratories for exam-
ination.
(b) Flammable liquids with flash point above 20 to
80 F. Flammable liquids with flash point above 20 F. to
80F. and having vapor pressure (Reid 1 test) not over
16 pounds per square inch, absolute, at 100 F., other than
those for which special requirements are prescribed in
this part, must be prepared for shipment in specification
containers of a design and constructed of materials that
will not react dangerously with or be decomposed by the
chemical packed therein, as follows (see paragraphs (c) to
(i)
of this section for high pressure liquids and paragraph
(m) of this section for flammable liquids which are also
oxidizing materials or corrosive liquids):
42B
or 42C.
Aluminum
barrels or drums.
(11) Cylinders as prescribed for any compressed gas,

except acetylene.
(1) Containers as specified in paragraph (a) of this

section, except that openings greater than 2.3 inches in
diameter in barrels and drums are authorized when per-
mitted by the specification, and also the following.

Spec. 103, 103-W, 103AL-W, 103D-W, 104
(12)
104-W, 105A100, 105A100-W, 105A100AL-W, 105A300W, 105A300AL-W, 105A400-W, 105A500-W, 105A600-W,
ARA-11 2 ARA-III 2 ARA-IV 2 or ARA-IV-A 2 Tank cars.
For cars equipped with expansion domes, manhole closures
must be so designed that pressure will be released automatically by starting the operation of removing the man,
hole cover. (See

'-'
73.432 for shipping instructions.)
Use of existing tank
cars authorized, but
new
construction
not authorized.
15X.
Spec.
Spec.
(3)
Spec. 10B,
wooden
(single-trip).
barrels or kegs.
NOTE 1: Because of the present emergency and until

further order of the Commission, wooden whiskey barrels,
properly recoopered, which comply with all the provisions of spec. 10B, are also authorized.
Marking is required on the head of each container, by the reconditioner, by hot branding or legible stenciling, as follows:
ICC-10B
Wooden
boxes
with
inside metal
containers. For shipment by common carriers by water
to noncontinguous territories or possessions of the United
shipments from inland
States and foreign countries;
points in the United States which are consigned to such
destinations are authorized to be transported to ship
side by rail freight in carload lots only and by motor
vehicle in truckload lots only.
(14)
17E or 17H, Metal drums
(2)
Spec. 17X. Metal drums (single-trip). For ship(15)

carriers by water to noncontinguous
territories or possessions of the United States and foreign
countries; shipments from inland points in the United
ment by common
States which are consigned to such destinations are authorized to be transported to ship side by rail freight in
carload lots only and by motor vehicle in truckload lots
only.
Name or symbol (letters) of reconditioner; this must

be registered with the Bureau of Explosives and located
above, below, or following the mark ICC-10B.
Size of marking (minimum) % inch high.
just
Spec. 12B. Fiberboard boxes with inside containers

glass, earthenware, or metal, not over
each.
Packages containing inside glass or
earthenware containers must not contain more than 4 such
inside containers if their capacity is greater than 5 pints
each.
(4)
which must be
1
gallon
NOTE

further order of the Commission, fiberboard boxes, spec.
12B, 78.205-26 (a), with one inside rectangular metal
can spec. 2F, not to exceed 5 gallons capacity, are authorized.
Gross weight of completed package not over 65
pounds.
1343
(5) Spec. 12E. Fiberboard box with 1 or 2 rectangular
metal inside containers of not over 5 gallons capacity each.
Metal barrels or drums which must be

(6) Spec. 6K.
constructed of Type 304 stainless steel, having heads
with minimum convexity of % inch welded to the body,
and be equipped at both heads with 12 gauge chime reinforcements. Body seams shall be welded. Drums shall
be equipped with I-bar rolling hoops.
(c) Flammable liquids for which other special packing
requirements are not prescribed. Flammable liquids for
which other special packing requirements are not prescribed in this part, must be shipped, depending upon
1
their Reid vapor pressures as prescribed in paragraphs
(d) to
of this section.
(i)
When
the vapor pressure does not exceed 16

pounds per square inch, absolute, at 100F. When the
vapor pressure does not exceed 16 pounds per square
(d)
absolute, at 100F.,
(b) of this section.
inch,
(a)
as
prescribed
in
paragraphs
and
(e) When vapor pressure exceeds 16 pounds per square

inch absolute, at 100 F. When the vapor pressure exceeds
16 pounds per square inch, absolute, at 100F., but does
not exceed 27 pounds per square inch, absolute, at 100F.,
flammable liquids must be packed in specification con-
tainers as follows:
(1) As prescribed in paragraph (a) (1) to (11) of this
section, except spec. 10A and 17E. Bung labels required,
for metal barrels and drums, as prescribed in paragraph
(i) of this section.
103-W, 103AL-W, 103D-W, 104,

103,
(2) Spec.
104-W, 105A-100, 105A100-W, 105A100AL-W, 105A300W, 105A300AL-W, 105A400-W, 105A500-W, 105A600-W,
ARA-11 2 ARA-IIF, ARA-IV\ or ARA-IV-A 2 Tank cars.
Cars having expansion domes must be equipped with
manhole closures, identification marks, and dome placards as prescribed in (f) (4), (g), (h), and (h) (1) of this
section. (See Note 1 of paragraph (f) (3) of this section.)
(3)
1
3: Spec. 104 or 104W or ARA-IV
tank cars
authorized provided that they are equipped with
approved fittings designed to provide for the loading,
unloading, gauging, sampling, and taking temperature
of the contents without removing the manhole closure;
that safety valves are set to open at pressure of 35 pounds
(with a tolerance of plus or minus 3 pounds), and are
vapor tight at 28 pounds per square inch, gauge pressure;
that bottom discharge outlets are of the same type as
authorized for specification 104 or 104W tank cars; and
that there is stenciled on each side of the tank above
the specification mark, in letters and figures at least 1
inch high. "For vapor pressures not exceeding 40 pounds
per square inch, absolute, at 100F." Because of the present emergency and until further order of the Commission,
spec. ICC- 104 or 104W tank cars, equipped with safety
valves set to open at pressure of 35 pounds (with a tolerance, of plus or minus 3 pounds) and which are vapor
tight at 28 pounds per square inch, gauge pressure, are
authorized provided that they are stenciled as required
above.
(4) Spec. 103, 103-W, 103AL-W, 104, 104-W, ARA-II

ARA-IIP, or ARA-IV 1 Tank cars. Cars must have their
manhole closures equipped with approved safeguards
making removal of closures from manhole openings prac1
tically impossible
while car interior is subjected to vapor

pressure of lading. These cars must be stenciled on each
side of domes in line with the ladders, and in a calor
contrasting to the color of the dome, with the identification
mark as prescribed in paragraph (g) of this section.
MC
Tank motor
304
(5)
Spec.
(g)
Manhole closure
vehicle.
identification mark.
(Reduced
size)
304.
NOTE
are
Spec.
MC
Tank motor
300,
MC
301,
MC
302,
MC
303 or
MC
vehicles.
(f) When the vapor pressure exceeds 27 pounds per

square inch, absolute, at 100 F. When the vapor pressure
exceeds 27 pounds per square inch, absolute, at 100F.,
but does not exceed 40 pounds per square inch (see Note
absolute, at 100 F.,. flammable liquids

in specification containers as follows:
2),
must be packed
(1) Spec. 5 or 5A. Metal barrels or drums, with openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter. Bung labels
required as prescribed in paragraph (i) of this section.
(2) Cylinders as prescribed for any compressed gas
except acetylene.
Spec.
105A100,
105A100-W, 105A100AL-W,
(3)
105A300-W, 105A300AL-W, 105A400-W, 105A300-W,
105A600-W, or ARA-IV-A 2 (see Note 1 of this subpara2
graph). Tank cars.
Spec. 104 and ARA-IV tank cars
are authorized under the conditions prescribed in paragraphs (f) (4), (g), (h), and (h) (1) of this section and Note 3
of this subparagraph.
NOTE 1: Tanks built in compliance with American

1
Railway Association specifications for class IV-A tank
cars authorized for use effective October 1, 1925, may be
continued in service for the transportation of ethyl chloride
and other liquids which do not have a vapor pressure
exceeding 28 pounds per square inch, gauge pressure, at
100F., provided there is stenciled on each side of the
tank immediately below the valve protecting housing the
words "Liquids having vapor pressure exceeding 28 pounds
per square inch at 100F. must not be loaded into this
tank" in letters and figures at least 1 inch high. These
tank cars must be retested as prescribed in current spec.
105A100, except that safety valves must open -at pressure
not exceeding 35 pounds, and be vapor tight at 28 pounds
(h)
When
the vapor pressure exceeds 40 pounds

per square inch, absolute, at 100 F., these flammable liquids are classed as flammable compressed gases and
must be described, packed, and shipped as prescribed
2:
for such articles.
placards.
Spec. 103, 103-W,
103AL-W,
DOME PLACARD
(Reduced
Size)
(Black printing on white)
10 ys Inches'
AVOID ACCIDENTS
per square inch.
NOTE
Dome
104,
104-W, ARA-IP, ARA-IIP, or ARA-IV Tank cars. Cars

loaded with materials described in paragraphs (e) and (f)
of this section must, in addition to the "Dangerous" placr
ards be protected by special dome placards, at least 4Y
by 10% inches, with legible wording as follows.
DO NOT REMOVE THIS DOME COVER

WHILE GAS PRESSURE EXISTS IN TANK
KEEP LIGHTED LANTERNS AWAY
SECTION
1344
11
NOTE 1: For tank car equipped with both inner

and outer manhole covers, and when removal of inner
cover is not necessary to unload the car, the word "inner"
may be substituted for the word "this" in the dome placard.
(1) Dome placards must be applied one on each side
of dome and one on the top near the manhole in line with
the ladders. Dome placards may be of white paper securely pasted to the dome, or of strong tag board foi
use in suitable holders; or the wording of the dome placard may be stenciled on the dome of car and remain
thereon as long as it is used in the service which requires
these special placards.
Bung
Flammable
liquids as described in the

of this section, shipped in metal
drums or barrels in addition to the standard red caution
label prescribed in 73.405 of this part, must be labeled
near the bung with a white rectangular label or tag measuring 5 bv 3 inches, bearing the following wording:
(i)
paragraphs
label.
(e)
and
(f)
BUNG LABEL
(Reduced
size)
5 Inches-
CAUTION DaK wo^
B,mg
5, 5A, 5B, 5C, 17C (single-trip) or 17E (sinMetal barrels or drums not over 15 gallons
capacity. Authorized only for materials which will not
react dangerously with the drum metal, or be decomposed by contact with it.
Spec.
(4)
gle-trip).
73.120 Automobiles, motorcycles, tractors, or other

self-propelled vehicles, (a) Automobiles, motorcycles, tractors, or other self-propelled vehicles, equipped with gasoline or other fuel tanks, provided such tanks are securely
closed exempt from specification packaging, marking, and
labeling requirements, except that marking name of contents on outside container is required for shipments via
carrier by water. Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exempt also from Part 77, except section
77.817 of these regulations, and Part 197 of the I.C.C.
Motor Carrier Safety Regulations. When offered for
transportation by carriers by rail freight or highway,
drainage of fuel tanks is not required. When offered for
transportation by rail express, fuel tanks must have been
drained and securely closed.
(b) Enginers or motors (internal combustion). Engines

or motors (internal combusition) employing liquid fuel
classed as flammable liquid in this chapter, whether
shipped separately or as a part of other apparatus, unless
specifically exempt in paragraph (a) of this section, must
have their fuel tanks completely drained.
?L
Do
<
g
not unscrew entirely until all interior

pressure has escaped through the loosened
J9
threads.
REMOVE BUNG
all
open flame
lights
IN
and
OPEN
AIR. Keep
away. Inclosed
fires
Electric Lights are safe.
(j)
Flammable liquids havdetermined by one of the methods pre-
Viscous flammable liquids.
Truck bodies
(c) Truck bodies or trailers on flat cars.
or trailers with automatic heating or refrigerating equipment of the flammable liquid type may be shipped with
fuel tanks filled and equipment operating or inoperative,
when used for the transportation of other freight and
loaded on flat cars as part of a joint rail-highway movement, provided the equipment and fuel supply are of
a type approved by the Bureau of Explosives. The heating
or refrigerating units are exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements in this service
and shall be considered

as shipments.
as
carrier's
equipment but not
ing a viscosity as
scribed in 75.115 (b) must be shipped in specification
containers as prescribed in paragraphs (k) or (1) of this
sulfide
scetion.
lows:
(k) Viscous flammable liquids having a vapor pressure

which does not exceed 16 pounds per square inch, abso100 F. (See paragraphs (c) to (i) of this section for
higher pressure liquids) must be prepared for shipment
Wooden barrels or kegs with

(1) Spec. 11A or 11B.
earthenware, or metal inside containers not over
pints
capacity
each.
5
lute, at
Fiberboard boxes with inside containglass or earthenware, not over 1 pint

each, or metal cans, not over 1 quart each. Outside containers not to exceed 65 pounds gross weight.
ers
(1)
As prescribed
in
paragraphs
(a)
or (b) of this sec-
tion: irrespective of flash point.

(2)
Spec. 6A, 6B, 6C, or 42F.
(3) Spec. 37A or 37B. Metal drums (single-trip) not

over 5 gallons with welded side seams.
(4)
Spec. 42F.
Aluminum
barrels
or drums.
Viscous flammable liquids with flash point above

20F. to 80F. and having a vapor pressure which does
not exceed 18 pounds per square inch, absolute, at 100F.
Viscous flammable liquids with flash point above 20F to
80 F. and having a vapor pressure which does not exceed
18 pounds per square inch, absolute, at 100F. must be
(1)
prepared for shipment in containers as follows:

(1) As prescribed in paragraphs (e) to (i) of this section.
(2)
Spec.
17E or 17H. Metal drums
(single-trip).
Flammable
liquids which are also oxidizing materials or corrosive liquids. Flammable liquids which are
also oxidizing materials or corrosive liquids as defined in
73.151 and 73.240 of this part must be packed as
follows:
(m)
Carboys, glass, boxed, capacity

(1) Spec. 1A or ID.
not over 5 gallons for spec. 1A, and 6.5 gallons for spec.
ID.
Spec. 12B.
which must be
(3) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A. Wooden boxes

with inside metal containers, sepc. 2A; or with inside
glass or earthenware containers not over 5 pints capacity
each.
Metal drums (single-trip) not over 5

(4) Spec. 17E.
gallons capacity each, with openings not exceeding 2.3
inches in diameter.
5A
17C (single-trip). Metal barrels or

gallon, capacity each, with openings
not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter.
Spec. 5,
(5)
or
drums not over 55
Tank
(6)
this part.
as prescribed in 73 119 (a) (12) of

73.432 of this part for shipping instruc-
cars
See
tions.)
(b) Carbon bisulfide (disulfide)
for transportation by rail express.
by
must not be offered
Acrolein, inhibited, (a) Acrolein must be inand when offered for transportation by carriers
highway, or water must be packed in speci-
73.122
hibited
rail freight,
fication containers as follows:

(1)
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A. Wooden boxes

with inside containers which must be glass or earthenware,
not over 1 gaMon each, cushioned with incombustible
packing material in sufficient quantity to absorb the contents of the inner container.
bifol-
glass,
(2)
in containers as follows:
Carbon bisulfide (disulfide), (a) Carbon

must be packed in specification containers as
73.121
Spec. 5A. Metal
drums not over 55 gallons capacity
each.
(2)
Fiberboard boxes with inside containers

or earthenware, not over 1 quart
each, cushioned with incombustible packing material in
sufficient quantity to absorb the contents of the inner
(3)
Spec. 12B.
which must be
container.
glass

with inside metal containers, spec. 2A, not over 5 gallons
capacity each.
(3) Spec. 105A500W tank cars, which must be stenciled
near the specification number "FOR ACROLEIN ONLY."
NOTE
1:
Spec.
105A500W tank cars stenciled
of safety valve settings may also be
valve settings as low as 150 pounds per
105A300W because
used.
Safety
1345
square inch are authorized provided cars are stenciled
above the commodity stenciling "Safety valve ***** lbs.,"
the stars to be replaced by the appropriate figures to indicate the valve setting.
(3)
In addition to specification containers prescribed in

ethylene oxide may be shipped when packed
this section,
in strong combustible outside containers, with inside containers which must be securely sealed glass ampules or
vials, contents not over 100 grams each, cushioned in
and when offered for

be packed in specifica-
vermiculite or equally efficient incombustible cushioning

material. Not more than 100 grams of ethylene oxide
shall be packed in any such outside container.
(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, 19A, or 12B, Wooden or

fiberboard boxes having not more than one inside container
of glass not exceeding one quart capacity, securely cushioned within a metal container.
(4) Spec. 5P. Lagged steel drums not over 61 gallons

capacity each. Drums must be equipped with safety devices of the fusible plug type with threaded straight bore
orifice, with yield temperature of 157 to 170 F. having
a minimum vent area of 0.0055 sq. in. per lb. of water
capacity of the container for containers not over one
gallon capacity and 0.0012 sq. in. per lb. of water capacity
of the container for all containers over one gallon capacity.
Each drum must be tested for leakage at a pressure of at
least 15 p.s.i. gauge with an inert gas before each refilling; top head of each drum must be plainly marked
with paint "Keep This End Up." Filling shall be such
that the container will not be liquid full below 185 F.
and the maximum filling for 61 gallon drums must not
exceed 55 gallons of ethylene oxide at 60 F.
1
Tank
(5) Spec. 105A100, 105A100-W, or ARA-IV-A
cars. See Note 1 of 73.119 (f) (3). (See 73.432 for
shipping instructions.)
(b) Acrolein must be inhibited

transportation by rail express must
tion containers as follows:
(1)
with
over
Ethyl chloride,
73.123
packed
(a)
Ethyl chloride must be

earthenware, or metal inside containers not
pound capacity each.
glass,
1
Fiberboard boyes with glass, earthen(2) Spec. 12B.

ware, or metal inside containers not over 1 pound capacity each. Outside containers not to exceed 65 pounds
gross weight.
Spec. 5A. Metal barrels
gallons capacity each.
(3)
(4)
or
drums not over 33
NOTE
Cylinders as prescribed for any compressed gas,
except acetylene.
(5)
Spec. 105A100,
105A100-W, 105A300-W, 105A4001

or ARA-IV-A
Tank cars.
W, 105A500-W, 105A600-W,
See Note
of
73.119
(f)
(3).
(See 73.432 for shipping
instructions.)
(6)
Spec.
MC
330.
Tank motor
vehicle.
Outage for all containers except lagged tank cars,

must be 7.5 percent or more at 70 F. For lagged tank
cars, 4 percent or more at 70F.
(b)
73.124 Ethylene oxide, (a) Ethylene oxide must be

packed in specification containers as follows and copper
or copper bearing alloys shall not be used in any part of a
container, container valve or other container appurtenance
that part is normally

liquid or vapor.
if
in
contact with ethylene oxide
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, or 16A wooden boxes and

spec. 12B, fiberboard boxes, with metal inside containers
not over 12-ounce capacity each. Each inside container
must have a minimum bursting strength of 180 psig as
(1)
prepared for shipment and be provided with a safety

vent having a minimum diameter of 0.1023 inch and
closed with fusible metal having a yield temperature of
157 to 170F. The safety vent opening shall be hot
tinned before filling with fusible metal. Filling shall be
such that the container will not be liquid full below
185 F. Each inside container must be completely insulated, except for top closure, with two coats of heat-retardant paint, of type approved by the Bureau of Explosives, applied over suitable primer and finished with
suitable waterproof paint; or with other equally efficient
insulation approved by the Bureau of Explosives. Not
more than 12 inside containers nor more than one layer
of containers may be packed in one outside container.
except acetylene, not exceeding 30 gallons water capacity
nominal, which meet the following requirements. All
cylinders shall be seamless or steel welded. Cylinders
shall be equipped with safety devices of the fusible plug
type with threaded straight bore orifice with yield temperature of 157 to 170 F. having a minimum vent area
of 0.0055 sq. in. per lb. of water capacity of the container
for containers not over one gallon capacity and 0.0012 sq.
in. per lb. of water capacity of the container for all containers over one gallon capacity. Each cylinder must be
tested for leakage at a pressure of at least 15 p.s.i. gauge
with an inert gas before each refilling. Filling shall be such
that the container will not be liquid full at 185 F. Pressurizing valves and eductor tubes must be provided for
all containers over one gallon capacity. Cylinders having
a water capacity in excess of one gallon shall be insulated
with three coats of heat-retardant paint, of type approved
by the Bureau of Explosives, applied over suitable primer
and finished with suitable waterproof paint; or with
other equally efficient insulation approved by the Bureau
of Explosives.
Because of the present emergency and until

the Commission, specification ARA-IV
and ICC-104 and 104-W tank cars, converted as follows,
are authorized for use. Tanks must be tested to 75 pounds
per square inch hydrostatic pressure and show no leakage
with lagging removed. Bottom discharge outlet must be
removed, the opening closed with a riveted plate, and a
sump applied. Safety valves must be removed and replaced by two safety valves of the type and size used
on ICC-105A100 or 105A100-W tank cars but set to
open at 60 pounds per square inch instead of 75 pounds.
The various approved dome fittings now required on
ICC-105A100 or 105A100-W tank cars, must be installed
in an approved manner to provide for the loading, unloading, gauging, sampling, and taking of temperature of
contents without removing the manhole closure. Tank
jacket must be stenciled immediately above the mark
ARA-IV ICC-104, or ICC-104-W with the words "For
Ethylene Oxide Only."
1:
further order of
105A300-W, 105A400-W, 105A500-W, or

(6) Spec.
105A600-W. Tank cars. Tanks must be restenciled 105A100 or 105A-100-W and be equipped with safety valves
of the type and size used on 105A100 and 105A100-W
tank cars. See Note 1 of 73.119 (f) (3). (See 73.432 for
shipping instructions.)
(b) Outgae must be sufficient to prevent tank car from
becoming entirely filled with liquid at 105F.
73.125
Alcohol,
(a)
Alcohol must be packed as
fol-
lows:
(1) In containers as prescribed in 73.119
of this part.
(a)
and
(b)
(2) Securely closed metal tanks of not exceeding 16

gallons capacity, made of metal not lighter than 20 gauge,
United States standard, packed in strong outside wooden
boxes, may be used for the transportation of natural
history or laboratory specimens preserved in alcohol, when
shipped by or for the United States Government.
Spec. 12B.
(3)
until further order of the Commission, inside glass containers not over 1.21 gallons capacity each are authorized
when only one inside container is packed in each outside
container.
(4) Because of the present emergency and until further
order of the Commission, existing tank cars complying
with spec. 103, 103W, ARA-IIP, AAR 203\ or AAR203W 1 previously used for the transportation of wine,
authorized when stenciled "Alcohol Only" and
are
equipped with safety valves of the type required on spec.
103 tank cars.
,
(5) Spec. 6J. Steel barrels or drums having inside spec.

28 polyethylene drum. Gross weight restriction indicated
by the gross weight embossment in the steel barrel or
drum shall be waived.
SECTION
1346
11
Nickel carbonyl.
73.126
(a)
packed in specification cylinders

compressed gas, except acetylene.
Nickel carbonyl must be

as prescribed for any
Nickel carbonyl must not be offered for transpor-
(b)
by
tation
rail
express.
Nitrocellulose or collodion cotton, fibrous,

73.127
or nitro-starch, wet; colloided nitrocellulose, granular or
lacquer
base or lacquer chips, wet. (a) Nitroflake, and
cellulose or collodion cotton, fibrous, or nitrostarch, wet
with alcohol or a solvent, must contain at least 30 percent by weight of alcohol or a solvent with flash point
not lower than 30 F., colloided nitrocellulose, granular
or flake, and laquer base or lacquer chips, wet with alcohol
or a solvent, must contain at least 20 percent by weight
of alcohol or a solvent with flash point not lower than
30F.; must be packed in specification containers as follows:
(1) Containers, except cargo tanks
prescribed in 73.119.
or tank
cars,
37A
Spec.
or 37B.
lows:
73.128 Paints and related materials,
wood
(a)
Paint, enamel,
shellac, varnish, aluminum bronze, gold,

liquid, and lacquer base liquid, and thinning,
stain,
filler,
reducing and removing compounds therefor, and driers,

liquid, therefor
ers as follows:
must be packed
in specification contain-
(b) Polishes, metal, stove, furniture and wood, liquid,

glass or earthenware containers of not over 1 quart
capacity each, or metal containers not over 5 gallons

capacity each, packed in strong outside containers not
over 5 gallons capacity each, packed in strong outside
containers are exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements, except that marking name
of contents on outside container is required for shipments
via carried by water. Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exempt also from Part 77, except section
77.817 of these regulations, and Part 197 or the I.C.C.
Motor Carrier Safety Regulations. These exemptions do
not apply to shipments offered for transportation by rail
express. (See 73.118 (b) for rail express exemptions).
above 20 F.
Paint, enamel, lacquer, stain, shellac, varnish, algold, wood filler, liquid and lacquer base
uminum, bronze,
liquid, and thinning, reducing and

therefor, and driers, liquid, therefor,
removing compounds
with flash point above

20 F., may in addition to containers prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section, be shipped in specification containers as follows:
(1)
Spec. IOC.
73.130
Refrigerating
machines,
(a)
Refrigerating
machines assembled for shipment and containing not over

15 pounds of a flammable liquid for their operation are
exempt from specfication packaging, marking, and labeling requirements, except that marking name of contents
on outside container is required for shipments via carrier
by water. Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exempt also from Part 77, except section 77.817
of these regulations, and Part 197 of the I.C.C. Motor
according
Metal drums (single-trip) not

(2) Spec. 37A or 37B.
over 5 gallons capacity with welded side seams, irrespective of flash point or viscosity.
Because of the present
emergency and until further order of the Commission,
spec. 37A or 37B metal drums of 8M gallons capacity, with
welded side seams and made of 24 gauge metal, are
authorized provided flash point of material shipped is
(b)
73.119 of this part, according
Carrier Safety Regulations.
As prescribed
in 73.119 of this part,

to flash point, pressure, or viscosity.
(1)
Gross weight of any container must not exceed

450 pounds.
in

(2) Spec. 37A or 37B.
over 5 gallons capacity with welded side seams, irrespective of flash point or viscosity.
(b)
lacquer,
As prescribed
(1)
in
(3) Spec. 42F. Aluminum barrels or drums. Authorized

only nitrocellulose or collodion cotton, fibrous, wet, or
colloided nitrocellulose, granular or flake, wet.
Because of the present emergency and until fur-
Polishes, metal, stove, furniture and wood,

73.129
stove, furniture and wood,
(a) Polishes, metal,
liquid,
liquid, must be packed in specification containers as fol-
as
Metal barrels or drums

(2) Spec. 6A, 6B, 6C, or6J.
not over 55 gallons capacity. Spec. 6J drums must have
removable heads of 14 gauge metal or 16 gauge metal
with one or more corrugations near the periphery and
heads must have a minimum convexity of % inch; each
drum must have three rolled or swedged-in hoops, one
of which shall be in the body near the curl.
(4)
(1)
ther order of the Commission, paint, varnish and lacquer

may be shipped under the conditions prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section, in containers not exceeding 1
gallon capacity with fiberboard bodies and metal tops
and bottoms made leakproof in lieu of glass, earthenware,
or metal containers as specified.
73.131
Road
asphalt,
asphalt or tar, liquid,

(1)
As prescribed in
or
tar,
(a)
Road
liquid,
in specification
must be packed
73.119 of
this part,
according

(2) Spec. IOC. Wooden barrels or kegs, authorized only
for material with flash point above 20F.
73.132 Container cement, linoleum cement, pyroxcement, rubber cement, tile cement, wallboard cement,
solution, (a) Container cement, linoleum cement, pyroxylin cement, rubber cement, tile cement, wallboard cement, and coating solution must be packed in
ylin
and coating
specfication containers as follows:
Wooden
barrels or kegs.
Paint, enamel, lacquer, stain, shellac, varnish, aluminum, bronze, gold, wood filler, liquid, and lacquer base
liquid, and thinning, reducing and removing compounds
therefor, and driers, liquid, therefore, in glass or earthenware containers of not over 1 quart capacity each, or
metal containers of not over 5 gallons capacity each,
packed in strong outside containers are exempt from
specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements when offered for transportation by rail freight,
highway, or water except when offered for transportation
by carrier by water, name of contents must be marked
on outside container. Shipments for transportation by
highway carriers are exempt also from Part 77, except
section 77.817 of these regulations, and Part 197 of the
I.C.C. Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.
offered
for transportation by rail express, such shipments are
exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements, except that packages having inside
containers of over 1 quart capacity each must be marked
with name of contents and bear the red label as prescribed in 73 405. When fiberboard box is used for
such shipments by rail freight, rail express, highway, or
water, gross weight must not exceed 65 pounds.
(c)
When
(1) As prescribed in 73.119, irrespective of flash

point or viscosity, except that spec. 10A or 10B wooden
barrels and kegs, must not be used.
NOTE

further order of the Commission, rubber cement containing no carbon bisulfide may be shipped in specfication
10A, wooden barrels or kegs.
Spirits of nitroglycerin, (a) Spirits of nitro 73.133

glycerin must consist of not over 10 percent by weight
of nitroglycerin in ethyl alcohol. Solutions of nitroglycerin must consist of not over 10 percent by weight of nitroglycerin in acetone. They must be packed in specification
lined with paraffined paper, spec. 2L, and with metal
inside containers, securely closed with rubber stoppers
tied in place.
The inside containers must be entirely
surrounded by at least 2 inches of dry, fine sawdust or
kieselguhr.
There must be not over 6 quarts of the
mixture in each outside container.
1347
NOTE

further order of the Commission, spirits of nitroglycerin,
consisting of not over 10 percent by weight of nitroglycerin in ethyl alcohol, may be shipped in glass bottles
not over 2 quarts capacity, securely closed with rubber
stoppers tied in place. Each inside container must be
entirely surrounded by at least 2 inches of dry fine sawdust
or kieselguhr. There must be not over 8 quarts of the
mixture in each outside container.
(b) Spirits of nitroglycerin consisting of not over 1

percent by weight of nitrtoglycerin in ethyl alcohol, in
addition to containers specified in paragraph (a) (1) of
this section,
may be packed
Specification cylinders as prescribed for
(5)
(6) Spec. 103 or 103W. Tank

charge outlet.
Spec. 105A100,
(7)
73.137
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A. Wooden boxes,

with glass inside containers not over 1 quart capacity each,
cushioned by at least 2 inches of dry, fine sawdust or
kieselguhr.
(1)
triethyl,
aluminum
trimethyl,
pyroforic fuel, or zinc ethyl, (a) Aluminum triethyl, aluminum trimethyl, pyroforic fuel, or zinc ethyl must be
shipped in cylinders as prescribed for any compressed gas,
except acetylene, or in devices or apparatus of a type
approved by the Bureau of Explosives.
(b) Aluminum triethyl, aluminum trimethyl, pyroforic
fuel, or zinc ethyl must not be offered for transportation
by
Dimethyl dichlorosilane, ethyl dichloro 73.135

silane, ethyl trichlorosilane, methyl trichlorosilane, trimethyl chlorosilane, and vinyl trichlorosilane. (a) Dimethyl dichlorosilane, ethyl dichlorosilane, ethyl trichlorosilane, methyl trichlorosilane, trimethyl chlorosilane, and
vinyl trichlorosilane must be packed in specification containers as follows:
(1) Spec. 15A or 16B. Wooden boxes with glass con1 gallon capacity each securely closed
and cushioned with incombustible absorbent material.
tainers not over
(2)
dis-
105A300-W. Tank
hydride,
ethereal,
must be packed
(a)
in
Spec.
or
6A,
6B,
6C,
or
17H
(single-trip).
drums with not more than one
inside
Metal
glass
container not exceeding 2 gallons capacity. The inside

container must be completely cushioned in sufficient incombustible cushioning material to completely absorb the
contents in evenr of breakage.
(3) Specification cylinders as prescribed for any compressed gas, except acetylene. Valves or fittings must be
protected from injury by a cap or equally efficient device.
express.
rail
glass
aluminum
or
without bottom
15A. Wooden boxes with inside glass or

(1) Spec.
earthenware containers not over 1 quart each enclosed
in air-tight metal cans and cushioned with sufficient incombustible cushioning material to completely absorb
contents in event of breakage.
(2)
Aluminum
105A100-W
Lithium aluminum hydride, ethereal,

barrels
73.134
Lithium
cars,
in specification containers as
follows:
any com-
pressed gas, except acetylene.
Spec. 17H or 37A. Metal drums (single-trip) with

inside containers not over 1 gallon capacity each
securely closed and cushioned with incombustible absorbent material.
drums not over 55 gallons
Spec. 5A. Metal
(4)
Spec. 5F. Metal drums not over 11 gallons capacity.
(5) Spec. 5, 5B, 5C, and 17E (single-trip). Metal drums.

These containers not authorized for shipments by rail
express.
Specification cylinders as prescribed for any

(7)
Spec
103 or 103W.
Tank
cars,
com-
without bottom
discharge outlet.
(8)
Spec. 105A100,
105A100-W
or
105A300-W. Tank
cars.
(9)
Spec.
MC
300 or
MC
303.
Tank motor
vehicles.
73.136 Methyl dichlorosilane and trichlorosilane.

Methyl dichlorosilane and trichlorosilane must be
packed in specification containers as follows:
(a)
(1) Spec. 15A or 16B. Wooden boxes with glass inside

containers not over 1 quart capacity each securely closed
or 37A. Metal drums (single-trip) with

(2) Spec. 17
inside containers not over 1 quart capacity each
securely closed and cushioned with incombustible absorbent material.
glass
(3)
Spec. 5A. Metal drums not over 55 gallons cacontainer not authorized for shipment by
This
pacity.
rail express.
(4)
Spec. 5F. Metal drums not over 11 gallons cacontainer not authorized for shipment by
pacity. This
rail express.
Cylinders not exceeding 2

inches in diameter nor 6 inches in length, excluding the
length of the valve, may also be packed in strong solid
fiberboard boxes, having no outside dimension less than
4 inches, completely filled with layers of strong corrugated fiberboard, the center of which shall be cut out to
the cylinder valve, and otherwise so designed that
fit
neither the cylinder nor the valve will be in contact with
any wall of the box under conditions normally incident
to transportation.
(b)
tion
by
Pentaborane must not be offered for transportarail
express.
capacity.
(3)
(6)
Pentaborane.
(a)
Pentaborane must be
73.138
packed in specification cylinders as prescribed for any
compressed gas, except acetylene. Cylinders must be
protected with valve protection cap or must be packed
in strong wooden boxes and blocked therein so as to
protect the valves from injury under conditions normally
73.139 Ethylene imine, inhibited, (a) Ethylene imine

must be inhibited and must be packed in specification
Spec. 15A or 15B. Wooden boxes, with inside

(1)
containers which must be securely sealed glass ampules
or glass bottles, contents not over 18 fluid ounces or 1
pound each, in tightly closed metal cans. If more than
one ampule or bottle is packed in a metal can, ampules
or bottles must be separated by fiberboard partitions.
Ampules or bottles must be cushioned in vermiculite or
equally efficient incombustible cushioning material in
quantity sufficient to completely absorb contents in event

of breakage. Not more than 5 pints of liquid may be
packed in any outside wooden box.
Zirconium, metallic solutions, or mixtures

73.140
thereof, liquid, (a) Zirconium, metallic, solutions, or mixtures thereof, liquid, must be packed in specification containers as follows:

(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, or 15C
metal containers. Each inside container shall not contain
more than 20 individual glass or porcelain jars, not exceeding 2-ounce capacity each, securely closed and completely cushioned in incombustible cushioning material
in sufficient quantity to completely absorb the contents.
Amyl mercaptan, butyl mercaptan, ethyl

73.141
mercaptan, isopropyl mercaptan, propyl mercaptan, and
aliphatic mercaptan mixtures, (a) Amyl mercaptan, butyl
mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, isopropyl mercaptan, propyl
SECTION
mercaptan,
packed
1348
11
and
aliphatic
mercaptan mixtures must
be

with securely closed inside metal containers not over 5
gallons capacity each; or in tightly closed glass bottles
not exceeding 1 quart capacity each, securely cushioned
in sufficient qauntity of absorbent material to completely
absorb the contents in event of leakage.
Spec. 12B.
(2)
Fiberboard boxes with securely closed
inside metal containers not over 1 gallon capacity each;

or in tightly closed glass bottles not exceeding 1 quart
Inks, (a) Inks

73.144
(2)
Spec. 17C.
(1)
Spec. ID.
Spec
(2)
material.
Metal drums (single-trip), not over 5

(5) Spec. 17E.
gallons capacity, without opening except bung hole not
exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter. Gaskets are required
and must be not less than 3/32 inch thick and of resilient
material such as polyethylene, neoprene, or equally
efficient material. (See also paragraph (a) (6) of this
section.)
Spec. 17E. Metal drums (single-trip), not over 55

capacity, with not more than one opening not
exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter and not more than one
vent opening not exceeding 1 inch in diameter. Gaskets
are required and must be not less than 3/32 inch thick
and of resilient material such as polyethylene, neoprene,
or equally efficient material. Authorized only for mercaptans having flash point above 20F.
(6)
gallons
105A300-W,
(7) Spec.
105A600-W. Tank cars.
(8)
Spec.
MC
330.
105A400-W,
Tank motor
105A500-W,
Spec. 5K.
or
vehicles.
Nickel barrels or drums.

with inside containers which must be glass or earthenware, not over 1 gallon capacity each, except that inside
containers up to 3 gallons each are authorized when
only one inside container is packed in each outside container.
Methylchloromethyl ether, anhydrous, must not be
offered for transportation by rail express.
SUBPART
DFLAMMABLE
SOLIDS
Wooden
boxes with
steel,
Metal
5, 5A, or 5C; or 17E (single-trip).
shall be of type 304 or 347 stainwith openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in
drums which
diameter.
(4) Spec. 17C, metal barrels or drums (single-trip) with
openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter. Authorized
only for unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine.
(5) Spec. 42B. Aluminum drums. Authorized only for
unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine.
Heaters for refrigerator cars, liquid fuel

Heaters of the liquid fuel type for refrigerator
cars, containing flammable liquid fuel, may be shipped
in carload or truckload lots provided each heater shall
have been inspected to see that flame has been extinguished, that there is no leakage of fuel, and that controls are in the "off" position
Heaters shall be loaded and
braced so as to prevent falling, tipping, or mechanical
type,
73.146.
(a)
damage under normal
conditions incident to transporta-
tion.
Heaters of the liquid fuel type for refrigerator cars

their fuel tanks completely drained if offered
transportation or transported in less-than-carload or
less-than-truckload lots.
(b)
must have
Methyl vinyl ketone, inhibited,

73.147
vinyl ketone must be inhibited and must be
(1)
inside
As prescribed
in
73.119
(a)
or
(b).
Methyl vinyl ketone, inhibited, in

containers
having not over 4
Methyl
packed in
(a)
glass or metal
fluid
ounces each
and not more than one inside container securely and

efficiently cushioned in strong outside fiberboard or wooden boxes, is exempt from specification packaging, marking,
and labeling requirements except that marking name of
contents on outside container is required for shipments
via carrier by water.
Shipments for transportation by
77.817, and Part 197.
AND OXIDIZING MATERIALS; DEFINITION AND PREPARATION
Flammable solid; definition, (a) A flammable

purpose of Parts 71-78 is a solid substance
other than one classified as an explosive, which is liable,
under conditions incident to transportation, to cause fires
through friction, through absorption of moisture, through
spontaneous chemical changes, or as a result of retained
heat from the manufacturing or processing.
15C.
which must
Spec.
barrels or
less
(b)
(2)
(b)
glass carboys.
15B, or
for
Methylchloromethyl ether, anhydrous, (a)

73.143
Methylchloromethyl ether, anhydrous, must be packed in
(1)
Boxed
15A,
aluminum not less than 0.04 inch thick. Closures and

gaskets must be of material which will not react dangerously with or be decomposed by contact with the contents.
(3)
Metal drums, (single-trip), with not

more than one opening not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter and not more than one vent opening not exceeding
Gaskets are required and must be
1 inch in diameter
not less than 3/32 inch thick and of resilient material
such as polyethylene, neoprene, or equally efficient
(sin-
consist of glass bottles not

exceeding 1-gallon capacity each, cushioned by means of
vermiculite within tin cans which shall be tightly closed,
or containers not over 2 quarts capacity each made of
cient material.
17C.
drums
73.145 Methylhydrazine and uns-dimethylhydrazine.

(a) Methylhydrazine and uns-dimethylhydrazine must be
inside containers
Spec.
Full removable head metal
according
gle-trip).
each, securely cushioned in sufficient quantity

of absorbent material to completely absorb the contents in
event of leakage.
(4)
in specifica-
(1) In containers as prescribed in 73.119,

capacity
Metal barrels or drums,

(3) Spec. 5, 5A, 5B, or 5C.
with not more than one opening not exceeding 2.3 inches
in diameter and not more than one vent opening not
exceeding 1 inch in diameter. Gaskets are required and
must be not less than 3/32 inch thick and of resilient
material such as polyethylene, neoprene, or equally effi-
must be packed
73.150
solid for the
Oxidizing material; definition, (a) An oxi 73.151

dizing material for the purpose of Parts 71-78 is a substance such as a chlorate, permanganate, peroxide, or a
nitrate, that yields oxygen readily to stimulate the combustion of organic matter.
Packing, (a) Flammable solids or oxidizing

73.152
materials must not be packed in the same outside container with corrosive liquids unless the corrosive liquids
are in bottles, cushioned by incombustible absorbent material, in tightly closed metal containers.
NOTE 1: Oxidizing or other materials in quantity not

exceeding 4 ounces, in securely closed metal cans, packed
in the same compartment with other securely packed materials necessary for a complete fumigant, are acceptable
for transportation.
(b)
tightly
Closing and cushioning. All containers must be

and securely closed Inside containers must be
1349
when
cushioned as prescribed or in any case

to prevent breakage or leakage.
73.153
Exemptions
lose
flammable
for
necessary
solids
and
oxi-
dizing materials, (a) Flammable solids and oxidizing materials, except those as enumerated in paragraph (c) of
this section, in inside containers not over 1 pound net
weight each, in outside containers not exceeding 25
pounds net weight each are, unless otherwise provided,
specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements, except that marking name of contents
on outside container is required for shipments via carrier
by water. Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exempt also from Part 77, except section 77,817
Carrier Safety Regulations. (See paragraph (c) of this
section for articles not exempted, 73.182 for exemptions
for nitrates, and paragraph (b) of this section for exemption
for organic peroxides.)
(24) Motion-picture film old

base).
(25)
Paper stock, wet.
(26)
Paper waste, wet.
(27)
Tetranitromethane.
(28)
Phosphoric anhydride.
(29)
Phosphorus, amorphous, red.
(30)
Phosphorus pentachloride.
(31)
exempt from
Liquid or solid organic peroxides (see 73.244 (a) ),

except acetyl benzoyl peroxide, solid, and benzoyl peroxide
in strong outside containers having not over 1 pint or 1
pound net weight of the material in any one such package,
having inside containers securely packed and cushioned
with incombustible cushioning are, unless otherwise provided, exempt from specification packaging, marking, and
carrier by water. Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exmept also from Part 77, except section
(b)
and worn out
(32)
(33)
Phosphorus, white or yellow.
Photographic film scrap.

exceeding 16 ounces.
(34) Picric acid, wet,
and potassium, metallic liquid
(35) Potassium, metallic

alloy.
(36)
(nitrocellu-
Potassium peroxide.
(37) Pyroxylin plastic scrap.

(38) Rags, oily, with
or animal oil.
(39) Rags,
more than 5 percent
of vegetable
wet.
(40)
Sodium amide.
(41)
Sodium
(42)
Sodium hydride.
(43)
Sodium, metallic and sodium, metallic liquid
(44)
Sodium, metallic, dispersion
(45)
Sodium peroxide.
(46)
Sodium picramate.
(47)
Spent iron mass or spent iron sponge.
(48)
Spent oxide.
Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.

not
(c) The following articles in any quantity are
exempt under the provisions of paragraphs (a) or (b) of
this section:
(1)
Bags, nitrate of soda, empty and unwashed.
(2)
Benzoyl peroxide.
(3)
Burnt cotton.
(4)
(5)
Calcium
chlorite.
organic
in
alloy.
solvent.
chlorite
Calcium phosphide.
Calcium
(6)
resinate. (See 73.166 of this part).
Tankage, garbage, tankage fertilizers, containing

less than 8 percent moisture or having a temperature exceeding 100 F. when loaded.
(49)
(4)
(7)
Calcium
(8)
Isopropyl percarbonate, unstabilized.
(9)
Charcoal, wood, screenings, except see 73.162
resinate, fused.
(a)
of this part.
(10)
Chlorobenzoyl peroxide
(12)
Cobalt
resinate,
waste, felt waste), containing less than 7 percent moisture

or having a temperature exceeding 100 F. when loaded.
(para).
ground bituminous,
(11) Coal,
facings. (See 73.165 of this part).
sea
coal
and
coal
(51) Textile
Thorium metal, powdered.
(53)
Titanium metal powder, wet.
(55)
Fibers or fabrics impregnated or saturated with

animal or vegetable oils which are liable to spontaneous
heating or combustion in transit.
(16) Fish scrap or fish meal containing less than 6 or
more than 12 percent moisture (does not include wet
acidulated fish scrap with moisture 40 to 55 percent) or

sufficiently cooled after manufacture,
is liable to spontaneous heating in transit.
which has not been
(See
73.226
(b).)
(54) Urea nitrate, wet with not less than 10 per cent
water, in excess of 16 ounces but less than 25 pounds.
Fiber burnt.
(15)
waste, wet.
(52)
precipitated.
(13) Cotton waste, oily with more than 5 percent of

vegetable or animal oil.
(14)
(50) Tankage, rough ammoniate (tankages made from

ammoniates such as leather scrap, horns, hoofs, hair, hair
Wool
waste, wet.
X-ray film (exposed) and X-ray film scrap

cellulose base )
(56)
ammonium
(57)
Zinc
(58)
Zirconium, metallic, dry, wet or sludge.
(59)
Zirconium picramate.
(60)
Acetyl benzoyl peroxide, solution.
(61)
Calcium, metallic, crystalline.
(nitro-
nitrite.
or
(17) Hair, wet.

(18) Iron sponge that has not been properly oxidized
during manufacture.
(19)
Lithium hydride.
(20)
Lithium metal. (See
(21)
Lithium
(22)
Matches, strike-anywhere.
73.206
(d)
of this part)
(62) Nickel catalyst, finely divided, activated or spent.
(63)
Lithium aluminum hydride.
(64)
Sodium potassium
alloys.
silicon.
(23) Motion-picture film (exposed),

film scrap (nitrocellulose base).
and motion-picture
Flammable solids and oxidizing materials

73 154
not specifically provided for. (a) Flammable solids and
oxidizing materials, as defined in 73.150 and 73.151,
other than those for which special packing requirements
are prescribed, must be packed in specification containers
SECTION
1350
11
of a design and constructed of materials that will not

react dangerously with or be decomposed by the chemical
packed therein, as follows:
6B
or 6C.
(1)
Spec. 6A,
(2)
Spec. 17C, 17E, 17H, 37A, or 37B, metal drums
(single-trip).
Spec. 10A, 10B, or IOC.
(3)
Wooden
barrels or kegs.
Wooden
barrels or kegs with inside

(4)
containers or with suitable lining for bulk shipments.
Spec
11 A.
Wooden barrels or kegs with inside

(5) Spec. 11B.
containers; or metal lined, spec. 2F, for bulk shipments.
Spec.
(6)
12B.
Fiberboard
with
boxes
con-
inside
which must be metal cans; sliding-lid wooden

boxes; fiber cans or boxes, spec. 2G, not over 5 pounds
tainers
capacity each; or glass bottles not over 1 pound capacity

Packages containing glass containers must not
each.
weigh over 65 pounds

Spec.
(7)
gross.
15A or 15B. Wooden boxes
lined, spec.
2F
Wooden
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A.

with inside containers.
(8)
Spec. 21 A or 21 B.
(10)
Spec
22 A.
22B.
drums, spec. 2F.
(11) Spec.
boxes
Fiber drums.
Plywood drums.
Plywood drums with
metal
inside
73.155 Bags, nitrate of soda, empty and unwashed.

Bags, nitrate of soda, empty and unwashed, must be
(a)
(1)
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A.
(2)
Spec. 10A, 10B, 10C, 11 A, or 11B.
Wooden
Wooden
boxes.
barrels.
(b) Bags in carload and truckload lots loaded by conand to be unloaded by consignee may also be
shipped loose or baled, provided the car or highway vehicle is lined with paper and doors of cars are properly
signor
stripped after sealing and provision is

vehicle to prevnet entrance of sparks.
made on highway
Barium peroxide and calcium peroxide, (a)

73.156
Barium peroxide and calcium peroxide must be packed

with inside glass containers not over 1 pound capacity
each; or with inside glass containers not over 5 pounds
capacity each cushioned with incombustible cushioning
material; or with inside metal containers or lining,
spec. 2F.
(1)

exceed 880 pounds.
Spec. 6A.
(2)
not to
Gross weight
Metal barrels or drums with not

(3) Spec. 6B or 6C.
more than 1400 pounds net weight in each container.
Spec. 17E, 17H, 37A, or 37B.
(4)
Metal drums
(sin-
gle-trip).
Spec. 21 A or 21 B.. Fiber drums.
(5)
Authorized only
73.158 Benzoyl peroxide, dry, lauroyl peroxide, dry,

ehlorobenzoyl peroxide (para), dry, or succinic acid peroxide, dry. (a) Benzoyl peroxide, dry lauroyl peroxide,
dry, ehlorobenzoyl peroxide (para), dry, or succinic acid
peroxide, dry, may be shipped when packed in specification
Wooden boxes, with inside

(1) Spec. 15A or 15B.
containers securely closed by taping or gluing, or
inside securely closed paper bags lined with 0.002 inch
thick, polyethylene, not over 1 pound capacity each. Except for lauroyl peroxide, dry, each inside container must
be surrounded by asbestos or fire-resistant cushioning
material which will protect contents with equal efficiency.
Net weight in outside container must not exceed 50
pounds, except that for lauroyl peroxide, dry, net weight
fiber
not over 100 pounds
21A
is
authorized.
Fiber drums, net weight not

(2)
over 100 pounds, authorized only for lauroyl peroxide, dry.
Spec.
or2M.
(9)

for benzoyl peroxide, wet.
or 21B.
12B. Fiberboard boxes, with inside fiber

(3) Spec.
containers securely closed by taping or gluing, or inside
securely closed paper bags lined with 0.002 inch thick
polyethylene, not over 1 pound capacity each. Except
for lauroyl peroxide, dry, each inside container must be
surrounded by asbestos or fire-resistant cushioning material which will protect the contents with equal efficiency. Gross weight in spec. 12B65 boxes may be more
than 65 but not more than 70 pounds provided net weight
of contents does not exceed 50 pounds.
73.159 Burnt cotton, (a) "Burnt cotton" is cotton that
has been on fire and from which the burnt portions have
not been removed by repicking. It must not be offered for
transportation until not less than 10 days have elapsed
since the last evidence of fire in it. It must be marked
and described on shipping orders and bills of lading as
"Burnt Cotton, Yellow Label," and cars containing any
quantity of it must be protected by the "Dangerous"
placard.
(b)
by
Burnt cotton must not be offered for transportation
rail express.
(c) When burnt cotton is picked and baled the separated cotton is not classed as a dangerous article and is
not subject to Parts 71-78 and 197.
Calcium chlorite and sodium chlorite, (a)

73.160
Calcium chlorite and sodium chlorite must be packed in
(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A or 19A. Wooden boxes
with inside containers which must be glass or earthenware
not over 231 pounds capacity each or metal not over 5
pounds capacity each.

(2)
Spec. 6A, 6B, or 6C.
(3)
Spec. 17E, 17H, 37 A, or 37B.
Metal drums
(single-
trip).
Calcium phosphide, (a) Calcium phosphide

73.161
must be packed in specification containers as follows:
(1)
Spec.
15A
or 15B.
Wooden
boxes lined, spec. 2F,
and with hermetically sealed inside containers.
Benzoyl peroxide, ehlorobenzoyl peroxide
73.157
(para), lauroyl peroxide, or succinic acid peroxide, wet. (a)

Benzoyl peroxide, ehlorobenzoyl peroxide (para), lauroyl
peroxide, and succinic acid peroxide, wet with at least 30

percent of water by weight must be packed in specification
Wooden boxes with in(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, or 15C.

metal containers or lining, spec. 2F or with inside
paper bags lined with polyethylene at least 0.002 inch
thick and not over 1 -pound dry weight capacity each;
or aluminum drums of at least 16 gauge United States
standard, tightly sealed. Gross weight not over 200 pounds.
side
5B, 6A, 6B, or 6C. Metal barrels or drums

polyethylene or other suitable material.
to exceed Ys" diameter
be provided in the drum near the top periphery.
(2)
having
Spec.
Charcoal, (a) Charcoal as described in this

73.162
paragraph is exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements for transportation by rail
freight, highway, or water except when for transportation by carrier by water, name of contents must be shown
on outside container. Shipments for transportation by
I.C.C.
(1)

Charcoal, activated or carbon, activated.
5,
liners of
Not more than 4 vent holes of not
may
(2)
(2) Charcoal made from pine wood and processed so

that it is not liable to heat dangerously or cause fires in
transportation.
1351
Charcoal briquettes made from
(3)
and water, or
screened and cooled
starch
fore being
charcoal with
which have been

a temperature below 100F., be-
to
offered for transportation.
Charcoal screenings
(4)
wood
for a binder,
tar,
Charcoal
made from "pinon" wood.
made from walnut
corn cobs,
peach pits, and similar material, must be cooled and held
not less than five days before shipment, and shipped in
(5)
shells,
bags, barrels, or boxes.
Charcoal,
(6)
lump,
method by which long
made by
air
the
exposure
old
is
kiln
or
pit
provided before
shipment.
(7)
packed
Charcoal, wood, except charcoal screenings,

in boxes or barrels.
pounds.
transportation by rail express,
charcoal, except charcoal briquettes, must be packed in
barrels, bags, or boxes, and must bear the yellow label.
offered
for
(b) Charcoal made in round retorts must be transferred

to air-tight metal cans for cooling, and must be kept in
these cans for 24 hours or more. The charcoal after removal from these cans should be aired by spreading on a
floor to a depth not exceeding 1 foot. This air exposure
must last not less than 44 hours. Not less than 72 hours
should elaspe from the time the air exposure of the charcoal commences before a car loaded with it is closed for
shipment, or before the lump charcoal is placed in paper
bags.
(1) The charcoal during this airing period must be
protected from the weather, and exposed to good circulation of air. When the charcoal is aired on the floor for
only 24 hours and then placed in burlap bags, it must
be kept in the bags 60 hours before shipment. If the
charcoal is not aired on the floor for at least 24 hours,
it must be kept in the burlap bags for at least 96 hours
before loading for shipment.
(c) Charcoal made in ovens in slatted cars should be
kept for two periods of 24 hours each in first and secondary air-tight cooling chambers respectively
After removing the charcoal from the secondary coolers it must
be exposed to good air circulation but protected from the
weather for a period of not less than 44 hours.
less than 72 hours must elapse from the

(1) Not
time the air exposure of the charcoal commences before
a car loaded with it is closed for shipment, or before the
lump charcoal is placed in paper bags.
When
fire occurs in charcoal during air exposure

should be extinguished with as little water as
Any charcoal wet in this way or otherwise
must be dried, by again heating in the retorts or ovens,
and cooled and aired in the usual way described in
paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, or the charcoal
must be set aside and allowed to dry for not less than
30 days before shipment.
(d)
it
possible.
(e)
ings
Charcoal, lump, must be dry and free from screen-
and brands.
(1)
Shipments must be loaded into tight box cars, tight

hopper cars,
wood may be
container cars, or into tight closed-top

except that lump charcoal made from soft
shipped in open or stock cars.
(2) When a chute is used in loading the car, the chute

must contain a properly constructed screen which must
be kept clean. This screen shall be not less than % inch
mesh. Forks with prongs not less than 1 inch apart must
be used instead of shovels to handle the charcoal. The
screenings which accumulate in the doorway of the car
must be removed before loading the doorway. The car
should be swept before loading, and a car which has contained lime must be thoroughly cleaned before loading
with charcoal. The doors of the car must be closed tightly
before the car

(3)
in
(1) Charcoal screenings must be stored in a dry place,

loosely piled bags, freely exposed to the air not less
after separation from the lump before
than 20 days
shipment.
(2)
When
period,
(f) Charcoal screenings consist of small pieces of charcoal varying from about one-half inch in the maximum
dimension to grains of dust These screenings are more
liable to produce fires than other forms of charcoal. Charcoal screenings from wet charcoal or wet screenings or
screenings which have been wet must not be offered for
shipment unless they have been dried for not less than
12 hours in a retort or oven, and then subjected to not
less than 10 days airing and cooling before shipment.
when
(8) Charcoal, wood, when in bags in less-than-carload

or less-than-truckload shipments of not exceeding 2,000
(9)
(4) Lump charcoal, dry and free from screenings and

brands, may be shipped in bulk in motor vehicles. Vehicle
must be swept before loading and if it contained lime
it must be thoroughly cleaned.
Lump
is
forwarded.
charcoal
boxes, or bulk in cars.
may be shipped
in bags, barrels or
Screenings
from
pine-wood
stored as above described

before shipment.
for
not
charcoal must be
than five days
less
(3) Charcoal screenings must be packed in cotton or

jute bags of not greater than 4 bushels capacity.
(4) Charcoal screenings, except screenings made from
"pinon" wood, must not be offered for transportation by
rail express.
(g)
ized
is
Charcoal ground, crushed, granulated, or pulverprepared from either lump charcoal or screenings.
(1) Lump charcoal used for the preparation of ground,

crushed, granulated, or pulverized charcoal must be
stored subject to ventilation, and protected from the
weather for not less than 20 days after its removal from
the coolers before milling; or the ground, crushed, granulated or pulverized charcoal must be stored in bags, subject to ventilation and protected from the weather for
not less than 20 days before shipment. Lump charcoal
made from pine wood must be stored as above described
for not less than 5 days before milling. Ground, crushed,
or granulated charcoal made by the "Stafford" process
must be stored subject to ventilation and protected from
the weather for not less than 7 days before shipment in
lieu of the 20-days' storage otherwise prescribed.
(2) Charcoal screenings used for the preparation of
ground, crushed, granulated, or pulverized charcoal must
be stored in a dry place in loosely piled cotton or jute
bags freely exposed to air for a period of not less than
20 days after separation from the lump charcoal, and
before milling; or the ground, crushed, granulated, or
pulverized charcoal must be stored in bags, subject to
ventilation and protected from the weather for not less
than 20 days before shipment. Charcoal screenings made
from pine wood charcoal must be stored as above described not less than 5 days before milling.
(3) Ground, crushed, granulated, or pulverized charcoal must be packed in tight sift-proof wooden barrels
or boxes containing not more than 4 bushels each; or in
fiberboard boxes; or in unlined jute bags, or in strong
unlined cotton bags, containing not more than 4 bushels
each; or in paper-lined jute bags, or in paper bags, containing not more than 2?2 bushels each. Whenever practicable, all boxes, barrels, or bags, after filling, should be
allowed to remain open and freely exposed to the air,
and protected from the weather for not less than 24 hours
before being closed.
Ground, crushed, granulated, or
pulverized charcoal made from pine-wood charcoal should
be so stored for not less than 72 hours before the packages are closed.
(h) Charcoal, screenings, or ground, crushed, granulated or pulverized charcoal, in bags, when loaded in
cars for shipment by rail must be so loaded that the bags
are laid horizontally in the car, and so piled that there
will be spaces for efficient air circulation. These spaces
must be not less than 4 inches wide. If the bags are not
compactly filled and closed so as to avoid free space
within, transverse wooden strips must be laid between
the bags and extending the full width of the car; these
strips should be approximately 2 feet apart vertically and
longitudinally. The bags must not be piled closer than
6 inches from the top of the car, and no more than 26,000
pounds of screenings, ground, granulated, crushed, or
SECTION
1352
11
pulverized charcoal, shall be loaded in a 36-foot, 6-inch

27,000 pounds in a 37-foot, 6-inch car, 28,000 pounds
in a 38-foot, 6-inch car, 29,000 pounds in a 39-foot, 6-inch
car, 36,000 pounds in a 40-foot, 6-inch car, and 40,000
pounds in a 50-foot, 6-inch car. A tight car must be used,
and any loose material must be swept up and removed
from the doorway of the car before completing the loading.
On recommendation of the Bureau of Explosives,
other methods of loading shown to be at least equally
efficient in securing the necessary ventilation will be
authorized.
car,
90 percent of which will pass through a 100-mesh sieve,

must be stored for at least six days after grinding, or if
not so stored must be shipped in tight metal tank cars or
in tight metal containers on container cars, or in permanently covered metal hopper cars, or in other tight metal
containers, or in tight, metal-bodied, covered motor vehicles.
(b) Coal, ground bituminous, which has been dried
by heating before grinding must be packed in hermetically
sealed metal-lined
wooden boxes
or air-tight metal con-
tainers.
(i)
See
77.838 for loading- in motor vehicles.
Charcoal burned in pits or kilns must be thoroughly cooled in the sealed kilns. After the kilns are opened,
the charcoal must be allowed to stand in the open kiln
or elsewhere exposed to the air for not less than 24 hours
before loading in a freight car. Charcoal burned in kilns
may be loaded in open cars or in box cars, but after
loading in box cars, the cars must be allowed to stand
not less than 24 hours with doors open before shipment.
(k) Screenings, or ground, crushed, granulated, or pulverized charcoal, from pit or kiln burned charcoal, are
considered as non-hazardous, provided the screenings or
the material from which the ground charcoal is made has
been exposed to the air for not less than 5 days prior
to shipment or grinding.
(1) Reburned charcoal must be cooled and exposed to
fresh-air circulation for not less than five days after re-
moval from the reburning furnaces and before being

shipped or ground to produce ground or pulverized charcoal.
Chlorate of soda, chlorate of potash, and

73.163
other chlorates, (a) Chlorate of soda, chlorate of potash,
and other chlorates must be packed in specification con-
Cobalt resinate, precipitated, calcium resinresinate fused, (a) Cobalt resinate, precalcium resinate, and calcium resinate fused,
73.166
(j)
and calcium
ate,
cipitated,
must be packed
(1)
(2)
Spec. 17E, 17H, 37A, or 37B.
Metal drums
(single-
trip).
Wooden
(3) Spec. 15A or 15B.

metal inside containers.
Cotton waste,
73.167
more than 5 percent

must be packed as follows:
with
boxes with
-tight
(a) Cotton waste, oily

vegetable or animal oil
oily,
of
(1) In hermetically sealed metal-lined

or air-tight metal containers.
wooden boxes
(b) Such cotton waste must not be offered for transportation by carriers by rail express.
Lithium amide, powdered, (a)

73.168
amide, powdered, must be packed as follows:
tainers as follows:
As prescribed
(1)
in
73.154
(a) (1), (2), (5), (8)
Lithium
and
(11)
of this part.
(1)
(2)
Spec. 17E, 17H, 37A, or 37B.

Spec.
(2)
Metal drums
(single-
21A
or
'JB.
Fiber drums with inside metal
drum, spec. 2F.
trip).
NOTE 1: Spec. 37A and 37B. Metal drums for export

marked for an authorized gross weight of 160
pounds, must be at least 24 gauge metal throughout.
service,
Spec. 21A, 21B, 22A, or
(3)
drums with
22B
Fiber or plywood
inside metal drums, spec. 2F.
(4) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A. Wooden boxes,

or spec. 11A or 11B, wooden barrels or kegs, with tightly
closed inside containers which must be of metal not over
10 pounds capacity each; or of glass not over 5 pounds
each; or of fiber, spec. 2G, not over 6 pounds capacity
each.
(5) Spec.
12B. Fiberboard boxes with inside metal
cans not over 5 pounds capacity each, closed air tight
and with not over 25 pounds of chlorate in the outside
container.
Chlorates wet with 10 percent or more of water

authorized for shipment in tank cars, spec. 103 or
(6)
are
103W, when equally
distributed therein.
(7) Chlorate of soda is authorized for shipment in

tank cars, or in tight sift-proof covered hopper cars.
Cars must be thoroughly cleaned before loading.
steel
73.164
packed
Chromic
acid,
(a)
Chromic acid must be
(1)
(2)
Spec 17E, 17H, 37A, or 37B. Metal drums
(single-
Spec.
15A or 15B.
Wooden
boxes, with inside

glass bottles of not greater than 5 pounds capacity each,
with closures securely fastened, each bottle individually
packed in a tight metal container, and cushioned therein
with incombustible mineral packing material; or with
tightly closed metal inside containers, not over 10 pounds
capacity each.
Coal, ground bituminous, sea coal, coal

Coal, ground bituminous, sea coal, coal facings,
73.165
facings,
(a)
Such
(b)
by
rail
fiber
must not be offered
for transportation
express.
Fibers or fabrics impregnated, saturated or

Fibers or fabrics impregnated, saturated or
coated with animal or vegetable oils, or organic substances,
manufactured articles or processed materials which are
liable to spontaneous heating or combustion in transit must
be packed in hermetically sealed metal-lined wooden
73.170
coated,
(a)
boxes or air-tight metal containers.

(b) Such materials, substances or articles must not be
offered for transportation by rail express.
Fish scrap or fish meal, (a) Fish scrap or

less than 6 or more than 12 percent
moisture (does not include wet acidulated fish scrap with
moisture 40 to 55 percent), or which has not been sufficiently cooled after manufacture, or is liable to spontaneous heating in transit, must be packed in air-tight
metal containers.
fish
73.171
meal containing
Such
fish
portation by
rail
(b)
trip.)
(3)
Fiber, burnt, (a) Fiber, burnt, must be

73.169
packed in hermetically sealed metal-lined wooden boxes
73.172
scrap meal must not be offered for transexpress.
Hair, wet.
(a)
for transportation except in
Hair, wet, must not be offered

gondola cars or in open motor
vehicles with metal bodies.

(b)
by
Hair, wet,
carriers
by
must not be offered
for transportation
rail express.
Aluminum dross or magnesium dross, (a)

73.173
Aluminum dross or magnesium dross must not be shipped
when hot or when containing moisture liable to cause heating or
fire
during transportation.
73.174
Iron sponge, spent oxide, spent iron mass,

(a) Iron sponge that has not been
or spent iron sponge,
1353
properly oxidized during manufacture must be packed in
hermetically sealed metal-lined wooden boxes or air-tight
metal containers.
Iron sponge not properly oxidized must not be
offered for transportation by carriers by rail express.
(b)
Spent oxide, spent iron mass, or spent iron sponge

must be loaded in open steel cars or open highway vehicles
with steel bodies. After exposure to air for a period of
not less than 10 days, these articles may be offered for
transportation by carrier by water in bulk in all-steel
barges having open holds.
(c)
for transportation
by
carrier
by
rail
express.
Fiberboard boxes with inside

(2) Spec. 12B or 12C
containers; not over 60 pounds each.
The maximum number
(3)
in
any one case
shall
Number
ef
be
of
match boxes contained
as follows:
Nominal number of
matches per box
boxes
H gross
Not
Not
Not
Not
Not
Not
over
over
over
over
over
over
fOver 50.
1 gross
73.175 Lacquer base, or lacquer chips, dry. (a) Lacmust be packed in speci-
quer base, or lacquer chips, dry,

2 gross
3 gross
6 gross
12 gross
20 grow
25 gros3
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A

with inside metal containers, spec. 2F.
(1)
6A, 6B, or 6C.
Wooden
Spec
(3)
Spec. 17E, 17H, 37A, or 37B.
Metal drums
Spec.
21A
or 21B.
Under 100.
Not over 50.
All individual containers of strike-anywhere matches

offered for transportation by rail express must be
(e)
when
(single-
trip).
(4)
700.
500.
400.
300.
200.
100.
boxes
(2)
in speci-
(1) Sr>ec. 15A. Wooden boxes, with inside containers;

not over 100 pounds each.
Spent oxide, spent iron sponge, or spent iron mass
(d)
must not be offered
highway, or water must be packed
freight,
rail
(1) Spec. 15A. Wooden boxes, lined, spec. 2F, or lined

with asbestos board, lapped at all joints and all joints
sealed air-tight. Gross weight not to exceed 50 pounds.
Fiber drums.
73.176 Matches, (a) Matches, when offered for transmust be of a type that will not ignite spontanwhen subjected for eight consecutive hours to a
temperature of 200F., in a properly conducted laboratory
test. They must not exceed 3 inches in length, nor have
a stick exceeding .015 square inch in cross-section area.
Fiberboard boxes with paper- wrapped

matches covered with aluminum
foil having joints hermetically sealed. Aluminum used for
covering must be of such thickness that in the event
matches become ignited fire will not communicate through
the wrapped unit. Gross weight not to exceed 50 pounds.
For the purpose of Parts 71-78, matches are divided

two classes, viz.: (1) "strike-anywhere" and blockmatches and (2) "strike-on-box," book, and card matches
Strike-anywhere and block matches are those for the
ignition of which a prepared surface is not required.
Strike-on-box, book, and card matches are those matches
intended to be ignited on a prepared surface. Book and
card matches may be fastened to a cover or folder, or the
prepared match strips may not be so attached or covered.
Marking. Outside containers of strike-anywhere

(f)
matches shall show the name of the importer, distributor,
or manufacturer and the brand or trademark under which
such matches are manufactured and distributed to the
trade. The name shall be printed in English.
portation,
eously
(b)
into
Spec. 12C.
(2)
units of strike-anywhere
(1) In addition, and separate therefrom, all outside

containers shall have plainly marked thereon the words
"STRIKE-ANYWHERE MATCHES."
Packing. Matches, strike-anywhere, must not be

in the same outside package with any other article,
except that book, card and "strike-on-box" matches may be
included when packed in separate inside containers.
(g) Matches, strike-on-box, book, and card packed in

outside fiberboard or wooden boxes are not subject to the
regulations in Parts 71-78 and 197.
(1) Matches, strike-anywhere, must be placed in individual containers consisting of an outer sliding shuck or
cover and an inner holding tray or box. Individual containers consisting of a holding tray or box that telescopes
over the box may be used. Boxes of suitable "hang-up"
type may also be used, if approved by the Bureau of
Explosives. All match boxes, covers, and trays must be
made of cardboard, wood, or metal except that paper
wrappings may be used for block or card matches.
packed
(c)
packed
(1)
(2) Individual containers must be wrapped in paper

with not more than 12 boxes or individual containers in
each paper-wrapped package. These packages must be
secured on the ends and on the lapping side with glue,
or similar satisfactory adhesive, making each 12 boxes
or less of matches a serviceably wrapped and well-secured
package.
Matches, strike-on-box, book, and card may be

in the sameoutside container with nonflammable
when packed in outside fiberboard or wooden

boxes. Such matches must be compactly packed in tightly
closed inside containers or securely wrapped so as to prevent accidental ignition. When so packed, they are exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling
requirements except when for transportation by carrier
by water each outside container shall be marked "BOOK
MATCHES,;] "STRIKE-ON-BOX MATCHES," or "CARD
MATCHES," as the case may be Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exmept also from Part 77,
except section 77.817, and Part 197.
articles
73.177 Motion-picture film and X-ray film, (a) Moand X-ray film (nitrocellulose base) (exposed) must be packed in specification containers as follows
tion-picture film
:
(3)
No
matches
matches
individual container (not including card or block

shall contain more than 700 strike-anywhere
in any one container, box, or package.
When
more than 300 matches
are packed in any individual container, box, or package, the matches must be arranged in
two nearly equal portions with the heads of the two portions placed in opposite directions.
All individual containers containing 350 or more matches must have placed
over the matches a center holding or protecting strip made
of cardboard, which can be scored or bent without fracture. This protecting strip shall be not less than 1% inches
wide and shall be flanged down at least five-eighth inch
on each end to hold the matches in position when the
container is nested into the shuck or cover or withdrawn
(d)
Matches, unless exempted in paragraph
when
offered
for
transportation
by
(g)
of this
carriers
by
32A
Spec.
or 32B.
Metal cases.
(2) Spec. 15A, 15B, or 15C. Wooden boxes with each

reel in a tightly closed metal can, or strong cardboard or
fiberboard box with cover held in place by adhesive tape
or paper; gross weight not over 200 pounds.
12B.
Fiberboard boxes complying with
(1); authorized for a single tightly closed
can or strong cardboard or fiberboard box
with cover held in place by adhesive tape or paper, not
over 2,000 feet of film. Taped closure authorized.
(3)
Spec.
78.205-22
(a)
inside metal
Spec. 12B. One-piece fiberboard boxes complying

78.205-22 (a) (2); authorized only when each film is
in a tightly closed metal film-reel can or strong coardboard of fiberboard box with cover held in place by adhesive tape or paper containing not over 2,000 feet (ap(4)
with
therefrom.
section,
(1)
SECTION
1354
11
proximately) of film; cans or boxes to be adequately

braced in center of box by fiberboard, at least 175-pound
Gross weight not over
test, extending full depth of box.
65 pounds. Closing of box must be effected by coating
entire contact surfaces of flaps with efficient adhesive;
Boxes that have been
stitched closure not authorized
filled, shipped, and opened, are not authorized for reuse.
feet (approx.) of film; interior packing required, of doublewall corrugated fiberboard pads at least 275-pound test,
so arranged as to prevent can or box from touching the
6 faces of the outside box. Gross weight not over 75
pounds. Boxes that have been filled, shipped and opened
are not authorized for reuse.

order of the Commission, containers authorized
under 73.180 (a) (2) of this part may be reused provided
original shipment consisted of unexposed motion-picture
film in carload or truckload quantities and that boxes
were crated and had closing flaps held in place by paper
(b) Motion-picture film and X-ray film, unexposed (nitrocellulose base), when offered for transportation by rail
freight and highway are exempt from specification packaging, marking other than name of contents, and labeling
requirements. Shipments for transportation by highway
carriers'are exempt also from Part 77, except section 77.817
tape.
Carrier Safety Regulations.
NOTE
further
Spec. 32C. Trunks with each film in standard metal

film-reel can or strong cardboard or fiberboard box with
cover held in place by adhesive tape or paper. Trunks to
contain no material other than films in cans or boxes
and projecting apparatus. The apparaturs, as packed, must
not be capable of creating an electric current.
(5)
Fiberboard boxes complying with

12B.
(6) Spec.
78.205-27; authorized only for not more than two square
inside metal cans containing not over 200 feet (approx.)
Taped
of film each; gross weight not over 15 pounds.
closure authorized.
Motion-picture film; exemptions,
73.181
(a)
Motion-
picture film as follows is exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements, except that
marking name of contents on outside container is required
for shipments via carrier by water. Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exempt also from Part 77,
except section 77.817 of these regulations, and Part 197
of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.
(b) Advertising matter must not be attached to outside

of container. Slow burning (nonflammable) motion-picture
film is exempt (73.181 (a) (1) of this part), but when
packed with flammable film all requirements must be
complied with as
if all
contents were flammable film.
Motion-picture film, old and worn out (not

Motion-picture film, old and worn out (not
shipped
must be no longer exhibitable (with
when
value only for reclamation of material), and must be
packed in specification containers as follows: (See 73.195
and 73.196 of this part for film scrap.)
(1) Motion-picture film and X-ray film, slow-burning

(nonflammable) and old and wornout motion-picture film,
slow-burning (nonflammable).
(2) Motion-picture film scrap and X-ray film scrap,
slow-burning (nonflammable).
(3) Motion-picture film, toy pieces of, exposed, of approximately % inch by 1% inches in size and not to exceed
1,000 such pieces inclosed in a tightly closed metal box
and packed with other articles.
73.178
scrap),
scrap),
(a)
(1) Spec. 15A. Wooden boxes lined, spec. 2F, or

gross weight not over 450 pounds.
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, or 19A.
(2)
Wooden
2M;
boxes with
inside metal cans containing not over 1,000 feet of film;

the cover of each can must fit tightly; gross weight not
over 450 pounds.

Spec.
(3)
32A
or 32B.
(4) Spec. 32D.

over 250 pounds.
Nitrates,
film not
carbonate mixture
Ammonium
37B
(single-
Ammonium
zer,
73.179 Motion-picture film, toy. (a) Motion-picture

standard width (l%"), on metal reels, each containing 200 feet or less of film, when shipped must be
inclosed in spark-proof metal cans packed in outside spe
film, toy, of
cification containers as follows:
Spec. 15A, 15B. or 15C. Wooden boxes; maximum

gross weight 250 pounds. (See 73.181 (a) (3) of this part
for toy motion-picture film pieces.)
(1)
73.180 Motion-picture film, and X-ray film, unex(a) Motion-picture film, and X-ray film, unexposed
posed,
(nitrocellulose base), when offered for transportation by

rail express or by carrier by water must bear the yellow
label prescribed in 73.406 of this part and must be
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, or 16A.
Wooden
boxes, pro-
vided
it is in tight rolls of not over

3,000 feet; each roll
must be in a tightly closed metal can with cover held in
place by adhesive tape or paper, or each roll must be
in a strong cardboard or fiberboard box with cover held
in place by adhesive tape or paper.
Gross weight not
over 250 pounds.
Spec.
12B.
One-piece fiberboard boxes complying

with 78.205-22 (a) (2); authorized only when each film
is in a tightly closed metal can or in a
strong cardboard
or fiberboard box with cover of can or box held in place
by adhesive tape or paper and containing not over 2 000
(2)
nitrate
containing
fertili-
90%
or
nitrate
with no organic coating
Ammonium
(1)
Nitrates, n.o.s.
Nitrate of soda
nitrate
more ammonium
Spec 21 A or 21 B. Fiber drums.
fertilizer
when
nitrate
Barium nitrate
Calcium nitrate
Guanidine nitrate
Lead nitrate
Magnesium nitrate
coating)
nitrate
phosphate 1
Spec. 6A, 6B, 6C, or 6J; also 37A or

trip containers). Metal barrels or drums.
(a)
nitrate
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate (organ-
Ammonium
Net weight of
(5)
(6)
73.182
Aluminum
ic
Metal boxes.
Metal boxes.
(4) Motion-picture outfits, toy, consisting of one projecting apparatus and not to exceed one roll of motionpicture film 12 feet or less in length, may be accepted without further restrictions, provided the film is packed in a
securely closed metal can or box, this inclosed in a wooden
box and packed with the projection apparatus in an outside fiberboard, corrugated strawboard, or wooden box.
mixed
and pot-
ash
Nitro carbo nitrate
Potassium nitrate
Silver nitrate
Sodium
nitrate,
and
Strontium nitrate
highway, or carriers by water
by
rail freight, rail express,
shall
be packed
in contain-
ers as follows:
(1) Wooden or fiberboard boxes with glass, metal, or
other strong inside containers; in metal or fiber drums; in
kegs or barrels; or in strong metal cans. When so packed
they are exempt from specification packaging, marking
other than name of contents, and labeling requirements
when for transportation by rail or highway. Ammonium
nitrate-carbonate mixtures and ammonium nitrate mixed
fertilizers so packed are exempt from labeling requirements
when for transportation by water carrier. Shipments for
transportation by highway carriers are exempt also from
Part 77, except section 77.817 of these regulations, and
Part 197 of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.
(b)
Aluminum
nitrate
nitrate
nitrate (or-
Ammonium
Ammonium
ganic coating)
Ammonium
nitrate
carbonate mixture
Ammonium
nitrate
phosphate'
Ammonium
tilizer,
nitrate fer-
containing
90% or more ammonium nitrate with no

organic coating
Ammonium
fertilizer
nitrate
mixed
Barium nitrate
Calcium nitrate
Guanidine
nitrate
Nitrate of soda and pot-
ash
Potassium nitrate
Sodium
nitrate,
and
Strontium nitrate
1355
when
by
rail freight, rail
express,
highway, or carriers by water, in addition to containers

prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section, may be packed

(4) Spec. 37 A or 37B.
over 5 gallons capacity. Welded side seams required.
Spec. 17E or 17H.
(5)
as follows:
(1) In bulk in tight closed freight cars. (See 74.532(k)
for loading requirements.)
(2) In bulk in sift proof closed or open type motor
vehicles. (See 77.838 (f) for loading requirements.)
In bulk on cargo vessels subject to the Regulations

Explosives or Other Dangerous Articles on Board
Vessels prescribed by the Commandant United States
Coast Guard (46 CFR Part 146).
Metal drums
(single-trip).
Aluminum
barrels or drums. Authorized

only for nitrocellulose or collodion cotton, wet, or nitrogranular
or flake, wet.
cellulose, colloided,
(6)
Sepc. 42F.
(b)
Gross weight of any container must not exceed
450 pounds.
(3)
for
In
(4)
weight,
made
not
bags
burlap
water-resistant,
exceeding
made
of not less than 7/2
tight
200 pounds net

sifting, and
against
ounce burlap
Ammonium
In multi-wall paper bags not exceeding 110 pounds

net weight, of at least 4-ply construction including moisture-barrier ply, and made tight against sifting. Completed package, rilled to weight with product and closed for
shipment, must be capable of withstanding three 4-foot
drops on face or back onto solid contrete without rupture.
Ammonium nitrate-carbonate mixtures, calcium nitrats,
potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, nitrate of soda and
potash, or strontium nitrate when so packed are exempt
from labeling requirements and 77.823. For water shipments see Regulations for Explosives or Other Dangerous
Articles on Board Vessels prescribed by the Commandant
United States Coast Guard (46 CFR Part 146). (See
74.532 and 74.838 for loading requirements.)
(5)
nitrite
(1)
must be packed
In containers as prescribed in 73.182

Spec. 103-W.
Paper stock, wet, must not be offered
(b)
portation
by
rail
NOTE

further order of the Commission, paper waste, wet, free
from oil or other foreign matter liable to cause spontaneous
ignition may be shipped in bales.
Paper waste, wet, must not be offered
(b)
portation by
rail
AND SODIUM
NITRITE ONLY."
73.184 Nitrocellulose or collodion cotton, wet, or
nitrocellulose collided, granular, or flake, wet, or nitrostarch, wet, or nitroguanidine, wet. (a) Nitrocellulose or
collodion cotton, wet, or nitrocellulose, colloided, granular,
or flake, wet, or nitrostarch, wet, or nitroguanidine, wet,
must be uniformly wet with at least 20 pounds of water
to 80 pounds of dry material and must be packed in specification containers as follows:
Peroxide of sodium, (a) Peroxide of sodium

11B, 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A.
Wooden barrels, kegs, or boxes, with inside containers
which must be glass stoppered bottles, not to exceed 1
ounce net of material, each bottle inclosed in a metal can;
or metal cans.
73.187
must be packed
Spec.
(1)
11A,
(2)
(3)
Spec. 17E, 17H, 37A, or 37B.
Metal drums (single-
trip).
Phosphorus anhydride, (a) Phosphoric anhy 73.188

dride must be packed in specification containers as follows:
Spec. 11 A, 11B, 15A, 15B, or 15C. Wooden barrels,
or boxes, with inside containers which must be
tightly stoppered glass bottles not over 1 pound capacity
each; or metal cans, not over 3 pounds capacity each,
hermetically sealed (soldered) or closed with cork securely held in place by metal strap soldered in position. All
inside containers must be cushioned with elastic incombustible packing material.
(1)
kegs,
NOTE

order of the Commission, metal cans not over
6 pounds capacity each are authorized.
further
(2)
(3)
Spec. 17E, 17H, 37A, or 37B.
Metal drums
(1)
or 10B.
(2)
Spec.
15A
or 15B.
Wooden
Wooden
barrels or kegs.
boxes lined, spec. 2M.
(3) Spec. 6A, 6B, 6C, or 6J.

not over 55 gallons capacity. Spec 6J drums must have
removable heads of 14 gauge metal or 16 gauge metal
with one or more corrugations near the periphery and
heads must have a minimum convexity of % inch; each
drum must have three rolled or swedged-inhoops, one of
which shall be in the body near the top curl.
(single-
trip).
Metal drums. Authorized only for car(4) Spec. 6K.

load or truckload shipments by rail freight or highway
when loaded by the shipper and unloaded by the consignee or his duly authorized agent.
73.189
amorphous
as
Phosphorus, amorphous red. (a) Phosphorus,

must be packed in specification containers
red,
follows:
(1)
Spec.
15A
or 15B.
Wooden
boxes, with metal in-
side containers, with closures sealed air-tight
10A
for trans-
express.
(a).
Tank
Spec.
for trans-
express
Paper waste, wet. (a) Paper waste, wet, must

73.186
be packed in hermetically sealed metal-lined wooden boxes
with sodium
with sodium
cars specially designed, equipped

and approved for this service without bottom discharge
outlet and with heavier plate thicknesses than the minimum prescribed for cars built under this specification.
For specification 103-W tank cars made of plates having
the minimum prescribed thicknesses, internal reinforcement of the upper sheets of tank in the region of the
dome and reinforcing plates attached to the bottom sheet
of the tank which rests on bolsters is required, and these
tanks must be equipped with baffle plates. Heater pipes
must be of welded construction designed for a test pressure of 500 pounds per square inch.
1-inch woven
asbestos lining must be placed between bolster slabbing
and bottom of tank to prevent heat transmission. Safety
vents of the frangible disc type may be used and if used
the frangible discs must be perforated with Vs inch hole. If
safety valves are used, a vacuum relief valve must be installed on the dome. Tanks must be stenciled on both
sides "FUSED POTASSIUM NITRATE
(2)
Applies only to materials classed as dangerous under

in 73.150.
definition
ni-
trate-carbonate mixtures, calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate,

sodium nitrate, nitrate of soda and potash, or strontium
nitrate when so packed are exempt from labeling requirements and 77.823. For water shipments see Regulations
for Explosives or Other Dangerous Articles on Board
Vessels prescribed by the Commandant United States
Coast Guard (46 CFR Part 146). (See 74 532 and
77.838 for loading requirements.)
Potassium nitrate mixed (fused)

73.183
nitrite, (a) Potassium nitrate mixed (fused)
73.185 Paper stock, wet. (a) Paper stock, wet, must

be packed in hermetically sealed metal-lined wooden boxes
and positively
fastened
(2) Spec. 6A or 6B; also 37A or
tainers), for gross weight not over
barrels or drums.
73.190
37B
(single-trip con-
160 pounds.
(a)
Metal
Phosphorby
be
ous, white or yellow, when offered for transportation

carriers by rail freight highway, or water may only
packed in water or dry.
SECTION
1356
11
When
placed in water
(b)
it
must be packed
in speci-
15A or 15B. Wooden boxes with inside

(1) Spec.
containers, which must be hermetically sealed (soldered)
metal cans, inclosed in other hermetically sealed (soldered)
metal cans; or hermetically sealed (soldered) metal cans,
containing not over 1 pound each, inclosed in other, watertight, metal cans with screw-top closures; or hermetically sealed (soldered) metal cans, inclosed in hermetically
sealed (soldered) metal box-lining, spec. 2F.
Metal barrels or drums, not
(2) Spec. 5A, 6A or 6B.
over 30 gallons capacity each.
Phosphorus pentachloride. (a) Phosphorus

73.191
pentachloride must be packed in specification containers
as follows:
(1) Spec. 11B, 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A. Wooden
barrels kegs, or boxes, with inside containers which must
be glass or glazed earthenware containers, not over 25
pounds capacity each, cushioned with mineral packing;
when inside containers are packed in the same outside
container with other articles, they must be inclosed
in tightly closed metal cans. Net weight of phosphorus
pentachloride not over 50 pounds in each otuside con-
tainer.
Spec. 6A, 6B, or^ 6C; also 37A or 37B (single-trip

"Black iron" metal barrels or drums.
(2)
Spec. 103 or 103-W. Tank cars without bottom

outlet discharge of lading and with approved dome fittings,
external heater systems, and with insulation at least 4
inches in thickness, except that thickness of insulation
may be reduced to 2 inches over external heater coils.
Bottom washout nozzle of approved design may be applied.
The material must be immersed in water and must be
loaded at a temperature not exceeding 140 F. and then
cooled until the water has a temperature not exceeding
105F. before car is offered to carrier. The water must
be loaded in the dome to not more than 50 percent of
the capacity of the dome. After unloading, the tank must
be filled to its entire capacity and the dome to not more
than 50 percent of its capacity with water having a temperature not less than 105 F. and not over 140 F. and
placarded with the caution placard prescribed in 74.555,
before the car is offered for return movement.
(3)
NOTE

further order of the Commission, Specification ABA-IIP
ONLY."
Use of
existing tank cars authorized, but

tion not authorized
MC
new
construc-
Phosphorus,
white
or yellow, when offered for

express must be packed in water
in specification containers as follows (also authorized
for
transportation by carriers by rail freight, highway, or
water):
transportation
(1)
tainers,
Spec
10A.
Wooden
Spec.
28A.
Metal-jacketed lead carboys.
barrels
or
kegs
asphaltum
(4)
Picrate of ammonia (ammonium picrate),

73.192
picric acid, trinitrobenzoic acid, and urea nitrate, wet, (a)
Picrate of ammonia (ammonium picrate), picric acid, trinitrobenzoic acid, and urea nitrate, wet with not less than
10 percent water, in quantity not exceeding 16 ounces
in one outside package, may be shipped as drugs, medicines, or chemicals, when in glass bottles securely stoppered, each bottle inclosed in a strong fiber carton properly
cushioned in the otuside shipping case. No restrictions
other than packing prescribed by this section are required

when these materials are offered for transportation.
by
trate,
73.193 Picric acid, trinitrobenzoic acid, or urea niwet. (a) Picric acid, trinitrobenzoic acid, or urea
wet with not less than 10 per cent water must be
nitrate,
packed
Spec. 15A. Wooden box with inside containers of

tightly closed glass or earthenware, cushioned, in outside
container. The net weight in an outside package must not
exceed 25 pounds dry weight. (See 73.65 (e) for shipment of wet picric acid, wet trinitrobenzoic acid and wet
urea nitrate in excess of 25 pounds, and 73.192 for exemption up to 16 ounces.)
(1)
MC
(4) Spec.
310 or
311, tank motor vehicles,
without bottom outlet and with insulation at least 4 inches
in thickness, except that 2 inches of insulation is authorized
for tanks equipped with an exterior heating jacket. Interior
heating coils are not authorized. The material must be
immersed in water and must be loaded at a temperature
not exceeding 140 F. and then cooled until the water
has a temperature not exceeding 105F. before being
offered for transportation. After unloading, the tank must
be filled to its entire capacity with water having a temperature not less than 105F. and not over 140F.
(c)
(3)
lined.
1:
tank cars, converted as follows, are authorized for use:

Without bottom discharge outlet, with insulation at least
2 inches in thickness, internal heater coils, at least one
safety valve or frangible disc safety vent of approved design, and dome equipped for top unloading. Cars to be
loaded and unloaded as prescribed in paragraph (b) (3) of
this section. Cars to be stenciled immediately above the
mark ARA-III' with the words "FOR PHOSPHORUS
1
containers).
rail
15A or 15B. Wooden boxes with inside conwhich must be hermetically sealed (soldered) met-
73.194
Potassium permanganate,
manganate must be packed
(a)
Potassium per-
follows:
(1)
In containers as prescribed in 73.154 of this part.
(2)
Spec.
37A
or 37B.
(single-
trip).
Pyroxylin plastic scrap, photographic film

73.195
scrap, X-ray film scrap, motion-picture film scrap, or pieces
of exposed or unexposed film, (a) Pyroxylin plastic scrap,
photographic film, X-ray film scrap, motion-picture film
scrap, or pieces of exposed or unexposed film, when offered
for transportation by carrier by rail freight, highway, or
water must be packed in specification containers as follows:
Spec.
cans, containing not over 1 pound each, inclosed

in
other, water-tight, metal cans with screw-top closures,
or
with soldered closures.
al
(1)
or
2M;
(2)
Spec. 15A or 15B. Wooden boxes lined, spec.

gross weight not over 450 pounds each.
Spec. 6A, 6B, 6C, or 6J; also 17H, 37A, or

containers). Metal barrels or drums.
2F
37B
(single-trip
(2) Samples of phosphorus, white or yellow, rot
to
exceed 4 ounces each, placed in water in sealed metal
cylinders or cans, inclosed in a wooden box, spec.

15A or
15B, may be transported only when consigned to the
laboratory of the Internal Revenue Bureau or to the
Hygienic Laboratory of the Public Health Service, Washington, D. C.
(d)
Phosphorus, white or yellow, when dry must be

and shipped in containers as follows:
cast solid
(1) Spec. 6A, 6B, or 6C.

Metal barrels or drums not
(2)
In projectiles or
bombs when shipped
by, for, or
Departments of the Army, Navy, and the Air Force

of the United States Government, without bursting eleto the
ments.
(e)
be offered for transportation by
rail
when dry must

express.
not
Wooden barrels or kegs with paper

(3) Spec. 11B.
bags, spec. 2J as inside containers of the material; gross
weight not over 375 pounds.
Fiber boxes. Use of this container will
(4) Spec. 12B.
be permitted because of the present emergency and until
further order of the Commission.
(5) Spec. 21A or 21B. Fiber drums. Must be externally
treated to provide protection against moisture.
(b) Pyroxylin plastic scrap, photographic film scrap,

X-ray film scrap, motion picture film scrap, or pieces of
exposed or unexposed film which show evidence of decomposition or instability or are liable to decompose or become unstable must be packed submerged in water in

(1)
Spec. 6A, 6B, or 6C; or
barrels or drums.
17H
(single-trip).
Metal
1357
Wooden boxes with tightly
(2) Spec. 15A, 15B, or 15C.
closed inside metal containers.
be packed in specification containers

paragraph (b) of this section):
73.196 Pyroxylin plastic scrap, photographic film

scrap, X-ray film scrap, motion-picture film scrap, or pieces
of exposed or unexposed film, shipments by rail express.
film scrap, X-ray
(a) Pyroxylin plastic scrap, photographic
film scrap, motion-picture film scrap, or pieces of exposed
examinalaboratory
for
or unexposed film, except samples
as
(2)
Spec. 15A.
Wooden
boxes lined, spec 2F, or
(3)
Spec. 10A.
Wooden
barrels or kegs.
Spec. 12B.
(5)
Spec.
offered
(b) Samples for laboratory examination when
for transportation by rail express must be packed in speci-
(6)
Spec. 22A.
(7)
Tank
boxes with inside

(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, or "ISC. Wooden
metal container, hermetically sealed by soldering or with
tape. Net weight not over 25 pounds; shipments must
be marked, "Sample of (name of article) for laboratory
examination."
(8)
Spec. 36A, 36B, 36C, 44B, or 44E.
Pyroxylin plastics, in sheets, rolls, rods, or

73.197
tubes, (a) Pyroxylin plastics, in sheets, rolls, rods, or tubes
containing nitrocellulose is not subject to Parts 71-78 and
197 when offered for transportation by carriers by rail
freight or highway but when offered for transportation by
carriers by rail express or water must be packed in specification containers as follows and must bear the yellow
label:
Wooden
Spec. 15A, 15B, or 19A.
(1)
boxes.
(3) Sheets, rolled, in fiber drums, spec. 21 A or 21B,

having 2 straps applied lengthwise and 1 or more circumferentially; straps at least Yi by 0.02 inch steel.
Sheets, rolled, not over 15
(4)
pounds net weight
in
fiber tubes lined throughout with singlefaced corrugated

fiberboard at least 0.2 inch thick and securely closed;
tube material at least 0.115 inch thick for side walls and
0.05 inch thick for ends with strength, Mullen or

test, at least 245 and
for tubes acceptable
0.05 inch thick.
lined with fiber discs at least
Pyroxylin plastics in manufactured articles or aris not subject to Parts 71-78 and 197.
(b)
ticles
Cady
220 pounds respectively; metal ends
when
made therefrom
73.198 Sodium hydride,
be packed
(a)
Sodium hydride must
In containers as prescribed in
(1)
73.206
(a)
(1)
and
Spec. 17H.
(2)
Metal drums
Rags, oily, (a) Rags, oily, with more than

73.199
5 percent of vegetable or animal oil, must be packed in
hermetically sealed metal-lined wooden boxes, or air-tight
metal containers.
Rags, oily, as described above, must not be offered
(b)
73.200
by
rail
Rags, wet.
express.
(a)
Rags, wet, must be packed

wooden boxes, or air-
in hermetically sealed metal-lined

tight metal containers.
(b)
by
rail
drums.
and securely
closed.
Bags.
Rubber
the following forms:

(1) Rubber scrap, not ground or ground with cord or
fabric insertion, or ground without cord or fabric insertion
the particles of which pass over a screen of not less than
5-mesh.
(2) Reclaimed rubber or regenerated rubber when in
the form of dense homogeneous nonporous sheets or rolls,
the sheets of thickness of Ys inch or greater, packed flat
or in rolls, or in pelletized form if not less than % inch
in diameter, or ground, the particles of which pass over
a screen of not less than 5-mesh, all properly cooled before
(3) Rubber scrap, reclaimed rubber, or regenerated

rubber in any form when shipped in covered steel hopper
cars, tank cars, or tank or hopper trucks.
73.202 Sodium and potassium,

Sodium and potassium, metallic
(a)
packed
metallic liquid alloy.

liquid alloy must be
(1) Spec. 15A or 15B. Wooden boxes with inside metal

containers of a type approved by the Bureau of Explosives
cushioned with incombustible cushioning material. Each

container must have been tested hydrostatically to a pressure of not less than 60 pounds per square inch. Closing
devices must be protected from injury. Not more than
300 pounds of sodium or potassium liquid alloy may be
shipped in one outside container.
(2) Spec. 5A, metal barrels or drums not exceeding
400 pounds capacity each, having protruding valves protected by a 12-gauge steel dome securely attached to the
head of the drum. Shipments are authorized by rail
freight in carload lots only and by motor vehicle in truck-
73.203
37A
for transportation
cars tightly
scrap, reclaimed rubber, or regenerated rubber are not subject to Parts 71-78 and 197 if shipped in
(b)
(single-trip).
or 37B. Metal drums (single-trip) with

welded side seams and hermetically sealed closure made
fast by positive pressure of the lid against a rubber gasket
with edge of the lid crimped over the lip of the drum
and a protective metal ring fastened around the crimped
edge, packed in strong outside wooden boxes.
Spec.
(3)
Fiber drums.
Wooden
load lots only.
of this part.
(a) (2)
or 21B.
shipment.
Special boxes
Fiberboard boxes.
12B.
78.205-20 and 78.205-21 authorized only for pyroxylin
in sheets, rods or tubes.
Spec.
(2)
21A
2M
Fiberboard boxes.
(4)
express.
rail
(see
(1)
tion, must not be offered for transportation by
follows
Rags, wet, must not be offered for transportation

express.
Rubber scrap, rubber buffings, reclaimed

73.201
rubber, or regenerated rubber, (a) Rubber scrap, if ground,
powdered, or pulverized, and the rubber content of which
exceeds 45 percent, as determined by subtracting the
sum of the percentage of ash and the percentage of acetone extract from 100; rubber buffings from any grade
of rubber, irrespective of the percentage of rubber content; and reclaimed rubber or regenerated rubber, must
Tetranitromethane.
must be packed
in
(a)
Tetranitromethane
(1) Spec. 15A or 15B. Wooden boxes, gross weight not

exceeding 150 pounds, with inside containers which must
be: glass bottles not more than 1 quart capacity each,
with closures securely fastened and of a type not deteriorated by the contents, each bottle individually packed
in a tight metal container and cushioned therein with
absorbent incombustible material; or aluminum cans or
polyethylene bottles, not more than 5 pounds capacity
each, with opening not more than 1.25 inches diameter,
fitted with securely fastened screw type closures and
gaskets of material not deteriorated by contact with the
contents, cushioned with not less than 2 inches of absorbent incombustible cushioning material between the
inside containers and any part of the wooden box.
(2) Spec. 6A, 6B, or 6C. Metal barrels or drums, with
aluminum drum (or drums) having
no opening exceeding 2.5 inches diameter, openings to
be securely closed by a screw type gasketed device, with
gaskets of material not deteriorated by contact with the
contents. The inside drum (or drums) must be cushioned
inside stainless steel or
with not less than 2 inches of absorbent incombustible

cushioning material; inside drums shall be of not less
than 20 gauge metal and shall be tested for leakage before packing in the outside drum.
fitc
73.204
Sodium
must be packed
hydrosulfite.
(a)
Sodium hydrosul-
SECTION
1358
11
11A, 11B, 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A.

(1) Spec.
barrels, kegs, or boxes with inside glass bottles
of capacity not exceeding 5 pounds each, or metal con-
Wooden
tainers.
6C
(2)
Spec. 6A, 6B, or
(3)
Spec. 17E, 17H, or 37K.
Metal drums
(single-trip).
Spec. 37A or 37B. Metal drums (single-trip). These

containers are not authorized for transportation by carriers
by water.
(4)
(5)
Spec.
21A
or 21B.
Fiber drums with inside metal
drums.
Fiber drums, net weight not
(6) Spec. 21A or 21B.
over 250 pounds; drums must have a metal foil (laminated
between two sheets of kraft paper with thermoplastic
adhesive) moisture and water barrier wound into the sidewall of the drum and located not more than 2 plies from
the interior of drum but not to be wound as the first ply;
a metal foil moisture and water barrier must also be
present in the fiber or wood heading; exterior of drum
sidewall must be protected with a water resistant coating;
in addition to the tests prescribed by 78.222-4 and
78.223-4, a drum having been given a 4-foot diagonal
bottom chime drop must, after being emptied, withstand
complete immersion of the bottom in 6 inches of water
for 4 hours without leakage to the interior; drums must
not be offered for transportation by carriers by water.
(7)
Spec
22B.
Plywood drums
with
inside
;tal
(6) Spec. 17H or 37A. Metal drums (single-trip), with

air-tight metal inside containers which must have closing
device securely fastened by positive means (not friction).
Inside metal containers must be cushioned on all sides
by incombustible packing material. Authorized for lithium metal or lithium hydride only.
(b) Sodium or potassium, metallic, sodium amide, and

lithium metal, immersed in neutral oil may also be shipped
when packed in specification containers as follows:
drums, spec. 37A or 37B (single-trip), having welded side
seams, net weight not over 30 pounds, or with inside
glass containers, each enclosed in a tin container.
(c)
entrance of moisture in quantities sufficient to create a

hazardous condition in transportation. Maximum loaded
capacity 110 pounds net.
73.205 Sodium picramate, wet. (a) Sodium picramate must be wet with not less than 20 percent of water
by weight and packed in specification containers as fol
lows:
with well stoppered glass inside containers of not exceeding 1 quart capacity each, cushioned in the boxes.
(2)
Spec.
10A
or 10B.
Wooden
barrels, or kegs.
Sodium or potassium, metallic, sodium

73.206
amide, sodium potassium alloys, lithium metal, lithium
lithium hydride, and lithium
silicon,
(a)
Sodium or potassium,
metallic,
aluminum hydride.
sodium amide, sodium
potassium
alloys, lithium metal, lithium silicon, lithium

hydride, and lithium aluminum hydride, must be packed
also be shipped
as follows:
when packed
(1) Spec. 105A300-W. Tank cars, having exterior heater

fusion welded to tank shell and properly stress-relieved, the material to be in molten condition when loaded
into the tank and allowed to solidify before car is offered
to the carrier.
37B. Metal drums (singleblocks at least 2 inches

diameter and not less than 6 inches in length, or rectangular blocks not less than 6 inches in length and not
Net weight
less than 2 inches in any other dimension.
not over 300 pounds for spec. 17C drums; not over 30
pounds for spec. 17H, 37 A, or 37B drums.
(2) Spec. 17C, 17H, 37A, or
trip) authorized for cylindrical
in
(d)
Because of the present emergency and until further order of the Commission, the use of inside metal
drums will not be required but in lieu thereof the drum
must be lined or otherwise treated so as to prevent the
1:
may
coils
drums.
NOTE
Sodium, metallic,
in specification containers
Lithium metal in cartridges, when packed and
described as follows is exempt from specification packaging and labeling requirements:

(1) In inside hermetically sealed metal cartridges not
exceeding 18 grams net weight each, packed in strong
outside containers with net weight of lithium metal not
exceeding one pound.
(e) Lithium metal in cartridges, containing more than
18 grams but not more than 120 grams of lithium, must
Wooden
(1) Spec. 15A or 15B.
pounds gross weight, with air-tight
which must be separated or
therein. Each cartridge must have a
boxes, not over 75

inside copper cartsecurely cushioned
minimum thickness
ridges
of 0.02 inch.
Sulfide of sodium or sulfide of potassium,

73.207
fused or concentrated, when ground, (a) Sulfide of sodium
sulfide of potassium, fused or concentrated, when
ground, must be packed in specification containers as fol-
or
lows:
(1)
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, or 16A.
Wooden
boxes with
inside containers which must be glass bottles enclosed

in tightly closed metal cans, or hermetically sealed (soldered) metal cans.
Wooden boxes with air-tight

(1) Spec. 15A or 15B.
metal inside containers which must have closing device
securely fastened by positive means (not friction). Inside
metal cans with closures securely fastened, positive means
not required, must not exceed 1-gallon capacity each for
lithium aluminum hydride and must be cushioned in outside containers with sufficient incombustible packing
Fiberboard boxes, with inside containers which must be hermetically sealed (soldered) metal
cans of not over 5 pounds capacity.
material
be chipped,
Spec. 5, 6A, 6B or 6C. Metal barrels or drums.

Not authorized for lithium aluminum hydride.
(2)
Spec. 17E, 17H, 37A, or 37B. Metal drums (singletrip).

Authorized only for sodium which must be fused
solid in the container.
(3)
Syjc. 37A or 37B. Metal drums (single-trip) not

exceeding 6 gallons capacity each, with welded side seams
and hermetically sealed closure or closure made fast by
positive pressure of the lid against a rubber gasket with
edge of the lid crimped over the lip of the drum and a
protective metal ring fastened around the crimped edge,
(4)
cushioned on
with incombustible packing material, packed in strong outside wooden boxes (see 73.25).
Not more than 4 inside metal drums shall be packed in
all
(5)
Spec. 6A,
or 6C.
(3)
Spec.
12B.
(b)
When
fused or concentrated, but not ground (may
flaked, or broken),
may be
shipped in speci-
15A, 15B, 15C, or 16A. Wooden boxes with

(1) Spec
inside bottles of not more than 5 pounds capacity each,
or metal cans, with tight covers.
(2)
Spec.
12B.
Fiberboard
with
inside
containers
which must be metal cans of not over 5 pounds net weight

each or glass bottles of not over 1 pound net weight each.
Packages containing glass or earthenware containers must
not weigh over 65 pounds gross.
(3)
Spec. 17E, 17H, 37A, or 37B.
Metal drums
(single-
trip).
sides
one outside wooden box.

Spec. 17C, metal drums (single-trip).
aluminum hydride.
ized for lithium
(2)
(4)
Not author-
Spec. 21A or 21B. Fiber drums which must be

lined or coated, or otherwise treated so as to prevent the
entrance of moisture in quantities sufficient to create a
hazardous condition in transportation; drums to withstand two drops from height of 4 feet in same spot or
(5)
1359
one 6 foot drop in place of drop test as provided in Spec.
21A or 21B; maximum loaded capacity 250 pounds net.
Use of this container will be permitted because of the
present emergency and until further order of the Commission.
of
(c) Sulfide
to Parts 71-78
mass
crystallized,
is
not subject
sulfide
when shipped fused in one solid

or drum and sodium sulfide, crystal-
metal barrel
are not subject to Parts 71-78 and 197.
in a
lized,
(e) Sodium sulfide containing 35 percent or more combined water by weight, fused or concentrated but not
ground (may be chipped, flaked, or broken), when packed
in steel barrels or drums that are equipped with moisturetight closures, is not subject to Parts 71-78 and 197.
73.208 Titanium metal powder, wet or dry. (a) Titanium metal powder, wet. Titanium metal powder, wet,
with not less than 20 percent water, must be packed in

(1) Spec.
metal cans not exceeding 1 gallon each, tightly and securely closed, and not more than 12 such inside metal
cans in one outside package; or not more than 1 inside
metal can of not less than 22-gauge metal and not to exceed 10 gallons capacity, tightly and securely closed.
Titanium metal powder, dry. Titanium metal powmust be packed in specification containers as
(b)
73.214 Zirconium metal powder or hafnium metal

powder, wet or sludge, (a) Zirconium metal powder or
hafnium metal powder, wet or sludge, must be packed in
and 197.
Sodium
(d)
potassium,
(b) Wool waste, wet, must not be offered for transportation by rail express.
der, dry,
follows:

cans, spec. 2A, of screw-cap type, or tightly and securely
closed by push-incovers held in place by soldering or
crimping at least at four points and not exceeding 10
pounds net weight each; or inside metal drums of not
less than 26 gauge bodies and heads, with welded side
seams and gasketed closure of positive type (not friction),
and capacity not over 50 pounds net weight. Gross weight

of outside containers
Spec. 10A.
(2)
Wooden
kegs containing not to exceed
75 pounds net each.

Zirconium or hafnium metal powder or
73.215
sponge, dry. (a) Zirconium or hafnium metal powder or
sponge, dry, must be packed in specification containers as
follows:

(1) Spec.
metal containers, tightly and securely closed by push-in
covers held in place by soldering or crimping at least at
four points, or in screw-cap type metal cans. Inside containers must not exceed 10 pounds net each. Gross weight
of outside packages must not exceed 75 pounds each.
Spec. 12B. Fiberboard boxes with inside containers
(2)
or 15B.
covers, held in place by soldering at least four points, or
in screw-cap metal cans.
Inside containers must not
exceed 10 pounds net each. Inside containers must be
cushioned by incombustible material such as rock wool
or asbestos wool. Gross weight of outside package must
not exceed 75 pounds each.
which must be securely closed glass bottles or metal containers not over 1 pound net weight each and enclosed in
a securely closed metal can and sufficiently cushioned
Spec. 17H or 37A Metal barrels or drums (singlewith inside metal drum of not less than 20-gauge
metal and with closure secured by positive means. The
inside container shall be completely surrounded by not
less than 1 inch of incombustible cushioning material.
Metal drums (single-trip)

(4) Spec. 17H, 37A, or 37B
not exceeding 30 gallons capacity. Authorized only for
zirconium or hafnium metal sponge (not powder).
Spec.
(1)
15A
(2)
trip)
73.209 Tankage, garbage, and tankage fertilizers.

Tankage, garbage, and tankage fertilizers, containing
than 8 percent moisture or having a temperature exceeding 100 F. when loaded, must be packed in hermetically sealed metal-lined wooden boxes or air-tight metal
(a)
less
containers.
Such tankage, garbage, and tankage

must not be offered for transportation by rail
(b)
fertilizers,
with incombustible material.
Metal barrels or drums not

(3) Spec. 6A, 6B, or 6C.
exceeding 30 gallons capacity. Authorized only for zirconor hafnium metal sponge (not powder).
ium
Zirconium or hafnium metal of particle
(5)
ing 20
size
exceed-
not subject to these regulations.
73.216 Zirconium picramate, wet. (a) Zirconium picramate must be wet with not less than 20 percent of water
by weight and packed in specification containers as fol-
lows:
with well stoppered glass inside containers of not exceeding 1 quart capacity each, cushioned in the boxes.
(2)
Spec.
10A
or 10B.
Wooden
barrels or kegs.
73.210
as leather scran, horns, hoofs, hair, hair waste, felt waste),
containing less than 7 percent moisture or having a temperature exceeding 100 F. when loaded, must be packed
in hermetically sealed metal-lined wooden boxes or airtight metal containers.
(b)
Tankages, rough ammoniate, must not be offered
for transportation
by
rail
Calcium hypochlorite compounds, dry and

73.217
lithium hypochlorite compounds, dry. (a) Calcium hypochlorite compounds, dry, containing more than 39 percent
available chlorine, and lithium hypochlorite compounds,
dry, containing more than 39 percent available chlorine
(1)
(2)
Spec. 17E, 17H, 37A, or 37B.
express.
73.211
Textile waste, wet. (a) Textile waste, wet,

must be packed in hermetically sealed metal-lined wooden
boxes or air-tight metal containers.
is
express.
Tankages, rough ammoniate. (a) Tankages,

rough ammoniate (tankages made from ammoniates such
mesh
Metal drums
(single-
trip).
73.212 Trinitrobenzene and trinitrotoluene, wet. (a)

Trinitrobenzene and trinitrotoluene, wet with not less than
10 percent water, in quantity not exceeding 16 ounces in
one outside package, may be shipped as drugs, medicines
or chemicals, when in glass bottles securely stoppered,
each bottle inclosed in a strong fiber carton properly cushioned in the outside shipping case and are not subject to
any other requirement of Parts 71-78 and 197.
(b) Strong outside wooden or fiberboard packages containing inside containers of glass or metal not over five
pounds capacity each, except that metal inside containers
not over seven and one-half pounds capacity each are
authorized for material tablet form only, are exempt
from specification packaging, marking, and labeling when
offered for transportation by rail freight, rail express or
highway. Shipments for transportation by highway carriers
are exempt also from Part 77, except section 77.817 of
these regulations, and Part 197 of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier
Safety Begulations.
When for transportation by
water, strong wooden or fiberboard packages containing
inside containers of metal not over five pounds capacity
each are exempt from specification packaging only.
73.213 Wool waste, wet (a) Wool waste, wet, must

be packed hermetically sealed metal-lined wooden boxes
Isopropyl percarbonate, unstabilized,

(b) Textile waste, wet, must not be offered for transportation by rail express.
73.218
Isopropyl
percarbonate,
unstabilized.
must be packed
(a)
in
SECTION
1360
11
Wooden boxes,
(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A.
or other equally efficient container when approved by
or earthenmetal,
glass,
with
the Bureau of Explosives,
ware inside containers of not over 2 gallons capacity each
which must be maintained at a temperature below 0F.
Shipments are authorized for transportation by private or
contract carrier by motor vehicle only.
Potassium perchlorate.
73.219
chlorate must be packed as follows:
(1)
As prescribed
(2)
In
in
73.154
(a)
cent by weight of the peroxide. They must be packed in

with inside containers which must be glass or earthenware, not over 1 gallon each, cushioned with incombustible packing material in sufficient quantity to absorb
the contents of the inner container.
Potassium per-
Spec.
(2)
over 5
spec. ID.
not
(a) (1) to (11)
bags
which
will
not
permit
sifting
in
transit.
scrap (borings, clippings, shav(a) Magnesium scrap consisting

of borings, shavings, or turnings, when shipped in carloads or truckloads, must be packed in closed metal barrels, wooden barrels, metal pails, or four-ply paper bags.
In less-than-carload or less-than-truckload quantities it
must be packed in closed metal drums, metal pails, or
73.220
jf
Magnesium
ings, sheets, or turnings),
wooden
barrels.
(b) Magnesium scrap consisting of clippings or scrap

sheets may be shipped in bulk in carload or truckload
quantities. Cars must be tight box cars or tightly closed
steel covered gondola cars and trucks or trailers must
have closed or completely covered bodies.
(c) Magnesium scrap consisting of clippings or scrap
sheets in closed metal drums, wooden barrels, or wooden
marking,
is exempt from specification packaging,
and labeling requirements. Shipments for transportation
by highway carriers are exempt also from Part 77, except
I.C C. Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.
boxes
Liquid peroxides other than acetyl peroxide

cumene hydroperoxide, dicumyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic
acid, and teritary butylisopropyl benzene hydroperoxide.
(a) Liquid peroxides other than acetyl peroxide solution,
acetyl benzoyl peroxide solution, cumene hydroperoxide,
dicumyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and
teritary butylisopropyl benzene hydroperoxide must be
73.221
solution, acetyl benzoyl peroxide solution,

(1) Spec. 1A or ID.
not over 5 gallons for spec. 1A, and 6.5 gallons for spec.
ID.
over 1 gallon each, cushioned with incombustible
packing material in sufficient quantity to absorb the contents of the inner container.
not
Fiberboard boxes with inside contain(3) Spec. 12B.

which must be glass or earthenware not over 1 gallon
container. Not more than one 1 -gallon inside container
shall be packed in one outside fiberboard box.
ers
Spec 42B. Aluminum drums not over 15 gallons

capacity. Authorized only for peroxides which will not
react dangerously with the aluminum or be decomposed
by contact with it.
(4)
Spec. 17C or 17E. Metal drums (single-trip) not

over 15 gallons capacity. Authorized only for material
-will
which
not react dangerously with the drum metal, or
be decomposed by contact with it.
(5)
Fiberboard boxes with inside containglass or earthenware, not over 1 gallon

container. Not more than one 1-gallon inside container
shall be packed in one outside fiberboard box.
ers
Spec. 12B.
which must be
(a) Peracetic acid must be

73.223 Peracetic acid,
shipped in solution not exceeding 40 percent strength and
must be packed
12B. Fiberboard boxes with inside contain(2) Spec

which must be glass or earthenware, not over one
quart capacity each, cushioned with sterile absorbent cot-;
ton or other cushioning material which will not react with
the contents to generate heat. Cushioning material must
be in sufficient quantity to completely absorb the contents
of the inner container.
ers
Spec.
(3)
Carboys.
73.224
tertiary

not over 1 gallon each, cushioned with incombustible
packing material in sufficient quantity to absorb the con-
tents of the inner container.

(2)
Spec. 17E. Metal drums (single-trip), with interiors

be resistant to the contents.
so treated that they will
(3) Spec. 103A or 103A-W. Tank cars. Authorized for

75 percent or less cumene hydroperoxide in nonvolatile
sesquisulfide
as follows:
peroxide and acetyl benzoyl per

oxide, solution, (a) Acetyl peroxide must be shipped in
solution in a non-volatile solvent and must contain not
more than 25 percent by weight of the peroxide. Acetyl
benzoyl peroxide must be shipped in solution in a nonvolatile solvent and must contain not more than 40 per-
or IF.
Cumene hydroperoxide, dicumyl peroxide,

butylisopropyl benzene hydroperoxide, (a)
Cumene hydroperoxide of strength not exceeding 75 percent in a non-volatile solvent, dicumyl peroxide of strength
not exceeding 50 percent in a non-volatile solvent, and
tertiary butylisopropyl benzene hydroperoxide not exceeding 60 percent strength must be packed in specification
and
Spec 6J. Steel barrels or drums having inside

Spec. 2S polyethylene drum. Authorized only for material which will not react dangerously with or cause decomposition of the polyethylene.
ID
Peracetic acid solutions nqjt exceeding 40 percent

strength packed in strong wooden or fiberboard boxes, with
not more than one inside glass container not exceeding
1 pint or 1 pound capacity, cushioned with sterile absorbent cotton or other cushioning material which will
not react with the contents to generate heat, and with
such cushioning material in sufficient quantity to completely absorb the contents of the bottle are exempt from
specification packaging, marking other than name of conShipments for transtents, and labeling requirements.
portation by highway carriers are exempt also from Part
77, except section 77.817 of these regulations, and Part
197 of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.
(b)
solution.
(7)

not over one gallon capacity each, cushioned with sterile
absorbent cotton or other cushioning material which will
not react with the contents to generate heat. Cushioning
material must be in sufficient quantity to completely absorb the contents of the inner container.
(1)
Polyethylene carboys in plywood drums.

(6) Spec. IF.
Authorized only for material which will not react dangerously with or cause decomposition of the polyethylene.
73.222 Acetyl

1A, and 6.5 gallons for
spec.
of this part.
(3)
tight
1A or ID.
gallons for
73.225
Phosphorus sesquisulfide. (a) Phosphorus

must be packed in specification containers
15A or 15B. Wooden boxes with metal

(1) Spec.
inside containers hermetically sealed (soldered), or in water-tight metal cans with screw-top closures.
Metal barrels or drums, not
(2) Spec. 6A, 6B, or 6C.
(3) Spec. 37A or 37B. Metal drums
(single-trip).
Gross
1361
Thorium metal, powdered, (a) Thorium
73.226
metal, powdered, must be packed in specification containers as follows:
Sodium, metallic, dispersion in organic

73.230
(a) Sodium, metallic, dispersion in organic solvent must be packed in specification containers as folsolvent,
lows:

(1) Spec.
covers held in place by soldering at least at four points,
or in screw-cap type metal caps. Inside containers must
not exceed 10 pounds net each. Gross weight of outside
packages must not exceed 75 pounds each.
Thorium metal powder packed
(b)
in tightly
and
se-
curely closed metal cans, cushioned with incombustible

material in strong outside wooden or fiberboard boxes,
and not exceeding 4 ounces net weight in one outside
shipping container, is exempt from specification packaging,
marking, and labeling requirements, except that marking
name of contents on outside container is required for
shipments via carrier by water. Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exempt also from Part 77,
of the I.C.C Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.
73.227
Urea peroxide,
Spec. 12B.
(1)
(a)
Fiberboard boxes with inside containcontainers not exGross weight not over 65 pounds.
which must be rubber or
ers
Urea peroxide must be
packed
ceeding 4 ounces each.
plastic
(2) Spec. 21A or 21B. Fiber drums completely coated

on the inside with a suitable wax, synthetic coating, or
metal foil suitable to the lading; or fiber drums having
a metal foil (laminated between two sheets of kraft paper
with thermoplastic adhesive) moisture and water barrier
wound into the sidewall of the drum and located not more
than 2 plies from the interior of drum but not to be
wound as the first ply; a metal foil moisture and water
barrier must also be present in the fiber or wood heading;
exterior of drum sidewall must be protected with a water
resistant coating; in addition to the tests prescribed by
78.222-4 or 78.223-4, a drum having been given a
4-foot diagonal bottom chime drop must, after being
emptied, withstand complete immersion of the bottom
in 6 inches of water for 4 hours without leakage to the
interior.
Plywood drums with paper bags,

2J coated with suitable wax on the inner surface.
Spec. 22A.
(3)
73.228
ium
nitrite
Zinc
ammonium
must be packed
nitrite,
(a)
Zinc
spec.
ammon-
follows:
(1)
Spec. 15A.
(1)
73.231
(sin-
(2) Spec 6A, 6B, or 6C. Metal barrels or drums, gross

(3) Spec. 17C or 17H. Metal drums

73.232
73.229
(1)
As prescribed
in
73.163.
Chlorate and borate mixtures or chlorate and magnesium chloride mixtures containing no other hazardous
additives and containing less than 50 percent chlorate are
exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements when offered for transportation by rail
freight or highway and packed as follows; shipments for
(b)

Part 77, except section 77 817, and Part 197.
(1)
Tight metal or fiber drums.
(2)
Wooden
(c) Chlorate and borate mixtures or chlorate and magnesium chloride mixtures containing 28 percent or less
chlorate and no other hazardous additives, are not subject
to the regulations in Parts 71-78 and 197.
74.555.
73.233 Nickel catalyst, finely divided, activated or

(a) Nickel catalyst, finely divided, activated or spent
must be wet with not less than 40 percent by weight of
water or other equally suitable liquid and must be packed
spent,
Wooden boxes with airtight

(1) Spec. 15A or 15B.
metal inside containers which must have closing device
fastened by positive means (not friction); or airtight glass
inside containers of not over 1 quart capacity each, securely cushioned in asbestos wool, vermiculite, or equally
efficient incombustible cushioning material.
Fiberboard boxes with airtight metal
(2) Spec. 12B.
inside containers which must have closing device fastened
positive means (not friction); or airtight glass inside
containers of not over 1 quart capacity each, securely
cushioned in asbestos wool, vermiculite, or equally efficient incombustible cushioning material.
by

(3) Spec. 5, 6A, 6B, or 6C
not over 55 gallons capacity each.
Spec.
17H, 37A, or 37B.
Metal drums
(single-
trip).
73.234
packed
in
Sodium
nitrite,
specification
(a)
containers
Sodium
as
(1)
nitrite
must be
follows:
73.154.
Spec. 44C. Multi-wall paper bags constructed of

at least 5 thicknesses of heavy duty shipping sack Kraft
paper, or equivalent, with a minimum total basis weight
of 320 pounds including a polyethylene, or other suitable
pliable plastic material, inner sheet having a minimum
basis weight of 20 pounds. All closures must be of such
design as to provide a moisture-resistant package when
closed for shipment. Net weight not over 100 pounds
each. Authorized for carload or truckload shipments only.
(2)
Fiber drums, gross weight 425

(3) Spec. 21A or 21B
pounds; side walls must be of at least 10-ply construction
having strength not less than 1,200 pounds Mullen or
Cady test; drums must withstand prescribed tests when
filled to authorized net weight of 400 pounds.
solid concrete.
cars containing residual phosphorus.
placards prescribed in
boxes with tight inside metal containers.
Multi-wall paper bags, net weight not over 50

pounds, moisture proof and sift proof, and having a
strength capable of withstanding four 4-foot drops onto
(3)
Tank
(single-trip), gross
(a) Tank cars from which phosphorus has been unloaded

and from which all residual phosphorus has not been
removed by thorough cleaning must be shipped filled
with water and must be placarded by the shipper with
Chlorate and borate mixtures or chlorate

and magnesium chloride mixtures, (a) Chlorate and borate
or
mixtures
chlorate and magnesium chloride mixtures
containing more than 50 percent chlorate and no other
hazardous additives must be packed as follows:
Calcium, metallic, crystalline, (a) Calcium,

must be packed in specification con-
Wooden boxes with airtight

(1) Spec. 15A or 15B.
inside metal containers not over 1 gallon capacity each.
(4)
drums
boxes with inside containers
metallic, crystalline
tainers as follows:
Spec. 17E, 17H, 37A, or 37B. Metal

gle-trip). Gross weight not over 300 pounds.
(2)
Wooden
which must be metal cans not exceeding one quart capacity, and each such can must be packed in another
metal can and cushioned on all sides with at least one
inch of soda ash. Both the inner and outer metal can
shall be equipped with an airtight closing device secured
by positive means (not friction). Gross weight of completed package must not exceed 100 pounds.
73.235
Ammonium
bichromate,
(a)
Ammonium
bi-
chromate must be packed in specification containers as

follows:
(1)
In containers as prescribed in 73.154.
Spec. 21A or 21B. Fiber drums, gross weight not

over 425 pounds; side walls must be of at least 10-ply
construction having strength not less than 1,200 pounds
Mullen or Cady test; drums must withstand prescribed
tests when filled to a net weight of 400 pounds.
(2)
SECTION
1362
11
SUBPART
EACIDS AND OTHER CORROSIVE LIQUIDS;
73.240 Acids and other corrosive liquids; definition.

Corrosive liquids for the purpose of Parts 71-78 are
those acids, alkaline caustic liquids and other corrosive
liquids which, when in contact with living tissue, will
cause severe damage of such tissue by chemical action;
or in case of leakage, will materially damage or destroy
other freight by chemical action; or are liable to cause
fire when in contact with organic matter or with certain
chemicals.
(a)
73.241
Outage,
(a)
Outage
for containers of acids
liquids for transportation by carriers

freight, rail express, highway, or water, must be
or other corrosive
by
rail
as follows:
packaging, marking, and labeling requireexcept that marking name of contents on outis reqjuired for shipments via carrier by
specification
ments,
side container
water. Shipment? for transportation by highway carriers

these regulations, and Part 197 of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.
(b) Other exemptions from specification packaging,
marking, and labeling requirements for rail freight, rail
express and highway transportation and exemptions from
specification packaging, marking other than name of contents, and labeling requirements for transportation by
carrier by water, are shown with the packing require-
ments for the
The proper vacant space
(outage) in a tank car

or other shipping container depends on the coefficient
of expansion of the liquid and the maximum increase of
(1)
DEFINITION AND PREPARATION
(c)
article.
The following
articles in
empt under the provisions
any quantity are not ex-
of paragraphs
(a)
or (b)
of
this section:
temperature to which it will be subjected in transit. Outage must be calculated to the total capacity of the
(1)
container.
Allyl chloroformate.
(3)
Amyl
(4)
Antimony
(5)
Benzyl bromide.
(6)
Benzyl chloroformate.
(7)
Boron
(8)
Bromine.
(9)
requirements for containers other than

(2)
tank cars, cargo tanks and portable tanks. Containers
must not be entirely filled. Sufficient interior space must
be left vacant to prevent leakage or distortion of containers due to the expansion of the contents from increase
of temperature during transit.
In tank cars,
(3) Outage requirements for tank cars.
must be calculated to percentage of the tof:al
capacity of the tank, i. e., shell and dome capacity combined. If the dome of the tank car does not provide
sufficient outage, then vacant space must be left in the
shell to make up the required outage. The outage for
tank cars must be not less than 1 percent.
Acid sludge.
(2)
Outage
trichlorosilane.
pentafluoride.
outage
Outage requirements
for cargo tanks or portable

cargo tank or portable tank or compartment
thereof used for the transportation of any acid or other
corrosive liquid shall be completely filled. The outage
for cargo tanks and portable tanks must be not less than
(4)
No
tanks.
2 percent.
trichloride.
(10)
Bromine
(11)
a-Bromotoluene.
(12)
Butyl trichlorosilane.
trifluoride.
percarbonate, stabilized.
(13) Isopropyl
(14) Chloracetyl
73.242
Bottles containing acid or other corrosive

Bottles containing acid or other corrosive
as defined by 73.240, must not be packed in
the same outside container with any other article, except
as specifically provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this
section and 73.25, 73.257, 73.258, 73.259, 73.260,
73.261, or 73.286.
liquids,
liquids,
(a)
(b) When bottles

liquids are cushioned
and securely packed
containing acid or other corrosive
by incombustible absorbent material

in
tightly closed
metal containers,
except hydrofluoric acid which must be packed in a
container other than a metal container, they may be
packed with other articles. This exception does not apply
to nitric acid exceeding 40 percent concentration, perchloric acid, hydrogen peroxide exceeding 52 percent
strength by weight, nitrohydrochloric acid, or nitrohydrochloric acid diluted, which must not be packed in the
same outside container with any other article under any
circumstances.
(c)
Acid or corrosive liquid solutions
in securely closed
preparing a single photographic processing mixture and efficiently cushioned, may
be packed in the same outside container with required
amount of packaged dry chemicals not classed as dangerous articles by these regulations, provided no dangerous reaction occurs should the contents of bottles and
dry chemicals be mixed. Marking prescribed in 73.401
(c) shall not be required.
bottles, in quantity necessary for
(15) Chlorine
(16)
chloride.
trifluoride.
Diethyl dichlorosilane.
(17) Difluorophosphoric acid,

(18)
Dimethyl
(19)
Diphenyl
anhydrous.
sulfate.
dichlorosilane.
(20) Electrolyte
packed with storage
alkaline corrosive battery fluid

batteries, battery chargers, or radio
or
current supply devices.

(21)
Ethyl chloroformate.
(22)
Ethyl phenyl dichlorosilane.
(23) Fluosulfonic acid.

(24)
Hexafluorophosphoric acid.
(25)
Hexyl
(26)
Hydrazine,
(27)
Hydrazine solution containing 50 percent or
trichlorosilane.
anhydrous.
less
of water.
(28)
Hydrofluoric
(29)
Hydrogen peroxide over 52 percent strength by
acid,
anhydrous.
weight.
73.243
Closing and cushioning, (a) All containers
must be tightly and securely closed. Inside containers
must be cushioned as prescribed or in any case when
necessary to prevent breakage or leakage.
Exemptions for acids and other corrosive

and other corrosive liquids, except
those enumerated in paragraph (c) of this section, in inside
bottles having a capacity not over 1 pound or 16 ounces
by volume each inclosed in a metal can in the outside
container are, unless otherwise provided, exempt from
73.244
liquids,
(a)
(30) Hypochlorite solutions containing more

percent available chlorine by weight.
than
(31) Less-than-carload
and less-than-truckload
of wet electric storage batteries.
ment
(32)
Methyl chloroformate.
(33)
Mixtures of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acid.
(34)
Monofluorophosphoric acid, anhydrous.
Acids
(35) Nitrating
(mixed) acid.
ship-
1363
Spec 17C, 17E, or 17F. Metal drums (singlewith openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter.
(14)
acid.
(36) Nitric
trip)
(37) Nitrohydrochloric acid.
17H. Metal drums

compounds,
(15) Spec.
acid diluted.
(38) Nitrohydrochloric
(39)
Octyl trichlorosilane.
(40)
Phenyl
(41)
Phosphorus
(42)
Phosphorus tribromide.
for viscous cleaning
(single-trip).
Authorized
liquid, only.
Steel barrels or drums having inside

6J.
2S polyethylene drum. Gross weight restriction indicated by the gross weight embossment in the steel barrel or drum shall be waived.
(16) Spec.
spec.
trichlorosilane.
oxychloride.
Spec. 17H, 37A or 37B, metal drums (singlewith welded side seams, not over 5 gallons capacity
each. Drums must be lined throughout with a pliable
plastic material impervious to the lading. Spec. 37A and
37B metal drums must be at least 24 gauge steel.
(17)
trip),
(43)
Phosphorus
(44)
Propyl
trichloride.
trichlorosilane.
(45)
Spent acid (sulfuric or mixed).
(46)
Sulfurchloride.
(a) Antimony pen 73.246 Antimony pentafluoride.

tafluoride must be commercially anhydrous and must be
packed
(47)
Thionyl
(48)
Thiophosphoryl chloride.
(49)
Chromyl
chloride.
(1)
or
(50) Iodine
Spec.
4BA240.
3A150,
3AA150,
3E1800,
3B240,
4B240,
Cylinders closed by means of iron or steel
threaded plugs.
chloride.
monochloride.
Acetyl chloride, antimony pentachloride,
73.247
benzoyl chloride, benzyl chloride, chromyl chloride, pyro
not speAcids or other corrosive

73.245
cifically provided for. (a) Acids or other corrosive liquids,
as defined in 73.240, other than those for which special
requirements are prescribed, must be packed in specification containers of a design and constructed of materials
that will not react dangerously with or be decomposed
by the chemical packed therein, as follows:
liquids
Glass carboys in boxes,
(1) Spec. 1A, IB, 1C, or IE.

kegs or plywood drums.
Spec. IX. Boxed carboys of 5 to 6 gallons capasingle-trip for export only. For shipment by common carriers by water to noncontiguous territories or
possessions of the United States and foreign countries;
shipments from inland points in the United States which
are consigned to such destinations are authorized to be
transported to ship side by rail freight in railroad lots
only and by motor vehicle in truckload lots only.
(2)
city;
Boxed glass
(3) Spec. ID.
gallons nominal capacity which
carboys of not over 6.5
must be closed, and when

reused must be reconditioned and tested, as provided in
the specification; means shall be provided so that accumulated pressure in bottles shall not exceed 10 pounds
per square inch gauge at 130 F., or shall vent at a pressure not to exceed 10 pounds per square inch gauge
(4)
Spec. 5A, 5C, or
(5)
Spec.
tainers
5M.
Wooden
10A.
must be asphalt

barrels
or kegs;
these
con-
lined.

not over 2 gallons each.
(6)
inside

with inside containers which must be glass, earthenware,
polyethylene or other nonfragile plastic material (bags
are not authorized), not over 1 gallon each, except that
inside containers up to 3 gallons are authorized when
only one is packed in each outside container.
(7)
(8)
Any
be
Spec.
28.
Rubber lined metal barrels or drums.

barrel or drum that shows evidence of damage must
tested before shipment for defects in lining in the
(9)
Spec
5D.
manner prescribed
(10) Spec.
5H.
(11) Spec.
43A.
in
78.84-15
(a).
Lead-lined metal barrels or drums.
Rubber drums.
Fiberboard boxes with inside con(12) Spec. 12B.

tainers of polyethylene, or other non-fragile plastic material resistant to the lading, and having threaded closures or other equally efficient type closure, not over 1
gallon capacity each, suitably cushioned to prevent movement within the box. Gross weight of complete package

(13) Spec. IF or 1G. Polyethylene carboys in plywood
boxes or drums, or wooden boxes.
chloride, silicon chloride, sulfur chloride (mono

and di), sulfuryl chloride, thionyl chloride, in tin tetrachloride (anhydrous), and titanium tetrachloride, (a) Acetyl
chloride, antimony pentachloride, benzoyl chloride, benzyl
chloride, chromyl chloride, pyro sulfuryl chloride, silicon
chloride, sulfur chloride (mono and di), sulfuryl chloride,
thionyl chloride, tin tetrachloride (anhydrous) and titanium tetrachloride, must, except as indicated, be packed
sulfuryl

with glass or earthenware inside containers not over 1
gallon each, except that inside containers up to 3 gallons
each are authorized when only one is packed in an out-
side container.
(2)
Spec. 11 A or 11B.
glass or
Wooden barrels or kegs, with

earthenware inside containers not over 2 gallons
each.

(3) Spec. 1A, 1C, ID, or IE.
kegs, or plywood drums (not permitted for antimony pentachloride or tin tetrachloride, anhydrous).
(4) Spec. IX. Boxer carboys of 5 to 6 gallons capacity;
single-trip for export only.
For shipment by common
carriers by water to noncontiguous territories or possessions of the United States and foreign countries; shipments from inland points in the United States which are
consigned to such destinations are authorized to be
transported to ship side by rail freight in carload lots
only and by motor vehicle in truckload lots only (not
permitted for antimony pentachloride or tin tetrachloride
anhydrous).
Metal barrels or
(5) Spec. 5A or 17C (single-trip).
drums with openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter. Benzyl chloride must be stabilized when packed
in
unlined containers.
103A, 103A-W, 105A300-W, 105A400-W,

(6) Spec.
105A500-W, or 105A600-W tank cars, except that for
(anhydrous) spec. 105A300-W, 105A400W, 105A500-W, or 105A600-W tank cars must be used.
Benzyl chloride must be stabilized when loaded in untin tetrachloride
lined tanks
Metal barrels or drums, lead-lined, au(7) Spec. 5H.

thorized for benzyl chloride only.
(8) Sulfur chloride packed in glass or earthenware
bottles or carboys must be cushioned in the outside container by means of incombustible elastic packing material
of such nature that a mixture of the liquid and the pack-
ing material will not cause
fires
or heating.
Spec. MC310 and MC311

Benzyl chloride must be stabilized
lined tanks.
(9)
Tank motor
when loaded
vehicles
in
un-
Nickel drums, authorized for acetyl

(10) Spec. 5K.
chloride, benzyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, pyro sulfuryl
chloride, sulfuryl chloride, and thionyl chloride only.
When shipped in unstabilized condition, the lading must
SECTION
be anhydrous
as
1364
11
and must be free from impurities such
sodium aluminate, liquid, when offered for transportaby carriers by rail freight, highway, or water must
be packed in specification containers of a design and
tion
iron.
103A-N-W. Tank cars, authorized for

(11) Spec.
benzyl chloride only. When shipped in unstabilized con-
constructed of materials that will not react dangerously

with or be decomposed by the chemical packed therein
dition, the lading must be anhydrous and must be free

from impurities such as iron All cast metal parts of the
tank in contact with the lading must have a minimum
nickel content of approximately 96.7 percent.
as follows:
(1)
In containers prescribed in 73.245 of this part.

with glass or earthenware inside containers, not over 2
gallons each, or with metal inside containers, not over
5 gallons each.
(2)
(12) Spec.
Portable tanks. Benzyl chloride must

in unlined tanks.
60.
be stabilized when loaded
(13) Spec. 103A or 103-W tank cars. Tank cars, nickel

clad at least 10 percent, authorized for stabilized benzyl
Acetyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, pyro
chloride only.
sulfuryl chloride, sulfuryl chloride, and thionyl chloride
when shipped in unstabilized condition, must be anhydrous
and free from impurities such as iron.
(14) Spec.
less steel not
for
5C. Barrels or drums of type 304 stainover 30 gallons capacity each. Authorized
chromyl chloride only.

(15) Spec.
42D
lons capacity each.
ized for chromyl chloride only.

(17) Spec. 103-W. Tank cars authorized for titanium
tetrachloride, anhydrous only. Tank cars shall have no
bottom outlets and shall have safety valves of approved
type with start-to-discharge pressure of 35 pounds per
square inch and of sufficient relieving capacity to prevent
pressure build-up in excess of 45 pounds per square inch.
(18) Spec. 15A, 15B,
having inside containers
having not more than
which tubes shall be
closed steel tubes, with
15C, 16A, or 19A.
Wooden
boxes
of securely closed soft-lead tubes
65 fluid ounces capacity each,

individually packed in securely
not more than 3 such steel tubes
The
fastened together as a unit.
inside
units
shall
be
surrounded on all sides with incombustible mineral material.

Authorized for titanium tetrachloride only.
Acid sludge, sludge acid, spent sulfuric

73.248
acid, or spent mixed acid, (a) Acid sludge, sludge acid,
spent sulfuric acid, or spent mixed acid, resulting from
the use of sulfuric acid in various processes, except
when containing hydrofluoric acid, which will not corrode interior of tank cars at sufficiently rapid rate to
cause leakage during transportation, must be packed in
(1)
Spec.
(2)
Spec.
pacity;
common
1A, ID, or IE. Carboys in boxes of ply(For spent sulfuric acid only.)
Boxed carboys of 5
IX.
single-trip
carriers
for
export
by water
to
to
6 gallons ca-
For shipment by
noncontiguous territories
only.
or possessions of the United States and foreign countries;

only and by motor vehicle in truck load lots only.
with inside containers which must be glass or earthenware, not over 1 gallon each, except that inside containers up to 3 gallons are authorized when only one is
packed in each outside container.
(4)
Spec.
product
is
103A
or
103A-W
sufficiently liquid to
Tank cars, provided the

be unloaded through the
dome.
(5)
duct
is
Spec. 103 or 103W. Tank cars, provided the protoo viscous to be unloaded through the dome.
MC310
(6)
Spec.
(7)
Spec. 60.
Metal drums (single-trip). Authorized

(4) Spec. 17H.
only or liquid boiler compounds or liquid water treatment
compounds.
103, 103-W, 103A, 103A-W, 104, 104-W,
(5) Spec.
105A100, or 105A100-W Tank cars.
Aluminum drums not over 30 galAuthorized for chromyl chloride only.
Wooden
(16) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A.
boxes with aluminum bottles of 99 percent pure aluminum not over 1 gallon capacity each, having aluminum
screw caps with gasket resistant to the contents. Author-
wood drums.
(3) Spec. 5 or 5 A. Metal barrels or drums, with openings not exceeding 2 3 inches in diameter.
and
MC
311.
Tank motor
vehicles.
Portable tanks.
Alkaline corrosive liquids, n.o.s., alkaline

73.249
caustic liquids, n.o.s., alkaline battery liquids, and sodium
aluminate, liquid, (a) Alkaline corrisive liquids, n.o.s., alkaline caustic liquids, n.o.s., alkaline battery fluids, and
(6)
Spec
MC310
(7)
Spec.
60,
or
MC311,
tank motor vehicles.
portable tanks.
12B. Fiberboard boxes with glass

(8) Spec.
containers of not over 16 ounces capacity each.
inside

with inside containers of polyethylene having capacity not
over 1 gallon each.
Fiberboard boxes, with not more

(10) Spec. 12B.
than one glass inside container not over 1 gallon capacity
containing sodium hydroxide solution not over 25 percent
strength and packed in a strong fiberboard box. Dry
chemicals for photographic development process not
classed as dangerous articles, contained in suitable inside
packages, may be packed in the same outside box. The
marking requirements of 73.401 (c) shall not apply.
(b) Alkaline corrosive liquids, n.o.s., alkaline caustic
liquids, n.o.s., alkaline battery fluids, and sodium aluminate, liquid, when offered for transportation by rail express, must be packed in specification containers as fol-
(1)
and
73.249
(a)
(8),
(9)
(10).
Metal barrels or drums, capacity

(2) Spec. 5 or 5A.
not exceeding 10 gallons, with openings not exceeding
2.3 inches in diameter.
gallon each, or with metal cans not over 5 gallons each.
(c) Inside containers of not more than 8-fluid ounces
capacity each, resistant to lading, packed in strong outside containers, and cushioned with absorbent material
in sufficient quantity to completely absorb liquid contents
in the event of breakage, are exempt from specification
packaging, marking, and labeling requirements, except
that marking name of contents on outside container is
required for shipments via carrier by water. Shipments
for transportation by highway carriers are exempt also
from Part 77, except section 77.817 of these regulations,
and Part 197 of the I.C.C Motor Carrier Safety Regula-
tions.
73.250 Automobiles or other self-propelled vehicles,

engines or other mechanical apparatus, (a) Automobiles
and other self-propelled vehicles equipped with electric
storage batteries, wet, or with electric storage batteries,
wet, removed from vehicles; and electric storage batteries,
wet when included in carload or truckload shipments
of automobile parts or assembled material in accordance
with subparagraphs (a) (1), (2), and (3) are exempt from
specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements. Shipments for transportation by highway carriers
these regulations, and Part 197 of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier
Safety Regulations. (See also 73.257 (b) ).
(1) When batteries are removed from automobiles and

loaded into car or motor vehicle therewith, the batteries
must be so loaded, blocked, and braced in car as to
prevent movement therein during transit, and the load
1365
so arranged that loose articles cannot
contact with the batteries.
must be
come
into
(2) When batteries

or assembly material,
crated and so loaded,
or motor vehicle as to
transit, and the load
articles
cannot come
are shipped with automoble parts

the batteries must be boxed or
blocked, and braced in the car
prevent movement therein during
must be so arranged that loose
into contact with the batteries.
When
batteries are installed in the vehicle, they

must be completely protected so that short circuits will
be prevented and so secured that leakage of acid will not
occur under conditions normal to transportation
(3)
(e) Bottles or jugs must be securely cushioned on all

sides with incombustible packing material, such as whiting, mineral wool, infusorial earth (kieselguhr), sifted
ashes, powdered china clay, or similar material, at least
1 inch thick, which will not produce heat when mixed
with bromine. The use of hay, sawdust, excelsior, or
other organic material, either treated or untreated, as a
cushioning or packing material, is prohibited.
(f) Not more than 15 quarts of bromine in
more than 12 quarts in jugs, may be packed
sary for the operation thereof, either securely fastened

in the holder provided on the equipment and protected,
including battery terminals, in such manner as to prevent
damage thereto or short circuits, or completely boxed in
containers of sound lumber and with filling holes upright,
securely fastened to the skids upon which the engine or
mechanical apparatus is mounted to prevent accidental
Electric storage
tipping or looseness in transportation
batteries, wet, as described herein are exempt from specification packaging.
one box.
Bromine which has been dried in accordance with

good commercial practice may also be packed in speci(g)
fication
(b) Engines or mechanical apparatus of such size or
weight as to require securement to skids to facilitate
handling may have electric storage batteries, wet, neces-
bottles, nor
in
Spec. 5K or 5M. Nickel or monel drums of not

over 10 gallons capacity each and containing not more
than 225 pounds net weight of bromine. Drums must be
of metal at least 14 gauge United States standard throughout and must have chime reinforcement adequate for
(1)
their protection. All openings must be in one head and

closing parts (plug, cap, flange, etc.) must be of the same
metal as the drum. One opening not over 2.3 inch dia-
meter and one opening not over % inch standard pipe

size are permitted. Each drum must be completely emptied and dried before reuse and must be equipped with
gaskets of a material approved by the Bureau of Explosives.
Boron trichloride
trichloride,
(a)
Boron
73.251
must be packed
Cylinders as prescribed for any compressed gas,
(1)
except acetylene.
Spec.
(2)
73.252
105A300W, 106A500,
Bromine,
(a)
or
106A500X.
Tank
Bromine must be packed
Wooden boxes with glass in(1) Spec. 15A or 15B.

side containers not over 1 quart each; or with stone or
earthenware jugs not over 1 gallon each.
Spec. 5H. Lead-lined metal barrels or
over 10 gallons each.
Outage (vacant space above liquid) for inside conbe not less than 15 percent of capacity of
tainers must
container.
(c)
less
Chloracetyl chlor-
(a)
(2)
Spec.
(3)
Spec. 5H.
(4)
Spec.
Metal-jacketed
28.
lead
carboys.
Lead-lined metal barrels or drums
Carboys in boxes or kegs.

will be permitted because of the
until further order of the Com-
1A, 1C, or ID.
Use of these containers

present emergency and
mission.
Nickel drums.
Spec. 5K.
(5)
73.254 Chlorosulfonic acid and mixtures of chlorosulfonic acid-sulfur trioxide. (a) Chlorosulfonic acid and
mixtures of chlorosulfonic acid trioxide must be packed
Spec.
(1)
5A
or 5C.
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A. Wooden boxes,

packed in each outside container
(2)
11A or 11B. Wooden barrels, with inside

earthenware containers not over 2 gallons each.
Spec.
(3)
glass or
Spec. 103A,
(4)
103A-W, 103C-W, or 103E-W. Tank
cars.
Spec.
(5)
73.255.
be packed
MC
310 and
Dimethyl
MC
311.
sulfate, (a)
Tank motor
vehicles.
Dimethyl sulfate must
Metal barrels or drums not over

(1) Spec. 5A or 5C.
55 gallons each. Spec. 5C metal barrels or drums must
be constructed of Type 304 stainless steel
Metal barrels or drums not over 15 gal(2) Spec. 5.
lons each, with openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter, inclosed in strong crates made of lumber at least %
inch thick.
For other authorized containers an outage of not
than 10 percent
Chloracetyl chloride,
15A or 15B. Wooden boxes, with inside

(1) Spec.
glass containers not over 5 pints capacity each, cushioned
with incombustible material.
drums not
105A300-W Tank cars. The tank must

(3) Spec.
be nickel clad at least 20 percent or must be lined with
lead at least 3/16 inch thick; openings in tank heads to
facilitate application of lead lining are authorized and
must be closed in an approved manner; all closures and
appurtenances which are in contact with the lading must
be lead lined or must be made of metal not subject to
rapid deterioration by contact with the lading; all interior welds in nickel clad tanks must be protected by
pure nickel butt straps to eliminate iron contamination.
Except as otherwise provided herein the water weight
capacity of the tank must not be more than 20,400 pounds,
and the maximum quantity of liquid bromine loaded into
the tank must not be more than 60,000 pounds or 300
percent of the water weight capacity of the tank, whichever quantity is the lesser. In no case shall the quantity
loaded be less than 98 percent of the quantity the tank
When tanks are equipped with
is authorized to carry.
manway cover plates, safety valves, venting, loading and
unloading valves in accordance with spec. ICC-105A300W, and tank jackets are stencilled ICC-105A300-W, but
in all other respects are constructed and maintained in
full compliance with spec. ICC-105A500-W, the water
weight capacity of the tank must not be more than 37,400
pounds, and the maximum quantity of liquid bromine
loaded into the tank must not be more than 110,000
pounds or 300 percent of the water weight capacity of
the tank, whichever quantity is the lesser.
(b)
73.253
must be packed
in
(2)
ide
is
required.
(d) Inside containers must be closed by glass, earthenware, or stone stoppers ground to fit and securely fastened; or bottles may have necks with molded screw
threads which must be closed by threaded-type caps
with lead or other efficient bromine-resistant gaskets and
cushioned by elastic material to insure tight closure.
Sealed glass ampoules are also authorized.

with each box containing a single glass inside container
not over 1 quart capacity, closed by ground glass stopper
or other equally efficient closure securely fastened in
place, and cushioned with incombustible absorbent material in hermetically sealed (soldered) metal can, the
can then being cushioned with incombustible cushioning
material in the outside container.
(4)
Spec. 103A or
103A-W. Tank
cars.
SECTION
1366
11
73.256 Compounds, cleaning, liquid, (a) Compounds,

cleaning, liquid, containing not more than 60 percent
hydrofluoric acid, must be packed in specification containers as follows:
or to the Departments of the Army, Navy, or Air Force

of the United States Government are exempt from Parts
71-78 and 197 when packed as follows:
In one inside glass bottle of not over 1 gallon catightly and securely closed, packed in a strong
outside container and cushioned therein on all sides
with incombustible absorbent material in sufficient quantity to completely absorb liquid contents in event of
breakage. Outside container must be so blocked, braced
:ayed v
(1)
As prescribed
(1)
in
73.264
(a)
(1)
and
(2)
of this
part.
Fiberboard boxes with inside con12B

(2) Spec.
tainers of natural rubber, ceresine, lead, or other material
of equal strength and not subject to destruction by the
lading.
Spec. 22B. Plywood drums equipped with molded
liner of type and material approved by the Bureau of
Explosives.
(3)
Electrolyte (acid) or corrosive battery fluid.

73.257
Electrolyte (acid) must not be over 47 percent strength
(39 Baume). Electrolyte or corrosive battery fluid must
(a)
(1) As prescribed in 73.272 of this part except that

unlined tank cars and metal barrels or drums must not
pacity,
during
ring
transit.
73.258
Electrolyte, acid, or alkaline corrosive bat

tery fluid, packed with storage batteries, (a) Electrolyte,
acid, or alkaline corrosive battery fluid, packed with
storage batteries, except as provided in 73.257 (a) (6),
(1) Spec. 15D or 16B. Wooden boxes with inside containers of glass bottles not over 1 gallon each nor over 2
gallons total in each outside container. Inside containers
must be well cushioned and separated from batteries by
a strong solid wooden partition.
be used.
(2)
Spec. 43A.
(3)
When
Bubber drums.
the
shipped when packed

73.249 of this part.
in
alkaline it
containers as
is
may
also
be
prescribed
in
MC310
and MC311. Tank motor

except that unlined tanks must not be used.
Spec.
(4)
Portable
60.
(5) Spec.
tanks must not be used.
tanks,
except
that
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or
19A
unlined
Wooden
boxes
with inside containers of polyethylene, or other electrolyte acid resistant plastic, not over 1 gallon each.
Spec.
(8)
1EX.
Carboys
in
plywood drums
Electrolyte, acid, or alkaline corrosive bat-
packed with battery charger, radio current

supply device, or electronic equipment, (a) Electrolyte,
acid, or alkaline corrosive battery fluid packed with batfluid,
tery charger, radio current supply device or parts thereor electronic equipment, with only one device or
in each such package, in the amount necessary
for operation of the device or equipment, provided
the containers of electrolyte, acid, or alkaline corrosive
battery fluid, are adequately cushioned to prevent breakage, leakage, or damage to other articles packed therewith, must be packed in specification containers as
follows:
of,
vehicles,

(6) Spec. 12B or 12C.
containers of polyethylene or other electrolyte acid resistant non-fragile materials having secure closures capable
incident to transportation
of withstanding conditions
without leakage and unless containers are rigid or semirigid in nature they must be contained in other strong
inside containers; minimum thickness of polyethylene
or other materials shall be not less than 0.003 inch for
any film sheet for multi-wall containers or not less than
0.006 inch for single wall containers; not more than 12
such inside containers shall be packed in one outside
box and the marking prescribed in 73.401 (c) shall not
be required. Inside containers shall be packed to prevent
movement within the box. Dry storage batteries or battery
charger device may be packed in the same outside box
when adequately separated from other inside containers;
gross weight of completed package shall not exceed 65
pounds. Complete package, closed as for shipment, with
inside containers filled with liquid of same specific gravity
as commodity to be shipped, must be capable of withstanding at least 2 drops from a height of 4 feet onto
solid concrete without leakage from or rupture of inside
containers.
(7)
73.259
tery
material
(single-
outfit
(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A. Wooden boxes,

provided the liquid is in bottles securely closed and cushioned as prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section, and
separated from charger supply device, and parts, or elec-
tronic
equipment by
a strong solid
wooden
partition.
Fiberboard boxes, when the liquid is

(2) Spec. 12B.
in a strong bottle not exceeding 16 fluid ounces, which
must be securely closed and cushioned as prescribed in
paragraph (a) of this section. Not more than 12 such
packages may be packed under the provisions of 73.25.
Electric storage batteries, wet. (a) Electric
73.260
storage batteries, containing electrolyte acid or alkaline
corrosive battery fluid, must be completely protected so
that short circuits will be prevented; they must not be
packed with other articles except as provided in 73.250
and 73.258, portable searchlights properly cushioned, battery parts, or hydrometers, securely packed in a separate
container.
The batteries either with or without other
articles must be packed in specification containers as follows:
(1) Spec 15D or 16B. Wooden or wirebound wooden
boxes except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this
section.
trip).
Fiberboard boxes constructed of at

(Mullen or Cady) double-wall corrugated fiberboard or 325-pound test (Mullen or Cady)
double-faced corrugated fiberboard, with not more than
12 inside glass bottles, having acid-proof closures, of not
over 32 ounces capacity each. Inside glass bottles must
be separated and cushioned by suitable corrugated fiberboard partitions. The box must be equipped with top
and bottom pads. (See 78.205-32.)
Spec.
(9)
least
12B.
275-pounds
12B. Fiberboard boxes having not more

inside glass bottle, with acid-proof closure, not
Box shall be constructed of at
gallon capacity
least 350-pound test (Mullen or Cady) double-faced corrugated fiberboard of full depth telescope type. Cushioning and closure of box (pressure sensitive tape may be
used) must be such that a representative box, with inside
glass bottle filled with water, shall be caoable of withstanding two drops from a height of 4 feet onto solid
concrete without breakage of inner bottle or failure of
the closure.
(10) Spec.
than
over
(2) Spec.
78.205-25
12B.
(a)
Fiberboard
and 78.205-28
box
as
authorized
by
(a).
test
(b) Shipments of electrolyte (acid) or corrosive battery fluid with vehicles offered for transportation by, for
Electric storage batteries with case of asphaltum

impregnated rubber, steel case type, synthetic resin (plastic), or wooden battery box type, protected against short circuits and firmly secured to skids
or pallets capable of withstanding the shocks normally
incident to transportation, are exempt from specification
packaging requirements for transportation by rail freight,
highway, or water. The height of the completed unit
must not exceed 1% times the width of the skid or pallet.
The unit must weigh not less than 300 pounds gross
and must not fail under a superimposed weight equal to
two times the weight of the unit or a superimposed weight
of 4,000 pounds if the weight of the unit exceeds 2,000
pounds. Battery terminals must not be relied upon to
support any part of the superimposed weight.
(3)
composition,
(4) Electric storage batteries weighting 500 pounds

or more, with case of asphaltum composition, impregnated rubber, steel case type, synthetic resin (plastic) or
wooden battery box type, consisting of carriers' equipment may be shipped by rail freight when mounted on
suitable skids and protected against short circuits. Such
shipments must not be offered in interchange.
1367
Electric storage batteries with case of asphaltum
impregnated rubber, steel case type, synthetic resin (plastic), or wooden battery box type; packing
authorized as follows:
(b)
composition,
(1) One to three batteries not over 25 pounds each in

outside box, gross weight not over 75 pounds; specification container not required.
(2) Not more than four batteries not over 15 pounds

each may be packed in strong outside fiberboard or wooden boxes, when securely cushioned and packed to prevent short circuits; specification container not required.
Authorized gross weight 65 pounds.
(c) Single batteries not exceeding 75 pounds each, in
addition to requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of
this section, may be shipped in 5-sided slip covers or in
completely closed fiberboard boxes, or solid or doublefaced corrugated fiberboard complying with the following:
(See paragraph (a) (1) of this section for more than one
battery in an outside container.)
(1) Slip cover or fiberboard box must fit snugly and

provide inside top clearance of at least J inch above battery terminals and filler caps with reinforcement in place.
Assembled for shipment, the bottom edges of the slip
cover must not extend to the base of the battery but
must not expose more than 1 inch thereof.
Top of slip cover or fiberboard box must have

reinforcement (insert or saddle) of fiberboard,
or
other material of equal strength and rigidity so
wood,
formed that any superimposed weight will bear only and
directly downward on the top edges of the battery case
or intercell connectors (straps). When top of slip cover
or fiberboard- box consists of only one thickness of material, reinforcement must have a plane surface of same
interior dimensions and thickness.
Reinforcement must
be of a height to provide minimum clearance required
above and must be constructed to remain securely in
place or be fastened to slip cover or fiberboard box.
(2)
interior
must be at least 200 pound test

(Mullen) and completed package (battery and slip cover
or fiberboard box) must be capable of withstanding topto-bottom compression tests of at least 500 pounds with(3)
All
fiberboard
out damage to battery terminals or
filler
caps.
Electric storage batteries, containing electrolyte or

corrosive battery fluid, of the nonspillable type, protected
against short circuits and completely and securely boxed
are exempt from specification packaging, marking, and
carrier by water. Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exempt also from Part 77, except section
(d)
(e) Shipments of electric storage batteries containing

electrolyte or battery fluid, loaded or braced to prevent
damage in transit and short circuits, are exempt from
Parts 71-78 and 197: Provided, however, that storage
batteries (either wet or dry) constitute the only commodity being transported in the railroad car or motor vehicle
Fire-extinguisher charges as described in subpara(1) to (3) of this paragraph are exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements,
except that marking name of contents on outside container is required for shipments via carrier by water.
Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exempt also from Part 77, except section 77.817 of these
regulations, and Part 197 of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier
Safety Regulations.
(b)
graphs
charges consisting of sulfuric

(1) Fire-extinguisher
acid in strong 8-fluid ounces or smaller bottles, securely
closed and packed with bicarbonate of soda completely
surrounding the bottles of acid in outside fiberboard or
wooden boxes. Closure must consist of a metal cap lined
with an acid-resistant washer or a composition stopper
of material that will not be attacked by the acid.
(2) Fire-extinguisher charges, consisting of chlorosulfonic acid in a hermetically sealed bottle not exceeding
2 ounces capacity, securely packed in a metal container
inclosed in another metal container, the inner metal container being cushioned in the outer metal container with
asbestos fabric and the completed package embedded in
potassium carbonate in outside fiberboard or wooden
boxes.
charges, consisting of sulfuric

(3) Fire-extinguisher
acid in 10-ounce or smaller bottles, securely closed, packed
Closure must consist of a metal
in a tight fiber carton
cap lined with an acid-resistant washer or a composition
stopper of material that will not be attacked by the acid.
The bottle and carton packed in either potassium carbonate or potassium carbonate and alkali packed in a
cylindrical tin can, with slip cover, secured by tape in
outside fiberboard or wooden boxes.
Hydrobromic acid, (a) Hydrobromic acid

73.262
not over 49 percent strength must be packed in specification containers as follows:
(1) Spec. 1A, 1C, ID,
kegs, or plywood drums.
IE, or IF.
Carboys
in boxes,
(2) Spec. IX. Boxed carboys of 5 to 6 gallon capacity;

For shipment by common
single-trip for export only.
carriers by water to noncontiguous territories or possesand
foreign countries; shipUnited
States
sions of the
ments from inland points in the United States which are
consigned to such destinations are authorized to be transported to ship side by rail freight in carload lots only and
by motor vehicle in truckload lots only.
(3)
11A or 11B. Wooden barrels or kegs with

earthenware inside containers, not over 2 gallons
Spec.
glass or
each.
Wooden boxes
(4) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A
Rubber drums. Any such container
(5) Spec. 43A.
showing evidence of damage must be tested to 20 pounds
hydrostatic pressure, without leakage, before using.
body.
(6)
(f) Electric storage batteries containing electrolyte or
corrosive battery fluid, other than those of the nonspillable type, when shipped in less-than-carload and less-
than-truckload lots, must be marked and labeled as required by 73.401 (a), (c), and 73.402 (a) (3) of this part.

with glass inside containers not over 5 pints each, cush-
ioned.
Spec. 21 A or 21 B. Fiber drums with a single incontainer consisting of a glass bottle not over 64
ounces capacity filled with not over six pounds by
weight of sulfuric acid (approximately 50 fluid ounces
by volume). Bottle must be suspended in center of outside container by means of adequate supports and surrounded by bicarbonate of soda in sufficient quantity to
fill drum and neutralize contents in the event of breakage.
(2)
side
103B or 103B-W.
Tank
cars.
cification containers as follows:

(1)
Fire-extinguisher charges, (a) Fire-extin 73.261

guisher charges consisting of sulfuric acid in glass inside
containers securely closed may "be packed with bicarbonate of soda in specification containers as follows:
Spec.
Hydrobromic acid greater than 49 percent strength

but not over 63 percent strength must be packed in spe(b)
Spec. IF.
Hydrochloric (muriatic) acid, hydrochloric

73.263
(muriatic) acid mixtures, hydrochloric (muriatic) acid soluinhibited, sodium chlorite solution, and cleaning
compounds, liquid, containing hydrochloric (muriatic)
acid, (a) Hydrochloric (muriatic) acid, hydrochloric (muriatic) acid mixtures, hydrochloric (muriatic) acid solution,
inhibited, sodium chlorite solution not exceeding 40 percent sodium chlorite, and cleaning compounds, liquid,
containing hydrochloric (muriatic) acid must be packed in
tion,
fluid

with inside containers which must be glass, earthenware,
polyethylene or other nonfragile plastic material resistant
to the lading (bags are not authorized), not over 1 gallon
each, except that inside containers up to 3 gallons each
SECTION
11
are authorized
container
when
1368
only one
is
packed
in
each outside
Rubber-lined metal barrels or drums.

Spec. 5D
container that shows evidence of damage must
be tested, before shipment, for defect in lining in the
manner prescribed in spec. 5D.
(2)
Any such
Rubber drums.
Spec. 43A.
(3)
Safety Regulations.
or 11B. Wooden barrels or kegs with

glass or earthenware inside containers not over 2 gallons
each.
11A
Spec.
(4)
(5)
Spec.
(6)
Spec.
1A
or 1C.
IX.
Carboys
in
ID, IE, or 1EX (single-trip). Glass car(7) Spec.

boys in boxes or plywood drums, of not over 6.5 gallons
nominal capacity. Means shall be provided so that accumulated total pressure in bottle shall not exceed 10 p.s.i.
gauge at 130 F. or shall vent at a pressure not to exceed
10 p.s.i. gauge.
Rubber-lined wooden barrels or kegs.
Tank cars. Authorized for

(9) Spec. 103B or 103B-W
acid not over 38 percent strength by weight. Except for
hydrochloric (muriatic acid) of 22 Baume strength, and
other fuming acids, safety vent of approved design
equipped with frangible disc having Y inch breather hole
in the center thereof or a safety vent of approved design
equipped with carbon discs permitting continuous venting
may be used.
NOTE
with rubber.
1:
(10) Spec.
MC310
and
MC 311.
Tank motor
vehicles,
with rubber or equally acid-resistant material

equivalent strength and durability.
lined
(11) Spec.
(12) Spec.
or cleaning compounds, liquid, containing not

over 28 percent hydrochloric (muriatic) acid, in addition
to the provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section,
may be packed
(13) Spec.
boxes,
(14) Spec.
60.
of
Portable tanks, rubber-lined.
103B100-W.
Tank
cars.
Authorized
for
IF,
IG,
or
1H
least
12B.
275-pound
test
73.264
acid,
(a)
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric
must be packed

with inside containers of natural rubber, ceresine, lead,
or other hydrofluoric acid resistant material. These containers are authorized only for strengths of acid for which
they are adequate, but in no case may the strength of
acid exceed 70 percent.
Fiberboard boxes with inside conSpec. 12B.

of natural rubber, lead, polyethylene, or other
hydrofluoric acid resistant plastic not over one "ound
capacity each. These containers are authorized only for
strengths of acid for which they are adequate, but in
no case shall the strength of acid exceed 7u percent.
(2)
Unlined metal barrels or drums which

(7) Spec. 5A.
have been subjected to adequate passification or neutralization process (see Note 1). Authorized only for acid
of not less than 60 percent and not more than 80 percent strength, and all containers must be filled to not
over 80 percent of capacity at 68 F. If containers are
washed out with water, they must be repassified before
reshipment. (See Notes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.)
NOTE
Polyethylene carboys in
plywood drums or boxes, or metal
for hydrochloric (muriatic) acid solution, inhibited, containing not to exceed 15 percent hydrochloric (muriatic)
Drums must be lined throughout with a pliable
acid.
plastic material impervious to the solution.
Spec. 37A
and 37B metal drums must be
at least
24 gauge
steel.
(15) Spec. 12B. Fiberboard boxes with inside containers of polyethylene, or other nonfragile plastic material resistant to the lading (bags are not authorized),
not over 1 quart capacity each, suitably cushioned to
prevent movement within the box. Gross weight of complete package must not exceed 65 pounds.

(17) Spec. 6J.
spec. 2S polyethylene drum
Gross weight restriction indicated by the gross weight embossment in the steel
barrel or drum shall be waived.
(b) Hydrochloric acid of not over 20 percent strength
(13.25 Baume) and other corrosive liquids containing
not over 20 percent hydrochloric acid in addition to containers prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section may be
shipped in specification containers as follows:
1: Each metal container, before being put

must be passified by an efficient method.
service,
crates.
17H, 37A, or 37B.
Metal drums (singlenot over 5 gallons capacity each. Authorized only
Spec.
10A.
Asphaltum-lined
wooden
barrels
or
kegs.
(2) Inside containers of not more than 8-fluid ounces
capacity each, resistant to lading, packed in strong outside containers, and cushioned with absorbent material
into
NOTE
city
2: Containers not exceeding 55 gallons capaeach are authorized for carload, truckload, less-than-
and less-than-truckload shipment. Containers exceeding 55 gallons capacity each are authorized for carload or truckload shipments only but they must be loaded
by consignor and unloaded by consignee.
carload,
NOTE 3: For less-than-carload or less-than-truckload

shipments, containers must be of metal at least as heavy
as 14 gauge United States standard for not over 20 gallons capacity each or 12-gauge for not over 55 gallons
capacity each. Each container must be subjected to at
least one of the following tests before shipment: By interior pressure of at least 15 pounds per square inch before filling or by holding for inspection for at least 24
hours after filling. In either case, each container must
be vented prior to shipment.
NOTE

further order of the Commission, containers of not over
55-gallons capacity each, of 14-gauge metal, are authorized, provided test requirements of Note 3 are maintained
and provided containers are retired from service after
showing a 15 percent loss of tare weight.
NOTE
Hydrofluoric acid solutions and concentrato 65 percent, when shipped in

unlined steel containers, must be inhibited so that the
corrosive effect on steel must not be greater than that
of hydrofluoric acid of 65 percent concentration.
tions of
(1)
Fiberboard boxes constructed of at

(Mullen or Cady) double-wall corrugated fiberboard or 325-pound test (Mullen or Cady)
double-faced corrugated fiberboard, with not more than
12 inside glass bottles, having acid-proof closures, of not
over 32 ounces capacity each. Inside glass bottles must
be separated and cushioned by suitable corrugated fiberboard partitions
The box must be equipped with top
and bottom pads. (See 78.205-32.)
Spec.
(1)
acid not over 44/2 percent strength by weight.
trip)
Hydrochloric acid mixtures of not over 28 percent
strength,
tainers

further order of the Commission, hydrochloric acid may
be offered for transportation by carriers by water in conformity with Regulations for Explosives or Other Dangerous Articles on Board Vessels, 46 CFR 146.23-13 issued by the Commandant of the Coast Guard.
wooden
hydrochloric acid contains oils or solvents

in containers or tank cars lined
must not be shipped

(d)
Boxed carboys of 5 to 6 gallons cafor export only. For shipment by com-
Spec. 10A.
When
(c)
it
boxes or kegs.
pacity; single-trip
mon carriers by water to noncontiguous territories or
only and by motor vehicle in truckload lots only
(8)
in sufficient quantity to completely absorb liquid contents in the event of breakage, are exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements,
exempt also from Part 77, except section 77.817 of these
(8)
5:
60 percent up
Spec.
105A300-W,
103A,
103A-W, 105A100, 105A100-W,
105A400-W, 105A500-W, 105A600-W, or
1369
1
Unlined metal tanks which have been subjected to adequate passivity or neutralization process.
(See Note 1 to subparagraph (7) of this paragraph.) AuIf
thorized only for acid of 60 to 80 percent strength
tanks are washed out with water they must be resubjected to passivity before reshipment.
ARA-IV-A
NOTE
Hydrofluoric acid solutions and concentrato 65 percent, when shipped in

unlined metal tank cars, must be inhibited so that the
corrosive effect on steel must not be greater than that
of hydrofluoric acid of 65 percent concentration.
tions of
1:
60 percent up
Spec. 43A. Rubber drums. Authorized only for

acid not over 65 percent strength. Any such container
showing evidence of damage must be tested to 20 pounds
hydrostatic pressure, without leakage, before using.
(9)
Lined metal barrels or drums. Authorized only for acid not over 62 percent strength. Any
shows evidence of damage must be
drum
that
barrel or
tested before shipment for defects in lining in the manner prescribed in 78.84-15 (a). Lining materials must
meet the test prescribed in Notes 1, 2, and 3 below.
5D.
(10) Spec.
NOTE
1: Performance test. Test panels of linings for

in hydrofluoric acid service must be subjected to
a test in 62 percent hydrofluoric acid for a period of not
give proper protection to their valves. Filling

density must not exceed 80 percent of the water-weight
capacity of the cylinder.
so as to
Containers must not be entirely filled. Unless

(c)
otherwise provided in this part, sufficient outage (vacant
space) must be allowed so that the linuid portion will
not completely fill the container at 130F. in order to
prevent leakage or distortion of containers due to the
expansion of the contents from increase in temperature
during transit.
Hydrofluosilicic acid,
(a)
Hydrofluosilicic
73.265
acid must be packed in specification containers as follows:
with inside containers of natural rubber, ceresine, or other
material of equal efficiency resistant to hydrofluosilicic
acid

(2) Spec. 11A or 11B.
inside containers of natural rubber or ceresine.
10A. Wooden barrels or kegs lined with
(3) Spec.
asphaltum or other material of equal efficiency resistant
drums
to hydrofluosilicic
At the end of such period there must

be no signs of deterioration of such lining material from
chemical attack as evidenced by changes in its physical
characteristics, and no signs of permeation of hydrofluoric acid through the sample as evidenced by blistering
from the metal insert
Hydrofluosilicic acid of not exceeding 40 percent

strength may also be shipped when packed in specification containers as follows:
less
than 90 days.
NOTE
The test panel should be

2: Method of test.
2 inches by 6 inches with a steel insert completely covered by lining material. Test panels should be immersed in 62 percent hydrofluoric acid so that 50 percent
of the panel is in contact with liquid and 50 percent in
contact with vapor. Temperature of test to be maintained at 130F. for the entire 90 days.
acid.
(b)
Rubber-lined metal barrels or drums.

(1) Spec. 5D.
barrel or drum that shows evidence of damage must
tested
before
shipment
for defect in lining in the manbe
ner prescribed in spec. 5D.
Any
at least
Rubber drums. Any drum showing

(2) Spec. 43A.
evidence of damage must be tested to 20 pounds hydrostatic pressure, without leakage, before using.
(3)
Spec.
103B
or
103B-W.
Tank
cars,
rubber-lined
tanks.
NOTE
3:
Drums may be
as thick as the
(11) Spec.
(14) Spec.
only
MC310
for
acid
not
rubber-lined
over 40 percent
and MC311. Tank motor
vehicles.
1:
Polyethylene carboys in ply(16) Spec. IF or 1G

or drums, or wooden boxes. Authorized for
acid not over 60 percent strength.
wood boxes

6J.
2S polyethylene drum. Authorized for acid not
over 60 percent strength. Gross weight restriction indicated by the gross weight embossment in the steel barrel
or drum shall be waived.
(17) Spec.
spec.
MC 311.
anhydrous (hydrogen fluoride)

(c)
Hydrofluosilicic
acid
Tank motor
containing
no
free
vehicles
hydro-
fluoric acid or other ingredient that will attack glass, may

also be shipped when packed in specification containers
as
follows:
Carboys in boxes, in
(1) Spec. 1A, 1C, ID, or IE.
kegs, or plywood drums, for which the use of rubber
stoppers and gaskets is also authorized.
Boxed carboys of 5 to 6 gallons ca(2) Spec. IX.

pacity; single-trip for export only. For shipment by common carriers by water to noncontiguous territories or
transported to ship side by rail freight in carload lots only
and by motor vehicle in truckload lots only.
with inside glass containers, not over 1 gallon each, with
rubber or ground-in glass stoppers properly secured.
Hydrofluoric acid,
must be shipped
3A, 3AA, 3B, 3C, 3E, 4, 4A, 25 2 or

38*, also spec. 4B, 4BA, or 4C if not brazed. Cylinders.
Filling density must not exceed 85 percent of the pounds
water weight capacity of the cylinder.
(1)
Spec.
3",
(2)
Spec.
105A300-W, 105A400-W, 105\ 105A500-W,
ARA-V 1 tank cars, equipped with special valves and

appurtenances approved for this particular service. Filling density must not exceed 90 percent of the pounds
water weight capacity of the tank.
or
and
cars,
Hydrofluoric acid solutions and concentrations of 60 percent up to 65 percent, when shipped in unlined tank motor vehicles, must be inhibited so that the
corrosive effect on steel must not be greater than that of
hydrofluoric acid of 65 percent concentration.
(b)
MC310
(4) Spec.
lined with rubber.
tested.
103B or 103B-W. Tank
Authorized
tanks.
strength.
NOTE
lined with material at least
sample material
(4)
The vacant space
must be
sufficient so that
in
containers of these acids

raised to a uniform tem-
when
perature of 130 F. the vapor pressure shall not exceed

6 pounds per square inch
(d) Hydrofluosilicic acid of not exceeding 32 percent
strength may also be shipped when packed in specification containers as follows:
(3)
Spec.
MC
310 and
MC
311.
Tank motor
vehicles.
Because of the present emergency and until fuither order of the Commission, samples of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid for laboratory examination are authorized
for transportation by rail freight, rail express, or highway,
when packed in aluminum cylinders, net capacity not
exceeding 100 c. c, tested hydrostatically to 500 pounds
per square inch and retested quinquennially, and shipped
in strong wooden boxes. The cylinders must be cushioned
Spec. 12B.
Fiberboard boxes with inside conof polyethylene, or other nonfragile plastic material resistant to the lading, not over 1 quart capacity
each, suitably cushioned to prevent movement within the
box. Gross weight of complete package must not exceed
(1)
tainers
65 pounds.
(4)
Polyethylene carboys in plywood

(2) Spec. IF or 1G,
boxes or drums, or wooden boxes.
(3) Spec. 6J.
spec. 2S polyethylene drum. Gross weight restriction indicated by the gross weight embossment in the steel barrel or drum shall be waived.
<
SECTION
1370
11
Hydrogen peroxide solution in water, (a)

73.266
Hydrogen peroxide solution in water containing over 52
percent hydrogen peroxide by weight must be packed
in

with inside containers consisting of glass bottles not over
1 quart capacity each; bottles must have vented closure
and must be packed in a metal container vented at bottom packed in another metal container vented at top;
cushioning material shall be used between glass bottle
and inner container and between inner and outer metal
containers; cushioning material shall be vermiculite or
equivalent in an amount at least 10 times the volume
of the solution shipped and shall be wet with at least
10 percent water by volume to which has been added a
stabilizing agent
(2)
Spec. 42D.
Aluminum drums with vented
END UP" or "KEEP PLUG UP TO PREVENT SPILLAGE." For shipments other than carload or truckload
loaded by consignor and unloaded by consignee
drums must be of design and venting arrangement approved by the Bureau of Explosives.
lots
Hydrogen peroxide solution in water containing

not over 52 percent hydrogen peroxide by weight must
be packed in specfication containers as prescribed in para(b)
(a)
of this section or as follows:

with glass or earthenware inside containers of not more
than 1 gallon capacity each. Inside containers must be
well cushioned. All material used for cushioning must
be incombustible mineral matter, such as whiting, mineral wool, infusorial earth, asbestos, or sifted ashes. Cushioning of inside containers in outside wooden boxes by
means of elastic packing, such as wooden strips or large
corks fastened securely in position, is authorized if the
completed package will pass the swing test prescribed
for boxed carboys in spec. 1A.
(2)
Spec. 34B.
(3)
Spec.
42D
Aluminum
plainly
marked
carboys.
Aluminum drums with vented
in top head; not over

be sealed to prevent
closure
55 gallons capacity. Closure must

removal in transit and top head
"KEEP THIS END UP"
or
"KEEP
PLUG UP TO PREVENT SPILLAGE." Aluminum
drums
of not over 30 gallons capacity already in service for

the transportation of this material, manufactured prior
to April 24,1934, and of at least equal strength and efficiency as drums of like capacity authorized under spec.
42D, may be continued in use until further order of the
Commission.
(4)
Spec. 42E.
Aluminum drums
(single-trip).
Hydrogen peroxide solution in water containing

over 8 percent hydrogen peroxide by weight and not
exceeding 37 percent must be packed in specification
(c)
containers as prescribed in paragraphs

section or as follows:
Spec.
(a)
1A.
IX. Boxed carboys of 5 to 6 gallons ca(2) Spec.

pacity; single-trip for export only. For shipment by common carriers by water to noncontiguous territories or
ID or IE. Glass carboys in boxes or plyof not over 6.5 gallons nominal capacity.
be provided so that accumulated pressure
in bottle shall not exceed 10 pounds p.s.i gauge at 130F.,
or shall vent at a pressure not to exceed 10 pounds p.s.i
gauge at 130F., or shall vent at a pressure not to exceed
(3)
Spec.
wood drums
Means
shall
The cushioning must be incom-
(4) Spec. 15A 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A. Wooden boxes

with inside containers of polyethylene, or other plastic
material resistant to the lading, not over 1 pint capacity
or 16 ounces by weight each. Inside containers must be
securely cushioned with incombustible mineral matter,
such as whiting, mineral wool, infusorial earth, asbestos,
:
or sifted ashes.
Spec. IF, 1G, or 1H, polyethylene carboys in

boxes, plywood drums, or metal crates. The carboy closures must be vented so as to prevent accumulation of internal pressure.
(5)
wooden
Spec. 12B. Fiberboard boxes, with inside alumbottles constructed of at least 99 percent pure alumof not over 5 pounds or 5 pints capacity each.
bottle shall be individually partitioned and surrounded by incombustible mineral packing material in the
outside shipping container. Bottle closure shall be by
means of a threaded aluminum cap, fitted with polyethylene gasket or other equally efficient closing device.
venting device which will not leak liquid under conditions normally incident to transportation is permitted.
(6)
inum
inum
Each
Spec.
(7)
Steel
6J.
barrels
2S polyethylene drums
spec.
indicated by the gross weight

barrel or drum is waived.
or
drums having
Gross
inside
weight restriction
embossment
in
the steel
(d) Hydrogen peroxide solution in water containing

over 8 percent hydrogen peroxide by weight and not
exceeding 10 percent must be packed in specification
containers as prescribed in paragraphs (a), (b), or (c) of
this section or as follows:
Wooden
10A.
(1)
Spec.
(e)
Hydrogen peroxide
barrels,
paraffined-lined.
solution in water not exceed-
peroxide by weight, when

tank motor vehicles, or portable
tanks in carload or truckload quantities only, is not subject to any other requirement of Parts 71-78 and 197.
hydrogen
52 percent
shipped in tank
ing
cars,
(f) Hydrogen peroxide solution in water exceeding 52

percent hydrogen peroxide by weight may also be packed
Tank cars. Venting arrange(1) Spec. 103A-AL-W.

ment must be approved by the Bureau of Explosives.
solution in water exceeding
(g) Hydrogen peroxide
52 percent hydrogen peroxide by weight may also be
shipped in tank motor vehicles subject to Parts 71-78
provided that such shipments are for ultimate use of the
Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force of the
United States Government. Tank motor vehicles must
be of design and venting arrangement approved by the
Bureau of Explosives.
or (b) of this
Glass carboys. The cushioning must

be incombustible mineral material, elastic wooden-strip
packing, or large elastic cushions such as corks fastened
securely in position. The use of hay, excelsior, ground
cork, or similar material, whether treated or untreated, is
prohibited. The carboy stoppers must be vented so as
to prevent accumulation of internal pressure; use of cork
gasket impregnated with paraffin is authorized.
(1)
gauge.
p.s.i.
closure
30 gallons capacity; side openings

not permitted. Closure must be sealed to prevent removal
in transit and top head plainly marked, "KEEP THIS
in top head; not over
graph
10 pounds
bustible mineral material, elastic wood-strip packing, or

large elastic cushions such as corks fastened securely in
position. The use of hay, excelsior, ground cork, or similar material, whether treated or untreated, is prohibited.
Mixed acid (nitric and sulfuric acid) (niMixed acid (nitric and sulfuric acid) (nioffered for transportation by carriers
freight, highway, or water must be packed in
73.267
trating acid),
trating acid),
by
rail
(a)
when

with inside glass bottles not over 7 pounds capacity each,
individually inclosed in tightly closed metal cans and
cushioned therein with incombustible mineral material.
(2)
or
Spec. 5C.
347
stainless
Metal barrels or drums of Type 304ELC

only. (See paragraph (b) of this
steel
section.)
(3) Spec. 103A
(b) of this section.)
or
103A-W. Tank
cars. (See
paragraph
Carboys in boxes or kegs. Au(4) Spec. 1A or 1C.

thorized only for mixed nitric and sulfuric acid containing not over 17 percent nitric acid and containing at
least 33 per cent water. Straight-sided carboys must be
used; cushioning must be incombustible mineral material, elastic wooden-strip packing, or large elastic cushions, such as cork, fastened securely in position. The use
of hay, excelsior, ground cork, or similar material, whether treated or untreated, is prohibited.
1371
(5) Spec. IX. Boxed carboys of 5 to 6 gallons capacity;
single-trip for export only. For shipment by common
carriers by water to noncontiguous territories or possessions of the United States and foreign countries; shipments from inland points in the United States which are
consigned to such destinations are authorized to be transported to ship side by rail freight in carload lots only and
by motor vehicle in truckload lots only.
chloric acid as impurities, when offered for transportation

by carriers by rail freight, highway, or water must be
(1)
Spec.
103C-W.
(3)
Spec.
MC
Tank
cars.
MC
310 and
311.
Tank motor
vehicles.
Metal barrels or drums. Authorized

Spec. 5C.
for concentrations or nitric acid as limited by 78.83-3
Containers weightng less than 85 percent of their
(c).
original marked weight are not authorized. Spec. 5C,
drums already in service for transportation of this material, manufactured prior to October 1, 1949, may be
continued in service within the above limitations until
further order of the Commission.
(4)
Spec. ID, or IE. Glass carboys in boxes or plyof not over 6.5 gallons nominal capacity;
authorized only for mixed nitric and sulfuric acid, containing not over 17 percent nitric acid and containing
at least 38 percent water; means shall be provided so
that accumulated pressure in bottle shall not exceed 10
pounds per square inch gauge at 130 F., or vent at
pressure not to exceed 10 pounds per square inch gauge.
Cushioning must be incombustible mineral material,
elastic wooden strip packing, or large elastic cushions
such as cork, fastened securely in position. The use of
hay, excelsior, ground cork, or similar material, whether
treated or untreated, is prohibited.
(6)
wood drums
MC
MC
310 and
311.
(7) Spec.
(See paragraph (b) of this section.)
(8)
Tank motor
(c) Nitric acid of 80 percent or greater concentration

which does not contain significant quantities of sulfuric
acid or hydrochloric acid as impurities, when offered for

transportation by carriers by rail freight, highway, or
water must be packed in specification containers as follows:
vehicles.
Spec. 60. Portable tanks. (See paragraph (b) of this
(1) Spec. 42B or 5X;

prior to October 1, 1930.
lined steel drums.
also 42, if made and marked

Aluminum drums, or aluminumx
section.)
5A. Carbon steel barrels or drums. Authorized only for mixed acids containing less than 80 percent
nitric acid. (See paragraph (b) of this section.)
(9)
(2)
Spec.
(d)
Nitric
103A-AL-W.
Tank
car.
Spec
when
tion
(b) Mixtures of sulfuric acid and nitric acid (nitrating

acid), shipped in tank cars, cargo tanks, tanks trucks, or
metal barrels or drums, shall contain not less than 10
percent sulfuric acid. These mixtures may contain:
(1) Up to 10 percent water with not less than
percent sulfuric acid.
10
(2) Up to 15 percent water with not less than

15
acid of 90 percent or greater concentraoffered for transportation by carriers by rail
highway, or water must be packed in specifica-
freight,
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, 19A, 11A, or 11B.

boxes, barrels and kegs with inside containers
which must be glass bottles not over 5 pints capacity each,
individually inclosed in tightly closed metal cans and
cushioned therein with sufficient incombustible mineral
material. (See paragraphs (g) and (h) of this section.)
(1)
Wooden
Nitric acid of concentration of less than 90 peroffered for transporation by rail freight, highin specification containers
as follows:
(e)
Up
to 20 percent
(3)
water with not
less
than 20
cent
when
way, or water must be packed
(4) Up to 38 percent water with not

less
than 62
15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, 19A, 11A, or 11B.
boxes, barrels and kegs with inside containers
which must be glass bottles not over 5 pints capacity
each. See paragraphs (g) and (h) of this section.)
(1)
Spec
Wooden
Mixed
acid (nitric and sulfuric acid) (nitrating

acid), when offered for transportation by rail express
must be packed in specification containers as follows (also
authorized for transportation by carriers by rail freight,
highway, or water):
(c)

with inside glass bottles with glass stoppers ground to fit,
and these stoppers must be held in place by plaster of
Paris covered by strong cloth securely tied. Glass bottles
having necks with molded screw threads, must be closed
by threaded-type acid-resistant plastic caps. Caps must
be equipped with an elastic composition cushion and
with glass, porcelain or similar liner which must be impervious to the acid. Such caps, when secured in place
by at least one complete continuous thread, must be
capable of preventing any leakage of the liquid.
Or glass bottles having necks with molded screw

must be closed by threaded-type acid-resistant
Caps
must be lined with a resilient liner which
caps.
must be impervious to the acid. Such caps, when secured
in place by at least one complete continuous thread, must
be capable of preventing any leakage of the acid.
(2)
(f) Nitric acid of concentration of 72 percent or less,

when offered for transportation by rail freight, highway,
or water must be packed in specification containers as
follows:
(1) Spec.
or kegs.
1A
or 1C.
Straight sided carboys in boxes
(2) Spec. IX. Boxed carboys of 5 to 6 gallons capacity; single-trip for export only. For shipment by common carriers by water to noncontiguous territories or
threads
(3)
Each
bottle
must be placed
in
tightly
closed
(3)
Spec. ID, or IE.
Glass carboys in boxes or ply-
wood drums of not over 6.5 gallons nominal capacity.

Means shall be provided so that accumulated pressure in
bottle shall not exceed 10 pounds per square inch gauge
at 130 F., or shall vent at a pressure not to exceed 10
pounds per square inch gauge.
metal container and well cushioned therein on all sides

with incombustible mineral packing material, such as
whiting, mineral wool, infusorial earth (kieselguhr), asbestos, sifted ashes, or powdered china clay, etc
The
metal container must be packed in the outside container,
and well cushioned by incombustible mineral packing
for carboys must be incombustible

(4) Cushioning
mineral material, elastic wooden strips, natural cork
blocks or rubber blocks. Other materials may be used if
approved by the Bureau of Explosives The use of hay,
material as herein described.
er treated or untreated,
(4)
acid
Not more than
may be shipped
in
3Vz
pounds (VA quarts)
of
mixed
one outside package.
Nitric acid,
(a) Nitric acid exceeding 40
73.268
percent concentration in any quantity must not be packed
with any other article.
(b) Nitric acid in any concentration which does not
contain significant quantities of sulfuric acid or hydro-
excelsior, loose
(g)
ground cork, or similar materials, whethis
Closures for bottles.
and held
prohibited.
Glass stoppers ground to fit

by a strong
in place by plaster of Paris covered

cloth securely tied; or:
(1) Threaded-type acid-resistant caps with gasket or

lining impervious to the acid and sufficiently resilient, or
cushioned, to give an acidproof closure; at least 1 complete continuous thread is required to be engaged when
bottle is closed for shipment.
SECTION
1372
11
containers.
Inside containers
(h) Cushioning inside
must be well cushioned. All material for cushioning must
mineral
material,
such
as whiting, minbe incombustible
infusorial earth, asbestos, sifted ashes, etc.
of hay, excelsior, ground cork, or similar material, whether treated or untreated, is prohibited. Where
the cushioning material is very fine or powdery, separate
partitions for the individual inside containers shall be provided to prevent the bottles from shifting and coming
in contact with each other, and the box must be tight
to prevent sifting of cushioning material.
wool,
eral
The use
Cushioning of inside containers in outside specification wooden boxes by means of elastic packings, such
wooden
strips or large corks fastened secured in poas
sition, is authorized if the completed package will pass
the swing test prescribed for boxed carboys, in spec. 1A.
ported to ship side by
and by motor vehicle
rail freight in carload lots only

in truckload lots only.
(b) Cushioning for carboys must be incombustible

mineral material, elastic wooden strips, natural cork
blocks or rubber blocks. Other materials may be used if
approved by the Bureau of Explosives. The use of hay,
excelsior, loose ground cork, or similar materials, whether

treated or untreated, is prohibited.
Perchloric acid in any quantity must not be pack-
(c)
ed with any other
(1)
article.
Closures for bottles.
(d)
Required as follows:
Glass stoppers ground to fit and held in place by

plaster of Paris covered by a strong cloth securely tied.
(1)
fication containers as follows (also authorized for transportation by carriers by rail, freight, highway, or water):
(2) Threaded-type acid-resistant caps with a gasket

or lining impervious to the acid and sufficiently resilient,
or cushioned, to give an acid-proof closure; at least one
complete continuous thread is required to be engaged
when bottle is closed for shipment.

with inside glass bottles with glass stoppers ground to fit,
and these stoppers must be held in place by plaster of
Paris covered by strong cloth securely tied. Glass bottles
having necks with molded screw threads, must be closed
by threaded-type acid-resistant plastic caps. Caps must
be equipped with an elastic composition cushion and with
glass porcelain or similar liner which must be impervious
to the acid. Such caps, when secured in place by at least
one complete continuous thread, must be capable of preventing any leakage of the acid.
containers must be well cushioned.

All
(e) Inside
material for cushioning must be incombustible mineral
material, such as whiting, mineral wool, infusorial earth
(kieselguhr), asbestos, sifted ashes, or powdered china
clay, etc. The use of hay, excelsior, ground cork, or similar material, either treated or untreated, is prohibited.
Where the cushioning material is very fine or powdery,
separate partitions for the individual inside containers
should be provided to prevent the bottles from shifting
and coming in contact with each other, and the box must
be tight to prevent sifting of cushioning material.
any concentration, when offered for

transportation by rail express, must be packed in speci(i)
(2)
Nitric acid of
Or
glass bottles
having necks with molded screw
threads must be closed by thread-type acid-resistant caps

Caps must be lined with a resilient liner which must be
impervious to the acid. Such caps, when secured in place
by at least one complete continuous thread, must be capable of preventing any leakage of the acid.
(3) Each bottle must be placed in a tightly closed
metal container, and well cushioned therein on all sides
with incombustible mineral packing material, such as
whiting, mineral wool, infusorial earth (kieselguhr), asbestos, sifted ashes, or powdered china clay, etc. The
metal container must be packed in outside containers,
and well cushioned by incombustible mineral packing
material as described in this section.
(4) Not more than 5 pints of
shipped in one outside package.
nitric
acid
shall
be
Nitric acid of not over 50 percent concentration,

(j)
offered for transportation by rail express, may in
addition to the provisions of paragraph (i) of this section
be packed in specification containers as follows (also authorized for transportation by carriers by rail freight,
highway, or water):
when
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, 19A, or 12B. Wooden

or fiberboard boxes with not over 12 inside glass ampoules having capacity not over 4 fluid ounces each. Each
glass ampoule must be well cushioned with incombustible
mineral packing material, such as vermiculite or other
equally efficient material, and be packed in a cylindrical
cardboard tube having wall thickness of at least % inch,
with the inside coated with wax, and be equipped with
(1)
metai bottom and with metal screw-cap top. The inside

packages must be separated by efficient means.
73.269
Perchloric acid, (a) Perchloric acid in exmust not be shipped. When not exceeding 72 percent strength must be packed in specification containers as follows:
cess of 72 percent

with glass inside containers consisting of glass bottles not
over 7 pounds capacity each cushioned with incombustible
mineral material in amount sufficient to absorb the acid.
(2) Spec 1A 1C, ID, or IE.

kegs or plywood drums.
Glass carboys, in boxes,
(1) Cushioning of inside containers in outside wooden

boxes by means of elastic packings, such as wooden strips
or large corks fastened securely in position, is authorized
the completed package will pass the swing test prescribed for boxed carboys, in spec. 1A.
if
(a) Phosphorus tri 73.270 Phosphorus tribromide.

bromide must be packed in specification containers as
follows:
Spec. 5H.
(1)

each; the glass or earthenware containers must be cushioned in the outside containers by means of incombustible elastic packing material of such nature that a mixture of the liquid and the packing material will not cause
fires or heating.
(2)

side container.
Spec.
(4)
28.
Phosphorus
73.271
oxychloride,
phosphorus
tri-
chloride,
and thiophosphoryl chloride, (a) Phosphorus
oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride and thiophosphoryl
chloride must be packed in specification containers as
follows:
(1)
Spec. 5H.
(2)
Spec. 5K.
Nickel drums.

earthenware inside containers not over 2 gallons
each; the glass or earthenware containers must be cushioned in the outside containers by means of incombustible elastic packing material of such nature that a mixture
of the liquid and the packing material will not cause fire
(3)
Spec.
glass or
or heating.
side container.
Boxed carboys or 5 to 6 gallons ca(3) Spec. IX.

pacity; single-trip for export only. For shipment by common carriers by water to noncontiguous territories or possessions of the United States and foreign countries; shipments from inland points
consigned to
in the
United States which are

such destinations are authorized to be trans-
(5)
Spec.
(6)
Spec. 60. Portable tanks
(7)
when
28.
when
tanks are lead-lined.
Spec. 103A, 103A-W, or 103A-N-W. Tank cars,

the tanks of these cars are lead-lined or the tanks
1373
made of solid nickel at least 99 percent pure and all
cast metal parts of the tank in contact with the lading
have a minimum nickel content or approximately 96.7
are
percent.
MC
MC
311. Tank motor vehicles

310 and
Spec.
tanks are lead-lined or nickel-lined. If nickel-lined,
the lining shall comprise at least 1/32 inch of uncontaminated nickel at all points including rivets, welds and
other joints, and edges of tank plates.
(8)
when
103A
or
103A-W.
cars.
103E-W. Tank cars made from type 316

Authorized for phosphorus trichloride and
thiophosphoryl chloride only.
(10) Spec.
stainless steel.
(b)
may
Phosphorus trichloride and thiophosphoryl chloride

be shipped in metal barrels or drums, Spec. 5A
also
or 5C.
(c) Spec. 5C, metal barrels or drums. Authorized for
phosphorus trichloride only.
(d)
when
steel.
MC
MC
Spec.
310 or
tanks are clad with 20 percent type 316 stainless
Authorized for phosphorus oxychloride only.
Sulfuric acid, (a) Sulfuric acid (oleum, oil

73.272
of vitriol, etc.) must be packed in specification containers
as follows:
(b) Sulphuric acid solutions of not over 25 percent
concentrations, in inside containers of not more than 8
ounces capacity each, resistant to the lading, packed in
strong outside containers and cushioned with absorbent
material in sufficient quantity to completely absorb liquid
contents in event of breakage, are exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements,
except that marking name of contents on outside container is required for shipments via carrier by water. Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exempt
also from Part 77, except section 77.817 of these regulations, and Part 197 of the I.C C. Motor Carrier Safety
Regulations.
(c)
Sulfuric acid of any concentration:

with glass or earthenware inside containers, not over one
gallon capacity each, except that such containers up to
three gallons capacity may be used when only one such
container is packed in each outside wooden box.
IF or 1G. Polyethylene carboys

(2)
boxes, plywood drums or boxes.
Spec.
in
wooden
For sulfuric acid of concentrations 77.5 percent
(g)
(approximately 1.7019
greater concentrations
vided such acid has a
at 100 F. no greater
furic
Tank
Spec. 103A
(9)
tanks must be of steel at least 10 percent nickel clad
and Spec. 103A-W tanks must be of steel at least 20 percent nickel clad.
Spec.
Spec. 5H.
(1)
specific gravity) (59.8 Baume) or

with or without an inhibitor procorrosive effect on steel measured
than 66
Baume commercial
sul-
acid:
(1) Spec. 5A or 5C. Metal barrels or drums. Spec. 5C

metal barrels or drums must be of types 304, 316, or 347
stainless steel and are authorized only for sulfuric acid
of 93 percent or greater strength.
NOTE 1: Tapered steel plugs, without gaskets, for

standard spec. 5A flanges are authorized Threaded length
must not be less than 1/2 inches. Major diameter of plug
not to exceed 2 11/32 inches and minor diameter not
less than 2 7/32 inches.
17F.
Metal barrels or drums (single-trip
(2) Spec.
only). Drums equipped with vented closures of an experimental type approved by the Bureau of Explosives
are also authorized for export shipments.
(h) For sulfuric acid of concentrations 65.25 percent
(approximately 1.559 specific gravity) (52 Baume) or
greater concentrations, provided the corrosive effect in
steel measured at 100 F. is not greater than that of
52
Baume commercial
(1)
Spec. 60.
(2)
Spec.
MC
sulfuric
acid:
Portable tank.
310 and
MC
311.
Tank motor
vehicles.
103A or 103A-W. Tank cars. Sulfuric acid,

except oleum, mixed acid (nitric and sulfuric) (nitrat(3)
Spec.
ing acid),
in
acids, may be transported

cars having safety vents equipped with
having a Vs inch breather hole in the center
and other fuming
ICC-103A tank
lead discs
thereof.
(i)
For sulfuric acid of concentrations not
percent
(approximately 1.408 specific

Baume), unless otherwise provided:
51
(1)
Spec. 5D.
(2)
Spec.
(3)
Spec
to exceed
gravity) (42
Rubber-lined metal drums.

Portable tanks (rubber-lined).
MC
310 and
MC
311.
Tank motor
vehicles
(rubber-lined).
(4)
Spec.
103B or 103B-W.
Tank
cars.
Spec. IF, 1G, or 1H. Polyethylene carboys in

wooden boxes, plywood drums or boxes, or metal crates.
(5)
(2)
Spec. 31.
Jugs in tubs.

capacity each.
(3)

pacity; single-trip for export only. For shipment by common carriers by water to noncontiguous territories or possessions of the United States and foreign countries; shipments from inland points in the United States which are
consigned to such destinations are authorized to be transported to ship side by rail freight in carload lots only:
and by motor vehicle in truckload lots only.
Wooden drums, glued ply(5) Spec. 22A or 22B.

wood, with not more than 1 inside container of glass or
earthenware not over 1 -gallon capacity.
For sulfuric acid of concentrations not less than
100 percent and not more than 115 percent (approximate):
(d)
Metal barrels or drums of Type 304,

(1) Spec. 5C.
316, or 347 stainless steel or other types of stainless steel
of equivalent corrosion resistance and physical properties.
(e)
For
sulfuric acid of concentrations not to
Spec.
1A
(2)
Spec.
ID
wood drums,
or 1C.
must be in a plastic condition when ap(j) Gaskets

plied to carboys in boxes, barrels or kegs containing water-white sulfuric acid (electrolyte grade) of concentrations 77.5 percent (approximately 1.7019 specific gravity)
(59.8 Baume).
(k) Soft rubber gaskets are authorized on carboys in
boxes, barrels or kegs containing sulfuric acid of not over
51 percent concentrations (approximately 1.408 specific
gravity)
(42
Baume).
Because of the present emergency and until further order of the Commission, sulfuric acid may be offered in transportation by carriers by water in conformity with Regulations for Explosives or Other Dangerous
Articles on Board Vessels, 46 CFR 146.23-10, issued by
the Commandant of the Coast Guard.
(1)
exceed
100.5 percent:
(1)

(6) Spec. 6J.
spec. 2S polyethylene drum. Authorized for sulfuric acid
concentrations not over 76 percent.
Gross weight restrictions indicated by the gross weight embossment in
the steel barrel or drum shall be waived.
Carboys in boxes or kegs.
or IE. Glass carboys in boxes or plyof not over 6.5 gallons nominal capacity.
Sulfur trioxide, stabilized,

73.273
(a) Sulfur trioxide, stabilized, must be packed in specification containers as follows:
gallon each.
For
sulfuric acid of concentrations not to exceed

percent (approximately 1.835 specific gravity) (66
(f)
95
Baume):
(2) Spec. 5A or 5C. Metal barrels or drums, not over

55 gallons capacity each.
SECTION
Spec.
(3)
Spec
(4)
1374
11
Metal drums
17F.
103A
or
(single-trip).
103A-W.
Authorized
Cars equipped with
for stabilized sulfur trioxide.

interior heater coils not permitted.
only
73.274
(2)
acid

with inside containers which must be not over 1 gallon
each, except that inside containers up to 3 gallons are
authorized when only one is packed in each outside container, as prescribed in Notes 1 and 2 to this section.
(1)
Pyrex glass bottles, authorized only for material containing an excess of sulfur trioxide, with Pyrex
glass stoppers ground to fit and held in place by plaster
of Paris covered by strong cloth securely tied; each bottle must be placed in a metal container, well cushioned
therein with incombustible absorbent materials such as
mineral wool, infusorial earth (kieselguhr), asbestos, etc.;
1:
NOTE 2: Or steel containers, 14 gauge steel throughwelded heads and side seams, equipped with % inch
welded flange and plug. Threads for plug must be 8 or
less per inch. Each drum must be tested for leakage with
15 pounds hydrostatic pressure.
out,
Spec.
(3)
or
barrels
103 A or 103A-W.
Spec. IF, 1G, or 1H. Polyethylene carboys in

boxes, plywood drums or boxes, or metal crates.
Authorized for sodium hypochlorite solution not over
16 percent strength only.
(3)
wooden
(a) Fluosulfonic
Fluosulfonic acid,
Metal
(2) Spec. 5A.
plywood drums.
cars.
must be packed
NOTE
Spec. 1A, 1C, ID, or IE.
kegs, or
Tank
drums not over 55
Tank
cars.
Difluorophosphoric acid, anhydrous, mono 73.275

fluorophosphoric acid, anhydrous, hexafluorophosphoric
and mixtures thereof, (a) Difluorophosphoric acid
anhydrous, monofluorophosphoric acid, anhydrous, hexafluorophosphoric acid, and mixtures thereof must be
Spec. 6J. Steel barrels or drums having inside

2S polyethylene drum. Gross weight restriction indicated by the gross weight embossment in the steel
barrel or drum shall be waived. Authorized for not over
16 percent sodium hypochlorite solution only.
(4)
spec.
(b) Closures for inside containers and carboys must

be vented and must be of a material resistant to the
lading and capable of preventing leakage of liquid con-
tents.
(c) Containers of 5 gallons capacity and over, of a
type in service for transportation of this material prior
to September 1, 1948, and of a design and venting arrangement approved by the Bureau of Explosives, may
be continued in use until further order of the Commission.
Glass or earthenware containers of not more than

ounces capacity each, packed in strong outside
and cushioned with absorbent material in
sufficient quantity to completely absorb liquid contents
in the event of breakage, are exempt from specification
packaging, marking, and labeling requirements, except
that marking name of contents on outside container is
required for shipments via carrier by water. Shipments
and Part 197 of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier Safety Regu(d)
4-fluid
containers,
lations.
acid,
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A wooden boxes,

or spec. 21A or 21B fiber
drums with inside containers which must be polyethylene,
or other non-fragile plastic bottles resistant to the lading,
not over 2 gallons capacity each, closed by means of
threaded acid-resistant caps; caps must have at least
one complete continuous thread and be additionally
sealed to the bottle to prevent turning of cap after bottle
is closed for shipment.
(1)
spec.
12B fiberboard boxes,
Aluminum drums not
(2) Spec. 42B, 42C, or 42D.

over 55 gallons capacity.
Spec. IF.
(4)
Spec. 60.
Portable tanks
enumerated
in
paragraph
(e) Shipments by tank motor vehicle are not subject

any other requirement of Parts 71-78 and 197.
Nitrohydrochloric acid, (a) Nitrohydrochlor 73.278

acid, which is a mixture of nitric acid not over 1.42
specific gravity and hydrochloric acid not over 1.19 specific gravity in the approximate proportions of one part
nitric acid and three parts hydrochloric acid, must be
ic
Wooden boxes
(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A or 19A.
with glass inside containers of not over 5 pints capacity
individually inclosed in tightly closed metal cans
and cushioned therein with sufficient incombustible min-
each,
material.
eral
(3)
acids
to
Authorized for inhibited

(a)
only.
Inside containers must be packed so they cannot

change position in the outside container while in transit
and inert absorbent cushioning material must be used
where necessary.
Nitrohydrochloric acid diluted, is a solution of

nitrohydrochloric acid as described in paragraph (a) of
which has been diluted to not less than five
times the volume of water and must be packed in specification containers as follows:
(b)
this section,
(b)
Anhydrous hydrazine and hydrazine soluAnhydrous hydrazine and hydrazine solution containing 50 per cent or less of water must be packed in
73.276
tion, (a)
Spec.
(1)
ID.
Boxed
glass carboys.
Spec. 15A, 15B, or 15C. Wooden boxes with inside containers which must consist of glass bottles not
exceeding 1 -gallon capacity each, cushioned by means
of vermiculite within tin cans which shall be tightly
(2)

with glass inside containers of not over 5 pints capacity
each, individually inclosed in tightly closed metal cans
and cushioned therein with sufficient incombustible min-
eral
material.
(2)
Spec.
1A, ID, or IE.
Glass carboys in boxes or
plywood drums, not over 5 gallons nominal capacity

spec. 1A and not over 6.5 gallons nominal capacity
spec. ID and IE.
for
for
Anisoyl chloride, (a) Anisoyl chloride must

73.279
(1)
Spec. 5C.
closed.
Spec. 5. Metal barrels or drums of stainless steel

only, with flanges for closures welded in place and having no opening exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter.
(2)
(3)
Spec. 5, 5A, 5C, or 17E (single-trip). Metal bardrums which shall be of type 304 or 347 stainless
with openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter.
rels or
steel,
73.277 Hypochlorite solutions, (a) Hypochlorite solutions containing more than 7 percent available chlorine
by weight must be packed in specfiication containers as
follows:
(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, or 12B.
Wooden or fiberboard boxes with glass or earthenware inside containers
of not more than 1 gallon capacity each. Packages must
not weigh over 65 pounds gross nor contain more than
4 such inside containers if their capacity is greater than
5 pints each.
(b) Inside containers of not more than 8-fluid ounces

capacity each, resistant to lading, packed in strong outside containers, and cushioned with absoibent material
in sufficient quantity to completely absorb liquid contents in the event of breakage, are exempt from specification packaging, marking and labeling requirements, except that marking name of contents on outside container
is required for shipments via carrier by water.
Shipments
and Part 197 of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier Safety Regula-
tions.
1375
AHyl trichlorosilane, amyl trichlorosilane,
73.280
butyl trichlorosilane, cyclohexenyl trichlorosilane, cyclohexyl trichlorosilane, diethyl dichlorosilane, diphenyl dichlorosilane,
chlorosilane,
dodecyl trichlorosilane, ethyl phenyl dihexadecyl trichlorosilane, hexyl trichloro-
silane, nonyl trichlorosilane, octadecyl trichlorosilane, octrichlorosilane, phenyl trichlorosilane, and propyl
tyl
trichlorosilane, amyl trichloro(a) Allyl
trichlorosilane.
silane, butyl trichlorosilane, cyclohexenyl trichlorosilane,
Cylin(1) Spec. 3A150, 3AA150, 3E1800, or 4B240.

ders containing not more than one pound of bromine
pentafluoride. Cylinders must be plugged and fitted with
valve protection caps and must be packed in strong outside wooden boxes.
cyclohexyl trichlorosilane, diethyl dichlorosilane, diphenyl

dichlorosilane, dodecyl trichlorosilane, ethyl phenyl dichlorosilane, hexadecyl trichlorosilane, hexyl trichlorosilane, nonyl trichlorosilane, octadecyl trichlorosilane, octyl trichlorosilane, phenyl tricholorsilane, and propyl trichlorosilane must be packed in specification containers
as follows:
(1) Spec. 15A or 16B. Wooden boxes with glass inside
containers not over 1 gallon capacity each securely closed
17H or 37A. Metal drums (single-trip), with

containers not over 1 gallon capacity each
securely closed and cushioned with incombustible absorbent material
Spec.
(2)
glass
inside
(3)
Spec.
5A. Metal drums not over 55 gallons ca-
Spec.
5F.
pacity.
(4)
Metal drums not over 11 gallons ca-
pacity.
(5) Spec. 5, 5B, 5C, and 17E single-trip. Metal drums.
These containers not authorized for shipments by rail
73.285
any com-
Spec. 103, 103A, 105A100, or
105A100-W. Tank
trifluoride
Explosives.
73.286 Chemical
otherwise provided in
marked and labeled
Chemical kits, except as

Parts 71-78, must be packed,
prescribed by this part for the
kits,
(a)
as
specific acids or corrosive liquids
Chemical
contained therein.
containing acids in inside containers

(b)
not exceeding 6-fluid ounces capacity each and complying with all of the following requirements, are exempt
from specification packaging, marking other than name
Shipments for
of contents, and labeling requirements
in
The
kit
73.244
(c)
must not contain any of the items named

of this part.
must be a strong wooden or metal conor must be packed in a strong wooden or metal
The
tainer,
kits
kit
container.
cars.
MC
MC
Spec.
310 or
of steel or stainless steel construction.
(8)
a-Bromotoluene (benzyl bromide), (a) a 73.281

Bromotoluene (benzyl bromide) must be packed in specification containers as follows:
Spec
15A,
15B,
or
(3) The acids or corrosive liquids must be cushioned

with sufficient absorbent cushioning material to completely absorb the contents of the individual containers, and
must be protected from injury by other materials in the
kit.
The contents
must be of such nature

be no possibility of the
mixture of contents causing dangerous evolution of heat
(4)
Wooden
boxes, with
inside containers which must be glass bottles, not over 5
pints capacity each, closed by means of screw caps which
are resistant to action of the contents; bottles must be
packed in metal cans having slip-on or friction closure;
cans must be cushioned in outside boxes with incombustible material.
(1)
15C.

(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A or 19A. Wooden boxes
with glass or earthenware inside containers of not over 2
gallons capacity each which must be maintained at a temperature below 75 F. Shipments are authorized for trans-
portation by private or contract carrier by motor vehicle

9/ily.
(a) Bromine trifluoride

73.283 Bromine trifluoride.
(1) Spec. 3A150,

Cylinders.
73.284
3AA150, 3E1800, 3B240, or 4B240.
Bromine pentafluoride
when offered for transportation by carriers by
rail freight, highway, or water, must be packed in specification
(a)
Spec. 3A150, 3AA150, 3E1800, or 4B240. Cylinders not over 120 pounds water capacity (nominal), filled
to not over 210 percent of water capacity. Cylinders must
be plugged and fitted with valve protection caps. Spec.
3E1800 cylinders must be packed in strong outside wooden boxes and contain not more than one pound of bromine pentafluoride.
(1)
(b) Bromine pentafluoride,

tation by rail express must be
tainers as follows:
when
offered for transpor-
packed
in specification con-
will
or gas.
Chromic acid solution, (a) Chromic acid

must be packed in specification containers as
73.287
solution
follows:
(1)
73.282 Isopropyl percarbonate, stabilized, (a) Isopropyl percarbonate, stabilized, must be packed in speci-
of the kit
and/or so packed that there
In containers prescribed in
of chlorine
in addition to the provisions of subparagraph (a) (1)

of this section, be packed in cylinders equal to or of
greater efficiency than those prescribed in subparagraph
(a) (1) of this section when approved by the Bureau of
may,
(2)
(7)
cylinders.
Not more than 10 pounds
(2)
(1)
Specification cylinders as prescribed for

(a) Chlorine trifluoride

Spec. 3A150, 3AA150, 3E1800, 3B240, 4B240, or
(1)
4BA240,
express.
(6)
Chlorine trifluoride.
must be packed
Spec. 17H.
5 gallons capacity.
(2)
Metal drums
73.245 of
this
part.
(single-trip),
not
over
(3) Spec. 12B. Fiberboard boxes with one inside glass

container of capacity not over 4 fluid ounces, packed in a
wax-lined cylindrical fiber carton with metal ends; bottle
must have ground glass stopper securely held in position
by a piece of cloth tied with wire and dipped in paraffin; space between bottle and the inner surface of the
fiber cylinder must be filled with closely packed asbestos
in sufficient quantity to completely absorb contents of
bottle in the event of breakage. Use of this container
will be permitted because of the present emergency and
until further order of the Commission.
Allyl chloroformate, benzyl chloroformate,

73.288
ethyl chloroformate, and methyl chloroformate. (a) Allyl
chloroformate, benzyl chloroformate, ethyl chloroformate,
and methyl chloroformate must be packed in specification
15A, 15B, or 15C. Wooden boxes with

(1) Spec.
glass inside containers not over 1 pint each, cushioned
with incombustible mineral material.
1A. Boxed carboys. Glass bottles having
(2) Spec.
nominal capacity of 3 gallons also authorized when
packed and tested in accordance with requirements of
spec. 1A; necks must be protected during shipment.
(b) Allyl chloroformate may, in addition, be packed
in specification
lead-lined metal drums not over 55
gallons capacity.
5H
<
SECTION
1376
11
Formic acid and formic acid solutions, (a)

73.289
Formic acid and formic acid solutions must be packed
Flame retardant compound, liquid,

73.291
Flame retardant compound, liquid, must be packed
(1)
73.245, except spec.
5A.
Tank cars. Spec.

Spec. 103C-W or 103E-W.
tanks must be of type 316 stainless steel and
FORMIC
ACID
ONLY."
"FOR
stenciled
must be
(a)
in
Carboys in boxes or kegs

(1) Spec. 1A, IB, or 1C.
which must be closed, and when reused must be reconditioned and tested, as provided in the specification.
(2)
103E-W
(3)
latex
Wooden
Spec. 10A.
rubber.
barrels
or kegs,
lined
MC310 and MC311. Tank motor
(4)
Spec.
(5)
Spec 5C. Metal barrels or drums.
with
vehicles.
Metal barrels or drums of stainless steel

(6) Spec. 5.
only, with flanges for closures welded in place and having no opening exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter.
17H. Metal drums (single-trip) equipped

(7) Spec.
with bag type liners of material and construction approved by the Bureau of Explosives. Each drum must
have two diametrically opposite vent holes )i inch diameter in the side wall at each end in close proximity to the
top curl and bottom chime. Interior of welded side seam
must be covered or otherwise treated to provide a nonSpec. 60.
Portable tanks, marked
"FOR FORMIC
ACID ONLY."
(9)
Spec.
1EX.
(10) Spec.
wooden
boxes,
(11) Spec.
IF,
Carboys
in
1G, or 1H.
plywood drums.
Polyethylene carboys in
plywood drums or boxes, or metal
crates.
drums having
inside
6J.
Means

pacity, single-trip for export only. For shipment by common carriers by water to noncontiguous territories or
transported to ship side by rail in freight carload lots
(4) Spec. 10A.
asphalt or rubber.

not over 2 gallons each.
Steel barrels or

2S polyethylene drum. Gross weight restriction indicated by the gross weight embossment in the steel
barrel or drum shall be waived.
(7)
Spec. 28.
(8)
Spec.
specification
containers
as
passified before shipment.
Hexamethylene diamine solution,

must be packed in
(a)
methylene diamine solution

or
(1)
(2)
Spec.
311.
Tank motor
73.293
Iodine
MC
MC300,
Hexa-
specifica-
73.249.
MC 301, MC 302, MC 303, MC 310

vehicles.
chloride
follows:
(1)
monochloride.
must be packed
Spec.
15A
or 15B.
NOTE 1: Each metal container, before being put into

service, must be passified by the following or an
equally efficient method: By filling drum to 90 percent
of capacity with hydrofluric acid of 58 percent strength
and allowing drum to stand 48 hours at a temperature
of 80F., and then 7 hours at 140F., the internal pressure maintained at atmospheric pressure by means of a
ventilated bung.
For less-than-carload or less-than-truckload shipments, containers must be of metal at least as heavy

as 14 gauge United States standard for not over 20 gallons capacity each or 12 gauge for not over 55 gallons
capacity each. Each container must be subjected to at
least one of the following tests before shipment: By
interior pressure of at least 15 pounds per square inch
before filling or by holding for inspection for at least
24 hours after filling. In either case, each container must
be vented prior to shipment.
(3)
FCOMPRESSED
Wooden
Iodine monocontainers as
boxes with inside conwith stone or
gallon capacity each.

for
inside
(c) Inside containers must be securely closed by hermetically sealing or by glass or stone stoppers ground
to fit and securely fastened or by screw caps fitted with
gaskets of suitable material resistant to the contents.
Inside containers must be securely cushioned
sides with incombustible cushioning material

will not produce heat when in contact with iodine
all
on
which
mono-
chloride.
73.294
Monochloroacetic acid, liquid, (a) Monomust be packed in specification
cloroacetic acid, liquid,

(1)
(3),
(6),
In containers prescribed in 73.245

or (7).
(a)
(1),
(2),
(2) Spec. 103-N-W or 103A-W. Tanks cars. 103A-W

tank cars must be nickel clad at least 20 percent.
(3) Spec. MC 310 and MC 311. Tank motor
Tanks must be made from Type 316 stainless
vehicles.
steel or
be suitably lined.
GASES; DEFINITION
73.300 Compressed gases; definition, (a) A compressed gas for the purposes of Parts 71-78 is defined as
any material or mixture having in the container either
(a)
specification
(vacant space above liquid)

(b) Outage
containers must be not less than 15 percent.
(d)
Containers not exceeding 55 gallons capacity each

authorized for carload, truckload, less-than-carload,
and less-than-truckload shipment Containers exceeding
55 gallons capacity each are authorized for carload or
truckload shipments only but they must be loaded by
consignor and unloaded by consignee.
(2)
are
in
tainers not over 1 quart capacity each; or
earthenware jugs not over
this
SUBPART
cars.
follows:
Unlined metal barrels or drums

(1) Specification 5A.
which have been subjected to an adequate passification
or neutralization process (see note 1). Containers must be
filled to not over 80 percent of capacity at 68 F.
If
containers are washed out with water, they must be re-
103B or 103B-W. Tank
73.292
73.290 Mixtures of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acid.

(a) Mixtures of hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid, containing not more than 80 percent by weight and not less
than 70 percent by weight of hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid combined, with the hydrofluoric acid content
not less than 25 percent by weight in any case, must be
in
lined with
barrels or kegs,
(5)
spec.
packed
Wooden
inside
abrasive surface.
(8)
Spec. ID, or IE. Glass carboys in boxes or plyof not over 6.5 gallons nominal capacity.
shall be provided so that accumulated pressure in
bottle shall not exceed 10 pounds per square inch gauge
at 130F., or shall vent at a pressure not to exceed 10
pounds per square inch gauge.
(2)
wood drums
AND PREPARATION
an absolute pressure exceeding 40 pounds per square

inch at 70 F., or an absolute pressure exceeding 104
pounds per square inch at 130 F., or both; or any liquid
1377
flammable material having a Reid (Note 1) vapor pressure
exceeding 40 pounds per square inch absolute at 100F.
(See 73.326 for gases defined and classified as poisonous.)
gas
gas as defined in paragraph (a) of

classified as a flammable compressed
Any compressed
(b)
this section shall
be
any one of the following occurs:
if
mixture of 13 percent or less (by volforms a flammable mixture (Note 2) or the

flammability range (Note 2) with air is greater than 12
percent regardless of the lower limit.
If either a
(1)
ume) with
air
(2) Using the Bureau of Explosives' Flame ProjecNote 3) the flame projects more than
18 inches beyond the ignition source with valve opened
fully, or, the flame flashes back and burns at the valve
with any degree of valve opening.
tion Apparatus, (see
(3) Using the Bureau of Explosives' Open Drum Apparatus, (see Note 3) there is any significant propagation
of flame away from the ignition source.
(4) Using the Bureau of Explosives' Closed Drum Apparatus, (see Note 3) there is any explosion of the vaporair' mixture in the drum.
NOTE
Method
American Society for Testing Materials

Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products
1.
of Test for
NOTE 3. A description of the Bureau of Explosives'

Flame Projection Apparatus, Open Drum Apparatus,
and Closed Drum Apparatus and method of tests may be
procured from the Bureau of Explosives, 30 Vesey Street,
7,
73.301
New
General requirements,
(a)
specifically provided.
(b) Odorization. All liquefied petroleum gas in a tank
shall be effectively odorized by an approved
agent of such character as to indicate positively, by a distinctive odor, the presence of gas down to a concentration
in air of not over one-fifth the lower limit of combustibility: Provided, however, That odorization is not required if harmful in the use of further processing of the
liquefied petroleum gas, or if odorization will serve no
useful purpose as a warning agent in such use or fur-
motor vehicle
ther processing.
NOTE
Manifold branch lines to these individual shut-off valves

shall be sufficiently flexible to prevent injury to the valves
which otherwise might result from the use of rigid branch
lines. When a temperature measuring device is used on
a cylinder the manifold shut-off valve shall be deemed
the equivalent of the individual shut-off valve: boron triethylene (nonliquefied); hydrogen; hydrocarfluoride;
bon gases (nonliquefied); methane.
Manifolding
authorized for containers of the

individual
containers
are
equipped with approved safety devices as required by
and
further
provided
that
(f)
or
73.315
(i),
each
73.34
container is equipped with individual shut-off valve, or

valves, which shall be tightly closed while in transit, and
that each such container must be separately charged and
means shall be provided to insure that no interchange of
container contents can occur during transportation. Manifold branch lines to individual shut-off valves shall be
sufficiently flexible to prevent injury to the valves which
otherwise might result from the use of rigid branch lines:
ethane; ethylene; propylene; liquefied petroleum gases;
The lower
limits of combustibility of the

liquefied petroleum gases are: Propane, 2.15 percent: Butane, 1.55 percent. These figures
represent volumetric percentages of gas-air mixtures in
1:
gases,
is
provided
liquefied hydrocarbon gases.
York.
Gases capable of
combining chemically.
Cylinders, drums, tanks, tank
motor vehicles, tank cars, and other containers must not
contain gases capable of combining chemically. Compressed gases must be in metal cylinders unless otherwise
Manifolding
authorized for containers of the

is
containers
are
provided individual
gases,
approved
safety devices as required by
with
equipped
73.34 (f) or 73.315 (i) and further provided that each
container is equipped with individual shut-off valve, or
valves, which shall be tightly closed while in transit.
(2)
following
following
NOTE 2. These limits shall be determined at atmospheric temperature and pressure. The method of sampling and the test procedure shall be acceptable to the
Bureau of Explosives. The flammability range is defined
as the difference between the minimum and maximum
percentage by volume of the material in mixture with
air that forms a flammable mixture.
York
(1) Manifolding is authorized for containers of the

following gases, provided, that each container is individually equipped with approved safety devices as required by 73.34 (f) or 73.315 (i); Air, Argon; Carbon
Dioxide; Helium; Nitrogen; Nitrous Oxide; Oxygen.
(3)
(D-323).
New
(f) Manifolding containers in transportation. No means

of interconnecting such as manifolding of individual containers may be employed for the transportation of compressed gases, except as hereinafter authorized. Containers so manifolded shall be supported and held together as a unit by structurally adequate means.
more commonly used
(4) Manifolding is authorized for containers of acetylene, provided that each container is individually equipped
with approved safety devices as required by 73.34 (f)
or 73 315 (i), and further provided that each container
is equipped with an individual shut-off valve, or valves,
which shall be tightly closed while in transit. Manifold
branch lines to these individual shut-off valves shall be
sufficiently flexible to prevent injury to the valves which
otherwise might result from the use of rigid branch lines.
All manifolded containers shall be transported in a vertical position.
For the checking of tare weights or for
replacement of solvent the container shall be removed
from the manifold.
This subparagraph
is
not intended
to prohibit the charging of the acetylene cylinders while
manifolded.
(5) Manifolding is authorized for cargo tanks of the
following gas provided individual cargo tanks are equipped
with safety relief valves and gaging devices, as required
by 73.315 (h) and (i); and further provided, that each
cargo tank is equipped with individual valves, or valves,
which shall be tightly closed while in transit and that
each such container must be separately charged: anhydrous ammonia.
each case.
NOTE
The use
of 1.0 pound of ethyl mercaptan,

1.0 pound of thiophene or 1.4 pounds of amyl mercaptan
per 10,000 gallons of liquefied petroleum gas shall
be considered sufficient to meet the requirements of
73.301 (b). (This note does not exclude the use of any
other odorant in sufficient quantity to meet the requirements of 73.301 (b).)
2:
Foreign cylinders. Except as authorized by 73.9,

a charged container of foreign manufacture must not be
offered for transportation in domestic traffic unless it has
been made in accordance with the applicable ICC specification and unless the tests required by such specification were made in this country and proper report ren-
The service pressure for which

(g) Service pressure.
cylinder is designed is hereby defined as that which
is marked on the cylinder.
For example, for cylinders
marked ICC-3A1800, the service pressure is 1,800 pounds
per square inch gauge.
a
cylinders
(1) For
service pressure, the
as follows:
which
are
authorized
not
marked
service
show
to
pressures
are
(c)
dered.
(d)
Ownership. Cylinders containing compressed gas
must not be shipped unless they were charged by or with
the consent of the owner of the cylinders.
(e) Retest.
Cylinders for which prescribed periodic
retests have become due must not be charged and shipped
until such retests have been properly made.
I.
C. C. specification
marking:
ICC-3
1,800
1,800
1CC-3E
ICC-4
ICC-8
ICC-25
ICC-33
ICC-38
ICC-9
ICC-40
Authorized service
pressure (pounds
per square inch
gauge)
300
250
300
480
250
200
200
SECTION
11
1378
date
(2) For cylinders made prior to the effective
of specifications, the service pressure is hereby defined
made
cylinder
type
of
as being the same as for the same
in accordance with the current specifications.
(h) Weight and pressure check; verification of content.
Except as noted in paragraph (h) (1) of this section, the
amount of liquefied gas charged into cylinders or drums
must be determined by weight and this weight must also
be checked, after disconnecting from the charging line,
by the use of proper scales. The pressure of nonliquefied
gas and gas in solution must be checked daily on a representative cylinder after it has cooled to a settled tem-
perature.
(1)
Cylinders with a water capacity of 200 pounds or
for use with a liquefied petroleum gas with a

specific gravity at 60 F. of 0.504 or greater may haye
their contents determined by using a fixed length dip
tube gauging device. The length of the dip tube shall
more and
be such that when a liquefied petroleum gas with a specific volume of 0.03051 cu. ft./lb. at a temperature of
40F. is charged into the cylinder it just reaches the
bottom of the tube. The weight of this liquid shall not
exceed 42 percent of the water capacity of the cylinder,
which must be stamped thereon. The length of the dip
tube, expressed in inches carried out to one decimal place
and prefixed with the letters DT, shall be stamped on
the cylinder and on the exterior of removable type dip
tube; for the purpose of this requirement the marked
length shall be expressed as the distance measured along
the axis of a straight tube from the top of the boss
through which the tube is inserted to the proper level
of the liquid in the cylinder. The length of each dip tube
shall be checked when installed by weighing each cylinder after filling except when installed in groups of substantially identical cylinders in which case one of each
25 cylinders shall be weighed. The quantity of liquefied
gas in each container must be checked by means of the
dip tube after disconnecting the charging line. The outlet from the dip tube shall be not larger than a No. 54
drill size orifice. A container representative of each day's
filling at each charging plant shall have its contents
checked by weighing after disconnecting from the charging
line.
Valve protection. Cylinders containing flammable,

corrosive, or noxious gases (hydrogen, pintsch gas, coal
gas, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, etc.), must have their valves
protected by metal caps securely attached to the cylinders
and of sufficient strength to protect the valves from injury during transit: Provided, That these caps will not be
required (1) if the cylinders are boxed or crated so as to
give a proper protection to the valves; (2) if the valves
are so recessed into the cylinders or otherwise protected
so that they will not be subjected to a blow if the cylinder is dropped on a flat surface; (3) if, for cylinders containing nonliquefied gas under pressure not exceeding
(i)
300 pounds per square inch at 70 F., the valves are

strong enough to avoid injury during transit; (4) if the
cylinders are loaded in cars or motor vehicles by the
consignor and to be unloaded by the consignee, are loaded compactly in an upright position, and are securely
braced
73.302 Exemptions for compressed gases, (a) Compressed gases, except poisonous gases as defined by
73.326 (a), when in accordance with either subparagraphs (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), or (9) of this paragraph, are exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements, except that marking
name of contents on outside container is required for
shipments via carrier by water. Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exempt also from Part 77
except 77.817, and Part 197.
(1) In containers not exceeding 2-inches outside
ameter and of not more than 4-fluid ounces capacity.
di-
Metal containers not over 1 quart capacity charged

170 pounds per square inch at 70F. or conover 30 gallons capacity charged to not over
75 pounds per square inch at 70F., filled with nondangerous material to not over 90 percent capacity at 70 F.
and then charged with nonflammable, nonliquefied gas.
Each container must be tested before shipment to three
times the gas pressure at 70 F., and when refilled and
reshipped, must be retested at this pressure before each
(2)
to not over
tainers not
shipment.
(3) Inside nonrefillable metal containers charged with

a solution of materials and compressed gas or gases, of
capacity not exceeding 32 cubic inches. Contents of the
container must be nonpoisonous and if flammable as provided in 73.300 (b) (2), (3), and (4), the flash point, as
determined by Bureau of Explosives' Method, must be not
Pressure in the container must not
less than 20 Fahr.
exceed 75 pounds per square inch absolute at 70 Fahr.
and the liquid content of the material and gas must not
completely fill the container at 130 Fahr. However, if
the pressure exceeds 55 pounds per square inch absolute
at 70 Fahr., a spec. 2P container must be used. Each
completed container filled for shipment must have been
heated until content reached a minimum temperature
of 130Fahr. without evidence of leakage, distortion, or
other defect.
(4)
Carbonated beverages.
(5) Foodstuffs or soaps in metal cans with soluble or

emulsified compressed gas, provided the pressure in the
container does not exceed 115 pounds per square inch
absolute at 70F. or 150 pounds per square inch absolute
at 130 F. The metal container must be capable of withstanding without bursting a pressure of two times the
pressure of contents at 70 F. or one and one-half times
the pressure of the contents at 130F., whichever is
greater.
Cream in metal containers with soluble or emulcompressed gas. Containers shall be of such design
that they will hold pressure without permanent deformation up to 375 pounds per square inch gauge and
shall be equipped with a device designed so as to release
pressure without bursting of the container or dangerous
projection of its parts at higher pressures. This exemption applies to shipments offered for transportation by refrigerated motor vehicle only.
(6)
sified
(7) Inside nonrefillable metal containers charged with

a solution containing biological products or a medical
preparation which will be deteriorated by heat and compressed gas or gases, which is nonpoisonous and nonflammable, and of capacity not to exceed 31 83 cubic
inches (17.6 fluid ounces). Pressure in the container not
to exceed 55 pounds per square inch absolute at 70F.,
and the liquid content of the product and gas must not
completely fill the container at 130 F. One completed
container out of each lot of 500 or less, filled for shipment, must have been heated until content reached a
minimum temperature of 130F., without evidence of
leakage, distortion, or other defect.
(8) Electronic tubes of not more than 30 cubic-inch

volume charged with gas to a pressure of not more than
35 pounds per square inch gauge.
(9) Inside nonrefillable metal containers of a capacity
to exceed 31.83 cubic inches (17.6 fluid ounces)
charged with a solution of nonpoisonous and nonflammable materials and nonliquefied compressed gases. Pressure in the container not to exceed 105 pounds per square
inch absolute at 70 F. or 140 pounds per square inch
absolute at 130 F. The metal container must be capable
of withstanding without bursting a pressure of two times
the pressure of the contents at 70 F. or one and one-half
times the pressure of the contents at 130 F., whichever
not
is
greater.
73.303 Truck bodies or trailers on flat cars; automotorcycles, tractors, or other self-propelled
(a)
Truck bodies or trailers with automatic
heating or refrigerating equipment of the gas burning
type may be shipped with fuel tanks filled and equipment
operating or inoperative, when used for the transportation
of other freight and loaded on flat cars as part of a joint
rail-highway movement, provided the equipment and
fuel supply are of a type approved by the Bureau of
Explosives. The heating or refrigerating units are exempt
from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements in this service and shall be considered as carriers equipment but not as shipments.
mobiles,
vehicles,
(b) Automobiles, motorcycles, tractors, or other selfpropelled vehicles, equipped with liquefied petroleum gas
or other fuel tanks, provided such tanks are securely
closed, are exempt from specification packaging, marking,
and labeling requirements, except that marking name of
1379
carriers are exempt also from Part 77, except
I.C.C. Motor Carrier Safety Regulations. When offered
for transportation by carriers by rail freight or highway,
drainage of fuel tanks is not required. When offered for
transportation by rail express, fuel tanks must have been
emptied and securely closed.
highway
73.304 Filling
limits,
The
(a)
of the gas must not completely

at
fill
liquid portion, if any,

the cylinder or drum
130 F.
NOTE 1: Maximum filling densities are permitted by

73.308 of this part for certain liquefied compressed
gases having critical temperatures below 130 F. that
result in the container being liquid full below the critical temperature, but because of compressibility of the
liquids, the maximum pressure requirements of paragraph
(e) of this section are met up to and including 130 F.
(b) For mixtures, the liquid portion of the gas plus

any additional liquid or solid must not completely fill
the container at 130 F.
(c) The pressure in the cylinder at 70 F. must not
exceed the service pressure for which the container is
designed (see 73.301 (g) of this part), except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section.
(d) Spec. 3A and 3AA cylinders may be charged with

compressed gases, other than liquefied, dissolved, poisonous, or flammable gases to a pressure 10 percent in ex-
marked
cess of their
service pressure, Provided:
exceeding
the
(see
(g)
oxide, and
of this part).
liquefied
carbon
dioxide
NOTE 1: When a cylinder is charged in accordance

with paragraph (d) of this section, the pressure in the
cylinder at 130F. must not exceed one and one-fourth
times the filling pressure authorized therein.
pressure in ICC-4L cylinders must be lim(f) The
ited by a pressure controlling valve so sized and set
as to limit the pressure to one and one-fourth times the
marked service pressure. The liquid portion of the gas
must not completely fill the cylinder. For ICC-4L cylinders insulated by a vacuum the pressure control valve
must be set at least 15 pounds per square inch lower

than one and one-fourth times the marked service pressure
The other paragraphs of this section do not apply
to
ICC-4L
cylinders.
Compressed gas mixtures, (a) Compressed

73.305
gas and other material (mixtures of), offered for transportation, when not in violation of 73.301 (a) and (b)
of this part, must be shipped as required for compressed
gas, except as follows:
(1) Mixtures containing any poisonous article, class C,
in such proportion that the mixture would be classed as
a poisonous article under 73.381 (a) of this part, may
be shipped in cylinders as authorized for such poisonous
article.
Mixtures containing any poisonous
(2)
article, class
A,
would be classed as
73.326 (a) of this part, must
minimum
pre-
elastic expansion shall have been deterat the time of the last test or retest by the water
a poisonous article under

be shipped in cylinders as authorized for such poisonous
article.
That the
(2)
mined
nitrous
73.301
in such proportion that the mixture
(1) That such cylinders are equipped with frangible

disc safety devices (without fusible metal backing) having
a bursting pressure not

scribed test pressure.
acetylene,
tion,
73.306 Liquefied gases, except acetylene in solu(a) Liquefied gases, except acetylene in solution,
which charging requirements are not definitely prescribed in 73.308 or 73.312, must be shipped subject to
73.301 (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (h), 73.303 (a), 73.304,
73.305, and 73.308 Note 12, in cylinders made under
for
jacket method.
(3) That either the average wall stress (see Note 1
of this sub-paragraph) or the maximum wall stress (see
Note 2 of this subparagraph) shall not exceed the wall
stress limitation shown in the following table:
specification containers as
follows:
Spec. 3\ 3A, 3AA, 3B, 3E, 4, 4A, 4B, 4BA, 4B-ET,

25\ 26\ or 38\ also Spec. 9, 40, or 41, except that mixtures containing carbon bisulfide (disulfide), ethyl chloride,
ethylene oxide, nickel carbonyl, spirits of nitroglycerin,
zinc ethyl, or poisonous articles, class A, B, or C, as defined by this part are not permitted unless otherwise prescribed in this part. (See 73.34 and 73.301 (g>.)
(1)
Average
Type
o steel
steels
Steels of analysis and beat-treatment specified in

spec. 3AA
Plain carbon steels less than 0.35 carbon made prior
to 1920.
Note
The average
wall
stress
limitation
53.000
58.000
67.000
73.000
35 carbon and medium
Plain carbon steels over
manganese
wall
stress
limitation
wall stress shall be
48,000
45.000
computed from the
elastic
expansion
(b) Mixtures containing compressed gas or gases including insecticides, which mixtures are nonpoisonous and
nonflammable under this part must be shipped in cylinders as prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section, or as
follows:
data using the following formula:
1.7EE
KV
where
EE
KS
0.4P
pounds per square inch

expansion (total less permanent)
wall stress,
elastic
in
cubic centimeters
factor x 10-' experimentally determined for the particular type of

cylinder being tested
internnl volume in cubic centimeter (1 cubic inch 16.387 cubic centi-
meters)
P test pressure, pounds per square inch

Formula derived from formula of Note 2 and the following:
D
EE-PKVX
Note
2:
The maximum
S-
-here
P
r>
+
*> "
wall stress, pounds ner square incri

teat pressure, pounds per square inch
outside diameter, inches
2t, where t minimum wall thickness determined
D
d
wall stress shall be computed from the formula:
0.4d>)
(1 3D
(4)
suitable-
That an external and internal visual examination

at the time of test or retest shows the cylinder
free from excessive corrosion, pitting, or dangerous
to be
defects.
(5) That a plus sign (+) be added following the test

date marking on the cylinder to indicate compliance with
subparagraphs
The
(d) (2), (3),
and
(4)
of this section:
pressure in the cylinder at 130 F. must not

exceed one and one-fourth times the service pressure for
which the container is designed, except in the case of
(e)
square inch absolute at 70F. Each completed metal

container filled for shipment must be heated until content reaches a minimum temperature of 130F., without
evidence of leakage, distortion or other defect. Each
outside shipping container must be plainly marked "Inside containers comply with prescribed specifications."
Refrigerant gases which are nonpoisonous and nonthis part, must be shipped in cylinders
as prescribed in 73.308 of this part or subparagraph
(a) (1) of this section, or as follows:
(c)
by a
method
made
(1) Spec. 2P, inside metal containers equipped with

safety devices of a type approved by the Bureau of Explosives and packed in strong wooden or fiber boxes of
such design as to protect valves from injury or accidental
functioning under conditions incident to transportation.
Pressure in the container must not exceed 85 pounds per
flammable under
Inside metal containers equipped with

(1) Spec. 2P.
safety devices of a type approved by the Bureau of Explosives and packed in strong wooden or fiber boxes of
such design as to protect valves from injury or accidental
functioning under conditions incident to transportation.
Pressure in the container must not exceed 85 pounds per
square inch absolute at 70 F. Each completed metal
container filled for shipment must be heated until content reaches a minimum temperature of 130 F., without
evidence of leakage, distortion or other defect. Each
outside shipping container must be plainly marked "Inside containers comply with prescribed specifications."
SECTION
1380
11
Nonliquefied gases, except gas in solution

73.307
or poisonous gas. (a) Nonliquefied gases, except gas in
gas, for which charging requirepoisonous
or
solution
ments are not definitely prescribed in 73.308 of this
part, must be shipped, subject to 73.301 (a), (b), (c), (d),
(e), (h), 73.303 (a), 73.304, 73.305, and 73.308 Note 12
of this part, in any type of cylinder made under specifications as follows:
(1) Spec. 3\ 3A, 3AA, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, 4, 4A, 4B,
4BA, 4C, 7\ 25\ 26\ 33\ or 38\ (See 73.34 and
73 301
Cylinders (aee Note 11) marked as shown

in this column must be used except aa
provided in Note 1 and 73.34 (a)
to (e).
ICC-3A1800; ICC-3AA1800; ICC-3
Sulfur hexafluonde
Tetrafluoroethylene,
hibited
in
ICC-3A1200;
(g).
ICC-3AA1200;
ICC-
3E180O.
Trifluorochloroethylene.
73.308 Compressed gases in cylinders, (a) The following restrictions must be complied with for the gases
named:
ICC-3A300; ICC-3AA30O; ICC-3B300;

ICC-4 A300;
ICC-4B300;
ICC4BA30O.
anhy
Trimethylamine
ICC-3A150; ICC-3AA150; ICC-3B150;

ICC-4B150; ICC-4BA225.
drous
Note
(see
ICC-4B150, without brazed seams; ICC4BA225. without braised seams; ICC3A150; ICC-3AA150; ICC-25.
7)
Vinyl methyl ether,

hibited (see
Maximum
permitted
filling
density
(See
Note
7)
Cylinders (see Note 11) marked as shown

in this column must be used except at
provided in Note 1 and { 73.34 (a)
ICC-4B150, without brased seams; ICC4BA225. without brased seams: ICC3A150: ICC-3AA150; ICC-3B150;
ICC-25.
to (e).
Note 12)
(percent)
Anhydrous ammonia
54
1CC-4: ICC-3A480: 1CC-3AA480; ICC

3A480X; ICC-4A480; ICC-4AA480;
ICC-3.
ICC-4L200.
Argon, pressurized liquid
Carbon
(see
NOTE
dioxide, liquefied
Notes 3 and
ICC-3A1800; ICC-3AA1800; ICC-3.
6)
nitrous
oxide mixtures.
Carbon dioxide
ICC-3A1800: ICC-3AA1800; ICC-3.
..
Carbon
Note
monoxide
13)
Chlorine (see
Note
3A2000, 3AA2000, and 4L200 cylinders are
(see
125
6)
55
Cyclopropane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
ICC-3A1800; ICC-3AA1800; ICC-3.

ICC-3A480;
ICC-3AA480:
ICC-26;
ICC-3: ICC-3BN480.
ICC-3A225;
ICC-3A480X;
ICC3AA225; ICC-3B225; ICC-4A225;
ICC-4AA480:
ICC-4B225:
ICC4BA225; ICC-4B240ET; ICC-7-300;
ICC-3; ICC-3E1800.
ICC-3A225; ICC-3AA225: ICC-3B225;
ICC-4A225:
ICC-4B22.V
ICC4BA225; ICC-4B240ET; ICC-9.
Diohlorodifluoromethane
and
difluoroethane
mixture (constant
boil-
ing mixture)
12)
79
Difluoroethane
Difluoromonoohloroethane
Dimethylamine,
drous
ICC-3A240: ICC-3AA240; ICC-3B240

ICC-4A240;
ICC-4B240;
ICC4BA240; ICC-9.
ICC-3A150; ICC-3AA150; ICC-3B160;
100
ICC-3A150: ICC-3AA150, ICC-3B150;

60
ICC-3A150: ICC-3AA160: ICC-3B150;

ICC-4B150: ICC-4BA225.
ICC-3A1800; ICC-3AA1800; ICC-3.
ICC-3A2000; ICC-3AA2000.
ICC-3A1800; ICC-3AA1800; ICC-3.
ICC-3A2000; ICC-3AA2000.
ICC-3A2400; ICC-3AA2400.
ICC-3A1800; ICC-3AA1800; ICC-3.
ICC-3A480; ICC-3AA480; ICC-3B480;
ICC-4A480;
ICC-4B480;
ICC4BA480: ICC-26-480.
anhy
,
Ethane
Ethane
35.8
36.8
31.0
32.5
35.5
00
68
Ethylene
Ethylene
Ethylene
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen sulfide
Insecticide, liquefied gai
(see Note 8)
ICC-3A300: ICC-3AA300; ICC-3B300;

ICC-4B300: ICC-4BA300; ICC-9
ICC-40; ICC-41.
Liquefied nonflammabU
gases
liquids
other
than those classified aa
flammable, corrosive,
or poisonous and mixtures
or
solutions
thereof, chanted with
nitrogen, carbon dioxor air (aee Note 10)
ICC-3A3O0; ICC-3AA300; ICC-4B300;

ICC-4BA300;
ICC-4D300;
ICC4DA6O0.
ide,
Methyl chloride
Note 4)
(see
ICC-3A225; ICC-3AA225; ICC-3B225;

ICC-4A225;
ICC-4B225;
ICC4BA225;
ICC-3;
ICC-4:
ICC4B240ET;
ICC-25;
ICC-26-300;
ICC-38.
Methyl mercaptan
ICC-3A240; ICC-3AA240; ICC-3B240:

ICC-4B240; ICC-4BA240; ICC-4B240ET.
Monoehlorodifluoro-
methane.
ICC-3A240; ICC-3AA240; ICC-3B240;

ICC-4B240; ICC-4BA240; ICC-4B240ET.
Monuehloropentafluoro
ethane
ICC-3A225; ICC-3AA225; ICC-3B225;

ICC-4A225;
ICC-4B225;
ICC4BA225.
M onoehlorotrifluoromethane
Monomethylamine,
100
a
hydrous
Nitrogen, pressurited
liquid
Nitrotyl chloride
Nitrous oxide (see Note
2)
Oxygen, pressurized
liquid
Sulfur dioxide
Cylinders complying with spec. 3E are

1:
authorized for all gases named in this table for
which steel cylinders are authorized except where ICCalso
60
ICC-3A1800; ICC-3AA1800; ICC-3.
ICC-3A150; ICC-3AA150; ICC-3B150

v^ Dlow
only.
ICC-3A1800; ICC-3AA1800; ICC-3.
ICC-4 L200.
ICC-3A225; ICC-3AA225; ICC-3B225;
ICC-4A225;
ICC-4B225:
ICC!
4BA225;
ICC-3;
ICC-4;
ICC-
4B240ET;
specified.
Filling density for nitrous oxide may be 75

percent incylinders made previous to February 1, 1917,
of less than 12-pound water capacity, and if known to
have passed a test pressure of not less than 3,500 pounds
per square inch.
2:
NOTE
3: The charge in carbon dioxide cylinders must

not exceed 68 percent by weight of the water capacity
cylinder.
Cylinders rated for 75 pounds or for
100 pounds carbon dioxide capacity are the only cylinders authorized for shipment of more than 50 pounds of
carbon dioxide except that cylinders of sizes not over
9 1/16 inches o. d. by 51 inches (approx.), charged with
mixtures of carbon dioxide containing at least 6 percent
by weight of other gas or liquid, are exempt from the
foreging part of this sentence.
of the
NOTE 4: Cylinders ICC-3A150, ICC-3B150, ICC4A150, and ICC-4B150 manufactured prior to December
7,
1936, are also authorized.
NOTE
5: Mining devices consisting of a cylinder containing carbon dioxide with a heating element, are authorized for shipment under the following conditions:
Cylinders shall be of steel, have a calculated bursting
pressure of at least 39,000 pounds per square inch, be
fitted with a frangible disc that will operate at not over
57 percent of that pressure, be able to withstand a drop
of 10 feet so as to strike crosswise on a steel rail while
under internal pressure of at least 3,000 pounds per square
inch, and be charged with not over 6 pounds of carbon
dioxide gas at a filling density of not over 85 percent.
(See Note 12 of this section); the cylinders are exempted
from specification requirements other than the foregoing;
the device must be shipped in strong boxes, described
as liquefied carbon dioxide gas ("mining device"), and
marked, labeled, and certified as prescribed for liquefied
carbon dioxide.
NOTE
6: Cylinders purchased after October 1, 1944,

for the transportation of chlorine must contain no aperture other than that provided in the neck of the cylinder
for attachment of a valve equipped with an approved
safety device.
Cylinders purchased after November 1,
1935, and charged with chlorine must not contain over
150 pounds of gas.
NOTE 7: All parts of valve and safety devices in conwith contents of cylinders must be of a metal or
other material, suitably treated if necessary, which will
not cause formation of any acetylides.
tact
ICC-4 L200.
ICC-3BN40O
NOTE
ICC-25;
ICC-26-150;
ICC-38.
Use of existing cylinders authorized, but new construction not authorized.
NOTE
less
8:
Cylinders of 86 cubic inches capacity or

in strong outside containers. (See
must be packed
73.25 of this part).
NOTE 10: Containers must be eqjuipped with approved safety devices and 4D spheres must be packed in
strong boxes or crates. (See 73.25 of this part).
1381
1
331 and 38 1 are now
11: Specs. 3\ 25\ 26
obsolete but cylinders made thereunder may be continued
quirements, except that marking

outside container is required for
in service.
by water
NOTE
riers
NOTE
12: The "filling density" is hereby defined as

the percent ratio of the weight of gas in a container to
the weight of water that the container will hold.
NOTE
The pressure
13:
in the cylinder
per square inch at 70 F.
ceed 1000 pounds

1
Use of
existing cylinders authorized, but
must not ex-
new
construc-
name of contents on
shipments via carrier
Shipments for transportation by highway carare exempt also from Part 77, except section 77.817,
and Part 197.
Must be shipped
(1)
as inside containers.
(2)
The container under
(3)
The
stored pressure shall have

an internal volume not exceeding 1.100 cubic inches.
pressure in the container shall not exceed 200
at
70 F.
tion not authorized.

2
The contents
(4)
Section 73.304
(a)
and
(b).
in
Section 73.304 (a) and (b) and the pressure in the conmust not at 130 F exceed 5/4 the marked service
pressure of the container.
tainer
73.115
be nonflammable as covered
and 73.150 of this part; nonpoisonous as
73.325 (a), class A, B, or C of this part; and
shall
covered in
not corrosive as defined in
to at least three times
Acetylene gas. (a) Acetylene gas must be

73.309
shipped in cylinders, spec. 8 or 8AL. The cylinders must
be filled with a porous material that has been tested with
73.240 of
this part.
Except as provided in subparagraph (a) (6) of this

section, each container must be tested before shipment
(5)
70F.
square
the pressure in the container at

not less than 120 pounds per
when charged and
satisfactory results by the Bureau of Explosives, and this

material must be charged with a suitable solvent.
inch, and before refilling and reshipping must

be retested at this pressure before each shipment. The
container shall show no leakage or damage when subjected to this pressure.
(1) The specific gravity of the solvent in acetylene

cylinders must be 0.796 or over at 15.5"C, 59.9F. The
amount of solvent must not cause the tare weight of the
cylinder to exceed its marked tare weight. The tare weight
includes the weight of the cylinder proper, porous filling,
valve, and solvent, but without removable cap.
(6) When spec. 2P metal cans are used as inside containers for pressures not exceeding 85 pounds per square
inch, absolute, at 70F. or 115 pounds per square inch,
absolute, at 130 F. the test requirements of subparagraph (a) (5) of this section do not apply, but each container must be capable of having the contents heated to
(2) The amount of solvent at 70 F. for a cylinder having a shell water capacity exceeding 20 pounds (nominal)
shall be determined from the following table:
Maximum
acetone solvent percent shell
Percent porosity
of
capacity by volume
43.4
40.0
38.6
36.2
33.8
31.4
filler
90 to 92
83 to 90
80 to 83
75 to 80
70 to 75
65 to 70
130F. without evidence of leakage or permanent
Fluorine, (a) Flourine must be shipped in

73.311
metal cylinders complying with Spec. 3A1000, 3AA1000,
or 3BN400, equipped with valve protection caps and
subject to 73.34 (f) (4); cylinders must not be charged
to over 400 pounds per square inch gauge, at 70 F.;
cylinders must not contain over 6 pounds of gas.
Liquefied petroleum gas. (a) Liquefied pe 73.312

troleum gas must be charged into specification containers
as
(3) The amount of solvent at 70 F. for a cylinder having a shell water capacity of 20 pounds or less (nominal)
shall be determined from the following table:
Maximum
acetone solvent percent shell
Percent porosity
of
capacity by volume
41.8
38.5
37.1
34.8
32.5
30.2
filler:
90 to
83 to
80 to
75 to
70 to
65 to
92
90
83
80
75
70
NOTE
The amount
of acetone specified in paraof this section must not be exceeded

in the filling of cylinders manufactured prior to the effective date of this acetoning schedule.
graph
(b)
(a)
1:
(2)
and
(3)
The pressure
dis-
tortion.
follows:
(1)
Spec.
3\
3A,
3AA, 3B, 3E,
4,
4A,
4B,
4BA,
4B240X (see appendix A to Subpart C of Part 78),

4B240FLW, 4B240ET or 9, 25\ 26\ 38\ or 41. Cylinders authorized under 73.34 (a) to (e) may be used.
1
NOTE

order of the Commission, cylinders marked as
complying with I C.C. Spec. 4B240FLW bearing manufacturer's symbol
and serial numbers 47A-1 to
47 A-59200, inclusive, varying from the specification requirements as to physical properties of steel, are authorized for the transportation of liquefied petroleum gases.
further
WCO
Cylinders are authorized when

(2) Spec. 3C or 4C.
capacity of cylinders does not exceed 3,881 cu. in. (16
gallons with 5 percent tolerance), for liquefied petroleum
gas with gas pressure not over 145 pounds per square
inch, gauge, at 130F.
in cylinders containing acetylene gas
must not exceed 250 pounds per square inch at 70F.,

and in case the cylinders are marked for a lower allowable charging pressure at 70 F., then that pressure must
not be exceeded.
(c) Cylinders containing acetylene gas must not be
shipped unless they were charged by or with the consent
of the owner, and by a person, firm, or company having
possession of complete information as to the nature of
the porous filling, the kind and quantity of solvent in the
cylinders, and the meaning of such markings on the cylinders as are prescribed by the Commission's regulations
and specifications applying to containers for the trans-
Cylinders when made prior to October 1,

(3) Spec. 7
1930, are authorized when capacity of cylinder does not
exceed 3,881 cu in. (16 gallons with 5 percent tolerance),
for liquefied petroleum gas with gas pressure not over
70 pounds per square inch at 70F., nor over 145 pounds
per square inch at 130 F.
.
(4) Spec. T. Cylinders made prior to October 1, 1930,

and lawfully marked ICC-7-150, are authorized for the
shipment of liquefied petroleum gas, subject to 73.304 of
this part, provided they have been satisfactorily retested,
by water jacketed test, as prescribed in 73.3' (j) and
(k)
of this part.
portation of acetylene gas.
Spec. 5. Metal drums made prior to October 1,

1930, of 11 gallons capacity and made of steel at least
16 gauge United States standard, are authorized for gas
pressure not over 23 pounds per square inch at 70 F.,
nor over 70 pounds per square inch at 130 F.
(5)
Fire extinguishers and component parts

thereof, (a) Fire extinguishers and component parts thereof containing compressed gas for the purpose of expelling
fire extinguishing contents, which must be nonliquefied
gas when in containers exceeding 30 cubic inches capacity,
when shipped under the following conditions are exempt
from specification packaging, marking, and labeling re
73.310
Metal drums. Authorized for gas pres(6) Spec. 5F.

sure not over 28 pounds per square inch at 70 F., nor
>ver 86 pounds per square inch at 130 F.
<
SECTION
(7)
1382
11
Spec. 2P. Inside metal containers packed in strong

or fiber boxes of such design as to protect valves
wooden
from injury or accidental functioning under conditions

incident to transportation. Authorized for liquefied petroleum gas with a gas pressure not over 45 pounds per
square inch gauge at 70F., and 105 pounds per square
inch gauge at 130 F. Containers must be equipped with
safety devices which will prevent rupture of the containers and dangerous projection of the closing devices when
the containers are exposed to the action of fire. Each
completed container filled for shipment must have been
heated until contents reached- a minimum temperature
of 130F., without evidence of leakage, distortion, or
other defect. Each outside shipping container must be
plainly marked "Inside containers comply with prescribed
are exempt from specification packaging, marking,

and labeling requirements, except that marking name of
I.C.C. Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.
tions
as
inside
(2)
The container under
(3)
The pressure
containers.
stored
pressure shall have

an internal volume not exceeding 1,100 cubic inches.
in the container shall not
at 70 F.
exceed 200
specifications."
(b)
Must be shipped
(1)
(4)
The
in
73.115.
to
at
contents
shall
be nonflammable
covered
as
Filling density limited as follows:

(5)
Maximum
Maximum
density
in percent of
the water-
density
in percent of
the water
filling
filling
Minimum
specific gravity
of the liquid
material at 60 P.
weight
capacity
Minimum
specific gravity
of the liquid
material at 0 F.
of the container
U.271-0 :iy
0.290-0.300
0.307-0.322
323-0.338
0.339-0.354
0.355-0.371
0.372-0 398
399-0.425
0.426-0.440
441-0.452
0.453-0.462
0.463-0.472
0.473-0 480
0.481-0.488
0.489-0.495
0.496-0 .503
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
weight
capacity
of the container
U.5O4-O.510
0.511-0.518
520-0 527
0.628-0.536
0.537-0.544
0.545-0.552
0.563-0 660
0.561-0.568
0.669-0.676
0.577-0.584
0.585-0.592
0.593-0.600
0. 601-0. 608
Each container must be
tested
before shipment
container at
least three times the pressure in the
70 F. when charged and not less than 120 pounds per

square inch, and before refilling and reshipping must
be retested at this pressure before each shipment. The
container shall show no leakage or damage when subjected
4.'
to this pressure.
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Compressed gases in tank cars, (a) Com 73.314

pressed gases must not be shipped in tank cars except
provided
as
in paragraphs (b) to (f) of this section,
73.432, and in the following table:
|
51
52
63
54
0. 609-0. 617
55
56
57
0.618-0.626
0.627-0.634
Mazimum
permitted
Kind
of
Gas
filling
Required type of tank
car,
Note t
densitv,
Note
(c) Subject to 73.304 (c), any filling density percentage prescribed in this section is authorized to be increased by 2 for liquefied petroleum gas in spec. 26 1 or
1
3 cylinders or in spec. 3A marked for 1,800 pounds,
or higher, service pressure.
Anhydrous ammonia.
All parts subject to gas pressure during shipment

must be tested during manufacture by interior pressure
and must show no leakage or indication of failure under
the test; for liquefied gas the test pressure must be 4
times and for nonliquefied gas it must be 5/3 times the
gas pressure at 70 F.
Note 5
Carbon
dioxide, liquefied
Crude nitrogen
if
any,
must not
(3) The amount of gas, if liquefied, must not exceed

the filling densities prescribed in
73.308 or 73.312 of
part.
(4)
Any
ICC-106A500. 106A500X, Note

ICC-105A300-W.
ICC-107A.
12.
ICC-106A500, 106A500X.
ICC-105A100, 105A100-W Note 9.
ICC 105A500-W, 105A600-W, Note
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, Note 12.
ICC-105A300-W, Notes 8 ind 18.
,
11.
fertilizer
Note 6
119
125
ICC-106A500, 106A500X.
ICC-105A100AI.-W,
10 5A300-W,
109A100AI.-W. Note 5.
ICC-106A500. 106A500X 110A500-W,
Notes 12 and 19.
ICC-105A300-W.
and
difluoroethane
Note 6
Dichlorodifluoromethane-dichlorotetrafluoroethane mixture.
119
125
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, Note

ICC-110A500-W.
ICC-105A300-W.
ICC-106A500, 106A500X
Notes 12 and 19.
ICC-105A300-W.
12.
110A500-W,
Dichlorofluoro-
niPthane-monochlorodifluoromethane mix119
125
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, 110A500-W,

Notes 12 and 19.
ICC-105A300-W.
Dichlorodifluoro-
mrthane-monofluorotrichloromethane mix-
Note 16
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, 110A500-W,

Note 12.
ICC-105A300-W.
Diehlorodifluoromethane-trichloro-
monofluoromethane-
The
liquid portion of the gas,

completely fill the container at 130 F.
this
Notes 3
and 6
Note 10
125
125
Chlorine
(1)
(2)
Percent
50
57
Butadiene (pressure not

exceeding 75 pounds
per square inch at 105
F.), inhibited.
Refrigerating machines and hydraulic accu 73.313

mulators, (a) Refrigerating machines of the self-contained
type containing not over 50 pounds of gas in each pressure vessel and containing not more than two charged
pressure vessels, refrigerating machines of the remotecontrol type consisting of separate units shipped separately and each containing not over 25 pounds weight of
gas, or other similar apparatus assembled for shipment
containing not over 15 pounds weight of gas or liquid
for their operation, when shipped under the following
conditions are exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements, except that marking name
of contents on outside container is required for shipments via carrier by water. Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exempt also from Part 77,
of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.
unit of a refrigerating
machine of the
monochlorodifluoromethane mixture
Dichlorodifluoromethane-triehlorotrifluoroethane
mixture
(b)
Hydraulic accumulators and component parts
thereof containing nonliquefied gas for the purpose of
operation when shipped under the following condi-
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, 110A500-W,

Notes 12 and 19.
125
ICC-105A300-W.
119
ICC-106A500, 106A5O0X, 110A500-W,

Notes 12 and 19.
ICC-105A300-W.
ICC-106A500, 106A500X. 110A500-W,
Note 12.
125
79
self-
contained type containing more than one pressure

vessel
charged with 50 pounds of gas as authorized in this
section shall have each such pressure vessel
equipped with
a safety device meeting the requirements or the
American
Standard Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration (ASAB9) and individual shut-off valve or valves which shall
be closed while in transportation. Such pressure vessels
shall be manufactured and inspected in accordance
with
Section VIII of the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers Code, 1949 or 1950 Edition.
119
Difluoromonochloro-
100
Dimethvlamine,
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, 110A500-W.

Note 12.
anhy59
62
59
62
ICC-106A500, 106A500X.
ICC-105A300-W, Note 9.
ICC-106A500, 106A500X.
ICC-105A300-W. Note 9.
1383
NOTE
of
Gas
2:
When
tank cars marked
Required type of tank car, Note t
ICC-105A300-W
are
marked ICC-105A400-W, 105A500also be used. When ICC-105A-
prescribed, tank cars
permitted
Kind
W, and 105A600-W may
100 or ICC-105A100-W tank cars are prescribed, tank cars

Percent
Dispersant gas,
Note 16
n.o.s.
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, Notes 12 and

19.
ICC-110A500-W, Note
ICC-105A300-W, Note
19.
19.
ammoniating
Fertiliser
solution containing free
ammonia
Helium
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Note 5
Note 5
sulfide
ICC-106A500, 106A500X.
ICC-105A100AL-W.
105A300-W,
109A100AL-W, Note 5.
ICC-107A.
ICC-107A, Note 7.
ICC-106A800. 106A800X, Notes 12 and
13.
Liquid hydrocarbon gas

(pressure not exceeding
75 pounds per square
inch at 105 F.)
Liquid hydrocarbon gat
inch at 105 F.>
inch at 105 F.)
inch at 105 F.)
Liquid hydrocarbon gac
inch at 130 F.)
Liquid hydrocarbon gai
inch at 105 F.)
Liquefied petroleum gai
inch at 105 F.)
Liquefied petroleum gaf
inch at 105 F.)
Liquefied petroleum gat
inch at 105 F.)
inch at 105 F.)
Liquefied petroleum gaf
inch at 130 F.)
inch at 105 F.)
Note6
ICC-105A100. 105A100-W. Note
Note6
ICC-105A30G-W, Note
9.
Noted
ICC-105A500-W, Note
9.
Note 6
ICC-106A500. 106A500X.
Note 6
ICC-105A600-W, Note
Note 3
ICC-105A100, 105A100-W, Note
Note 3
ICC-105A300-W, Notes 5 and
9.
Note 3
ICC- 105 A 400- W. Notes 5 and
9.
Note 3
ICC-105A500-W, Nctes 5 and
9.
Note 4
ICC-106A500, 106A500X.
9.
9.
0.531
ICC-105A600-W, Notes 5 and 9.

ICC-106A500, 106A500X, Note 12.
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, Notes 12 and
82
ICC-105A300-W, Note
9.
Monochlorodifluoro105
110
125
Monomethylamine,
anhydrous
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
60
62
Note 5
fertilizer
so-
fertilizer
so-
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, 110A500-W,

Note 12.
ICC-105A300-W.
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, 110A500-W,
Note 12.
ICC-106A500, 106A500X.
ICC-107A.
ICC-108A500. 106A500X.
ICC-105A100AL-W, 105A300-W,
109A100AL-W, Note 5.
lution
Nitrogen
lution
(pressure not
exceeding 75 pounds
r
per square inch at 105
Noted
110
124
Nitrosyl chloride
Oxygen
Refrigerant gas, n.oj.
ICC-105A100AL-W.
ICC-106A800NCI, Notes 12 and 17
ICC-105A300-W. Note 15.
Note 5
Note 16
ICC-107A.
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, Notes 12 (Ind
115
116
120
ICC-110A500-W, Note 19.

ICC-105A300-W, Note 19.
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, 110A500-W.
Note 12.
ICC-105A300-W.
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, Note 12.
ICC-110A500-W.
19.
Sulfur dioxide
Trifluorochloroethylene.
Trimethylamine,
anhy-
droua...
57
59
1CC-106A500, 106A500X.
84
87
ICC-106A500, 106A500X, Note

68
ICC-105A100, 105A100-W, 105A300-W

Note 9.

(see
Note
14)
12.
Vinyl methyl ether, in

hibited (see
NOTE
Note
14)
The
filling
Filling
density
Specific
gravity
density
45.600
45.600
45.700
45.800
45.900
46.000
46.125
46.250
46.375
46.500
46.750
47.000
47.125
47.250
47.375
47.500
47.625
47.750
47.875
48.000
48.125
48.250
48.375
48.500
48.600
48.700
48.800
48.900
49.000
49.125
49.250
49.375
49.500
49.625
0.534
0.635
0.636
0.537
0.538
0.639
0.540
0.541
0.542
0.543
0.544
0.545
0.646
0.547
0.548
0.549
0.550
0.551
0.552
0.553
0.554
0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559
0.560
0.561
0.562
0.563
0.564
0.565
0.566
0.567
49.760
49.875
60.000
60.100
60.200
50.300
60.400
50.600
50.625
50.750
50.875
51.000
51.100
51.200
51.300
51.400
51.500
51.625
51.750
51.875
52.000
52.125
52.250
52.375
52.500
52.625
52.750
52.875
53.000
53.100
53.200
53.300
53.400
53 500
Filling
Specific
gravity
0.668
0.669
0.670
0.571
0.672
0.573
0.574
0.575
0.576
0.577
0.578
0.579
0.580
0.581
0.582
0.583
0.584
0.585
0.586
0.587
0.688
0.589
0.590
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594
0.595
0.596
0.597
0.598
0.599
600
0.601
Filling
density
Specific
gravity
63.600
53.700
53.800
53.900
54.000
54.125
64.250
54.375
54.500
54.600
54.700
54.800
64.900
55.000
55.100
55.200
55.300
55.400
55.500
65.625
55.750
55.875
56.000
56.090
56.180
56.270
56.360
56.450
66.540
56.630
56.720
56.810
56.900
56.990
0.602
0.603
0.604
0.605
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.609
0.610
0.611
0.612
0.613
0.614
0.616
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619
0.620
0.621
0.622
0.623
0.624
0.625
0.626
0.627
0.628
0.629
0.630
0.631
0.632
0.633
0.634
0.635
Filling
density
57.080
67.170
57.260
57.350
57.440
57.530
57.620
57.710
57.800
57.890
57.980
68.070
58.160
58.250
58.340
58.430
58.520
58.610
58.700
58.790
68.880
58.970
59.060
59.150
59.240
59.330
59.420
59.510
59.600
69.690
59.780
59.870
59.960
60 050
NOTE 3: (b) Because of the present emergency and

Commission, and only for shipments made during the months of November to March,
inclusive, the following filling densities may be used in
lieu of these specified in the table in Note 3 (a):
until further order of the
Specific-
Filling
Specific
Specific
Specific
Filling
gravity
density
gravity
gravity
gravity
density
0.500
0.501
0.502
0.503
0.504
0.505
0.506
47.40
47.51
47.62
47.73
47.84
47.95
48.06
48.17
48.28
48.39
48.51
48.61
48.72
48.83
48.94
49.05
49.16
49.27
49 38
49 49
49 60
49.70
49 81
49.92
50.03
50.14
50.25
50.36
50.47
50.58
50.69
50.79
50 90
0.534
0.535
0.536
0.537
0.538
0.539
0.540
0.568
0.569
0.570
0.571
0.572
0.573
0.574
0.575
0.576
0.577
0.578
0.579
0.580
0.581
0.582
0.583
584
0.685
0.586
0.587
0.588
0.589
0.590
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594
0.595
0.596
0.597
0.598
0.599
0.600
0.602
0.603
0.604
0.605
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.609
0.610
58.20
58.29
58.39
58.49
58.58
58.68
58.77
58.87
58.97
59.06
59.16
59.26
59.35
59.45
59.55
59.64
59.74
59.84
59.94
60.03
60.13
60.23
60.32
60.42
60.52
60.61
60.71
507
0.508
509
510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514
0.515
0.516
0.517
0.518
0.519
0.620
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524
0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529
0.530
0.531
0.532
0.533
51
NOTE
NOTE
NOTE
NOTE
density
for liquefied gases is

hereby defined as the percent ratio of the weight of gas
in the tank to the weight of water that the tank will
hold. For determining the water capacity of the tank
in pounds, the weight of a gallon (231 cubic inches) of
water at 60 F. in air shall be 8.32828 pounds.
1:
0.600
0.501
0.502
0.603
0.504
0.605
0.506
0.507
0.508
0.509
0.510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514
0.515
0.516
0.517
0.518
0.519
0.520
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524
0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529
0.530
0.532
0.533
20.
Monochlorotetrafluoroethane
NOTE 3: (a) Maximum permitted filling density in

tank cars transporting liquefied petroleum gas or butadiene of specific gravity shown, taken at 60 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Specific
gravity
ICC-105A400-W, Note
80
methane
used.
9.
9.
Note 6
Methyl chloride
Methyl mercaptan
marked ICC-105A300-W, 105A400-W, 105A500-W, and

105A600-W, may also be used. When tank cars marked
ICC-105A100AL-W are prescribed, tank cars marked
ICC-105A300AL-W may also be used. When ICC106A500 and 106A500X tank cars are prescribed, tank
cars marked ICC-106A800 and 106A800X may also be
for
01
541
0.542
0.543
0.544
0.645
0.546
0.547
0.548
0.549
0.550
0.551
0.552
0.553
0.554
0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559
0.560
0.561
0.562
0.563
0.564
0.565
0.566
0.567
4:
See
5:
See
6:
601
73.312
73.314
See 73.314
(b)
(b)
(c)
0.611
0.612
0.613
0.614
0.615
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619
0.620
0.621
622
0.623
0.024
0.625
0.626
0.627
628
0.629
0.630
0.631
0.632
0.633
0.634
0.635
60.81
60.91
61.00
61.09
61.19
61.19
61.23
of this part.
of this part.
of this part.
Before any ICC-107A tank car may be used

shipments of hydrogen the following requirements
7:
SECTION
1384
11
must be complied with. Each tank must be equipped

with one or more safety devices of approved type and
discharge area, the discharge outlet of each safety device
must be connected to a manifold having an unobstructed
discharge area of at least one and one-half times the
total discharge area of the safety devices connected to
the manifold; all manifolds must be connected to a single
common header having an unobstructed discharge outlet
pointing upward and extending above top of the car;
the header and the header outlet must each have an
unobstructed discharge area at least equal to the total
discharge area of the manifolds connected to the header;
the header outlet must be equipped with an apprdved
ignition device which will instantly ignite any hydrogen
discharged through the safety devices.
NOTE 8: For tank cars of other than ICC-106A type,

used for shipping chlorine, tests prescribed in 73.31
must be made at intervals of 2 years or less and interior
pipes of liquid discharge valves must be equipped with
check valves of approved design.
NOTE
9:
NOTE
10:
The
NOTE
11:
Before an
For tank cars other than 106A type, used

for the transportation of liquefied flammable gases, interior pipes of loading and unloading valves must be
equipped with excess flow valves of approved design.
liquid portion
must not completely fill the tank.
600W
tank car
of
the
gas
at
0F.
ICC-105A500W or ICC-105Amay be used for the transportation of
liquefied carbon dioxide, the following requirements must

be met: Tank must be lagged with an approved insulation material of a thickness so that the thermal conductance is not more than 0.03 B.t.u. per square foot per
degree F. differential in temperature per hour; except
that the insulation thickness directly over the center sills
may be reduced to give a thermal conductance not exceeding 0.04 B.t.u. per square foot, per degree F. differential in temperature per hour; this reduction is to permit
an anchorage which must not exceed seven (7) inches from

top of center sills to bottom of tank. Tank must be
equipped with one safety valve of approved design set
to open at a pressure not exceeding three-fourths of the
test pressure of the tank and one frangible disc device
of approved design set to function at a pressure less than
the test pressure of the tank.
The discharge capacity of
each of these safety devices must be sufficient to prevent
building up of pressure in tank in excess of three-fourths
of the test pressure of the tank. Tank must be equipped
with two (2) pressure-regulating valves of approved design, set to open at a pressure not to exceed 350 pounds
per square inch or seven-tenths of the test pressure of
the tank. Each regulating valve and safety device must
have its final discharge piped to the outside of the
protective housing.
NOTE 12: Tanks complying with specification 106A500 or 106A500X containing chlorine, anhydrous ammonia, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride, methyl mercaptan,
dichlorodifluoromethane, monochlorodifluoroethane, mohochlortetrafluoroethane, vinyl chloride, inhibited, difluoroethane, difluoromonochloroethane, dispersant gas, n.o.s., refrigerant gas, n.o.s., dichlorodifluoromethane and difluoroethane mixture (constant boiling mixture), dichlorodifluoromethane-monofluorotrichloromethane
mixture,
trifluorochloroethylene, dichlorodifluoromethane-dichlorotetrafluoroethane mixture, dichlorodifluoromethane-trichlorotrifluoroethane
mixture,
dichlorodifluoromethane-monochlorodifluoromethane mixture, or dichlorodifluoromethane-tri-
chloromonofluoromethane
monochlorodifluoromethane
mixture; tanks complying with specification 110A500W,

containing dichlorodifluoromethane, monochlorodifluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane-monofluorotrichloromethane mixture, dichlorodifluoromethane-dichlorotetrafluoroethane
mixture,
dichlorodifluoromethane-trichlorotrifluoroethane
mixture,
dichlorodifluoromethane-monochlorodifluoromethane mixture, diehlorodifluoromethane-
trichloromonofluoromethane
monochlorodifluoromethane
mixture, dispersant gas, n.o s., or refrigerant gas, n.o.s.;

tanks complying with specification 106A800 or 106A800X,
containing hydrogen sulfide; or tanks complying with
specification
106A800NC, containing nitrosyl chloride,
may be transported on trucks or semi-trailers only, when
securely chocked or clamped thereon to prevent shifting,
and provided adequate facilities are present for handling
tanks where transfer in transit is necessary. See 74.560,
for rail freight-motor vehicle shipments.
NOTE
13: Container shall not be equipped with safedevices of any description and valves must be protected by supplemental gastight closures approved by the
ty
NOTE
14: All parts of valves and safety devices in

contact with contents of tank must be of a metal or
other material suitably treated if necessary, which will
not cause formation of any acetylides.
NOTE 15: Before an ICC-105A300-W tank car may

be used for the transportation of nitrosyl chloride, the following requirements must be met: Tanks must be made
of or clad with a metal not subject to rapid deterioration
by the lading; all appurtenances, such as manhole covers,
venting, loading and discharge valves, safety valves, check
valves, and eduction pipes, must be made of metal not
subject to rapid deterioration by the lading; cork must
be used as an insulating material.
NOTE
NOTE
16:
See paragraphs
(b)
and
(c)
of this section.
Safety vents must be of the fusible plug

type and must function at a temperature of not exceeding
175 F. and be vapor tight at 130 F.
17:
NOTE
18: The maximum quantity of liquefied chlorine gas loaded into tanks mounted on one car structure
must not exceed 60,000 pounds. Provided, That for singleunit tank car tanks having water weight capacities not
less than 86,240 pounds not over 90,640 pounds, lagged
with 4 inches of corkboard, equipped with one or more
safety valves set to open at a pressure of 225 pounds per
square inch, the total discharge capacity of which must
be sufficient to prevent building up of pressure in the
tank in excess of 225 pounds per square inch, tank jackets
stenciled ICC-105A300W and in all other respects constructed and maintained in full compliance with I.C.C.
shipping container specification 105A500W, the quantity
of gas loaded into such tanks must be not more than
110,000 pounds nor less than 107,800 pounds.
NOTE 19: Only dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane-difluoroethane mixture (constant boiling

dichlorodifluoromethane - monofluorotrichloromethane mixture, dichlorodifluoromethane-dichlorotetrafluoroethane mixture, dichlorodifluoromethane-tricholorotrifluoroethane
mixture,
dichlorodifluoromethane-monochlorodifluoromethane mixture, dicholorodifluoromethanetrichloromonofluoromethane - monochlorodifluoromethane
mixture, difluoroethane, difluoromonochloroethane, monochlorodifluoromethane, and monochlorotetrafluoroethane
may be shipped as dispersant gas, n.o.s. or refrigerant gas,
n.o.s. in accordance with provisions of table (a).
mixture),
NOTE
20:
Container shall not
safety devices of any description.
be equipped with
(b)
The gas pressure at 105F. in any lagged tank
of tank cars of specs. 105A100, 105A100-W, 105A100AL-
W, 105A300AL-W, 105A300-W, 105A400-W, 105A500W, 105A600-W, 109A100AL-W, and at 130F. in any

unlagged tank of tank cars of specs. 106A500, 106A500X,
106A800, 106A800X, and 110A500-W must not exceed
three-fourth times the prescribed retest pressure of the
tank. The gas pressure at 130 F. in any unlagged tank
of tank cars of the 107 A series must not exceed seventenths of the marked test pressure of the tank.
NOTE 1: Because of the present emergency and until

Commission, ICC-107A tanks may
be charged with helium to a pressure 10 percent in excess
of the marked maximum gas pressure at 130F. of each
further order of the
tank.
(c) The liquid portion of the gas at 105F. must not
completely fill a lagged tank nor at 130F. completely
an unlagged tank.
fill
(d)
tank
The amount of liquefied gas charged into each

may be determined either, first, by weight, and
this weight must be checked after disconnecting the

charging line, by the use of proper scales, or second, the
weight of liquefied petroleum gas, dimethylamine, monomethylamine, and trimethylamine may be calculated using the outage tables supplied by the tank car owners
and the specific gravities as determined at the plant, and
this computation must be checked by determination of
specific gravity of product after loading.
Carriers may
verify calculated weights by use of proper scales.
1385
(e) Tank cars containing compressed gases must not
be shipped unless they were loaded by or with the consent of the owner thereof; and must not be loaded with
any gas which combines chemically with the gas previously loaded therein, until all residue has been removed
and interior of tank thoroughly cleaned. For cars of
the ICC-106A and 110A500W type, the tanks must be
placed in position and attached to car structure by the
shipper.
{) Except as authorized by 73.8, tank cars made
in foreign countries, except Canada, must not be used in
domestic traffic until they have been tested in this
country and proper reports rendered as required by the
specifications that apply.
73.315 Compressed gases in cargo tanks and portable tank containers, (a) Cargo tanks and portable tank
containers must not contain gases capable of combining
chemically.
(1) Compressed gases must not be shipped in cargo
tanks or portable tank containers except as provided in
this section and 73.32 and 73.33 of this part, and in
the
following table (for marking requirements
see
73.401
and 77.823
(a) (1)
(d)
NOTE
4:
design of tanks
78.336-3 (a).)
corrosion factor shall be applied in the

for sulfur dioxide and chlorine. (See
NOTE
5: Unlagged cargo tanks and portable tank

containers for liquid anhydrous ammonia may be filled
to 87.5 percent by volume provided the temperature of
the anhydrous ammonia being loaded into such tanks is
determined to be not lower than 30 F. or provided the
filling of such tanks is stopped at the first indication of
frost or ice formation on the outside surface of the tank
and is not resumed until such frost or ice has disappeared
NOTE
filled
6: Tanks equipped with

by weight.
NOTE
NOTE
Tanks must be
7:
filled
fusible plugs
must be
by weight.
Chlorine cargo tank motor vehicles may be

shipped only if the contents are to be unloaded at one
unloading point.
8:
permitted filling densities for cargo

(b) Maximum
tanks and portable tank containers for transportation of
liquefied petroleum gases are as follows:
).
Maximum
permitted nlnng
density in percent of the
water-weight capacity of
Maximum specific gravity of the
permitted
liquid material at 60 F.
Over 12UU
1200 gullone
Maximum
Kind
Permitted
Filling Density
Percent by
Percent by
volume
weight
(See par. (f)
(See Note 1)
of this
of gas
Specification Container
Required
Minimum
Type
(See
Note
S)
design
working
pressure
section)
82 See Nous 5
Anhydrous ammonia.
56
Anhydrous dimethylamine
Anhydrous monometh-
69
See Note 7
60
See Note 7
(psig)
ICC-5U 265
MC-330
ICC-51.
150
MC-330
ICC-51.
Anhydrous trimethyl-
57
Carbon
See par.
Se Note 7
ICC-51.
150
95
ICC-51.
12S
See Note 7
MC-330
MC-330
119
See Note
MC-330 150
(c) of
this section
fied
Chlorine
200; see
Note 3
225; see Notes

4 and 8
Dichlorodifluoro-
tnethane
7.
41
42
43
44
41
volume
45
46
47
48
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
0.561O.568
0.5690.676
0.5770.584
0.5850.592
0.5930.600
0.6010.608
0.6090.617
0.6180.626
0.6270.634
MC-330
dioxide, lique-
trallons
r*ercenl
38
39
40
553 0.560
150
MC-330
ylamine
or less
fen-em
0.4730.480
0.4810.488
0.4890.495
0.4960.503
0.5040.510
0.5110.519
0.5200.527
0.5280.536
0.6370.544
0.5450.552
by
4!t
'See Note
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
51
52
53
54
55
50
57
ICC-51
Dichlorodifluoro-
NOTE
methane-dichlorotetrafluoroethane
See Note 7
119
ICC-51.
Dichlorodifluoro-
methane-monofluorotrichloro-
methane mixture
Liquefied petroleum gas
Methyl chloride
See par. (c) of

this section
See par. (b) of
this section
See Note
84
88.5
7,
MC-330 150
mitted
ICC-51
See par. (b) of
ICC-51.
this section.
MC-330
ICC-51,
See subpar. (b)
(op-
84
See Note 6
ICC-51
225
105
See Note 7
ICC-51.
250
filling
density as permitted by weight,
density by weight contained in the table.
filling
The design working
portable
tional portable tank

2.000 pounds water
capacity, fusible plug)
Same
pressure of cargo tanks and

tank containers for liquefied petroleum gases
shall be in accordance with the following classification:
(1)
150
MC-330
Methyl chloride
1:
when using fixed length dip tube or other fixed

maximum liquid level indicators (paragraph (f) of this
section), in which case the maximum permitted filling
density shall not exceed 97 percent of the maximum perexcept
150
MC-300
Maximum vapor
Monochlorodifluoro-
pressure of liquefied petroleum gas at

115 F.. which may be placed in tank (psig)
Minimum
MC-330
Sulfur
not
lons
Sulfur
dioxide (tanks
over 1,200 galwater capacity)
dioxide (tanks
over 1,200 gallons

water capacity)
Sulfur dioxide (optional
portable
tank
1.000-2.000 pounds
water capacity, fusible plug)
See par. (o) of

this section
95
125
87.5
ICC-51.
(psig)
200; see Note 3
MC-330
ICC-51,
160; see
Note 4
MC-330
125
187
125
187
250
250
Over 250 see Note

125
87.5
125
See Note 6
ICC-51.
125; see
to subpar. (b) (1) of this section.
Note 4
MC-330
ICC-51
226
NOTE
1: Gases with vapor pressure exceeding 250

psig shall be placed in tanks with design working pressure increased above 250 psig by increments of 62.5 psig.
(c)
The loading
of
liquefied
and portable tank containers

weight or by suitable liquid
NOTE
Maximum
density for liquefied gases

is hereby defined as the percent ratio of the weight of
gas in the tank to the weight of water that the tank will
hold. For determining the water capacity of the tank
in pounds, the weight of a gallon (231 cubic inches) of
water
at
1:
60 F.
NOTE
filling
in air shall
be 8.32828 pounds.
See 73.32 and 73.33 of this part for

authority to use containers made prior to May 15, 1950.
gases
shall
level
into
cargo tanks
be determined
gauging device.
by
In
either case the liquid portion of the gas shall not fill the
tank at 105F. if the tank be lagged, nor at 115F. if
the tank be unlagged, except that this requirement shall
be waived for the shipment of carbon dioxide and nitrous
oxide in tanks (which are required to be equipped with
suitable pressure controlling devices) which may be
charged to a level corresponding to 95 percent of the
volumetric capacity of the tank.
2:
NOTE 3: If cargo tanks and portable tank containers

carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are designed to
comply with the "Rules for Containers for Gases and
Liquids at Temperatures of Minus 20 Degrees Fahrenheit and Below" of the A. S. M. E. Code, the design
working pressure may be reduced to 100 psig or the
controlled pressure, whichever is greater.
for
design
working pressure
(d) If the loading of cargo tanks and portable tank

containers with liquefied gases is to be determined by
weight, the gross weight shall be checked after the filling
line is disconnected in each instance. The gross weight
shall be calculated from the tank capacity and tare
weight set forth on the metal plate required by the specification, and the maximum filling density permitted for
the material being loaded into the tank as set forth in
the table, paragraph (a) (1) of this section.
SECTION
1386
11
(e) If the loading of cargo tanks and portable tank

containers with liquefied gases is to be determined by
adjustable liquid level device, each tank and each compartment thereof shall have a thermometer well, so that
the internal liquid temperature can easily be determined,
and the amount of liquid in the tank shall be corrected
Liquid levels shall not exceed a level
to a 60 F. basis
corresponding to the maximum filling density permitted
loaded into the tank as set forth
being
for the material
in the table in paragraph (a) (1) of this section.
When the loading of cargo tanks and portable

(f)
tank containers with liquefied gases is determined only
by fixed maximum liquid level indicator, the device shall
be arranged to function at a level not to exceed the maximum permitted volume prescribed by the table, paragraph (a) (1) of this section Loading shall be stopped
when the device functions.
level of which has been
(g) Containers, the liquid
determined by means of a fixed length dip tube gauging
device, shall not be acceptable for stowage as cargo
on vessels in commerce subject to the jurisdiction of the
United States Coast Guard. Nothing contained in this
rule shall be so construed as to prohibit the transportation on car floats or car ferries of motor vehicles laden
with containers nor cargo tanks the liquid level of either
of which has been determined by means of fixed length
dip tube devices.

(h) Each cargo tank and portable tank container, except tanks filled by weight, shall be equipped with one
or more of the following gauging devices which indicate
accurately the maximum permitted liquid level: (Additional gauging devices may be installed but may not be
used as primary controls for filling of cargo tanks and
portable tank containers. Gauge glasses' shall not be
permitted to be installed on any cargo tank or portable
tank container).
Kind
Anhydrous ammonia
Rotary tube; adjustable slip tube;
tank shall be provided with one or more

(i) Each
safety devices which, unless otherwise specified, shall be
safety relief valves of the springloaded type and they
shall be arranged to discharge upward and unobstructed
to the outside of the protective housing in such a manner
as to prevent any impingement of escaping gas upon the
tank, except that for chlorine tanks, protective housing
shall be as required in 78.336-5, and safety valve as
required in sub-paragraph (11) of this paragraph.
(1) Safety relief valves on any tank shall be set to
start-to-discharge at a pressure not in excess of 110 percent of the design working pressure of the tank and
shall have a total relieving capacity sufficient to prevent
a maximum pressure in the tank of more than 120 percent
of the design working pressure, using the heat input
1
The required reas determined by Fetterly's formula.
lieving capacity of safety relief valves for lagged tanks
shall be based upon the heat input to a bare tank, unless
insulation is covered by a sheet metal jacket of not less
than 16 gauge nominal thickness.
1
Copies of Fetterly's formula
may be
obtained from the
start-to-discharge pressure of safety relief
(2) The
valves shall be not less than the values given in the fol-
device
of gas
maximum level permitted by this section except that on

tanks for liquefied petroleum gases the device should be
to function when the liquid reaches the maximum
level at 40 F. when charged in accordance with the
authorized filling density. On spherical tanks and on
vertically mounted cylindrical tanks the fixed length to
which the tube extends into the tank shall be such that
the device will function to indicate when the liquid at
a point on the vertical axis of the tank in its normal
position reaches the maximum level permitted by this
section except that on tanks for liquefied petroleum gases
the device should be set to function when the liquid
reaches the maximum level at 40 F. when charged in
accordance with the authrorized filling density.
set
lowing table:
fixed
length dip tube.
Anhydrous monomethyUmine
Anhydrous trimethyUmine
Carbon dioxide, liquefied
None.
None.
None.
Kind
None.
None.
Methyl chloride
Nitrous oxide
Fixed length dip tube.

None.
Rotary tube; adjustable
Sulfur dioxide
Fixed length dip tube.
None.
None.
fixed
length dip tube.
slip
tube; fixed
Chlorine
Dichlorodifluoromethane-dichlorotetrafluoroethane mixture
Liquefied petroleum gases
length dip tube.
Methyl chloride
Nitrous oxide
(1)
pressure of the liquid level gauging

at least equal to the design working
The design
devices shall be
pressure of the tank.
All liquid level gauging devices, except on tanks

provided with fixed maximum level in indicators, shall
be legibly and permanently marked in increments of not
more than 20 Fahrenheit degrees to indicate the maximum
levels to which the tank may be filled with liquid at
temperatures above 20 P F. except that gauging devices
on tanks for carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide may be
marked in increments of not more than 25 psig. In the
event that it is impracticable to put these markings on
the gauging device, this information shall be marked on
a suitable plate affixed to the tank in a location adjacent
to the gauging device.
(2)
(3) Liquid level gauging devices which are so constructed that the outward flow of tank contents exceeds
that passed by a No. 54 drill size opening, shall be
equipped with excess-flow valves. Exception: Not required on gauging devices when used on tanks in carbon
dioxide service.
fixed-length dip tube gauging device, when

consist of a dip pipe of small diameter
equipped with a valve at the outer end, and extending
into the tank to a specified fixed length. On horizontally
mounted cylindrical tanks the fixed length to which the
tube extends into the tanks shall be such that the device
will function to indicate when the liquid at a point equidistant from the heads of the tank in a vertical plane
containing the longitudinal axis of the tank, reaches the
(4)
used,
shall
BtAft-tO-dlflChArge
pressure (psig)
Anhydrous ammonia
Anhydrous monomethyUmine
Anhydrous trimethyUmine
Carbon dioxide, liquefied
length dip tube.
Chlorine
Dichlorodifluoromethane-dichlorotetrafiuoroethane mixture
Liquefied petroleum gases
Wlfilmnm
of gas
fixed
160.
160.
160.
Not
specified.
225.
160.
150.
150.
90 percent of the design working preasure of tank.

150.
250.
Not
specified.
Sulfur dioxide:
Up to 1,200 gallons water capacity
tank
120.
Over 1.200 gallons water capacity

110.
(3) Each safety relief valve shall be plainly and permanently marked with the pressure in psig at which it
is set to discharge, with the actual rate of discharge of
the device in cubic feet per minute of the gas at 60 F.
and atmospheric pressure, and with the manufacturer's
name and catalog number. The rated discharge capacity
of the device shall be determined at a pressure of 120
percent of the design working pressure of the tank.
safety relief valves shall be of

(4) Connections to
sufficient size to provide the required rate of discharge
through the safety relief valves.
(5) Safety relief valves shall be arranged so that the
possibility of tampering will be minimized; and if the
pressure setting or adjustment is external the safety relief
valves shall be provided with suitable means for sealing
the adjustment.
(6) No shut-off valves shall be installed between the
safety relief valves and the tank except, in cases where
two or more safety relief valves are installed on the
same tank, a shut-off valve may be used where the arrangement of the shut-off valve or valves is such as always to afford full required capacity flow through at
least one safety relief valve.
(7)
Safety relief valves shall have direct

vapor space of the tank.
tions with the
communica-
1387
(8) Any portion of liquid piping or hose which at
any time may be closed at each end must be provided
with a safety relief valve to prevent excessive hydroThis safety relief valve must not have
static pressure.
an intervening shut-off valve installed.
Additional restrictions as specified in Notes 1, 2,

relief devices
(9)
and 3 of this subparagraph apply to safety

on tanks for carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide.
NOTE
The maximum operating pressure in the

tank may be regulated by the use of one or more presdevices, which devices shall not be in lieu
controlling
sure
(i)
of this
section.
NOTE
2: All safety
NOTE
3:
devices shall be so installed and

located that the cooling effect of the contents will not
prevent the effective operation of the device.
In addition to safety
by paragraph
(i)
of
(10) Subject to conditions of subparagraph (a) (1) of

section for sulfur dioxide optional portable tank
pounds water capacity- 225 psig, one or
1,000-2,000
more
fusible plugs approved by the Bureau of Explosives

may be used in lieu of safety relief valves of the springloaded type. The fusible plug or plugs shall have total
relieving capacity as determined by the use of Fetterly's
formula sufficient to prevent a pressure rise in the tank
of more than 120 percent of the design working pressure.
If the tank is over thirty inches long, both ends must
have the total specified safety discharge area.
(11) Safety relief valve on chlorine tank motor vehicles shall conform with the standard of The Chlorine
Institute, Inc. Dwg. D-13105-Rev. "D," dated December
1952.
Storage containers for liquefied petroleum gas for
(j)
permanent installation on consumer premises may be

shipped by private motor carrier only under the following
conditions:
SUBPART
The 1952 Edition of

M. E., no
of the A. S.
the Unfired Pressure Vessel
Code
revisions.
The 1950 Edition of the Unfired

M. E., no revisions.
Pressure Vessel
Code
of the Unfired Pressure Vessel
Code
of the A. S.
73.325
The 1949 Edition

M. E.
of the A. S.
The 1951 Edition of the

Code of the A. P. I. and A.
joint
The 1943 Edition of the

Code of the A. P. I. and A.
joint Unfired Pressure Vessel
required
each tank for carbon
section
this
relief valves
dioxide may be equipped with one or more frangible disc

devices of suitable design set to function at a pressure
not exceeding two times the design working pressure of
the tank.
18,
cified in the code:
1:
of the safety relief valve required in paragraph
this
(1) The containers shall comply with the construction

requirements of one of the following pressure vessel
codes and shall be marked to indicate compliance as spe-
GPOISONOUS
Each container
(2)
vices
compliance
in
E.,
no
revisions.
M. E.
S.
be equipped with safety de-
shall
with
the requirements for safety

containers as specified in the
devices on aboveground
National Board of Fire Underwriters Pamphlet No. 58
'Standards for the Design, Installation and Construction
of Containers and Pertinent Equipment for the Storage
and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases," 1949
Edition.
(3) The containers shall be so braced or otherwise
secured on the vehicle as to prevent relative motion while
transit.
Valves or other fittings shall be adequately
protected
against
injury
during transportation.
(See
77.834 (g).)
in
(4) Except as provided in subparagraph (j) (5) of this

paragraph, containers shall not be shipped when charged
with liqufied petroleum gas to more than 5 percent of
their water capacity.
(5) Storage containers of less than 1042 pounds water
capacity (125 gallons) may be shipped when charged with
liquefied petroleum gas in compliance with I. C. C. filling
density.
(k) For
manifolding
73.301 (f).
ARTICLES; DEFINITION
Classes of poisonous articles, (a) Poisonous

purpose of Parts 71-78 are divided into
according to degree of hazard in trans-
Unfired Pressure Vessel
M.
S.
cargo
of
tank
containers
see
AND PREPARATION
(11)
Phenylcarbylamine chloride.
(12)
Phosgene (diphosgene).
articles for the
four
classes
portation.
(1)
Extremely dangerous poison
(2)
Less dangerous poison
(3)
Tear gases or
(4)
Radioactive materials
class
NOTE 1: Diluted solutions of hydrocyanic acid of

not exceeding 5 percent strength are classed as poisonous
articles, class B (see 73.343 of this part).
class A.
irritating substances
A.
class
class C.
D.
rail express.
Extremely dangerous poisons, Class A, poi 73.326

son gas label; definition, (a) For the purpose of Parts 7178 extremely dangerous poisons, class A, are poisonous
gases or liquids of such nature that a very small amount
of the gas, or vapor of the liquid, mixed with air is dangerous to life. This class includes the following:
(1)
Bromacetone.
(2)
Cyanogen.
(3)
Cyanogen chloride containing
(b) Poisonous gases or liquids, class A, as defined in

paragraph (a) of this section, except as provided in 73.331
of this part, must not be offered for transportation by
Packing, (a) Cylinders used must comply

73.327
with the provisions of 73.34 and 73.301 (g) of this part.
(b)
tightly
less
than 0.9 percent
(4)
Diphosgene.
(5)
Ethyldichlorarsine.
and securely
closed.
All
Inside
containers must be
containers must be
when necessary
cushioned as prescribed, or in any case

to prevent breakage or leakage.
(c)
water.
No
class
poisons in cargo tanks.
dangerous poison, class A,"

ported in any cargo tank.
may be loaded
No
"extremely
into or trans-
(d) It shall not be permissible to transport class A

poison if there be any interconnecting means of any
character between the containers.
73.328 Poisonous gases and liquids not specifically

provided for. (a) Poisonous gases and liquids, as defined in
73.326, other than those for which special requirements
are prescribed, must be packed in specification containers
(6)
Hydrocyanic acid
(7)
Lewisite.
(8)
Methyldichlorarsine.
as follows:
(9)
Mustard
1
(1) Spec. 33 or 3D.
Metal cylinders of not over 125
pounds water capacity (nominal). Gaskets if used between
the protection cap and neck of cylinder must be renewed
(10)
(see
Note
gas.
Nitrogen peroxide (tetroxide).
of this paragraph).
<
SECTION
1388
11
each shipment even though they may appear to be

good condition Cylinders not fitted with valve protection extension ring must be packed in wooden boxes
complying as to construction, marking, and labeling, with
for
highway,
in
follows:
the requirements of
73.25 of this part.
73.329 Bromacetone; chlorpicrin and methyl chloride mixtures, (a) Bromacetone. Bromacetone, when offered for transportation by carriers by rail freight, highway, or water, must be packed in 'specification containers
as follows:
As prescribed
(1)
in
73.328.
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, or 16A. Wooden boxes with

inside glass bottles or tubes in hermetically sealed metal
cans in corrugated fiberboard cartons, spec. 2C. Bottles
must contain not over 1 pound of liquid each, must be
filled to not over 95 percent capacity, must be tightly
and securely closed, and must be cushioned in cans
with at least Yi inch of absorbent material. Cans must
be made of metal at least 32 gauge United States standTotal amount of liquid in outside box must not
ard.
(2)
3A, 3AA, 3B, 3C, 3E, 4A, 4B, 4BA, or 4C

(1) Spec
not over 250 pounds water capacity (nominal). Valves
or other closing devices must be protected, to prevent
injury in transit, by screw-on metal caps or by packing
the cylinders in strong boxes or crates. Cylinders having
a wall thickness of less than 0.10 inch must be packed
in boxes or crates (see 73.25).
73.330 Chemical ammunition, (a) Projectiles, shells,
bombs, and grenades containing poisonous gases or liquids, class A 73.326 of this part, but not equipped or
packed with ignition elements, bursting charges, detonating fuzes, or explosive components, may only be shipped
by, for, or to the Departments of the Army, Navy, and
Air Force of the United States Government. Shipments
must be packed and marked as required by their regulations, and packages must be labeled with the "Poison
Gas" label and marked "NON-EXPLOSIVE" and with
the name of the contents. (See 73.53 (r) and 73.59
of this part for explosive chemical ammunition).

(b)
Chemical ammunition containing poisonous liquids

must not be offered for transportation
or gases, class A,
by rail express.
Gas
73.331
identification sets,
(a)
Gas
identification
poisonous liquids and gases, class A, and

poisonous articles, class C, and chlorine when offered for
sets containing
transportation by carriers by rail freight, rail express,

highway, or water must be packed in spec. 15A or 15B.
Wooden boxes, under the following conditions:
(1) Gas
and gases,
be shipped
identification sets containing poisonous liquids

class A, and poisonous articles, class C, may
in amounts not exceeding 5 mils, if a liquid,
or 5 grams, if a solid, when mixed with or absorbed in
activated charcoal or silica gel, or other absorbent medium, and packed in strong glass bottles of not less than
4-fluid-ounces capacity. The poisonous gases, class A,
and chlorine may be shipped if the gas itself is absorbed
in activated charcoal or silica gel, or other absorbent
medium, this material to be filled into 4-ounce bottles
as above; each bottle as herein specified must be surrounded with appropriate absorbent cushioning material,
and inclosed in a hermetically sealed metal can; each
can must be surrounded on all sides by at least 1 inch
of dry, fine sawdust or wood pulp; the cans must be
packed in an outside wooden box, spec. 15A or 15B; the
bottles must be closed with ground-in glass stoppers securely fastened; the cushioning material around the bottle must be at least 1 inch thick; the cans must be made
from metal of thickness not less than 30 gauge, United
States standard; and there must be not more than a
total of 100 grams or mils, or a combination of both, in
each outside wooden box.
(b)
Gas
identification
quids or gases, class

transportation
by
sets
A and
carriers
by
containing poisonous liC, when offered for
class
rail
freight,
rail
express,
must be
packed
for
shipment
as
Hydrocyanic acid, liquid (prussic acid) and

73.332
hydrocyanic acid liquefied, (a) Hydrocyanic acid, liquid
(prussic acid) and hydrocyanic acid liquefied, must be
packed
(1)
Chlorpicrin and methyl chloride mixtures. Chlorpicrin and methyl chloride mixtures, in addition to containers prescribed in 73.328, when offered for transportation by carriers by rail freight, highway, or water, may
be shipped in specification containers as follows:
water
liqjuids or liquefied gases in hermetically

(1) The
sealed glass tubes containing not to exceed 40 cubic centimeters each; each tube securely cushioned and packed
in an individual mailing tube with screw-thread metal
cover; not more than 12 of such mailing tubes, cushioned
with corrugated fiberboard, packed in a closed fiberboard container; and not to exceed 4 such fiberboard containers, containing an aggregate of not to exceed 48 glass
tubes, cushioned and packed in an outside steel cylinder
of not less than 0.145-inch wall thickness, which is closed
by a plate, bolted to a flange, welded to cylinder wall.
Suitable gasket shall be placed between flange and head
plate, and closure shall be such as to prevent leakage
of any gas.
exceed 24 pounds.
(b)
or
As prescribed
in 73.328.
Spec. 3A480, 3AA480, or 3A480X.

Metal cylinders of not over 278 pounds water capacity (nomivalve protection cap must be used and be at
nal);
least 3/16 inch thick, gas-tight, with 3/16 inch faced
seat for gasket and with United States standard form
thread; the cap must be capable of preventing injury or
distortion of the valve when it is subjected to an impact
caused by allowing cylinder, prepared as for shipment,
to fall from an upright position with side of cap striking
a solid steel object projecting not more than 6 inches
(2)
above
floor level.
(b) Cylinders must be charged with not more than 0.6

pound of liquid for 1 -pound water capacity of cylinder.
Each filled cylinder must be tested for leakage before
shipment and must show absolutely no leakage; this
must
consist in passing over the closure of the cylwithout the protection cap attached, a piece of
Guignard's sodium picrate paper to detect any escape
of hydrocyanic acid from the cylinder. Other equally efficient test methods may also be used in lieu of the picrate
paper.
test
inder,
(c)
Liquid hydrocyanic acid completely absorbed in

also be shipped in specification con-
inert material may

tainers as follows:
Wooden boxes with inside containers

(1) Spec. 15A.
consisting of metal cans, spec. 2N, not over 14 pounds
water capacity each. The liquid contents of each can
must not exceed 0.33 pound of liquid for 1-pound water
capacity of the can. Each can containing 4 ounces or
more of liquid must be fitted with fiber caps not less
than 0.08 inch thick flanged about 1 inch and fitting
snugly over each end of the can. Each can must be
tested for leakage after being filled and again after being
maintained at ordinary room temperature for a period of
at least three weeks.
Each can must have its outer
surface protected against rust by the use of enamel or
lacquer, or each can must be completely wrapped in
waterproof paper.
The box
lining must consist of not more than two

waterproof paper, one piece completely surrounding the contents and running lengthwise of the
box, and the other piece completely surrounding the
contents and running crosswise of the box. In each instance, the wrapping must overlap at least 4 inches.
(2)
pieces
of
73.333 Phosgene or diphosgene. (a) Phosgene or

phosgene must be packed in specification containers
di-
as
follows:
As prescribed in 73.328 of this part; filling den 73.308, Note 12 of this part) must not exceed
125 percent and a cylinder must not contain more than
150 pounds of phosgene.
(1)
sity (see
106A500 or 106A500X. Tank cars. Each

(2) Spec.
container must be equipped with valve protection caps,
gas tight, which must be approved by the Bureau of Explosives; containers must not be equipped with safety
devices of any type; containers must be filled so that
they will not be liquid full at 130F. Authorized only
for phosgene.
1389
NOTE 1: Tanks complying with Spec 106A500 or
106A500X, may be transported on trucks or semi-trailers
only, when securely chocked or clamped thereon to prevent shifting, and provided adequate facilities are present
for handling tanks where transfer in transit is necessary.
(b) Each filled cylinder must be tested for leakage
before shipment and must show absolutely no leakage;
this test must consist in immersing the cylinder and valve,
without the protection cap attached, in a bath of water
at a temperature of approximately 150 F. for at least
thirty minutes, during which time frequent examinations
must be made to note any escape of gas. The valve of
the cylinder must not be loosened after this test and
before shipment.
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate, parathion, tetra 73.334

ethyl dithio pyrophosphate, and tetraethyl pyrophosphate,
mixtures with compressed gas. (a) Hexaethyl tetraphosphate, parathion, tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate, and
tetraethyl pyrophosphate, mixtures with compressed gas,
containing not more than 10 percent by weight of hexaethyl tetraphosphate, parathion, tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate, or tetraethyl pyrophosphate must be packed
(1) Spec. 3A300, 3AA300, 3B300, 4A300, 4B240, or
4BA240. Metal cylinders, charged with not more than
5 pounds of the mixture and to a maximum filling density
of 80 per cent of the water capacity. Cylinders must
not be equipped with eduction tubes or 'fusible plugs.
Valves must be of a type acceptable to the Bureau of
Explosives.
cause of the present emergency and until further order

of the Commission.
106A500 or 106A500X. Tank cars. Each

(3) Spec.
container must be -equipped with valve protection caps,
gastight, which must be approved by the Bureau of Explosives; containers must not be equipped with safety
devices of any type; containers must be filled so that
they will not be liquid full at 130 F.
NOTE 1: Tanks complying with Spec. 106A500 or

106A500X may be transported on trucks or semi-trailers
when securely chocked or clamped thereon to pre-
only,
"ent shifting, and provided adequate facilities are present

for handling tanks where transfer in transit is necessary.
73.337 Nitric oxide,
(a)
Nitric oxide
must be packed
Spec. 3A, 3AA, or 3E1800 cylinders designed and

tor a service pressure of 1800 pounds per square
inch, or higher, charged to a pressure of not more than
750 pounds per square inch at 70F. Cylinders must be
equipped with a valve of stainless steel and valve seat
of material which will not be deteriorated by contact
with nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide. Containers or valves
must not be equipped with safety devices of any type.
Valve outlets must be sealed by a solid threaded cap
or plug and an inert gasketing material.
(1)
marked
(2) Spec. 3E1800 cylinders must be packed in strong

wooden boxes of such design as to protect valves from
or accidental functioning under conditions incident to transportation. Each outside shipping container
must be plainly marked 'inside containers comply with
prescribed specifications."
injury
Cylinders must be packed in strong wooden boxes

with valves or other closing devices protected from injury,
with not more than twelve cylinders in one outside
wooden box. A single-trip outside fiberboard box may
be used when not more than four such cylinders are
to be shipped in one outside container. Valves must be
adequately protected. Box and valve protection must be
of strength sufficient to protect all parts of inside containers and valves from deformation or breakage resulting
from a drop of at least six feet onto a concrete floor,
impacting at the weakest point.
(b)
3A and 3AA cylinders must have their

(3) Spec.
valves protected by metal caps securely attached to the
cylinders and of sufficient strength to protect the valves
from injury during transit, or by packing in strong wooden
boxes of such design as to protect valves from injury or
accidental functioning under conditions incident to transportation. Each outside shipping container must be plainly marked "inside containers comply with prescribed
specifications."
73.335 Police grenades, (a) Police grenades conpoisonous gases or liquids, class A, must be
taining
packed
Spec.
(1)
15A, 15B, or 15C. Metal-strapped wooden
Each grenade must be
boxes.
individually inclosed in a
when so
leakage a
consist of
bottles or
of poisoncontainer may contain not
not over 75 pounds gross.
fiberboard carton, spec. 2C, and

packed must be able to withstand without
drop of 5 feet on concrete. Grenades must
copper shell containing securely closed glass
tubes containing not over 50 cubic centimeters
corrugated
ous material. Each outside

over 24 grenades and weigh
(b)
Pending approval by the Commission of regulations
73.343 Less dangerous poisons, class B, liquid or

poison label; definition, (a) For the purpose of
Parts 71-78 and except as otherwise provided in this
solid,
part class B poisons are substances, liquids or solids

(including pastes and semi-solids), other than classes A,
poisons which are known to be so toxic to man
C, or
as to afford a hazard to health during transportation, or
which, in the absence of adequate data on human toxicity,
are presumed to be toxic to man because they fall within
any one of the following categories when tested on laboratory animals:
Those which produce death within

(1) Oral toxicity.
in half or more than half of a group of 10 or
more white laboratory rats weighing 200 to 300 grams
classifying the numerous devices within the general descriptions of this section, and providing appropriate restrictions to be observed in the transportation thereof,
48 hours
no shipment of packages containing articles under this

section shall be made until samples thereof have been
examined by the Bureau of Explosives or by other com-
body weight, when administered
petent testing laboratory in the presence of representative

of the Bureau of Explosives, and the shipment is shown
to possess such resistance to shocks of transportation and
protection against leakage of contents as are afforded by
standard types of packages described in Part 78, and the
packages are labeled or marked to show compliance with
this part.
73.336
Nitrogen dioxide, liquid (nitrogen peroxide,
tetroxide). (a) Nitrogen dioxide, liquid (nitrogen peroxide,

tetroxide), must be packed in specification containers as
follows:
(1)
As prescribed in
73.328 of
dose of 50 milligrams or
less
orally.
per kilogram of
(2) Toxicity on inhalation. Those which produce death

within 48 hours in half or more than half of a group of
10 or more white laboratory rats weighing 200 to 300
grams, when inhaled continuously for a period of one
hour or less at a concentration of 2 milligrams or less per
liter of vapor, mist, or dust, provided such concentration
is likely to be encountered by man when the chemical
product is used in any reasonable foreseeable manner.
Toxicity by skin absorption. Those which produce

(3)
death within 48 hours in half or more than half of a
group of 10 or more rabbits tested at a dosage of 200
milligrams or less per kilogram body weight, when administered by continuous contact with the bare skin for
24 hours or less.
this part.
Spec. 3A480 or 3AA480 or 25\ Metal cylinders

with valve removed; valve opening to be closed by means
of a solid metal plug with tapered thread properly luted
to prevent leakage; valve protection cap must be used
and be at least 3/16 inch thick, gastight, with 3/16 inch
faced seat for gasket and with United States standard
form thread. Use of this container will be permitted be(2)
at a single
(b) The foregoing categories shall not apply if the

physical characteristics or the probable hazards to humans
as shown by experience indicate that the substances will
not cause serious sickness or death. Neither the display
of danger or warning labels pertaining to use nor the
toxicity tests set forth above shall prejudice or prohibit
the exemption of any substances from the provisions of
Parts 71-78.
SECTION
1390
11
Clos 73.344 Packing for class B poisons, liquid, (a)

ing and cushioning. All containers must be tightly and
securely closed. Inside containers must be cushioned as
prescribed, or in any case when necessary to prevent
breakage or leakage.
Outage for containers of liquid poison

by carriers by rail freight, rail express,
highway, or water must be as follows:
Outage.
(b)
for transportation
(1)
Containers must not be entirely
filled.
(12) Tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate and tetraethyl

dithio pyrophosphate mixtures containing more than 25%
tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate by weight.
(13) Tetraethyl pyrophosphate and tetraethyl pyrophosphate mixtures containing more than 25% tetraethyl
pyrophosphate by weight.
Sufficient
interior space must be left vacant to prevent leakage or

distortion of containers due to the expansion of the contents from increase of temperature during transit.
(outage) in a tank car

or other shipping container depends on the coefficient of
expansion of the liquid and the maximum increase of
temperature to which it will be subjected in transit. Outage must be calculated to the total capacity of the con(2)
(11) Methyl parathion and methyl parathion mixtures

containing more than 25% methyl parathion by weight.
The proper vacant space
(14)
Chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride.
73.346 Poisonous liquids not specifically provided

Poisonous liquids as defined in 73.343, other
than those for which special requirements are prescribed,
must be packed in specification containers of a design
and constructed of materials that will not react dangerously with or be decomposed by the chemical packed
for.,
(a)
therein, as follows:
tainer.
(3) Liquid poison must not be loaded into domes of
tank cars.
(4) In tank cars, outage must be calculated to percentage of the total capacity of the tank, i. e., shell and
dome capacity combined. If the dome of the tank car
does not provide sufficient outage, then vacant space
must be left in the shell to make up the required outage.
(5)
The outage
for tank 'cars
must not be
less
than 1
percent.
(2)
17C or 17E. Metal drums (single-trip conwith openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in di-
Spec.
tainers),
ameter.
Metal drums (single-trip containers),

(3) Spec. 37B.
side seams, openings not over 2.3 inches in diameter, capacity not over 10 gallons.
welded
Spec. 37 A or 37B. Metal drums (single-trip conwith welded side seams, not over 5 gallons; authorized for pastes only.
(4)
No
cargo tank or compartment thereof used for

the transportation of any liquid poison shall be completely filled; sufficient space shall be left vacant in every
case to prevent leakage from or distortion of any such
cargo tank by expansion of the contents due to rise in
temperature in transit, and such free space (outage) shall
be sufficient in every case so that such cargo tank shall
not become entirely filled with the liquid at 130 F.
(6)
Metal barrels or drums,

(1) Spec. 5, 5A, 5B, or 5C.
with openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter.
Exmeptions for poisonous liquids, class B.

7^.345
Poisonous liquids, class B, as defined in 73.343, except those as enumerated in paragraph (b) of this section,
or as provided for in 73.359 (c), in tightly closed inside
containers, securely cushioned when necessary to prevent
breakage and packed as follows, are exempt from specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements,
(a)
Shipments
exempt
also
regulations,
transportation by highway carriers are

from Part 77, except section 77.817 of these
and Part 197 of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier
for
Safety Regulations.
(1) In glass or earthenware containers not over 1 quart
capacity each, or in metal containers not over 1 gallon
capacity each, packed in strong outside wooden boxes
or barrels.
(2) In glass or earthenware containers not over 1 pint
capacity each, or in metal containers not over 1 quart
capacity each, packed in strong outside fiberboard boxes.
The following
any quantity are

exempt under the provisions of paragraph (a) of
(b)
articles
in
not
this
section:
tainers),
(5)
Spec. 10A, 10B, or IOC.
Wooden
barrels or kegs.
Spec 11A or 11B. Wooden barrels or kegs with

glass or earthenware inside containers, not over 1 gallon
capacity each, or with metal inside containers not over
(6)

Spec. 12B. Fiberboard boxes with glass or earthen1 quart capacity each,
or with metal inside containers not over 1 gallon capacity
Packages containing glass or earthenware coneach.
tainers must not weigh over 65 pounds gross.
(7)
ware inside containers not over
12D. Fiberboard boxes with inside con(8) Spec.

tainer which must be glass or earthenware not over one
gallon each; authorized for not more than 75 pounds
gross weight; not to contain more than 4 such inside containers if their capacity is greater than 5 pints each.
Use of this container will be permitted because of the
present emergency and until further order of the Commission.
gallon capacity each, except that inside containers up to
3 gallons are authorized when only one is packed in
each outside container; or with metal inside containers,
not over 10 gallons capacity each.
(10)
103, 103-W, 103A, 103A-W, 104, 104-W,

105A100-W, 105A300-W, 105A400-W, 105AARA-IV-A 1 Tank cars.
Spec.
105A100,
500- W, 105A600-W, or
1
Use of
existing tank cars authorized, but
new
construc-
tion not authorized.
(1)
Aniline
(2)
Hydrocyanic acid
(3)
Methyl- bromide.
(4)
Motor
(5)
Phenyldichlorarsine.
(6)
Tetraethyl lead.
(7)
Thiophosgene.
oil.
solutions.
fuel anti-knock
compound.
Chlorpicrin and chlorpicrin mixtures containing no

compressed gas or poisonous liquid, class A.
(8)
(9) Parathion and parathion mixtures containing more

than 25% parathion by weight.
(10) Hexaethyl tetraphosphate and hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixtures containing more than 25% hexaethyl
tetraphosphate by weight.

except acetylene, are also authorized.
(12)
or
Spec
MC 300, MC 301, MC 302, MC 303, MC 310
MC311. Tank motor
vehicles.
(13) Spec. 1A, ID, or IE.

boxes or plywood drums.
Glass carboys in
wooden
12B.
Fiberboard boxes with not more
(14) Spec.
than one inside glass container of not over 1 gallon capacity, securely cushioned.
Completed package, with
glass container filled with water, when closed for shipment, must be capable of withstanding six four-foot drops
onto solid concrete in the order bottom, four sides, and
top without breakage.
(15) Spec. 21B. Fiber drums, with inside glass containers not over one gallon capacity each.
1391
73.347
Aniline
(a)
oil.
in specification containers
as
Aniline
must be packed
oil
follows:

with metal inside containers not over 10 gallons capacity
each, or glass bottles not over 1 pound capacity each.
Not more than 25 of these bottles shall be packed in
any outside container.
(2)
Spec. 103,
(3)
Spec.
Tank motor
103W, 103A,
or
Tank
103A-W.
MC 302,
MC301,
MC300,
or
cars.
MC 303.
vehicles.
Metal barrels or drums. Net

(4) Spec. 5, 5A, or 5B.
weight in 110 gallon drums must not exceed 915 pounds.
Spec.
17C.
Metal drums
Spec. 12B. Fiberboard boxes with metal inside

containers not over 1 gallon capacity each; not to contain more than 4 such inside containers if their capacity
is greater than 5 pints each.
(7)
(b) Openings in metal barrels or

exceed 2.3 inches in diameter.
drums must not
(1) Gaskets not less than one-eighth inch thick must

be used at bung and filling holes. Gaskets must be made
hard
of
fiber impregnated with glycerin, metal-covered
impregnated asbestos sheets, or metal-covered
cork,
asbestos.
(c) Filled drums must be so placed that bungs will
be subjected to hydrostatic head of oil contained therein
for a period of not less than 12 hours.
The
exterior of filled drums

for evidence of aniline oil,
examined
must be removed by washing
73.351 Hydrocyanic acid solutions, (a) Hydrocyanic

acid solutions must be in glass bottles not over 1 pound
capacity each for solutions of not over 5 percent strength
and not over 5 pounds capacity each for solutions of not
over 2 percent strength, and must be packed in specification containers as follows:
(1)
Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A.
(2)
Spec.
11A
or 11B.
must be carefully
any traces of which
Metal barrels or drums with(1) Spec. 5, 5A, or 5B.

out galvanizing inside, with openings not exceeding 2.3
inches in diameter.
17E or 37B.
side seams, with
inches in diameter.
(2)
Spec.
welded
(4)
Spec. 103,
(5)
Spec.
103W, 103A,
preferably,
All
drums
returnable
must
bear
the
following
"PREVENT DAMAGE TO FOODSTUFFS OR

DRAIN THIS DRUM THOROUGHLY. TIGHTEN BUNGS, WITH GASKET, SECURELY IN PLACE BEFORE RETURNING. USE
NEW GASKETS WHEN NECESSARY. ANILINE OIL
STAINS ON THE OUTSIDE OF DRUMS SHOULD BE
WASHED OFF WITH WATER OR, PREFERABLY,
WEAK ACETIC ACID," shellacked to head of drum
notice,
OTHER FREIGHT.
near the consignee's
name and
address.
73.348
packed
Arsenic acid,
(a)
Arsenic acid
must be
When
(1) As prescribed in
73.346 of this part.
shipped in metal barrels or drums, or tank motor vehicles or tank cars, without lead lining, the arsenic acid
must contain not over 0.05 percent nitric acid.
(2) Spec. 1A, 1C, or ID.

Glass carboys in boxes or
kegs which must be closed, and when reused must be
reconditioned and tested, as provided in the specification.
Carbolic acid (phenol) liquid, (a) Carbolic

73.349
acid (phenol) liquid (liquid tar acid containing over 50
percent
benzophenol),
must be packed
in
specification
(1)
As prescribed
73.346 of
specification.
73.350
Chemical ammunition,
consisting
of
(a)
Chemical ammu-
shells, bombs, grenades

with gases, liquids, or chemicals, class B poison, without ignition elements, bursting
charges, detonating fuzes, or other explosive components,
and other containers
projectiles,
filled
or
cars.
Tank
bromide or mixtures of methyl

dibromide, liquid, (a) Methyl bromethyl bromide and ethylene dibe packed in specification contain-
Metal drums not exceeding 30 gallons

(1) Spec. 5A.
capacity or metal drums of bilge type not exceeding 33
gallons capacity and with openings not exceeding 2.3
inches in diameter. Use of these containers will be permitted because of the present emergncy and until further
order of the Commission.
(2) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, 19A, or 12B. Wooden
wire-bound wooden, or fiberboard boxes, with inside
metal cans containing not over 1 pound each; outage
required so cans shall not become liquid-full at 130F.
Cans must be of tinplate or lined with suitable material
and must have concave or pressure ends. Cans must
be able to withstand an interior pressure of 130 pounds
per square inch gauge without evidence of leakage or
permanent distortion.
3A225, 3AA225, 3B225, 3E1800, 4A225,

(3) Spec.
4B225, or 4BA225. Metal cylinders. Valves or other
closing devices must be protected to prevent injury in
transit by screw-on metal caps or by packing the cylinders in strong boxes or crates. Cylinders having a wall
thickness of less than 0.08 inch must be packed in boxes
or crates (see 73.25).
(4)
Spec.
4D300
or
4DA500.
Metal spheres for
must be equipped with approved

devices and must be packed in strong boxes or
craft use only,
air-
safety
crates
73.25).
this part.
(2) Specification
1A, 1C, or ID. Glass carboys in
boxes or kegs, which must be closed, and when reused
must be reconditioned and tested, as provided in the
nition
Tank
MC 303.
103A-W.
motor vehicles.
(see
in
or
MC 300, MC 301, MC 302
ers as follows:
or,
Metal drums (single-trip), with

openings not exceeding 2.3

with inside glass or earthenware containers not over 1
gallon capacity each, or inside metal containers not over
10 gallons capacity each, and without galvanizing.
the detection of leaks at this point.
with water
acetic acid.
(d)
boxes.
Methyl
73.353
bromide and ethylene
mide or mixtures of
bromide, liquid, must
off
Wooden
barrels or kegs.
Liquid sodium or potassium cyanide, (a)

73.352
Liquid sodium or potassium cyanide must be packed in
The space between rolling hoops immediately around the bung should be painted to aid in
weak
Wooden
(single-trip).
Spec. 17E. Metal drums (single-trip) not over 5

(6)
(1)
Chemical ammunition, when shipped as such,

(b)
must not be equipped or packed with explosive or ignition elements. (See 73.53 (r) and 73.59 of this part
for explosive chemical ammunition.)
NOTE

further order of the Commission glass bottles not over
5 pounds capacity each and not more than 6 of these
bottles packed in one outside container are authorized.
(5)
for shipment in strong outside wooden

or metal boxes. Boxes must be marked with name of
contents and labeled as prescribed by this part for gases,
liquids, or chemicals contained therein.
must be packed
(5)
400-W,
105A100, 105A100-W, 105A300-W, 105A105A500-W, 105A600-W, 106A500, 106A500X,

Tank cars.
Spec.
or 106A800.
(b) Outage must be sufficient to prevent tank car from

becoming entirely filled with liquid at the following
temperature: Spec. 105A100, 105A100-W, 105A300-W,
105A-400-W, 105A500-W, or 105A600-W at 105 F.;
spec. 106A500, 106A500X, or 106A800 at 130 F.
(c)
spheres
Outage must be sufficient to prevent cylinders or

from becoming entirely filled with liquid at
SECTION
1392
11
130F. and when the vacant space (outage) is charged

with nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or air the pressure in the
cylinder or sphere at 130"F. must not exceed 5/4 the
marked
service pressure of the cylinder or sphere.
17C. Metal drums (single-trip) not over

(d) Spec.
5 gallons capacity each and having no opening exceeding
Authorized only for mixtures
2.3 inches in diameter.
containing not over 40 percent by weight of methyl
bromide.
Motor fuel antiknock compound or tetra 73.354

ethyl lead, (a) Motor fuel antiknock compound or tetraethyl lead must be packed in specification containers as
follows:
Wooden boxes with inside glass or

(1) Spec. 15A.
earthenware containers of not over 1 pint capacity each,
or metal cans, inclosed in hermetically sealed (soldered)
metal cans, spec. 2A.
(2) Spec. 5 or 5A. Metal barrels or drums, with openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter.
except acetylene.
Spec. 105A300-W.
the tank "FOR
(4)
sides of
COMPOUND
raethyl
Tank
cars.
Stenciled on both
MOTOR FUEL ANTIKNOCK
ONLY." Tank
cars not authorized for tet-
lead.
MC330 (see Note 1). Tank motor vehicles.

NOTE 1: MC 300, MC 301, MC 302, or MC 303
(5)
tank
motor vehicles in motor fuel antiknock compound service

prior to October 1, 1955 may be continued in service.
er
(b) Outage must be sufficient to prevent any containfrom becoming entirely filled with liquid at 130 F.
be cushioned in cans with at least % inch of absorbent

material. Cans must be made of metal at least 32 gauge
United States standard. Total amount of liquid in outside box must not exceed 12 pounds.
(3)
Spec. 12B.
One-piece corrugated fiberboard boxes
least 200-pound test with not more than one inside

glass bottle or tube in a hermetically sealed metal can.
Bottles must contain not over 1 pound of liquid, must
be filled to not over 95 percent capacity, must be tightly
and securely closed, and must be cushioned in cans with
at least % inch of absorbent material. Cans must be made
of metal at least 32 gauge United States standard.
at
(b)
Chlorpicrin and mixtures of chlorpicrin containing no compressed gas or poisonous liquid, class A.
Chlorpicrin and mixtures of chlorpicrin containing no
compressed gas or poisonous liquid, class A, in addition
to containers prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section,
when offered for transportation by carriers by rail freight,
highway, or water, may be shipped in specification con-
tainers as follows:
(1) Spec. 3A, 3AA, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, 4A, 4B, 4BA, or
Metal cylinders of not over 250 pounds water capacity (nominal). Valves or other closing devices must
be protected, to prevent injury in transit, by screw-on
metal caps or by packing the cylinders in strong boxes
or crates. Cylinders closed by means of solid plugs may
have the plugs protected by metal collars. Cylinders
having a wall thickness of less than 0.08 inch must be
packed in boxes or crates (see 73.25).
4C.
(2)
Spec. 5A.
lons capacity with
NOTE
Metal drums of not exceeding 33 gal-
welded seams.
Because of the present emergency and until further order of the Commission, drums not exceeding
55 gallons capacity with welded seams are authorized for
1:
mixtures containing not over 15 percent by volume of

chlorpicrin.
73.355
Phenyldichlorarsine. (a) Phenyldichlorarsine

must be packed
Metal barrels or drums, made of not

(1)
less than 12 gauge steel, and limited to 30 gallons capacity, with openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter.
Each metal barrel or drum must be tested, before each
filling to 20 pounds hydrostatic test.
Spec. 5A.
73.356
packed
Thiophosgene.
(a)
Thiophosgene must be
Fiberboard boxes, with inside containers which must be tightly closed glass bottles not
exceeding 1 pint capacity each, securely packed in absorbent incombustible cushioning material.
Cushioning
material must be capable of absorbing entire contents of
(1)
Spec.
12B.
the container.
15A or 15B. Wooden boxes, with inside

(2) Spec.
containers which must be tightly closed glass bottles not
exceeding 1 quart capacity each, securely packed in absorbent incombustible cushioning material.
Cushioning
material must be capable of absorbing entire contents of
container.
Metal drums (single-trip) with

(3) Spec. 17C or 17E.
openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter. Capacity
not to exceed 30 gallons. Authorized only for chlorpicrin
mixtures containing not to exceed 15 percent chlorpicrin
by weight and only authorized for such mixtures not
classed as flammable under these regulations.
(c) Chlorpicrin and mixtures of chlorpicrin containing
no compressed gas or poisonous liquid, class A, when
offered for transportation by rail express must be packed
in specification containers as follows (also authorized for

by carriers by rail freight, highway, or
transportation
water)
(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, or 16A. Wooden boxes with

inside glass bottles or tubes in hermetically sealed metal
cans in corrugated fiberboard cartons, spec. 2C. Bottles
must contain not over 1 pound of liquid each, must be
at least % inch of absorbent material.
Cans must be
made of metal at least 32 gauge United States standard.
Total amount of liquid in outside box must not exceed
24 pounds.
(2)
Chlorpicrin and chlorpicrin mixtures con 73.357

taining no compressed gas or poisonous liquid, class A.
(a) Chlorpicrin.
Chlorpicrin, when offered for transportation by carriers by rail freight, highway, or water, must
Spec.
15A,
15C, or 16A. Wooden boxes

with inside glass bottles or tubes in hermetically sealed
metal cans in corrugated fiberboard cartons, spec. 2C.
Bottles must contain not over 1 pound of liquid each, must
be filled to not over 95 percent capacity, must be tightly
at least & inch of absorbent material. Cans must be made
of metal at least 32 gauge United States standard. Total
amount of liquid in outside box must not exceed 24
(1)
15B,
Spec.
15A.
Wooden
boxes, metal strapped, with
absorbed in an efficient absorbing material

in hermetically sealed metal cans not exceeding
chlorpicrin
packed
1
quart capacity each.

(3)
Spec. 12B
at least 200-pound test with inside glass bottles or tubes

in hermetically sealed metal cans in individual unsealed
one-piece corrugated fiberboard boxes, spec. 12B at least
test.
Bottles must contain not over 1 pound
each, must be filled to not over 95 percent
must be tightly and securely closed, and must
200-pound
of liquid
capacity,
be cushioned in cans with at least J& inch of absorbent

material. Cans must be made of metal at least 32 gauge
United States standard. Total amount of liquid in outside
box must not exceed 12 pounds.
pounds
(4)

with inside glass bottles or tubes
metal cans in individual unsealed
one-piece corrugated fiberboard boxes, spec. 12B at least
200-pound test. Bottles must contain not over 1 pound of
liquid each, must be filled to not over 95 percent capacity, must be tightly and securely closed, and must
(2)
Spec. 12B.
at least 200-pound test

in hermetically sealed
Spec. 12B.
least 200-pound test with not more than one inside

glass bottle or tube in a hermetically sealed metal can.
Bottles must contain not over 1 pound of liquid, must be
at least % inch of absorbent material. Cans must be made
of metal at least 32 gauge United States standard.
at
1393
73.358 Hexaethyl tetraphosphate, methyl parathion,
parathion, tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate, and tetraethyl
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate,
(a)
pyrosphosphate, liquid,
methyl parathion, parathion, tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate, and tetraethyl pyrophosphate, liquid must be
concrete in the order bottom, four sides, and top without

breakage.
Metal barrels or drums, with

(1) Spec. 5, 5A, or 5B
openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter.
phosphate mixtures,
(10)
(b)
Aluminum drums.
Spec 42B.
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixtures, methyl para-
(2) Spec. 17C or 17E, metal drums (single-trip), with

openings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter. Spec. 17E
drums authorized for not over 5 gallons capacity each.
thion mixtures, parathion mixtures, tetraethyl dithio pyroand tetraethyl pyrophosphate mixtures (solutions, emulsions, or emulsifiable liquids containing more than 50 percent hexaethyl, tetraphosphate,
methyl parathion, parathion, tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate, or tetraethyl pyrophosphate by weight, must be
15A or 15B. Wooden boxes, with metal

(3) Spec.
inside containers of not over 5 gallons capacity each.

(1) Spec. 5, 5A, or 5B.
12B. Fiberboard boxes, with inside glass

(4) Spec.
bottles not over 1 gallon capacity each, securely cushioned
in liquid-tight metal cans.
Spec. 21B. Fiber drums, with inside

tainers not over 1 gallon capacity each.
side containers not over 5 gallons capacity each.
(2)
(3)
(5)
(6)
Spec. 37A.
Metal drums
glass
con-
(4)
(single-trip),
with inside
Spec.
Spec.
Spec.
17C
Metal drums
(single-trip),
15A or 15B. Wooden boxes, with metal

Fiberboard boxes,
12B.
bottles not over 1 gallon capacity each,

ioned in liquid-tight metal cans.

except acetylene, are also authorized.
tainers
Fiberboard boxes with npt more than

(8) Spec. 12B.
one inside glass container of not over 1 gallon capacity,
securely cushioned. Completed package, with glass container filled with water, when closed for shipment, must
be capable of withstanding six four-foot drops onto solid
breakage.
Fiberboard boxes with not more than

(9) Spec. 12B.
one inside container of polyethylene, or other nonfragile
plastic material, and closed by a screw cap of similar
material, not over 16 ounces, surrounded by absorbent
cushioning and packed in a one gallon securely closed
metal can which shall be surrounded with absorbent
cushioning material within the outside fiberboard box.
(10)
Spec. 42B.
Aluminum drums.
pyrophosphate
mixtures, and tetraethyl pyrophosphate

mixtures, liquid, (a) Hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixtures,
methyl parathion mixtures, parathion mixtures, tetraethyl
dithio pyrophosphate mixtures, and tetraethyl pyrophosphate mixtures (solutions, emulsions, or emulsifiable liquids) containing not more than 50 percent heaxethyl
tetraphosphate, methyl parathion, parathion, tetraethyl
dithio pyrophosphate, or tetraethyl pyrophosphate by
weight, must be packed in specification containers as follows:

(1) Spec. 5, 5A, or 5B.
Spec. 17C.
Metal drums
(single-trip),
with open-
Metal drums (single-trip), with open(3) Spec. 17E.

ings not exceeding 2.3 inches in diameter. Capacity not
to exceed 10 gallons. Authorized only for mixtures not
classed as flammable under these regulations.
15A, 15B, 15C, or 15E. Wooden boxes,
(4) Spec.
with metal inside containers not over 10 gallons capacity
each.
Spec. 12B.
bottles not over 1
(5)
Fiberboard boxes, with inside glass

gallon capacity each, securely cush-
ioned in liquid-tight metal cans.

(6)
Spec.
21B.
Fiber drums, with inside glass con-
tainers not over 1 gallon capacity each.
Spec. 37A. Metal drums (single-trip), with inside

glass containers not over 1 gallon capacity each.
(7)
(8)
Spec.
78.205-19
12B.
Fiberboard boxes
as
authorized
by
Metal drums
(single-trip),
con-
with inside
gallon capacity each.
Fiberboard boxes with not more than

(7) Spec. 12B.
one inside glass container of not over 1 gallon capacity
be capable of withstanding six four-foot drops into solid
breakage.
(8)
Spec.
Aluminum drums.
42B.
(c) Hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixtures, methyl parathion mixtures, parathion mixtures, tetraethyl dithio pyro-
and tetraethyl pyrophosphate mixtures (solutions, emulsions, or emulsifiable liquids) containing not more than 25 percent hexaethyl tetraphosphate, methyl parathion, parathion, tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate, or tetraethyl pyrophosphate by weight, in inside metal containers not over 8-fluid ounces capacity each,
packed in strong outside containers together with sufficient obsorbent material to completely absorb the liquid
in the event of leakage, are exempt from specification
packaging, marking, and labeling requirements.
Shipments for transportation by highway carriers are exempt
also from Part 77, except section 77.817 of these regulations, and Part 197 of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier Safety
Regulations.
Perchloro-methyl-mercaptan. (a) Perchloro 73.360

methyl-mercaptan in any quantity must not be packed
with any other article. When offered for transportation
by carriers by rail freight, highway, or water must be
(1) Spec. 11A or 11B. Wooden barrels or kegs, with
which must be glass bottles not over 2
quarts capacity each, individually enclosed in tightly
closed metal cans and cushioned therein with incombustible material. Net weight not over 100 pounds in
one outside container.
inside containers
Wooden boxes,
(2) Spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, or 16A.
with inside containers which must be glass bottles not
over 2 quarts capacity each, individually enclosed in
tightly closed metal cans and cushioned therein with
incombustible material. Net weight not over 100 pounds
in one outside container.
Lead-lined metal barrels or drums not
(3) Spec. 5H.
over 33 gallons each.
(4)
Spec.
5K
or
5M.
Nickel
or
monel
barrels
or
drums.
(a).
Spec. 12B. Fiberboard boxes with not more than

one inside glass container of not over 1 gallon capacity,
be capable of withstanding six four-foot drops onto solid
(9)
Spec. 37A.
glass
phosphate mixtures,
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixtures, methyl

73.359
parathion mixtures, parathion mixtures, tetraethyl dithio
(2)
(6)
securely cush-
Spec. 21 B. Fiber drums, with inside

not over 1 gallon capacity each.
glass containers not over 1
in-
with inside glass
glass containers not over 1 gallon capacity each.
(5)
with open-
Aldrin mixtures, liquid, with more than

73.361
60 percent aldrin. (a) Aldrin mixtures, liquid, with more
than 60 percent aldrin must be shipped in specification
(1)
As prescribed
in 73.346.
SECTION
11
1394

(2) Spec. 6A, 6B, or 6C.
Authorized only for viscous mixtures or those which may
become
partially
solid.
steel regardless of gross weight

container.
marking embossed in the
Spec. 10A, 10B, or IOC. Wooden barrels or kegs

with creped-paper bag, spec. 2J. Liner may be
omitted if material is not pulverized or liable to sift.
(4)
Metal drums
Drums with opening exceeding 2.3 inches
Spec.
(3)
17C or 17H.
(single-trip).
in diameter
authorized only for viscous mixtures or those which may
become
partially
solid.
lined
NOTE
1: Because of the present emergency and unorder of the Commission, wooden whiskey
with char removed and properly recoopered,
which comply with all the provisions of spec. 10B, are
Marking is required on the head of
also authorized.
each container, by the reconditioner, by hot branding
til
Aldrin mixtures, liquid, containing 60 percent or

less aldrin and no other material classed as dangerous
under these regulations are not subject to Parts 71-78.
(b)
4
(a)
Chloro-o-toluidine
hydrochloride.
73.362
Chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride must be shipped in specification containers as follows:
further
barrels,
iron, as follows:
(1)
Fiberboard boxes with
Spec. 12B.
glass,
polyethy-
lene, or equally efficient inside containers not over 1 quart

capacity each, securely packed in a tightly closed metal
container.
Spec. 15A or 15B. Wooden boxes with glass, polyethylene, or equally efficient inside containers not over 1
quart capacity each. Glass containers must be securely
packed in tightly closed metal containers.
(2)
17C
or 17H.
(3)
Spec.
(4)
Metal drums
(single-trip).
Packing for class B poisons, solid, (a) Clos 73.363

ing and cushioning. All containers must be tightly and
securely closed. Inside containers must be cushioned as
prescribed, or in any case when necessary to prevent
breakage or leakage.
(b) Testing inside containers.
All inside containers,
except those made of glass, must be able to pass a test
after filling, from a height of 4 feet to solid
concrete without rupture or sifting of contents, except
that for bags with contents weighing 25 pounds, a drop
by dropping,
test of
2 feet
is
ICC-10B.
Name
or symbol (letters) of reconditioner; this must

be registered with the Bureau of Explosives and located
just above, below, or following the mark ICC-10B.
Size of markings (minimum): /4-inch high.
(5) Spec. 11 A. Wooden barrels or kegs, tongued and
grooved, net weight of contents not over 115 pounds
each.
Fiberboard boxes, with inside

(6) Spec. 12B or 12C.
containers which must be metal cans not over 25 pounds
capacity each; glass bottles not over 1 gallon capacity
each; fiber cans or boxes, spec. 2G; sliding-top wooden
boxes, lined to prevent sifting, not over 25 pounds capacity each; or paper bags, spec. 2D. Packages containing glass or earthenware containers must not weigh over
65 pounds gross nor contain more than 4 inside containers
of over 5 pints capacity each. Outside containers must
be not over 5,000 cubic inches capacity nor contain over
50 pounds net weight each, except as provided in
78.205-23.
TEST: The complete package prepared as for shipping must be capable of standing a drop of 4 feet to solid
concrete without breakage of the container or any sifting
of contents.
required.
(7)
73.364 Exemptions for poisonous solids, class B. (a)

Poisonous solids, class B, except beryllium metal powder;
cyanides, other than as specified in 73.370 (b) and (d);
hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixtures, methyl parathion mixtures,
parathion mixtures, tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate mixtures, and tetraethyl pyrophosphate mixtures,
other than as specified in 73.377 (e); in tightly closed inside containers, securely cushioned when necessary to
prevent breakage and packed as follows, are exempt from
specification packaging, marking, and labeling requirements, except that marking name of contents on outside
container is required for shipments via carrier by water.
Safety Begulations.
In inside glass, earthenware, or composition botor jars, or metal containers, or lock-corner slidinglid wooden boxes, of not over 5 pounds capacity each,
except carbolic acid (phenol) in glass containers must not
exceed 1 pound capacity each; or chipboard, pasteboard,
or fiber cartons, cans, or boxes, of not over 1 pound capacity each, packed in outside wooden or fiberboard boxes,
or wooden barrels or kegs. Net weight of contents of
outside container not over 100 pounds.
(1)
tles
(2) In inside chipboard, pasteboard, or fiber cartons,

cans, or boxes, of not over 5 pounds capacity each, packed
in outside fiberboard or wooden boxes. Not more than 6
of these cartons shall be packed in any outside container.
Poisonous solids not specifically provided

73.365
for. (a) Poisonous solids, as defined in 73.343, other than
those for which special requirements are prescribed, must
be packed in specification containers of a design and
constructed of materials that will not react dangerously
with or be decomposed by the chemical packed therein,
as
follows:
or
drums.
(1)
Spec. 5, 5A,
5B, 0A, 6B, or 6C.
Metal barrels
(2) Spec. 17H, 37A, or 37B. Metal drums (single-trip).

Gross weight not over 375 pounds, except for materials
fused solid in the drum a gross weight of 880 pounds is
authorized in drums constructed of at least 18 gauge
Spec. 12B.
Fiberboard boxes with securely closed
inside fiberboard or chipboard boxes not over 6 pounds

net weight each. Interior containers must be at least 0.28
inches thick for those not over 2/2 pounds net weight each
and at least 034 inches thick for others. Outside packages must contain not over 36 pounds net weight of
material each.
TEST:
The
individual interior containers as well as
completed package prepared as for shipping must

be capable of standing a drop of 4 feet to solid concrete
without breakage of the container or any sifting of
the
contents.
(8)
Spec. 15A.
Wooden
boxes, with inside containers
which must be securely closed paper bags, placed within

a waterproof duplex bag, spec. 2J. Net weight of material in one outside box, not over 100 pounds.
15A, 15B, 15C, 16A, or 19A. Wooden
(9) Spec.
boxes, with inside containers which must be metal cans
not over 25 pounds capacity each; glass or earthenware
containers not over 1 gallon capacity each; except that
inside containers of not over 5 gallons each and containing not over 25 pounds net weight are authorized
when only one inside container is packed in each outside
container. Fiber cans or boxes, spec. 2G, or sliding-top
wooden boxes, lined to prevent sifting, not over 25 pounds
capacity each. Net weight of material in outside container, not over 100 pounds each.
18B Wooden kits lined as prescribed by

Net weight not over 30 pounds each.
(10) Spec.
spec. 2K.
(11) Spec. 21A.

115 pounds each.
NOTE
Fiber drums.
Net weight not over
Because of the present emergency and unof the Commission, use is permitted
of spec. 21A fiber drums, that will withstand two drops
from height of 4 feet in same spot or one 6-foot drop,
in place of drop test as provided in specification 21A.
Maximum loaded capacity 225 pounds net.
til
further
1:
order
(12) Spec. 22A.

Plywood
over 115 pounds each.
(13) Spec.
103,
(14) Spec.
21B.
drums.
103W, 103A,
or
Fiber drums.
Net weight
103A-W. Tank
not
cars.
1395
73.366 Arsenic (arsenic trioxide) or arsenic acid
(a) Arsenic (arsenic trioxide) or arsenic acid (solid)
(solid),
As prescribed
(1)
in
73.365 of
this
part.
Wooden
barrels or kegs
(2) Spec. 10A, 10B, or IOC.
with tongued-and-grooved staves; a 4/2-inch metal bung
in the head is permitted;, lining not required.
Import shipments of arsenic (arsenic trioxide)

also be snipped when packed as follows:
(b)
in
73.367 Arsenical compounds n.o.s., arsenate of lead,

calcium arsenate, Paris green, and arsenical mixtures, (a)
Arsenical compounds n.o.s., arsenate of lead, calcium
arsenate, Paris green, and arsenical mixtures must be
packed
As prescribed
(1)
in
73.365 of

Spec.
(4)
Inclosed in strong waterproofed cloth containers,

securely sewn and closed so as to provide a sift-proof
package, and then packed in strong, tight, metal-strapped
wooden boxes constructed of material not less than threefourths inch thick throughout.
drums inclosed

earthenware inside containers, not over 1 gallon
capacity each, or with metal inside containers not over
Spec.
(3)
glass or
may
(1)
(2) In strong and tight metal

strong outside wooden barrel.

(2) Spec. 11A or 11B.
securely closed inside drums of metal not thinner than
No. 26 gauge, the space between drum and barrel or keg
being filled with sawdust or rice hulls
Fiberboard
12B.
NOTE
1:
until further order of the Commission, wooden hoops as
specified in 78.160-6 may be used in lieu of steel hoops
required by specification 10B.
(2) Spec. 36A or 36B. Triplex bags. Authorized only

for arsenical insecticides and fungicides containing 10.0
percent or less of arsenic trioxide.
Spec. 44B. Multiwall paper bags with inside paper bags, spec. 2D. Net weight not over 50 pounds each.
(3)
Multiwall paper bags. For carload

Spec. 44C.
and truckload shipments only. Net weight not over 50
pounds each.
(4)
Spec 44D. Multiwall paper bags. For less-thancarload and less-than-truckload shipments. Net weight
not over 50 pounds each.
(5)
(b) Arsenical compounds n. o. s. containing not more

than 6 percent arsenic of which not more than 0.5 percent
is water soluble must be packed in specification containers
with
inside
con-
capacity each.
Spec. 12B. Fiberboard boxes with glass or earthinside containers not over 1 quart capacity each,
or with metal inside containers not over 1 gallon capacity
each. Packages containing glass or earthenware containers
must not weigh over 65 pounds gross; packages containing metal cans not over 84 pounds gross as provided in
78.205-23, 65 pounds for others.
(5)
enware
Spec 12D. Fiberboard boxes with inside conwhich must be: Glass or earthenware not over 1
5 pounds capacity each; authorized for not
more than 75 pounds gross weight; not to contain more
(6)
tainers
gallon
or
than 4 such inside containers

than 5 pints each.
this part.
boxes
which must be metal cans not over 25 pounds
tainers
if
their capacity
is
greater

gallon or 5 pounds capacity each, except that inside containers up to 3 gallons or 15 pounds capacity each are
authorized when only 1 is packed in each outside container; or with metal inside containers not over 10 gallons capacity each.

(8) Spec.
metal inside containers, Spec. 2F not over 250 pounds
total
capacity each.
(9)
Spec.
17E
or 17H.
Metal drums
(single-trip).
(11)
Spec.
37A
or 37B.
Metal drums
(12)
Spec.
42B
or 42C.
Aluminum drums.
(13)
Spec.
103,
103W, 103AL-W, 103A, 103A-W
103A-AL-W. Tank
Spec.
(14)
Tank motor
MC
(single-trip).
or
cars.
300,
MC
301,
MC
302, or
MC
303.
vehicles.
as follows:
As prescribed
(1)
this
in
paragraph
(a)
(1),
(2),
or
(3)
of
section.
Spec. 44B. Paper bags with two added inside

(2)
thicknesses of No. 1 Kraft paper, one sheet having a Mullen test of 50 and the other sheet having a Mullen test
of 40. Net weight not over 50 pounds each.
Cyanides, or cyanide mixtures, except cy 73.370

(a) Cyanides, or
anide of calcium and mixtures thereof,
cyanide mixtures (see par. (b) of this section for exemptions), except cyanide of calcium and mixtures thereof
(see par. (c) of this section for packing requirements and
par. (d) of this section for exemptions) if containing the
cyanogen equivalent of 10 percent or more of potassium
cyanide, must be packed in specification containers as
follows:
73.368 Arsenical dust, arsenical flue dust, and other

poisonous noncombustible by-product dusts, (a) Arsenical
dust, arsenical flue dust, and other poisonous noncombustible by-product dusts from metal recovery operations not
subject to dangerous spontaneous heating, and arsenic
(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, or 15C. Wooden boxes with metal

inside containers, spec. 2F, not over 25 pounds capacity
each; or hermetically sealed (soldered) metal lining, spec.
2F, or in glass bottles not over 5 pounds capacity each.
trioxide, or sodium arsenate, when delivery is made to

plants with private sidings, only, may, in addition to
containers prescribed in 73.367 of this part, be shipped
in sift-proof, self-clearing, hopper or bottom outlet steel
cars or in sift-proof all steel flat bottom gondola cars
Wooden barrels with metal

(2) Spec. 11A or 11B.
inside containers, spec. 2F not over 25 pounds capacity
each; or hermetically sealed (soldered), metal lining,
spec. 2F.
with fixed sides and ends equipped with water-proof and

dustproof wooden or steel covers well secured in place
for all openings, or in sift-proof box cars of all steel construction only when said cars are assigned exclusively to
this service. See 74.566 (b) for cleaning cars. Such cars,
when exclusively in this service, are not subject to the
requirements of 74.566 (b).
Fiberboard boxes with metal

(3) Spec. 12B or 12C
inside containers, spec. 2F not over 25 pounds capacity
each.
Arsenical dust and arsenic trioxide may be shipped

in bulk in motor vehicles with steel, sift-proof, self-clearing hopper-type or dump-type bodies, with waterproof
and dust-proof covers, well secured in place.
tainers).
(4) Spec.
or drums.
(5)
(b)
73.369
Carbolic acid (phenol), not liquid, (a) Carbolic acid (phenol), not liquid, must be packed in specicontainers
fication
as follows:
(1)
Spec. 5, 5A, 5B, 5C, 6A,
or drums.
1,
or 6C. Metal barrels
Spec.
5,
5A, 5B, 6A, 6B, or 6C.
37A
or 37B.
Metal drums
(6) Bulk in watertight metal

container or metal containers.
cars
Metal barrels
(single-trip
or
in
con-
watertight
(8) Spec. 45B. Bags, cloth and paper, lined. Authorized only for sodium cyanides of globular or pellet form,
diameter not less than % inch Net weight not over 100
pounds.
(9)
Bulk
vehicles.
in
watertight
metal-bodied covered
motor
SECTION
1396
11
(10) Spec. 21A. Fiber drums which must be lined or

coated, or otherwise treated so as to prevent the entrance
of moisture in quantities sufficient to create a hazardous
condition in transportation; drums to withstand two drops
from height of 4 feet in same spot or one 6-foot drop, in
place or drop test as provided in spec. 21A; maximum
loaded capacity 225 pounds net. Use of this container
will be permitted because of the present emergency and
until further order of the Commission.
Spec. 21B.
Fiber drums.
Cyanides, except cyanide of calcium and mixtures

exemptions.
Cyanides, except cyanide of calcium and mixtures thereof (see paragraph (d) of this section), when packed and described as follows are exempt
from specification packaging and labeling requirements.
(b)
thereof;
regulations, and Part 197 of the I C.C. Motor Carrier
Safety Regulations.
(1) Cyanide, or cyanide mixtures, in tightly closed
glass earthenware, or metal inside containers, not over 1
pound each, securely cushioned and packed in outside
wooden or fiberboard boxes, or in wooden barrels. Net
weight of cyanides or cyanide mixtures in any outside
(2) Cyanide mixtures in tightly closed glass, earthenware, or metal inside containers, securely cushioned and
packed in outside wooden or fiberboard boxes, or in
wooden barrels. Net weight of cyanide mixtures in any
outside -container, not over 5 pounds.
Cyanides of copper,
zinc, lead
and
(1)
As prescribed
in paragraphs
(10) or (11) of this section.
(1)
(9),
As prescribed
Spec.
tainers);
and
all
37A
or 37B.
(a)
(2),
(3),
(4),
(6),
Metal drums
(single-trip con-
welded side seams required for Spec. 37B drums

seams and closures must be watertight and her-
lations.
(1) Cyanide of calcium and mixtures thereof in tightly
closed metal inside containers, not over 1 pound each,
securely cushioned and packed in outside wooden or fiberboard boxes, or in wooden barrels. Net weight of cyanide of calcium or mixtures thereof in any outside container, not over 25 pounds.
Cyanide of calcium or mixtures thereof

metal
inside
containers,
securely
and
pounds.
73.371
(1)
in
Dinitrobenzol.
(a)
Dinitrobenzol must be
As prescribed
Spec.
11 A.
in
73.346 or 73.365.
Wooden
barrels, gross weight 300

pounds; must be shipped in carload or truckload shipments only and must not be offered for transportation by
(2)
carriers
by
rail
express or water.
73.372 Mercury bichloride,

(a) Mercury bichlormust be packed in specification containers as follows:
ide
(1)
As prescribed
in
rail
Spec.
express or water.
21A
Nitrochlorbenzene, meta or para,

(a) Ni 73.374
trochlorbenzene, meta or para, must be packed in specification containers as follows:
(1)
As prescribed
in
73 365 of
this part.
Spec. 21A or 21B. Fiber drums, authorized only

for nitrochlorbenzene, para, flaked, gross weight 400
filled to authorized gross weight of 400 pounds.
73.365 of
Sodium
73.375
(1)
azide.
(a)
Sodium azide must be
Wooden
Spec. 15A.
boxes, with inside containers
which must be securely closed paper bags, placed within

a waterproof duplex bag, spec. 2J. Net weight of material in one outside box, not over 100 pounds.
further order of the Commission, uncreped bags may be
used.
Aldrin mixtures, dry, with more than 65

73.376
percent aldrin.
(a) Aldrin mixtures, dry, with more than
65 percent aldrin, must be packed in specification containers as follows:
this
part.
As prescribed
in
73.365.
Dry mixtures containing 65 percent or less aldrin,

aldrin, cast solid, and containing no other material
(b)
or
classed as dangerous under these regulations are not subParts 71-78.
ject to
73.377 Hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixtures, methyl

pyrophosphate mixtures, and tetraethyl pyrophosphate mixtures, dry. (a) Hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixtures, methyl
pyrophosphate
mixtures,
and
tetraethyl
pyrophosphate
mixtures in which the liquid is absorbed in concentrations

greater than 2 percent but not exceeding 27 percent in an
inert dry material so as to form a dry mixture, must be
in tightly
cushioned
in outside wooden or fiberboard boxes, or in

v.ooden barrels. Net weight of cyanide of calcium or
mixtures thereof in any outside container, not over 5
packed
packed
by
or 21B. Fiber drums, gross weight 400

filled to authorized gross weight of 400 pounds.
(3)
(1)
Cyanide of calcium and mixtures thereof; exemptions. Cyanide of calicum and mixtures thereof when
packed and described as iollows are exempt from specification packaging and labeling requirements. Shipments
and Part 197 of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier Safety Regu(d)
(2)
in 73.365 of this part.
NOTE
metically sealed.
closed
must
Wooden
11 A.
Spec.
carriers
packed

(2) Spec.
metal inside containers, spec. 2F, not over 25 pounds
capacity each; or hermetically sealed (soldered) metal
lining, spec. 2F.
(3)
closed inside
barrels, gross weight 385

pounds; must be shipped in carload or truckload shipments only, and must not be offered for transportation by
silver.
Cyanide
(c) Cyanide of calcium and mixtures thereof.
of calicum and mixtures thereof must be packed in specification containers as follows:
(8),
in tightly
(2)
container, not over 25 pounds.
(3)
boxes with inside containers
Paranitraniline.
(a)
ParaniWaniline
73%373
(2)
(11)
Wooden
Spec. 15A.
(2)
consisting of strong paper bags

wooden boxes.
(1) Spec. 12B or 12C, fiberboard boxes, with inside

containers which must be metal or fiber cans not over 12
pounds capacity each, or paper bags, spec. 2D, not over
12 pounds capacity each. Inside containers and the completed package must be capable of withstanding the tests
prescribed in paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of this section.
(2) Spec. 15A, or 15B.
Wooden boxes, with inside
containers which must be metal or fiber cans not over
12 pounds capacity each, or paper bags, spec. 2D, not
over 12 pounds capacity each. Inside containers must be
capable of withstanding the tests prescribed in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section.
(3)
Spec.
(4)
Spec. 17C,
5,
5B,
6A
17H
or 6C, metal barrels or drums.

or 37A, metal
Spec. 37A metal drums authorized

pounds net weight.
(5)
Spec.
21A
drums
for
or 21B, fiber drums.
not
(single-trip).
over
100
1397
(b) Hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixtures, methyl parathion mixtures, parathion mixtures, tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate mixtures, and tetraethyl pyrophosphate mixtures in which the liquid is absorbed in concentrations
greater than 27 percent in an inert dry material so as to
form a dry mixture, must be packed in specification con-

(4) Spec. 12B or 12C.
metal cans not over 25 pounds capacity each.
tainers as follows:
Tear gas or irritating substances class C,

73.381
Tear Gas Label; definition, (a) For the purpose of Parts
71-78 tear gases are liquid or solid substances which upon
contact with fire or when exposed to air give off dangerous or intensely irritating fumes, such as brombenzyl-
Spec. 12B or 12C, fiberboard boxes, with inside

containers which must be metal cans not over 12 pounds
capacity each. Inside containers and the completed package must be capable of withstanding the tests prescribed
(1)
in paragraphs
(c),
(d),
and
(e)
of this section.
(2) Spec. 15A or 15B, wooden boxes, with inside conwhich must be metal cans not over 12 pounds
capacity each. Inside containers must be capable of withstanding the tests prescribed in paragraphs (c) and (d)
of this section.
tainers
(3)
(4)
Spec.
Snec. 5, 5B, 6A, or 6C, metal barrels or drums.
Spec
17C, 17H, or 37A, metal drums
37A metal drums authorized
for
(single-trip).
not
over
Fiber drums, with inside glass

(5) Spec. 21A or 21B.
or metal containers of not over 25 pounds capacity each.
diphenylaminechlorarsine,
chloracetophenone,
cyanide,
and diphenylchlorasine, but not including any poisonous
class
article,
A.
(b) All containers must be tightly and securely closed.
Inside containers must be cushioned as prescribed, or in
any case when necessary to present breakage or leakage.
(c) It shall not be permissible to transport class C
poisons if there be any interconnecting means of any
character between the containers.
100
pounds net weight.

Inside metal or fiber cans when closed as for shipment must be capable of withstanding two four-foot drops
onto solid concrete without breakage of the container or
any sifting of the contents. One drop must be on side of
can and the other diagonally on the top rim or chime.
(c)
Inside paper bags when closed as for shipment

must be capable of withstanding two four-foot drops
onto solid concrete without breakage of the container or
any sifting of the contents. One drop must be made on
bottom of bag and the other on either large face.
(d)
(e) Completed packages when closed as for shipment

must be capable of withstanding two four-foot drops onto
solid concrete without breakage of the container or any
sifting of the contents. One drop must be made on bottom of package and the other drop on the smallest adjament side area.
(f) Dry mixtures containing not more than 2 percent
by weight of hexaethyl tetraphosphate, methyl parathion,
parathion,
tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate, or tetraethyl

pyrophosphate, and in which the liqjuid is absorbed in an
inert material, are exempt from specification packaging,
marking, and labeling requirements. Shipments for trans-
portation by highway carriers are exempt also from Part

77, except 77.817, and Part 197.
(g) Dry mixtures containing more than 2 percent but
not exceeding 15 percent by weight of hexaethyl tetraphosphate, methyl parthion, parathion, tetraethyl dithio
pyrophosphate, or tetraethyl pyrophosphate, and in which
the liquid is absorbed in an inert material, in addition to
containers prescribed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section, may be packed in specification containers as
Tear gas or irritating substances, class C,

73.382
(a) Tear gas or irritating
not specifically provided for.
substances, class C, as defined in 73.381 (a) of this
part for which special packing is not prescribed, must be
(1) Spec. 5, 5A, or 5B, metal barrels or drums; or spec.
17C, metal drums (single-trip) not over 5 gallons capacity
each.
(2)
Spec. 6A, 6B, or 6C. Metal barrels or drums.
Spec. 15A or 15B. Wooden boxes with inside metal

containers of not over 1 liquid gallon (10 pounds) capacity each. Not over 8 liquid gallons (80 pounds) of material may be packed in any outside container.
(3)

except acetylene, are also authorized for use. These cylinders must be qualified, maintained, and filled in accordance with 73.34 and 73.301 (g) of this part, if used
for material with pressure exceeding 25 pounds per square
inch at 70 F., they must also be retested as required
by 73.34 of this part.
(b)
No
class
No "tear gases
may be loaded into or
poisons in cargo tanks.
or irritating substances, class C"

transported in any cargo tank.
Chemical ammunition, (a) Chemical am 73.383

munition consisting of projectiles, shells, bombs, and other
containers, except grenades, filled with gases, liquids, or
chemicals class C without ignition elements,
bursting
charges, detonating fuzes, or other explosive components,
must be packed for shipment in strong outside wooden or
metal boxes. Boxes must be marked with name of con-
follows:
tents and labeled as prescribed by this part for the gases,

liquids, or chemicals contained therein.
(1) Spec. 44B. Multi-wall paper bags with inside paper

bags, spec. 2D, not over 5 pounds capacity each. Net
weight of material in outside container not over 30 pounds
each.
(b) Chemical ammunition, when shipped as such, must

not be equipped or packed with explosive or ignition elements (see 73.53 (r) and 73.59 of this part for explosive
chemical ammunition).
(h) Dry mixtures containing more than 2 percent but
not exceeding 5 percent by weight of hexaethyl tetraphosphate, methyl parathion, parathion, tetraethyl dithio
pyrophosphate, or tetraethyl pyrophosphate, and in which

the liquid is absorbed in an inert material, in addition
to containers prescribed in paragraphs (a), (b), and (g) of
this section,
may be packed
follows:
Multi-wall paper bags not over 50

(1) Spec. 44D.
pounds net weight each.
Beryllium metal powder, (a) Beryllium

73.378
metal powder must be packed in specification containers
as follows:
(1)
Spec. 5, 5A, 5B, 6A,
6B
or 6C.
Metal barrels or
drums.
(2)
Spec. 17H, 37A, or 37B. Metal
drums
73.384
Monochloracetone,
stabilized,
(a)
Mono-
(1) Spec. 5, 5A, or 17C. Metal barrels or drums not

Spec 15A, 15B, 15C, or 16A. Wooden boxes

(2)
with inside glass bottles or tubes in hermetically sealed
metal cans in corrugated fiberboard cartons, spec. 2C.
Bottles must contain not over 1 pound of liquid each,
must be filled to not over 95 percent capacity, must be
tightly and securely closed, and must be cushioned in
cans with at least )% inch of absorbent material. Cans
must be made of metal at least 32 gauge United States
standard. Total amount of liquid in outside box must not
exceed 24 pounds.
(single-trip).

with inside metal cans not over 25 pounds capacity each.
(3)
chloracetone, stabilized, must be packed in specification

Tear gas grenades, tear gas candles, or

73.385
(a) Tear gas grenades, tear gas candles,
similar devices,
or similar devices containing lachrymatory (tear produc-
SECTION
1398
11
ing) substances, for civil or military use must be packed

in specification containers as follows (see 73.101 (d)
and (e) of this part for packing tear gas cartridges):
express, or highway, except by special arrangements and

under conditions approved by the Bureau of Explosives.
(1) Spec. 15A, 15B, or 15C. Metal-strapped wooden

boxes. Functioning elements not assembled in grenades
or devices must be in a separate compartment of these
boxes, or in inside or separate outside boxes, spec 15A,
15B, or 15C, and must be so packed and cushioned that
they may not come in contact with each other or with
the walls of boxes during transportation. Not more than
24 grenades and 24 functioning devices shall be packed
in one outside container and the gross weight of the
Exemptions for radioactive materials, (a)

73.392
Radioactive materials are exempt from prescribed packaging, marking, and labeling requirements provided they
fulfill all of the conditions in subparagraphs (a) (1), (2),
package must not exceed 75 pounds.

Functioning
Metal drum
(2) Spec. 37A
elements must be packed in separate compartment. Not
more than 24 grenades and 24 functioning devices shall
be packed in one outside container and the gross weight
of the container must not exceed 75 pounds.
(single-trip).
(b) These articles must not be assembled with or

packed in the same compartment with mechanically or
manually operated firing, igniting, bursting, or other
functioning elements, unless of a type or design approved
Pending approval by the Commission of regula-
(c)
tions classifying the numerous devices within the general

descriptions of this section, and providing appropriate
restrictions to be observed in the transportation thereof,
no shipment of packages containing articles under this
section shall be made until samples thereof have been
examined by the Bureau of Explosives or by other competent testing laboratory in the presence of representative of the Bureau of Explosives, and the shipment is
shown to possess such resistance to shocks of transportation and protection against leakage of contents as are
afforded by standard types of packages described in Part
78, and the packages are labeled or marked to show
compliance with this part.
NOTE
Grenades or other similar devices may be
1:
when shipments are made

the Departments of the Army, Navy,
and Air Force of the United States Government, provided the functioning element is so packed that it cannot accidentally function. The outside containers must be
metal-strapped wooden boxes, spec. 15A, 15B, or 15C.
shipped completely assembled

by,
or
for,
to
73.391
Radioactive materials class
Poison; defi-
For the purpose of Parts 71-78 radioactive

material is any material or combination of materials that
spontaneously emits ionizing radiation. For the purpose
nition,
(a)
Parts 71-78, radioactive materials are divided into three

groups according to the type of rays emitted at any time
during transportation, as follows:
(3). Shipments for transportation by highway carriers

these regulations, and Part 197 of the I.C.C. Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.
and
(1) The package must be such that there can be no

leakage of radioactive material under conditions normally
(2) The package must contain not more than 0.1 milradium, or polonium, or that amount of strontium 89, strontium 90, or barium 140 which disintegrates
at a rate of more than 5 million atoms per second; or
that amount of any other radioactive substance which
disintegrates at a rate of more than 50 million atoms per
licuries of
second.
package must be such that no significant

(3) The
alpha, beta, or neutron radiation is emitted from the
exterior of the package and the gamma radiation at any
surface of the package must be less than 10 milliroentgens for 24 hours.
articles other than liquids, such
(b) Manufactured
as instrument or clock dials or electronic tubes and ap-
which radioactive materials are a component

securely packed
from specification
packaging, marking, and labeling requirements provided
the gamma radiation at any surface- of the package is
Shipments for
less than 10 milliroentgens in 24 hours.
paratus, of
part, and luminous compounds, when

in strong outside containers are exempt
(1) Switchboard or similar apparatus containing electronic tubes, of which radioactive materials are a component part, are exempt from specification packaging,
marking, and labeling requirements when shipped in
carload or truckload lots or when transported by private
motor carrier provided the gamma radiation at any readily accessible surface of the units when prepared for
shipment does not exceed 50 milliroentgens in 24 hours.
exempt also from Part 77, except section 77.817 of these
Safety Regulations.
ojf
Group
(1)
Radioactive materials that emit
I.
rays only or both
gamma and
electrically
gamma
charged cor-
puscular rays.
Group
(2)
istic
II.
Radioactive materials that emit neu-
and either or both the types of radiation character-
trons
of
Group
materials
Group
III.
Radioactive materials that emit eleccharged corpuscular rays only, i.e., alpha or beta,
etc., or any other that is so shielded that the gamma
radiation at the surface of the package does not exceed
10 milliroentgens for 24 hours at any time during trans(3)
trically
portation.
(b) Not more than 2,000 millicuries of radium, polonium, or other members of the radium family of elements,
and not more than 2,700 millicuries (disintegration rate
11
of 100,000 million (10 ) atoms per second) ol any other
radioactive substance may be packed in one outside container for shipment by rail freight, rail express, or highway, except by special arrangements and under conditions
approved by the Bureau of Explosives or except as specifically provided in subparagraph (c) of this section.
NOTE
1: For purposes of Parts 71-78 one millicurie

that amount of any radioactive material which disintegrates at the rate of 37 million atoms per second. One
thousand millicuries is equal to one curie.
is
(c) Not more than 300 curies of solid cesium

137,
cobalt 60, gold 198, or iridium 192 may be packed in
one outside container for shipment by rail freight, rail
(c)
Radioactive materials such as ores, residues,
etc.,
low activity packed in strong tight containers are exempt from specification packaging and labeling requirements for shipment in carload lots by rail freight only
of
provided the gamma radiation or equivalent will not

exceed 10 milliroentgens per hour at a distance of 12
feet from any surface of the car and that the gamma radiation or equivalent will not exceed 10 milliroentgens
per hour at a distance of 5 feet from either end surface
of the car. There must be no loose radioactive material in
the car and the shipment must be braced so as to prevent
leakage or shift of the lading under conditions normally
incident to transportation. The car must be placarded by
the shipper as provided in 74.541 (b) and 74.553. Except when handling is supervised by the Atomic Energy
Commission, shipments must be loaded by consignor and
unloaded by consignee.
(d)
Detonating fuzes with radioactive components as

73.53 (g) (2) are exempt from labeling re-
described in
quirements.
Packing and shielding, (a) Radioactive mapresent special hazards due to their tendency
to remain fixed in the human body for long periods of
time (i. e., radium, plutonium, and radioactive strontium,
etc.) must, in addition to the packing hereinafter prescribed, be packed in inside metal containers specification 2R, or other container approved by the Bureau of
Explosives.
73.393
terials that
(b) All radioactive materials must be so packed

shielded that the degree of fogging of undeveloped
under conditions normally incident to transportation
hours at 15 feet from the package) will not exceed
and
film
(24
that
1399
produced by 11.5 milliroentgens of penetrating
rays of radium filtered by 2 inch of lead.
gamma
in
(4) If more than one of the types of radiation named

subparagraphs (1), (2), and/or (3) of this paragraph
present the radiation of each type must be reduced

by shielding so that the total does not exceed the equivalent of subparagraphs (1), (2), or (3) of this paragraph.
is
of the package must

be no significant radioactive surcontainer.
part
of
the
face contamination of any
(c)
The design and preparation
be such that there
will
The
smallest dimension of
container for radioactive materials
4 inches.
(d)
any outside shipping

must be not less than
(e) All outside shipping containers must be of such

design that the gamma radiation will not exceed 200 milliroentgens per hour or equivalent at any point of readily
Containers must be equipped with
accessible surface.
handles and protective devices when necssary in order to
satisfy this requirement.
(f) The outside shipping container for any radioactive
material, unless specifically exempt by 73.392 or unless
approved by the Bureau of Explosives, shall be as follows:
(1) Spec. 15A or 15B. Wooden boxes

not more than 2,700 millicuries.
Fiberboard
12B.
(2) Spec.
not more than 2,700 millicuries.
Authorized for
Authorized
boxes.
Fiber drums.
(3) Spec. 21A or 21B.
not more than 2,700 millicuries
for
Authorized for
17C or 17H (single-trip).

(4) Spec. 6A, 6B, or 6C;
Metal barrels or drums. Authorized for not more than
2,700 millicuries.
(5) Spec. 55, metal-encased, lead or uranium metalshielded containers. Authorized for not more than 300
curies (see 73.391). Containers must be equipped with
a seal.
(g) Radioactive materials Group I, liquid, solid, or

gaseous, must be packed in suitable inside containers completely surrounded by a shield of lead or other suitable
material of such thickness that at any time during transportation the gamma radiation at one meter (39.3 inches)
from any point on the radioactive source will not exceed
10 milliroentgens per hour. The shield must be so designed that it will not open or break under conditions
incident to transportation. The minimum shielding must
be sufficient to prevent the escape of any primary corpuscular radiation to the exterior of the outside shipping
container.
Radioactive materials Group
(h)
gaseous,
must be packed
in
II,
suitable
liquid,
inside
or
containers
solid,
completely shielded so that at any time during transportation the radiation measured at right angles to any
point on the long axis of the shipping container will not
exceed the limits specified in subparagraphs (1) to (4) of
this paragraph. The shielding must be designed so as to
maintain its efficiency under conditions normally incident
to transportation and must provide personnel protection
against fast or slow neutrons and all other ionizing radiation originating in the radioactive materials or any part
of the aggregate constituting the complete package
(1)
is
Gamma
radiation of 10
mrhm.
charged corpuscular radiation which

the physical equivalent (see note 1 of this paragraph) of
(2)
10
of
gamma
radiation.
Neutron radiation which
(see Note 1 of this

diation.
NOTE: The
is
the physical equivalent
paragraph) of 2 mrhm, of
SUBPART H
be
(i)
Liquid radioactive materials Groups
I,
or
II
III
must, in addition, be packed in tight glass, earthenware

or other suitable inside containers. The inside containers
must be surrounded on all sides by an absorbent material
sufficient to absorb the entire liquid contents and of
such nature that its efficiency will not be impaired by
chemical reaction with the contents. Where use of shielding is necessary to reduce radiation to limits prescribed
by this section, the absorbent cushioning material must
be placed within the shield. If the container is packed
in a metal container specification 2R or other container
approved by the Bureau of Explosives, the absorbent cushioning is not required.
Radioactive materials Group III, liquid, solid or
(j)
gaseous, must be packed in suitable inside containers
completely wrapped and/or shielded with such material
as will prevent the escape of primary corpuscular radiation to the exterior of the shipping container, and secondary radiation at the surface of the container must not exceed 10 milliroentgens per 24 hours, at any time during
transportation.
(k) In determining compliance with requirements of
paragraphs (e), (g), (h), and (j) of this section measurements of radiation must be made with a LandsverkWollan Electrometer Model L-100 or equally efficient
standardized meter.
73.394 Radioactive materials labels, (a) Each outcontainer of radioactive material Group I or II,
unless exempt by 73.392 of this part, must be labeled
with a properly executed label as described in 73.414
side
(a)
of this part.
outside
(b) Each
container
of
radioactive
material
Group
III must be exempt by 73.392 of this part,

be labeled with a properly executed label as described
in 73.414 (b) of this part.
73.395 Cleaning cars and vehicles, (a) Any box car

or motor vehicle which, after use for the transportation
of radioactive materials in carload or truckload lots, is
contaminated with such materials to the extent that a
survey of the interior surface shows that the beta-gamma
radiation is greater than 10 milliroentgens physical equivalent in 24 hours or that the average alpha contamination is greater than 500 disintegrations per minute per
100 square centimeters shall be thoroughly cleaned in
such a manner that a resurvey of the interior surface
shows the contamination be below these levels. A certificate to that effect must be furnished to the local agent
of the carrier or to the driver of the motor vehicle. Cars
and motor vehicles which are used solely for the transportation of radioactive materials are exempt from the
provisions of this section.
Electrically
mrhm,
(3)
NOTE 1: For purposes of Parts 71-78 the "physical

equivalent" of a roentgen is that amount of radiation that
would be absorbed in tissue to the extent of approximately 100 ergs per gram (mrhm. is an abbreviation for milliroentgens per hour at 1 meter (39.3 inches) ).
MARKING
gamma
ra-
Radioactive materials handling, (a) When

73.396
radioactive materials are loaded into railroad cars or
motor vehicles by the shipper, the shipper shall observe
all applicable requirements of 75.655 (j) or 77.841 (d),
as the case may be.
AND LABELING EXPLOSIVES AND OTHER DANGEROUS ARTICLES
markings prescribed for containers should
as near together as possible.
NOTE 1: In descriptions of ammunition, such as ammunition for cannon without projectiles, etc., the words
with or without may be abbreviated as
or W/O, i. e.,
Ammunition
Explosives,
(a)
Each package containing
73.400
explosives must be marked with its proper shipping name
as shown in 72.5 and such other marking as prescribed
for the explosive in the shipment.
Abbreviations must
not be used. (See Note 1.)
(b)
for
cannon
W/O
projectiles.
Packages containing explosives must show on top

"THIS SIDE UP" when required by 73.60
the marking
(e)
(1)
and 73.63
(f)
and 73.65
(i)
of this part.
must show the name

and address of the consignee except in carloads and
(c)
Each package
of explosives
SECTION
1400
11
truekloads or less-than-truckloads when handled by a

vehicle not requiring transfer from one motor
When offered for transportation by
carrier to another.
carrier by water each package must show the name or
mark of the consignor and/or consignee.
motor
of chemical ammunition, explosive,

gases, solids or liquids, class A,
class B or class C must also have securely attached to it
labels prescribed by 73.409 (a) (1), (a) (2), or (a) (3)
Each package
(d)
poisonous
containing
of this part.
Carload or truckload shipments of chemical amexplosive, containing poisonous gases, solids
(1)
munition,
or liquids, class A, class B, or class C offered for transportation by, for, or to the Departments of the Army,
Navy, and Air Force of the United States Government
are exempt from labeling requirements when shipments
are loaded or unloaded by the shipper or his duly authorized agent and such shipments are accompanied by qualified personnel supplied with equipment to repair leaks
or other container failure which will permit escape of
contents.
shipping information not inconsistent

(e) Additional
with Parts 71-78 may be shown on a container if so
desired but no such label or marking shall be of a design,
or form, or size, as may be confused with the marking
required by Parts 71-78.
73.402 Labeling dangerous articles, (a) Each package containing any dangerous article as defined by Parts
71-78 must be conspicuously labeled by the shipper as
follows, except as otherwise provided:
(1) "Red label" as described in 73.405 on containers
of flammable liquids, except when exempted from the
regulations by 73.118. If flammable liquid is also a
class A poison or a radioactive material poison D, the
"poison gas" label or "Radioactive materials" label must
also be applied to the package.
"Yellow label" as described in 73.406 on conof flammable solids and oxidizing materials, except when exempted from the regulations by 73.153
and 73 183. If flammable solid or oxidizing material is
also a class A poison or a radioactive material poison D,
(2)
tainers
"poison
of samples of explosives when oftransportation by carriers by rail express or

water must bear the label prescribed by 73.411 of this
part and each shipment of special fireworks in addition
to the marking prescribed by 73.91 (i) of this part when
offered for transportation by carriers by rail express or
water must bear the label prescribed by 73.410 of this
the
part.
terial
Each shipment
(e)
fered
for
of propellant explosives when offered for transportation by carriers by rail express must
bear the label prescribed by 73.412.
Each shipment
(f)
Each package
(g)
the I.C.C
cification,
of explosives must be marked with

specification number as prescribed by the spean I.C.C. specification container is required.
if
must
also
gas"
label
be applied
or
to the
"radioactive
materials"
label
package.
"White label" as described in 73.407 (a) (1), (2)

on containers of acids, alkaline caustic liquids or
corrosive liquids, except when exempted from regulations
73.244.
If the acid, alkaline caustic liquid or corby
rosive liquid is also a class A poison or a radioactive ma(3)
and
(3)
poison D, the "poison gas" label or "radioactive

materials" label must also be applied to the package.
(4) "Red label" as described in 73.408 (a) (1) on
containers of flammable compressed gases, except when
exempted from the regulations by 73.302. If the flammable compressed gas is also a class A poison or a radioactive material poison D, the "poison gas" label or
"radioactive materials" label must also be applied to the
package.
Dangerous
73.401
articles,
(a)
Packages containing
flammable
liquids, flammable solids, oxidizing materials,

corrosive liquids, compressed gases, and poisons, as defined in this part must be marked, unless exempted, with
the proper shipping

(see
either
name
as
For tank cars
72.5).
on the placards
or
shown
this
in the
commodity
list
marking must appear
commodity
cards.
(1) Every portable tank used for the transportation

of any dangerous article shall be conspicuously and legibly marked on a background of sharply contrasting color
with a sign or lettering on the tank with words as appropriate "CORROSIVE LIQUID,"
GAS,"
or
GAS" and with the
proper shipping name as shown in the commodity list
(see 72.5); the height of all required lettering shall be
at least 2 inches or 1/10 the diameter of the tank, whichever is the greater; every portable tank container shall
be marked with the owners name; in addition to the
markings hereinbefore required, there may be marked on
any portable tank container the trademark appropriate
to the commodity being transported therein: Provided,
however, That no such marking shall be of such size and
character as to render inconspicuous the required markings.
No markings either required or permitted under
the terms of this subparagraph shall be in lieu of any
other marking or markings required by the Commission
"COMPRESSED
"FLAMMABLE COMPRESSED
Each package of dangerous articles must show

the name and address of the consignee except in carloads
and truekloads or less-than-truckloads when handled by a
motor vehicle not requiring transfer from one motor car-
"Green label" as described in 73.408 (a) (2) on

of nonflammable compressed gases, except
the regulations by 73.302. If the
nonflammable compressed gas is also a class A poison
(5)
containers
when exempted from
or a radioactive material poison D,

label or "radioactive materials" label
plied to the package.
(6)
"Poison gas" label as described in
on containers of
class
"poison
the
must
also
73.409
gas"
be ap(a)
(1)
poisons.
"Poison" label as described in 73.409 (a) (2)

(7)
on containers of class B poison liquids or solids, except
when exempted from the regulations by 73.345 and
73.364. If the class B poison liquid or solid is also a
radioactive material poison D, the "radioactive materials"
label must also be applied to the package.
'Radioactive Materials" label as described in

(8)
73.414 (a) on containers of class D poisons, Group I
II except when exempted by 73.392.
and
"Radioactive Materials" label as described

(9)
73.414 (b) on containers of class D poisons, Group
except when exempted by 73.392.
(10) "Tear gas" label

on containers of poisons,
as described in
class C.
73.409
(a)
in
III,
(3)
(b)
rier to another.
(11) "Bung label" as described in 73.119 (i) of this

part on metal barrels or drums containing flammable liquids with vapor pressure exceeding 16 pounds per square
inch absolute.
(c) Packages
containing flammable liquids in inside
containers of 1 quart capacity or larger, or corrosive liquids, acids, alkaline caustic liquids, liquid oxidizing materials and poisonous liquids in inside containers regardless of capacty, unless specifically exempted or otherwise
(12) "Empty label" as described in 73.413 of this

part must be applied to containers which have been emptied and on which the old label has not been removed,
obliterated, or destroyed. It must be so placed on the
container as to completely cover the old label.
provided in this part, must be packed with filling holes

up, and except for carboys not completely boxed, the
outside container must be plainly marked "THIS SIDE
UP" or "THIS END UP" on the cover or top to indicate
the position of the inside containers.
This requirement
does not apply to materials in inside metal cans of the
nonrefillable type with spun-in head and base and having
no replaceable cap or other closing device.
(13) Labels prescribed for shipments of explosives and

other dangerous articles by air between the United States,
its
territories and possessions, and other countries, as
shown in 73.405 (b), 73.406 (b), 73.407 (b), 73.408 (b),
73.409 (b), 73.410 (b), 73.411 (b), 73.412 (b) and 73.414
(c), may be used in lieu of labels otherwise prescribed
and for local transportation to or from airport.
(d)
Each package must show the
as required
if
specification marking
a specification container is prescribed.
(b) Labels when applied to packages offered for transportation by rail express, rail baggage, or other forms of
transportation for which a certified shipping order, bill
1401
of lading, or other shipping paper is not required, must
shipper's name in printing, stamping, or writing
underneath the certificate printed thereon.
show
(1) Labels prescribed for shipments of explosives or

other dangerous articles by air between the United States,
its territories, possessions and other countries, as shown
in 73.405 (b), 73.406 (b), 73.407 (b), 73.408 (b), 73.409
(b), 73.410 (b), 73.411 (b), 73.412 (b) and 73.414 (c) are
Such shipments must be tendered with a
authorized.
signed certificate, in duplicate, reading as follows: (one
signed copy shall be retained by the original- carrier):
This is to certify that the contents of this package are

properly described by name and are packed and marked
and are in proper condition for transportation according
to the regulations prescribed by the Interstate Commerce
Commission and the Civil Aeronautics Board. (For shipment on passenger-carrying aircraft the following must
be added to certificate: This shipment is within the limitations prescribed for passenger-carrying aircraft.)
and marking name of contents are not

(c) Labels
required on carload or truckload quantities of dangerous
articles, except class A, class C, or class D poisons, by
rail freight, rail express, or highway, when such shipments are unloaded by the consignee or his duly authorized agent from the car or motor vehicle in which originally loaded.
(1) Carload or truckload shipments of class A, class
poisons offered for transportations
B, class C, or class
by, for, or to the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air
Force of the United States Government are exempt from
labeling requirements when shipments are loaded or unloaded by the shipper or his duly authorized agent and
such shipments are accompanied by qualified personnel
supplied with equipment to repair leaks or other container failure which will permit escape of contents.
Except on
poisons,
A, class C, or class
on less-than-truckload shipments
by motor vehicle by public highway when the articles
are readily identifiable by reason of type of container
or when the container is plainly marked to indicate its
contents and;
(d)
class
(c) Use yellow label only when yellow and poison

are prescribed except when poison gas label or
radioactive materials label are prescribed then both the
yellow label and the poison gas label or the yellow label
and the radioactive materials label must be used.
labels
Labels, (a) Shippers must furnish and atprescribed for their packages. Labels
should be applied to that part of the package bearing consignee's name and address.
73.404
tach
the
labels
(b) Labels must not be applied to packages containing articles which are not subject to Parts 71-78 or are
exempted therefrom.
(c) Shippers must not use labels which by their size,
shape, and color, may readily be confused with the standard caution labels prescribed in this part.
(d)
Labels
must
conform
to
standards
printing, and color, and samples will

request, by the Bureau of Explosives.
as
to
size,
be furnished, on
(e) A combination diamond-shaped label-tag of proper size and color, bearing on one side the shipping information and on the reverse side the wording pre-
scribed in this part, will be permitted.

(f) As certification of compliance with regulations is
also required by other Government agencies, and to avoid
multiplicity of certifications, there may be added to the
certificate on labels "and the Commandant of the Coast
Guard,'' or "and the Civil Air Regulations," or "and the
Post Office Department," as is necessary.
(g) The carrier's name and stationery form number,

or the shipper's name and address, may be printed on
the labels, in type not larger than 10 point, if placed
within the black-line border and in the upper or lower
corner of the diamond.
labels are not required
(1) When the shipment

destination without transfer
transported from origin

between vehicles and;
is
to
(2) When the shipper or its employees are in direct

control or perform the loading, transporting and unload-
ing.
(e) When it is known that subsequent shipments of
these packages may be made by consignees in less-thancarolad or less-than-truckload quanties, or in carload or
truckload quantities to a point where they may be handled by other than the original consignee, the original
shipper should attach labels to the packages as would
be required for less-than-carload or less-than-truckload
shipments.
Labels for mixed packing, (a) Use red

red and other labels are prescribed except when poison gas label or radioactive materials label
are prescribed then both the red label and the poison gas
label or red label and radioactive materials label must
73.403
label only
when
be used.
(b) Use White acid (alkaline caustic liquid or corrosive liquid) label only when white acid (alkaline caustic
liquid or corrosive liquid) and yellow or poison labels
are prescribed or poison labels (class B) are prescribed,
except when poison gas label or radioactive materials
label are prescribed then both the white acid label and
the poison gas label or white acid and radioactive materials label must be used.
(h)
Labels remaining on hand and which were author-
in effect on December 31, 1950, may

be used until present stocks are exhausted.
ized
by regulations
Flammable liquids label, (a) Labels for

73.405
flammable liquids must be of diamond shape, bright red
in color, and with each side 4 inches long. Printing must
be in black letters inside of a black-line border measuring 3?2 inches on each side and as shown in this section.
RED LABEL FOR FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

(Reduced
size)
(Black printing on red)
SECTION
(b)
Red
1402
11
label for flammable liquids for shipment
(Reduced
Red and black with
by
(b)
(Reduced
size)
(black printing on red)
73.406 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials

(a) Labels for flammable solids and oxidizing materials must be of diamond shape, bright yellow in color,
and with each side 4 inches long. Printing must be in
black letters inside of a black-line border measuring 3&
inches on each side and as shown in this section.
label,
YELLOW LABEL FOR FLAMMABLE SOLIDS AND
Yellow label for flammable
solids for
size)
Yellow and black with (black printing on yellow)
73.407 Acids, corrosive liquids, and alkaline caustic

liquids labels, (a) Labels for corrosive liquids, acids and
alkaline caustic liquids must be of diamond shape, white
in color, and with each side 4 inches long. Printing must
be in black letters inside of a black-line border measuring
3?2 inches on each side and as shown in this section.
(1)
WHITE LABEL FOR
ACIDS:
OXIDIZING MATERIALS
(
Reduced
size
Black printing on yellow
shipment by
(Reduced
size)
1403
(2)
WHITE LABEL FOR CORROSIVE LIQUIDS:

(Reduced
Labels for shipments of acids, corrosive liquids,

air must be as shown in
(b)
and alkaline caustic liquids by

the following:
size)
White
(1)
label for acids for shipment
(Reduced
White and black with
by
air.
size)
(black printing on white)
<
(3)
WHITE LABEL FOR ALKALINE CAUSTIC
LIQUIDS:
(Reduced
size)
(2)
White
label for corrosive liquids for
shipment by
(Reduced
size)
White and black with (black printing on white)
SECTION
(3) White
ment by air.
1404
11
label for alkaline caustic liquids for ship-
(2)
GREEN LABEL FOR
NONFLAMMABLE
GASES:
(Reduced
(Reduced
size)
size)
(Black
printing
on green)
White and black with (black printing on white)
73.408 Compressed gas labels, (a) Labels for compressed gases must be of diamond shape, bright red in
color for flammable gases and bright green for nonflammable gases, and with each side 4 inches long. Printing
must be in black letters inside of a black-line border
measuring 3% inches on each side and as shown in this
section.
(1)
(b)
Red
label for flammable gases for shipment
(Reduced
Red and black with
RED LABEL FOR FLAMMABLE GASES.

(Reduced
size)
size)
(black printing
on
red)
by
air.
1405
(1)
by
Green label
for
nonflammable gases
for
shipment
(2)
POISON LABEL.
air.
(Reduced
(Reduced
size)
size)
(Red printing on white)
Green and black with (black

printing on green)
Poisonous articles and tear gas labels, (a)

73.409
Labels for poisonous articles and tear gases must be of
diamond shape, white in color, and with each side 4
inches long. Printing must be in red letters inside of a
red-line border measuring 3/2 inches on each side and
as
shown
in this section.
(3)
(1)
TEAR GAS LABEL.
POISON GAS LABEL.

(Reduced
(Reduced
size)
size)
SECTION
(b)
Labels
tear gases
by
1406
11
for
air
shipments
of
must be shown
poisonous
articles
in the following:
and
(3)
Label for tear gas for shipment by
(Reduced
(1)
Label
for poison gas for
shipment by
White and red with

(Reduced
White and red with
(2)
size)
air.
(red printing
on white)
size)
(red printing
on white)
Label for poisons for shipment by
air.
73.410
cial fireworks
Special fireworks label,
(a)
Labels for spe-
must be square measuring 4 inches on each

and bright red in color. Printing must be in black
letters inside of a black-line border measuring 3*2 inches
on each side as shown in this section.
side
(Reduced
White and red with
size)
(red printing
on white)
RED LABEL FOR SPECIAL FIREWORKS

(Reduced
size)
'4
Inches
SPECIA L FIRE WORKS

HANDLE CAREFULLY
KEEP FIRE AWAY
DO NOT DROP NOR THROW

This package must not be loaded or
stored near steam pipes or
other source of heat
ThU U to certify that the content* of this

package are properly described by name and
are packed and marked and are in proper condition for transportation according to the
regulations prescribed by the Interstate Commerce Commission.
(Shipper's
Name)
1407
(b)
by
Explosives label for shipment of Special fireworks
(b)
sives
air.
(Reduced
Explosives label for shipment of samples of explo-
by
air.
(Reduced
size)
size)
73.412 Propellant explosives label for express ship-
ment, (a) Label for propellant explosives must be square

measuring 4 inches on each side and bright red in color.
Printing must be in black letters inside of a black-line
border measuring 3?2 inches on each side and as shown
73.411
Explosives samples for laboratory examinaLabels for samples of explosives for laboratory examination must be square measuring 4 inches
on each side and bright red in color. Printing must be
in black letters inside of a black-line border measuring
3/2 inches on each side and as shown in this section.
tion label,
in this section.
(a)
(1) RED LABEL FOR PROPELLANT EXPLOSIVE

FOR EXPRESS SHIPMENT
(Reduced
RED LABEL FOR SAMPLE OF EXPLOSIVES

(Reduced
size)
size)
-4
Inches
4 Inches
PROPELLANT EXPLOSIVES
EXPLOSIVE
Sample
FOR EXPRESS
SHIPMENT
for Laboratory
Examination
HANDLE CAREFULLY
KEEP FIRE AWAY
HANDLE CAREFULLY
KEEP FIRE AWAY
This
is
to certify that the contents of this

regulations prescribed by the Interstate Com-
merce Commission.
(Shipper's Nairn)
This is to certify that the contents of this

regulations prescribed by the Interstate Com-
merce Commission.
(Shipper's
Name)
SECTION
(b)
sives
1408
11
Explosives label for shipment of Propellant explo-
by
73.414
Radioactive materials labels, (a) Labels for

materials (class
poisons) Group I and
Group II must be of diamond shape, white in color, and
with each side 4 inches long. Printing must be in red
letters inside of a red-line border measuring 3/2 inches
radio-active
air.
(Reduced
size)
on each
side, as
shown
in this section.
LABEL FOR RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

GROUP I OR II
(Reduced
size)
73.413 Empty container label, (a) Labels for empty containers must be not less than 6 inches on each side,
white in color, and printed in letters not less than 1 inch
high in black ink and as shown in this section.
NOTE. This label must be duly executed by the

shipper and the number of radiation units must be shown.
For purposes of these regulations 1 unit equals 1 miliroentgen per hour at 1 meter for hard gamma radiation
or the amount of radiation which has the same effect
on film as 1 mrhm or hard gamma rays of radium
by & inch of lead.
filtered
Labels for radioactive materials (class D poisons)

must be of diamond shape, white in color, and
with each side 4 inches long. Printing must be in blue
letters inside of a blue-line border measuring 3/2 inches
on each side, and as shown in this section.
(b)
Group
WHITE LABEL FOR EMPTY CONTAINERS

(Reduced
(Black printing
III
size)
on white)
LABEL FOR RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

GROUP HI
(Reduced
size)
6 inches
(Blue printing on white)
EMPTY
1409
(c)
Label for Radioactive Materials Groups
for shipment
by
and
SUPART
II
SHIPPING
INSTRUCTIONS
air.
(Reduced
Red and white with
73.425 "Order-Notify," "C. O. D.," and "Stop-off"

shipments, (a) Except on through bills of lading to a foreign country, shipments of explosives, class A and blasting caps in any quantity must not be offered for transportation by carriers by rail freight or rail express when
consigned "to order notify" or "C.O.D." Shippers must
not consign these shipments to themselves at points
where they have not a resident representative.
size)
(red printing
on white)
(b) Explosives, class A must not be offered for transportation by carriers by rail freight or rail express sub"stop-off" privileges en route for partial loading
or unloading.
ject to
Cars containing lading which has been

73.426
fumigated or treated with flammable liquids, flammable
gases, poisonous liquids or solids, or poisonous gases, (a)
Delivery to carrier of cars containing lading fumigated
or treated with flammable liquid or flammable gas is
prohibited until 48 hours have elapsed after such fumigation or treatment, or until car has been ventilated
so as to remove danger of fire or explosion due to the
presence of flammable vapors.
(b) Cars containing lading which has been fumigated
or treated with poisonous liquid, solid, or gas, such as
carbolic acid, liquid or solid, chlorpicrin, hydocyanic
methyl bromide, etc., must be placarded on each

door or near thereto with placard reading as follows
acid,
cleaning cars, see
(for
74.566):
(Reduced
size)
(Red lettering pn white cardboard)
10
(1) Label
shipment by
for
Radioactive
Materials
Group
III
DANGER
for
air.
The
(Reduced
INCHES
lading of this car
has been
size)
FUMIGATED
TREATED
Blue and white with (blue printing on white)
or
with
(Name
of poisonous liquid, solid, or fas)
BEFORE UNLOADING, open both doors and

DO NOT ENTER until car Is free of gas.
REMOVE ALL POISONOUS MATERIAL
before release of empty car.
73.427 Shipping order and
bill of
lading description.
The shipper when
offering for transportation by carfreight, rail express, highway, or water any

class A, class B, or class
explosive, flammable liquid,
flammable solid, oxidizing material, corrosive liquid, compressed gas, or poison, as defined by this part, must describe such article in the shipping order, bill of lading
or other shipping paper by the shipping name used in
72.5 (see commodity list) and may add a further description not inconsistent therewith. Abbreviations must
(a)
riers
by
rail
not
be used.
For shipments of blasting caps
and/or
electric blasting caps the shipper must, in addition,

the number of caps in the shipment.
are
NOTE
1:
In commodity
shown
in
roman, not
list
(72.5) shipping
show
names
italics:
Label or placard notation, (a) The shipping

73.428
order, bill of lading or other shipping paper must also
show thereon in connection with the entry of the article
as prescribed in 73.427 of this part, the color or kind
of label applied, and for cars containing such articles
<
SECTION
1410
11
loaded by the shipper, requiring placards the kind of

placard applied to the car.
73.429
Receipts;
rail
express shipments,
(a)
re-
upon the form prescribed by the originating rail

express carrier must be issued to the shipper for each
cepit
express shipment of explosives or other dangerous articles

accepted for transportation. Before a receipt is isuued,
the shipper must apply the label prescribed in this part
to each package .containing any article requiring a label
under Parts 71-78.
must show the proper and definite

as listed in 72.5, and the color
or kind of label applied to the package if any is required. Abbreviations must not be used.
Each
(b)
name
of
receipt
commodity,
Certificate,
(a)
The shipper offering for
73.430
transportation by carriers by rail freight, highway, water,
or class B explosive and blasting caps
or air, any class
or electric blasting caps in
any quantity, and any flam-
mable
liquid, flammable solid, oxidizing material, corrosive liquid, compressed gas, or poison, requiring labels,
or carloads requiring placards, as prescribed by Parts

71-78, must show on the shipping order, bill of lading,
or other shipping paper, in the lower left-hand corner,
the following certificate over the written or stamped
facsimile signature of the shipper or his duly authorized
agent:
This is to certify that the above named articles are
properly described, and are packed and marked and
are in proper condition for transportation according to
the regulations prescribed by the Interstate Commerce
Commission.
For the
relief of shippers from multiplicity of cerfor packages which may move by

of transportation, shipments may be certified for rail, motor vehicle, water, or air transportation
by adding ^ to the certificate required on the shipping
document "and the Commandant of the Coast Guard,
or "and the Civil Air Regulations," as the case may be.
(b)
required
tifications
various
'
means
(c) Shipping papers for shipments made by air between the United States and other countries shall be certified in duplicate with certificate signed by the shipper
except liquid road asphalt or tar, must not be offered for

shipment unless originally consigned or subsequently reconsigned to parties having private-siding (see Note 1
of this section) or to parties using railroad-siding facilities
which have been equipped for piping the liquid from

tank cars to permanent storage tanks of sufficient capacity
to receive contents of car.
(b) A tank car containing any compressed gas must
not be offered for transportation unless the car is consigned for delivery (see paragraph (c) of this section) and
unloading on a private track (see Note 1 of this section),
except that where no private track is available, delivery
and unloading on carrier tracks is permitted provided the
following conditions are complied with:
(1) Any tank car of ICC-106A or 110A type (see
78.275, 78.276 or 78.293) may be offered for transportation and the loaded unit tanks may be removed from
car frame on carrier tracks, provided the shipper has
obtained from the delivering carrier and filed with
originating carrier, written permission (see Note 2 of this
section) for such removal. The consignee must furnish
adequately safe mechanical hoist, obtained from the
carrier if desirable, by which the tanks shall be lifted
from the car and deposited directly upon vehicles furnished by the consignee for immediate removal from
carrier property or tanks must be lifted by adequately
safe mechanical ^hoist from car directly to vessels for
further transportation.
Any tank car of other than ICC-106A or 110A type

78.275, 78.276 or 78.293), containing anhydrous
(c)
(see
ammonia, liquefied hydrocarbon or liquefied petroleum

gas, and having interior pipes of liquid and gas discharge
valves equipped with check valves, may be consigned
for delivery and unloading on carrier tracks, if the lading
is piped directly from the car to permanent storage tanks
of sufficient capacity to receive the entire contents of the
car. Such cars may also be consigned for storage on a
private track or on a carrier track when designated by
the carrier for such storage.
(d) For cars of the ICC-106A or 110A type (see
78.275, 78.276 or 78.293), the tanks must be placed in
position and attached to the car structure by the shipper.
reading as follows:
Flammable liquids must not be loaded into tank

on carriers' property from tank trucks, wagons or
(e)
This is to certify that the contents of this package are

properly described by name and are packed and marked
and are in proper condition for transportation according
to the regulations prescribed by the Interstate Commerce
Commission and the Civil Aeronautics Board. (For ship
ment on passenger-carrying aircraft the following must
be added to certificate: This shipment is within the limitations prescribed for passenger carrying aircraft.)
73.431 Switching ticket, (a) When the initial moveis a switching operation, the switching order, switching receipts or switching ticket, and copies thereof, prepared by the shipper, must bear the placard indorsement
and the shipper's certificate prescribed by 73.430 and
ment
74.584
(a)
and
(b).
73.432 Tank car shipments, (a) Tank cars containing

flammable liquids having a flash point of 80 F. or below,
PART
74
REGULATIONS
cars
drums.
NOTE
1: For this purpose, a private track is a track

outside of carrier's right-of-way, yard, and terminals, and
of which the carrier does not own either the rails, ties,
roadbed or right-of-way; or a track or portion of a track
which is devoted to the purpose of its user, either by
lease or written agreement; in which case the lease or
written agreement will be considered as equivalent to
ownership.
NOTE 2: Carriers should give permission for the unloading of these containers on carrier tracks only where
no private siding is available within reasonable trucking
distance of final destination. The danger involved is the
release of chlorine gas due to accidental injury to container in handling. The exposure to this danger decreases directly with the isolation of the unloading point.
APPLYING PARTICULARLY TO CARRIERS BY RAIL FREIGHT
Sec.
Sec.
74.500
74.509
74.501
Acceptable
articles.
Subpart
74.502
Forbidden
explosives.
74.503
"Order notify,"
"C. O. D.," and "Stop-off" ship-
ments.
74.504
Carrier's
74.505
Canadian shipments.
Loading,
ling Cars;
material and supplies.
74.525
Unloading, Placarding and Handinto Cars
Loading Packages
Loading packages of explosives in cars,

inspection and certification.
preparation,
74.526
Loading explosives
74.527
Forbidden mixed loading and storage
into cars.
74.528
Protect explosives from injury.
transportation.
74.529
Cars for class B, explosives.
74.507
Labels.
74.530
Cars for class C, explosives.
74.508
74.531
Lights.
74.506
Improperly
packed
or
damaged shipments
in
selection,
1411
Sec.
Sec.
74.532
Loading other dangerous
74.533
Truck bodies or
articles.
on
trailers
flat
cars.
Loading and Storage Chart of Explosives

B
and Other Dangerous Articles
Subpart
74.538 Loading and storage chart of explosives and other

dangerous articles.
Subpart
74.540
74.541
Placards on Cars
74.585
Nonagency shipments.
74.586
Handling explosives and other dangerous
74.587
Lights.
74.588
Disposition of
74.589
Handling
74.590
Record of change of
be made.
74.591
Car magazines.
74.592
Cotton
74.593
Charcoal
fires.
74.594
Leaking
tank
74.595
Examination of empty tank
74.596
Inspection of tank cars.
74.597
Leaking packages of acids or poisons.
74.598
Inspection
74.599
Handling by
74.600
In case of a wreck.
74.601
Calcium hypochlorite compounds,
damaged
articles.
or astray shipments.
cars; definitions.
seals of car of explosives to
fires.
"Explosives" placards.
"Dangerous" placards; "Dangerous-class D poison" placards; or "Caution-Residual phosphorus"
cars.
placards.
74.542
cars.
"Poison Gas" placards!'
74.543
Placarding cars; passenger trains.
74.544
Placards not required.
74.545
Commodity name on
74.546
Placards must be standard.
74.547
Carriers'
74.548
Placarded
74.549
Application of placards.
74.550
Explosives, class
74.551
Poison Gas placard.
74.552
Dangerous placard.
74.553
Dangerous
74.554
Unauthorized use of placards.
74.555
"Caution-Residual phosphorus" placard.
Subpart
D Unloading
74.560
Tank
car delivery.
74.561
Tank
car unloading.
74.562
Removal
carloads.
supply of placards.
of
cars
interchange.
at
railways
electric
and motor
dry,
cars.
involved
in fires.
cars.
Placarded cars involved in
74.602

the uniform enforcement of law and to
minimize the dangers to life and property incident to
the transportation of explosives and other dangerous
articles by rail freight carriers engaged in interstate or
foreign commerce, Parts 71-78 are prescribed to define
these articles for transportation purposes and to state
the precautions that must be observed by the carrier
in handling them while in transit. It is the duty of each
such carrier to make the prescribed regulations effective
and to thoroughly instruct employes in relation thereto.
placard.
(a)
class
Poison placard.
and car
certificates
after
unloading.
Empty" placard.
74.563
"Dangerous
74.564
Removal and
74.565
74.500
To promote
from Cars
placards
of
fires.
disposition of explosives
at destination.
dangerous
articles
Violations
and accidents
74.566
Cleaning
74.567
Flammable vapors.
Subpart
and other
be reported.
to
cars.
Handling by
Carriers
74.501 Acceptable articles, (a) Explosives, including

samples of explosives and explosive articles not exceeding
5 pounds net weight and other dangerous articles may
be accepted and transported, provided they are in proper condition and are certified, for transportation by rail,
highway, or water. Articles must be loaded, stayed, and
handled in transit according to regulations applying to
service or services used. Methods of manufacture, packing, and storage, in so far as they affect safety in transportation, must be open to inspection by a duly author-
ized representative of the initial carrier or by the Bureau

of Explosives. Shipments of explosives or other dangerous articles not in proper condition for transportation,
or loaded or stayed as required, or certified as to proper
packing, marking and description as required in Parts
71-78, must not be accepted for transportation or transported.
by Rail Freight
74.502 Forbidden explosives,
(a)
The acceptance
the following articles for transportation by

rier by rail freight, is forbidden:
74.575
Restrictions.
74.576
Intermediate
74.577
Shipping days for explosives.
74.578
Flammable vapors.
74.579
Cars containing lading which has been fumigated or treated with flammable liquids, flammable gases, poisonous liquids or solids, or poisonous gases.
shippers
and
carriers.
must be corrected.
(1)
common
of
car-
Diazodinitrophenol, dry.
Dynamite, except gelatin dynamite, containing

over 60 percent of liquid explosive ingredient.
(2)
(3) Dynamite having an unsatisfactory absorbent, or

one that permits leakage of a liquid explosive ingredient
under any conditions liable to exist during transportation
or storage.
(4)
Explosive
compositions
that
ignite
spontaneously
74.580
Violations
74.581
Routing shipments.
74.582
Movement
74.583
Examination of shipping order and packages.
(6) Explosives condemned by the Bureau of Explosives

(except properly packaged samples for laboratory exam-
74.584
Waybills, switching orders or other billing.
inations).
undergo marked decomposition when subjected for

48 consecutive hours to a temperature of 75C. (167F.).
or
(5)
to
be expedited.
Explosives
containing
an
ammonium
salt
and a
chlorate.
SECTION
(7)
1412
11
not packed, marked, described,

accordance with Parts 71-78.
Explosives
certified, in
and
Carriers' material and supplies,

(a) Parts
74.504
71-78 apply also to shipments of carriers' material and
moving by
supplies
laboratory ex(8) New explosives (except samples for

amination) until approved for transportation by the Bureau of Explosives
'
or leaking dynamite must not be

(9) Condemned
repacked and offered for shipment unless the repacking
is done by a competent person in the presence of, or with
the written consent of, an inspector, or with the written
authority of the chief inspector, of the Bureau of Explosives.
(10) Leaking or damaged packages of explosives must
not be accepted for transportation or transported by rail.
Should any package of high explosives when offered for
shipment show excessive dampness or be moldy or show
outward signs of any oily stain or other indication that
absorption of the liquid part of the explosive is not perfect, or that the amount of the liquid part is greater
than the absorbent can carry, the package must be refused in every instance. The shipper must substantiate
any claim that a stain is due to contact with material
other than the liquid explosive ingredient of an explosive. In case of doubt the package must be rejected.
(11) Firecrackers, flash crackers, or salutes, the explosive contents of which exceed 12 grains each in weight.
(12) Fireworks that combine an explosive and a detonator or blasting cap.
Fireworks containing an
(13)
ammonium
salt
and a
chlorate.
(14)
Fireworks containing yellow or white phosphorus.
rail.
Canadian shipments, (a) Explosives and

74.505
other dangerous articles as defined in Parts 71-78, which
are packed, marked, labeled, and loaded, in conformity
with the regulations of the Board of Transport Commissioners for Canada, may be accepted and carried by
carriers from point of entry in the United States to their
destination in the United States or through the United
States en route to a point in Canada.
NOTE
1: Because of the present emergency and until further order of the Commission, compressed gas cylinders 40 inches in length and 8 inches in diameter,
charged with not more than 40 pounds of carbon dioxide
or when charged with nitrogen not in excess of 2,000
pounds per square inch, and shipped by or to the Canadian Department of National Defense in accordance
with Board of Transport Commissioners for Canada Order No. 76253 dated March 10, 1951, may be shipped to
destinations in the United States or through the United
States to points in Canada.
Improperly packed or damaged shipments

74.506
transportation,
(a) For the protection of the public
against fire, explosion, or other, or further hazard with
respect to shipments of explosives or other dangerous articles offered for transportation or in transit by any car-
in
rier
by
railroad,
such carrier shall make immediate re-
port to the Bureau of Explosives, 30 Vesey Street, New

York, N. Y., for handling, any of the following emergency matters coming to their attention:
Fireworks or fireworks compositions that ignite

spontaneously or undergo marked decomposition when
subjected for 48 consecutive hours to a temperature of
75C. (167F.).
(1) Instances of packages of explosives or other dangerous articles discovered in transit not properly prepared
for transportation in accordance with applicable regulation
Fireworks properly condemned by the Bureau

of Explosives, except properly repacked samples for lab-
(2) Railroad wrecks or accidents involving damage to

containers of explosives or other dangerous articles to
such a degree as to necessitate repacking of the articles.
(15)
(16)
oratory examinations.
in Parts 71-78.
(See 74.588.)
(17) Toy caps containing more than an average of
twenty-five hundredths of a grain of explosive composition per cap.
the maximum outside dimension

(18)
of which exceeds % inch, or toy torpedoes containing a
mixture of potassium chlorate, black antimony and sulfur with an average weight of explosive composition in
each torpedo exceeding four grains.
(3)
Other
like
emergencies in which any carrier by
railroad is or is likely to
aid at its command.
become
involved, or
may
offer
Toy torpedoes
(19)
Toy torpedoes containing
a cap
in Parts 71-78.
composed of
mixture of red phosphorus and potassium chlorate

ceeding an average of one-half (0.5) grain per cap.
(20)
Fulminate of mercury, dry.
(21)
Guanyl nitrosamino guanylidene hydrazine,
(22)
Lead
(23)
Lead styphnate
(24)
Nitroglycerin, liquid.
azide,
(b) This section shall in no respect excuse either shipper or carrier by railroad for failure to exercise due care
to prevent any departure from any regulation prescribed
a
ex-
(See 73.405 to 73.414 for deLabels.

74.507
scription of labels.) (a) Carriers must keep on hand an
adequate supply of labels. Lost or detached labels must
be replaced from information given on revenue or other

dry.
manifest,
waybill,
(b)
dry.
The
memo
carrier's
or other shipping paper.
name and
stationery form
number
may be
(lead
(25)
Nitro mannite, dry.
(26)
Nitrosoguanidine, dry.
trinitroesorcinate),
dry.
(27)
Pentaerythrite
(28)
Tetrazene (guanyl nitrosamino guanyl tetrazene),
(29)
Fireworks containing copper sulfate and a chlor-
tetranitrate,
dry.
dry
74.503 "Order-Notify," "C. O. D.," and "Stopoff" shipments,

(a) Except on through bills of lading to
a foreign country, shipments of explosives, class A, and
blasting caps in any quantity must not be accepted for
or^ transported by carrier by rail freight

"to order notify" or "C. O. D." Shippers
consign
these shipments to themselves at points
must not
where they have not a resident representative.
transportation
printed on the labels, in type not larger than 10

point, if placed within the black-line border and in the
upper or lower corner of the diamond.
.74.508
(a) Serious violations of Parts 71-78 (such as defective
packing, improper staying, or rough treatment of car), and
accidents, fires or explosions, and leaking or broken containers occurring in connection with the transportation
or storage on carrier's property of explosives or other
dangerous articles, must be reported promptly by the
rail carrier to the Bureau of Explosives.
carriers should promptly report to the shipper full
particulars covering all cases of defective packing, improper staying, leaking and broken shipping containers
and rough treatment of cars resulting in leakage or damage to shipping containers or staying.
from
'
when consigned
Explosives, class A, must not be accepted for

(b)
transportation or transported by carrier by rail freight
subject to "stop-off" privileges en route for partial loading
or unloading.
Quantity limitations, (a) When quantity

74.509
limitations are specified in Parts 71-78 by United States
liquid measure or by avoirdupois weight it is authorized
that quantities measured by the metric system may be
substituted, up to but not exceeding 1 gallon for liquid
and 10 pounds for solids, on the basis of 1 liter per quart
specified
and 500 grams per pound
specified.
1413
SUBPART
ALOADING,
UNLOADING, PLACARDING AND HANDLING CARS;
LOADING PACKAGES INTO CARS
Loading packages of explosives in cars,

74.525
(a)
selection, preparation, inspection, and certification,
in 71-13 (a) (3) and 74.526 (b), (n),
provided
Except as
and (o), explosives, class A, must be loaded in closed
cars, certified and placarded "Explosives."
(b) Certified closed cars must be inspected inside and
outside, other cars must be inspected as applicable to the
type of car, and must conform to the following specifications:
(1) Closed cars of not less than 80,000 pounds capacity, with steel underframes and friction draft gear,
must be used when available, except that on narrowgage and other railroads, explosives may be transported
in cars of less than that capacity, provided the available

cars of greatest capacity and strength are used for this
purpose.
(2)
Must be equipped with
air
brakes and hand brakes
in condition for service.

(3) Must have no loose boards or cracks in the roof,
sides, or ends, through which sparks may enter, or unprotected decayed spots liable to hold sparks and start
a fire.
roof of the car must be carefully inspected

from the outside for decayed spots or broken boards, especially under or near the running board, and such spots
must be covered or repaired to prevent their holding fire
from sparks. A car with a roof generally decayed, even
if tight, must not be used.
(4)
The
(5) The doors must shut so closely that no sparks can

get in at the joints, and, when necessary, they must be
stripped.
The stripping for doors should be on the inside
and be fastened to the door frames where it will form
a shoulder against which the closed doors are pressed by
means of wedges or cleats in door shoes or keepers. The
openings under the doors should be similarly closed. The
hasp fastenings must be examined with doors closed and
fastened, and the doors must be cleated when necessary
to prevent doors shifting. When the car is opened for any
cause, wedges or cleats must be replaced before car containing explosives is permitted to proceed.
(6) The journal boxes and trucks must be carefully
examined and put in such condition as to reduce to a
minimum the danger of hotboxes or other failure necessi-
tating the setting out of the car before reaching destination.

The lids or covers of journal boxes must be in place.
(11) The carrier must have the car examined by a

competent employee to see that it is properly prepared,
and must have a "Car Certificate" signed in triplicate
upon the prescribed form (see paragraph (c) (2) and (3)
of this section) before permitting the car to be loaded.
(12) Except as provided in 74.584 (h), a car must
not be loaded with any explosives, class A, until it shall
have been thoroughly inspected by a competent employee
of the carrier who shall certify as to its proper condition
under this section and shall sign certificate No. 1 prescribed in paragraph (c) (2) and (3) of this section.
(c) After a certified car as prescribed in this section
has been furnished by the carrier, the shipper or his authorized employee must, before commencing the loading of
any such car, inspect the interior thereof and after loading, certify to the proper condition as specified in paragraph (b) of this section by signing certificate No. 2 of
the car certificate prescribed by subparagraphs (2) and
(3) of this paragraph.
(1) For all shipments loaded by the shipper, a competent employee of the carrier must inspect the finished
load and certify to its compliance with this part before
the car shall be accepted for transportation; and certificate No. 2 as prescribed by subparagraphs (2) and (3) of
this paragraph shall be signed before the car is permitted
When a car is loaded by the carrier,
to go forward.
certificate No. 2 must be signed only by the representative of the carrier.
The certificates as prescribed in subparagrhp (3) of

paragraph must not be signed by the carrier's or
shipper's representative unless the condition of any car
covered thereby meets the requirements of this part.
(2)
this
Car Certificate. The following certificate, print(3)

ed on strong tag board measuring 7 by 7 inches, or 6 by
8 inches, must be duly executed in triplicate by the carrier, and by the shipper, if he loads the shipment; the
original must be filed by the carrier at the forwarding
station on a separate file; and the other two must be
attached, one to each outer side of car to the fixed
placard board or to the side of wooden car between car
initials and the car door, or as otherwise provided. (See
74.549.)
Railroad
CAR CERTIFICATE
The
car must be carefully swept out before it is

loaded.
For less-than-carload shipments the space in
which the packages are to be loaded must be carefully
swept.
(7)
attached to the roof of car with fastenings supplementing

those already provided and so fixed that it cannot fall.
No.
I
(8) Holes in the floor or lining must be repaired and

special care taken to have no projecting nails or bolts or
exposed pieces of metal which may work loose or produce
holes in packages of explosives during transit. Protruding
nails in the floor or lining which have worked loose must
be drawn, ?nd if necessary for the purpose of fastening
the floor or lining, new nails must be driven through
other parts thereof.
(9) When packages of explosives are to be loaded over
exposed draft bolts or king bolts, these bolts must have
pieces of sound wood with beveled ends spiked to the
floor over them (or empty wooden boxes of the same
character as those used for the explosive may be used for
this purpose) to prevent possibility of the bolts causing
damage to the package of explosives. Metal floor plates
must be completely covered with wood, plywood, or fiber
or composition sheets of adequate thickness and strength
to prevent contact of the floor plates with the packages
of explosives under conditions incident to transportation,
except that the covering of metal floor plates is not
necessary for carload shipments loaded by the Departments of the Army, Navy, or Air Force of the United
States Government provided the explosives are of such
nature that they are not liable to leakage of dust, powder,
or vapor which might become the cause of an explosion.
(10) Cars equipped with automobile loading devices

must not be used unless the loading device is securely
Station,
hereby certify that
ined
have
this
car No
has no loose boards,
19
day personally examand that car

;
holes or cracks, or unprotected decayed spots liable to hold sparks and start
a fire; that the kingbolts and draft bolts are properly
protected and that there are no uncovered pieces of
metal or nails projecting from the car which might cause
injury to packages or containers of explosives; also that
the floor is in good condition and has this day been
cleanly swept before the car was loaded; that I have examined all the axle boxes and that they are properly
covered, packed, and oiled, and that the air brakes and
hand brakes are in condition for service.
structure
Railway employee inspecting car

No. 2
Station,
19.
hereby certify that I have this day personally examined the above car; that the floor is in good condition and
has been cleanly swept and that car structure has no loose
boards, holes, cracks, or unprotected decayed spots liable
to hold sparks and start a fire; that the kingbolts and draft
bolts are protected, and that there are no uncovered
pieces of metal or nails projecting from the car which
might cause injury to packages or containers of explosives; that the explosives in or on this car have been
loaded and braced and the car has been placarded, acI
cording to the regulations for the transportation of explosives prescribed by the Interstate Commerce Com-
SECTION
mission;
1414
11
that the doors of car so equipped fit or have

so that sparks cannot get in at the joints
heen stripped
or bottom.
loaded in a "peddler car" or "way car," the shipments

for each destination must be stayed separately.
stations for explosives must
(j) Forwarding and transfer
be provided with the necessary materials for staying.
-
Shipper.
Shippers must furnish the material

packages of explosives loaded by them.
(k)
Railway employee inspecting

loading and bracing.
NOTE 1: Both certificates must be signed; certificate

No. 1 by the representative of the carrier. For all shipments loaded by the shipper he or his authorized agent
must sign certificate No. 2, and the representative of the
carrier must certify as to loading, bracing and general
When the car is not loaded by the shipper,
conditions.
certificate No. 2 must be signed only by the representaA
shipper
tive of the carrier.
not in proper condition.
(4)
Car
certificates
must decline
to use a car
Loading explosives into cars, (a) Boxes

74.526
or other containers of class A explosives named in
73.53 to 73.87 when marked "This Side Up" must be
loaded accordingly.
Boxes may be loaded crosswise or
lengthwise of the car, but not so that the ends of wooden
boxes will bear against the sides of fiberboard boxes, or
so that the end of any box will cause a high pressure on
a small area of another box.
Shipments of explosive bombs, unfuzed explosive
and jet thrust units when not packed in wooden
boxes, and large metal containers of incendiary bombs
weighing 500 pounds or more, each, mav be loaded in
stock cars or in gondola cars (flat bottom) when adequately braced. Wooden boxed bombs or jet thrust units
which, due to size, cannot be loaded in closed cars may
be loaded in open top cars but must be protected against
(b)
projectiles,
accidental ignition.
(c) Boxes of high explosives, low explosives, or black
powder, packed in long cartridges, bags or siftproof liners,
and containing no liquid explosive ingredient, may be
loaded on their sides or ends, but not so that the end
of a box will cause a high pressure on a small area of
another box.
Explosives for which a certified and placarded car
is prescribed (see 74.525 (a) of this part) must not be
loaded higher than the permanent car lining unless additional lining is provided as high as the lading.
(d)
(e)
When
the lading of a car consists of or includes
any explosives, the weight of the lading should be distributed so that it will be equalized on each side of the
car and over the trucks.
(f) Explosives packed in metal kegs, except when boxed, must be loaded on their sides with ends towards ends
the
of
car; packages of explosives must not be placed in
the space opposite the doors unless the doorways are
boarded on the inside as high as the lading. (This does
not apply to palletized packages provided they are braced
so that they cannot fall or slide into the doorways during
transit.)
(g) Wooden or fiber kegs, barrels, or drums, may be
loaded on their sides or ends, as will best suit the con-
ditions.
(h) Packages containing any of the explosives for the
transportation of which a certified and placarded car is
prescribed (see 74.525 of this part) and blasting caps or
electric blasting caps in any quantity, must be stayed
(blocked and braced) by the one who loads the car, so as
to prevent change of position by the ordinary shocks inSpecial care must be used to
cident to transportation.
prevent such packages from falling to the floor or from
on
them
or slide against them durfall
having anything
(See Note 1.)
ing transit.
NOTE
For recommended methods of blocking and

bracing, see Bureau of Explosives' Pamphlets 6 and 6A.
1:
To prevent delays to local freight trains, when

(i)
there are shipments of explosives for different destinations
staying
(1) Explosives, class A, must not be loaded, transported, or stored in cars equipped with any type of lighted
heater or open-flame device, or electric devices having
exposed heating coils, or in cars equipped with any apparatus or mechanism utilizing an internal combustion
engine in its operation.
(m) Blasting caps or electric blasting caps in quantity

not exceeding 1,000 caps may be loaded in any closed car
is in
good condition, without car certificates or
placards.
which
Container cars or portable metal containers on flat

cars (drop-bottom cars not authorized),
loaded, blocked, and braced to prevent
(n)
remaining on hand and which were
authorized by regulations in effect prior to February 16,

1957, may be used for closed car inspections until stocks
are exhausted.
for
cars or gondola
when properly
change of position under conditions incident to normal

transportation handling, may be used for any class A
explosive except black powder packed in metal containers.
Portable metal containers must be of such
braced that there will be no evidence of
of the container or the bracing when subjected to
of at least 8 miles per hour. Efficiency shall be
mined by actual test, using dummy loads equal in
and general character to material to be shipped.
(1)
and
so
design
failure
impact
deter-
weight
Container cars or cars which are loaded with

(2)
portable metal containers must be placarded with the
"Explosives" placards as prescribed in 74.550 and properly executed car certificates as required by 74.525.
(3) Lading shall be so loaded, blocked, and braced
within the container that it will not change position under
impact of at least 8 miles per hour.
Explosives, class A.
(0)
in
may be loaded and
transported
bodies or trailers, on flat cars proof the following requirements are fulfilled:
tight, closed truck
vided
all
(1) Truck body or trailer must meet the requirements

of Part 77 of these regulations, applicable to shipments
of explosives by motor vehicle.
(2) Truck body or trailer shall be

so loaded and
braced on the car that it will not change position or show
evidence of -failure or impending failure of the bracing
or Hocking under impact of at least 8 miles per hour.
Efficiency shall be determined by actual test, using dummy loads equal in weight and general character to material to be shipped.
(3) Lading shall be so loaded, blocked, and braced

within the truck body or trailer that it will not change
position under impact of at least 8 miles per hour.
(4) Cars or truck bodies or trailers on cars must be
placarded with the "Explosives" placards as prescribed
in 74.550 and properly executed car certificates as required by 74.525.
Forbidden mixed loading and storage, (a)

74.527
Explosives, class A, and initiating or priming explosives
must not be .transported in the same car with, nor be
stored on railway property near, any of the dangerous
articles other than explosives for which red, yellow, green,
white (acid or corrosive liquid) or radioactive material
labels are prescribed in Parts 71-78, nor with charged
electric storage batteries.
(b) Explosives must not be loaded together nor with
other dangerous articles, except as provided in the loading and storage chart (see 74.538). See 74.584 (h)
for loading shipments of explosives or any other material
in a placarded and certified car containing a shipment of
class
explosives.
Protect explosives from injury, (a) In a

74.528
car containing explosives, the explosives and all other
freight must be so loaded, and if necessary so braced
and stayed, as to prevent injury to packages of explosives
during transit. When practicable, explosives should be
loaded so as to avoid transfer at stations.
1415
Cars for class
74.529
explosives,
(a)
Explosives,
must not be loaded, transported, or stored in

cars equipped with any type of lighted heater or openor in cars equipped with any apparatus
device,
flame
or mechanism utilizing an internal combustion engine in
class
its
B,
operation.
(b) Shipments of class B explosives must be loaded in

a closed car or container car which is in good condition,
into which sparks cannot enter, and with roof not in
danger of taking fire through unprotected decayed wood.

These cars do not require the car certificate but must
have attached to both sides and both ends the "DANGEBOUS" placard prescribed by 74.552, and the doors
if
not tight must he stripped to prevent entrance of
sparks.
(c) Explosives, class B, may be carried in tight, closed
truck bodies or trailers on flat cars provided such truck
bodies or trailers are not equipped with fuel tanks, lighted
heaters, or any automatic heating or refrigerating apparatus. Packages of explosives shall be so braced and stayed
as to prevent their movement and so as to prevent injury

to them due to movement of other freight during tranEnds, side walls, or doors of truck bodies or trailers
sit.
shall not be relied upon to prevent the shifting^ of heavy
loads unless adequately designed. "Dangerous" placards

prescribed by 74.552 must be securely attached to the
car or truck body or trailer so as to be visible from both
sides and ends of the car.
74.530 Cars for class C, explosives, (a) Explosives,

class C, may be loaded into any closed car in good condition. With the exception of blasting caps and electric
blasting caps, explosives, class C, may be loaded into
any container car

certificates
in
good condition.
No
placards or car
are required.
(b) Explosives, class C, may be carried in tight, closed

truck bodies or trailers on flat cars provided such truck
bodies or trailers are not equipped with fuel tanks, lighted
heaters, or any automatic heating or refrigerating apparatus. Ends, side walls, or doors of truck bodies or trailers
shall not be relied upon to prevent the shifting of heavy
loads unless adequately designed.
Lights, (a) When necessary to use lights

74.531
while handling explosives, it is recommended that where
practicable incandescent electric lights be provided.
Loading other dangerous articles, (a) Ship 74.532

ments must be properly loaded in closed cars, container
cars, or in tight closed truck bodies or trailers on flat
cars, except as otherwise provided in Parts 71-78 and
cars placarded as prescribed, when accepted by carriers.
Ends, side walls, or doors of truck bodies or trailers shall
not be relied upon to prevent the shifting of heavy loads
unless adequately designed.
Metal barrels or drums containing flammable listeel gondola or flat cars or into
stock cars, but must not be loaded into hopper bottom
(d)
quids
may be loaded on
cars.
NOTE
1:
See Bureau of Explosives' Pamphlet No. 6
for recommended methods of, blocking and bracing these

articles in cars.
See loading and storage chart ( 74.538
of this part) before loading labeled articles together or
with explosives
named
in
73.53 to 73.87.
Empty
cylinders, barrels, kegs, or drums, previously used for the shipment of any dangerous article, as defined in Part 73, must have all openings including remov.
(e)
able heads, filling and vent holes properly closed before

being offered for transportation. Small quantities of the
material with which containers were loaded may remain
in "empty" containers and when the vapors remaining
therein are unstable, it is permissible
inert gas to render the vapors stable.
add
to
sufficient
(1) They may be loaded in open or stock cars when

desired. Cars should not be placarded but lighted openflame lanterns or other open-flame lights should be kept
away.
(f) Carboys previously used for the shipment of corrosive liquids when phesented to carriers for transportation in carload or less-than-carload shipments as "empty" carboys, must be thoroughly (completely) drained.
Whenever
practicable they should

valuable or perishable freight.
not be
loaded
with
(g) Matches: .Carload lots of strike-anywhere (friction)

matches must be loaded as compactly as possible to avoid
motion within the car, especially lengthwise of the car.
Protruding nails, metal band, anchors or other projections
on sidewalls, ends, door posts, studding, or car floors liable
to puncture packages must be removed or adequately covCar
ered to prevent damage to containers of matches.
doorways should be boarded on the inside to keep packages from contact with the doors, and the inside lining
of the car should be supplemented when necessary by
strips nailed to the car and close enough together to keep
the boxes from being jammed against the studding and
broken by high pressures on small areas. The strongest
dimension of the box should be loaded lengthwise of the
car.
(1) When packages are loaded over or near exposed
draft bolts or kingbolts, the bolts should be covered by
boards not less than 1 inch thick oi *oy empty wooden
boxes of proper size, and the ends of these boards should
be beveled to prevent the end of a box resting against
the end of the board and being crushed by it. Partial
layers of boxes should be interlocked with the lower
layers. The cars used should be made secure against the
entrance of sparks or rain and should be the strongest
Under no condition should any car be
cars available.
loaded with more than 48,000 pounds gross weight of
strike-anywhere matches.
the material for staying
(1) Shippers must furnish
packages of other dangerous articles loaded by them.
Flammable
liquids (red label) and flammable compressed gases (red gas label) must not be loaded, transported, or stored in cars equipped with any type of
lighted heater or open-flame device, or in cars equipped
with any apparatus or mechanism utilizing an internal
combustion engine in its operation.
(b)
(1) Flammable liquids (red label) and flammable gases

(red label) must not be loaded in truck bodies or trailers
equipped with lighted heaters or any automatic heating
or
apparatus
loaded on flat
refrigerating
trailers are
when such
truck
bodies
or
cars.
Packages protected by labels or exempted from

by 73.402 (c) must be so loaded that they cannot
fall and in such manner that other packages cannot fall
onto or slide against them. Packages bearing marking
"This Side Up" or "This End Up" must be so loaded.
Dangerous articles for which red, yellow, green, or white
(2) Carload lots of strike-anywhere matches handled

subject to stop-off privileges must be loaded in accordance with paragraph (g) and (g) (1) of this section and
when necessary the load must be rearranged and/or
blocked and braced by each consignee before forwarding.
(3) Less-than-carload lots of "strike-anywhere" matchshould be carefully loaded so that they cannot fall
and so that other packages of freight cannot fall on or
injure them.
Whenever practicable the packages of
matches should be placed to facilitate ready removal
in case of fire. A smoking box of matches should not be
broken open; the fire will eease of itself if air can be
kept from it.
es
(4)
(c)
labels
alkaline caustic liquid, or corrosive liquid) labels

are prescribed herein must not be loaded in the same car
with explosives named in 73.53 to 73.87. (See loading
and storage chart, 74.538.) Packages protected by yellow labels must not be loaded in the same end of a car
with packages protected by "Acid," "Alkaline Caustic
Liquid," or "Corrosive Liquid" labels, except that shippers loading carload -shipments may load such articles
together when it is known that the mixture of contents
would not cause a dangerous evolution of heat or gas.
(acid,
Carload or less-than-carload
lots
of
where matches which have been damaged by
"strike-anyfire, or by
water
in extinguishing a fire, in transit or on carrier's

must be reloaded in properly prepared cars,
and braced or blocked before being forwarded to destination, to freight claim department or claim adjusters, or
property,
original shipper or other parties for salvage.

Great
care should be taken to examine and repair damaged outside packages before reloading into car. All loose matches
should first be destroyed. Individual interior boxes and
paper-wrapped cartons or packages, should then be carefully placed in tight outside packages complying, as nearly
as circumstances will permit, with container specifications; but under no condition shall the outside package
be of less strength than required by specification 15A or
12C, nor of greater capacity than authorized. Charred
to
SECTION
1416
11
must not be used. Boards used in repairing wooden

must be so nailed that they will not allow any
In the
interior boxes, cartons, or packages to fall out.
event that the individual boxes or paper-wrapped packages do not fit snugly in the outside package, the vacant
spaces should be filled tightly with dry and clean cotton
waste, or elastic wads of dry newspapers or dry waste
cases
cases
and guanidine nitrate must be loaded in all wood

or wooden box cars with steel roofs, or steel
cars with wooden floors and must not be loaded in
all metal cars (see also 74.451 (a) (1) ).
coating,
box
box
cars,
Poison gas; class A, by rail freight. Poison gases,

may be shipped by, for, or to, the Departments
Army, Navy, or Air Force of the United States
Government, when loaded and handled as follows:
(1)
class A,
of the
paper.
Corrosive liquids: Carboys of acids or other corliquids must not be loaded into container cars.
They must be so blocked, braced or stayed that they
cannot change position during transit when being handled with reasonable care.
Carboys of nitric acid must
not be loaded into box cars or in truck bodies or trailers
on flat cars more than two tiers high, except that completely boxed carboys, specification ID, may be loaded
three tiers high. Car doors may be cleated in an open
(h)
position
if
desired.
Flat or stock cars
may be used
in
box
carload
1
5A
or
(flat
WD
5A
bottom)
in
lots.
War Department
specification container.
In tanks, specification ICC 106A, mounted on or

secured to multi-unit cars or gondola cars (flat bottom)
in carload lots only
(2)
for
loading carboys of acids.
(3)
In bombs, in box cars or gondola cars
(flat
bottom)
in carload lots only.
When
less-than-carload shipments are loaded with

other freight, the carboys must be placed near the doorway and must have wooden strips not less than 2 inches
in height nailed to the car floor about 8 inches from the
bracing.
These strips must be arranged so that the
liquid from a broken carboy will drain toward the doorway and outside the car. The space between the strips
and the floor braces or blocking used for staying the
carboy boxes must be covered with at least 1 inch thickness of clean and dry sand or earth, not sawdust or other
combustible material.
(1)
In metal drums, specification ICC

cars, gondola cars, or stock cars
(I)"
rosive
(2) Nitric acid, when loaded with other acids or other

corrosive liquids in carboys, must be separated from the
other carboys. A 2 by 6 inch plank, set on edge, should
be nailed across the car floor at least 12 inches from the
nitric acid carboys and the space between the plank and
the carboys of nitric acid should be filled with sand,
sifted ashes, or other incombustible absorbent material.
(3) Electric storage batteries (wet) for shipment must

be completely protected so that short circuits will be
prevented and must not be loaded or stored with explo-
(4)
In projectiles or ammunition for cannon with gas

box cars in carload or less-than-carload
filled projectiles in
lots.
Gas handlers. Each shipment of one or more carsubparagraph (1) of this paragraph,
by a crew of qualified gas handlers,
supplied with equipment to handle leaks or other container failure, which will permit the escape of gas. Gas
handlers will remain with the shipment during the entire
time that it is in the custody of the carrier. Gas handlers
(5)
loads, as described in
shall be accompanied
event of leakage or escape of gas, make reif necessary.

If they
need assistance they will advise the carrier's representative
in the
will,
pairs
and perform decontamination,
to the nearest Chemical

aid required.
as
Warfare Service Depot and
Drums must be
(6) Loading and bracing in cars.
loaded in cars having level floors. Cars equipped with
metal corrugated ends or cars having bowed ends must
be supplied with end wall bulkheads constructed in accordance with requirements for center gates. (See Sketch
1, Bureau of Explosives' Pamphlet No. 6.)
sives.
Shipments of electric storage batteries (wet), and

packed as required by 73.258, must be so
blocked and braced that they cannot change position
during transit when cars are handled with reasonable
care; and must be so loaded that other freight cannot
fall onto or slide against them.
They may be loaded on
gondola or flat cars, but must not be loaded into hopper
bottom cars.
(4)
electrolyte
(i) Compressed gases in cylinders:

Cylinders containing compressed gases must be loaded on their sides except
when packed in boxes or crates, or when placed in suitable permanent racks in cars, or when securely braced.
containing compressed gases may be

(1) Cylinders
loaded into steel gondola or flat cars or into stock cars,
but must not be loaded into hopper bottom cars.
Radioactive ores, residues, and similar material:

(j)
Shipments of radioactive ores, residues, or similar material as provided in 73.392, must be so loaded as to
avoid spillage and scattering of loose material.
The amount
of radioactive
material loaded
car must be limited as provided in 73.392.
(1)
in
'2) No persons shall remain in a car containing radioactive material unnecessarily and the shipper must furnish
the carrier with such information and equipment as is
necessary for the protection of the carrier's employees.
Drums must be loaded
not more than one tier

high and with filling holes up. They must be
loaded as closely together as possible both crosswise and
lengthwise and so blocked and braced as to maintain
their relative positions during transit.
(7)
(layer)
(8)
Drums with
filling
holes in heads must be loaded
their bottoms. They may be loaded in rows, lengthwise of the car and any space between the sides of car
and the nearest row of drums must be "filled in" with
wooden boards or lumber nailed to sides of car sufficient
in length and width to contact both hoops of drums, or,
drums may be loaded across car in staggered stacks of
which the number of drums in alternate stacks is reduced by one drum. All drums in stacks following the
first stack loaded in end of car must be placed tightly
into the angle of space formed by the sidewalls of the
drum in the preceding stack. Any space between the
sides of car and the drums in stacks having the greater
number of drums must be "filled in" with wooden boards
or lumber nailed to sides of car sufficient in length and
on
width
to contact
both hoops of drums.
Drums with
filling holes in sides must be loaded

their sides with filling holes up. They must be loaded
lengthwise of the car in rows and any space between
sides of car and the nearest row of drums must be
"filled in" with wooden boards or lumber nailed to sides
of car sufficient in length and width to contact both
hoops of drums.
(9)
on
radioactive material must be removed

in a closed container in a segregated location and held for instructions from the shipper
or the Bureau of Explosives.
(10) Drums must- be loaded in box car from ends of

car toward space between car doors, and there braced
by center gates and wedges. (See Sketch 1, Bureau of
Explosives' Pamphlet No. 6.)
(k) Nitrates listed in 73.182 (b) must be loaded in

clean closed cars which shall be free of loose boards,
(11) Doorways of box cars must be protected by one

of the methods prescribed in Sketch 1, Bureau of Explo-
cracks, holes, or exposed
sives'
(3)
Any
loose
from the car and placed
decayed spots. Interior of cars

must be swept clean and be free of any projections capable of injuring bags when so packaged. Doors of cars
must have tight closures. Journals and boxes must be in
good condition. Ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate
(organic coating),
ammonium
nitrate fertilizer, containing

nitrate with no organic
90 percent or more ammonium
Pamphlet No. 6A.
(12)
Tanks must be securely mounted on cars especially

for them or on gondola cars prepared with
wooden frames and blocks.
provided
substantial
(13) Bombs, projectiles, and cannon ammunition must

be loaded, blocked and braced as shown in Bureau of
1417
Explosives' Pamphlet 6A. When shipments are loaded in
gondola cars they must be securely blocked and braced
and not loaded higher than the sides of the car.
74.533 Truck bodies or trailers on flat cars, (a)

Truck bodies or trailers containing explosives, class B,
explosives, class C, or other dangerous articles as provided in Parts 71-78 must be of such design and loaded
so that they will not rupture or become permanently
distorted under conditions normally incident to transportation and must be so braced and stayed on the flat
car that they cannot change position during transit.
Packages of explosives and dangerous articles contained
therein must be loaded and braced as provided by
74.529, 74.530, and 74.532. Placards must be applied

prescribed by 74.541 and 74.542.
when
(b) Truck bodies or trailers equipped with automaticheating or refrigerating equipment employing any fuel
or article classed as a dangerous article in Parts 71-78"
may be loaded and transported on flat cars if such equipment is of a type approved by the Bureau of Explosives.
They must be so braced and stayed on the flat car that
they cannot change position during transit.
(c)
truck
body or
trailer
on which
is
mounted any
cargo tank containing any dangerous article shall not be

accepted for transportation or transported except under
conditions approved by the Bureau of Explosives.
<
SECTION
11
1418
74.638
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SECTION
11
1420
SUBPART
CPLACARDS ON
74.540 "Explosives" placards, (a) Explosives placards as prescribed in 74.550 must be applied to certified
cars containing explosives, class A, specified in 73.53
Placards must show in the spaces provided
to 73.87.
name and
station
NOTE
see
date.
For tars requiring the poison gas placard
1:
74.542.
CARS
proper name of the commodity as prescribed by 72.5,

or the commodity name must be shown on tag board cards
measuring approximately 5 by 8 inches securely attached
to each side of the car.
"Dangerous" placards; "Dangerous-class

74.541
poison" placards; or "Caution-Residual phosphorus" plac(a)
"DANGEROUS" placard, as prescribed by
ards,
74.552 must be applied to cars, and container cars, as
follows:
(1) Cars containing one or more packages bearing red,
yellow, white acid, or corrosive liquid caution labels, or
white "poison" labels, as prescribed by 73.405 to
73.408 and 73.409 (a) (2), or without labels as authorized
in 73.402 (c).
Placards must be standard, (a) Placards

74.546
must conform to standards as prescribed. Samples will
be furnished by the Bureau of Explosives on request.
(b) Tag-board placards must be printed on strong tagboard of quality and strength not less than that designated commercially as 100 percent sulphate, weighing 125
pounds per ream, of sheets 24 x 36 inches, and having a
resistance of not less than 60 pounds per square inch
Mullen test.
Paper placards must be printed on strong white
(c)
paper.
Placards or car cards which by their shape, colormay be readily confused with the standard placards prescribed in this part must not be used.
(d)
ing, or printing
Cars containing flammable solids, oxidizing maor poisonous solids, class B, in bulk.
(2)
terials
Carrier's
(e)
Tank cars containing flammable liquids, flammable

or oxidizing materials, acids or corrosive liquids,
poisonous liquids or solids, class B, compressed flammable
gases, compressed nonflammable gases.
(3)
solids
Cars containing shipments of explosives, class B.
(4)
NOTE
ard see
1:
For cars also requiring the poison gas plac-
74.542.
(5) When explosives, class A, are loaded in the same

car with explosives, class B, or poisonous solids or liquids,
class B, only the "Explosives" placard is required.
"Dangerous
(b)
scribed in
Class
poison" placards, as pre74.553, must be applied to cars containing
poisons as provided in 73.391 and
shipments of class
(c)
"Caution-Residual phosphorus" placard, as prescribed in 74.555, must be applied to tank cars which
contained shipments of white or yellow phosphorus
and which are required to be filled with water before
tank car is offered for return movement as provided in
shipper's
name and
stationery
form
When the tag board placards bear wording pre(f)

scribed in 74.552 (a) of this part, and provided the
wording prescribed by 74.563 (e) of this part appears
on the reverse side thereof, the words "removed or" may
be omitted or the word "removed" changed to "reversed,"
as the case
may
be.
Placards remaining on hand and which were

authorized by regulations in effect on December 31, 1950,
may be used until present stocks are exhausted.
(g)
73.392.
or
number may be printed on placards in type not larger

than 10 point, but must be printed thereon separate from
any placard wording.
74.547
Carriers
supply of placards,
(a)
Carriers
must keep on hand an adequate supply of all necessary

placards for placarding cars loaded by them and for the
replacement of missing placards on loaded cars while in
transit.
last
73.190
(a) Shippers must have ap 74.548 Placarded cars,

placards to cars loaded by them when cars are
acceptable for transportation. (See 74.549 of this part
plied
(a)(3).
"Poison gas" placards,

(a)
"Poison gas'
"Pok 74.542
placards as prescribed by 74.551 of this part must be
applied to cars as follows:
method
for
of application.)
,.,,.
Cars containing one or more packages or articles

bearing the "Poison gas" label.
(1)
Application of placards, (a) Placards must

74.549
be securely applied one to each end and each side of
car,
(2) Cars containing ammunition for cannon with toxicgas projectiles, or projectiles, bombs, or other containers
loaded with toxic gas requiring the "Poison gas" label.
NOTE
1:
The poison
to cars in addition to
gas placard must be applied

any other placards required.
74.543 Placarding care; passenger
trains,
(a)
When
baggage, or express car containing freight shipments of explosives, class B, or freight shipments of dana freight,
gerous articles other than explosives requiring labels as

prescribed by Part 73 (not including class A poison gases
or liquids), is hauled in a passenger train and such car
or cars are not occupied by an employee of the carrier,
proper placards must be applied to the car as required
by
this part.
Placards not required,

74.544
required for:.
(a)
Placards are not
follows:
as
By tacking tag-board placards
to each end and

each side of cars, or to placard boards of suitable size
provided for the purpose.
(1)
(2) Placards applied to the sides of closed or open

top cars containing explosives or other dangerous articles
must be attached to the fixed placard board or to the
side of the wooden car between car initials and number
and the car door.
Tacks when used must have heads at least % inch

At least 5 tacks must be used, one at each corner
and one in the center of the placard, or when stapling
devices are used the staples should be made of flat metal
not less than 19 gauge, and the space between the legs
of the staples should be at least % inch and length of
staples not less than )i inch. At least 9 staples must be
used, one at each corner, one along edge between each
corner, and one in center. Tacks, nails, staples, or other
devices used in previous application of placards must be
removed when their presence interferes with proper ap(3)
across.
plication of placards.
(1)
Cars containing explosives, class C.
(2)
Cars,
other
than tank cars,
mable compressed gas (green
containing
nonflam-
insertion of tag-board
(4) By
placard holders affixed to cars.
placards
in
suitable
label).
Paper placards must be securely pasted to metal

smooth surfaces. Metal placard boards must be
used when provided for the purpose. Grease or other
substances which interfere with secure application must
be removed from surfaces before pasting on placards.
(5)
(3)
Cars containing
(4)
Cars loaded with electric storage batteries conelectrolyte or corrosive battery fluid in carload
taining
class
poisons (tear gas label).
or other
lots.
(b)
Commodity name on carloads, (a) Placards

for carloads of class B explosives and other dangerous
articles must show thereon, in the space provided, the
74.545
Placards applied to cards must have the printing
in horizontal position.
(c) "Explosives" placards and car certificates must be
placed alongside of each other.
1421
NOTE
Because
1:
of
the
present
emergency and
until further order of the Commission, gondola cars used

for the shipment of bombs or poison gas, may be placarded on both sides and both ends of car.
Poison gas placard, (a) The "Poison gas"

74.551
placard must be of rectangular shape, measuring 10 by
14?2 inches, and must bear the wording as shown in the
following cut; the printing must be in red as follows:
(d) Placards applied to sides of tank cars must be

placed as near the middle as possible. Side placard
boards applied to tank cars near end of tank may be
used until replaced by boards located near middle of
tank, in accordance with requirements effective November 1, 1927.
POISON GAS PLACARD

(Reduced
Size)
14>4 Inches._.._
Placard holders must be so constructed as not to

obstruct the wording, change the shape of the placard,
or reduce the exposed surface of the placard more than
three-eighths of an inch on each side.
(e)
NOTE
1:
Permanent metal holders designed
CAUTION
to pro-
This Car Contains
for secure attachment, easy application, removal,

or reversal of placards prescribed in these regulations
are required on all new tank cars, on new underframes
to which tanks are applied, and on all tank cars receiving
vide
POISON GAS
general repairs.
required by 74.540, 74.541, and

74.542 must be securely applied to both sides and both
ends of a container car on which a container or containers loaded with explosives, class A or B, or with
dangerous articles requiring labels, are placed; or placards must be securely applied to both ends of such a car
and to both sides of a container loaded with such articles.
Car certificates required by 74.525 must be securely
applied to both sides of a container car on which a
container or containers loaded with class A explosives
(f)
Placards
bearing on one side

(g) Metal reversible placards,
the "Dangerous" placard wording as prescribed in
of
this
part
and on the reverse side the "Danger 74.552
ous Empty" placard wording as prescribed in 74.563
of this part may be used in lieu of placard holders prescribed in Note 1 to 74.549 (e) of this part. The wording on these placards must be kept distinct as to colors
and
as
are placed.
<
Beware of Fumes from Leaking

Packages.
Dangerous placard, (a) The "Dangerous"

74.552
placard must be of diamond shape, measuring 10% inches
on each side, and must bear the wording as shown in
the following cut; the word "Dangerous" must be in red,
and the lettering in black, as follows:
DANGEROUS PLACARD
(Reduced
Size)
clearly legible.
(h) Placards as required by 74.540, 74.541, and

74.542 must be securely applied to both sides and both
ends of car, or to both sides and both ends of truck body
or trailer loaded on flat cars, containing explosives or
other dangerous articles. Car certificates as required by
74.525 must be securely applied to both sides of such
cars.
/KEEP \
Explosives, class A placard, (a) The "Ex 74.550

plosives" placard must be of rectangular shape, measuring 11 by 14 inches, and must bear the wording as shown
in the following cut; the printing must be in red and
black as follows:
<?'
^P
(Reduced
>
AND
FIRES
j*
EXPLOSIVES PLACARD
LIGHTS
AWAY!
DANGEROUS
Size)
(To be printed
if
CMttnh-
el
in red)
arloid sMpoiuts mast b Instftii her*
on anmialty
wi
HANDLE CAREFULLY
This car must not be next to a car containing
I4inches
Explosives
Avoid contact witli leaking acid or

corrosive liquid
Beware of fumes or
vapors 1
WHEN LADING
IS
REMOVED/
THIS PLACARD MUST/'
BE REMOVED /
\\ OR
REVERSED./
EXPLOSIVES
/
/
HANDLE CAREFULLY
KEEP FIRE AWAY

reverse side of such placards may bear the
as prescribed for the "Dangerous-Empty" placard. (See % 74.563 of this part.)
(b)
The
wording
74.553
Dangerous
The "Dangerous
Class
Class
D
poison placard,
Poison" placard for class
(a)
must be of diamond shape measuring 10& inches

on each side, and must bear the wording in red letters
poisons,
as
shown
in the following cut:
SECTION
1422
11
DANGEROUS PLACARD FOR CLASS D POISONS

(Reduced
size)
plied with-
DO NOT
REMAIN IN OR
NEAR THIS CAR OR
(1) Any tank car of ICC-106A or 110A type (see

78.275, 78.276 or 78.293) may be delivered and the
loaded unit tanks may be removed from car frame on
carrier tracks, if, before car is accepted for transportation, the .shipper has obtained from the delivering carrier
and filed with originating carrier, written permission (see
Note 2 to subparagraph (2) of this paragraph) for such
removal. The consignee must furnish adequately safe
iuechanical hoist, obtained from the carrier if desirable,
by which the tanks are lifted from the car and deposited
directly upon vehicles furnished by the consignee for immediate removal from carrier property or tanks must be
lifted by
adequately safe mechanical hoist from car
MOTOR VEHICLE
UNNECESSARILY
DANGEROUS
GLA SS D PO ISON
ThU at mint
not b*
(b) No tank car containing compressed gas may be

unloaded unless the car is consigned for delivery and
unloading on a private track (see Note 1 to subparagraph
(2) of this paragraph), except that where no private track
is available, delivery and unloading on carrier tracks is
permitted provided the following conditions are com-
not to car conf Infait
directly to vessels for further transportation.
Any tank car of other than ICC-106A or 110A type

78.275, 78.276, or 78.293, containing anhydrous
ammonia, liquefied hydrocarbon or liquefied petroleum
gas, and having interior pipes of liquid and gas discharge
valves equipped with check valves, may be delivered and
unloaded on carrier tracks, if the lading is piped directly
from the car to permanent storage tanks of sufficient ca(2)
WHEN LADINC
IS
REMOVI
(see
THIS PLACARD MUST

,
BE REMOVE O
74.554 Unauthorized use of placards, (a) Placards

prescribed by this part must not be applied to cars containing articles not subject to Parts 71-78 or specifically
exempted therefrom.
"Caution-Residual phosphorus" placard, (a)

Tanl" cars previously loaded with phosphorus, when
shipped filled with water, must bear a placard readi
"Caution This car contains residual phosphorus and
must be kept filled with water." The placard must be
of diamond shape measuring 10% inches on each side,
and must bear the wording in black letters as shown in
the following cut:
74.555
CAUTION PLACARD FOR RESIDUAL PHOSPHORUS

(Reduced,
size)
to receive the entire contents of the car.

Such
cars may also be stored on a private track or on a carrier
track when designated by the carrier for such storage.
pacity
NOTE
1: For this purpose, a private track is a track

outside of carrier's right-of-way, yard and terminals, and
of which the carrier does not own either the rails, ties,
roadbed or right-of-way; or a track or portion of a track
which is devoted to the purpose of its user, either by
lease or written agreement, in which case the lease or
written agreement will be considered as equivalent to
ownership.
NOTE 2: Carriers should give permission for the

unloading of these containers on carrier tracks only where
no private siding is available within reasonable trucking
distance of final destination. The danger involved is the
release of chlorine gas due to accidental injury to container in handling. The exposure to this danger decreases
directly with the isolation of the unloading point.
Tank car unloading, (a) In unloading tank
74.561
following rules must be observed (see also
part for compressed gases):
of
this
74.560
the
cars
CAUTION
This car contains residual

phosphorus and must bo kept
(2)
WITH
When
ear
Is
made
respon-
Brakes must be set and wheels blocked on
all
cars being unloaded.
FILLED
WATER
Unloading operations should be performed only
(1)
reliable persons properly instructed and

sible for careful compliance with this part.
by
(3) Caution signs must be so placed on the track or

car as to give necessary warning to persons approaching
car from open end or ends of siding and must be left
up until after car is unloaded and disconnected from discharge connection. Signs must be of metal or other
suitable material, at least 12 by 15 inches in size and
bear the words "STOP Tank Car Connected," or "STOP
Men at /Work," the word "STOP" being in letters at
least 4 inches high and the other words in letters at
least 2 inches high. The letters must be white on a blue
reloaded
with phosphorus this
background.
(4) Before manhole cover or outlet valve cap is removed, tank car must be relieved of all interior pressure
by cooling tank with water or venting tank by raising
safety valve or opening vent on dome at short intervals.
If
SURPART
D UNLOADING FROM
CARS
74.560 Tank car delivery, (a) Tank cars containing

flammable liquids having a flash point of 80 F. or below,
except liquid road asphalt or tar, must not be delivered
unless originally consigned or subsequently reconsigned
to parties having private-siding (see Note 1 of this section)

to parties using railroad-siding facilities which have
been equipped for piping the liquid from tank cars to
or
permanent storage tanks of

contents of car.
sufficient capacity to
receive
to relieve pressure will cause a dangerous

of vapor to collect outside the car, venting and
venting
amount
unloading must be deferred until pressure is reduced by

allowing the car to stand overnight or otherwise cooling
the contents. These precautions are not necessary when
car is equipped with a manhole cover which hinges inward or with an inner manhole cover which does not
have to be removed to unload the car, and when pressure
is relieved by piping vapor into a condenser or storage
tank.
(b)
After pressure
is
released, seal should be broken

as follows:
and manhole cover removed
1423
Cover must be loosened by placing
(1) Screw type.
bar between manhole cover lug and knob. After two
complete turns, so that vent openings are exposed, the
operation must be stopped, and if there is any sound of
escaping vapor, the cover must be again screwed down
tightly and interior pressure relieved as prescribed in
paragraph (a) (4) of this section, before again attempting
to
remove the cover.
served.
(3)
connected to unloading device, the car
is
necessary to discontinue unloading a tank car

all unloading connections must be disAll valves must first be tightly closed, and
the closures of all other openings securely applied.
If
(j)
for
any reason,
connected.
As soon as a tank car is completely unloaded, all

must be made tight, the unloading connections
must be removed and all other closures made tight,
except that heater coil inlet and outlet pipes must be
left open for drainage. The manhole cover must be applied by the use of a bar or wrench, the outlet valves
reducer and outlet valve cap by the use of a wrench
having a handle at least 36 inches long, and the outlet
valve cap plug, end plug, and all other closures of openings and of their protective housings by the use of a
(k)
Hinged and bolted type. All nuts must be unscrewed one complete turn, after which same precautions as prescribed for screw type cover must he ob(2)
fully
or while car
must be attended by the unloader.
Interior type. All dirt and cinders must be careremoved from around cover before yoke is un-
screwed.
(c) When car is unloaded through bottom
manhole cover must be adjusted as follows:
outlet valve,
valves
suitable tool.
Railroad defect cards must not be removed.
(1)
(1) Screw type. Manhole cover must be put in place,

but not entirely screwed down, in order that air may
enter tank through vent holes in threaded flange of
fresh, dry
cover.
previously.
A small wooden block

(2) Hinged and bolted type.
should be placed under one edge of cover.
(n) All tools and implements used in connection with

unloading should be kept free from oil, dirt, and grit.
(3) Interior type. Screw must be tightened up in yoke

so that cover will be brought up within one-half inch of
closed position.
ter unloading,
(d) When unloading through bottom outlet of cars

equipped with interior manhole type of covers, and in
all cases where unloading is done through the manhole
(unless special covers are used, provided with safety-vent
opening and tight connection for discharge outlet), the
manhole must be protected against entrance of sparks or
other sources of ignition of vapor by asbestos or metal
covers or by being covered and surrounded with wet
burlap. Burlap must be kept damp by replacement or
the application of water as needed.
(e) Seals or other substances must not be thrown into
the tank. Also care must be taken to avoid spilling any
of the contents over car or tank.
(f) Valve rod handle or control in dome must be operated a few times to see that outlet valve in bottom of
tank is on its seat before valve cap is removed.
(g) Valve cap, or reducer when large outlet is to be

must be removed with suitable wrench after set
screws are loosened and a pail is placed in position to
catch any liquid that may be in outlet chamber. If valve
cap or reducer does not unscrew easily, it must be tapped
lightly with mallet or wooden block in an upward direction.
If leakage shows upon starting the removal, cap
or reducer must not be entirely unscrewed, but sufficient
threads must be left engaged and sufficient time allowed
to permit escape of any accumulation of liquid in the
outlet chamber. If leakage stops or initial rate of leakage
dinimshes materially, cap or reducer may be entirely
removed. If initial rate of leakage continues, further
efforts must be made to seat the outlet valve, see paragraph (f) of this section. If this fails, the cap or reducer
must be screwed up tight and tank must be unloaded
through the dome. If upon removal of the outlet cap
the outlet chamber is found to be blocked with frozen
liquid or any other matter, replace cap immediately and
make careful examination to determine that outlet casting has not been cracked. If the obstruction is not frozen
liquid, the car must be unloaded through the dome. If
the obstruction is frozen liquid and no crack has been
found in the outlet casting, the car may, if circumstances
used,
require
it,
be unloaded from the bottom
(m)
Ground around connections must be covered with

sand or
(a)
(b) After tank car is unloaded, the party unloading

the car must remove all shipping cards and "Dangerous
placards from car, or may replace or cover the placards
with the "Dangerous Empty" placards prescribed in
74.563 of this part, or reverse the reversible metal placards so as to exhibit the "Dangerous
Empty" wording,
and must promptly notify the railroad agent that car is
empty.
(c) Tank cars filled with water after unloading phosmust have the "Dangerous" placards replaced
by the caution placard for residual phosphorus as pre-
phorus
scribed in 74.555.
"Dangerous Empty" placard, (a) "Dan 74.563

gerous Empty" placards must measure 10& inches on
each side. The printing must be as shown in the cut
in this section, in black on strong white paper, or on
tag board designated commercially as No. 2 tag board,
and weighing 150 pounds per ream of sheets 24 inches
by 36 inches, and having a resistance of not less than
60 pounds per square inch, Mullen test.
(b) The reverse side of such placards may bear the

as prescribed for the "Dangerous" placard. (See
74.552 of this part.)
wording
(c) Paper placards must be securely pasted over the

"Dangerous" placards pasted on metal placard boards
provided for the purpose. Tag board placards must be
securely tacked to wooden boards or inserted in holders

provided for the purpose.
"DANGEROUS EMPTY" PLACARD
//
XNc'
Unloading connections must be securely attached

on dome or to bottom discharge outbefore discharge valves are opened.
(h)
Tank
cars
must not be allowed
to stand with unattached after unloading is completed, and throughout the entire period of unloading,
(i)
loading
connections
KEET
UGHT54FWB
AWAY
.^
,-'
TWJ
am
coktaibs
<S\*
FLAMMABLE
or
POISONOUS VAPOR
lets
certificate af-
When
lading requiring placards or car

certificates is removed from cars other than tank cars,
placards and car certificates must be removed by the
party unloading the car.
Remove cap and
to unloading pipes
or gasoline has been spilled
Removal of placards and car
74.562
as follows:
attach unloading connections im(1)

mediately. Then, before opening the valve inside the
tank car, apply steam to outside of outlet casting or wrap
casting with burlap or other rags and apply hot water
to melt the frozen liquid. In any event, top unloading is
considered safer than bottom unloading.
dirt, if oil
'
CORROSIVE RESIDUE
DANGEROUS
DO NOT
ii.r u,
MU.
VAfUK
DO NOT
U10 lUI,lt> Oi SOLD
U31DH 10 TOUCH SS
EMPTY
NOT ENTER TANK
SECTION
1424
11
NOTE 1: The words "Keep lights and fires away"

and "Flammable or poisonous vapor" may be omitted
from placards attached to tank cars which previously
contained alkaline corrosive liquids or corrosive liquids
which do not react with the metal wall or lining of the

tank to form a flammable or poisonous gas.
74.564 Removal and disposition of explosives and
other dangerous articles at destination
(a) Delivery at
non-agency stations. Shipments of explosives must not
be unloaded at non-agency stations unless the consignee
is there to receive them or unless properly locked and
secure storage facilities are provided at that point for
their protection.
delivery cannot be so.made, shipment must be

taken to next or nearest agency station for delivery.
If
(1)
(b) Delivery at agency stations.

Carrier must require
consignee to remove shipments of explosives and other
dangerous articles from carrier's property within 48 hours
after notice of arrival has been sent or given. Saturdays,
Sundays, and holidays are not included. If not so removed, carrier must immediately dispose of the ship-
ments as follows:

74.565
(a) Consignees must report promptly to the Bureau of
Explosives all instances of improper staying and broken,
leaking, or defective containers of explosives or other
dangerous articles in shipments received by them.
from consignees, should promptly report to the shipper
particulars covering all
full
cases
of defective packing,
improper staying, leaking and/or broken shipping containers and rough treatment of cars resulting in leakage
or
damage
to shipping containers or staying.
Cleaning cars, (a) Cars which have con 74.566

tained arsenic, arsenate of lead, sodium arsenate, calcium
arsenate, Paris green, calcium cyanide, potassimu cyanide,
sodium cyanide, or other poisonous articles, which show
any evidence of leakage from packages, must be thoroughly cleaned after unloading before cars are again
placed in service.
After unloading poisons from steel hopper cars,
(b)
cars must be thoroughly flushed out with water, except

that cars used exclusively in this service under the provisions of 73.368 (a) shall not be subject to this re-
quirement.
Class A explosives, by storage at the expense of
the owner or by return to the shipper if reasonably safe
storage is not available; by sale; when necessary to safety,
by destruction under supervision of a competent person.
(1)
Explosives
and
other dangerous articles, except

class A explosives, in carload and less-than-carload lots
as prescribed in subparagraphs (3) and (4) of this paragraph.
(2)
(3) Carload shipments: By storage on carrier's propby storage on other than carrier's property, if safe
storage on carrier's property is not available; by sale at
expiration of 15 calendar days after notice of arrival has
been sent or given to consignee, provided consignor has
been notified of nondelivery at expiration of 48-hour
period and orders for disposition have not been received.
erty;
(4) Less-than-carload shipments: By return to shipper

notice of nondelivery was requested and given consignor as prescribed by carrier's tariff, and orders for
return to shipper have been received; by storage on
carrier's property; by storage on other than carrier's property, if safe storage on carrier's property is not available; by sale at expiation of 15 calendar days after notice
of arrival has been sent or given to consignee, provided
consignor has been notified of nondelivery at expiration
of 48-hour period and orders for disposition have not been
received.
if
>
SUBPART
E HANDLING
(c) All loose powder or other explosive or any other

dangerous article which has leaked from packages must
be carefully removed from car and other railroad property.
(d) Any box car which, after use for the transportation
of radioactive materials in carload lots, is contaminated
with such materials to the extent that a survey of the
interior surface shows that the beta-gamma radiation is
greater than 10 milliroentgens physical equivalent in 24
hours or that the average alpha contamination is greater
than 500 disintegrations per minute per 100 square centimeters shall be thoroughly cleaned in such a manner
that a resurvey of the interior surface shows the contamination to be below these levels.
certificate to that
effect must be furnished to the local agent of the carrier.
Cars which are used solely for he transportation of radioactive materials are exempt from the provisions of this
section.
Flammable vapors, (a) A box car or con 74.567

tainer car placarded "Dangerous," or known to contain
flammable liquids, gases, or vapors must not be entered
with a lighted open-flame lantern, torch, or other fire,
until both car doors have been opened and sufficient
time allowed for ventilation and escape of any vapors.
The presence of these vapors will generally be indicated
by characteristic odors. When leakage is continuous, ventilation will not remove the danger. The leaking package
should be located and removed using electric lights or
waiting for daylight.
BY CARRIERS BY RAIL FREIGHT

74.577 Shipping days for explosives, (a) When pracany point, regular days should be assigned for
74.575 Restrictions, (a) When local conditions make

the acceptance, transportation, or delivery of
explosives
or other dangerous articles unusually hazardous, local
ticable at
restrictions
sives, class
(b)
sives
may be imposed by
All carriers
for
the carrier.
must report
publication
full
to the Bureau of Exploinformation as to restrictions
which may be imposed against the acceptance,
delivery,
or transportation of explosives or other dangerous articles'
over any portion of their lines.
74.576 Intermediate shippers and carriers, (a) Forwarding companies must have on file shipper's certified
bill of lading or shipping order, and know that packages
delivered to carrier for transportation comply with
receiving
(b)
from shippers less-than-carload

A, as
To enable
shown
lots
of explo-
in Part 73.
the carrier to provide proper cars at
where less-than-carload shipments of explosives,

are accepted for loading by the carrier, the
shipper must give to the carrier not less than 24 hours'
notice of his intention to offer such shipments, and state
their destinations.
When a regular day to receive all
explosives shipments offered at .such a station has been
appointed, this notice may be waived by the carrier, but
the explosives shipments must be delivered on such days
in time to permit proper inspection, billing, and loading
on that days.
stations
class A,
Parts 71-78.
(b) Every carrier offering or delivering for rail transportation any loaded motor vehicle or any loaded motor
vehicle trailer, semi-trailer, or container containing any
shipment of an explosive or other dangerous article shall
show on the shipping order, shipping paper, transfer
sheet, or other billing issued in lieu thereof, in addition
to the description of the vehicle or container, the proper
and definite name of the commodity as shown in 72.5
and the color or kind of label or kind of placards ap-
(a) A box car or con"Dangerous," or known to contain

flammable liquids, must not be entered with a lighted
open-flame lantern, torch, or other fire, until both car
doors have been opened and sufficient time allowed for
ventilation and escape of any vapors. The presence of
these vapors will generally be indicated by characteristic
odors. When leakage is continuous, ventilation will not
remove the danger. The leaking package should be
located and removed, using electric lights or waiting for
plied.
daylight.
74.578
Flammable vapors,
tainer car placarded
1425
Cars containing lading which has been
74.579
fumigated or treated with flammable liquids, flammable
gases, poisonous liquids or solids, or poisonous gases, (a)
Delivery to carrier or transportation of cars containing
lading fumigated or treated with flammable liquid or
flammable gas is prohibited until 48 hours have elapsed
after such fumigation or treatment, or until car has been
ventilated so as to remove danger of fire or explosion
due to the presence of flammable vapors.
Cars containing lading which has been fumigated
(b)
or treated with poisonous liquid, solid, or gas, such as

carbolic acid, liquid or solid, chlorpicrin, hydrocyanicacid, methyl bromide, etc., must be placarded on each
door or near thereto with placard reading as follows (for
cleaning cars, see 74.566):
Placard
Ubel
PUcard
noution
noution
to follow
to follow
entry of
the article
entry of
the article
on the
endorsement
mast be
H' high snd
appear on the
nesr tba
space provided
for the
billing
on the
billing
billing
car
number
For high explosives, initiating explosives, low explosives, and blasting caps or
electric blasting caps more
than 1,000 in quantity, class
None
"Explosives
Placard"
"Explosives"
For explosive chemical ammunition containing class A
For explosives, class B
Poison Qas
"Explosives
"Explosives"
label
and Poison
Gaa Placard"
"Dangerous
"Poison Gas"
None
and
"Dangerous"
Placard"
(Reduced
For explosives, class C

For flammable liquids
size)
(Red lettering on white cardboard)
None
Red label
None
None
"Dangerous
"Dangerous''
Placard"
For flammable solids
Yellow Ubel
"Dangerous
For oxidising materials
Yellow label
"Dangerous
"Dangerous"
Placard"
10
"Dangerous"
Plaoard"
INCHES-
WhiU
For corrosive liquids
"Dangerous
label
"Dangerous"
Placard-
For compressed nonflammable gases in containers

other than tank oars
For compressed nonflammable gases in tank cars
DANGER
The
lading of this car has been
Green
label
None
with
None
"Dsugeroue"
Placard"
For compressed flammable
Red Gas
FUMIGATED or TREATED
None
"Dangerous
"Dangerous
"Dangerous"
label
Placard"
Poison Gas
"Poison Gas"
label
"Poison Gas
Placard"
Poison label
"Dangerous
"Dangerous"
For poisonous gases or liquids.

nlaon A
For poisonous liquids or
sol-
Placard"
(Name
of poisonous liquid, solid, or gas)
For tank
water and
ears,
last
with
containing
filled
None
"Caution-this
car contains
residual phos-
BEFORE UNLOADING, open both doors and

DO NOT ENTER until car is free of gas.
REMOVE ALL POISONOUS MATERIAL
filled
before release of empty car.

For tear gases, class C
For radioactive materials.
materials
label
74.581
ment
any shipin 73.53 to

beyond the lines of the initial
a shipper, the initial carrier
Routing shipments,
explosives, class
73.87, destined to a point
of
A,
as
(a)
Before
is
accepted
None
None
"Dangerous
"Dangerous
class
Poi-
class
son Placard"
Poison"
(b) Billing prepared from the shipping order or other

shipping paper covering shipments of blasting caps, must,
in addition, show the number of blasting caps in the
shipment.
named
from
must ascertain that the shipment can go forward by the
route designated, and to avoid delays en route the initial
carrier must be in possession of full rate information, before forwarding the shipment.
carrier,
with
water"
Tear Gas label

Radioactive
74.580 Violations must be corrected, (a) All violations discovered must be corrected before forwarding shipments of explosives.
Residual
Phosphorus"
phorus snd
must be kept
(c)
Waybills,
manifests,
or
memorandums
for
ship-
ments offered for transportation by carrier by water must
show the
label notations as prescribed in this section.
Abbreviations must not be used on shipping orders

or billing for explosives or other dangerous articles.
(d)
When the initial movement is a switching operathe switching order, switching receipt or switching
ticket, and copies thereof, prepared by the shipper, or
by the carrier under the shipper's written authority, must
bear the placard indorsement and the shipper's certificate
prescribed by 73.430 and paragraph (a) of this section;
for other switching movement, the switching ticket prepared by a railway employee must show the kind of
placard required.
(e)
74.582 Movement to be expedited, (a) Carriers

must forward shipments of explosives and other dangerous articles promptly and within 48 hours, Saturdays,
Sundays, and holidays excluded after acceptance at originating point or recipt at any yard, transfer station, or
interchange point, except that where bi-weekly or weekly
service only is performed, shipments of explosives and
other dangerous articles must be forwarded on the first
available train.
No
tank car loaded with flammable liquid or compressed flammable gas shall be received and held at any
point, subject to forwarding orders, so as to defeat the
purpose of this section or of 74.560 of this part.
(b)
Examination of shipping order and packCarriers must examine shipping order and determine that proper certificate is given and that packages
are not broken or leaking when offered for transportation.
ages,
74.583
(a)
74.584 Waybills, switching orders, or other billing.

waybill, astray wavbill, switching order
or any other billing issued in lieu thereof, prepared from
the shipping order or other shipping paper, or shipping
orders used as waybills, must describe the article by shipping name as prescribed in 72.5 and must show the
color or kind of label notations for less-than-carload
shipments or placard notations for carload shipments
of explosives and other dangerous articles and placard
indorsement as follows:
(a)
The revenue
tion,
(f) The car ticket, card waybill, running slip, envelope

containing waybills, or any other billing for any loaded
car which in this chapter should bear "Explosive," "Dangerous," "Dangerous
Class
poison," or "Poison Gas"
placards must have plainly stamped, or plainly written on
the face of such billing, near the car number, in letters
not less than three-eighths of an inch high, the words
"Explosive," "Dangerous," "Dangerous
Class
Poison,"
or "Poison Gas;" and for container cars must also show
which of the containers loaded thereon contain dangerous
articles.
(g) For tank cars not loaded, the billing must show
word "Empty," except that for tank cars previously
loaded with white or yellow phosphorus the billing must
show the words "Caution This car contains residual
phosphorus and must be kept filled with water."
the
(h) At stations, or other points, where other shipments

of any- material are loaded into a properly certified and
placarded car received with shipments of explosives, or
when shipments of explosives are transferred or reloaded,
or carload shipments are reconsigned, a record must be
SECTION
11
1426
kept of the ear, originating point, carrier's name and

date of car certificate. The blocking or bracing at these
points to secure the lading must be inspected as provided
in 74.525 and certified for compliance with these regulations by the person making the inspection who shall
sign the car certificates immediately below the signature
which appears on certificate No. 2 of the original car
certificates attached to the car.
Nonagency shipments, (a) If shipments of

74.585
explosives are accepted at nonagency stations, provisions
for the proper certification and placarding
made
be
must
of cars, examination of shipments, and loading and staying of packages in cars.
Handling explosives and other dangerous
(a) In handling packages of explosives at stations
them to and from cars the greatest
transferring
and in
care must be taken, and shocks or falls liable to injure
the containers must be avoided. Where an inclined chute
is employed, such chute shall be constructed of 1-inch
74.586
articles,
planed boards with side guards 4 inches high extending

3 inches above top face of bottom of chute and, throughD-shaped
out its length, fastened with brass screws.
wooden strips or runners, not more than 6 inches apart
and running lengthwise of chute must be fastened to the
upper surface of the bottom board by means of glue and
wooden pegs extending through the bottom board and
runners. Chutes must be occasionally wiped down with
waste moistened with machine oil when dynamite packages are being handled.
(b) A stuffed mattress, 4 feet wide by 6 feet long and
not less than 4 inches thick, or a heavy jute or hemp
mat of like dimensions, must be placed under the discharging end of the chute.
(c) Careful men must be chosen to handle explosives,
the platform and the shoes of the men must be as free
as possible from grit, and all possible precautions must
be taken against fire.
prevent the explosion of practically all explosive substances except dynamite, and in such cases car floors
should be thoroughly swept, and washed with a plentiful
supply of water. Use of ironwheel trucks, metal hammers or other metal tools that may produce sparks,
should be avoided. This restriction does not apply to
metal tools made of brass, bronze or copper.
(c) Unless they are leaking, or in a manifestly insecure
condition, packages of dangerous articles other than explosives in transit must be forwarded to destination and
report made of any violation observed. Leaking packages
must not be forwarded until repaired or reconditioned.
(d) Packages of explosives showing evidence of leakage

of liquid ingredients must (1) be returned immediately
to shipper, if at point of shipment; or (2) disposed of to
a person who is competent and willing to remove them
from railway property, if leakage is discovered while in
transit; or (3) removed immediately by consignee, if shipment is at destination.
(e) When disposition cannot be made as above, the
leaking boxes must be packed in other boxes large enough
to permit inclosure, and the leaking boxes must be surrounded by at least 2 inches of dry, fine sawdust or dry
and clean cotton waste, and be stored in station magazine
or other safe place until arrival of an inspector of the
Bureau of Explosives, or other authorized person, to
superintend the destruction or disposition of the con-
demned
immediately to
the
(g) When a package in an astray shipment is not in

proper condition for safe transportation (see paragraphs
and (e) of this section), or when name and

(a),
(d),
address of consignee or shipper are unknown, disposition must be made as prescribed by paragraphs (d) and
(e)
(d) Unauthorized persons must not have access to

explosives and other dangerous articles at any time while
articles are in the custody of the carrier.
(e) Explosives and other dangerous articles must be
kept in a safe place while being held for delivery or
loading.
(f) In handling packages containing dangerous articles
other than explosives at stations, and to and from cars,
care must be taken to prevent their falling or being
broken. Heavy packages should be trucked, rolled, or
moved by use of skids or other satisfactory devices and
must not be dropped from trucks, platforms, or cars.
Planks for rolling trucks from platforms to cars should
have beveled ends.
(g) Acid or other corrosive-liquid carboys should be

handled so as not to spill the contents. "Empty" carboys,
so called, should be handled with necks up, and with
sufficient care to prevent burns to clothing or person
from leaking acid or other corrosive liquid.
Lights, (a) When necessary to use lights

74.587
while handling explosives, it is recommended that where
practicable incandescent electric lights be provided.
74.588 Disposition of damaged or astray shipments.

Packages of explosives found injured or broken in
(a)
transit may be recoopered when this is evidently practicable and not dangerous. A broken box of high explosives that can not be recoopered should be reinforced
by stout wrapping paper and twine, placed in another
strong box and surrounded by dry, fine sawdust or dry
and clean cotton waste or elastic wads made from dry
newspapers. A ruptured can or keg should be sealed
with tape and should be inclosed in a grain bag of good
quality and boxed. Injured packages thus protected and
properly marked may be forwarded. The box and waybill should be marked to indicate that it has been repacked.
material.
An
astray shipment of explosives must be forwarded

its destination if known, or returned to
shipper by the most practicable route, provided a
careful inspection shows the packages to be in proper
condition for safe transportation.
(f)
of this section.
An
package of dangerous articles other

destination and in proper condition for safe transportation, must be forwarded immediately on an "astray bill," showing proper label notation
and placard indorsement, as prescribed by 74.584 (a) to
When necessary to replace a label and
(f) of this part.
doubt exists as to the kind, the red label should be used.
(h)
astray
than explosives of
known
Handling, cars (a) Definitions. (1) "Person"

individual, partnership, corporation, associastock company, business trust or other organized group of persons, or any trustee, receiver, assignee,
or personal representative, and includes any department
or agency of the United States, any State, the District
of Columbia, or any other political, governmental or
legal entity;
74.589
means any
tion, joint
(2) "Railroad" means any person engaged in transportation as a common carrier by rail and includes its
agents or employees;
(3) "Engine" means any locomotive, propelled by any
form of energy, used by a railroad;
(4) "Freight car" means any vehicle
transportation of property by rail;
used for the
(b) Particles of explosive compositions from damaged

containers possibly may be strewn on car floors or freight,
and due care should be exercised in repacking such containers that no sparks may be produced by contact of
metal or other hard surfaces, or otherwise. Water will
(5) "Passenger car" means any vehicle used for the

transportation of passengers by rail;
(6)
"Combination car" means any vehicle used for

of both property and passengers by
transportation
the
rail;
(7)
"Occupied caboose" means any vehicle used by
railroad employees,
ride therein;
caretakers,
or
others
authorized to
(8) "A train" is one or more engines coupled together

with or without cars displaying markers;
(9) "Freight train" means one or more engines coupled
with one or more freight cars, displaying markers;
(10) "Passenger train" means one or more engines

coupled with one or more passenger cars carrying pas-
sengers, displaying markers;
1427
(11) "Mixed train" means one or more engines coupled
with one or more freight cars and passenger cars carrying
be placed not nearer than the sixteenth car from

both the engine or occupied caboose, except:
mits,
passengers, displaying markers;
When
the length of freight train or mixed train

it to be so placed, it shall be placed near
the middle of the train.
(1)
"Placarded car" shall be construed to embrace

also any car which under this part is required to be
(12)
placarded.
When
(13) "Pickup and/or setoff service" shall be construed to mean trains in service that pick up and/or set
off one or more cars at three or more stations enroute;
trains having cars from which less-than-carload freight
is loaded or unloaded enroute; or trains regularly sched-
uled to perform pickup and/or set-off service which on

some days make less than three stops.
A car ^requiring car certificates

(b) Placards on cars.
"Explosives," "Dangerous," "Dangerous Class
Poison," "Poison Gas," or "Caution-Residual Phosphorus"
placards under the provisions of this part shall not be
transported unless such freight car is at all times placarded
and certified as required by this part. Placards and car
certificates lost in transit shall be replaced at next inspection point and those not required shall be removed.
and
At points where trains are inspected, cars placarded

"Explosives" and adjacent cars shall be inspected; such
(1)
shall
cars
continue in movement only when inspection

to be in condition for safe transportation.
shows them
(c) Switching cars containing explosives or poison gas

or placarded trailers on flat cars. A car placarded "Explosives" or placarded "Poison Gas" or any flat cars carrying a placarded trailer shall not be cut off while in
motion. No car moving under its own momentum shall
be allowed to strike any car placarded "Explosives" or
placarded "Poison Gas" or any flat car carrying a placarded trailer nor shall any such car be coupled into
with more force than is necessary to complete the coup-
ling.
When
transporting a car placarded "Explosives" in

yards, side tracks, or sidings, such cars shall
be separated from the engine by at least one nonplacard(1)
terminals,
ed
car.
Closed cars placarded "Explosives"

(2)
doors closed before they are moved.
shall
have
Switching of cars containing dangerous articles.

In switching operations where use of hand brakes is
necessary, a placarded loaded tank car, or a draft which
includes a placarded loaded tank car shall not be cut
off until the preceding car or cars clear the ladder track
and the draft containing the placarded loaded tank car,
or a placarded loaded tank car shall in turn clear the
ladder before another car is allowed to follow.
(d)
operations where hand brakes are

be determined by trial that a car placarded
"Dangerous" or that a car occupied by a rider in a draft
containing a car placarded "Dangerous" has its hand
brakes in proper working condition before it is cut off.
transported in a freight train made up in

(2)
"blocks" or classifications, a car placarded "Explosives"
shall be placed near the middle of the "block" or classification in which moving, but not nearer than the sixth
car from both the engine or occupied caboose.
When
(3)
transported in a freight train or a mixed
train performing pickup and/or setoff service, it shall be

placed not nearer than the second car from both the
engine or occupied caboose, except as provided in paragraph (1) of this section.
(h) Separating cars placarded "Explosives" from other
cars in trains. In a freight train or a mixed train either
standing or during transportation thereof, a car placarded
"Explosives" must not be handled next
Occupied passenger
(1)
paragraph
Occupied combination
(2)
paragraph (L) of
provided in
car;
this section.
Any
(3)
Class
to:
except as
car;
(L) of this section.
car placarded "Dangerous" or "Dangerous

Poison."
(4)
Engine.
(5)
Any
(6)
Wooden underframe
car placarded "Poison Gas."

car (except on narrow gauge
railroads).
(7) Loaded flat car, except that cars carrying trailers
or containers placarded "EXPLOSIVES" as authorized by
the regulations in this chapter may be coupled to each
other. (Note: Flat cars equipped with permanently attached ends of rigid construction shall be considered as
open-top cars. See subparagraph (8) of this paragraph.)
(8) Open-top car when any of the lading protrudes

beyond the car ends or when any of the lading extending
above the car ends
is
to
liable
shift
so
as
to
protrude
beyond the car ends.

(9) Car equipped with automatic refrigeration or any
other apparatus utilizing an open-flame light or an internal combustion engine in its operation.
(10)
Car containing lighted
heaters, stoves, or lanterns.
(11)
Car loaded with
animals or fowl, occupied
live
by an attendant.
In switching
(1)
used,
will not permit
it
shall
(e) Placement of freight cars containing explosives in

yards, on sidings, or sidetracks. Cars placarded "Explosives" shall be so placed that they will be safe from all
probable danger of fire. Freight cars placarded "Explosives" shall not be placed under bridges or overhead
highway crossings, nor in or alongside of passenger sheds
or stations except for loading or unloading purposes.
(12)
graph
Occupied caboose, except
(1)
as
provided
in
para-
of this section.
(i) Position in train of loaded placarded tank car.

In
a freight train or a mixed train, except a train consisting
entirely of placarded loaded tank cars and as provided
in paragraph (j). of this section, a placarded loaded tank
car shall when the length of the train permits, be not
nearer than the sixth car from the engine, occupied caboose or passenger car.
When
the length of the freight train or mixed

it to be so placed, it shall be not
nearer than the second car from the engine, occupied
caboose or passenger car.
(1)
train will not permit
crews of cars containing explosives in

mixed trains. At all terminals or other
places where trains are made up by crews other than road
crew accompanying the outbound movement of cars, the
railroad shall execute a consecutively numbered notice showing the location in the freight ^train or mixed train of
every car placarded "Explosives." A copy of such notice
shall be delivered to the train and engine crew and a
copy thereof showing delivery to the train and engine
crew shall be kept on file by the railroad at each point
where such notice is given. At points where train or
engine crews are changed, the notice shall be transferred
from crew to crew.
Notice to
(f)
freight trains or
Position in freight train or mixed train of cars

containing explosives. In a freight train or a mixed train
either standing or during transportation thereof, a car
placarded "Explosives" shall, when length of train per-
(2)
When
transported in a freight train engaged in
"pickup" or "setoff" service, a placarded loaded tank

car shall be not nearer than the second car from both
engine or occupied caboose.
Separating loaded tank cars placarded "Danger(j)
ous" from other cars in trains. In a freight train or mixed
train either standing or during transportation thereof, a
placarded loaded tank car must not be handled next to:
(1) Occupied passenger
accompanying shipment.
car,
other than gas handlers
(g)
(2) Occupied combination

accompanying shipment.
(3)
Any
car, other
car placarded "Explosives."
than gas handlers
SECTION
(4)
1428
11
Engine, (except
ed loaded tank
train consists only of placard-
when
cars).
Railroad
Date
Place
car placarded "Poison Gas."
(5)
Any
(6)
Wooden under-frame
car (except on narrow gauge
Car
Car number
initials
railroads).
equipped with
(7) Loaded flat car. (Note: Flat cars
permanently attached ends of rigid construction shall be
considered as open-top cars. See subparagraph (8) of this
Number
or description or seal
Number
or description of seal
Reasons
for
broken
paragraph.)
(8) Open-top car when any of the lading protrudes
beyond the car ends or when any of the lading extending
above the car ends is liable to shift so as to protrude
heyond the car ends.
(9) Car equipped with automatic refrigeration or any
other apparatus utilizing an open-flame light or 'an internal combustion engine in its operation.
(10)
Car containing lighted heaters,
(11)
Car loaded with
live
used to reseal car
opening car
stoves, or lanterns.
animals or fowl, occupied
Conditions of load
by an attendant.
(12) Occupied caboose, (except
only of placarded loaded tank cars).
when
consists
train
(k) Position in freight train or mixed train of cars

placarded "Poison Gas" or containing poison liquids,
class A. In a freight train or mixed train either standing
or during transportation thereof, a car placarded "Poison
Gas" or containing poison liquids, class A, shall not be
next to other freight cars placarded "Explosives" of cars
placarded "Dangerous."
(1)
Position
in
freight
train
or
mixed
train
of
cars
placarded "Explosives" or "Poison Gas," or both, when

accompanied by cars carrying guards or gas handling
crews.
A car requiring "Explosives" or "Poison Gas"
placards, or both, shall be next to and ahead of the car
occupied by the guards or gas handling crews accompanying such car; except that when the car occupied by
guards or gas handling crews is equipped with a lighted
heater or stove it shall be the fourth car behind a car
or cars requiring
'Explosives" placards.
(m) Cars containing explosives or poison gas and tank

cars placarded "Dangerous" in passenger or mixed trains.
Cars containing explosives, class A, poison gases or liquids,
class A, and tank cars requiring "Dangerous" placards
shall not be transported in a passenger train. Such cars
may be transported in mixed trains but only at such
times and between such points that freight train service
is not in operation.
(1) Cars containing explosives, class A, poison gases
or liquids, class A, and tank cars placarded "Dangerous"
shall not be transported next to occupied cabooses or
cars carrying passengers in mixed trains, except as provided in paragraph (1) of this section.
When
car containing explosives, class B, or

dangerous articles other than explosives requiring labels
(not including class A poison gases or liquids is moved
in a mixed train and such car is not occupied by an
employee of the carrier, placards must be applied to
the car as required by this part.
(2)
(n) Position in train of cars containing class

poison.
In a freight train or mixed train either standing or during transportation thereof, a car placarded "Dangerous
Class
Poison" must not be handled next to cars
placarded "Explosives" or next to carload shipments of
undeveloped
film.
Name and
(a) When specially authorexplosives in quantity not excarried

in construction or receeding 150 pounds may be
pair cars when the packages of explosives are placed in
a "magazine" box made of sound lumber not less than 1
inch thick, covered on the exterior with metal, and provided with strong handles. This box must be plainly
stenciled on the top, sides, and ends, in letters not less
than 2 inches high, "EXPLOSIVES
74.591
Record of change of seals of cars of explo 74.590

be made, (a) When a car seal is changed on a
car placarded "Explosives" while en route or before
delivery to a consignee, a record must be made showing
the following information which shall be shown on or
attached to waybill or other form of memorandum which
shall accompany car to destination.
Car magazines,
ized by the carrier, class
DANGEROUS-
HANDLE CAREFULLY."
The box must be provided

with strong hinges and with a lock for keeping it securely
closed. Vacant space in the box must be filled with a
cushioning material such as sawdust or excelsior, and
the box must be properly stayed to prevent movement
within the car. The car, when not occupied by a responsible employe, must be placarded "EXPLOSIVES."
Cotton fires, (a) When fire occurs in a
74.592
shipment of cotton in transit at a point where it cannot
reconditioned,
and where arrangements cannot be
be
made with the originating line to sell it, all burnt cotton
in the shipment must be stored under observation in
as safe a place as practicable for not less than 10 days,
and without further evidence of fire, before forwarding.
The billing must be changed to read "Burnt Cotton," and
the material must be forwarded as a dangerous article.
(See
73.159).
74.593 Charcoal fires, (a) When fire occurs in

charcoal in transit, water should not be used if it is pracand remove the material on fire, since
wet charcoal is much more liable to ignite spontaneouscannot
the
fire
be stopped permanently by the
ly, and
use of water. Any material which has become wet in
extinguishing first must be removed from the car and not
shipped; the remainder of the charcoal must be held
under observation in a dry place for at least five days
before forwarding.
ticable to locate
Leaking tank cars, (a) Action in any parwill depend upon existing conditions, and
good judgment will be necessary to avoid disastrous fires
on the one hand and useless sacrifice of valuable property
on the other.
74.594
ticular
sives to
occupation of person opening car
case
Volatile, flammable, arid combustible liquids, or

liquefied gases, such as gasoline, naphtha,
oils, or liquefied petroleum gas, in large quanand spread over a large surface, will form vapors
(b)
flammable
petroleum
tity
1429
that will ignite at a considerable distance, depending on
the kind and quantity of liquid and the direction and
force of the wind. Many of the liquids, regarded as safe
to carry under ordinary conditions and transported in
tank cars without the "Dangerous" placard, should still
be treated as dangerous in handling a wreck.
When tank cars are leaking, all lights or fires

(c)
near them should be extinguished or removed until it is
determined that contents are not flammable or combustible. Incadescent electric lights, or portable electric
flash-lights should be used when available.
Lanterns necessarily used for signaling should
(d)
be kept on the side from which the wind is blowing
and at as high an elevation as can be obtained. The vapors will go with the wind but not against it. The ash
pan and fire box of a locomotive or steam derrick are
sources of danger, especially when wind is blowing across
the wrecked or leaking tank car toward them. Wrecks
involving tank cars should in no case be approached with
lighted pipes, cigars, or cigarettes, and all spectators
should be kept away.
Effort should be made to prevent the spread
(e)
of liquid leakage over a large surface by collecting it in
any available vessels or draining it into a hole or depression at a safe distance from the track. When necessary, trenches should be dug for this purpose.
(f)
It is not safe to drain inflammable or comustible
liquids in large quantities into a sewer, since vapors may
thus be carried to distant points and there ignited. Care
should be exercised also not to permit these liquids to
drain into streams of water which may be used by irrigation plants or for watering stock. Dry earth over spilled
liquid will decease the rate of evaporation and the danger. A stream of these liquids on the ground should be
dammed and dry earth thrown on the liquid as it col-
lects.
Examination of empty tank cars, (a) Light 74.595

ed lanterns. Many fatal accidents have resulted from using
lanterns or lighted matches to examine the interior of
empty tank cars or in using hot rivets to repair unsteamed
tank cars, which may contain flammable vapors even
when the previous lading was not of flash point below
80 F. Only incandescent electric lights should be used
for this examination. Fumes in any empty tank car should
be considered as injurious to a person entering it. In no
case should an empty tank be entered before it has been
cleaned by steaming, without wearing a respirator, hose
mask type only, and without having another person stationed at the manhole with a rope attached to the person
entering the tank. Hobnailed shoes and metal tools are
liable to create sparks and should not be used inside an
empty
tank.
Small quantities of the material with which the

tank car was loaded may remain in the "empty" tank
car and when the vapors remaining therein are unstable
it is permissible to add sufficient inert gas to render the
vapors stable.
(1)
Inspection of tank cars,

(a)
Placarded
74.596
loaded tank cars must be inspected by the carrier before
acceptance at the originating points and when received
in interchange to see that they are not leaking and that
the air and hand brakes, journal boxes, and trucks are
in proper condition for service.
(b)
Empty tank cars previously containing a dangerous article tendered for movement or when received in
interchange must have manhole covers, outlet valve reducers, outlet valve caps, outlet valve cap plugs, end
plugs, and plugs or caps of other openings securely in
their proper places; except that heat coil inlet and outlet
pipes must be left open for drainage.
Safety valves on tank cars must not be tested

these cars are loaded. Whenever test of safety
valves or tank is due on a loaded car while in transit,
unless the car is leaking or in a manifestly insecure condition, it must be forwarded to destination, carded on
each side with a card exhibiting the following notice:
(c)
while
Sudden shocks or jars that might produce sparks

(g)
or friction should be avoided. When possible, the wrecked
cars should be jacked carefully into position after removing other cars and freight that might be injured
by fire. Only as a last resort, to meet an emergency,
should a wrecked car be moved by dragging, and when
this is done all persons should be kept at a safe distance. (See 74.600 of this part).
Safety valves
Overdue
Moving under
I.
C. C. 74.596
(c),
No
unnecessary attempt should be made to transport a damaged tank car from which flammable or com(h)
for test.
Tank
(1)
Prompt reports
and numbers of
of
cars,
movements, showing
must be made by the rail-
such
bustible
initials
may be
road carding the cars to the Bureau of Explosives, 30

Vesey Street, New York City.
liquid is leaking.
Safety in short movements
secured by attaching a receptacle under small
leaks to prevent spread of these liquids over tracks.
Tracks at intervals in rear of a moving car should be
covered with fresh earth to prevent fire overtaking the
car. Engines should be kept away; also spectators who
may be smoking. If damaged car is derailed, and not
in a position to obstruct or endanger traffic, leaks should
be stopped as far as possible, and the car should be left
under guard until another tank car or sufficient receptacles can be provided for the transfer of the liquid,
which should be transferred by pumping when practicable.
(i)
Highly volatile products cannot be transferred in
the usual way by a vacuum pump. The pump can only
be used when placed so that liquid flows to it from the
tank by gravity.
Whenever the leaking condition of a tank car is

(j)
such that transfer of lading has been necessary, the car
must be stenciled on both sides, in letters three inches
in
size,
adjacent to
the
car
number,
DO NOT LOAD UNTIL REPAIRED,"
"LEAKY TANK.
and indicate and

leak with the symbol "X,"
and the owner must be immediately notified by wire,
such notification to indicate definitely location of leak.
Stenciling must not be removed until the tank is repaired.
mark
at the location of the
Even a tank that is not leaking is liable

ruptured by the use of slings, and slipping of chain
(k)
to
be
slings
may produce
is
sparks. Saving of the contents of the tank

not as important as the prevention of fire.
An empty or partially empty tank car, with or

(1)
without placards, is very liable to contain explosive gases,
and open flame lights must not be brought near it. (See
74.595 of this part).
Leading packages of acid or poisons, (a)

a car bearing the "Dangerous" placard is discovered in transit with packages in leaking condition, all
unnecessary movement of the car must cease and at the
first opportunity
an examination must be made of the
lading, and if practicable any broken or leaking packages
of nitric or mixed acids should be removed promptly
Any acid or other corrosive liquid reto prevent fire.
maining on the car floor or on surrounding packages
washed
away with a plentiful supply of water,
should be
or if not available, cleaned up with a liberal application of sand or earth. Care should be exercised to prevent
inhalation of gases liberated through the application
of water; when employees are injured by acid or other
corrosive liquid, the liquid should be washed off immediately by a liberal application of water.
74.597
Whenever
Cars which have contained arsenic, arsenate of

sodium arsenate, calcium arsenate, Paris green, calcium cyanide, potassium cyanide, sodium cynadie, or
other poisonous articles, which show any evidence of
leakage from packages must be thoroughly cleaned after
(b)
lead,
unloading before cars are again placed in service.

(c)
Leakage of dangerous articles is often accompanied by odors characteristic of the articles, and all available opportunities for noting such odors must be utilized
in order that the source of leakage may be discovered
and the leakage stopped, or the leaking package removed
from the car, or the contents of tank cars transferred.
If artificial light is necessary, only electric lights should
be used. Leaking tank cars containing compressed gases
should be switched to a location distant from habitation
SECTION
1430
11
and highways and proper action taken

contents under competent supervision.
for
transferring
DANGEROUS HANDLE CAREFULLY."
Cars containing leaking packages or leaking tank

cars must be protected against ignition of liquid or
vapors by flame of inspector's lanterns or torches, by burning fusees, by switch-lights, by switch-thawing flames,
by fires on side of track, by hot coals from locomotives,
or otherwise. All unnecessary movement of a car discovered in transit in leaking condition must cease until
the unsafe condition is remedied.
(d)
Poison class D. In event

(e) Radioactive materials
of breakage of container, wreck, fire, or unusual delay inClass
Poison" as
"Dangerous
placarded
volving cars
prescribed in 74.541 (b) of this part, the car and any
loose radioactive material must be isolated as far as
possible from danger of human contact and no persons
must be allowed to remain close to the car or contents
needlessly until qualified persons are available to supervise handling. The shipper and the Bureau of Explosives
This box must be plainly stenciled on the top, sides, and

ends, in letters not less than 2 inches high, "EXPLOSIVES
The box
must be provided with strong hinges and with a lock
for keeping it securely closed. Vacant space in the box
must be filled with a cushioning material such as sawdust or excelsior, and the box must be properly stayed to
prevent movement within the car.

Explosives may be transported in a trailer or
(d)
other closed car and must be securely blocked, braced
and stayed so as to prevent movement during transit,
and other freight must not be permitted to fall on or
slide against such shipments.
(e) Trailer cars or other cars not occupied by a representative of the carrier must bear the standard placards
as prescribed in this part.

(f)
Explosives and other dangerous articles must not
be loaded, and transported together, except as permitted
by the loading and storage chart, 74.538 of this part.
should be notifiied immediately.

Cars, buildings, areas, or equipment in which
poisons have been spilled must not be again
placed in service or occupied until decontaminated by
qualified persons.
(1)
class
Inspection of cars at interchange,

(a) Cars
74.598
containing explosives requiring explosives placards (see
which
offered
connecting
lines
must
74.525
are
by
(a)
),
be carefully inspected by the receiving line on the outside, including the roof; and, if practicable, the hiding
must also be inspected. These cars must not be forwarded until all discovered violations have been corrected.
If the car shows evidence of, or if there is any
(b)
reason to suspect that it has received rough treatment,
the lading must be inspected and placed in proper
condition before the car is permitted to proceed. When
interchange occurs and inspection is necessary after daylight hours, electric flash lights should be provided. Naked
lighis must not be used.
(c) Shipments of explosives and other dangerous artiby connecting lines must comply with Parts
71-78, and the revenue waybill, freight bill, manifest
of lading, card waybill, switching order, transfer slip
tickets, or other billing, must bear label notation and
placard indorsement prescribed by 74.584 of this part.
cles offered
(d)
Cars containing packages of dangerous articles
other than explosives should not be offered in interchange
if packages are in leaking condition.
If small leaks have
developed in movement of tank cars to interchange, and
where short movements are necessary to make delivery
for unloading by consignee, and this movement may be
safely made, the precautions prescribed by 74.594 of
this part, must be observed.
Handling by electric railways and motor

Explosives, class A, as specified in 73.53 to
73.87, must not be transported in any self-propelled car
operated by electric or other motive power, if such car
is carrying passengers.
cars,
74.599
(a)
Dangerous articles other than explosives, and

and class C, explosives when transported in selfpropelled motor cars, must be carried in a compartment
of such cars in which there shall be no electrically oper(b)
class B,
ated apparatus, or electric circuits,

in conduits properly installed.
other
than
circuits
(c)
When the motor car is used as a freight or baggage car and not as a passenger car, not more than 500
pounds net of explosives, or not exceeding 5,000 blasting
caps or electric blasting caps, may be transported. The
explosives must be placed in a "magazine
box made
of sound lumber not less than 1 inch thick, covered
on
the exterior with metal, and provided with strong handles
(g) All the requirements of Parts 71 to 78 as to packing, marking, labeling, description, certification and waybilling, must be complied with for all shipments of ex-
plosives or other dangerous articles transported by electric railways or other self-propelled motor car lines engaged in interstate or foreign commerce.
In case of a wreck,
(a)
Details involving
74.600
the handling of explosives and other dangerous articles
the event of a wreck may be found in Bureau of
Explosives' Pamphlet No. 22 covering "Recommended
Practice for Handling Collisions and Derailments Involving Explosives, Gasoline and Other Dangerous Articles."
in
Whenever a car placarded "Explosives" is in(b)

volved in an accident or wreck it must be opened and
contents examined, and whenever opened for any purpose
inspection must be made of the packages of explosives
as soon as practicable without unnecessary disturbance
of lading, to see that they are properly loaded and stayed
and in good condition. Upon the discovery of leaking
or broken packages they must be carefully removed to a
safe place. Loose powder or other explosives must be
swept up and carefully removed. If the floor is wet with
nitroglycerin the car is unsafe to use, and a representative of the Bureau of Explosives should be immediately
called to superintend the thorough mopping and washing
of the floor with a warm, saturated solution of concenlye or sodium carbonate.
If necessary, the car
must be placed on an isolated siding and proper notice
trated
given.
(c) Whenever a car placarded "Dangerous

Class
Poison" is involved in a wreck resulting in damage to
container of radioactive material, such container
should be isolated as far as practicable from human
contact. The shipper and the Bureau of Explosives must
be notified immediately. Cars, building, equipment, or
any
in which radioactive materials have been spilled

must not be again placed in service or occupied until
has been determined that no dangerous contamina-
areas
it
tion exists.
Calcium hypochlorite compounds, dry, in 74.601

volved in fires, (a) Calcium hypochlorite compounds,
dry, packed in metal drums when involved in cars where
fire has occurred from any cause must be held at least
five days before forwarding.
Drums showing evidence
of spontaneous heating or stress from internal pressure
must not be reshipped.
74.602
Placarded cars involved in fires.
(a)
Placarded cars which have been on fire due to hot
journals or any other cause shall not be transported, except to the extent necessary to facilitate fire fighting,
until it has been determined that there is no fire remaining within the car.
1431
FOR INFORMATION ONLY
PART 75REGULATIONS APPLYING TO CARRIERS BY

Subpart
Regulations
Sec.
75.650
75.651
75.652
75.653
75.654
75.655
75.656
75.657
75.658
75.659
75.660
Purpose of regulations in Parts 71-78.

Acceptable articles.
Application
Labels.
ibe"
Receipts.
Protection of packages.
at destination
Waybills.
Connecting line shipments.
Astray shipments.
Violations and accidents or fires must be
reported.
75.675 Explosives via Railway Express Agency, Inc.
Removal
Purpose of regulations in Parts 71-78. (a)

the uniform enforcement of law and to minimize the dangers to life and property incident to the
transportation of explosives and other dangerous articles,
by rail express carriers engaged in interstate or foreign
commerce, Parts 71-78 are prescribed to define these
articles for rail express transportation purposes, and to
state the precautions that must be observed by the carrier in handling them while in transit. It is the duty of
each such carrier to make the prescribed regulations
76.650
To promote
effective and
tion thereto.
to
thoroughly instruct employees in rela-
75.651 Acceptable articles, (a) Explosives and other dangerous articles, except such as will not be accepted,
may be offered for transportation to rail express carriers
engaged in interstate or foreign commerce and transported, provided they are in proper condition for transportation and are certified that the regulations in Parts
71-78 have been complied with, and provided their
method of manufacture, packing and storage, so far as
they affect safe transportation, are open to inspection by
a duly authorized representative of the initial carrier or
of the Bureau of Explosives. Shipments of explosives or
other dangerous articles not in proper condition for
transportation, or loaded or stayed as required, or certified as to proper packing, marking and description as
required in Parts 71-78 must not be accepted for transportation or transported.
Application, (a) Parts 71-78 apply to all

75.652
shipments of explosives and other dangerous articles as
defined in Part 73 including carriers' material and supplies.
Labels prescribed by the Com(a)

regulations, Part 73, must be applied to rail
express shipments, unless exempt from Parts 71-78, and
in addition the shipper must certify to compliance with
the regulations by writing, stamping, or printing his name
underneath the certificate printed thereon.
RAIL EXPRESS
the Railway Express Agency, Incorporated

Passenger or Express Train Service
Governing Transportation of Explosives by
75.653 Labels,
mission's
(b) Carriers must keep on hand an adequate supply

of labels. Lost or detached labels must be replaced from
information given on the waybill or from information on
the package.
75.654 Receipts, (a) A receipt upon the form prescribed by the originating rail express carrier must be
issued to the shipper for each express shipment of explosives or other dangerous articles accepted for transportation. Before a receipt is isuued, the shipper must
apply the label prescribed in Part 73 to each package
containing any article requiring a label under Parts 71-78.
(b) Packages protected by labels must be so loaded

that they cannot fall to the car floor and in such manner
that other freight cannot fall onto or slide against them.
(c) Unless sealed cars are equipped with a suitable
guard or screen to prevent the lading coming in contact
with hot steam pipes, or heat exits used in electricallyheated equipment, packages containing explosives or
other dangerous articles must not be transported in them.
(d) Shipments of explosives or other dangerous articles,

except poisons and nonflammable compressed gases, when
transported in passenger carrying trains, should be loaded
in the car occupied by an express employee or in connecting cars to which an express employee has access
through end doors, and in a place that will permit their
ready removal in case of fire. They must not be loaded
in cars or stored in stations near steam pipes or other
sources of heat. Explosives, flammable liquids (red label),
and flammable compressed gases (red gas label) must
not be loaded, transported, or stored in cars or stations
equipped with lighted heaters or where open-flame lights
or stoves or electric devices having exposed heating
coils are used.
No placards are required on such cars
when occupied by an express emdoyee. Shipments bearing poison label, when practicable, should be loadr/1 in
sealed cars; when loaded in cars occupied by messenger,
care should be taken to prevent any contents sifting or
leaking from containers.
(e) When an express or baggage car containing any
package requiring a label prescribed by Part 73 is not
occupied by an express employee, or is not a connecting
car to which an express employee has access through an
end door, and the car is handled in a passenger, mixed,
or freight train, the proper placards must be attached
thereto as required by Part 74 for the transportation of
such articles by rail freight.
Packages containing dangerous articles, as defined

73, that are loaded in sealed cars for express
movement from the point of origin, must be loaded in
a place that will permit of their ready removal in case
of fire, wreck, or unloading, and near the car door, if
(f)
by Part
possible.
(g) Not to exceed 10 gas identification sets
transported in any car at any time.
may be
(h) It is important to prevent contact of contents of

packages bearing either yellow or white corrosive liquid
labels with combustible substances, such as sawdust,
shavings, or sweepings, that may be present in express
cars. The space should be swept or cleaned.
Unless they are leaking, or in a manifestly insecure

(i)
condition, packages of dangerous articles other than explosives in transit must be forwarded to destination and
report made of any violation observed. Leaking packages must be reconditioned or repaired promptly and
forwarded to destination.
A container of radioactive material bearing red

(j)
label must not be placed in cars, depots or other places
closer than 3 feet to an area which may be continuously
occupied by passengers, employees, or shipments of animals. When more than one such container is present,
the distance from occupied areas must be computed from
the table in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph by adding
the number of units shown on labels on the containers.
Each receipt must show the proper and definite

of commodity, as listed in 72.5, and the color
or kind of label applied to the package if any is required.
Abbreviations must not be used.
(1) In a combination car carrying passengers and/or

express shipments, a container of radioactive material
must not be placed closer than 3 feet to the dividing
For more than one such container the dispartition.
tance must be computed by method described in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph.
Protection of packages, (a) In handling

75.655
packages containing explosives or other dangerous articles, care must be taken to prevent them from falling
or from being broken. They must not be thrown, dropped^
or rolled. Packages bearing the marking "This Side Up'
or "This End Up" as required by Part 73 must be so
handled and loaded.
(2) A container of radioactive material, red label, must

not be placed closer than 15 feet to any package containing undeveloped film. If more than one such container is present, the distance must be computed from the
table in this subparagraph by adding the number of units
shown on the labels on the packages.
(b)
name
SECTION
1432
11
Minimum
distance in
Total
feet to
number
nearest un-
of units
developed
film
Distance in
feet to area
that may be
continuously
occupied by
passengers
or employes
20
25
30
31 to 40
(a)
The waybill
or delivery sheet
Distance in
feet from
dividing
partition by a
must properly describe the articles by name as

and show color or kind of label applied.
carrier,
shown
in 72.5,
combination
car
3
4
5
6
3
4
5
6
15
to 10
11 to 20
21 to 30
1
75.657 Waybills,
when used as a waybill, or other billing issued in lieu

thereof, and the transfer sheet, or interchange record
used for transferring such shipments to a connecting
Table
(a) Shipments
75.658 Connecting line shipments,
dangerous articles offered by connecting express or
other transportation lines must comply with Parts 71-78.
of
NOTE 1: The distance in the table must be measured

from the nearest point of the radioactive container or
containers.
NOTE
2:
1 unit equals 1 milliroentgen per hour at 1
gamma radiation or the amount of radiawhich
tion
has the same effect on film as 1 mrhm. or
hard gamma rays of radium filtered by & inch of lead.
meter for hard
75.659
Astray shipments,
(a)
Any
astray shipment
of dangerous
destination, if
articles must be forwarded promptly to

known, provided a careful inspection shows
the package to be in proper condition for safe transportation. If the package is not labeled and the exact
nature of the contents is unknown, the red label must
be applied.
_
Violations and accidents or fires must be

75.660
(a) Violations and accidents or fires must be
reported promptly by the express carrier to the Bureau
of Explosives, 30 Vesey Street, New York 7, N. Y., as
reported,
(3)
label)
Not more than 40 units of radioactive material (red

be transported in any car or stored in any
shall
follows:
location at one time.

All
(4)
containers of radioactive
material
(red
(1)
label)
must be carried by the handles when handles are pro-
(2)
Serious violations of Parts 71-78.
Facts relating to leaking or broken containers.
vided.
Radioactive materials (class D poisons) must not

in the same car with samples of explosives.
(5)
be loaded
(6) If for any reason, a package containing radioactive

material (red label) would otherwise remain in the same
building for a period longer than 24 hours, it must be
moved to a different location after each 24 hours.
(7) In case of fire, wreck, breakage or unusual delay
involving any shipment of radioactive material, the package or material should be segregated as far as possible
from human contact. The shipper and the Bureau of
Explosives should be immediately notified. In case of
breakage of a package containing radioactive material
and when it appears likely that the inside container may
have been damaged, great care must be exercised to
prevent contact with, inhalation, or any other means of
the radioactive material entering the body. Cars, buildpoisons have
ings, areas, or equipment in which class
been spilled must not be again placed in service or occupied until decontaminated by qualified persons.
Removal at destination, (a) Shipments of

explosives and other dangerous articles as defined by
Part 73 which cannot be delivered within 48 hours after
arrival at destination, Saturday, Sunday, and holidays not
included, or shipments which are refused by the consignee, must be promptly disposed of (1) by return to
the shipper, if in proper shipping condition, or (2) by
75.656
storage, provided a suitable storage place for such articles

is available off the carrier's property, or (3) by sale, or
(4) when necessary to safety, by destruction; Provided,
That charged electric batteries may be held for 30 days
after arrival at destination, pending delivery or disposition.
Accidents or
fires in connection with the transportation or storage on express or railway property of

explosives or other dangerous articles. (See 74.588.)
(3)
SUBPART A REGULATIONS GOVERNING TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVES BY THE RAILWAY

EXPRESS AGENCY, INCORPORATED, IN PASSENGER OR EXPRESS TRAIN SERVICE.
75.675 Explosives via Railway Express Agency, Inc.
Except as provided in this section, shipments of explosives may be tendered for transportation by Railway Ex(a)
Agency in passenger or express train service only

the Commission finds that an emergency requires
such expedited movement. Emergency shipments shall
be subject to regulations which the Commission deems
press
when
advisable or necessary in the
interest
of the
public in
each emergency:
Exception No. 1: Samples of explosives for laboratory

examination, fireworks or other similar authorized explosives may continue to be transported in passenger or
express train service, subject to the published regulations (See 72.5 and 73.86 (d) ).
Exception No. 2: In time of war or of national emergency proclaimed by the President, shipments of explosives by, for or to the Armed Forces of the United States
of America may be tendered for transportation in passenger or express train service when such shipments comply
with the special regulations furnished to the Department
of Defense, Railroads and the Railway Express Agency,
Incorporated.
FOR INFORMATION ONLY
PART 76 REGULATIONS APPLYING TO RAIL CARRIERS

IN BAGGAGE SERVICE
Sec.
76.700
76.701
76.702
76.703
76.704
76.705
76.706
76.707
Purpose of regulations
of carriers engaged in interstate or foreign commerce,

the following regulations are prescribed to define these
articles for rail baggage transportation purposes, and to
state the precautions that must be observed by the car-
in Parts 71-78.
Application.
Dangerous
Acceptable
rier in
articles.
Labels.
Placards.
Handling of packages.
Reporting violations and accidents or
transit.
Application, (a) Parts 71-78 apply to all

76.701
shipments in rail baggage service of dangerous articles
Shipments of explosives, other
than small arms ammunition, or any dangerous articles,
except as provided in this part, must not be accepted for
as prescribed in this part.
fires.
76.700 Purpose of regulations in Parts 71-78. (a)

To provide for the safe transportation of dangerous
articles in rail baggage service on passenger-carrying trains
handling them while in
articles.
transportation in rail baggage service. The Commission

will make provision as occasion and safety may require
for dangerous articles other than those described in this
1433
Carriers engaged in
must make the regulations
part.
interstate or foreign
in this part effective
commerce
(g) Packages of motion-picture films with advertising

matter attached to the outside container must not be
offered or accepted for transportation. Shippers desiring
to include advertising matter with their shipments of
motion-picture films must place the advertising matter
inside the outside box containing the films.
and must
provide for the thorough instruction of their employees.
NOTE
Explosives or other dangerous articles, conand supplies such as are acceptable for rail express transportation, may be transported in baggage cars when packed, marked, and labeled
as prescribed by regulations for rail express shipments
in Part 75.
1:
sisting of carrier's materials
76.704 Labels, (a) All packages containing samples

of explosives for laboratory examination, special fireworks
and other dangerous articles for which labels are prescribed by Part 73, must be conspicuously labeled by the
shipper. Labels should be applied when practicable to
that part of the package bearing the consignees name
and address, or baggage check. The shipper must certify
to complicance with Parts 71-78 by writing, stamping, or
printing "his name underneath the certificate printed
thereon. Shippers must furnish and attach labels prescribed for their shipments.
76.702 Dangerous articles, (a) No dangerous article

described by Parts 71-78 shall be accepted for transportation or transported in rail baggage service except as provided for in 76.703 of this part and which must be
packed, marked and labeled as required by Part 73.
tides
76.703 Acceptable articles, (a) The following articles

may be transported in rail baggage service under
(b) Carriers must keep on hand an adequate supply

of labels. Lost or detached labels must be replaced.
this part:
(b)
Compressed
gases:
Dichlorodifluoromethane-dichlorotetrafluoroethane mixture
Dichlorodinuoromethane-trichlorotrifluoroethane mixture
Dichlorodifluoromethane-monochlorodifluoromethane mixture
Dichlorodifluoromethane-trichloromonofluoromethane-monochlorodifluoromethane mixture
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Anhydrous ammonia
Chlorine
Ethylene
Liquefied carbon dioxide
Liquefied petroleum
Methyl chloride
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen
Sulfur dioxide
Green gas
label
Green gas
label
In
Green gas label
cylinders not
exceeding 12 z
51
Green gas
label
Green gas
label
Red
inches,
gas label
pied by carrier's employee.)
Green gas
Green gas
Green gas
label
label
label
Red gas label
Green ga3 label
Red gas label
Red gas label
Green gas label
Green gas label
Green gas label
In
cylinders not
exceeding
4^
by 22 inches.
(1) Compressed gases must be shipped in metal cylinders complying with specifications and regulations as
prescribed for freight shipments.
(c)
Motion-picture films, yellow label. In containers

by paragraphs (e) to (g) of this section.
as prescribed
(d) Mine -rescue equipment. Cylinders of compressed

gas for mine rescue or medical work may be shipped
when packed with other equipment pertaining to such
work; cylinders not over 4J by 22 inches may be shipped
when packed in traveling bags, suitcases, trunks, or other
suitable outside containers.
When so packed, the prescribed label must be placed on each outside container.
(e) Flammable motion-picture films must be packed in
spark-proof metal cases or trunks complying with spec.
32A, 32B, or 32C. Not more than 12,000 feet of standard
width (1% inches wide), 12 reels of approximately 1,000
feet each, or equivalent thereof, or more than 3 reels of
stereoscopic film (2J inches wide and approximately 1,500
feet each, may be packed in one such outside container;
or as follows:
(1) In outside wooden boxes, spec. 15A, 15B, 15C, or

16A, provided each reel is placed in a tightly closed inThe gross weight of such a package
must not exceed 80 pounds. Boxes must be equipped
with handles, and covers securely fastened by metal hasp
and staple with a strong lock or other efficient device.
side metal container.
When
slow-burning (nonflammable) motion picture

in the same outside containers with flammable motion-picture films, the outside packages must
bear the yellow label, and the total contents of the outside container must not exceed the quantity or gross
weight permitted for flammable films. (See paragraph (e)
(f)
films are
packed
of this section.)
and
with
pressure
not
exceeding
300 pounds at
70 F.
Placards,
(a)
Placards ordinarily used to
76.705
indicate the presence in cars of flammable articles will
not be required on baggage cars in charge of a railroad
employee and moving in passenger trains, or on electric
or gasoline motor cars in charge of an employee of the
carrier, and which are run independently of cars carrying
passengers. (See 74.543 for placarding of cars not occu-
76.706 Handling of packages, (a) In handling packages containing dangerous articles, care must be taken
to prevent them from falling or from being broken. They
must not be thrown, dropped, or rolled.
Packages containing dangerous articles when

in baggage
service in passenger-carrying
must be loaded in the car occupied by a railway
employee, and in a place that will permit their ready
removal in case of fire. They must not be loaded in cars
nor stored in stations near steam pipes or other sources
(b)
transported
trains
of heat.
(c)
to
it
The
that
originating carrier,
is
known
to
when
shipment
is
offered
contain dangerous articles as de-
by Parts 71-78, must see that the packages are

marked and labeled as prescribed in Part 73.
fined
(d) Shipments of dangerous articles offered by connecting transportation lines must comply with the regulations in Parts 71-78.
(e)
An
astray shipment of dangerous articles or a ship-
ment made in violation of Parts 71-78 without the

knowledge of the carrier, must be forwarded promptly
to destination, if known, provided a careful inspection
shows the package to be in proper condition for safe
transportation.
(f) Unauthorized persons must not be allowed to have
access to dangerous articles in transit at any time while
such articles are in the custody of the carrier.
Reporting violations and accidents or fires.

76.707
Serious violations of the regulations in Parts 71-78,
facts relating to leaking or broken containers, and accidents or fires in connection with the transportation or
(a)
storage on railway property of explosives or other dangerous articles, must be reported promptly by the rail
carrier in baggage service to the Bureau of Explosives,
30 Vesey Streef, New York, N. Y. (See 74.588.)
SECTION
1434
11
PART 77 REGULATIONS APPLYING TO SHIPMENTS MADE BY WAY OF

COMMON, CONTRACT, OR PRIVATE CARRIERS BY PUBLIC HIGHWAY
Subpart
General
Information and Regulations
Sec.
Sec.
Purpose of regulations
Scope of Parts 71-78.
77.800
77.801
77.802
77.803
in Parts 71-78.
Application of Parts 71-78.
Import shipments by domestic carriers by motor
77.836
77.837
77.838
77.839
77.840
77.841
Nonexplosive material.
Flammable
Flammable
liquids.
solids and oxidizing
Corrosive liquids.
Compressed gases.
Poisons.
vehicle.
Export shipments by domestic carriers by motor
77.804
Subpart
Loading
vehicle.
Canadian shipments.
United States Government shipments.
77.805
77.806
77.807
in
77.848
transportation.
Connecting carrier shipments.
Carrier's material and supplies.
Vehicular tunnels.
77.808
77.809
77.810
77.811
77.812
77.813
77.814
77.815
77.816
77.817
77.818
77.819
77.820
77.821
explosives
and Shipments
in Transit;
and
77.853
77.854
Transportation and delivery of shipments.

Disabled vehicles and broken or leaking pack-
77.855
77.856
77.857
Accidents; explosives.
Accidents; flammable liquids.
Accidents; flammable solids and
77.858
77.859
77.860
Accidents; corrosive liquids.

Accidents; compressed gases.
Accidents; poisons.
Subpart
ages; repairs.
Labels.
Marking on containers.
Shipping papers.
Receipts.
oxidizing
ma-
terials.
Certificate.
Waybills, manifests, etc.

Explosives or other dangerous articles forbidden
or limited for transportation.
Acceptable articles.
Marking on motor vehicles and
Subpart
DVehicles
of
Accidents
Inefficient containers.
Accidents to be reported.
Loading
trailers.
Regulations
Dangerous
and Unloading
General requirements.
77.834
77.835
and Storage Chare of Explosives

and Other Dangerous Articles
Loading and storage chart

other dangerous articles.
Subpart
Astray shipments.
Containers required.
77.822
77.823
materials.
Explosives.
77.870
Applying to Explosives or Other

on Motor Vehicles Carrying
Passengers for Hire
Articles
Regulations for passenger carrying vehicles.
Prescribed under authority of the Transportation of Explosives Act of March 4, 1921, 41 Stat. 1444, 1445, for
common carriers by motor vehicle, and under authority of the Interstate Commerce Act, Part
204 (a) (2), for regulations applying to contract carriers by motor vehicle.
regulations applying to
II,
sec.
U.
S.
Authority: 77.800 to 77.870 issued under sec. 204,

C. 304, 18 U. S. C, Sup. 835.
49
Stat.
546,
amended,
sec.
835,
62
Stat.
739;
49
The regulations in Parts 71-78 are applicable to every common, contract, and private carrier of property
subject to the regulatory provisions of Section 835 Public Law 772, 80th Congress (62 Stat. 738), and/or Part II
of the Interstate Commerce Ace.
Private carriers by public highway subject to Parts 71-78 are prohibited from transporting any explosive or
other dangerous article unless the article is properly described by name in papers required by Parts 71-78 to accompany every shipment of such article; and that every such article must be packed and marked and in proper
condition for transportation according to the regulations in Parts 71-78.
NOTE

further order of the Commission, the following regulaapply to transportation of flammable liquids
by private carriers of property in interstate or foreign
before
commerce:
visions
any such tank is continued in or returned

however, 77.856 of this part.
to
service; see,
tions shall
All regulations heretofore applying to common or

contract carriers by motor vehicle shall apply to such
private carriers, except:
Cargo tanks of tank motor vehicles constructed previous to June 15, 1943, may be continued in service if
maintained in safe operating condition and sufficiently
frequent inspections are maintained to determine compliance with all requirements as specified in this Note.
Any
that
is
defect or deficiency, due to accident or otherwise,

cause serious hazard must be corrected
likely to
Requirements applying to tests of tanks, and profor markers thereon except that indicating the
flammable nature of the cargo, are waived.
Outages for shipments shall be those provided for

by Part 73, except that filling of tanks to outage markers
already incorporated in tanks, having due regard for
safety in the transportation of the flammable liquids, need
not be changed.
Section 77.815 of this part, labels, and 77.819 of
packages, need not be complied
by such private carriers, except as to packages
transferred from one carrier to another.
this part, certification of
with
1435
SUBPART
AGENERAL
INFORMATION AND REGULATIONS
Purpose of regulations in Parts 71-78. (a)

To promote the uniform enforcement of law and to
minimize the dangers to life and property incident to
the transportation of explosives and other dangerous
articles, by common and contract carriers, by motor vehicle engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, the
regulations in Parts 71-78 are prescribed to define these
articles for motor vehicle transportation purposes, and
to state the precautions that must be observed by the
carrier in handling them while in transit. It is the duty
of each such carrier to make the prescribed regulations
effective and to thoroughly instruct employees in rela77.800
tion thereto.
Scope of regulations in Parts 71-78. (a) Exand other dangerous articles, except such as
may not be accepted and transported under Parts 71-78,
may be accepted and transported by common and contract carriers by motor vehicle engaged in interstate or
foreign commerce, provided they are in proper condition
for transportation and are certified as being in compliance with Parts 71-78, and provided the method of
manufacture, packing, and storage, so far as they affect
safety in transportation, are open to inspection by a
77.801
plosives
duly authorized representative of the initial carrier or of

the Bureau of Explosives. Shipments of explosives or
other dangerous articles not in proper condition for
transportation, or loaded or stayed as required, or certified as to proper packing, marking and description as
required in Parts 71-78, must not be accepted for transportation or transported.
77.802
Application of regulations in Parts 71-78.
(a) Parts 71-78 apply to all common and contract carriers

by motor vehicle transporting explosives and/or other
dangerous articles as defined by Interstate Commerce
Commission "Regulations for Transportation of Explosives and Other Dangerous Articles by Land and Water
in Rail Freight, Express and Baggage Services and by
Motor Vehicle (Highway) and Water." When shipments
are accepted by motor vehicle for further transportation
by rail express (see also paragraph (c) of this section),
rail baggage (see also paragraph (d) of this section), rail
freight or by water on board vessel, they must, in addition to Parts 71-78, comply with the applicable regulations for the service by which they are to be transported.
(b) The regulations prescribed by the Commandant

of the Coast Guard governing the transportation of "Explosives or Other Dangerous Articles on Board Vessels"
also include combustible liquids and hazardous articles.
The
column of the Commodity List, 72.5,

indicates the maximum quantity of an article that may
be accepted for transportation by rail express or that
the article is not acceptable for transportation by rail
(c)
fifth
express.
The mark
preceding an article in the Commodity List 72.5, indicates that the article may be accepted
for rail baggage transportation.
All articles not so
marked are not acceptable for rail baggage transportation.
(d)
77.803
jgf
Import shipments by domestic
by
carriers
vehicles, (a) Import shipments of explosives and

other dangerous articles offered in the United States in
original packages for transportation by carriers by motor
vehicle must comply with all requirements of Parts 71-78.
motor
Except for shipments from Canada conforming with 73.8,

the importer must furnish with the order to the foreign
shipper, and also to the forwarding agent at the port
of entry, full and complete information as to the packing,
marking, labeling, and other requirements, as prescribed
in Parts 71-78, and the forwarding agent must file with
the initial -carrier in the United States a properly certishipping order or
scribed in Parts 71-78.
fied
other
shipping
papers
as
pre-
(b) Import shipments transferred in port areas by

motor vehicle: Except for the requirements of 77.817
and 77.823, the provisions of Parts 71-78 do not apply
to such transportation by motor vehicle as may be necesesary to effect transfer of import shipments from place
of discharge to other places within the same port area
or delivery to a water carrier within the same port area
Further transportation
(including continguous harbors).
of such import shipments by connecting water carrier
be subject to the regulations prescribed by the Commandant of the Coast Guard.
shall

77.804
(a) Explosives and other dangerous articles
authorized to be exported from the United States when
packed, marked, labeled, and described, in accordance
with rules and regulations in force at destination ports,
must not be offered to any common or contract carrier
by motor vehicle for domestic transportation unless in
full accordance with Parts 71-78.
motor vehicle,
(b) Export shipments transferred in port areas by

motor vehicle: Except for the requirements of 77.817
and 77.823, the provisions of Parts 71-78 do not apply
to such transportation by motor vehicle as may be necessary to effect transfer of export shipments from place of
shipment to other places within the same port area or
delivery to a water carrier within the same port area
(including contiguous harbors). Further transportation of

such export shipments by connecting water carrier shall
be subject to the regulations prescribed by the Commandant of the Coast Guard.
77.805 Canadian shipments, (a) Explosives or other
dangerous articles which are packed, marked, labeded,
and loaded, in conformity with the regulations of the
Board of Transport Commissioners for Canada, may be
accepted and carried by carriers from point of entry in
the United States to their destination in the United States
or through the United States en route to a point in Can-
ada.
NOTE

further order of the Commission, compressed gas cylinders 40 inches in length and 8 inches in diameter, charged
with not more than 40 pounds of carbon dioxide or when
charged with nitrogen not in excess of 2,000 pounds per
square inch, and shipped by or to the Canadian Department of National Defense in accordance with Board of
Transport Commissioners for Canada Order No. 76253

dated March 10, 1951, may be shipped to destinations in
the United States or through the United States to points
in
Canada.
United States Government shipments, (a)

77.806
Shipments of explosives or other dangerous articles offered by or consigned to the Departments of the Army,
Navy, and Air Force of the United States Government,
must be packed, including limitations of weight, in accordance with the regulations in Part 73 or in containers
of equal or greater strength and efficiency as required
by their regulations.
(b) Shipments of radioactive materials, made by the
Atomic Energy Commission, or under its direction or
supervision, which are escorted by personnel specially
designated by the Atomic Energy Commission, are exempt from the regulations in Parts 71-78.

77.807
transportation, (a) For the protection of the public
against fire, explosion, or other, or further hazard, with
respect to shipments of explosives or other dangerous
articles offered for transportation or in transit by any
common or contract carrier by motor vehicle, such carrier
shall make immediate report to the Bureau of Explosives,
30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y., for handling, any of
the following emergency matters coming to their attention (see also 77.853 to 77.870 for handling shipments
in
in transit):
(1) Instances of packages of explosives or other dangerous articles discovered in transit not properly prepared
for transportation in accordance with applicable regula-
tions in Parts 71-78.

(2) Motor carrier accidents involving damage to container of explosives or other dangerous articles to such
a degree as to necessitate repacking of the articles. (See
74.588.)
(3)
Other
like
emergencies in which any
contract carrier by motor vehicle

involved, or may offer aid at its
(4)
is
or
is
common
likely to
or
become
command.
This section shall in no respect excuse either ship-
per or carrier by motor vehicle for failure to exercise

due care to prevent any departure from any regulation
prescribed in Parts 71-78.
Connecting carrier shipments, (a) Ship 77.808

ments of explosives or other dangerous articles offered
SECTION
11
by
transportation
connecting
1436
lines
must
comply
Name
of contents
I.C.C. Spec. No
with
Parts 71-78.
77.809 Carrier's material and supplies, (a) The regulations in Parts 71-78 apply to all shipments of explosives
and other dangerous articles, icluding carrier's material
and
Show
Label
package
markings
Serial
Code Nos
show box maker's name
and whether
;
straight sided
balloon shaped
supplies.
77.810 Vehicular tunnels, (a) Nothing contained

71-78 shall be so construed as to nullify or supersede regulations established and published under
authority of State statute or municipal ordinance regarding the kind, character, or quantity of any explosive or
other dangerous article permitted by such regulations
to be transported through any urban vehicular tunnel
used for mass transportation.
Nos
carboy,
If
or
Name and
address of shipper
Name and
address of consignee
in Parts
Astray shipments, (a) Any astray shipment

77.811
of dangerous articles other than explosives must be forwarded promptly to destination, if known, provided a
careful inspection shows the package to be in proper
condition for safe transportation. If the package is not
labeled and the exact nature of the contents is unknown,
the red label must be applied.
T. L. or L. T.
RESULTS OF ACCIDENT
Accidents to be reported, (a) Fires or ex 77.814

plosions occurring in connection with the transportation,
or storage on carrier's property, of explosives or other
dangerous articles, and leaking, broken, or seriously damaged containers, must be reported promptly by the
highway carrier to the Commission. These reports are
required to the end that further use of containers shown
by experience to be inefficient may be prohibited by the
Commission:
whether
[State
Number
Property
in transportation or storage]
of persons injured
killed
loss:
Reporting-carrier's vehicle
Other vehicles
Reporting-carrier's cargo
Containers required, (a) Containers re 77.812

quired for explosives and other dangerous articles are
prescribed in Part 73 Regulations Applying to Shippers.
Inefficient containers,
(a)
The results of
77.813
experience gained by examination of broken or leaking
containers must be recorded by the Bureau of Explosives
to the end that further use of any particular kind of container shown by experience to be inefficient, may be prohibited by the Commission.
shipment
I.
Other cargoes
Other property (describe)

Total loss
Give all essential facts and details of handling (use

additional sheet if necessary), stating: (1) Part of package
damaged or leaking, and what was done to stop leak, (2)
rate of leakage, (3) probable cause of fire, explosion, or
leaking, broken, or seriously damaged container, (4) distance between source of ignition and point of leakage
of flammable liquid or vapor, (5) description of package,
packing or cushioning material, and method of loading
and bracing in vehicle, (6) for tank motor vehicle, speed
of vehicle, condition of highway, degree and elevation of
curve, if any, (7) any defective condition of vehicle likely
to contribute directly to accident, and (8) specification
number, type, or other identifying description of tank,
and date built, if shown.
Is
this
accident being reported to the Commission on
No. 3666
Form BMC-50?
Report to
(Yes or no)
BUREAU OF SAFETY AND SERVICE
INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D. C.
FIRES, EXPLOSIONS,
This
report
is
reqjuired
by
77.814 of regulations
in
be open
to
Docket 3666.
Information furnished on
public inspection.
AND LEAKING, BROKEN,
OR SERIOUSLY DAMAGED CONTAINERS
that can be attributed in whole or in part to the transportation or storage of explosives or other dangerous
this
form
will not
Signed
articles]
Submitted
by
(Name
of carrier
.orporate or business name)
19
(Date)
Address
(Street
md
number)
(City-town)
Labels. (See $ 73.405 to 73.414 for de 77.815

scription of labels, (a) Labels prescribed by the Commission's regulations, Part 73, must have been applied to
shipments, unless exempt from Parts 71-78, and in addition the shipper must have certified to compliance with
the regulations by writing, stamping, or printing his
name underneath
the
the shipping papers.
certificate
printed thereon or on
(State)
Common
carrier,
Contract carrier,
I.
I.
C. C. certificate
C. C. permit
(b) Labels and marking name of contents are not

required on truckload quantities of dangerous articles,
except class A, class C, or class D poisons when such
shipments are unloaded by the consignee or his duly
authorized agent from the motor vehicle in which originally loaded.
No
No
Date of accident or discovery of damage

;
place
Commodity and quantity

quantity
destroyed
What marking
If
or placards
a tank motor vehicle,
indicate
contents?
were on motor vehicle?
what sign or other marking
(1) Truckload shipments of chemical ammunition, explosive, containing poisonous gases, solids, or liquids,
class A, class B or class C, or poisons class A, class B,
class
or class
offered for transportation by, for, or
to the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force
of the United States Government are exempt from label-
to
requirements when shipments are loaded or unloaded by the shipper or his duly authorized agent and
ing
1437
such shipments are accompanied by qualified personnel
supplied with equipment to repair leaks or other container failure which will permit escape of contents.
(c) Except on class A, class C, or class D poisons,
required on less-than-truckload shipments
by motor vehicle by public highway when the articles
are readily identifiable by reason of type of container
labels are not
or when the container

contents and;
is
plainly
(1) When the shipment

destination without transfer
is
marked
to
indicate
its
transported from origin to
between vehicles and;
When
(2)
the shipper or its employees are in direct

perform the loading, transporting and unloading.
control,
When
known
or kind of label applied to the package

77.819
Certificate,
(a)
if
any
is
required.
Except as provided
in this
section no motor carrier may accept for transportation or

transport any class A or class B explosives, blasting caps
or electric blasting caps in any quantity, or any dangerous
articles requiring label as prescribed by Part 73, unless
it be certified to him by the shipper's name inserted in
the certificate on the label or by the following certificate
over the written or stamped facsimile signature of the
shipper or his duly authorized agent in the lower lefthand corner of the manifest, memorandum receipt, bill
of lading, shipping order, shipping paper, or other mem-
orandum:
that subsequent shipments of

these packages
in
less-than-truckload
quantities
will
probably be made by the consignee, labels should be
attached to the packages as would be required for less-
This is to certify that the above named articles are

properly described, and are packed and marked and are
in proper condition for transportation according to the
regulations prescribed by the Interstate Commerce Com-
than-truckload shipments.
mission.
(d)
it
is
must keep on hand an adequate supply

of labels. Lost or detached labels must be replaced from
information given on waybill, manifest, memorandum, or
(e)
Carriers
other shipping paper.

(f)
Samples will be furnished, on request, by the
Bureau of Explosives, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y.
(g)
The
carrier's
name and
stationery
shippers from multiplicity of

packages which may move by
various means of transportation, shipments may be certified for rail, motor vehicle, water, or air transportation
by adding to the certificate required on the shipping
document "and the Commandant of the Coast Guard,"
or "and the Civil Air Regulations," as the case may be.
(b) For the relief of
certifications required for
form number
may be
printed on the labels, in type not larger than

10 point, if placed within the red or black-line border
and in the upper or lower corner of the diamond.
(h) Additional shipping information not inconsistent

with Parts 71-78 may be shown by the shipper on a
container of dangerous articles other than explosives if so
desired, but no label or marking may be of a design, or
form, or size, as may be confused with the label or marking required by Part 73.
Waybills, manifests, etc. (a) The waybill,

77.820
manifest, dispatch, memorandum receipts, bill of lading,
transfer sheet, or interchange record, when prepared for
shipments and used for transferring such shipments to a
connecting carrier, must properly describe the articles by
name as shown in 72.5, and show the color or kind of
label applied. (See 77.817.)
77.821
Explosives or other dangerous articles for-
bidden or limited
77.816
Marking on containers,
(a)
Each package
must show the
of explosives or other dangerous articles

name and address of the consignee. Whenever the transportation of any explosive or other dangerous article is
to be exclusively by motor vehicle between points between which the articles are not to be transferred from
one motor carrier to another, in either truckload or lessthan-truckload lots, the individual packages need not be
marked with the consignee's name and address.
Shipping papers, (a) Every motor carrier

77.817
operating a motor vehicle transporting explosives or other
dangerous articles shall require the driver of the vehicle
to have in his possession, and the driver shall keep in
his possession during the course of such transportation,
a manifest, memorandum receipt, bill of lading, shipping
order, shipping paper, or other memorandum setting
forth the following information for each class of such
article being transported:
The shipping name, the total
quantity by weight, volume, or otherwise as appropriate
of each kind of explosive or other dangerous article, and
the prescribed label when required for the outside container of such article.
For shipments of blasting caps
or electric blasting caps the shipper must, in addition
show the number of caps in the shipment.
(1) Every carrier offering or delivering for rail transportation any loaded motor vehicle or any loaded motor
vehicle trailer, semi-trailer, or container containing any
shipment of an explosive or other dangerous article shall
show on the shipping order, shipping paper, transfer
sheet, or other billing issued in lieu thereof, in addition
to the description of the vehicle or container, the proper
and definite name of the commodity as shown in 72.5
and the color or kind of label or kind of placards applied.
Receipts,
(a) A receipt upon the form pre 77.818
scribed by the originating express carrier must be issued
to the shipper for each express shipment of explosives
or other dangerous articles accepted for transportation.
Before a receipt is issued, the shipper must apply the
label prescribed in Part 73 to each package containing
any article requiring a label under Parts 71-78.
(b)
name
Each
of
receipt
commodity,
must show the proper and definite

as listed in 72.5, and the color
for transportation,
(a) Nitroglycerin,
desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol, di-
forbidden to common carriers. Liquid nitroglycerin desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol
nitrate,
dinitrate,
accepted
common
(b)
except as defined in 73.53 (e), may

for transportation or be transported
carrier by motor vehicle.
not be
by
any
Rejection of leaking containers of liquid nitrogly-
cerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glyAny individual container used for the
col dinitrate.
transportation of liquid nitroglycerin, densensitized liquid

nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol dinitrate, or any boot
used therewith, found in such condition as to permit
leakage, shall be discarded and shall not thereafter be
repaired for further use.
Explosives or other dangerous articles forbidden

(c)
or limited for transportation. No motor carrier may accept
for transportation or transport any explosive or other
dangerous article listed in Commodity List ( 72.5), as
"forbidden" for transportation by all motor carriers; nor,
if there be any prohibition or limitation regarding
the
transportation of any particular explosive or other dangerous article by a particular kind of motor carrier, may
any such article be accepted for transportation or be
transported by that kind of carrier, except as indicated
in this part. (See 77.870 of this part.)
(d) Leaking or damaged packages of high explosive
must not be accepted for transportation or transported.
Should any package of high explosive when offered for
shipment show excessive dampness or be moldy or show
outward signs of any oily stain or other indication that
absorption of the liquid part of the explosive is not perthe amount of the liquid part is greater than
the asborbent can carry, the package must be refused in
every instance. The shipper must substantiate any claim
that a stain is due to contact with material other than
the liquid explosive ingredient of the explosive. In case
of doubt the package must be rejected.
fect, or that
Con(e) Condemned or leaking dynamite; repacking.

demned or leaking dynamite must not be repacked and
offered for shipment unless the repacking is done by a
competent person in the presence of or with the written
consent of an inspector, or with the written authority of
the chief inspector, of the Bureau of Explosives.
SECTION
1438
11
77.822 Acceptable articles, (a) Any motor carrier

accept for transportation or transport any acceptable
explosive or other dangerous articles listed in the Commodily List, 72.5: Provided, however, That no provision of this section shall be so construed as to permit
the acceptance or transportation of liquid nitroglycerin,
densensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol
dinitrate, other than as denned in 73.53 (e), by any
may
common
carrier.
Liquid
(1)
The common name
of the corrosive liquid being
transported.
(2)
sign or lettering
word "ACID,"
when
or,
on the motor
nitroglycerin,
transported only by motor carriers other than

carriers in containers complying with specification
No form of trailer may be attached.
common
MC200.
(d)
Tank motor
"CORROSIVE LIQUD."
vehicles. Every cargo tank used for

of any compressed gas, regardless of
the transportation
the quantity being
transported, or whether loaded or

empty, shall be conspicuously and legibly marked on
each side and the rear thereof on a background of sharply
contrasting color with a sign or lettering on the tank
with words as appropriate "COMPRESSED GAS," or
"FLAMMABLE COMPRESSED GAS"

Marking on motor vehicles and trailers, (a)
motor vehicle, other than tank motor vehicles,
transporting any quantity of explosives, class A, poison
77.823
Every
reA, or radioactive material, poison class

quiring red radioactive materials label; and every motor
vehicle transporting 2,500 pounds gross weight or more
of explosives, class B, flammable liquids, flammable solids
or oxidizing materials, corrosive liquids, compressed gas,
class B poisons, and tear gas, or 5,000 pounds gross
weight or more of two or more articles of these groups
shall be marked or placarded on each side and rear with
a placard or lettering in letters not less than 3 inches
high on a contrasting background as follows:
gas,
class
(1)
Explosives, class
EXPLOSIVES
(2)
Explosives, class
DANGEROUS
DANGEROUS
DANGEROUS
DANGEROUS
DANGEROUS
COMPRESSED GAS
(4)
Flammable
Flammable
(5)
Oxidizing material
(3)
liquid
solid
(6)
Corrosive liquid
(7)
Compressed gas
(8)
Poison gas, class
(9)
Tear gas
(10) Poisons,
(11)
class
Dangerous,
POISON GAS
DANGEROUS
DANGEROUS
DANGEROUS
class
poison
AMMONIA," "CARBON DIOXIDE," "CHLORINE,"

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS," "NITROUS OXIDE,"
"SULPHUR DIOXIDE."
or
(1) Every cargo tank shall be marked with the name

of the motor carrier who owns the vehicle of which such
tank forms a part; or, if the operator of the vehicle is
not the owner, the name of the owner thereof.
(2) In addition to the markings hereinbefore required,
there may be marked on any cargo tank the trademark
appropriate to the commodity being transported therein;
Provided, however, That no such marking shall be of
such size and character as to render inconspicuous the
required markings.
(3) No markings either required or permitted under
the terms of this paragraph shall be in lieu of any other
marking or markings required by the Commission.
(e) Tank motor vehicles.
Every tank motor vehicle
used for the transportation of any less dangerous poison,
class B, regardless of the quantity being transported, or
whether loaded or empty, shall be conspicuously and
legibly marked on each side and the rear thereof, in
letters at least 3 inches high, on a background of a
sharply contrasting color, optionally, as follows:

(1)
With
with the word
ing color, optionally, as follows:
With a sign or lettering on the motor

word "FLAMMABLE."
(1)
the
(2)
With the common name
vehicle, with
of the flammable liquid
in letters at least
6 inches high; and in letters at least 2 inches high with

the commonly accepted name, such as "ANHYDROUS
RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
(b) Tank motor vehicles.
used for the transportation of any flammable liquid, regardless of the quantity being transported, or whether
loaded or empty, shall be conspicuously and legibly
marked on each side and the rear thereof, in letters at
least 3 inches high on a background of sharply contrast-
vehicle, with the

corrosive liquids
transporting
other than acids, the words

densensitized
liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol dinitrate. Liquid nitroglycerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol
dinitrate, other than as defined in 73.53 (e), may be
(b)
marked on each side and the rear thereof, in letters at

least 3 inches high on a background of sharply contrasting
color, optionally, as follows:
(2)
With
sign
or
lettering
on the motor vehicle
"POISON."
the
common name
of the
Class
B poison
being transported.
(f) Removal of signs or lettering.
Every sign or letby paragraph (a) of this section shall be
removed from or covered on any motor vehicle to which
it is attached or affixed when such motor vehicle is not
transporting the article for which the sign is appropriate,
tering required
except that no such sign or lettering is required to be

removed or covered when such motor vehicle is used
exclusively in the transportation of any article for which
being transported.
the sign or lettering
With the name of the carrier or his trade-mark,

when and only when such name or mark plainly indicates
(g) Only one marking required. Whenever any motor

vehicle is transporting more than one class of dangerous
article for which signs or placards are required to be
lettered on or affixed to any such motor vehicle, no more
than one kind of sign, lettering, or placard need be displayed.
The sign, lettering, or placard used shall be
the one which, in the judgment of the motor carrier,
designates the most dangerous article being transported.
(3)
the flammable nature of the cargo.

(c) Tank motor vehicles.
used for the transportation of any corrosive liquid, regardbss of the quantity being transported, or whether
loaded or empty, shall be conspicuously and legibly
SUBPART
For prohibited loading and storage of exploand other dangerous articles, see 77.848 of this part.
General requirements, (a) Containers se 77.834

cured in vehicle. Any tank, barrel, drum, or cylinder,
not designed to be permanently attached to a motor
vehicle, containing any flammable liquid, compressed gas,
corrosive liquid, or poisonous article, shall be reasonably
secured against movement within the motor vehicle by
which it is being transported.
(b)
trailers.
No explosives or other dangerous articles on pole

No explosive or other dangerous article may be
loaded into or on or transported
in or
appropriate.
BLOADING AND UNLOADING
NOTE:
sives
is
on any pole
trailer.
Smoking
(c) No smoking while loading or unloading.
on or about any motor vehicle while loading or unloading
any explosive, flammable liquid, flammable solid, oxidizing
material, or flammable compressed gas is forbidden.
Extreme
(d) Keep fire away, loading and unloading.
care shall be taken in the loading or unloading of any
explosive, flammable liquid, flammable solid, oxidizing
material, or flammable compressed gas into or from any
motor vehicle to keep fire away and to prevent persons
in the vicinity from smoking, lighting matches, or carrying any flame or lighted cigar, pipe, or cigarette.
(e) Handbrake set while loading and unloading.
No
explosive or other dangerous article shall be loaded into
1439
or on, or unloaded from, any motor vehicle unless the
handbrake be securely set and all other reasonable precautions be taken to prevent motion of the motor vehicle
during such loading or unloading process.
Use of tools, loading and unloading. No tools

(f)
which are likely to damage the effectiveness of the closure of any package or other container, or likely adversely
to affect such package or container, shall be used for the
loading or unloading of any explosive or other dangerous
article.
containers. Con(g) Prevent relative motion between

tainers of explosives, flammable liquids, flammable solids,
compressed
acids,
liquids,
corrosive
oxidizing materials,
gases, and poisonous liquids or gases, must be so braced
as to prevent motion thereof relative to the vehicle while
in transit. Containers having valves or other fittings must
be so loaded that there will be the minimum likelihood
of
damage
thereto
during
transportation.
Precautions concerning containers in transit; fueling road units. Reasonable care should be taken to prevent undue rise in temperature of containers and their
contents during transit. There must be no tampering with
such container or the contents thereof nor any discharge
of the contents of any container between point of origin
and point of billed destination. Discharge of contents
of any container, other than a cargo tank, must not be
made prior to removal from the motor vehicle. Nothing
contained in this paragraph shall be so construed as to
prohibit the fueling of machinery or vehicles used in
road construction or maintenance.
(h)
Tank motor vehicles attended, loading and un(i)

Under no circumstances shall a tank motor
loading.
vehicle be left unattended during the loading or unloading process. For the purpose of this part, the delivery
hose, when attached to the motor vehicle, shall be deemed
a part thereof.
In any single
Prohibited loading combinations.
(j)
driven motor vehicle or in any single unit of a combination of motor vehicles, explosives and other dangerous
articles shall not be loaded together if prohibited by
loading and storage chart, 77.848 of this part. This
section shall not be so construed as to forbid the carrying
of materials essential to safe operation of motor vehicles
(see Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, Part 193).
Access to mixed ladings. Flammable
(k)
solids, oxidiz-
ing materials, or corrosive liquids, when transported on

a motor vehicle with other lading not otherwise forbidden, shall be so loaded as to provide ready access thereto
for shifting or removal.
Explosives. (See also 77.834 (a) to (k) of
No explosive shall be
this part), (a) Engine stopped.
loaded into or on or be unloaded from any motor vehicle
with the engine running.
77.835
(b) Care in loading, unloading, or other handling of

explosives. No bale hooks or other metal tools shall be
used for the loading, unloading, or other handling of explosives, nor shall any package or other container of explosives, except barrels or kegs, be rolled. No packages
of explosives shall be thrown or dropped during process
of loading or unloading or handling of explosives. Special
care shall be exercised to the end that packages or other
containers containing explosives shall not catch fire from
sparks or hot gases from the exhaust tailpipe.
interior of the body in which the explosives

are contained, any inwardly projecting bolts, screws, nails,
or other inwardly projecting parts likely to produce damage to any package or container of explosives during the
loading or unloading process or in transit.
have on the
Explosives vehicles, floors tight and lined. Motor

A or claas B explosives shall
shall have that portion of the interior
in contact with the load lined with either non-metallic
material or non-ferrous metals, except that the lining is
not required for truck load shipments loaded by the Departments of the Army, Navy or Air Force of the United
States Government provided the explosives are of such
nature that they are not liable to leakage of dust, powder, or vapor which might become the cause of an explosion. The interior of the cargo space must be in good
condition so that there will not be any likelihood of containers being damaged by exposed bolts, nuts, broken side
panels or floor boards, or any similar projections.
(f)
vehicles transporting class
have
tight floors;
Blasting caps and/or electric blasting caps in same

Blasting caps and/or
with other explosives.
blasting caps, without limitation as to quantity
except as limited in paragraph (m) of this section, may
be transported in the same motor vehicle with high
explosives (dynamites and similar explosives) when the
net weight of the high explosives (dynamites and similar
explosives) does not exceed 5,000 pounds, as follows: The
blasting caps and electric blasting caps must be packed
in authorized I.C.C. specification outside shipping containers, or in prescribed inside I.C.C. packages in an outside box made of 1 inch lumber lined with suitable padding material not less than % inch thick or a box made
of not less than 12 gauge sheet metal lined with plywood
or other suitable material not less than % inch thick so
that no metal is exposed. Hinged cover and fastening
device are required on boxes.
These boxes must be
loaded in motor vehicle so that contents or box will be
immediately accessible for removal and so that other
containers in the motor vehicle will not fall on them or
otherwise damage them during transit.
Blasting caps
or electric blasting caps when not packed in containers
paragraph
to
above
in
this
must
referred
be transported
in containers as prescribed in spec. MC201.
See paragraph (m) of this section for shipment of blasting caps
with liquid nitroglycerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin
or diethylene glycol dinitrate. Explosive projectiles with
detonating fuzes assembled in place must not be transported unless shipped by, for, or to the Departments of
the Army, Navy, and Air Force of the United States
Government, or unless of a type approved by the Bureau
of Explosives.
(g)
vehicle
electric
(h) Lading within body or covered, tailgate closed.

Except as provided in paragraphs (g), (k), and (m) of
section, dealing with the transportation of liquid

nitroglycerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol dinitrate, other than as defined in 73.53 (e),
all of that portion of the lading of any motor vehicle
which consists of explosives shall be contained entirely
within the body of the motor vehicle or within the horizontal outline thereof, without overhang or projection of
any part of the load, and if such motor vehicle has a
tailboard or tailgate, it shall be closed and secured in
place during such transportation. Every motor vehicle
transporting explosives must either have a closed body
or have the body thereof covered with a tarpaulin, and
in either event care must be taken to protect the load
from moisture and sparks except that subject to ôther
provisions of these regulations, explosives other" than
black powder may be transported on flat-bed vehicles if
the explosive portion of the load on each vehicle is packed
in fire and water resistant containers or covered with a
fire and water resistant tarpaulin.
this
Explosives on trucks or semitrailers; no other trailer.

explosive other than liquid nitroglycerin, desensitized
liquid nitrogen or diethylene glycol dinitrate, except as
defined in 73.53 (e), and forbidden explosives may be
loaded into and transported on any truck or any semitrailer attached to a tractor, to which no form of trailer
may be attached when so loaded.
(c)
Any
(d)
Explosives on trucks and
full trailers.
Any
explo-
sives other than liquid nitroglycerin, densensitized liquid

nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol dinitrate, except as defined in 73.53 (e), and forbidden explosives, may be
loaded into and transported on any truck and a full
trailer attached thereto provided that there shall be no
more than one truck and one
trailer
comprising die com-
bination.
(e) No sharp projections inside body of vehicles.
No
motor vehicle transporting any kind of explosive shall
(i) Explosives to be protected against damage by other

lading. No motor vehicle transporting any explosive may
transport as a part of its load any metal or other articles
or materials likely to damage such explosive or any package in which it is contained, unless the different parts
of such load be so segregated or secured in place in or
on the motor vehicle and separated by bulkheads or other
suitable means as to prevent such damage.
No class A or class
(j) Transfer of explosives en route.
explosives shall be transferred from one container to
another, or from one motor vehicle to another vehicle,
or from another vehicle to a motor vehicle, on any public
highway, street, or road, except in case of emergency.
In such cases red electric lanterns, red emergency reflecB
SECTION
1440
11
tors or red flags shall be set out in the manner prescribed

for disabled or stopped motor vehicles. (See Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, Part 192 of this chapter). In any
all practicable means, in addition to these hereinbefore prescribed, shall be taken to protect and warn
other users of the highway against the hazard involved
in any such transfer or against the hazard occasioned by
the emergency making such transfer necessary.
the latter connection shall be made at a point well rethe opening from which the flammable
is to be discharged.
moved from
liquid
event,
(k)
Loading requirements
sensitized
for liquid nitroglycerin, deliquid nitroglycerin, or diethylene glycol din-
Liquid nitroglycerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin, or diethylene glycol dinitrate, other than as defined in 73.53 (e), may be accepted for transportation
and transported only by motor carriers other than common carriers if it be loaded into or on a truck having
itrate.
the type of body specified in spec. MC200. No liquid

nitroglycerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol dinitrate may be loaded directly above any
other explosive glycol dinitrate may be loaded directly
above any other explosive, or in any quantity in excess
of 900 quarts on one motor vehicle or 10 quarts in any
one individual container. Additional quantities of explosives, other than nitroglycerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol dinitrate, excepting any type
of Hasting or percussion cap or other detonating device,
may be carried on such motor vehicle in a closed or covered
bed or body which shall be firmly bolted or fastened
above the lid of the compartment containing the nitroglycerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene
glycol dinitrate. In no case shall the net load be more
than 7,500 pounds. (See paragraph (m) of this section
and spec.
MC201.
of tools and supplies for preparing

charges. Motor vehicles transporting liquid nitroglycerin,
desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol
dinitrate, may also transport the tools and supplies necessary for preparing and firing charges thereof: Provided,
That such tools and supplies be properly secured in
place so as to prevent their coming in contact with the
(1)
Separation
body above
specificed.
(m) Caps or other explosives. Any explosives, including desensitized liquid explosives as defined in 73.53 (e),
other than liquid nitroglycerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol dinitrate, transported on any
motor vehicle transporting liquid nitroglycerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol dinitrate,
shall be segregated; each kind from every other kind, and
from tools or other supplies. Any percussion caps, detonators, blasting caps, or electric blasting caps, shall be
carried either in a cloth container having individual
pockets for each such cap, or by at least equally safe
means. No greater number of any such caps shall be
carried in the manner described than is necessary for
use on any particular trip.
Flammagle
and oxidizing materials.

this part.)
(a) Lading
tailgate closed; pick-up and
within
delivery. All of that portion of the lading of any motor
vehicle transporting flammable solids or oxidizing materials shall be contained entirely within the body of the
motor vehicle and shall be covered by such body, by
tarpaulins, or other suitable means, and if such motor
vehicle has a tailboard or tailgate, it shall be closed and
(See
77.838
77.834 (a) to
body or covered;
also
solids
(k)
of
secured in place during such transportation: Provided,

however, That the provisions of this paragraph need not
apply to "pick-up and delivery" motor vehicles when
such motor vehicles are used in no other transportation
than in and about cities, towns, or villages.
be kept dry. Special care shall be taken

any motor vehicle with flammable solids
or oxidizing materials which are likely to become hazardous to transport when wet, to keep them from being
wetted during the loading process and to keep them dry
during transit. Special care shall also be taken in the
loading of any motor vehicle with flammable solids or
oxidizing materials, which are likely to become more
hazardous to transport by wetting, to keep them from
being wetted during the loading process and to keep them
dry during transit. Examples of such dangerous materials
are charcoal screenings, ground, crushed, or pulverized
charcoal, and lump charcoal.
(b) Articles to
in the loading of
Lading ventilation, precautions against spontan(c)

eous combusition. Whenever a motor carrier has knowledge concerning the hazards of spontaneous combustion
or heating of any article to be loaded on a motor vehicle,
such article shall be so loaded as to afford sufficient ventilation of the load to provide reasonable assurance against
fire from this cause; and in such a case the motor vehicle
shall be unloaded as soon as practicable after reaching
its destination.
Charcoal screenings, or ground, crushed,
granulated, or pulverized charcoal, in bags, shall be so
loaded that the bags are laid horizontally in the motor
vehicle, and so piled that there will be spaces for effective air circulation, which spaces shall not be less than
4 inches wide; and air spaces shall be maintained between
rows of bags. Bags shall not be piled closer than 6 inches
from the top of any motor vehicle with a closed body.
(d) Loose or baled nitrate of soda bags.
Loose or
baled unwashed, empty bags, having contained nitrate
of soda, may be transported in truckload lots only in
motor vehicles, and such motor vehicles must have closed
or covered bodies lined with paper; such shipments are
required to be loaded by the shipper and to be unloaded
by the consignee.
Nonexplosive material, (a) No restrictions
are prescribed in Parts 71-78 for the packing, handling,
77.836
and transportation of material relating to ammunition for

cannon, but containing no explosive or other dangerous
article, such as cartridge cases, "dummy" or "drill" cartridges, etc., sand-loaded projectiles, sand-loaded bombs,
empty projectiles, empty mines, empty bombs, solid pro-
or empty torpedoes. Rotating bands should be

protected against deformation by method of packing or
(e) Staying or blocking of packages of matches. Special

care shall be exercised in the loading of packages containing "strike-anywhere" matches to prevent the shifting or jamming of any such package during transit. To
this end, the packages shall be compactly loaded with
the strongest dimensions of each box or other container
loaded lengthwise of the motor vehicle.
jectiles,
loading.
77.837
Flammable
liquids.
(See
also
77.834
(a)
Engine stopped. Unless the engine

of the motor vehicle is to be used for the operation of a
pump, no flammable liquid shall be loaded into or on
or unloaded from any other motor vehicle than a tank
motor vehicle with the engine running; and in any event
care should be exercised to prevent ignition of the vapors
from any such liquid.
to (k) of this part), (a)
(b) Bonding or grounding containers prior to and during transfers. For containers which are not in metallic
contact with each other, either metallic bonds or ground
conductors shall be provided for the neutralization of
possible static charges prior to and during transfers of
flammable liquids between such containers. Such bonding shall be made by first connecting an electric conductor to the container to be filled and subsequently connecting the conductor to the container from which the
liquid is to come, and not in any other order. To provide
against ignition of vapors by discharge of static electricity,
Unless strike(1) Smooth vehicle interior for matches.

anywhere matches are contained in wooden outside boxes,
special care shall be taken to provide that the inside
surfaces of any motor vehicle into which such matches
are to be loaded and with which surfaces the containers
might come in contact, shall be smooth, without protrusions of any sort, such as bolts, nuts, sharp edges, or
corners, etc., and there shall be provided for this purpose
smooth wooden inner linings, if the interior of the motor
vehicle is not otherwise smooth in accordance with this
requirement.
Matches not loaded next to red label articles.

(2)
Matches of whatever character shall not be loaded next
packages protected by the red caution label.
to
(f) Nitrates listed in 73.182 (b) must be loaded in

closed or open type motor vehicles which must be swept
clean and be free of any projections capable of injuring
bags when so packaged. When shipped in open type
motor vehicles the lading must be suitably covered. Ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate (organic coating), ammonium nitrate fertilizer, containing 90 percent or more
ammonium nitrate with no organic coating, and guani-
1441
dine nitrate must not be loaded in all metal vehicles,
other than those of aluminum or aluminum alloys, of the
closed type. (See 77.823 (a) (4) and (a) (5).)
containers, provided the provisions of subparagraph (3) of

paragraph are fully complied with.
this
specification 106A500 or
chlorine, anhydrous ammonia, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride, methyl mercaptan, dichloro(c)
Tanks complying with
106A500X containing
Corrosive liquids. (See also 77.834

77.839
In addition to the re(k) of this part.) (a) Nitric acid.
quirements set forth in paragraph (b) of this section, no
carboy or other container of nitric acid shall be loaded
above any container containing any other kind of materThe loading of carboys or other containers of nitric
ial.
acid shall be limited to two tiers high.
(a)
to
(b) Carboys and frangible containers. In general, individual carboys and frangible containers of acids or other
corrosive liquids, including charged electric storage batteries, shall, when loaded by hand, be individually loaded
into and unloaded from any motor vehicle in which they
are to be, or have been, transported. All reasonable precautions shall be taken to prevent, by all practicable
means, the dropping of any such containers or batteries
containing corrosive liquids. No such container or battery
shall be loaded into a motor vehicle having an uneven
floor surface. It shall be permissible to load on or transport in any motor vehicle any authorized carboys or frangible shipping containers, containing acids or other cor-
more than one tier high above any floor

such carboys or other containers are boxed or
rosive liquids,
only
if
or are in barrels or kegs, as required by Parts

71-78, and only if such containers are so stacked that the
weight of each tier above the first is entirely supported
by the boxes, crates, barrels, kegs, or other authorized
crated,
means of enclosing the carboys or frangible containers.

Only so many tiers as may adequately be so supported
without danger of crushing or breaking, shall be permitted. Means shall be provided to prevent by all practicable means, in all cases, the shifting of containers or
batteries during transit. Nothing contained in this section
shall be so construed as to prevent the use of cleats or
other retaining means for the purpose of preventing
shifting of containers or batteries. For the purposes of
this section a false floor or platform, secured against
relative motion within the body of the motor vehicle,
(For recommendations
shall be deemed to be a floor.
for handling leaking or broken packages, see 77.858 (a)
difluoromethane, monochlorodifluoromethane, monochlorotetrafluoroethane, vinyl chloride, inhibited, difluoroethane,
difluoromonochloroethane, dispersant gas, n.o.s., refrigerant gas, n.o.s., dichlorodifluoromethane and difluoroethane mixture (constant boiling mixture), dichlorodifluoromethane - monofluorotricloromethane mixture, trifluorochloroethylene,
dichlorodifluoromethane - dichlorotetrafludichlorodifluoromethane-trichlorotrioroethane
mixture,
fluoroethane mixture, dichlorodifluoromethane-monochlorodifluoromethane mixture, or dichlorodifluoromethanetrichloromonofluoromethane - monochlorodifluoromethane
mixture; tanks complying with specification 110A500W,
containing dichlorodifluoromethane, monochlorodifluorodichlorodifluoromethane - monofluorotrichloromethane,
methane mixture, dichlorodifluoromethane-dichlorotetrafluoroethane
mixture,
dichlorodifluoromethane-trichlorotrifluoroethane
mixture,
dichlorodifluoromethane-monomixture, dichlorodifluoromethchlorodifluoromethane
ane-trichloromonofluoromethane - monochlorodifluoromethane mixture, dispersant gas, n.o.s., or refrigerant gas, n.o.s.;
tanks complying with specification 106A800 or 106A800X,
containing hydrogen sulfide; or tanks complying with
specification 106A800NCI, containing nitrosyl chloride,
may be transported on trucks or semi-trailers only, when
securely chocked or clamped thereon to prevent shifting,
and provided adequate facilities are present for handling
tanks where transfer in transit is necessary. See 74.560
(b) (1).
(d)
Engine
to
be stopped
be loaded into or on
vehicle with the engine
used for the operation of
hicle. Unless the delivery
shall
in tank
motor vehicles, ex-
No flammable compressed
cept for transfer pump.
gas
unloaded from any tank motor

running unless the engine is
the transfer pump of the vehose is equipped with a shutvalve at its discharge end, the engine of the motor
vehicle shall be stopped at the finish of such loading
or unloading operation while the filling or discharge connections are disconnected.
off
of this part.)
(c)
Storage batteries. In addition to the requirements
set forth in paragraph (b) of this section, all storage batteries containing any electrolyte shall be so loaded, if
loaded
with
other
lading,
that
all
such batteries
will
be protected against other lading falling onto or against

them; and adequate means shall be provided in all
cases for the protection and insulation of battery terminals against short
circuits.
77.840 Compressed gases. (See also 77.834 (a) to

(a) Floors or platforms essentially flat.
Cylinders containing compressed gases shall not be loaded
onto any part of the floor or platform of any motor vehicle
which is not essentially flat; cylinders containing compressed gases may be loaded onto any motor vehicle not
having a floor or platform only if such motor vehicle be
equipped with suitable racks having adequate means for
securing such cylinders in -place therein. Nothing contained in this section shall be so construed as to prohibit
the loading of such cylinders on any motor vehicle having
a floor or platform and racks as hereinbefore described.
(k)
of this part.)
Cylinders containing com(1) Cylinders, horizontal.

pressed gases shall be loaded in a horizontal position
crates
boxes
or
of such dimensions as to
unless packed in
prevent their overturning, or unless loaded into racks
securely attached to the motor vehicle, or unless so securely lashed in an upright position as to prevent their
overturning.
(b) Portable tank containers containing compressed
gases shall be loaded on motor vehicles only as follows:
(e) Chlorine cargo tanks shall be shipped only when

equipped (1) with a gas mask of a type approved by the
U. S. Bureau of Mines for chlorine service; (2) with an
emergency kit for controlling leaks in fittings on the
dome
cover plate.
No chlorine tank motor vehicle used for transportation of chlorine shall be moved, coupled or uncoupled,
when any loading or unloading connections are attached
to the vehicle, nor shall any semi-trailer or trailer be left
without the power unit unless such semi-trailer or trailer
be chocked or equivalent means be provided to prevent
(f)
motion.
77.841 Poisons. (See also 77.834 (a) to (k) of this
(a) Arsenical compounds in bulk.
Care shall be
exercised in the loading and unloading of "arsenical dust,"
arsenic trioxide," and "sodium arsenate," allowable to be
loaded into sift-proof, steel hopper-type or dump-type
motor-vehicle bodies equipped with water-proof, dustproof covers well secured in place on all openings, to
accomplish such loading with the minimum spread of such
compounds into the atmosphere by all means that are
practicable; and no such loading or unloading shall be
done near or adjacent to any place where there are or
are likely to be, during the loading or unloading process,
assemblages of persons other than those engaged in the
loading or unloading process, or upon any public highway
or in any public place.
part.)
(b)
No
class
dangerous poison,
substance, class C,
(1)
Onto
(2)
Onto a
a flat floor or platform of a
suitable frame of a
motor
motor vehicle.
vehicle.
In either case, such containers shall be safely and

securely blocked or held down to prevent movement relative to each other or to the supporting structure when
in transit, particularly during sudden starts and stops
and changes of direction of the vehicle.
(3)
or class C poisons in cargo tanks. No

class A, or any tear gas or irritating
may be loaded into or transported in
any cargo tank.

(c) Class A or class C poisons.
It shall not be permissible to transport class A or class C poisons if there
be any interconnecting means of any character between
the containers.
NOTE 1. Tanks complying with specification 106A500

106A500X, containing nitrogen dioxide, liquid (nitrogen peroxide, tetroxide) or phosgene, may be transported on trucks or semi-trailers only, when securely
or
(4) Requirements of subparagraphs (1) and (2) of this

paragraph shall not be construed as prohibiting stacking of
(continued on p. 1444)
SECTION
$
1442
11
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SECTION
1444
11
shifting, and proare present for handling tanks

necessary.
chocked or clamped thereon to prevent

vided adequate
where
facilities
transfer in transit
is
A container of radioactive
(d) Radioactive material.
material bearing radioactive material, red label, must not
be placed in vehicles, terminals, or other places closer
than 3 feet to an area which may be continuously occupied by passengers, employees, or shipments of animals.
When more than one such container is present, the distance from occupied areas must be computed from the
table in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph by adding the
number of units shown in labels on the containers.
A container of radioactive material, red label,
(1)
must not be placed closer than 15 feet to any package
containing undeveloped film.
If more than one such
container is present the distance must be computed from
subparagraph
the table in this
by adding the number of
units shown on the labels on the packages.
distance
Total number of
in feet
units
to nearest
Distance in feet to area

that may be continuously occupied by passengers or employes for
periods:
undevel-
oped
film
Up
to 8
hours
1
to 10
to 20
21 to 30
31 to 40
tainers.
NOTE 2. 1 unit equals 1 milliroentgen per hour at

meter for hard gamma radiation or the amount of radiation which has the same effect on films as 1 mrhm.
of hard gamma rays or radium filtered by % inch of lead.
1
(2) Not more than 40 units of radioactive material,

red label, shall be transported in any vehicle or stored
in any location at one time. Packages must be so blocked
or braced in vehicles as to prevent any shift of lading
under conditions normally incident to transportation.
(3)
All
containers of radioactive material, red label,
must be carried by the handles when handles are provided.
TABLE
Minimum
NOTE 1. The distance in the table must be measured

from the nearest point of the radioactive container or con-
15
20
25
30
4
5
6
Exceeding
8 hours
5
7
9
10
(4)
Radioactive materials (class

poisons) must not
in the same vehicle with class A explosives.
be loaded
(5) If for any reason, a package containing radioactive

materials, red label, would otherwise remain in the same
building for a period longer than 24 hours, it must be
moved to a different location after each 24 hours.
1445
SUBPART
DVEHICLES AND
NOTE:
See
SHIPMENT
77.807 of
this part for
77.853 Transportation and delivery of shipments

unnecessary delay in movement of shipments. All
shipments of explosives or other dangerous articles shall
be transported without unnecessary delay, from and including the time of commencement of the loading of the
cargo until its final discharge at destination.
(a)
No
Shipments of explosives
(b) Delivery at destination.
and other dangerous articles which are refused by the
consignees, or which can not be delivered within 48 hours
destination, must be promptly disposed
of (1) by return to the shipper, if in proper shipping
condition, or (2) by storage, provided a suitable storage
place for such articles is available, or (3) by sale, or (4)
when necessary to safety, by destruction: Provided, That
charged electric batteries may be held for 30 days after
arrival at destination, pending delivery or disposition.
after arrival
at
(c) Delivery to authorized person, or magazine. Every

shipment of dangerous explosives by motor vehicle shall
be delivered only to someone authorized to receive it,
except such explosives shipments as are placed in magazines which are immediately thereafter locked.
Disabled vehicles and broken or leaking

77.854
packages; repairs. (See also Forbidden articles, 77.82L)
(a) Care of lading, explosives or other dangerous articles.
Whenever for any cause other than necessary traffic stops
any motor vehicle transporting any explosive or other
dangerous article is stopped upon the traveled portion
of any highway or shoulder thereof, special care shall
be taken to guard the vehicle and its load or to take
such steps as may be necessary to provide against hazard.
Special effort shall be made to remove the motor vehicle
to a place where the hazards of the materials being
transported may be provided against. See 192.22 to
1
192.26 inclusive, for signals required to be displayed
on the highway.
(b) Disposition of containers found broken or leaking
in transit. When leaks occur in packages or containers
during the course of transportation, subsequent to initial
loading disposition of such package or container shall
be made by the safest practical means afforded under
paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of this section.
Repairing packages.
(c)
when
Packages
may be
repaired
and practicable, such repairing to be in accordance with the best and safest practice known and
safe
available.
(d) Transportation of repaired packages. Any package
repaired in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section, except as provided in 77.855
(c), 77.856 (c) and 77.858 (b) of this part, may be transported to the nearest place at which it may safely be
disposed of only in compliance with the following requirements:
(1)
The package must be
(2)
The
on
the
be adequate to
admixture with
same motor vehicle
therewith.
(3)^ If the carrier is not himself the shipper, the conname and address must be plainly marked on
the repaired package.
signee's
(e) Disposition of unsafe broken packages.

In the
event any leaking package or container cannot be safely
and adequately repaired for transportation or transported,
it shall be stored pending proper disposition in the safest
and most expeditious manner
emergency shipments
(1) For motor vehicles other than cargo tank motor

vehicles used for the transportation of flammable liquids
or flammable compressed gases and not transporting explosives, class A or class B, flares (pot torches), fusees,
red electric lanterns, red emergency reflectors, and red

shall be displayed as required under 192.22,
192.23, 192.24 and 192.26.'
flags
(2) For cargo tank motor vehicles used for the transportation of flammable liquids or flammable compressed
gases, whether loaded or empty, and vehicles transporting explosives class A or class B, red electric lanterns,
red emergency reflectors and red flags shall be displayed
as required in 192.25 and 192.26.'
Sections referred to "will be found in I.C.C. Motor CarSafety Regulations.
rier
Repairs to disabled vehicles. No repairs shall be

vehicle containing explosives or
other dangerous articles except in case such repairs may
be made without hazard; nor shall any such loaded motor
vehicle be repaired in a closed garage.
(g)
made on any motor
77.855
Accidents; explosives
(a)
Vehicle disabled;
warning of nearby persons; removal of explosives. In the

event of an accident involving any motor vehicle transporting any explosives, every available means shall be
employed to prevent individuals, other than those employed in the protection of persons or property or in the
removal of hazards or wreckage, from congregating in the
vicinity; such means shall also be employed to prevent
smoking, to keep flame away, and to safeguard against
the aggravation of the hazard present, and to warn other
users of the highway. In the event that any motor vehicle laden with or carrying dangerous explosives is entangled with another or with any other object or structure, following an accident, no attempt shall be made to
disentangle either vehicle, or the laden vehicle from the
object or structure, until the lading, together with any
fragments thereof, be removed to a place at least 200
feet from the vehicle (and preferably 200 feet from any
habitation). In the event of fire, involving a motor vehicle laden with any explosive, every practical effort
shall be made to give warning of danger of explosion to
habitants in the vicinity and to other users of the highway.
(b) Disposition of spilled or leaking explosives.
In
the event of any accident involving any motor vehicle
transporting any explosive in which packages are broken,
all unbroken packages and as much of any broken packages as possible shall be carefully gathered and removed
to a place of safety, in order to prevent fire or explosion.
In clearing any wreck in which a motor vehicle containing any explosive is involved, care shall be exercised
not to produce sparks with tools or by other means in
moving of or working about the wreckage, so as to avoid
as far as possible fires or explosions.
(c)
transported
TRANSIT; ACCIDENTS
safe for transportation.
repair of the package must

contamination of or hazardous
prevent
other lading
IN
possible.
(f) Stopped vehicles; other dangerous articles.

Whenever any motor vehicle transporting flammable liquids,
flammable solids, oxidizing materials, corrosive liquids,
compressed gases, or poisons, is stopped for any cause
other than necessary traffic stops upon the travelled portion of any highway, or a shoulder next thereto, the following requirements shall be complied with during the
period of such stop:
Explosives packages in transit capable of repair.
Any package of explosives found injured or broken in

transit may be repaired or recoopered when this is evidently practicable and not dangerous. When a box that
contains any explosive is so damaged that it cannot be
repaired it should be reinforced by stout wrapping paper
and twine, placed in another strong box, and surrounded
by dry, fine sawdust, or dry and clean cotton waste, or
elastic wads made from dry newspapers. The box cover
should then be securely attached. A ruptured can or keg
should be inclosed in a grain bag of good quality, and
boxed. Injured packages thus protected, and properly
marked with name of contents and consignee's name and
address, may be carried to destination: Provided, however, That the motor carrier, if himself the shipper, need
not mark his own name and address on the package.
(d) Liquid nitroglycerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol dinitrate. When any liquid nitro glycerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol dinitrate has been spilled on any portion of
any motor vehicle it shall be washed with a suitable
neutralizing agent until all of any such spillage shall
have become completely neutralized.
SECTION
1446
11
NOTE
Liquid nitroglycerin, desensitized liquid

1:
nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol dinitrate may be destroyed by use of a solution composed of:
60 percent commercial sodium

Denatured alcohol
Acetone
Water
sulfide
1
734 fluid
2 fluid
3 fluid
ounce
ounces
ounces
ounces
Explosives other than liquid nitroglycerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or diethylene glycol dinitrate.
When particles of any explosive composition other than
liquid nitroglycerin, desensitized liquid nitroglycerin or
diethylene glycol dinitrate have escaped from a damaged
container to the floor of the body of the carrier's motor
vehicle, the floor shall be thoroughly swept and any
absorbed portion removed.
(e)
When any pack(f) Unrepairable explosives packages.

age of explosives in transit is found to be leaking or
damaged and cannot be recoopered, it may not be
transported beyond the minimum distance necessary to
reach a place where the explosive may be disposed of
with safety, except as provided in 77.854 (e) and paragraph (c) of this section.
(a) Accident
Accidents; flammable liquids
warnings; no sparks or flame. In the event
of an accident involving any motor vehicle transporting
any flammable liquid every available means shall be employed to prevent individuals, other than those employed
in the protection of persons or property or in the removal
of hazards or wreckage, from congregating in the vicinity; such means shall also be employed to prevent
smoking, to keep fires or flame away, to safeguard against
the hazard present, and to warn other users of the highway. (See also 77.814 of this part.)
to
77.856
vehicle;
Whenever any
(b) Prevent leakage from spreading.
flammable liquid is escaping from a container, all practical means shall be taken to prevent such liquid from
spreading over a wide area, from flowing into sewers
and streams, and from becoming ignited.
Disposition of contents of cargo tank when unsafe
to continue.
In the event of a leak in a cargo tank of
such a character as to make further transportation unsafe,
the leaking vehicle should be removed from the traveled
portion of the highway; and every available means employed for the safe disposal of the leaking liquid by
preventing, so far as practicable, its spread over a wide
area, such as by digging trenches to drain to a hole or
depressions in the ground, diverting the liquid away from
streams or sewers if possible, or catching the liquid in
containers if practicable.
Smoking and the lighting of
cigarettes, cigars, or pipes in the vicinity is prohibited,
and fires or flames in the vicinity of the leaking cargo
tank must be extinguished.
(c)
Transfer of flammable liquids en route. No flamliquids shall be transferred from one container to
another, or from one motor vehicle to another vehicle,
or from another vehicle to a motor vehicle, on any public(d)
mable
highway, street, or road, except in case of emergency.

In such cases red electric lanterns, red emergency reflectors, or red flags shall be set out in the manner prescribed for disabled or stopped motor vehicles in Motor
Carrier Safety Regulations (Part 193). In any event, all
practicable means, in addition to those hereinbefore prescribed, shall be taken to protect and warn other users
of the highway against the hazard involved in any such
transfer, or against the hazard occasioned by the emergency making such transfer necessary. Nothing contained in this rule shall be so construed as to prohibit the
fueling of machinery or vehicles used in road construction and maintenance.
(e) Transportation of leaking cargo tanks.
A leaking
cargo tank may only be transported the minimum distance necessary to reach a place where the contents of
the tank or compartment may be disposed of with safety.
Every available means must be utilized to prevent the
leakage or spillage of the liquid upon the highway.
Accidents, flammable solids and oxidizing

77.857
Dangerous articles spilled; warning of
materials
(a)
nearby persons. In the event of any accident involving
in which any flammable solid or oxivehicle
any motor
dizing material may have become spilled, every practic-
able and available means shall be taken to

proaching persons of the hazard of fire.
warn
all
ap-
Care shall
(b) Prevent spread of fire where possible.
be exercised in the event of damage to packages of flammable solids or oxidizing materials which either have
been or may be on fire, to limit the spread of the fire.
In the
(c) Disposition of spilled or leaking materials.
event of any accident involving any motor vehicle transporting any flammable solid or oxidizing material in
which packages are broken, as much as possible of any
shall be carefully gathered and removed
a place of safety, and if the removal of unbroken
packages from the motor vehicle would decrease the
hazard of fire or other hazard, they shall be removed. The
handling of any such materials not contained in packages shall be such as to promote the greatest safety to
other users of the highway.
broken packages
to
(d) Reloading of damaged packages of matches; repairs. In the event of damage to matches or packages of
fire or by water in extinguishing a fire in
they shall be reloaded in accordance with the
applicable requirements for the packing and loading of
matches. Great care shall be taken, however, first to
examine and repair any damage to outside containers before reloading, and all loose matches shall be destroyed.
Smoking boxes of matches shall not be opened in the
vicinity of the remainder of the lading.
Such boxes
shall be destroyed at a safe distance from the motor
vehicle, preferably by burning, and shall not be left, either
smoking or burning.
matches by
transit,
Calcium hypochlorite compounds, dry, involved in

Calcium hypochlorite compounds, dry, packed in
metal drums when involved in motor vehicles where fire
has occurred from any cause must be held at least five
Drums showing evidence of
days before forwarding.
spontaneous heating or stress from internal pressure must
(e)
fires.
not be reshipped.
Accidents; corrosive liquids(a) Accident

77.858
to vehicle; other lading damaged; vehicle washed.
In
the event of any accident involving any motor vehicle
transporting corrosive liquids in which has been involved
the breakage, spillage, or leakage of containers of such
liquids, care shall be exercised in the handling of any
other lading which may have become damaged thereby
so as to minimize the hazard in handling such damaged
lading during the unloading process; and the interior of
any other parts of the motor vehicle upon which the
corrosive liquids may have become spilled shall be thoroughly washed with water as soon after the unloading
process as feasible and prior, in any event, to the subsequent reloading of the motor vehicle. (See also 77.814
of this part.)
(b) Leaking cargo tanks.
In the event of leakage of
liquid from any cargo tank or any compartment thereof
used for the transportation of corrosive liquids, which
develops or is discovered subsequent to the commencement of transportation, any one of the following means,
or any means in addition to those herein prescribed,
eqjually or more effective, shall be employed to minimize
further hazard:
(1) Further to transport the cargo tank only the mindistance to reach a place where the contents of
the tank or compartment which is leaking may be disposed of with safety, meanwhile employing every available means to prevent spillage or leaking of any liquid
on the highway.
imum
(2)
In the event the leak
is
of such a character as to
make further transportation of the cargo tank unsafe,

to draw off the traveled portion of the highway, and
to employ every available means for the safe disposal
of the leaking liquid by preventing so far as practicable
its spread over a wide area, as by absorbing by means
of the use of noncombustible absorbent material, such as
fine ashes, sand, earth, etc., or by other practicable means;
by digging trenches to drain to a hole or depression in
the ground; by diverting the liquid away from streams
or sewers if possible; or by catching the liquid in containers if practicable. So far as practicable, every available means shall be employed to prevent the congregation of spectators and to prevent them from coming in
contact with the liquid or its fumes. All available means
shall be taken to prevent injury or damage to other
1447
users of the highway, or to livestock or farm animals,
which might be occasioned by the unloading of the
corrosive liquid.
(a) Accident
Accidents; compressed gases.
warnings; keep fire away. In the event of
an accident involving any motor vehicle transporting any
compressed gas, the release of which would constitute
a hazard to other users of the highway, due care shall
be taken that only persons employed in the removal of
hazards or wreckage shall be allowed in proximity to the
motor vehicle, and the shipper should be notified. In
such cases, every practcable and available means shall
be taken to warn all approaching persons of the danger
involved and to caution them against the use of matches
or flame-producing devices, if the gas is flammable.
77.859
vehicle;
to
(a) Accident to vehicle;

77.860 Accidents; poisons
warnings; no sparks or flame. In the event of an accident involving any motor vehicle transporting any poison
which is flammable, noxious, or toxic, every available
means shall be employed in the protection of persons or
property or in the removal of hazards or wreckage, from
congregating in the vicinity; such means shall also be
employed to prevent smoking, to keep flame away, to
safeguard against the aggravation of the hazard present,
and to warn other users of the highway. Care shall also
be taken to prevent any poison, whether flammable or
nonflammable, from contaminating streams or flowing or
being spilled into sewers, and poison in powdered form
from being scattered by wind. (See also 77.814 of
this part.)
Leaking cargo tanks. In the event of leakage of

from any cargo tank or any compartment thereof
transportation of any poison which is also
used
flammable, or which would come also within the defintion of a flammable liquid, or of any gas or combination
of gas and liquid, or any poison which would come
within the definition _of a compressed gas, the requirements shall be the same as those set forth for flammable
liquids and compressed gases. In addition, all possible
care shall be taken to warn bystanders or other users of
the highway against the hazard of inhaling vapors or
coming in contact with the poison.
(b)
liquid
Transfer of flammable gas en route; no flame or

No flammable compressed gas shall be transferred from one container to another, or from one tank
motor vehicle to another tank vehicle, or from another
tank vehicle to a tank motor vehicle, on any publichighway, street, or road, except in case of emergency.
In such cases every precaution shall be taken to prevent
the escape of gas. Red electric lanterns, red emergency
reflectors, or red flags shall be set out in the manner
prescribed in Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (Part 193).
All cargo tanks involved in such transfer shall be groundThe transfer shall be made only during daylight,
ed.
unless the emergency occurs at night or extends into
hours of darkness and the hazard would be increased
by waiting until daylight. In any such event, all practicable means, in addition to those hereinbefore prescribed, shall be taken to protect and warn other users
of the highway against the hazard involved in any such
transfer, or against the hazard occasioned by the emergency making such transfer necessary. Every precaution
shall be taken to prevent the ignition of any flammable
compressed gas from any source; and when it is possible
to prevent the congregation of persons not directly concerned with the emergency, this shall be done. Every
practicable precaution shall be taken to keep flames or
fire away from the scene of the emergency and to prevent smoking or the lighting of pipes, cigars, or cigarSimilarly, special care shall be exercised in the
ettes.
operation of any engine, whether of the motor vehicles
involved or any other, and where the operation of any
such engine would be likely to produce ignition of the
(b)
sparks.
flammable compressed gas, the transfer shall be accompby other means, if possible. Nothing contained
in this section shall be so construed as to prohibit the
fueling of machinery or vehicles used in road construction
and maintenance.
lished
for the
(c) Radioactive materials; poison D. In case of accident to vehicle resulting in breakage of, or unusual delay
any shipment of radioactive material the package or

should be segregated as far as possible from
human contact. The shipper and the Bureau of Explosives should be immediately notified. In case of breakage
of a package containing radioactive material and when
it appears likely that the inside container may have been
-damaged, great care must be exercised to prevent contact with or inhalation of radioactive material by any
to
material
person.
(d) Cleaning vehicles. Any motor vehicle which, after
use for the transportation of radioactive materials in
truckload lots, is contaminated with such materials to
the extent that a survey of the interior surface shows
that the beta-gamma radiation is greater than 10 milliroentgens physical equivalent in 24 hours or that the
average alpha contamination is greater than 500 disintegrations per minute per 100 square centimeters shall be
thoroughly cleaned in such a manner that a resurvey of
the interior surface shows the contamination to be below
these levels. A certificate to that effect must be furnished
the carrier or to the driver of the motor vehicle. Motor
vehicles which are used solely for the transportation of
radioactive materials are exempt from the provisions of
this section.
SUBPART
EREGULATIONS
APPLYING TO EXPLOSIVES OR OTHER DANGEROUS ARTICLES ON MOTOR

VEHICLES CARRYING PASSENGERS FOR HIRE
Regulations for passenger carrying vehicles

77.870
(a)
Vehicles transporting passengers and property. In
addition to the regulations in Parts 71 to 78 the following requirements shall apply to vehicles transporting
passengers and property.
(b) No explosives or other dangerous articles on passenger-carrying vehicles, exceptions.

No explosives or
other dangerous articles except small-arms ammunition,
emergency shipments of drugs, chemicals and hospital
supplies, and the accompanying munitions of war of the
Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force of the
United States Government, are authorized by Parts 7178 to be transported on motor vehicles carrying passengers for hire where other practicable means of transportation is available.
(c) Explosives in passenger-carrying space forbidden.
No explosive, except small-arms ammunition, may be
carried in the passenger-carrying space of any motor
vehicle transporting passengers for hire.
(d) Explosives and other dangerous articles on passenger-carrying vehicles; quantity. Where no other pracmeans of transportation is available the following
articles in the quantities as shown may be transported in
motor vehicles carrying passengers for hire in a space
other than that provided for passengers: Not to exceed
100 pounds gross weight of any or all of the kinds of
explosives permitted to be transported by rail express
or rail baggage services, may be transported on a motor
vehicle transporting passengers: Provided, however, That
samples of explosives for laboratory examination, not exceeding a net weight of one-half pound each, and not
exceeding 20 samples or not to exceed a total of 100
blasting caps at one time in a single motor vehicle, may
be transported in a motor vehicle transporting passengers. (See 72.5.)
ticable
(e) Articles other than explosives on passenger-carrying vehicles. The gross weight of any given class of
dangerous article other than explosives shall not exceed
100 pounds, and the aggregate weight of all such other
SECTION
1448
11
This
articles shall not exceed 500 pounds.
does not apply to nontoxic, noflammable refor
servicing
operafrigerants, when such refrigerant is
tions of a motor carrier on whose motor vehicles the
A cylinder secured against moverefrigerant is used.
ment while in transit and not exceeding 250 pounds
gross weight may be transported.
dangerous
provision
No motor
(f) Poisons on passenger-carrying vehicles.
carrier may transport any extremely dangerous poison,
class A, any tear gas or irritating substance, class C, any
less dangerous poison, class B, which is a liquid, or any
paranitraniline, in any amount, in or on any bus while
engaged
in
the
transportation
of
passengers;
or
any
dangerous poison, class B, which is other than a

liquid, in any amount exceeding an aggregate of 100
pounds gross weight in or on any such bus.
less
(g) Radioactive materials on passenger-carrying veNo motor carrier may transport any radioactive
material, poison, class D, requiring red or blue radioactive material label under these regulations in or on
any bus while engaged in the transportation of passengers
except where no other practicable means of transportation is available. Packages of radioactive materials must
be handled and placed in the vehicle in accordance with
the requirements of 77.841 (d) of this part.
hicles.
Section 12
INDEX TO SYNONYMS
AMP.
Allyl homolog of Cinerin
See 2-Amino-Z-methyl- 1 -propanol.

Abietinic acid. See Abietic acid.
"A" blasting powder. See Explosives, low.
Acanthite. See Silver sulfide.
Acerdol. See Calcium permanganate.
m-Acetaldehyde. See Metaldehyde.

p-Acetaldehyde. See Paraldehyde.
Acetaldehyde ammonia. See Aldehyde ammonia.
Acetaldol. See Aldol.
Acetic acid amine. See Acetamide.
Acetic acid secondary butyl ester. See secButyl acetate.
Acetic aldehyde. See Acetaldehyde.
Acetic ether. See Ethyl acetate.
Acetic oxide. See Acetic anhydride.
Acetoacetic ester. See Ethyl acetoacetate.
Acetone chloroform. See Chlorobutanol.
Acetone dichloride. See 2, 2-Dichloropropane.
Acetonitrile. See Methyl cyanide.
3 - (alpha - Ac etonylbenzene ) - 4-hydr oxyc oumarin.
See Warfarin.
p-Acetophenetide. See Acetophenetidine.
Acetozone. See acetyl benzoyl peroxide.
a-Acetyl acetanilide. See Acetoacetanilide.
Acetyl acetic acid. See Acetoacetic acid.
Acetylacetonate of chromium. See Chromium
2, 4-pentanedione derivative.
Acetylacetonate of copper. See Copper 2,4pentanedione derivative.
Acetylacetone. See Pentanedione-2, 4.
p-Acetylaminobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone.
See "Thiosemicarbazone. "
Acetylbenzene. See Phenyl methyl ketone.
Acetyl benzoyl aconine. See Aconitine.
Acetylene dichloride. See cis-Dichloroethylene;
I.
See Divinyl
pyrethrin I.
dl- 2 -Allyl- 4-hydr oxy- 3 -methyl- 2 -cyclopenten1-one ester of cis and trans-dl-chrysanthemum-monocarboxylic acid. See Allethrin.
Allyl maleate. See Diallyl maleate.
1 -Allyl-3, 4-methylene-dioxybenzene.
See Safrole.
Allyl mustard oil. See Allyl isothiocyanate.
1 -Allyloxy-2, 3-epoxy-propane.
See Allyl
glyceryl ether.
Allyl sulfocarbamide. See Allyl thiourea.
Allyl trichloride trichlorohydrin.
See 1 2, 3-Trichloropropane.
Almond oil, artificial. See Benzaldehyde.
Almond oil, expressed. See Almond oil.
Almond oil, sweet. See Almond oil.
Altaite. See Lead telluride.
Aluminum oxide. See Alumina.
Aluminum powder. See Aluminum dust.
Amidosulfonic acid. See Sulfamic acid.
o-Aminoacetylbenzene. See o-Aminoacetophenone.
2-Amino-5-azotoluene. See o-Aminoazo,
toluene.
2-Amino-5-azotoluene hydrochloride.
See Aminoazotoluene hydrochloride.
Aminobenzene. See Aniline.
o-Aminobenzene sulfonic acid.
See Sulfanilic acid.
3-Aminobenzene- 1 -sulfonic acid.

See Aniline sodium sulfonate.
o-Amino benzoic acid. See Anthranilic acid,
p -Aminobenzoyl- gamma -di-n- butyl amino propanol sulfate. See Butyn.
See Butylamine.
See sec -Butylamine.
1 -Amino-4-tert-butyl benzene.
See p-tertButyl aniline.
Cyclohexylamine.
Aminocyclohexane. See
p-Aminodimethyl aniline. See Dimethyl
p-phenylenediamine.
Aminodimethylbenzene. See Xylidene.
Amino dithioformic acid. See Dithiocarbamic
-Amino butane.
2-Amino butane.
trans -Dichloroethylene.
n-Acetyl ethanolamine. See Hydroxyethyl
acetamide.
Acetyl hydroperoxide. See Peracetic acid.
Acetyl ketene. See Diketene.
3 -Acetyl- 6 -methyl- 1, 2-pyran-2, 4(3H)-dione.
See Dehydroacetic acid.
Acetyl oxide. See Acetic anhydride.
Acetyl-p-phenylenediamine. See p-Aminoacetanilide.
Acetylsalicylic acid. See Acetol.
Acid barium oxalate. See Barium binoxalate.
Acid ethyl sulfate. See Ethylsulfuric acid.
Aconitum. See Aconite.
Acraldehyde. See Acrolein.
Acroleic acid. See Acrylic acid.
Acrylic aldehyde. See Acrolein.
Adamsite. See Diphenylaminechloroarsine;
Phenarsazine chloride.
Adhesive tape. See Adhesive plaster.
Agglutinin. See Ricin.
Alabandite. See Manganous sulfide.
Alamosite. See Lead m- silicate.
Aldehydine. See 5-Ethyl-2-methyl pyridine.
Alkaloids. See Alkaloid salts.
Alkargen. See Cacodylic acid.
Allyl aldehyde. See Acrolein.
Allyl chloroformate. See Allyl chlorocarbonate.
Allyl disulfide. See Allyl sulfide.
Allyl ester thiocyanic acid. See Allyl sulfocyanide.
acid.
Aminoethane. See Ethylamine.

1 -Aminoethanol.
See Aldehyde ammonia.
2-Aminoethanol. See Monoethanol amine.
p-Amino hydrogenated cardanol. See 4Amino-3-pentadecyl phenol.
2-Amino isobutane. See tert-Butylamine.

Aminomethane. See Monomethylamine.
2-Amino-4-methyl pentane. See Mono-sechexylamine.
-Amino-2-methylpropane. See Isobutyl amine.
-Amino-4-nitrobenzene. See p-Nitroaniline.
1 -Amino nonane.
See n-Nonylamine.
1 -Amino pentane.
See Amylamine.
2-Aminophenetole. See o-Phenetidine.
4-Aminophenetole. See p-Phenetidine.
Aminophenylarsine acid. See Arsanilic acid.
2-Amino phenyl mercaptan. See 2-Amino1
1
benzenethiol.
alpha-Aminopyridine. See 2-Aminopyridine.

4-Aminosalicylic acid. See p-Aminosalicylic
1449
acid.
SECTION
1450
12
See Ammonium sulfamate.

Ammonia gas. See Ammonia, anhydrous.
Ammonium -cadmium bromide. See Cadmium
ammonium bromide.
Ammonium carbazotate. See Ammonium
Ammate.
picrate.
Ammonium
carbozotate.
picrate, wet.
Ammonium
decaborate.
pentaborate.
Ammonium
See
See
Ammonium
Ammonium
Ammonium
dichromate. See
bichromate.
See Ammonia hydroxide.
sulfide. See Ammonium
Ammonium hydrate.
Ammonium hydrogen
sulfhydrate.
Ammonium hydrogen
See
sulfite.
Ammonium
bisulfite.
Ammonium
hydrosulfide.
sulfhydrate.
Ammonium
monosulfide.
See
Ammonium
See
Ammonium
sulfide.
peroxydisulfate. See Ammonium

persulfate.
Ammonium silicofluoride. See Ammonium
Ammonium
sulfocyanate. See Ammonium

thiocyanate.
Ammonium tetraborate. See Ammonium
biborate.
Ammonium uranium fluoride. See Uranium
Argentum.
Arsenic trifluoride.
Arsenic hydride. See Arsine.
Arsenic iodide. See Arsenic diiodide.
Arsenic oxide. See Arsenic pentoxide.
Arsenic selenide. See Arsenic triselenide.
Arsenic sulfide. See Arsenic bisulfide;
Arsenic trisulfide.
Arsenic tribromide. See Arsenic bromide.
Arsenic triethyl. See Triethyl arsenic.
Arsenic trimethyl. See Trimethyl arsenic.
Arsenic triphenyl. See Triphenylarsenic.
Arsenious oxide. See Arsenic trioxide.
Arseniuretted hydrogen. See Arsine.
Arsenous bromide. See Arsenic bromide.
Arsonoacetic acid. See Aricyl.
Arsysodila. See Sodium cacodylate.
See Amiodoxyl benzoate.
See Asbestos particles.
See Acetol.
Atopamine. See Apoatropine.
Atoxyl. See Sodium arsanilate.
Aurous sodium thiosulfate. See Gold sodium
Asbestos dust.
Aspirin.
thiosulfate.
fluoride.
Ammonobasic mercuric
chloride.
See Mercury, ammoniated.

Amphetamine. See "Benzedrine. "
Amyl acetate, iso-. See Isoamyl acetate.
Amyl acetic ether. See Amyl acetate.
Amyl hydride. See n-Pentane.
Amyl methyl carbinol. See Z-Heptanol.
Amyl oxide. See Amyl ether.
Amyl phthalate. See Di-n-amyl phthalate.
Amytal. See Amobarbital.
A 4 -Androsten-17(or)-ol-3-one.
See Testosterone.
Anesthesia ether. See Ethyl ether.
Anglisite. See Lead sulfate.
Aniline bromide. See Aniline hydrobromide.
Aniline chloride. See Aniline hydrochloride.
Aniline green. See Malachite green
Aniline hydrofluoride. See Aniline fluoride.
Aniline oil. See Aniline.
Anilinobenzene. See Diphenylamine.
Anilinophenol. See p-Hydroxy diphenylamine.
Anthion. See Potassium persulfate.
Antimonic chloride. See Antimony pentachloride.
Antimonous bromide. See Antimony tribromide.
Antimonous chloride. See Antimony trichloride.
Antimony fluoride. See Antimony pentafluoride;
Antimony trifluoride.
Antimony iodide. See Antimony pentaiodide;
Antimony triiodide.
Antimonyl aniline tartrate. See Aniline antimony! tartrate.
Antimony oxide. See Antimony tetr oxide.
Antimony pentoxide. See Antimony pentaoxide.
Antimony perchloride. See Antimony pentachloride.
Antimony regulus.
See Calcium carbonate.

See Silver.
Aricyl. See Disodium acetoarsenate.
Arsenic acid, true. See o-Arsenic acid.
Arsenic fluoride. See Arsenic pentafluoride;
Aragonite.
Arthrytin.
fluosilicate.
Ammonium
ammonium
Aqua ammonia. See Ammonium hydroxide.

Aqua ammonium. See Ammonium hydroxide.
Aqua fortis. See Nitric acid.
See Antimony.
Antimony sulfide. See Antimony pentasulfide;

Antimony tri sulfide.
Antimony telluride. See Antimony tritelluride.
Antimony thioglycolamide. See Antimonyalpha- mere apto-acetamide.
Antimony tri sulfate. See Antimony sulfate.

Antimony yellow. See Lead antimonate.
Antoxylic acid. See Arsanilic acid.
Aphrodine. See Yohimbine.
See Calcium iodate.

Avogadrite. See Potassium fluoborate.
Azimethylene. See Diazomethane.
Aziminobenzene. See 1 Z, 3-Benzotriazole.
Azobenzide. See Azobenzene.
Azobenzol. See Azobenzene.
Azoimide. See Hydrazoic acid.
Azotic acid. See Nitric acid.
Azoxybenzide. See Azoxybenzene.
BAL. See 2, 3-Dimercapto- 1-propanol.
p-t-BBA. See p-tert-Butyl benzoic acid.
BBC. See Bromobenzyl cyanide.
BTC. See A Iky 1 dimethyl benzyl ammonium
Autarite.
chloride.
Baddeleyite. See Zirconium dioxide.
Balm of Gilead. See Canada Balsam.
Banana oil. See Isoamyl acetate.
Barbital. See Barbiturates.
Barbital socium. See Barbiturates.
Barbitone. See Barbiturates.
Barium bichromate. See Barium dichromate.

Barium binoxide. See Barium peroxide.
Barium borotung state. See Barium borowolframate.
Barium dioxide. See Barium peroxide.

Barium diuranate. See Uranium barium oxide.
Barium hydrate. See Barium hydroxide.
Barium hyposulfate. See Barium dithionate.
Barium hyposulfite. See Barium thiosulfate.
Barium mercury bromide. See Mercuric
barium bromide.
Barium monoxide. See Barium oxide.
Barium phosphate, secondary. See Barium
phosphate, dibasic.
Barium protoxide. See Barium oxide.

Barium silicofluoride. See Barium fluosilicate.
Barium sulfide. See Barium monosulfide.
Barium sulfocarbolate. See Barium phenolsulfonate.
Barium sulfocyanide. See Barium sulfocyanate.

Barium sulfophenylate. See Barium phenolsulfonate.
sulfovinate.
Barium
See Barium ethylsulfate.
Bas F. See Potassium ammonium nitrate.

Basic antimony chloride. See Antimony
oxychloride.
INDEX TO SYNONYMS
1451
"B" blasting powder. See Explosives, low.

Beeswax, yellow. See Beeswax.
Bismuth oxycarbonate.
2-Benzendiol. See Pyrocatechol.

3-Benzendiol. See Resorcinol.
Benzene carbonyl chloride. See Benzoyl
Bismutospherite.
chloride.
Benzene diazoanilide. See beta-Diazoamidobenzol.
Benzene diazonium chloride. See Diazobenzene
chloride.
fluoride.
Bitter apple. See Codocynth.
Bitter cucumber. See Codocynth.
Bitter wood tree. See Quassia.
Bitumen. See Asphalt.
Black blasting powder. See Explosives, low.
Black lead. See Graphite.
Black precipitate. See Mercurous nitrate,
Benzene diazonium chromate. See Diazobenzol

chromate.
Benzene diazonium nitrate. See Diazobenzene
See Bismuth carbonate,
basic.
See Bismuth carbonate,
basic.
Bis(trifluoromethyl) benzene.
See Xylene hexa-
ammoniated.
nitrate.
1,3-Benzene dicarbonitrile. See orthoDicyanobenzene.

Benzene dicarboxylic acid. See Phthalic acid.
See p-Hydroquinone.
1, 4-Benzenediol.
Benzene- 1 3-diphenyl. See m-Terphenyl.
Benzene- 1 4-diphenyl. See p-Terphenyl.
1, 2, 4, 5-Benzene tetracarboxylic acid.
,
See Pyromellitic acid.

See 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetrachlorobenzene.
Pyrogallol.
3-Benzentriol.
See
1, 2,
Benzidine base. See Benzidine.
Benzoate of soda. See Sodium benzoate.
Benzoflex. See Ethylene glycol dibenzoate.
Benzohydrol. See Benzhydrol.
Benzoic acid anhydride. See Benzoic anhydride.
Benzoic acid cv-methyl benzyl ether.
See cc-Methyl benzyl benzoic acid.
Benzoic aldehyde. See Benzaldehyde.
Benzoic ether. See Ethyl benzo?te.
Benzol. See Benzene.
160 Benzol. See Naphtha (coal-tar).
2-Benzopyrone. See Coumarin.
1
Benzosulfimide. See Saccharin,
trans -beta-Benzoyl acrylic acid.
See beta-Benzoyl acrylic acid.
Benzoyl hydroperoxide. See Perbenzoic acid.
Benzylbenzene. See Diphenylmethane.
Benzyl carbinol. See Phenethyl alcohol.
Benzyl chlorocarbonate. See Benzyl chloroformate..
Benzyl dichloride. See Benzal chloride.
Benzyl isoamyl ether. See Amyl benzyl ether.
Berlin green. See Ferric ferricyanide.
Betel. See Areca nut.
cis-Bicyclo(2, 2, l)- 5-heptene-2, 3 -dicarboxylic
acid dimethyl ester. See Dimethyl carbate.
Biformyl. See Glyoxal.
Bimethyl. See Ethane.
Biphenyl. See Diphenyl.
p-Biphenyl amine. See p-Aminodiphenyl.
o-Biphenylene methane. See Fluorene.
1 -(4-Biphenylyloxy)-2-propanol.
See Propylene glycol-4-biphenyl ether.
1, 3-Bis(Z-benzothiazolyl mercapto methyl) urea.
See Di-(2-benzothiazyl-thiomethyl)-urea.
2, 2-Bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-l 1 -di-chloroethane.
See DDD.
Bis-dimethylarsenic sulfide. See Cacodyl
Benzene tetrachloride.
sulfide.
Bis-dimethylthiocarbamyl sulfide.
methylthiuram monosulfide.
See Tetra-
2-Bis-(p-fluorophenyl)-l, 1, 1 -trichloroethane.
See DFDT.
Bish. See Aconitum ferox.
3-3-Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-phthalide.
See Phenolphthalein.
2, 2-Bis-(p-methoxyphenyl)-l, 1, 1 -trichloroethane. See Methoxychlor.
Bis-o'-methyl benzyl ether. See Methyl benzyl
2,
ether.
Bismuth glance. See Bismuth trisulfide.

m-Bismuthic acid. See Bismuth pentoxide.
Bismuthine. See Hydrogen bismuthide.
Bismuthnite. See Bismuth trisulfide.
Blasting oil. See Nitroglycerin.

Blistering beetles. See Cantharides.
Blistering flies. See Cantharides.
Blue stone. See Copper sulfate.
Blue vitriol. See Copper sulfate.
Bone ash. See Calcium phosphate, tribasic.
Boracic acid. See Boric acid.
Boric acetic anhydride. See Boron acetate.
o-Boric acid. See Boric acid.
Borneo camphor. See d-Borneol.
Borneol thiocyanoacetate. See Bornyl thiocyanoacetate.
Borobutane. See Dihydrotetraborane; Tetraborane.
Boroethane. See Diborane.
Boron bromide. See Boron tribromide.
Boron chloride. See Boron trichloride.
Boron ethyl. See Boron triethyl.
Boron fluoride. See Boron trifluoride.
Boron methyl. See Boron trimethyl.
Bottle gas. See Liquefied hydrocarbon gas.
Brass powder. See Brass scrapings.
Brazil wax. See Carnauba wax.
Breithauptite. See Nickel antimonide.
Brimstone. See Sulfur.
British anti- Lewisite. See 2, 3-Dimercapto- 1
propanol.
Bromochloromethane. See Chlorobromomethane.
Bromellete. See Beryllium oxide.
Bromic ether. See Ethyl bromide.
Bromine analog of DDT. See 1 -Trichloro-2,
2-bis(p-bromophenyl) ethane.
Bromine cyanide. See Cyanogen bromide.
o-Bromoaniline. See Bromoaniline.
Bromoazide. See Bromine azide.
1 -Bromobutane.
See Butyl bromide.
1 -Bromo-2-chloroethane.
See Ethylene
chlorobromide.
Bromochloromethane.
See Methylene
chlorobromide.
ar-Bromo cumene.
See Bromoisopropyl
benzene.
Bromoethane. See Ethyl bromide.

Bromoethene. See Vinyl bromide.
Bromoethylene. See Vinyl bromide.
Bromoethyne. See Bromoacetylene.
Bromomethane. See Methyl bromide.
o-Bromo-2-phenylacetonitrile. See Bromobenzyl cyanide.
1-Bromopropane. See Propyl bromide.
Bromotoluene. See Benzyl bromide.
Brunswick green. See Copper oxychloride.
Bunsenite. See Nickel monoxide.
Burnt lime. See Calcium oxide.
Butadiene. See Diacetylene.
Butadiyne. See Diacetylene.
Butanal. See Butyraldehyde.
Butanal oxime. See Butyraldoxime.
n- Butane. See Butane.
1,4-Butane dicarboxylic acid. See Adipic acid.
Butanedinitrile. See Succinonitrile.
Butanedioic acid. See Succinic acid.
Butanedioic anhydride. See Succinic anhydride.
Butanediol. See 1 4-Butanediol.
3-Butanediol. See 1,3-Butylene glycol.
1
,
SECTION
1452
12
See 2, 3-Butylene glycol.

2, 3- Butane diol.
Butanedione. See Diacetyl.
See Butyl mercaptan.
1- Butane thiol.
2-Butanethiol. See sec-Butyl mercaptan.
Butanetriol. See 1 2, 4-Butanetriol.
Butanoic anhydride. See Butyric anhydride.
n-Butanol. See Butyl alcohol.
2-Butanol. See sec -Butyl alcohol.
2-Butanol acetate. See sec-Butyl acetate.
3-Butanolal. See Aldol.
Butanoyl chloride. See Butyryl chloride.
2-Butenal. See Crotonaldehyde.
1-Butene. See cv-Butylene.
trans-Butenedioic acid. See Fumaric acid.
cis-Butenedioic anhydride. See Maleic
anhydride,
trans -Butenedioyl chloride. See Fumaryl
,
n- Butyl thioalcohol. See Butyl mercaptan.

Butyl thiobutane. See Butyl sulfide.
Butyric aldehyde. See Butyr aldehyde.
CG. See Phosgene.

"CK. " See Cyanogen chloride.
CZA."
See Citrazinic acid.
Cacodyl chloride. See Dimethyl chloroarsine.

Cacodyl hydride. See Dim ethylar sine.
Cadaverine. See Pentamethylene diamine.
Cadmium
cobaltinitrite.
cobaltate
See Cadium nitro-
(III).
Cake alum. See Aluminum sulfate, dry.

Calabar bean. See Physostigma.
Calabarine. See Physostigmine.
Calcic liver of sulfur. See Calcium sulfide.

Calcite. See Calcium carbonate.
Calcium o-arsenate. See Calcium arsenate.
Calcium hydrosulfide. See Calcium sulfhydrate.
chloride.
Calcium phenate. See Calcium phenoxide.
3-Butene-2-one. See Methyl vinyl ketone.
Calcium superoxide. See Calcium peroxide.
2-Buten-l-ol. See 1 -Methallyl alcohol.
3-(2-Butenyl)-4-methyl-2-oxo-3-cyclopentenCalcium triorthophosphate. See Calcium
superphosphate.
1-yl ester of chrysanthemum dicarboxylic
monomethyl
ester.
See
Cinerin
Calco uranite. See Autunite.
acid
II.
3-(2-Butenyl)-4-methyl-2-oxo-3-cyclopentenCalomel. See Mercurous chloride.
Calx. See Calcium oxide.
1-yl ester of chrysanthemum monocarboxylic acid. See Cinerin I.
Cambogia. See Gamboge.
1 -Butoxybutane.
See Butyl ether.
alpha-Camphanol. See d-Borneol.
2-Butoxy-N-(2-diethylaminoethyl) cinchonin2-Camphonone. See Camphor.
amide hydrochloride. See Dibucaine hydroCanada turpentine. See Canada balsam.
chloride.
Cannabin resin. See Cannabis.
Caoutchouc. See Rubber, crude.
2-Butoxy ethanol. See Butyl "Cellosolve. "
Butric ether. See Ethyl n-butyrate.
Capric ether. See Ethyl caprate.
Butter of antimony. See Antimony trichloride.
Caprinic ether. See Ethyl caprate.
Butter of zinc. See Zinc chloride,
Caprylaldehyde. See Octyl aldehyde.
n- Butyl aldehyde. See Butyr aldehyde.
1-Caprylene. See 1-Octene.
Butyl-p-aminobenzoate. See Butesin.
Caprylic alcohol. See Octyl alcohol.
n-Butyl-p-aminobenzoate. See Butyl amino
Carbazotic acid. See Picric acid.
benzoate.
Carbides. See Acetylides.
2-Butylaminoethanol. See Butylethanolamine.
Carbodiimide. See Cyanamide.
Butyl butanoate. See Butyl butyr ate.
Carbolic acid. See Phenol.
Butyl citrate. See Butyl citrate.
Carbomethane. See Ketene.
tt-Butylene glycol. See 1,2-Butylene glycol.
Carbon bisulfide. See Carbon disulfide.
j3-Butylene glycol. See 1,3-Butylene glycol.
Carbon dibromide. See Dicarbontetrabromide.
Butylene glycol, pseudo. See 2, 3-Butylene
Carbon dichloride. See Perchloroethylene.
glycol.
Carbon hexachloride. See Hexachloroethane.
Butyl ester. See Butyl 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyCarbonic acid. See Carbon dioxide.
acetate.
Carbonic anhydride. See Carbon dioxide.
Butyl ethane dioate. See Butyl oxalate.
Carbonic ether. See Diethyl carbonate.
Butyl ethanoate. See Butyl acetate.
Carbon oxybromide. See Carbonyl bromide.
Butyl ethyl acetaldehyde. See 2-Ethyl hexCarbon oxychloride. See Phosgene.
aldehyde.
Carbon oxycyanide. See Carbonyl cyanide.
Butylethylacetic acid. See 2-Ethyl hexoic acid.
Carbon trichloride. See Hexachloroethane.
Butylethylene. See Hexene-1.
Carbonyl sulfide. See Carbon oxysulfide.
Butyl ethyl ether. See Ethyl-n-butyl ether.
Cassel's green. See Barium manganate.
Butyl hydride. See Butane.
Cassel yellow laurionite. See Lead oxyButyl- 12-hydroxy-9-octa-decanoate. See Butyl
chloride.
ricinoleate.
Catechol. See Pyrocatechol.
t-Butyl mercaptan. See 2-Methyl-2-propaneCaustic alcohol. See Sodium ethylate.
thiol.
Caustic alkali solution. See Alkaline caustic
n-Butyl mesityl oxide oxalate. See a, a'- Dim ethylliquid, N. O. S.
a'-carbobutoxydihydro-y-pyrone.
Caustic barley. See Sabadilla seed.
Butyl methanoate. See Butyl formate,
Caustic baryta. See Barium hydroxide.
n- Butyl methyl ketone. See Methyl n-butyl
Caustic soda. See Sodium hydroxide.
ketone.
Cellulose hexanitrate. See Nitrocellulose.
Butyl phenol. See p-tert-Butyl phenol.
Cellulose nitrate. See Nitrocellulose.
2-(p-sec-Butylphenoxy) ethanol. See Ethylene
Cellulose pentanitrate. See Nitrocellulose.
glycol-p-sec-butylphenyl ether.
Cellulose tetranitrate. See Cellulose dinitrate;
2-(p-tert-Butylphenoxy) ethyl acetate. See
Nitrocellulose.
Ethylene glycol p-tert-butyl phenyl ether
Cellulose trinitrate. See Nitrocellulose.
acetate.
Cerium -ammonium nitrate. See Ceric ammol-(o-sec-Butylphenoxy)-2-propanol. See
nium nitrate.
Propylene glycol sec -butyl phenyl ether.
Cerous chloride. See Cerium chloride.
l-(p-tert-Butylphenoxy)-2-propanol. See
Cerussite. See Lead carbonate.
Propylene glycol p-tert-butylphenyl ether,
Cevadilla. See Sabadilla seed.
p-tert- Butyl phenyl diphenyl phosphate.
Cevadine. See Veratrine.
See Diphenyl mono- (p-tert-butyl phenyl)
Chalcocite. See Cuprous sulfide.
phosphate.
Chamber crystals. See Nitrosyl sulfuric acid.
Butyl proponoate. See Butyl propionate.
China green. See Malachite green.
INDEX TO SYNONYMS
1453
China wood oil. See Tung oil.

Chinese bean oil. See Soybean oil.
Chinese white. See Zinc oxide.
Chinoline. See Quinoline.
Chinone. See Quinone.
Chinosol. See Quinosol.
Chloral hydrocyanide. See Chlorocyanohydrin.
Chloramine. See Chloramine-T.
Chlorauric acid. See Gold chloride.
Chlor(o) azide. See Chlorine azide.
Chlorazine. See Sodium p-toluenesulfon-
chloramine.
Chlorex. See 2, 2' -Dichloroethyl ether.
Chlorinated acetone. See Chloroacetone.
Chlorinated camphene. See "Toxaphene. "
Chlorinated hydrochloric ether. See Ethylidene
chloride.
Chlorinated lime.
See Calcium chloride hypo-
chlorite.
Chlorine cyanide. See Cyanogen chloride.

Chloroacetic acid. See Monochloroacetic acid.
Chloroaldehyde. See Chloroacetaldehyde.
Chloroazodin. See Azochloramide.
Chlorobenzol. See Chlorobenzene.
Chlorobutadiene. See Chloroprene.
Z-Chloro-1, 3-butadiene. See Chloroprene.
1 -Chlorobutane.
See Butyl chloride.
1 -Chloro-2-(beta-chloroethoxy) ethane.
2'
-Dichloroethyl ether.
See 2,
Chlorodimethylarsine. See Dimethyl chloroarsine.
l-Chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene. See Dinitrochlorobenzene.

l-Chloro-2, 3-epoxypropane. See Epichlorohydrin.
chloride.
Chlorovinyldichloroarsine. See Lewisite.

2-Chlorovinyl dichloroarsine. See Dichloro(2-chlorovinyl) arsine.
Chromic anhydride. See Chromic acid.
Chromium-potassium sulfate. See Chrome
alum.
Chromium trioxide. See Chromic acid.
Chromyl chloride. See Chromium oxychloride.
Chrysoberyl. See Beryllium aluminate.
Cicuta. See Coniine.
Cicutine. See Coniine.
Cinene. See Dipentene.
Cinnabar. See Mercuric sulfide, red.
Cinnamein. See Benzyl cinnamate.
Cinnamene. See Styrene (monomer).
Clausthalite. See Lead selenide.
Coal naphtha. See Benzene.
Cobalticcyanic acid. See Cyanocobaltic III
acid.
Cobaltite.
See Cobalt arsenic sulfide.

Cobaltous acetate. See Cobalt acetate.
Cobalt tricarbonyl. See Cobalt carbonyl.
Colophony. See Pine resin; Rosin.
Columbium. See Niobium.
Columbium pentachloride. See Columbium
chloride.
Chloroethane. See Ethyl chloride.

Chloroethanoic acid. See Monochloroacetic acid.
Chloroethene. See Vinyl chloride.
/3-Chloroethyl alcohol. See Ethylene chlorohydrin.
Chloroethylene. See Vinyl chloride.

Chloroethyne. See Acetylene chloride.
Chloroformamide. See Carbamyl chloride.
Chlorohydric acid. See Hydrochloric acid.
4-Chloro-3-hydroxy toluene. See p-Chloro-mcresol.
Chloro-isopropyl alcohol. See Propylene

chlorohydrin.
6 -Chloro-4-isopropyl.-l -methyl- 3-phenol.
See Chlorothymol.
Chloromanganokalite. See Potassium manganous chloride.
o-Chloromercuriphenol. See o-Hydroxyphenyl-
mercuric chloride.
See Methyl chloride.
2-Chloro-l-methylbenzene. See o-Chloro-
Chlorom ethane.
toluene.
3-Chloro-l-methylbenzene.
See m-Chloro-
toluene.
4-Chloro-l-methylbenzene.
See p-Chloro-
toluene.
l-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene. See m-Chloronitrobenzene.

4-Chloro-l -nitrobenzene. See p-Chloronitrobenzene.
Chlorophenothane. See DDT.
l-(o-Chlorophenoxy)-2-propanol. See Propylene
glycol chlorophenyl ether.
l-(p-Chlorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-biguanide hydrochloride. See Chloroguanide.
1-Chloropropane. See n-Propyl chloride.
2-Chloropropane. See Isopropyl chloride.
l-Chloro-2-propanol. See Propylene chlorohydrin.
3-Chloropropene. See Allyl chloride.

6-Chlor-orthoxenol. See 2-Phenyl-6-chlorophenol.
Chlorosulfuric acid.
See Benzyl chloride.

Chlorotrifluoromethane. See Monochlorotrifluoromethane.
m-Chlorotrifluoromethylbenzene.
See m-Chlorobenzotrifluoride.
p-Chlorotrifluoromethylbenzene.
See p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride.
2-Chloro- 1 3, 5-trinitrobenzene. See Picryl
o--Chlorotoluene.
See Sulfuryl chloride.
oil.
See Rape seed oil.
Conicine. See Coniine.
Copper acetoarsenate. See Paris green.
Copperas. See Ferrous sulfate.
Copper ethylxanthogenate. See Copper xanthate.
Copper mercury iodide. See Mercuric cuprous
Colza
iodide.
Corrosive sublimate. See Mercuric chloride.

Corundum. See Emery.
Corynine. See Yohimbine.
Cotunnite. See Lead chloride.
4-Cresol. See para-Cresol.
Cresolite. See 2, 4, 6-Trinitro-m-cresol.
Creosote oil. See Creosote, coal tar.
Cresylic acid. See Cresol.
ortho-Cresylic acid. See ortho-Cresol.
Cresylol. See Cresol.
Cristobalite. See Quartz; Silica.
Crocoite. See Lead chromate.
Crotonalic acid. See Tiglic acid.
Crotonic aldehyde. See Crotonaldehyde.
Cryptohalite. See Ammonium fluosilicate.
Crystal ammonium. See Ammonium
carbonate.
Crystal carbonate. See Sodium carbonate.
o-Cumenol. See o-Isopropyl phenol.
Cumol. See Cumene; Isopropyl benzene.
Cupric abietinate. See Copper abietinate.
Cupric acetate. See Copper acetate.
Cupric arsenite. See Copper arsenite.
Cupric boride. See Copper boride.
Cupric carbonate. See Copper carbonate.
Cupric chloride. See Copper chloride.
Cupric cyanide. See Copper cyanide.
Cupric fluoride. See Copper fluoride.
Cupric hydroxide. See Copper hydroxide.
Cupric nitrate. See Copper nitrate.
Cupric oleate. See Copper oleate.
Cupric oxalate. See Copper oxalate.
Cupric oxide. See Copper oxide.
Cupric oxychloride. See Copper oxychloride.
Cupric phosphate, See Copper phosphate.
Cupric phosphide. See Copper phosphide.
SECTION
1454
12
Cupric stearate. See Copper stearate.

Cupric sulfate, ammoniated. See Copper sulfate, ammoniated.
Cupric sulfate, basic. See Copper subsulfate.
Cupric sulfide. See Copper sulfide.
See Cuprous oxide.

Cuprous arsenate, basic. See Copper,
arsenate, basic.
Cuprous silicofluoride. See Cuprous fluosilicate.
Cuprous thiocyanate. See Copper thiocyanate.
Curled mint. See Spearmint oil.
N-Cyanodiethylamine. See Diethyl cyanamide.
Cyanodimethylaminoethoxy phosphine oxide.
See Tabun.
Cyanogenamide. See Cyanamide.
Cyanogen thiocyanate. See Cyanogen sulfide.
Cyanoguanidine. See Dicyandiamide.
Cyclobutylene. See Cyclobutene.
Cyclohexylbenzene. See Phenylcyclohexane.
Cyclohexylmethane. See Methylcyclohexane.
Cyclonite. See Cyclotrimethylene trinitramine;
Trimethylene trinitramine.
Cyclotetramethylene 'oxide. See TetrahydroCuprite.
furan.
Cypronic ether. See Cyclopropyl methyl ether.

2,4-D. See Butyl 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetate;
2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
DBMC. See Di-tert-Butyl-m-cresol.
DBPC. See Di-tert-Butyl-p-cresol.
DMDT. See Methoxychlor; 1 -Trichloro-2, 2-bis
(p-methoxyphenyl) ethane.
DVPy. See Divinyl pyrethrin I.
Daturine. See Atropine; Hyoscyamine.
Deadly nightshade. See Belladonna.
Decaboron tetradecahydride. See Decaborane.
Decahydronaphthalene. See "Decalin. "
1-Decanol. See n-Decyl alcohol.
n-Decylene. See 1-Decene.
Decyl hydride. See Decane.
de Haens salt. See Antimony salt.
Denatured spirits. See Alcohol, denatured.
Dermatol. See Bismuth gallate, basic.
Dextrose nitrate. See Nitrolevulose.
Diacetic ether. See Ethyl acetoacetate.
2-Diacetylethane. See Acetonyl acetone.
1
Diacetyl peroxide solution. See Acetyl
peroxide 2 5% solution.
Diallyl disulfide. See Allyl sulfide.
Diallyl ether. See Allyl ether.
,
Diallyl trisulfide.
See Allyl trisulfide.
Diamine. See Hydrazine.

Diaminobenzene. See p-Phenylene diamine.
m-Diaminobenzene. See m-Phenylenediamine.
o-Diaminobenzene. See o-Phenylenediamine.
3-Diamino-4-dihydroxy-l-arsenobenzene hydrochloride. See Arsphenamine.
p-Diaminodiphenyl. See Benzidine.
2-Diaminoethane. See Ethylenediamine.
1
Diaminophenol hydrochloride. See Amidol.
See 2, 5-Toluene diamine.
2, 5-Diaminotoluene.
Diamorphine. See Diacetyl morphine.
Di-n-amylamine. See Diamylamine.
Diamyl ether. See Amyl ether.

Diamyl sulfide. See Amyl sulfide.
Diazoaminobenzene. See alpha-Diazoamidobenzol.
Diazobenzeneimide. See Diazobenzolimide;

Phenyl azoimide.
Diazobenzene sulfate. See Diazobenzol sulfate.
Diazotizing salts. See Sodium nitrite.
Dibenzofuran. See Diphenylene oxide.
Dibenzopyrazine. See Phenazine.
Dibenzopyrrole. See Carbazole.
Dibenzothioxin. See Phenothioxin.
Dibenzoxyhydroquinone. See Dibenzyl ether
of hydroquinone.
Dibenzoyl. See Benzil.
Diboranide. See Potassium diborane.
cf-j3-Dibromoethyl benzene.
See Styrene dibromide.

Dibromethyne. See Dibromoacetylene.
2-Dibromoethane. See Ethylene dibromide.
1
Dibutyl-1 2-benzene dicarboxylate. See Dibutyl
,
o-phthalate.
Dibutyl-1, 2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid.
See Dibutyl hexahydrophthalate.
Dibutyldiacetoxystannane. See Dibutyl tin
diacetate.
Dibutyldichlorostannane. See Dibutyl tin
dichloride.
Dibutyl-d-2, 3-dihydroxybutane dioate.
See Dibutyl tartrate.
n-Dibutyl ether. See Butyl ether.
Dibutylmalyldioxystannane. See Dibutyl tin
maleate.
Dibutyloxostannane. See Dibutyl tin oxide.
Dibutyl sulfide. See Butyl sulfide.
Dicacodyl. See Cacodyl.
Dicarbitol phthalate. See "Carbitol" phthalate.
See Dichloroacetaldehyde.
2, 2-Dichlorethanal.
See Ethylidene chloride.
1, 1 -Dichlorethane.
Dichlorinated methyl oxide. See Dichloromethyl
ether.
3-Dichlorobenzene. See m-Dichlorobenzene.

4-Dichlorobenzene. See p-Dichlorobenzene.
1
1, 1 -Dichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethane.
See DDD.
sym-Dichlorobutane. See 1 4-Dichlorobutane.
3-Dichloro-2-butene. See Dichlorobutene.
1
Dichlorodimethyl hydantoin. See 1 3-Dichloro5, 5 -dimethyl hydantoin.
Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane. See DDT.
Dichloroethane. See Ethylene dichloride.
alpha, beta-Dichloroethyl alcohol. See 1,2Dichloroethyl alcohol.
Dichloroethylarsine. See Ethyldichloroarsine.
1-Dichloroethylene. See Vinylidene chloride.
1
2-Dichloroethylene. See cis-Dichloroethylene.
1
Di-[2-chloroethyl] formal. See Di-2-chloroethyl formal.
Dichloromethane. See Methylene chloride.
Dichloro- (phenol diphenyl) ether. See Dichloro(phenolxenyl ether).
Di(4-chlorophenoxy) methane. See Bis (pchlorophenoxy methane).
l-(2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy)-2-propanol. See
Propylene glycol-2, 4-dichlorophenyl ether.
DicMorophenyl phosphine. See Phosphenyl
1
chloride.
1,
2-Dichloropropene. See
propylene.
l-Dichloro-2-propanone.
2-Dichloro-
See
-Dichloro-
acetone.
See 1 3-Dichloroacetone.
alpha, 4-Dichlorotoluene. See p-Chlorobenzyl
chloride.
Dicophane. See DDT.
See Adiponitrile.
1, 4-Dicyanobutane.
1-Diethoxyethane. See Acetal.
1
1,2-Diethoxy ethylene. See Diethyl "Cellosolve.
Diethyl acetaldehyde. See 2-Ethyl butyr aldehyde,
Diethyl acetic acid. See 2-Ethyl butyric acid.
Diethyl carbinol. See sec-n-Amyl alcohol.
Diethyldimethylmethane. See 2, 3-Dimethyl1,
3-Dichloro-2-propanone.
'
pentane..
See N,N'Diethylcarbanilide.
Diethyl disulfide. See 3, 4-Dithiahexane.
Diethylenediamine. See Piperazine.
Diethylene dioxide. See 1,4-Dioxane.
3-Diethylene disulfide-2, 2-diphenyl. See 1,31
Dithiane, 2, 2-diphenyl.
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether. See Butyl
"Carbitol. "
N,N'-Diethyl-N, N' -diphenyl urea.
INDEX TO SYNONYMS
1455
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. See "Carbitol"; Diethyl "Carbitol. "

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate.
See "Carbitol" acetate.
Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
See Methyl "Carbitol. "
Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate.
See Methyl "Carbitol" acetate.
Diethylene glycol monophenyl ether.
See Phenyl "Carbitol. "
Diethylene oxide. See 1,4-Dioxane.
Diethylenimide oxide. See Morpholine.
Diethyl ethanedioate. See Ethyl oxalate.
alpha-Dimethyl benzyl hydroperoxide.

Cumene hydroperoxide.
O.O-Diethyl-O, 2-(ethylthio) ethyl thiophosphate. See Demeton.

Di-2- ethyl hexyl fumarate. See Dioctyl
fumarate.
0, O-Diethyl-O, p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate.
captosuccinate. See Malathion.

Dimethyl ethyl carbinol. See tert-Amyl alcohol,
See Parathion.
Diethyl sulfide. See Ethyl sulfide.
Diethyl valeramide. See Valyl.
See Difluoro1, 1 1 -Difluorochloroethane.
,
monochloroethane.
Difluorodibromomethane.
f luorom ethane
N, N-Dimethyl carbamyl chloride. See Dimethyl

carbamyl chloride.
Dimethyl carbinol. See Isopropyl alcohol.
3-Dimethylcarbinol propylamine. See 3-Iso-
pr opoxypropylamine
Dimethyl "Cellosolve" phthalate.
diabietate.
Dimethyl- 1 -cyclohexene- 1 Z-dicarboxylic acid.

See Dimethyl tetrahydrophthalate.
Dimethyl disulfide. See Z, 3-Dithiabutane.
,
O.O-Dimethyl dithiophosphate
3,
See Acetone.
Dimethylmethane. See Propane.
3, 3-Dimethyl-2-methylene norcamphone.
See Camphene.
3,
amine.
6-Dihydroxyhexane. See Hexanediol- 1 6.
Z'-Dihydroxy isopropyl ether. See Dipro,
8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone.
See Chrysophanic acid.
3-Dihydroxynaphthalene. See Naphthoresorcinol.
1,
6-Dimethyl-4-octyne-3, 6-diol.
See Dimethyl
octynediol.
Z,
pylene glycol.
See Dimethyl-
Z-Dimethylol propanol- 1
See Trimethylol-
ethane.
5-Dimethyl- l-hexyn-3-ol.
hexynol.
Dimethyl ketone.
Z-Dihydroxypropane. See Propylene glycol.

1-Diiodoethane. See Ethylidene diiodide.
Diiodoethyne.
See Diiodoacetylene.
See Methylene iodide.
Diisobutyl phenol. See Octyl phenol.
Diisopropyl. See Z, 3-Dimethylbutane.
Diisopropyl alcohol. See Isopropyl ether.
4-Dimethoxybenzene. See Hydroquinone
1
dimethyl ether.
Dimethoxybenzidine. See Dianisidine.
Z-Dimethoxy ethane. See Ethylene glycol
1
dimethyl ether.
Dimethoxy tetraethylene glycol. See Dimethoxytetraglycol; Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl
3,
Z,
ether.
Dimethyl. See Ethane.

Dimethylaminoantipyrine. See Aminopyrine.
Dimethyl analog of parathion. See 0,0Dimethyl-O, p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate.
Dimethylarsenic acid. See Cacodylic acid.
See Diisopropyl
5-Dimethyl phenol. See 3, 5-Xylenol.

Z-Dimethyl-1 3-propanediol. See Neopentyl
,
glycol.
Dimethylpropylmethane. See Z-Methylpentane.

p-(alpha-Dimethylpropyl) phenol. See p-tert-
Amyl
phenol.
6-Dimethyl pyridine. See Z, 6-Lutidine.

Dimethyl sulfite. See Methyl sulfite.
Dimethyl telluride. See Methyl telluride.
See p-Thioxene.
Z, 4-Dimethyl thiophene.
Z,
3-Dimethylxanthine. See Theophylline.

6-Dimethylxanthine. See Theobromine.
3-Di-l
-naphthyltriazine. See l,l'-Diazo1
amidonaphthalene
Dinitroaminophenol. See Picramic acid.
See 2, 4-DinitroZ, 4-Dinitro-l 3-benzendiol.
1
3,
resorcinol.
o-Dinitrobenzol. See 1 Z-Dinitrobenzene.
Dinitrochlorobenzol. See Z, 1 4-Chlorodinitrobenzene.
See Z,4Z, 4-Dinitro-o-cyclohexyl phenol.
Dinitro-6-cyclohexyl phenol.
5-Dinitronaphthalene. See Dinitronaphthalene.
1
8-Dinitronaphthalene. See Dinitronaphthalene.
1
See Z, 4-DinitroZ, 4-Dinitrophenylamine.
,
Diiodomethane.
4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol.
carbinol.
mer-
refined.
Z,
laurate.
Z,
of diethyl
Dimethylethylene. See cis-Butene-Z.

alpha, alpha -Dimethyl ethyl nitrite. See tertButyl nitrite.
See
Z, 6-Dimethyl-Z- 5-heptadien-4-one.
Phorone.
See Diisobutyl
Z, 6-Dimethyl heptanol-4.
See Diethylene glycol
Diglycol myristate. See Diethylene glycol

myristate.
Dihexyl. See Dodecane.
Dihexyl ether. See Hexyl ether.
Dihydropentaborane. See Pentaborane,
unstable.
5, 6-Dihydro-Z, 3, 6-trimethyl- 1 3, 5-dithiazine. See Thialdine.
See Anthrarobin.
3, 4-Dihydroxy anthranol.
Z-Dihydroxyanthraquinone. See Alizarin.
1
m-Dihydroxy benzene. See Resorcinol.
o-Dihydroxy benzene. See Pyrocatechol.
Z, 6-Dihydroxy-4-carboxy pyridine.
See
Citrazinic acid.
Di(Z-hydroxyethyl) amine. See Diethanol1,
See Dimethyl-
glycol phthalate.
carbinol.
See Dibromodi-
Difluorodiphenyldichloroethane. See DFDD.

Difluoroethane. See 1 1 -Difluoroethane.
Z-Difluoroethane. See Ethylene difluoride.
1
Digallane. See Gallium hydride.
Diglycol. See Diethylene glycol.
Diglycol diabietate. See Diethylene glycol
Diglycol laurate.
See
aniline.
4-Dinitrophenylmethyl ether.
See Z,4Dinitro anisole.

Dinitrotoluol. See Z, 4-Dinitrotoluene.
Dinol. See Diazodinitrophenol.
Dioctyl phthalate. See Di-Z-ethylhexylphthalate.
Z-Diodoethane. See Ethylene diiodide.
1
p-Dioxane. See 1,4-Dioxane.
Dioxolone-Z. See Ethylene carbonate.
Z-Diphenyl benzene. See o-Terphenyl.
1
Diphenyl carbinol. See Benzhydrol.
Diphenyl ether. See Diphenyl oxide.
Diphenylglycolic acid. See Benzilic acid.
Diphenyl ketone. See Benzophenone.
Diphenylmethane OC-carboxylic acid. See
Diphenyl acetic acid.
Diphenyl methane diisocyanate. See Methylenebis(4-phenyl isocyanate).
Z,
SECTION
1456
12
N, N'-Diphenyl thiourea. See Thiocarbanilide.

3-Diphenyl-2-thiourea. See Thiocarbanilide.
1
3-Diphenyltriazine. See alpha-Diazoamido1
benzol.
Diphosphorus pentaselenide. See Phosphorus
pentaselenide.
Dipping acid. See Sulfuric acid.
Dipropyl amine. See Di-N-propylamine.
Dipropyl ether. See Propyl ether.
Dipropyl methane. See Heptane.
Di-n-propyl sulfate. See Propyl sulfate.
Disiloxane. See Silicyl oxide.
Disodium hydroxy mercury salicyloxyacetate.
See "Mercurosal. "
Distilled mustard gas. See Dichlorodiethyl
,
sulfide.
Disulfur decafluoride. See Sulfur pentafluoride.

Disulfuric acid. See Pyrosulfuric acid.
Disulfuryl chloride. See Pyrosulfuryl chloride.
See 2 Z
2 2' -Dithio-bis-benzothiazole.
Dibenzothiazyl disulfide.
Dithranol. See 1 8-Dihydroxyanthranol.
sym-Di-o-tolythiourea. See Di-ortho-tolylthiourea.
Divinyl ether. See Vinyl ether.
Divinyl oxide. See Vinyl ether.
Dodecane dioic acid. See Sebacic acid.
Dodecanoic acid. See Laurie acid.
Dodecanoyl peroxide. See Lauroyl peroxide.
Dodecyl bromide. See Lauryl bromide.
Dodecyl chloride. See Lauryl chloride.
Dodecylene. See Dodecene.
Dodecyl pyridinium chloride. See Lauryl
pyridinium chloride.
Domeykite. See Tri-copper arsenide.
Double nickel salt. See Ammonium nickel sul,
fate.
"Dowanol 50 B. " See Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether.

Dried grass. See Hay.
Dry ice. See Carbon dioxide, solid.
Duboisine. See Hyoscyamine.
Dumasin. See Cyclopentanone.
E-60.
See Ethylene glycol dibenzoate.

See Ethylenediamine tetraacetonitrile.
Earthnut oil. See Peanut oil.
Earth oil. See Crude oil (petroleum).
Earth wax. See Ceresin wax.
Echitamine. See Ditaine.
Ekaboron. See Scandium.
Elayl. See Ethylene.
Emerald green. See Copper acetoarsenite.
Epinephrine. See "Adrenaline. "
2-Epoxyethane. See Ethylene oxide.
1
1, 2-Epoxypropane.
See Propylene oxide.
Epsom salt. See Magnesium sulfate.
Ergamine. See Histamine.
Ergotoxine. See Ergotinine.
Erythrene. See Butadiene- 1 3.
Erythrite. See Cobaltous o-arsenate.
Eserine. See Physostigmine.
Essential salt of lemon. See Potassium binoxa-
EDTN.
late.
See Glyoxal.
2-Ethanediamine. See Ethylenediamine.

Ethane dinitrile. See Cyanogen.
Ethanedioic acid. See Oxalic acid.
2-Ethanediol. See Ethylene glycol.
1
Ethanedioyl bromide. See Oxalyl bromide.
Ethanedioyl chloride. See Oxalyl chloride.
Ethanenitrile. See Methyl cyanide.
Ethanethiol. See Ethyl mercaptan.
Ethanethiolic acid. See Thioacetic acid.
1
See Acetic acid.

anhydride. See Acetic anhydride.
See Ethyl alcohol.
bromide. See Acetyl bromide.
chloride. See Acetyl chloride.
Etharioic acid.
Ethanoic
Ethanol.
Ethanoyl
Ethanoyl
acid.
'
Ethanedial.
Ethanol iodide. See Acetyl iodide.

Ethanoyl peroxide. See Acetyl peroxide.
Ethene. See Ethylene.
Ethenol. See Vinyl alcohol.
Ethenone. See Ketene.
Ethenoxy ethane. See Ethyl vinyl ether.
Ether. See Ethyl ether.
Etherin. See Ethylene.
Ethine. See Acetylene.
Ethinyl trichloride. See Ethylene trichloride;
Trichloroethylene.
2-Ethoxy ethanol. See "Cellosolve" solvent.
Ethyl aldehyde. See Acetaldehyde.
Ethyl-p-aminobenzoate. See Anesthesin;
Benzocaine.
Ethyl benzol. See Ethylbenzene.
Ethyl bromoethanoate. See Ethyl bromoacetate.
Ethyl butanoate. See Ethyl n-butyrate.
2 -Ethyl butanoic acid.
See 2-Ethyl butyric
2-Ethyl butoxy ethanol. See 2-Ethylbutyl
"Cellosolve. "
2-Ethyl butyl alcohol. See 2-Ethyl butanol.
2-Ethylbutyric aldehyde. See 2-Ethyl butyraldehyde.
Ethyl cacodyl. See Arsenic diethyl.
Ethyl carbinol. See n-Propyl alcohol.
Ethyl carbonate. See Diethyl carbonate.
Ethyl chloroethanoate. See Ethyl chloroacetate.
Ethyl chloroformate. See Ethyl chlorocarbonate.
Ethyl chloromethanoate. See Ethyl chlorocarbonate.
Ethyl diazoacetate. See Diazoacetic ester.
Ethyl diazoethanoate. See Diazoacetic ester.
Ethylene acetate. See Ethylene glycol diacetate.
Ethylene alcohol. See Ethylene glycol.
Ethylene butyrate. See Ethylene dibutyrate.
Ethylene chloride. See Ethylene dichloride.
Ethylene cyanide. See Succinonitrile.
Ethylenediamine tetracetic acid. See Disodium
ethylenediamine tetraacetate.
Ethylene dicarboxylic acid. See Succinic acid.
See Triethylene
2, 2'-Ethylene dioxydiethanol.
2,
glycol.
Ethylene fluoride. See 1 1 -Difluoroethane;

Ethylene difluoride.
Ethylene formate. See Ethylene glycol diformate; Glycol diformate.
Ethylene glycol monobenzyl. See Benzyl
,
"Cellosolve.
"
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether. See

"Cellosolve" solvent.
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate. See
"Cellosolve" acetate.
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate. See
Methyl "Cellosolve" acetate.
Ethylene laurate. See Ethylene dilaurate.
Ethylene nitrate. See Ethylene dinitrate;
Dinitroglycol.
Ethylene nitrite. See Ethylene dinitrite.

Ethylenesuccinic acid. See Succinic acid.
Ethylene tetrachloride. See Perchloroethylene.
Ethyl ester. See Ethyl acetate.
Ethyl ethanedioate. See Diethyl oxalate.
Ethyl ethanoate. See Ethyl acetate.
2-Ethyl hexanal. See Octyl aldehyde.
2-Ethyl- 1-hexanol. See 2-Ethylhexyl alcohol.
2-Ethylhexenal. See 2-Ethyl- 3-propyl acrolein.
beta-Ethylhexyl acetate. See 2-Ethylhexyl
acetate.
Ethyl hydride. See Ethane.

Ethyl hydrogen sulfate. See Ethylsulfuric acid.
Ethyl hydrosulfide. See Ethyl mercaptan.
Ethyl- 2 -hydroxy propanoate. See Ethyl lactate.
Ethylidene acetone. See 3-Pentene-2-one.
Ethylidene dichloride. See Ethylidene chloride.
Ethylidene dimethyl ether. See Dimethylacetal.
Ethylidenelactic acid. See Lactic acid.
INDEX TO SYNONYMS
1457
5-Ethyl-5-isoamylbarbituric acid.
See
Amo-
barbital.
Ethylisobutylm ethane. See Z-Methylhexane.

Ethyl mercuric chloride. See Ethyl mercury
chloride.
Ethyl methanoate. See Ethyl formate.

Ethylmethyl carbinol. See sec -Butyl alcohol.
Ethyl-Z-methylpropanoate. See Ethyl isobutyrate.
Ethylmorphine hydrochloride.
See Dionin.
Ethyl nitrate spirit. See Spirits of niter, sweet.
1 -Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene.
See o-Ethyl nitrobenzene.
Ethyl p-nitrobenzoate. See p-Nitrobenzoic
acid ethyl ester.
Ethyl oxide. See Ethyl ether.
Ethyl phenyl acetamide. See Ethyl acetanilide.
Ethyl phenyl amine. See N-Ethylaniline.
Ethylphenyl ketone. See Propiophenone.
Ethyl phthalate. See Diethyl o-phthalate.
Ethyl propenoate. See Ethyl acrylate.
Ethyl propionyl. See Diethyl ketone.
1 -Ethyl-Z-propyl ethylene.
See 3-Heptene.
Ethyl propyl ketone. See 3-Hexanone.
Ethyl succinate. See Diethyl succinate.
Ethyl sulfate. See Diethyl sulfate.
Ethyl sulfhydrate. See Ethyl mercaptan.
Ethyl tetraphosphate. See Hexaethyl tetraphosphate.
Ethyl thioalcohol.
heptylate.
of sulfur.
See Sulfur.
See Zinc oxide.
Fluorhydric acid. See Hydrofluoric acid.
Fluorine analog of DDT. See 1 -Trichloro-2, 2bis(p-fluorophenyl) ethane.
Fluoroethane. See Ethyl fluoride.
Fluoroformyl fluoride. See Carbonyl fluoride.
of zinc.
Fluoroisopropoxymethyl-phosphine oxide
See Sarin.
Fluoroisopropyl alcohol.
See Propylene fluoro-
hydrin.
Fluoromethane. See Methyl fluoride.

Fluoromethyl pinacolyl-oxyphosphine oxide.
See Soman.
3-Fluoropropene. See Allyl fluoride.
Fluosulfuric acid. See Fluosulfonic acid.
Formal. See Methylal.
Formaldehyde cyanohydrin. See Glycolonitrile.
Formaldehyde dimethylacetal. See Methylal.
Formalin. See Formaldehyde (commercial
solutions).
Formamine. See Hexamethylenetetramine.

Formic ether. See Ethyl formate.
Formyl hydroperoxide. See Performic acid.
Foxglove.
hyde.
Furale. See Furfural.
2-Furancarbonal. See Furfural.
2-Furanmethylamine. See Furfurylamine.
Furfurane. See Furan.
Fusel oil. See Isoamyl alcohol, primary.
G-4. See 2, 2' -Dihydroxy- 5, 5' -dichlorodiphenyl-
methane.
See Lead sulfide.
See Gallium monoselenide.
Galloethane. See Gallium hydride.
Gallotannic acid. See Tannic acid.
"Gardenia oxide. " See Amyl benzyl ether.
Garlic oil. See Allyl sulfide.
Gashouse tankage. See Spent oxide.
Germanium bromoform. See Tribromogermane.
Germanium chloroform. See Trichlorogermane.
Germanium hydride. See Digermane; Triger-
Galena.
Gallium selenide.
mane.
Germanium
tetrahydride. See Monogermane.

See Beryllium.
Glucinum potassium fluoride. See Beryllium
Glucinum.
potassium fluoride.
Glucinum sodium fluoride.
sodium fluoride.
See Beryllium
See Glycerine.
Glycerol trichlorohydrin. See 1 2, 3-Trichloropropane.
Glycerol trinitrate. See Nitroglycerin.
Glyceryl tributyrate. See Tributyrin.
Glycol. See Ethylene glycol.
Glycol alcohol. See Ethylene glycol.
Glycol bis(hydroxyethyl) ether. See Triethylene
Glycerol.
See Ethyl mercaptan.

Ethyl thiocarbimide. See Ethyl isothiocyanate.
Ethyl urethane. See Ethyl carbamate.
Ethyne. See Acetylene.
Euclase. See Beryllium -aluminum silicate.
F-114. See Dichlorotetrafluoroethane.
F-P Salt No. 4. See Potassium hexafluorophosphate.
Fairy gloves. See Digitalis.
Feraconitine. See Pseudoaconitine.
Fernambuco. See Brazil wood.
Ferrum. See Iron.
Fischer's salt. See Potassium cobaltinitrite.
Fish berry. See Cocculus solid.
"Flexol plasticizer CC-55. " See Hexyl diethyl
Flowers
Flowers
See Furfural.
2-Furaldehyde. See Furfural; Pyromucic alde-
Fural.
See Digitalis.
Fremy's salt. See Potassium bifluoride.

French chalk. See Talc.
"Freon 11. " See Fluorotrichloromethane.
"Freon 12. " See Dichlorodifluoromethane.
"Freon 21. " See Dichlorofluoromethane.
Fuel oil No. 1. See Kerosene.
Fuel oil No. 2. See Diesel oil.
Fuming sulfuric acid. See Oleum.
glycol.
carbonate. See Ethylene carbonate.

chlorohydrin. See Ethylene chlorohydrin.
cyanohydrin. See Ethylene cyanohydrin.
diabietate. See Ethylene glycol diabietate,
diacetate. See Ethylene glycol diacetate.
dibromide. See Ethylene dibromide.
diformate. See Ethylene glycol diformate,
Glycolic. See Hydroxyacetic acid.
Glycol monoacetate. See Ethylene glycol mono-
Glycol
Glycol
Glycol
Glycol
Glycol
Glycol
Glycol
acetate.
Glycol monobutyl ether.

solve.
See Butyl "Cello-
"
Glycol monobutyl ether acetate. See Butyl

"Cellosolve" acetate.
Glycoluril. See Acetylene diureine.
Glyodin. See 2-Heptadecyl glyoxaldine acetate.
Goa powder. See Chrysarobin.
Goat hair. See Mohair.
Gold cyanide. See Aurous cyanide.
Gold nitrate. See Auric hydrogen nitrate.
Gold oxide. See Auric oxide.
Gold sulfide. See Auric sulfide.
Greenockite. See Cadmium sulfide.
Green oil. See Anthracene.
Green vitriol. See Ferrous sulfate.
Guanajuatite. See Bismuth triselenide.
Guanylnitrosoaminoguanyltetrazene. See Tetracine; Tetrazene.
Guaza. See Cannabis.
Gum arabic. See Acacia gum.
Gum camphor. See Camphor.
Gum copal. See Copal.
Gum opium. See Opium.
Gum rosin. See Rosin.
Gum thus. See Turpentine(gum).
Gum tragacanth. See Tragacanth.
Guncotton. See Nitrocellulose.
Gunpowder. See Explosives low.
HD. See Dichlorodiethyl sulfide.
HEPT. See Hexaethyl tetraphosphate.
HN-1. See Nitrogen mustard.
Hafnia. See Hafnium oxide.
,
SECTION
12
1458
Hafnium dioxide. See Hafnium oxide.

Halite. See Sodium chloride.
Hamamelis. See Witch hazel.
Hambergite. See Beryllium o-borate, basic.
Hashish. See Cannabis.
Heazlewoodite. See Nickel subsulfide.
Helianthine B. See Methyl orange.
Heliotropin. See Piperonal.
Hendecanal. See Undecanal.
"Hepar calcis. " See Calcium sulfide.
Hepar sulfuris. See Potassium sulfide.
Heptadecyl alcohol. See Heptadecanol.
2-Heptadecylglyoxalidine. See 2-Heptadecylimidazoline.
3-Heptanecarboxylic acid. See 2-Ethyl hexoic
acid.
4-Heptanone. See Butyrone.

Heptyl alcohol. See 1-Heptanol.
Heptyl hydride. See Heptane.
Heroin. See Diacetyl morphine.
Hexaboron decahydride. See Hexaborane.
Hexabromodisilane. See Disilicon hexabromide.
Hexachlorocyclohexane. See Benzene hexachloride.
Hexachlorodisilane. See Disilicon hexachloride.

1, 2, 3,4, 10, 10-Hexachloro-6, 7-epoxy-l,4, 4a,
5,6,7,8, 8a-octahydro-l 4, 5, 8-dimethanonaphthalene. See Dieldrin.
1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 10-Hexachloro-l, 4, 4a, 5, 8, 8ahexahydro- 1,4,5, 8-dimethanonaphthalene.
See Aldrin.
Hexadecanol. See Cetyl alcohol.
Hexadecyl acetylene. See 1 -Octadecene.
1 -Hexadecyne.
See 1 -Hexadecine.
See Sorbic acid.
2, 4-Hexadienoic acid.
5-Hexadiyne. See Dipropargyl.
1
Hexafluorodisilane. See Disilicon hexafluoride.
Hexahydroaniline. See Cyclohexylamine.
Hexahydrobenzene. See Cyclohexane.
Hexahydrocresol. See Methyl cyclohexanol.
Hexahydromethyl phenol. See Methyl cyclohexanol.
Hexahydrophenol. See Cyclohexanol.
Hexahydropyrazine. See Piperazine.
Hexahydropyridine. See Piperidine.
Hexahydrothymol. See Menthol.
Hexahydrotoluene. See Methylcyclohexane.
Hexahydro-1, 3, 5-triphenyl-sym-triazine.
See Methylene aniline.
Hexahydroxyl. See p-Dimethylcyclohexane.
Hexaiododisilane. See Disilicon hexaiodide.
Hexalin acetate. See Cyclohexyl acetate.
Hexamethylene. See Cyclohexane.
Hexamethylene glycol. See Hexanediol- 1 6.
Hexamine. See Hexamethylenetetr amine;
Hexanitrodiphenylamine
y-Hexane. See Benzene hexachloride.
6-Hexanediamine. See Hexamethylenedia1
mine.
Hexane dioic acid. See Adipic acid.
Hexanedione-2, 5. See Acetonyl acetone.
2, 3, 4, 5, 6-Hexane hexanitrate.
See Dulcitol
1
,
Hexyl hydride.
Hexyl titanate.
See n-Hexane.
See 2-Ethyl butyl titanate.
See Potassium fluosilicate.
Hi-flash naphtha. See Naphtha(coal tar).
Hoernesite. See Magnesium o-arsenate.
Hydracrylonitrile. See Ethylene cyanohydrin.
Hyrated lead oxide. See Lead hydroxide.
Hydrated lime. See Calcium hydroxide.
Hydrazine base. See Hydrazine.
Hydriodic ether. See Ethyl iodide.
Hydrobromic ether. See Ethyl bromide.
Hydrocerussite. See Lead carbonate, basic.
Hydrochloric ether. See Ethyl chloride.
Hydrogen- 3. See Tritium.
Hydrogen bromide. See Hydrobromic acid.
Hydrogen carboxylic acid. See Formic acid.
Hydrogen chloride. See Hydrochloric acid.
Hydrogen cyanide. See Hydrocyanic acid.
Hydrogen dioxide. See Hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen fluoride. See Hydrofluoric acid.
Hydrogen nitrate. See Nitric acid.
Hydrogen phosphide. See Phosphine.
Hydrolith. See Calcium hydride.
Hydronium perchlorate. See Perchloric acid,
Hieratite.
monohydrate
See p-Hydroquinone.
Hydroquinone in oil. See Antiseptic oil.
p -Hydroxy aniline. See p-Aminophenol.
Hydroxy anisole. See Hydroquinone monomethyl ether.
o-Hydroxybenzoic acid. See Salicylic acid.
1 -Hydroxy- 3, 5-dimethyl benzene.
See 3,5-
Hydroquinol.
Xylenol.
5-Hydroxy-l 3-dimethyl benzene.

,
-Hydroxy-2, 3-dinitrobenzene.
hexanitrate.
2,4, 6,2', 4', 6' -Hexanitrodiphenylamine.
See
Dipicryl amine.
Hexanoic acid. See Caproic acid.
Hexanol. See Amyl carbinol.
2-Hexanone. See Methyl n-butyl ketone.
Hexene. See Hexene-1.
5-Hexene-2-one. See Allyl acetone.
Hexil. See Hexanitrodiphenylamine.
Hexite. See Hexanitrodiphenylamine.
Hexogen. See Cyclotrimethylene trinitramine;
Trimethylene trinitramine.
Hexyl acetate. See Methyl amylacetate.
Hexyl adipate. See Dihexyl adipate.
n-Hexyl alcohol. See Amyl carbinol; 1 -Hexanol.
Hexylene. See Hexene-1.
See 2,3-
Dinitrophenol.
(2-Hydroxydiphenyl) methane.
See o-Benzyl
phenol.
(4-Hydroxydiphenyl) methane.
See p-Benzyl
phenol.
Hydroxyethanoic acid. See Glycolic acid.

(2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine. See 2Amino ethyl ethanol amine.
1 -Hydroxyethyl- 1
2-heptadecenyl glyoxaldene.
,
See Cationic amine 200.
2-Hydroxyethyl mercaptan.
See Mercapto-
ethanol.
Hydroxylammonium
chloride.
See Hydroxyl-
amine hydrochloride.
Hydroxylammonium
sulfate.
acid sulfate.
See Hydroxyl-
amine
4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanone-2.
See Diace-
tone.
See 3,5-
Xylenol.
a-Hydroxynaphthalene.
See a-Naphthol.
Hydroxy naphthalene. See /3-Naphthol.

See 2-Naphthol3- Hydroxy -j3- naphthoic acid.
/3-
3-carboxylic acid.
2-Hydroxy-2, 4, 4, 4, 7-pentamethylflavan. See

HydroxypentamethyLflavan.
2-Hydroxypropanenitrile. See Lactonitrile.
/3-Hydroxypropionitrile. See Ethylene cyanohydrin.
Hydroxytoluene. See Benzyl alcohol.

o-Hydroxytoluene. See o-Cresol.
O'-Hydroxy-o-toluic acid lactone. See Phthalide.
/3-Hydroxytricarballylic acid. See Citric acid.
1-Hyoscyamine. See Hyoscyamine.
Hypnone. See Phenyl methyl ketone.
Hypo. See Sodium thiosulfate.
Hypochlorous anhydride. See Chlorine tetroxide.
Hyponitrous ether. See Ethyl nitrite.
Hypovanadic hydrochloride. See Vanadium oxydichloride.
4-Imidazole ethylamine. See Histamine.

Imperial green. See Copper acetoarsenite.
Indalone. See Butyl mesityl oxide.
Indian aconite. See Aconitum ferox.
INDEX TO SYNONYMS
1459
Indian cannabis. See Cannabis.

Indian hemp. See Cannabis.
India rubber. See Rubber, curde.
Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.
Insoluble cyanuric acid. See Cyamelide.
Iodine dioxide. See Iodine oxide.
Iodine hydroxide. See Hypoiodous acid; Iodous
hypoacid.
Iodine tetroxide. See Iodine oxide.
p-Iodoanisole. See Isoform.
Iodoethane. See Ethyl iodide.
Iodomethane. See Methyl iodide.
1 -Iodopropane.
See Propyl iodide.
3-Iodopropene. See Allyl iodide,
a-Iodotoluene. See Benzyl iodide.
Ipecacuanha. See Ipecac.
Iron arsenide. See Ferric arsenide.
Iron diarsenide. See Ferric diarsenide.
Iron fluoride. See Ferric fluoride.
Iron formate. See Ferric formate.
Iron sulfate. See Ferrous sulfate.
Iron m-vanadate. See Ferric m-vanadate.
Isoamyl hydride. See Isopentane.
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
3-Isoamyl- 5- (methylene dioxyphenyl)-2-cyclohexanone. See Piperonyl cyclonene.

Isoamyl nitrite. See Amyl nitrite.
Isobutanol. See Isobutyl alcohol.
Isobutanolamine. See 2 -Amino- 2 -methyl- 1 -
Lithic acid.
propanol.
Isobutene. See Isobutylene.
Isobutyl carbinol. See Isoamyl alcohol, primary;
Isoamyl alcohol, secondary.
Isobutylmethylcarbinol. See 4-Methyl
pentanol-2.
Isobutyr aldehyde. See Isobutyl aldehyde.
Isobutyric ether. See Ethyl isobutyrate.
Isocyanic acid. See Cyanic acid; Thiocyanic acid
See Phthalimide.
1, 3-Isoindole dione.
Isomer
See Yohimbene.
See Isopropyl alcohol.
2-Isopropoxypropane. See Isopropyl ether.
Isopropylcarbinol. See Isobutyl alcohol.
Isopropyl-m-chlorocarbanilate. See Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate.
Isopropyl methanoate. See Isopropyl formate.
1 -Isopropyl-2-methyl ethylene.
See 4-Methyl2-pentene.
Isopropyl toluene. See p-Cymene.
Isovaleraldehyde. See Isovaleric aldehyde.
Isovalerone. See Diisobutyl ketone.
Juniper tar. See Cade oil.
Katchung oil. See Peanut oil.
Kermes mineral. See Antimony, sulfurated.
Keten. See Ketene.
/3-Ketobutyranilide. See Acetoacetanilide.
Ketocyclopentane. See Cyclopentanone.
/3-Ketoglutaric acid. See Acetonedicarboxylic
of
Yohimbine.
Isopropanol.
acid.
Ketohexamethylene. See Cyclohexanone.

Ketone propane. See Acetone.
Kieselguhr. See Diatomaceous earth.
Kings green. See Copper acetoarsenite.
Kolker acaricide. See p-Chlorophenyl-pchlorobenzene sulfonate.
L P gas. See Liquefied hydrocarbon gas.
Lactide. See 3, 6-Dimethyl-2, 5-p-dioxanedione.
Lanthana. See Lanthanum oxide.
Lanthanum hexaboride. See Lanthanum boride.
Lanthanum trioxide. See Lanthanum oxide.
Larkspur. See Delphinium.
Laudanidine. See Tritopine.
Laughing gas. See Nitrous oxide.
dl-Laundanine. See Laudanine.
Laurel camphor. See Camphor.
Laurite. See Ruthenium sulfide.
Lawrencite. See Ferrous chloride.
Lead m-arsenate. See Lead arsenate.
See Lead arsenate.

See Lead arsenite.
o-arsenite. See Lead arsenite.
di-o-arsenate. See Lead arsenate.
hydrate. See Lead hydroxide.
hyposulfite. See Lead thiosulfate.
mono-o-arsenate. See Lead arsenate.
oxide, yellow. See Litharge.
peroxide. See Lead dioxide.
protoxide. See Litharge.
pyroarsenate. See Lead arsenate.
silicate.
See Lead m-silicate.
styphnate. See Lead trinitroresorcinate.
thiocyanate. See Lead sulfocyanate.
wolframate. See Lead tungstate.
Leukol. See Quinoline.
Light ligroin. See Petroleum spirits.
Lime uranite. See Autunite.
Lindane. See Benzene hexachloride.
Liquid camphor. See Camphor oil(light).
Liquid carbonic gas. See Liquefied carbon
o-arsenate.
m-arsenite.
dioxide.
See Tall oil.

See Uric acid.
Lithium m-aluminate. See Lithium aluminate.
Lithium o-arsenate. See Lithium arsenate.
Lithium bichromate. See Lithium dichromate.
Lithium borate. See Lithium m-borate.
Lithium silicofluoride. See Lithium fluosilicate.
Lye. See Sodium hydroxide.
MBDSA. See m-Benzenedisulfonic acid.
MD. See Dichloromethyl arsine.
Macquer's salt. See Potassium arsenate.
Magnesium dioxide. See Magnesium peroxide.
Maleanilic acid. See N-Phenylmaleamic acid.
Male fern. See Aspidium.
Maleinic acid. See Maleic acid.
Malonic acid mononitrile. See Cyanoacetic acid.
Malonic ester. See Ethyl malonate.
Malonic ethyl ester nitrile. See Ethyl cyano-
Liquid rosin.
acetate.
See Barbituric acid.

Mandelonitrile. See Benzaldehyde cyanhydrin.
Mandelytropeine. See Homatropine and compounds.
Manganese benzoate. See Manganous benzoate.
Manganese bromide. See Manganese dibromide.
Manganese chloride. See Manganese dichloride.
Manganese fluoride. See Manganese difluoride.
Manganese green. See Barium manganate.
Manganese iodide. See Manganese diiodide.
Manganese oxalate. See Manganous oxalate.
Manganese oxide. See Manganese dioxide.
Manganese pyrophosphate. See Manganous
pyrophosphate.
Manganese selenite. See Manganous selenite.
Manganese sulfate. See Manganous sulfate.
Manganese tartrate. See Manganous tartrate.
Manganolangbeinite. See Potassium manganous
Malonylurea.
sulfate.
Manganous
silicofluoride.
fluosilicate.
Mangus
salt.
See Manganous
See Tetrammine platinum
(II)
chloroplatinate.
Mannitol nitrate. See Mannitol hexanitrate.

Marihuana. See Cannabis.
Marsh gas. See Methane.
Marshite. See Cuprous iodide.
Matlockite. See Lead oxychloride.
Mechlorethamine hydrochloride. See 2,2Dichloro-N-methyl diethylamine hydrochloride.
Melanilic acid. See Aniline sodium sulfonate.
Mendipite. See Lead oxychloride.
Merbromin. See "Mercurochrome. "
Mercaptoacetic acid. See Thioglycolic acid.
2-Mercaptoethanoic acid. See Thioglycolic
acid.
SECTION
1460
12
Mercuric o-phosphate.
See Mercuric phos-
phate.
Mercuric thiocyanate.
See Mercuric sulfo-
cyanate.
4-Methyl-Z, 6-di-tert butyl phenol. See Di-tertbutyl-p-cresol.

Methyl dichloroethanoate. See Methyl dichloroacetate.
Mercury p-aminophenol arsenate.
See Mercury
Z-Methyl-4, 6-dinitrophenol.
See
4,
6-Dinitro-
o-cresol.
atoxylate.
Mercury ethylenediaminesulfate. See Sublamin.

Mercury oleate. See Mercuric oleate.
Mercury rhodanide. See Mercuric sulfocyanate.
Mercury subsalicylate. See Mercuric salicyl-
-Methylene bis (4-chlorophenol). See Z,2'

Dihydroxy-5, 5'-dichlorodiphenylmethane.
Methylene dimethyl ether. See Methylal.
See Piper3, 4- Methylene -dioxybenzaldehyde.
Z, Z'
onal.
ate.
Metaborate peroxyhydrate.
See Sodium perbor-
ate.
Metacetone. See Diethyl ketone.

Metacinnabarite. See Mercuric sulfide, black.
Metanilic acid, sodium salt. See Aniline
sodium sulfonate.
j3-Methacrylic acid. See Crotonic acid.
1,4 (8)-p-Methadiene. See Terpinolene.
Methanal. See Formaldehyde (commercial
solutions).
See Formamide.
Methanecarbothiolic acid. See Thiocetic acid.
Methane carboxylic acid. See Acetic acid.
Methanethiol. See Methyl mercaptan.
Methanoic acid. See Formic acid.
Methanol. See Methyl alcohol.
Metheneamine. See Hexamethylenetetramine.
Methoxyacetyl-p-phenetidine. See Kryofin.
Methoxy analog, of DDT. See 1 -Trichloro-2, 2bis (p-methoxyphenyl) ethane.
o-Methoxyaniline. See o-Anisidine.
p-Methoxyaniline. See p-Anisidine.
Methoxyethane. See Ethyl methyl ether.
2-Methoxy-4-nitroaniline. See l-Amino-2methoxy- 4- nitrobenzene; 4-Nitro-o-ani-
Methanamide.
Methylene succinic acid. See Itaconic acid.

Methyl ether. See Dimethyl ether.
sym-Methylethylethylene. See 2-Pentene.
Methylethyl ketone. See Butanone; Ethyl
methyl ketone.
Methylethylmethane. See Butane.
Methyl hydride. See Methane.
Methyl isonitrile. See Methyl isocyanide.
Methylmethane. See Ethane.
Methyl methanoate. See Methyl formate.
Methylmorphine. See Codeine.
Methyl nitrobenzene. See p-Nitrotoluene.
Methyl oxide. See Dimethyl ether; Methyl ether.
Methyl oxirane. See Propylene oxide.
4-Methyl-2-pentanone. See Hexone; Methyl isobutyl ketone.
4-Methyl-3-penten-2-one. See Mesityl oxide.

3-Methyl-l -pentyn-3-ol. See Methyl pentynol.
m-Methyl phenol.
See m-Cresol.
4-Methyl phenyl 2-acetate. See Methyl amylacetate.
Methyl phenyl carbinol. See a -Methyl benzyl

alcohol; Phenylmethyl carbinol.
Methyl phenyl ketone. See Phenyl methyl ketone.
2 -Methyl- 2 -phenyl propane.
See tert-Butyl benzene.
sidine.
4-Methoxy phenol. See Hydroquinone monomethyl ether.

1 -Methoxy-Z-propanol.
See Monopropylene
glycol methyl ether.
Methyl acetic acid. See Propionic acid.
a-Methylacrolein.
See Methacrolein.
]3-Methylacrolein. See Crotonaldehyde.
O'-Methylacrylic acid. See Methacrylic acid.
Methyl aldehyde. See Formaldehyde (commercial solutions).
Methylallene. See Butadiene- 1 3.

Methyl amyl ketone. See 2-Heptanone.
m-Methylaniline. See m-Toluidine.
o-Methylaniline. See o-Toluidine.
p-Methylaniline. See p-Toluidine.
Methyl arsenic dichloride. See Dichloromethyl
arsine; Methyl dichloroarsine.
Methylbenzene. See Toluene.
Methyl benzene sulfonic acid. See Toluene sul,
fonic acid.
Methylbenzoylecgonine. See Cocaine.

o-Methyl benzyl bromide. See o-Xylyl bromide.
o-Methyl benzyl chloride. See o-Xylyl chloride.
3-Methyl 1 3-butadiene. See Isoprene.
3-Methylbutanal. See Isovaleric aldehyde.
2-Methyl butane. See Isopentane.
2-Methyl-Z-butanol. See tert-Amyl alcohol,
,
refined.
Z-Methyl-3-butyn-2-ol. See Methyl butynol.

Methyl carbinol. See Ethyl alcohol.
Methyl catechol. See Guaiacol.
Methylchlorobenzene. See Monochlorotoluene.
Methyl chlorocarbonate. See Methyl chloroformate.
Methyl chloroform. See c-Trichloroethane.
Methyl chloromethanoate. See Methyl chloroformate.
Methyl cyanoethanoate. See Cyanomethyl
acetate.
Methyl cyclohexanol acetate.

cyclohexyl acetate.
See Methyl
Methyl picrate. See Trinitroanisol.

2-Methyl propane. See Isobutane.
2-Methyl-2-propanethiol. See tert-Butyl mercaptan.
2-Methyl propanol. See Isobutyl aldehyde.

2-Methyl-2-propanol. See tert-Butyl alcohol.
2-Methyl- 1 -propanol. See Isobutyl alcohol.
2-Methyl propene. See Isobutylene.
Z-Methyl propenenitrile. See Methacrylonitrile.
1 -Methyl- 1 -propyl ethylene.
See 2-Methyl- 1pentene.
Methyl propyl ketone. See Pentanone-2.

a -Methyl propyl nitrate. See sec -Butyl nitrate.
csr-Methyl propyl nitrite. See sec -Butyl nitrite.
2-Methyl pyridine. See a-Picoline.
3-Methyl pyridine. See |3-Picoline.
4-Methyl pyridine. See 7-Pyridine.
1 -Methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
See N-Methyl-2pyrrolidone.
Methyl sebacate. See Dimethyl sebacate.

Methyl selenide. See Dimethyl selenide.
Methyl sulfate. See Dimethyl sulfate.
Methyl 1 2, 5, 6-tetrahydro- 1 -methyl nicoSee Arecoline base.
tinate.
1 -N-Methyltetrahydropapaverine.
See Laudan,
osine.
See Methyl sulfide.

Methyltriphenylsilane. See Methyl triphenyl-
Methylthiomethane.
silicone.
N-Methyltropoline. See Tropine.

Methylvinyl ketone. See 3-Pentene-2-one.
Millerite. See Nickel monosulfide.
Mineral oil, No. 2. See Lard oil, pure.
Mineral wax. See Ceresin wax; Ozokerite.
Minium. See Lead oxide.
Molybdenite. See Molybdenum sulfide.
Molybdenum dichloride. See Molybdenum
chloride.
Molybdenum disulfide. See Molybdenum sulfide.

Molybdenum sesquioxide. See Molybdenum oxide.
INDEX TO SYNONYMS
1461
Molybdic sulfide. See Molybdenum sulfide.

Monkshood. See Aconite.
Monochlorated acetone. See Monochloroacetone,
stabilized.
Monochlorobenzene. See Chlorobenzene.

Monochlorobromomethane. See Monochloro-
monobromomethane.
Monochloroethylene chloride.
monochlorochloride.
Monochlorotrifluoroethylene.
See Ethylene
See Trifluorochloroethylene.
Monododecyl benzene. See Keryl benzene- 12.
Monoethylamine. See Ethylamine.
Monomethylaniline. See N-Methylaniline.
Montanite. See Bismuth tellurate.
Morphine benzyl ether hydrochloride. See Peronine.
See Menhaden oil.

See Copper acetoarsenite.
See Naphthalene.
Mountain tobacco. See Arnica.
Muriatic acid. See Hydrochloric acid.
Muriatic ether. See Ethyl chloride.
NBA. See N-Bromoacetamide.
NIS. See Iodosuccinimide.
Nantokite. See Cuprous chloride.
Naphtha, 76. See Naphtha, VM&P.
Naphthacene. See Tetracene.
p- Naphthalene. See Anthracene.
Naphthalene ethylene. See Acenaphthene.
1-Naphthol. See o-Naphthol.
(3-Naphthol. See /3-Naphthol.
cv-Naphthol-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydride. See Tetrahydronaphthol.
Naples yellow. See Lead antimonate.
Natrium. See Sodium.
Navy special. See Fuel oil No. 5.
Neonicotine. See Anabasine.
Neonicotine sulfate. See Anabasine sulfate.
Neopentane. See 2, 2-Dimethylpropane.
Neosalvarsan. See Neoarsphenamine.
Nepaline. See Pseudoaconitine.
Neutral verdigris. See Copper acetate.
Niccolite. See Nickel arsenide.
Nickel o-arsenate. See Nickel arsenate.
Nickelic hydroxide. See Nickel hydroxide.
Nickelic oxide. See Nickel peroxide.
Nickel nitrate tetraamine. See Nickel ammo-
Mossbunker
oil.
Moss green.
Moth flakes.
nium
nitrate.
Nickelous bromide. See Nickel bromide.

Nickelous phosphate. See Nickel phosphate.
Nicotine isomer. See Anabasine.
Niobe oil. See Methyl benzoate.
Niobium pentachloride. See Niobium chloride.
Niter. See Potassium nitrate.
Niton. See Radon.
n-Nitraniline. See m-Nitroaniline.
o-Nitr aniline. See o-Nitroaniline.
Nitratine. See Sodium nitrate.
Nitre. See Potassium nitrate.
Nitric acid, anhydrous. See Nitric acid, fuming.
Nitric anhydride. See Nitrogen pentoxide.
Nitric ether. See Ethyl nitrate.
Nitrilomalonamide. See Cyanoacetamide.
Nitrilotrisilane. See Trisilicylamine.
5-Nitro-2-aminoanisole. See l-Amino-2methoxy- 4 -nitrobenzene.
5-Nitro-2-aminoanisole. See 2-Methoxy-4nitroaniline; 4-Nitro-o-anisidine.
Nitrobarite. See Barium nitrate.
Nitrobenzol. See Nitrobenzene.
Nitrobromoform. See Bromopicrin.
o-Nitrochlorobenzene. See o-Chloronitrobenzene.
Nitrocotton. See Nitrocellulose.
o-Nitrodiphenyl. See o-Nitrobiphenyl.
Nitrogen oxychloride. See Nitrosyl chloride.
Nitrogen oxyfluoride. See Nitrosyl fluoride.
Nitrogen tetroxide. See Nitrogen dioxide.

Nitrogen tribromide. See Nitrogen bromide.
Nitrogen trichloride. See Nitrogen chloride.
Nitrohydrochloric acid. See Aqua regia.
Nitromannitol. See Nitromannite.
Nitromethane. See Nitroparaffins.
Nitrosugar. See Nitrosaccharose.
Nitrotrichloromethane. See Chloropicrin.
m-Nitrotrifluoromethyl benzene. See mNitrobenzotrifluoride.
Nitrous anhydride. See Dinitrogen trioxide.
Nitrous ether. See Ethyl nitrite.
n-Nitroxylene. See m-Nitroxylol.
o-Nitroxylene. See o-Nitroxylol.
p-Nitroxylene. See p-Nitroxylol.
Nonyl alcohol. See Diisobutyl carbinol.
Nonyl benzene. See Nonylbenzol.
Nonyl carbinol. See n-Decyl alcohol.
OCPN. See o-Chloro-p-nitroaniline.
OMPA. See Octamethyl pyrophosphoramide.
ONB. See o-Nitrobiphenyl.
1,2,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8-Octachloro-4, 7-methano-3a,
See Chlordane.
7, 7a-tetrahydroindane.
Octadecanoic acid. See Stearic acid.
1-Octadecanol. See Stearyl alcohol.
1 -Octadecyne.
See 1 -Octadecene.
See Octylene glycol.
4, 5-Octanediol.
1-Octanol. See Octyl alcohol.
2-Octanol. See Capryl alcohol.
Octanoyl chloride. See Caprylyl chloride.
Octoic anhydride. See 2-Ethyl hexanoic anhy-
4,
dride.
Octyl acetate. See 2-Ethylhexyl acetate.

1 -Octylene.
See 1-Octene.
Octyl titanate. See 2-Ethylhexyl titanate.
Oil of amber. See Amber oil.
Oil of American wormseed. See Oil of cheno-
podium.
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
of
of
of
of
of
of
citronella (Ceylon). See Citronella.

crisp mint. See Spearmint oil.
mirbane.
See Nitrobenzene.
See Tansy oil.
vitriol.
See Sulfuric acid.
wintergreen. See Methyl salicylate.
Oldhamite. See Calcium sulfide.
Onion oil. See Allyl propyl disulfide.
Orange III. See Methyl orange.
Ordeal bean. See Physostigma.
Orpiment. See Arsenic trisulfide.
Orthoformic ester. See Triethyl-o-formate.
Orthoxenol. See o-Phenylphenol.
Osmic acid. See Osmium tetraoxide.
Oxalaldehyde. See Glyoxal.
Oxalic ether. See Diethyl oxalate; Ethyl oxalate.
Oxammonium. See Hydroxylamine.
Oxindole. See 2(3)-Indolone.
Oxoate. See Amiodoxyl benzoate.
2-Oxohexamethylenimine. See t -Caprolactam.
Oxole. See Furan.
Oxybutyric aldehyde. See Aldol.
Oxyisobutyric nitrile. See Acetone cyanhydrin.
/3-Oxymethyl-/3-pyridyl-propionic acid. See
Ecgonine.
/3-Oxynaphthoic acid. See 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid; 2-Naphthol- 3-carboxylic acid.
Oxyquinoline potassium sulfate. See Quinosol.
22-PB. See 2, 2-bis(tert-Butylperoxy) butane.
PETN. See Pentaerythritol tetranitrate.
PF. See Perchloryl fluoride.
PMA. See Pyromellitic acid.
Palm butter. See Palm oil.
Palm nut oil. See Palm kernel oil.
Paraform. See Paraformaldehyde.
Paramorphine. See Thebaine.
Paraperiodic acid. See Periodic acid.
Parmelaconite. See Copper oxide.
Pear oil. See Amyl acetate.
Pelargonic acid. See Nonanoic acid.
tansy.
SECTION
1462
12
See Potassium chlorochr ornate.

"Peneteck. " See Pentaerythritol, technical.
Pentaboranide. See Potassium pentaborane.
Pentaboron enneahydride. See Pentaborane,
Peligot's salt.
stable.
See Pentachloroethane.
Pentamethylene. See Cyclppentane.
Pentamethylene glycol. See 1 5-Pentanediol.
1 -Pentanethiol.
See Amyl mercaptan.
1-Pentanol. See Amyl alcohol.
2-Pentanol. See Methylpropylcarbinol.
Pentalin.
3-Pentanol. See sec-n-Amyl alcohol.

3-Pentanone. See Diethyl ketone.
"Pentek. " See Pentaerythritol, technical.
2-Pentene-3-carboxylic acid. See Ethyl crotonate.
Pentylcarbinol. See Amyl carbinol.

Pentyl propanoate. See Amyl propionate.
Perchloric acid dihydrate. See Perchloric acid
(over 72%).
Perchlorobenzene. See Hexachlorobenzene.
Perfluoroethylene. See Tetrafluoroethylene,
inhibited.
Pernambuco.
See Brazil wood.

Peroxyacetic acid. See Peracetic acid.
Persulfurheptoxide. See Sulfur heptoxide.
Persulfuric acid. See Peroxydisulfuric acid.
Peruvian balsam. See Balsam of Peru.
Petrol.
See Gasoline.
See Benzine; Petroleum
Petroleum benzine.
spirits.
Petroleum ether. See Benzine; Naphtha (petroleum); Petroleum spirits.

Petroleum naphtha. See Petroleum spirits.
Petroleum pitch. See Asphalt.
Petryl.
See Trinitrophenylnitramine ethyl
nitrate.
/3-Phellandrene. See 1 (7), 2-p-Menthadiene.

Phenacetin. See Acetophenetidine.
Phenacyl bromide. See Bromoacetophenone.
Phenacylchloride. See Chloroacetophenone.
Phenacyl fluoride. See Fluoroacetophenone.
Phenic acid. See Phenol.
2-Phenoxyethyl acetate. See Ethylene glycol
phenyl ether acetate.
Phenozone. See Antipyrine.
N-Phenylacetamide antifebrin. See Acetanilide.
Phenylamine. See Aniline.
Phenylaniline. See Diphenylamine.
p-Phenylazoaniline. See p-Aminoazobenzene.
Phenylbenzoyl carbinol. See Benzoin.
Phenylbiguanide, free base. See Phenylbiguanide.
m-Phenyl biphenyl. See m-Terphenyl.
Phenyl bromide. See Bromobenzene.
1 -Phenyl butane.
See Butyl benzene.
2-Phenyl butane. See sec-Butyl benzene.
Phenyl carbinol. See Benzyl alcohol.
Phenyl chloride. See Chlorobenzene.
Phenylchloromethylketone. See Chloroaceto-
phenone.
Phenyl cyanide. See Benzonitrile.

Phenyl dichlorophosphine. See Benzene phosphorus dichloride.
Phenyl dichlorophosphine oxide. See Benzene
phosphorus oxydichloride.
Phenyl dichlorophosphine sulfide. See Benzene
phosphorus thiodichloride.
Phenylethane. See Ethylbenzene.
1 -Phenylethanol.
See Phenylmethyl carbinol.
2-Phenylethanol. See Phenethyl alcohol.
Phenylethylbarbituric acid. See "Luminal. "
Phenylethyl carbamate. See Phenylur ethane.
Phenylethylene oxide. See Styrene oxide.
See Nirvanol.
5, 5-Phenylethylhydantoin.
Phenylethylmalonylurea. See "Luminal. "
Phenylformic acid. See Benzoic acid.
Phenyl hydride. See Benzene.
Phenyl o--hydroxybenzyl ketone.
See Benzoin.
Phenylic acid. See Phenol.
Phenyliminophosgene. See Phenyl carbylamine
chloride.
Phenylisothiocyanate. See Phenyl mustard oil.

Phenyl ketone. See Benzophenone.
Phenyl mercury urea. See "Leytosan. "
Phenylmethane. See Toluene.
Phenylmethane thiol. See Benzyl mercaptan.
1 -Phenyl- 2-methylamino propanol.
See
Ephedrine.
Phenyl methyl ether. See Anisole.
Phenyl methyl ketone. See Acetophenone.
N-Phenylmorpholine. See 4-Phenylmorpholine.
N- Phenyl- 2 -naphthylamine. See Phenyl /3-
naphthylamine
1 -Phenylpropane.
See n-Propyl benzene.
2-Phenylpropane. See Cumene.
Phenylthiocarbamide. See Phenylthiourea.
Phenylthiocarbonimide. See Phenyl mustard
oil.
Phlorizin. See Phloridizin.

Phosphaniline. See Phenyl phosphine.
Phosphinoethane. See Ethyl phosphine.
Phosphoretted hydrogen. See Phosphine.
Phosphoric acid anhydride. See Phosphorus
pentoxide.
Phosphorus chloride. See Phosphorus trichloride.
Phosphorous sulfochloride. See Thiophosphoryl
chloride.
Phosphoryl amide. See Phosphoramide.
Phosphoryl chloride. See Phosphorus oxychloride.
Phthalandione. See Phthalic anhydride.
3-Picoline. See ]3-Picoline.
4-Picoline. See 7-Picoline.
Picramide. See Trinitroaniline.
Picraminic acid. See Picramic acid.
Picronitric acid. See Picric acid.
Picrotol. See Silver picrate.
Piece resin. See Rosin.
Pimelic ketone. See Cyclohexanone.
Pimenta. See Allspice.
a-Pinene. See Pinene.
1 -Piperoylpiperidine.
See Piperine.
Plattnerite. See Lead dioxide.
Plumbago. See Graphite.
Plumbous oxide. See Litharge.
Plumbous sulfide. See Lead sulfide.
Plumbum. See Lead.
Podophyllum resin. See Podophyllin.
Pogy oil. See Menhaden oil.
Poison oak. See Poison ivy.
Poison sumac. See Poison ivy.
Polydymite. See Nickelous, nickelic sulfide.
Polyethylene polysulfide. See "Omilite. "
Polymercized acetaldehyde. See Metaldehyde.
Polyoxymethylene glycol. See Paraformaldehyde.
Potassamide. See Potassium amide.
Potassium acid oxalate. See Potassium binoxalate.
Potassium-aluminum sulfate. See Alum.
Potassium antimony ltartr ate. See Antimony
potassium tartrate.
Potassium-antimony oxalate. See Antimony
potassium oxalate.
Potassium auribromide. See Gold-Potassium
bromide.
Potassium aurichloride. See Gold-potassium
chloride.
Potassium aurocyanide.
See Gold-potassium
cyanide.
Potassium bisulfide. See Potassium hydrosulfide; Potassium sulfhydrate.

Potassium bisulfite. See Potassium hydrogen
sulfite.
Potassium cyanaurite.
cyanide.
See Gold-potassium
INDEX TO SYNONYMS
1463
Potassium dihydrogen arsenate.
See Potassium
arsenate.
See Potassium xan-
Potassium ethyl xanthate.
Potassium hydrate. See Potassium hydroxide.

Potassium hyperchlorate. See Potassium perchlorate.
Potassium mercuric iodide. See Potassium

iodomercurate (II).
Potassium metabisulfite. See Potassium pyrosulfite.
Potassium oxyfluoniobate.
See Potassium penta-
fluoniobate.
Potassium oxymuriate. See Potassium chlorate.

Potassium perosmate. See Potassium osmate.
Potassium peroxydisulfate. See Potassium persulfate.
See Potassium sulfo-
Potassium rhodanide.
cyanate.
Potassium sesquioxide.
See Potassium tri-
oxide.
Potassium- strontium chlorate. See Strontiumpotassium chlorate.

Potassium sulfuret. See Potassium sulfide.
Potassium thiocarbonate. See Potassium sulfocarbonate.
Potassium thiocyanate.
See Potassium sulfo-
cyanate.
Potassium trinitroresorcinate.
See Potassium
styphnate.
Z,
3-Propanetriol.
See Glycerine.
See Propionic anhy-
dride.
1-Propanol. See n-Propyl alcohol.

2-Propanol-l-N, N-dibutylamine. See Dibutyl
isopropanolamine.
Propanone. See Acetone.
Propanoyl chloride. See Propionyl chloride.
Propenal. See Acrolein.
Propene. See Propylene.
Propene acid. See Acrylic acid.
Propene nitrile. See Acrylonitrile.
Propene oxide. See Propylene oxide.
See Aconitic
1, Z, Z-Propenetricarboxylic acid.
acid.
Z-Propen-1-ol. See Allyl alcohol.

Z-Propenylamine. See Allyl amine.
Propionamide nitrile. See Cyanoacetamide.
Propione. See Diethyl ketone.
Propionic ether. See Ethyl propionate.
Propionitrile. See Ethyl cyanide.
Propyl alcohol, secondary. See Isopropyl
alcohol.
Propylene dichloride. See 1 Z-Dichloropropane.

Propylene glycol acetate. See Methyl glycol
,
acetate.
Propylethylene. See Amylene; 1-Pentene.

Propylic aldehyde. See Propionaldehyde;
Propyl aldehyde.
Propyl methanoate. See n-Propyl formate.
1 -Propyl thiopropane.
See Propyl sulfide.
Propyl-3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoate. See Propyl
gallate.
Propyne. See Allylene; Methyl acetylene.

Z-Propyn-1-ol. See Propargyl alcohol.
See Silver thioarsenite.
See Hydrocyanic acid.
Prussite. See Cyanogen.
Pseudo cotunnite. See Potassium lead chloride.
Purple foxglove. See Digitalis.
Purpureo. See Chloropentamminecobalt (III)
Proustite.
Prussic acid.
chloride.
II.
of
chrysanthemum mono-
carboxylic acid. See Pyrethrin I.

/3-Pyridyl-Q'-N-methylpyrrolidine. See Nicotine.
/3-Pyridyl-a'-pyrrolidine. See Nornicotine.
Pyroantimonate. See Potassium hydroxoantimonate.
Pyrocatechin. See Pyrocatechol.
Pyr Dchroite. See Manganous hydroxide.
Pyrogallic acid. See Pyrogallol.
Pyromucic acid. See Furoic acid.
Pyruvaldehyde. See Pyruvic aldehyde.
Quebrachine. See Yohimbine.
Quicklime. See Calcium oxide.
Quinacrine hydrochloride. See "Atabrine"
hydrochloride.
Quinol. See p-Hydroquinone.
Quinone. See Benzoquinone.
Quinone monoxime. See p-Nitrosophenol.
RDX. See Cyclotrimethylene trinitramine.
R salt. See Sodium j3-naphthol disulfonate.
Racemic acid. See Tartaric acid.
Radium emanation. See Radon.
Realgar. See Arsenic bisulfide.
Red lead. See Lead oxide.
Red oil (commercial grade). See Oleic acid.
Red phosphorus. See Phosphorus (amorphous,
red).
Potassium -uranium nitrate. See Uraniumpotassium nitrate.

Powder of algraoth. See Antimony chloride.
Procaine borate. See Borocaine.
2-Propanediol. See Propylene glycol.
1
Propane nitrile. See Ethyl cyanide.
1
ethrin
Pyrethrolone ester
thate.
Propanoic anhydride.
Pyrethrolone ester of chrysanthemum dicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester. See Pyr-
Red potassium chromate.

bichromate.
Red potassium prussiate.
See Potassium
See Potassium ferricyanide.

Red prussiate of potash. See Potassium ferricyanide.
Red prussiate of soda. See Sodium ferricyanide.
Red prussiate of sodium. See Sodium ferricyanide.
Redwood. See Brazil wood.
Resin, copal. See Copal.
Resorcin. See Resorcinol.
Resorcinol phthalein. See Fluorescein.
Retinol. See Rosin oil.
Ricinine. See 1 Z-Dihydro-4-methoxy- 1 -methyl- Z-oxonicotino -nitrile.
Ricinus oil. See Castor oil.
Ridicine. See 1 Z-Dihydro-4-methoxy1 -methyl-Z-oxonicotino-nitrile.
Rodinol. See p-Aminophenol.
Roman vitriol. See Copper sulfate.
Rosaniline dyes. See Triphenylmethane dyes.
Rosin. See Colophony, powder; Pine resin.
Rosin esters. See Ester gum.
Rubidium hydrate. See Rubidium hydroxide.
Rutile. See Titanium dioxide.
SNG. See Blasting gelatin.
Safety solvent. See Stoddard solvent; Varnoline.
Sal acetosella. See Potassium binoxalate.
Sal ammonia. See Ammonium chloride.
Salicylic aldehyde. See Salicyl aldehyde.
Salol.
See Phenyl salicylate.
Salt.
See Sodium chloride.
Salt of sorrell.
See Potassium binoxalate.
Saltpeter. See Potassium nitrate.
Santonic lactone. See Santonin.
Sapoglycosides. See Saponins.
Sapotoxins. See Saponins.
Sarcosine. See N-Methylglycine.
"Saxin. " See Saccharin.
Scacchite. See Manganese dichloride.
Schiff's base. See Disalicylal propylene
diimine.
Scopolamine. See Hyoscine.
Scorodite. See Ferric arsenate.
Sea onion. See Squill, red.
Sea salt. See Sodium chloride.
,
SECTION
1464
12
See Magnesium fluoride.

See Crude oil (petroleum).
Sequestrene. See Disodium ethylenediamine
Sellaite.
Seneca
oil.
tetraacetate.
Sheele's mineral. See Copper arsenite.
Sheep dip. See Arsenical dip, liquid.
Shikimole. See Safrole.
Signal oil. See Mineral seal oil.
See Silica gel.
Silicic acid (precipitated).
See Silica.
Silicic anhydride.
Silicochloroform. See Trichlorosilane.
Silicoethane. See Disilane.
Silicofluoric acid. See Hydrofluosilicic acid.
Silicofluorides. See Fluosilicates.
Silicon dioxide. See Quartz; Silica.
Silicon hydride. See Silanes.
Silicon tetrachloride. See Silicon chloride.
Silver diaminodihydroxyarsenobenzene. See
Silver arsphenamine.
Silver diarsenal. See Silver arsphenamine.
Silver orthoarsenite. See Silver arsenite.
Silver protein, mild. See "Argyrol. "
Silver salvarsan. See Silver arsphenamine.
Silver sulfocarbolate. See Silver phenolsulfonate.
Slaked lime. See Calcium hydroxide.

Soda chlorate. See Sodium chlorate.
Sodamide. See Sodium amide.
Soda monohydrate. See Sodium carbonate.
Soda niter. See Sodium nitrate.
Sodium acetylarsanilate. See Arsacetin.
Sodium acid chromate. See Sodium dichromate.
Sodium acid sulfate. See Sodium bisulfate.
Sodium -aluminum sulfate. See Aluminum- sodium
sulfate.
Sodium aminophenyl arsonate.
See Sodium
arsanilate.
Sodium anilinearsonate.
See Sodium arsanilate.

Sodium o-arsenate. See Sodium arsenate.
Sodium arsphenolamine. See Sodium arsphen-
amine.
auribromide.
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
See Gold- sodium bromide.

See Gold- sodium chloride.
aurocyanide. See Sodium cyanoaurite.
binoxide. See Sodium peroxide.
borate. See Sodium tetraborate.
diarsenol. See Sodium arsphenamine.
dimethyl arsenate. See Sodium cacoaurichloride.
dylate.
dioxide. See Sodium peroxide.
dithionite.
See Sodium hydrosulfite.
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
See Sodium hydroxide.

See Sodium bisulfate.
sulfite.
See Sodium bisulfite.
hyposulfite. See Sodium hydrosulfite.
N-methylamine acetate. See Sodium
sarcosinate.
Sodium methylarsenate. See Sodium methane arsenate.
Sodium N-methyltaurine. See Sodium
Z-(N-methylamino) ethane sulfonate.
Sodium monosulfide. See Sodium sulfide.
Sodium nitrophenate. See Sodium p-nitrophenoxide.
Sodium perborate tetrahydrate. See Sodium
perborate.
Sodium N-phenylglycinamine-p-arsonate. See
hydrate.
hydrogen
hydrogen
sulfate.
Tryparsamide.
Sodium o-phosphate,
phosphate.
Sodium rhodanate.
Sodium rhodanide.
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
tertiary.
See Trisodium
See Sodium sulfocyanide.

See Sodium sulfocyanide.
sulfhydrate. See Sodium hydrosulfide.
sulfocyanate. See Sodium sulfocyanide.
sulfovinate. See Sodium ethylsulfate.
superoxide. See Sodium peroxide.
thiocyanate. See Sodium sulfocyanide.
m-uranate. See Sodium uranate.
xanthogenate. See Sodium ethylxanthate.
See Nitroglycerin.
Soya bean oil. See Soybean oil.
Spanish fly; See Cantharides.
Sperrylite. See Platinum arsenide.
Sphaerocobaltite. See Cobaltous carbonate.
Spirit glyceryl trinitrate. See Spirits of nitroSoup.
glycerin.
Spirit of Hartshorn.
See Aromatic spirits of
ammonia.
Spirit of turpentine. See Turpentine oil.
Spirit of wine. See Ethyl alcohol.
Stagger weed. See Delphinium.

Stannane. See Tin tetrahydride.
Stannic oxide (cassiterite). See Tin oxide.
Stannic phosphide. See Tin monophosphide.
Stannous fluoride. See Tin fluoride.
Stannous oxide. See Tin oxide.
Starch nitrate. See Nitrostarch.
Steatite. See Soapstone dust; Talc.
Stibenyl. See Sodium p-acetylaminophenylantimoniate.
Stibine. See Antimony hydride; Hydrogen
antimonide.
Stibium. See Antimony.
Stilbestrol. See Diethylstilbestrol.
Stoddard solvent. See Cleaning solvents (kerosene class); Naphtha, safety solvent.
Strontium o-arsenite. See Strontium arsenite.
Strontium diuranate. See Uranium strontium
oxide.
Strophanthin K. See Strophanthin.

"Stypticin. " See Cotarnine chloride.
Styralyl alcohol. See Phenyl methyl carbinol.
Styrene dibromide. See 1 2-Dibromoethyl
benzene.
Styrene monomer. See Phenylethylene.
Suberane. See Cycloheptane.
Subgallate. See Bismuth gallate, basic.
Subsalicylate. See Bismuth salicylate, basic.
Succinchlorimide. See N-Chlorosuccinimide.
Succinic acid anhydride. See Succinic anhy,
dride.
See Lead acetate.

of lead.
Sulfanilic acid diazide. See p-Diazobenzenesulfonic acid.
Sulfocarbolic acid. See Phenosulfonic acid.
Sugar
Sulfonated castor oil. See Turkey red oil.

Sulfonyl chloride. See Sulfuryl chloride.
Sulfuretted hydrogen. See Hydrogen sulfide.
Sulfur flour. See Sulfur.
Sulfuric chloride. See Sulfuryl chloride.
Sulfuric chlorohydrin. See Chloro sulfonic acid.
Sulfuric ether. See Ethyl ether.
Sulfuric oxychloride. See Sulfuryl chloride.
Sulfur monobromide. See Sulfur bromide.
Sulfur monochloride. See Sulfur chloride.
Sulfur monofluoride. See Sulfur fluoride.
Sulfurous acid, anhydride. See Sulfur dioxide.
Sulfurous oxychloride. See Thionyl chloride.
Sulfuryl amide. See Sulf amide.
Superpalite. See Trichloroacetyl chloride.
Sweet oil. See Olive oil.
Sylvic acid. See Abietic acid.
2,4,5-T. See 2, 4, 5-Trichlorophenoxy acetic
acid.
TDE.
See 1 1 -Dichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane.

"TG-9. " See Triethylene glycol dipelargonate.
TNA. See Tetranitroaniline.
TNT. See Trinitrotoluene.
TNX. See 2, 4, 6-Trinitroxylene.
TSN. See Tetramethylsuccinonitrile.
TSPP. See Tetrasodium pyrophosphate.
Tabasco pepper, tincture of. See Capsicum.
Talc dust. See Soapstone dust.
Talcum. See Talc.
Tallol. See Tall oil.
Tannin. See Tannic acid.
Tarapacaite. See Potassium chromate.
,
INDEX TO SYNONYMS
1465
Tar camphor. See Naphthalene.

Tar oil, rectified. See Pine tar oil.
Tartar emetic. See Antimony-potassium tartrate; Potassium -antimony tartrate.
Tetraboron decahydride. See Dihydrotetraborane.
Tetrabromoethane. See Acetylene tetrabromide.

Tetrabromoethylene. See Dicarbontetrabromide.
Tetrabromomethane. See Carbon tetrabromide.
Tetrabromosilane. See Silicon tetrabromide.
Tetrabromosilicane. See Silicon bromide.
Tetrachlorodiphenylethane. See 1 1 -Dichloro2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane.
Tetrachloroethane-1 1, 2, 2. See Acetylene
,
tetrachloride.
See Perchloroethylene.
Tetrachloromethane. See Carbon tetrachloride.
1,2,3, 4-Tetrachloro-l 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene. See Tetrachloronaphthalene.
Tetracobalt dodecacarbonyl. See Cobalt car-
Tetrachloroethylene.
bonyl.
Tetradecyl alcohol. See Tetradecanol.

a-Tetradecylene. See 1 -Tetradecene.
Tetradymite. See Bismuth tritelluride.
Tetraethyl diarsine. See Arsenic diethyl.
Tetraethylene. See Cyclobutane.
Tetraethyl-o- silicate. See Ethyl silicate.
Tetraethylthiuriam disulfide. See Bis(diethylthiocarbamyl) disulfide.
Tetrafluoromethane. See Carbon tetrafluoride.
Tetrafluorosilane. See Silicon tetrafluoride.
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydrobenzene. * See Cyclohexene.
Tetrahydromethylfuran. See 2-Methyl tetrahydrofuran.
Tetrahydro-1 4-oxazine, See Morpholine.
Tetrahydrosylvan. See 2-Methyl tetrahydro,
furan.
See Carbon tetraiodide.

Tetraiododisilane-ethylene. See Disilicon
Tetraiodomethane.
tetraiodide.
Tetraiodosilane. See Silicon tetraiodide.

Tetralite. See Tetryl.
Tetramethyldiarsine. See Cacodyl.
Tetramethyl diarsyl. See Arsenic dimethyl.
Tetramethylene. See Cyclobutane.
Tetramethylene cyanide. See Adiponitrile.
Tetramethylstannane. See Tin tetramethyl.
Tetramethylthiuram disulfide. See Bis(dimethylthiocarbamyl) disulfide.
Tetraphosphorus hexasulfide. See Phosphorus
trisulfide.
Thallium hydrogen sulfate. See Thallous hydrogen sulfate.

Thallium monoiodide. See Thallium iodide.
Thallium monosulfide. See Thallium sulfide.
Thallium oxide. See Thallium monoxide.
Thallous acetate. See Thallium acetate.
Thallous bromide. See Thallium bromide.
Thallous chlorate. See Thallium chlorate.
Thallous chloride. See Thallium chloride.
Thallous cyanide. See Thallium cyanide.
Thallous dichromate. See Thallium dichromate.
Thallous dithionate. See Thallium dithionate.
Thallous fluoride. See Thallium monofluoride.
Thallous hydroxide. See Thallium hydroxide.
Thallous nitrate. See Thallium nitrate.
Thallous oleate. See Thallium oleate.
Thallous oxalate. See Thallium oxalate.
Thallous oxide. See Thallium monoxide.
Thallous perchlorate. See Thallium perchlorate.
Thallous phenoxide. See Thallium phenoxide.

Thallous o-phosphate. See Thallium o-phosphate.
Thallous selenate.
Thallous selenide.
Thallous -silver nitrate.
See Thallium- silver
nitrate.
Thallous stearate. See Thallium stearate.

Thallous sulfate. See Thallium sulfate.
Thallous sulfide. See Thallium sulfide.
Thallous sulfite. See Thallium sulfite.
Thallous m-tellurate. See Thallium
m-tellurate.
Thallous thiocyanate. See Thallium thiocyanate.
Theine. See Caffeine.
Theobromine lithium. See Theobromose.
Theobromine- sodium formate. See "Theophorin. "
Thiacetic acid. See Thioacetic acid.
Thiirane. See Ethylene sulfide.
See Bithionol.
2, 2-Thiobis(4, 6-dichlorophenol).
Thiocarbamide. See Thiourea.
Thiocarbanil. See Phenyl mustard oil.
Thiodiglycol. See Thiodiethylene glycol.
Thiodiphenylamine. See Phenothiazine.
Thioethyl ether. See Ethyl sulfide.
Thiofuran. See Thiophene.
2-Thio-4-keto-thiazolidine. See Rhodanine.
Thiophenol. See Phenyl mercaptan.
Thiophosgene. See Thiocarbonyl chloride.
See p-Thioxene.
2, 4-Thioxene.
Thyme camphor. See Thymol.
Tiemannite. See Mercuric selenide.
Tiglium oil. See Croton oil.
Tin bifluoride. See Tin fluoride.
Tin bromide. See Stannic bromide.
Tincal. See Borax.
Tin chloride. See Stannic chloride.
Tinkal. See Borax.
Tin phosphide. See Tin monophosphide.
Tin tetrabromide. See Stannic bromide.
Titanium butylate. See Butyl titanate.
Titanium isopropylate. See Isopropyl titanate.
Tobacco wood. See Witch hazel.
Tochlorine. See Sodium p-toluenesulfonchloramine.
Tolamine. See Sodium p-toluenesulfonchloramine.
Toluene diisocyanate. See Tolylene diisocyanate.
a- Toluene thiol. See Benzyl mercaptan.
Toluene trichloride. See Benzotrichloride.
a-Toluic acid. See Phenylacetic acid.
p-Toluidine hydrochloride. See Chlorotoluidine.
Toluol. See Toluene.
p-Tolylacetamide. See p-Acetotoluidine.
Tolylenediamine. See 2, 4-Toluenediamine.
o-Tolyl phosphate. See Tricresyl phosphate.
Toxalbumin. See Abrin.
Toxilic acid. See Maleic acid.
Toxilic anhydride. See Maleic anhydride.
Transil oil. See Transformer oil.
Triacetin. See Glyceryl triacetate.
See Melamine.
2, 4, 6-Triamino-sym-triazine.
sym-Triazinetriol. See N-Cyanuric acid.
Triazobenzene. See Phenyl azoimide; Diazobenzolimide.
Tribromomethane. See Bromoform.
Tribromonitromethane. See Bromopicrin.
Tributyl citrate. See Butyl citrate.
Tricalcium o-arsenate. See Calcium arsenate.
Tricalcium phosphate. See Calcium phosphate,
tribasic.
Trichloracetaldehyde. See Chloral.

Trichloroacetic aldehyde, hydrated. See
Chloral hydrate.
sym-Trichlorobenzene. See 1 3, 5-Trichlorobenzene.
uns-Trichlorobenzene. See 1 2, 4-Trichlorobenzene.
1,1, l-Trichloro-2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane.
See DDT.
,
See Thallium selenate.

See Thallium selenide.
SECTION
1466
12
nitrate. See Uranium oxynitrate.

oxalate. See Uranium oxyoxalate.
oxide. See Uranium trioxide.
Trichlorocyanidine. See Cyanuric chloride.

1,1, 1 -Trichloroethane. See o<-Trichloroethane.
See j3 -Trichloroethane.
1, 2-Trichloroethane.
1
Trichloromethane. See Chloroform.
Trichloromethane sulfonyl chloride. See Per-
Uranyl
Uranyl
Uranyl
Uranyl
chloromethyl mercaptan.
Trichlormethylchloroformate. See Diphosgene.
Trichloro-sym-triazine. See Cyanuric
Uranyl phosphate. See Uranium phosphate.

mono-Uranyl-o-phosphate. See Uranium
chloride.
Tricresol. See Cresol.

Tricyanic acid. See N-Cyanuric acid.
Tricyanogen chloride. See Cyanuric chloride.
Trideuterio ammonia. See Ammonia-d 3
Triethoxyboron. See Ethyl borate.
Triethoxymethane. See Triethyl o-formate.
Triethyl aluminum. See Aluminum triethyl.
Triethyl borine. See Boron triethyl.
Triethylene glycol methyl ether acetate. See
Methoxytriglycol acetate.
Tri(7-ethyl-2-methyl-4-undecyl) borate. See
Tritetradecylborate.
Trifluoromethane. See Fluoroform.
Trifluoromethylbenzene. See Benzotrifluoride.
Trihydroxybenzene. See Pyrogallol.
Trimethoxy borine. See Methyl borate.
Trimethyl aluminum. See Aluminum methyl.
Trimethylaminomethane. See tert-Butylamine.
Trimethyl borate. See Methyl borate.
Trimethyl borine. See Boron trimethyl.
Trimethyl cyclohexanol. See 3, 3, 5-Trimethyl
cyclohexanol- 1
Trimethylene. See Cyclopropane.
Trimethylene chloride. See 1, 3-Dichloropropane.
Trimethyl methane. See Isobutane.
See Isooctane.
2, 2, 4-Trimethyl pentane.
See
as a-, or- Trimethyl trimethylene glycol.
2-Methyl-2, 4-pentanediol.
See
2, 46 -Trim ethyl- 1 3, 5-trioxane.
Paraldehyde.
Trinitrophenol. See Picric acid.
Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine. See Tetryl.
Trinitrophloroglucinol. See Trinitrophloro.
glucine.
6-Trinitroresorcinol. See Styphnic acid.

sym-Trinitrotoluol. See Trinitrotoluene.
Trioxymethylene. See Trioxane.
Triphosgene. See Hexachloromethylcarbonate.
Tripropyl aluminum. See Aluminum tripropyl.
Tripropyl borate. See Propyl borate.
Trisilicon octahydride. See Trisilane.
"Triton. " See Trinitrotoluene.
Troilite. See Ferrous sulfide.
Tropinecarboxylic acid. See Ecgonine.
Tubatoxin. See Rotenone.
See
|3, |3-Tubatoxythiocyanodiethyl ether.
"Lethane 384. "
Tungsten oxytetrachloride. See Tungsten oxy-
2, 4,
chloride.
Turpentine substitute. See Mineral Spirits

No. 10.
UX 2 See Protactinium.
Unslaked lime. See Calcium oxide.
Uranium -ammonium chloride. See Uranium
.
oxyammonium chloride.
Uranium diboride. See Uranium boride.
Uranium X 2 See Protactinium.
Uranyl acetate. See Uranium oxyacetate.
Uranyl-ammonium carbonate. See Uranium
.
oxyammonium
carbonate.
See Uranium oxybenzoate.
bromide. See Uranium oxybromide.
chloride. See Uranium oxychloride.
formate. See Uranium oxyformate.
iodate. See Uranium oxyiodate.
iodide. See Uranium oxyiodide.
monohydrogen phosphate. See Uranium
oxymonohydrogen phosphate.
Uranyl
Uranyl
Uranyl
Uranyl
Uranyl
Uranyl
Uranyl
benzoate.
perchlorate.
See Uranium oxyperchlo-
rate.
phosphate.
Uranyl-potassium nitrate. See Uranium -potassium nitrate.

Uranyl sulfate. See Uranium oxysulfate.
Uranyl sulfide. See Uranium oxy sulfide.
Uranyl sulfite. See Uranium oxy sulfite.
Urea crystal. See Carbamide.
Urea hydrogen peroxide. See Urea peroxide.
ce-Ureido-isobutyric acid lactam. See Dimethyl
hydantoin.
Urethane. See Ethyl carbamate.

Uric oxide. See Uric acid.
"Urotropin. " See Hexamethylenetetramine.
Uroxin. See Alloxantin.
Ursol. See. p-Phenylenediamine.
"Ursol" P. See p-Aminophenol.
V. M. & P. See "Dryolene. "
Valeryl diethylamide. See Valyl.
Vanadic sulfate. See Vanadyl sulfate.
Vanadium dioxide. See Vanadium tetraoxide.
Vanadium oxide. See Vanadium monoxide.
Vanadium sulfate. See Vanadyl sulfate.
Vanadium trioxide. See Vanadium sesquioxide.
Vanadium trisulfide. See Vanadium sesquisulfide.
Vanadous chloride. See Vanadium dichloride.

Vanadyl chloride. See Vanadium oxydichloride.
Varnolene.
See Cleaning solvents (kerosene
class).
"Varsol.
"
See Cleaning solvents (kerosene
class).
Verdigris, blue or green.
See Copper acetate,
basic.
Vermillion. See Mercuric sulfide, red.

Vienna green. See Copper acetoarsenite.
Villiaumite. See Sodium fluoride.
Vinegar acid. See Acetic acid.
Vinol. See Vinyl alcohol.
Vinylacetonitrile. See Allyl cyanide.
Vinylbenzene. See Phenyl ethylene; Styrene
(monomer).
Vinyl cyanide. See Acrylonitrile.
Vinylethyiene oxide. See Butadiene monoxide.
Vinylstyrene. See m-Divinyl benzene.
Vinyl trichloride. See j3- Trichloroethane.
Visha. See Aconitum ferox.
Water glass. See Sodium silicate.
Water of ammonia. See Ammonia hydroxide.
White arsenic. See Arsenic trioxide.
White caustic. See Sodium hydroxide.
White lead. See Lead carbonate, basic.
White precipitate. See Mercury, ammoniated.
White spirit. See Mineral Spirits No. 10;
Turpentine substitutes.
White spirits. See Naphtha, safety solvent.
White tar. See Naphthalene.
Wolfram. See Tungsten.
Wolfsbane. See Aconite; Arnica.
Wood dust. See Sawdust.
Wood vinegar. See Pyroligneous acid.
Wool grease. See Lanolin.
Wormwood. See Absinthium.
Wulfenite. See Lead molybdate.
Wurtzite. See Zinc sulfide(o').
p-Xenylamine. See p-Aminodiphenyl.
Xylidine. See N, N-Dimethylaniline.
m-Xylol. See m-Xylene.
o-Xylol. See o-Xylene.
p-Xylol. See p-Xylene.
Yellow jasmine. See Gelsemium sempervirens.
1467
Yellow prussiate
of potash.
See Potassium
ferrocyanide.
Yellow prussiate of soda. See Sodium ferrocyanide.
Yellow resin. See Pine resin.
Yttria. See Yttrium oxide.
ZMA. See Zinc m-arsenite.
INDEX TO SYNONYMS
Zinc arsenite. See Zinc m-arsenite.

Zinc ethyl. See Zinc diethyl.
Zincite. See Zinc oxide.
Zinc white. See Zinc oxide.
Zingiber. See Ginger.
Zinkosite. See Zinc sulfate.
Ziram. See Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate.
Date Due
Due
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Returned
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MAY
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APR ? 9
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Due
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S 27Z.K
(1^7
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ENGINEERING
&
PHYSICS
LIBRARY

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ENGINEERING AND PHYSICS

Digitized by the Internet Archive

Revised and Enlarged Edition of

HANDBOOK OF DANGEROUS MATERIALS

Consultant on Industrial Safety

Nuclear Development Corporation of America

Chief, Analytical Branch

Health and Safety Laboratory

Health and Safety Laboratory

Atomic Energy Commission

Professor of Occupational Medicine

Atomic Energy Commission

Medical Director, Rensselaer Division

REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION,

REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION

Congress Catalog Card No. 57-13170

Second Printing June 1958

Fourth Printing March 1961

REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION

CHAPMAN & HALL,

United States of America

acknowledge with thanks the really invaluable assist-

acknowledge the kindly assistance

Gabay and many

others in preparation and proofreading of illustrations and pages.

the industrial physician

we include a section on indus-

and one on allergic disease in industry.

For the industrial hygienist and safety man, sections on

PERSONNEL PROTECTION AND PERSONAL HYGIENE

INDUSTRIAL FIRE PROTECTION

STORAGE AND HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

This section has been prepared for

months or years). In this book the

be called upon to understand and

"acute" and "chronic."

An e xp lana ti on of the toxicity

toxicity information could

Limited information based on

able but in the opinion of the

duce changes in the human body which

cause moderate effects on the

Acute Local. Materials which

or following ingestion of a single dose.

regardless of the extent of the

only slight effects

harm to the skin or mucous

Chronic Systemic. Materials

These effects may be the result of intense exposure for a

produce moderate effects following continuous or repeated

in the human body.

These changes are not

threaten life or produce serious permanent physical impairment.

branes of sufficient severity

which on continuous or repeated exposures extending

into some part of the human body.

or to cause permanent impairment,

Chronic Systemic. Materials

Industrial toxicology is concerned with

Since medicine cannot be considered

Methods of Expressing Effective

In simple terms, toxicology may

directly to the skin.